Metastatic breast cancer is a highly lethal disease, and it is very important to evaluate the biomarkers associated with distant metastasis. However, molecular features of distant metastasis remain largely unknown in breast cancer. Estrogens play an important role in the progression of breast cancer and the majority of stage IV breast carcinomas express estrogen receptor (ER). Therefore, in this study, we examined molecular markers associated with distant metastasis in ER‐positive breast carcinoma by microarray and immunohistochemistry. When we examined the gene expression profile of ER‐positive stage IV breast carcinoma tissues (n = 7) comparing ER‐positive stage I‐III cases (n = 11) by microarray analysis, we newly identified OLFM4, LY6D and S100A7, which were closely associated with the distant metastasis. Subsequently, we performed immunohistochemistry for OLFM4, LY6D and S100A7 in 168 ER‐positive breast carcinomas. OLFM4, LY6D and S100A7 immunoreactivities were significantly associated with stage, pathological T factor, distant metastasis and Ki67 status in the ER‐positive breast carcinomas. Moreover, these immunoreactivities were significantly associated with a worse prognostic factor for distant metastasis‐free and breast cancer‐specific survival in ER‐positive stage I‐III breast cancer patients. However, when we performed immunohistochemistry for OLFM4, LY6D and S100A7 in 40 ER‐negative breast carcinomas, these immunoreactivities were not generally associated with the clinicopathological factors examined, including distant metastasis and prognosis of patients, in this study. These results suggest that OLFM4, LY6D and S100A7 immunoreactivity are associated with an aggressive phenotype of ER‐positive breast carcinoma, and these are potent markers for distant metastasis of ER‐positive breast cancer patients.


This paper investigates the effect of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance on credit ratings. We argue that ESG factors should be considered in the credit analysis and the creditworthiness evaluation of borrowers because they affect borrowers' cash flows and the likelihood of default on their debt obligations. Consequently, we develop our research by firstly reviewing the literature regarding ESG commitments within financial decision-making processes and then addressing the relation between ESG performance and the cost of debt financing. We reveal no unanimous results and no clear-cut boundaries on this matter yet. Secondly, to disentangle this relationship, which is not well defined by scholars, we empirically investigate the nexus between ESG performance and credit rating issues on a sample of 56 Italian and Spanish public firms for which ESG performance in 2015 was achieved. Our final sample includes 15 variables for 56 observations: 840 items are under analysis. Our findings suggest that ESG performance, especially concerning social and governance metrics, meaningfully affects credit ratings. We do not sort out significant results referring to environmental scores, so further research is needed to investigate this ever-growing matter and strengthen this considerable nexus.


ABSTRACT: Poverty has become one of the major reasons for lack of motivation for participating in learning processes, especially among the adults. Poverty has victimized many individuals to leave their education and opt for employment to sustain themselves and their family. Lifelong learning as a process of learning can be of some relevance as a tool of motivation and participation in the learning among the individuals, where the individuals can be active in the labor market (enhancing motivation) and also participate in the learning process. The paper investigates the impact of poverty on lack of motivation to participate in education. The paper analyses the research problem by discussing the case of India, where two adult learners where interviewed. According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Model and Cross – Chain of Response Model provide as the theoretical perspective for the study to examine the issue of lack of motivation and participation among adult learners. The paper concludes by emphasizing on the fact that poverty does influence the adult leaner's in India in terms of motivating them to participate in their education. This is able to be also argued that learning process involves need for motivation and participation unlike the traditional process of intellectual development. Emotion (motivation) and sociality (participation) are very important elements for enhancing cognitive abilities (formal qualification) of an individual. KEY WORDS: motivation, participation, poverty, learning, barriers for learning, and case of India.  About the Author: Chetan B. Singai is Erasmus Mundus Masters in Lifelong Learning for Policy and Management, Danish School of Education, University of Aarhus, Denmark. He can be reached at: email@example.com and www.chetanbsingai.blogspot.com How to cite this article? Singai, Chetan B. (2010). "An Enquiry into the Reasons for Lack of Participation in Learning among Individual Adult Learners: A Case Study of India" in EDUCARE: International Journal for Educational Studies , Vol.2(2) February, pp.141-152. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java; and FKIP UMP in Purwokerto, Central Java, ISSN 1979-7877. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (December 29, 2009); Revised (January 19, 2010); and Published (February 17, 2010).


The note shares conflicting interests hampering insolvency systems reform in Latin America, and aims at assessing legal weaknesses, to propose some common solutions. Most insolvency systems share two prime objectives: allocating risk among participants in the economy, in a predictable, equitable and transparent way, and, maximizing the value of the insolvent firm for the benefit of all interested parties, and the broader economy. However, current regional problems reflect too rigid and formal insolvency laws; very high degrees of judicial discretion, increasing uncertainty, and financial risks; rampant corruption; absence of enforcement mechanisms to protect creditor interests; and, a powerful, explicit bias in favor of labor claimants, who are highly protected under preferential treatment. The note proposes a common set of essential reforms, to be prioritized according to each county's circumstances. First, disclosure of behind-the-scene dealings should be required, incentives created to combat corruption, rules of conduct setup, and, insolvency professional associations fostered. Second, insolvency laws should clearly differentiate criminal, from bankruptcy issues, where criminal conduct should not preclude insolvency relief to a business in crisis. Third, bankruptcy proceedings demand rapid resolution, by specialized courts, under regional cooperation in cross-border insolvency cases.


There are only iron and rare earth used in more than twenty profitable accompanying compositions in mineral deposit at present although mineral resources in Baiyunebo have been exploited for over forty years. Control on harmful elements such as K, Na, F, S in smelting is short of effective measures, which results in BF capacity factor low, BF process not smoothly and serious environment pollution. Therefore, it is important to think about putting mineral resources to rational utilization at Baiyunebo.


Currently the UK Electric market is guided by load (demand) forecasts published every thirty minutes by the regulator. A key factor in predicting demand is weather conditions, with forecasts published every hour. We present HYENA: a hybrid predictive model that combines feature engineering (selection of the candidate predictor features), mobile-window predictors and finally LSTM encoder-decoders to achieve higher accuracy with respect to mainstream models from the literature. HYENA decreased MAPE loss by 16% and RMSE loss by 10% over the best available benchmark model, thus establishing a new state of the art for the UK electric load (and price) forecasting.


Objectives: Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) use has increased significantly as it provides safe and reliable administration of long-term antimicrobials for severe infections. Benefits of OPAT include fewer antibiotic or line-related complications, increased patient satisfaction, shorter hospitalizations, and lower costs. Although OPAT programs carefully screen patients for eligibility and safety prior to enrollment, complications can occur. There is a paucity of studies identifying predictors of clinical outcomes in OPAT patients. Here, we seek to identify baseline predictors of OPAT outcomes utilizing machine learning methodologies. Methods: We used electronic health record data from patients treated with OPAT between February 2019 and June 2022 at a large academic tertiary care hospital in Dallas, Texas. Three primary outcomes were examined: 1) clinical improvement at 30 days without evidence of reinfection; 2) patient actively being followed at 30 days; and 3) occurrence of any adverse event while on OPAT. Potential predictors were determined a priori, including demographic and clinical characteristics, OPAT setting, intravenous line type, and antimicrobials administered. Three classifiers were used to predict each outcome: logistic regression, random forest, and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). Model performance was measured using AUC, F1, and accuracy scores. Results: We included 664 unique patients in the study, of whom 57% were male. At 30 days, clinical improvement was present in 78% of patients. Two-thirds of patients (67%) were actively followed at 30 days, and 30% experienced an adverse event while on OPAT. The XGBoost model performed best for predicting treatment success (average AUC = 0.873), with significant predictors including ID consultation and the use of vancomycin. The logistic regression model was best for predicting adverse outcomes (average AUC = 0.710). Risk factors for adverse outcomes included management in the home setting and the use of vancomycin, daptomycin, or piperacillin-tazobactam. Conclusion: Outcomes of patients undergoing OPAT can be predicted with the use of easily-obtainable clinical and demographic factors. Patients requiring certain antimicrobial therapies, such as vancomycin or daptomycin, may derive less benefit from early hospital discharge and OPAT.


The FCC-ee is a proposed future high-energy, high-intensity and high-precision lepton collider. Here, we present the latest development for the FCC-ee interaction regions, which shall ensure optimum conditions for the particle physics experiments. We discuss measures of background reduction and a revised interaction region layout including a low impedance compact beam chamber design. We also discuss the possible impact of the radiation generated in the interaction region including beamstrahlung.


Today LED lamps are used more and more widely in various fields of human activity. The operation of LEDs substantially depends on the thermal dissipation power and temperature. In this regard, one of the mandatory stages in the process of creating such lamps is the analysis of their thermal mode, which is necessary for the development of a heat sink.
In order to analyze the thermal mode and design the heat sink for powerful LED lamps, the authors synthesized the structure of the problem solver. The new structure was based on the structure of the basic laplacianFoam solver and the application of the swak4foam library functions, which is a part of the OpenFOAM computational fluid dynamics toolbox. The results of the thermal mode simulation of the LED thermal model (a plate with a rectangular heat source) obtained using a modified solver were compared with those obtained by the proprietary solver of the CAD/CAE SolidWorks system and those obtained by analytical computation. The data adequacy of the modified solver was estimated and its practical application verified.
The thermal mode of the Samsung LC009D LED, which is placed on the flat-plate finned heat sink, was analyzed. The Kaufer 5204 glue ability to be used in such design with natural convection cooling of the heat sink was tested. The glue thickness was 0.1 mm and its thermal conductivity was 1,5 W/(m•К). The heat sink's heat transfer coefficient was 10 W/(м2•К). The paper presents corresponding temperature distributions and shows that the new technique can be used for solving problems that arise when designing LED lamps


The article considers and clarifies the concept of personnel potential, including the personnel potential of the civil service. A study was made of the main aspects of managing the development of human resources in the public service, for which the competence-based approach is applicable. The personnel potential cannot be viewed as a value that is equal in total to the human potentials of the entire population of employees due to the dynamism of the characteristics of individual performers, the replaceability of part of the members of the workforce, active interaction between them, the exchange of knowledge and the emergence of a synergistic effect in the system. In personnel planning of state bodies, organizations and institutions, it is necessary to take into account the features that fundamentally distinguish the civil service from other types of labor professional activity, as well as some types of public service from others. In the practical activities of public authorities, the issue of the need to create models of professional skills is acute, since they are the basis of the information system for personnel management based on a competency-based approach. The list of competencies is open, so competent and promising employees use it to the full to determine the vector of further professional development and career building. Thus, in modern conditions, the competence-based approach ensures the formation of the personnel potential of the civil service, and the undeniably important point is that this type of potential is of a pronounced dynamic nature, since it needs to constantly develop.


sive, their evidence does provide a substantial counterweight to the looser rhetoric of those politicians and local taxpayer groups that have contended that a great burst of urban innovation would occur if only the strings of categorical grants were untied and federal funds were put at the disposal of local imaginations. Alas, no such burst has been evident. One has to admit, however, that the case is quite inconclusive, because the circumstances have changed so much between the time when Heller, Pechman, and others argued for revenue sharing as a way of applying a contemplated federal surplus (!) to local public sector needs, and the present, when most cities of any size have had to swallow up all of their revenue sharing grants in their regular operating budgets, often vainly attempting to maintain services despite galloping inflation.


I. Introduction, 397. — II. Variation in optimal loan with interest rate on a fixed-size investment, 399. — III. Variation in optimal loan with interest rate on an open-end investment, 405. — IV. Aversion to risk and other factors which reduce variability in interest rates, 408. — V. Factors which cause some variation in interest rates, 415.


In this cluster randomised trial, Romijn and colleagues sought to evaluate the impact of team training on adverse obstetric outcomes (Romijn et al. BJOG 2019). The intervention relied on crew resource management (CRM) principles and focused on strengthening communication during referrals. CRM, a training modality utilized in military and aviation settings, is well-suited to obstetrics, a high-volume, high-acuity field where effective teamwork is essential. Over 400 providers from five hospitals and their catchment areas underwent classroom-based trainings, organized by locale in a stepwise fashion. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


A CO 2 waveguide laser with a special resonator configuration is described. The resonator mirrors with curvature radii R are located at a distance R/2 from the ends of the waveguide tube. The properties of this resonator, such as transverse mode control and line discrimination, are discussed and measurements concerning the tuning characteristics and the laser output power are presented.


The construction of reflective philosophy of "Ego" in German classical philosophy comes through such a logical developmental process as "transcendental ego" of Kant, "Active ego" of Fichte and "Absolute identity" of Schelling, and arrives at the supreme and the most Abstract identity in philosophy of Hegel. The construction process of reflective philosophy of "Ego" in German classical philosophy has really been the developmental history of German reflective philosophy. The disorganization of Hegel's philosophy predicts the disorganization of the whole reflective philosophy. The essence of Marx's philosophical revolution lies in that it presents the real ground of "transcendental ego" through practical individual and the sensible and objective activity of practical individual.


ABSTRACT Andrew McAinsh received his PhD from the University of Cambridge, UK, working in the laboratory of Steve Jackson on DNA damage and repair mechanisms in yeast. He then joined the laboratory of Peter Sorger as a Jane Coffin Childs Fellow to work as a post-doc on kinetochore biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, USA. In 2005, he returned to the UK to establish his independent laboratory at the Marie Curie Research Institute, Surrey, before moving to the University of Warwick in 2009 to co-found the Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology (CMCB). Subsequently, Andrew was appointed Professor of Cell Biology and became a Wellcome Senior Investigator, and was awarded a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award. He co-directs the MRC Doctoral Training Partnership in Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research, and in 2017 became Head of Division of Biomedical Sciences at Warwick Medical School. Andrew is interested in understanding how the chromosomal multi-protein complex, the kinetochore, ensures error-free chromosome segregation. He is the recipient of the 2018 Hooke medal, established to recognize an emerging leader in cell biology. The Hooke medal is awarded at the annual spring meeting of the British Society for Cell Biology (BSCB).


Introduction Design and Crime Theories of Security Design Designing to Deter The layout of new housing Upgrading existing estates: assessment process Upgrading Existing Estates: management process (new) Detailed design process Construction process Conclusion Videos Bibliography


Three-dimensional iterative reconstruction of high-resolution computed tomography data poses significant difficulties due to the associated computational burden. In previous work, we have shown that implementing distributed computing techniques in addition to ordered subsets is an effective approach to decreasing the total reconstruction run-time. However, we also established that interprocessor communication accounts for a considerable portion of the total run-time. In this work, we first analyze the simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT) to establish its convergence. We then modify the SIRT algorithm in order to substantially decrease the interprocessor communication requirements, and thus the final run-time, while maintaining convergence. We include error reduction statistics and timing results gathered from a reconstruction of a mouse data set to demonstrate the advantages of the modified SIRT algorithm


The paper summarizes the connotation of modern agricultural ecologization and elaborates on that ecologization is the inevitable choice of Chinese modern agricultural development.From the natural resources exploitation and utilization,agricultural system of ecological balance,software and hardware facilities,the ecological system structure of agriculture,analyses the main problems of ecological agriculture.put forward the development tactics of modern agricultural ecologization:i.e.the ecologization of consciousness of modern agricultural subject;the ecologization of plan of modern agriculture;the ecologization of technique of modern agriculture;the ecologization of economy of modern agriculture and the ecologization of management of modern agriculture.


The elastic impetus of the Nigeria publishing industry on development cannot be overemphasized and its importance is based on the provision of the knowledge factor which is recognized as a major factor of productivity. Publishing has a long history which starts from the traditional to the recent electronic forms and has several successive stages between the traditional and electronic stages hence, has witnessed series of transformation due to technological inventions and transformations. The most recent is the electronic publishing which entails the use of electronic communications media to publish and disseminate knowledge or publications. Several benefits have been attributed to electronic publishing which include ability to reach wider population, ease of search, less cost of production, easy publication activities. Despite these benefits, electronic publishing in Nigeria has with it both challenges and prospects.If not tackled, the challenges posed by electronic publishing could hamper the development of the electronic publishing industry in Nigeria. To this end, this paper focuses onthe challenges and prospects of the electronic publishing industry in Nigeria.


One of the most important decontamination techniques is considered to be adsorption. It is fast, simple, low cost with many opportunities to modify the initial materials after appropriate synthesis routes etc. Numerous adsorbent materials have been prepared in the last few years having as the ultimate scope to remove some pollutants especially from contaminated waters (effluents originating from industry). But the composition of each type of effluent varies. Dyes are some major components of industrial wastewaters. Chitosan (poly-β-(1 → 4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose) is a nitrogenous (amino-based) polysaccharide which is produced in large quantities by N-deacetylation of (its source compound) chitin. The major advantage of chitosan is the existence of modifiable positions in its chemical structure. Modification of the chitosan molecule by (i) grafting (inserting functional groups) or (ii) crosslinking reactions (uniting the macromolecular chains with each other) leads to the formation of chitosan derivatives with superior properties (enhancement of adsorption capacity and resistance in extreme medium conditions, respectively). This review summarizes the important contribution of chitosan derivatives to the dye removal process by adsorption. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry


Abstract The purpose of stochastic approximation is to find the roots of an unknown function f (·), which can be observed, but the observations are corrupted by errors. General convergence theorems for stochastic approximation algorithms with expanding truncations are presented. The observation errors are allowed to include both random noise and structural uncertainties. The conditions imposed on the observation errors are the weakest possible, while the function f (·) is only required to be measurable and locally bounded. Applications of the general convergence theorems to optimization and signal processing demonstrate the strong points of results given in the paper.


Cohesive or muddy sediments have received relatively sparse attention in the ocean acoustics community—this despite the fact that they form a non-negligible fraction of the sediments found in shallow water (roughly 25%) and by far the major sediment type in the deep ocean. Seabed reflection measurements have provided some understanding about the frequency dependence of the sound speed and attenuation in muddy sediments. The evidence is for weak dispersion from 300–200,000 Hz and an approximately linear dependence of attenuation on frequency from 300–3000 Hz. In addition, the measurements have yielded information on gradients. Surprisingly large near-surface density gradients exist that vary across the shelf. Given the large density gradients, the gradients in sound speed are curiously small, suggesting that the bulk modulus is nearly proportional to the density, at least in depth. Dispersion and gradient results are discussed for muddy sediments in various mid to outer shelf regions.


Solvay is entering the medical device business with a new product for fabricating removable partial denture frames. The product, Dentivera, is a disc of aryl ketone polymer from which dental lab technicians mill a denture frame. Such frames are typically made of metal, which is heavier and less comfortable, Solvay says. Solvay already markets several polymers used to make medical devices.


Infrared (IR) cameras typically output single channel frames with 13-16 bit dynamic range. On the other hand, typical Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) monitors can display three channel frames with only 8 bit dynamic range. Therefore, visualization of IR images while preserving details is a challenging task for utilizing the full potential of thermal cameras. In this paper, we propose a radiometry based method for converting 13-16 bit IR images to 8 bit single channel images for visualization purposes, which is called temperature quantizer. In the proposed method, we use the histogram of the calibrated temperature values. In this context, we collected data using an uncooled Long Wave IR (LWIR), a cooled Middle Wave IR (MWIR) and a cooled LWIR camera. The proposed method is compared with a basic min-max scaler and a Digital Number (DN) quantizer that uses raw image histogram. For quantitative comparison, we used standard deviation and entropy values. Experiments show that the proposed method performs better than the reference methods quantitatively and qualitatively.


Pattern recognition is an important skill in computational thinking. In this study, an equation puzzle game was developed by combining pattern recognition with algebraic reasoning, and scaffolding was designed to support learners' learning. Sixty participants were enrolled in this study, divided into a control group and an experimental group to compare the results and differences in game achievement, flow, anxiety, and motivation of participants with and without algebraic reasoning scaffolding. The results of the study showed that the participants in both groups had positive flow and motivation during the game, did not feel over-anxious, and there was no significant difference in the game achievement of the two groups. In addition, the game with the scaffolding may have the potential to make a positive correlation between game achievement and psychological status. The results of this study indicated that the game did not cause too much anxiety to the participants. The scaffolding-based design achieves the intended effect on the participants' assistance and facilitates the participants' engagement in pattern recognition problem solving. And as learners became more focused and engaged, they could also perform better in the game. This game mechanism can be used as a reference for designing pattern recognition games.


This fact sheet summarizes some of the research conducted in calf nutrition and nutrition's impact on the growth and reproductive performance of dairy calves. Written by Philipe Moriel and Fernanda Batistel, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Animal Sciences, revised November 2021.


Japanese people are very fond of noodles. They are generally very much interested in quality of food materials and processed foods. This habit leads to improvement of the quality of noodles. "Aging" and "boiling" processes particularly affect the quality of cooked noodles. "Aging" is a process to improve the quality by just leaving dough or raw noodles. The effects of aging include hydration, relaxation, degassing or shrinkage of the dough. The timing and duration of the aging is changed according to the purpose of aging related to the kind of the noodles. White salted noodles are often made smooth and viscous by hydration and relaxation during aging of the dough. Yellow alkaline noodles are often made hard and translucent by degassing and shrinkage during aging of the noodles after cutting into the strands. Moisture gradient inside of the noodles, high at the surface and low at the core, is formed by boiling in the water, and closely related to the texture of cooked noodles. The texture of the noodles is firm when the moisture gradient between the outer layer and the center of the noodles is large. However, this gradient diminishes with standing time after boiling, and the texture of the noodles becomes softer. We found possibility to make noodles which do not soften during standing by controlling the water distribution in the noodle strands. We believe the possibility of further improvement of the quality of noodles and expand of variety of noodles in Japan by the constant efforts and


A Causal Model Theory of Judgment Abigail B. Sussman and Daniel Oppenheimer {asussman, email@example.com Department of Psychology Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08540 USA Abstract Heuristic and Linear Models of Judgment How do people combine cues to form judgments? Recent debate has focused on whether and when individuals use heuristics versus linear models. We propose instead that people may rely on an understanding of the causal relationships between cues to determine how much weight to place on each one. Predictions of the causal model approach match those of linear models under certain circumstances and heuristic models under others, while making unique predictions in additional cases. In two experiments, we show that, as the causal relationships among cues changes, participant judgments consistently conform to predictions of the causal model approach while matching either heuristic or linear judgments in only a limited subset of cases. Keywords: judgment, causal reasoning, heuristics, linear models Introduction When making judgments about the world, we typically have access to various pieces of information, or cues, that might facilitate those judgments. Doctors might consider the weight of the patient and the severity of symptoms to determine how much medication to prescribe. Jurors might consider the number of people injured by a product and the average age of the victim when determining damages. One question that has been central in the study of judgment is how these cues are used and combined. The manner in which people combine cues impacts judgments, attitudes, and choices, and has important ramifications for welfare. Within the field of judgment and decision making, two primary approaches have defined the debate over how people combine available information to form judgments: linear models and heuristic models. Each approach has demonstrated a high correlation between individuals' predictions and actual outcomes under certain circumstances, but both approaches also have systematic gaps in their ability to make predictions under various (and predictable) environmental situations. Since linear models excel at explaining judgment in some environments, and heuristic accounts are more effective in others, many researchers have argued that people switch between the strategies depending on the judgment task. Although strategy switching accounts have become dominant in the field, we propose that a model based upon causal reasoning may be able to subsume both linear and heuristic models to account for judgments across various environments, in a single, unified framework. One influential approach to judgment assumes that individuals are able to process complex information about correlations between events with a high degree of accuracy (e.g. Brunswik, 1943, 1952). According to these Brunswikian accounts, people incorporate many (or all) of the available pieces of information into their judgments and predictions by combining and weighting each cue to form an algebraic, linear model (Anderson, 1981; Brehmer, 1994; Hammond, 1996). Variations on this approach allow for simplified methods of combining cues such as inconsistency in weighting correlations (Hoffman, 1960), or equal cue weighting (Dawes & Corrigan, 1974; Einhorn & Hogarth, 1975). In many situations, linear models approximate human judgments (e.g. Hammond, 1955; Hoffman, 1960), leading researchers to propose them as a basis for understanding human cognitive processing. Indeed, in certain environments process tracing has shown information search patterns that are consistent with the predictions of linear models (e.g. Payne, Bettman, & Johnson, 1988). Despite the positive evidence for linear models, there are reasons to doubt their descriptive validity. Questions remain about whether people have the cognitive capacity to perform the calculations necessary to compute linear models when making judgments. Even in simplified forms they regularly outperform the average decision maker (Dawes, 1979; Wainer, 1976). In some cases, reasoners' judgments have significantly deviated from linearity (e.g. Brehmer & Brehmer, 1988; Slovic, 1969; Wiggins & Hoffman, 1968). Thus, while linear models have provided insight into cognitive processes, there are a number of things that they struggle to explain. In contrast, heuristic models assume that people engage in mental shortcuts (Gigerenzer, Todd, & the ABC Research Group, 1999; Kahneman, Slovic, & Tversky, 1982; Simon, 1957). While there is variation in the nature of heuristics that have been proposed, many of the most prominent accounts posit that people focus on a single cue at a time rather than incorporating all available information— typically the cue that is most relevant to the decision or most accessible to the decision maker (e.g. Gigerenzer & Goldstein, 1996; Shah & Oppenheimer, 2009; Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). By using only a single piece of information at a time, they are able to greatly reduce the amount of cognitive effort required (Shah & Oppenheimer, While there is a great deal of evidence for the use of heuristics, there is also evidence to suggest that simple


Dairy is an important sector of agriculture economy. It plays a vital role in household nutritional security, increased income and employment generation. A larg segment of workforce has been employment as par time as well as fulltime in this sector of agriculture economy. They are engaged in various natures of activities like rearing, marketing, distribution and collection/processing of dairy and their product. Keeping in to consideration the study, there are significance of the dairy farming in rural economic development and sustainability of poor farmers. The district of Murshidabad has been selected as study is taking in to consideration it economic backwards, agriculture base as well as presence of large number of rural population engaged in dairy farming.


In his celebrated essay 'Travelling Theory', Edward Said evokes the dynamic migration of ideas between cultures and epochs and the resulting, continual production of new theories out of the transformation of the old. Describing the distinct stages of a text's journey, he tracks the process of departure from a point of origin, the distance covered, the conditions and practices encountered by the theory or idea at its destination, and 'the now full (or partly) accommodated (or incorporated) idea [. . . ] to some extent transformed by its new uses, its new position in a new time and place'.1 According to this model it is not just the migration of peoples that creates new cultural syncretisms, but the movement of ideas themselves which, though initially anchored in the specific time and place of their production, also perpetually evolve as they are passed between contexts and communities and acquire new meaning after their migration into a new context. Indeed theory is, from this point of view, not only able to 'travel', but actually to migrate, to establish itself in a new location and to reinvent itself as a result of that transfer. For Said, theory is on the one hand rooted in lived realities, engendered out of particular historical occurrences, and, on the other hand, in dialogue with the world, continually regenerated by other cultures at moments other than that of its creation. Furthermore, literary texts too, according to Said's analysis in 'The World, the Text, the Critic', are both the product of the circumstances of their creation by an author at a particular moment in time, and subject to infinite recreation as they circulate in the world beyond the author's control and outside their original context. This migration of texts and ideas has more recently been conceived by Mieke Bal as the starting-point for a genuinely interdisciplinary intellectual work that promotes increased dialogue between established modes of thinking.2


The study aims to develop conceptual bases of tax regulation of non‑profit organizations' activities under the conditions of institutional changes. Non‑profit sector has an important role to play in social and economic life of the country, representing the source of social innovations. The paper proves the necessity of tax regulation of non‑profit organizations taking into account the specifics of their activities. The authors suggest their approach to the specification of periods, which the system of tax regulation of non‑profit organizations' activities has undergone, and propose a logical scheme of development of non‑ profit sector's tax regulation. The findings of the research include identification and systematization of tax instruments and formulation of recommendations on their improvement.


With the starting point of human nature,David Hume interpreted moral sentiment from a unique ethical perspective of the relationship between the individual and the society.He believed that moral distinction did not come from rational but from moral sentiment.Moral sentiment is a special feeling of sorrow or happiness,and also an emotional response of praise or blame to a behavior or a character.Hume's theory of "being" and "should" in his interpretation of moral distinction,his unique insights on relationships between moral sense and interest,between self-interest and public benefit,between selfishness and sympathy,all this not only greatly enriched the theory of moral sense,but promoted the subsequent development of utilitarian ethics,thus producing the far-reaching historical significance.


COVID-19 propelled anti-Asian racism around the world; although empirical research has yet to examine the phenomenology of racial trauma affecting Asian communities. In our mixed-methods study of 215 Asian participants of 15 ethnicities, we examined experiences of racism during COVID and resulting psychological sequelae. Through qualitative content analysis, themes emerged of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral changes resulting from these racialized perpetrations, including internalizing emotions of fear, sadness, and shame; negative alterations in cognitions, such as reduced trust and self-worth; and behavioral isolation, avoidance, and hypervigilance, in addition to positive coping actions of commitment to racial equity initiatives. We engaged in data triangulation with quantitative Mann-Whitney U tests and found that individuals who experienced COVID discrimination had significantly higher racial trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder scores compared with individuals who did not. Our convergent findings provide clinicians with novel ways to assess the ongoing impact of racial trauma and implement appropriate interventions for clients.


The theory of zero-interference is a very important theory of service protocol.To push the zero-interference into the library service practice means to try the best to create quiet and comfortable reading settings for readers,decrease the tangled and untangled interference to readers for improving the quality of the library service.


The sol-gel synthesis and characterization of n≥3 Aurivillius phase thin films deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2–Si substrates is described. The number of perovskite layers, n, was increased by inserting BiFeO3 into three layered Aurivillius phase Bi4Ti3O12 to form compounds such as Bi5FeTi3O15 (n=4). 30% of the Fe3+ ions in Bi5FeTi3O15 were substituted with Mn3+ ions to form the structure Bi5Ti3Fe0.7Mn0.3O15. The electromechanical responses of the materials were investigated using piezoresponse force microscopy and the results are discussed in relation to the crystallinity of the films as measured by x-ray diffraction.


Polarimetric radar is uniquely suited for discriminating between different classes of meteorological and nonmeteorological echo. Currently used classification algorithms are based on the principles of fuzzy logic and utilize multiparameter radar measurements with certain weight assigned to each radar variable to account for its classification efficiency (Zrnic and Ryzhkov 1999; Vivekanandan et al. 1999; Liu and Chandrasekar 2000; Zrnic et al 2001; Keenan 2003; Lim et al. 2005). However, no objective justification has ever been given for the choice of these weights in the polarimetric classification scheme. In this study, we introduce the matrix of weights which characterizes classification power of each variable with respect to every class of radar echo and suggest a methodology for optimizing such a matrix. The data from several storms observed with the polarimetric prototype of the WSR-88D radar in Oklahoma are used to optimize the matrix of weights in the classification algorithm which is planned for implementation on polarimetric NEXRAD.


A new dual edge-triggered flip-flop that saves power by inhibiting transitions of the nodes that are not used to change the state is presented. The proposed flip-flop is 12% faster with 10% lower energy-delay product for 50% data activity, as compared to the previously published dual edge-triggered storage elements. This was confirmed by simulation using 0.18/spl mu/m process, 1.8V power supply, and clock frequency of 250MHz. This flip-flop is particularly suitable for low-power applications.


Anisopteromalus calandrae(Howard)was firstly recorded from China with briefly described and illustrated in this paper.It is the natural enemy of some important stored product pests like Callosobruchus maculatus(F.),Sitophilus oryzae(L.),Sitophilus granaries(L.), Sitophilus zeamais(Motschulsky),Lasioderma serricorne(F.)and Stegobium paniceum(L.).


Introduction Many of the readers of this journal serve as instructors/trainers in schools or institutes of administration (sias). Several of these sias either enrol participants from diverse parts of their own country or participants from many different countries. Faculties in these settings have an additional unique responsibility — that of communicating effectively with students who have a different native language. As Tracey (1974: 321) has pointed out:


The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become a powerful tool for ionospheric studies. The accuracy of coordination data for the Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver by the GPS monitoring station should be increased. The accuracy can be increased by determining the sources of the disturbances that have been produced by all of ionospheric effects. The parameter of ionosphere that produces most of the effects on radio signals is the total number of electrons or Total Electron Content (TEC). Ionospheric Total Electron (TEC) variation with time can be viewed as a stationary random process under quiet conditions. This paper investigate the TEC covering the period from 1 January 2005 at the equatorial. During this period with Kp, Dst, and Ap indices values of reported by the World Data Center (WDC). By modeling this TEC parameter, the evaluation of the ionospheric error and the correction of these ionospheric errors for differential GPS can be done. Dual frequency carrier-phase and code-delay GPS observations are combined to obtain ionospheric observables related to the slant TEC (sTEC) along the satellite-Receiver line of sight (LoS). This research assessing the errors translated from the code-delay to the carrier-phase ionospheric observable by the so- called "Levelling process", applied to reduce carrier- phase ambiguities from the data. The conclusions achieved are the levelled carrier-phase ionosphere observable is affected by a systematic error, produced by code-delay multipath through the leveling procedure. This results in the absolute differential delay and the remaining noise was discarded.


Reconstitution of adaptive T-cell responses to human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is critical to protection from CMV disease following hematopoietic stem cell (HSCT) or solid organ transplantation (SOT). However, there is an incomplete understanding of which CMV antigens and epitopes are most crucial to providing protective responses. The functional status of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) populations recognizing cytomegalovirus IE-1 and pp65 polypeptides was investigated in PBMC from either HSCT or SOT recipients. Our previous finding of differing levels of degranulation between CMV IE1 and pp65/pp50 specific T-cells was complicated by the possibility that differences were epitope and/or HLA-specific. We generalized the approach using a combined flow-based CD107a/b degranulation/mobilization and intracellular cytokine (ICC) assays using peptide libraries as antigens. These assays indicated that a significantly higher proportion of pp65-specific CTLs were in a more mature functional state compared to IE-1-specific CTLs. Degranulation/multicytokine ICC assays also indicated that a significantly higher proportion of the pp65-specific versus IE-1-specific CTLs secreted both IFN-γ and TNF-α, in addition to possessing greater cytotoxic potential. These results support our earlier findings of functional differences between CTLs recognizing individual epitopes within the IE-1 and pp65 antigens in HSCT recipients, and extend them to a broader array of HLA-restricted responses to those antigens. A report that a subset of HIV-1 specific CTLs capable of producing both IFN-γ and TNF-α was associated with improved cytotoxic activity prompted us to investigate whether degranulation, a functional correlate of cytotoxicity, was positively associated with dual cytokine production and predicted differences between IE1 and pp65-specific CD8 + T-cells. A higher proportion of pp65-specific compared to IE1-specific T-cells were present in the trifunctional IFN-γ + ,TNF-α + , CD107 + population (p=0.008) in HSCT recipients. We have extended these findings to investigate the role of donor CMV status in terms of functional maturity of CMV-specific T cell response in transplant recipients. T cell maturation/function may act as a mechanistic correlate to the survival advantage of recipients receiving a stem-cell graft from CMV sero-positive donors. These principles have also been applied to investigations of a high risk population of sero-negative recipients of a sero-positive liver allograft. Data from this study will also be reviewed in the context of the model of trifunctional T cells being indicative of enhanced protective capacity against CMV disease and associated with survival.


We have studied the electrical conductivity of an electron gas in parallel electric and magnetic fields directed along the plane of a parabolic quantum well (across the profile of the potential). We found a general expression for the electrical conductivity applicable for any magnitudes of the magnetic field and the degree of degeneration of the electron gas, taking into account electronic scattering with spin flip. A mechanism of generation of the negative magnetoresistance has been revealed. It has been shown that in a parabolic quantum well with a nondegenerated electron gas the negative magnetoresistance results from spin splitting of the oscillator levels and electronic scattering with spin flip.


Dichlorination of (Z)-allylic trichloroacetates efficiently and stereoselectively generates the syn,syn hydroxydichloride stereotriad that is prevalent in the understudied polychlorinated sulfolipid class of natural products. Further, the dichlorination of a (Z)-allylic chlorohydrin affords with high selectivity a stereotetrad present in one of the chlorosulfolipids.


Liquefied natural gas (LNG) gasification coupled with adsorbed natural gas (ANG) charging (LNG–ANG coupling) is an emerging strategy for efficient delivery of natural gas. However, the potential of LNG–ANG to attain the advanced research projects agency‐energy (ARPA‐E) target for onboard methane storage has not been fully investigated. In this work, large‐scale computational screening is performed for 5446 metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and over 193 MOFs whose methane working capacities exceed the target (315 cm3(STP) cm−3) are identified. Furthermore, structure–performance relationships are realized under the LNG–ANG condition using a machine learning method. Additional molecular dynamics simulations are conducted to investigate the effects of the structural changes during temperature and pressure swings, further narrowing down the materials, and two synthetic targets are identified. The synthesized DUT‐23(Cu) and DUT‐23(Co) show higher working capacities (≈373 cm3(STP) cm−3) than that of any other porous material under ANG or LNG–ANG conditions, and excellent stability during cyclic LNG–ANG operation.


Mrs King came from a rich family. Her father was an important official(官员), but her husband was a policeman. She always made him listen to her and the poor man had to do everything she told him to do though her opinion(意见) was wrong. Now she had three children, and they all had to agree with


Bryhnia graminicolor (Brid.) Grout is reported new to the state of Texas. A distribution map of B. graminicolor is provided for the south central states of Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas. A key to the genera in the Brachytheciaceae in Texas is provided, and relevant morphological characters are discussed to differentiate B. graminicolor from similar species found in Texas.


A revised version of Dodge's split-velocity method for numerical calculation of compressible duct flow was developed. The revision incorporates balancing of mass flow rates on each marching step in order to maintain front-to-back continuity during the calculation. The (checkerboard) zebra algorithm is applied to solution of the three dimensional continuity equation in conservative form. A second-order A-stable linear multistep method is employed in effecting a marching solution of the parabolized momentum equations. A checkerboard iteration is used to solve the resulting implicit nonlinear systems of finite-difference equations which govern stepwise transition. Qualitative agreement with analytical predictions and experimental results was obtained for some flows with well-known solutions. Previously announced in STAR as N82-16363


Learning organization plays an important role in improving organizational performance. It is well-known from various sectors that this variable plays a significant role in enhancing the performance of various organizations and is used for promoting effective competitive advantage. Although there are many studies in this area of management, very few studies are available on Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). The objective of this study is to review the literature on learning organization and its relationship with organizational performance. In addition, the study reviews the literature on strategy adoption and knowledge transfer as they are also ascribed to the improvement of organizational performance. Hence, there are relationships between strategy adoption and knowledge transfer and organizational performance. Finally, the study makes a conclusion based on previous studies on the relationship among the variables and recommends that empirical studies use moderating and mediating variables between learning organization and organizational performance improvement in the HEI setting.


inhuman serum or plasma withoutthe use ofradioactive isotopes,enzymes, fluorescentmarkers, or lasernephelometers.This immunoprecipitationisbased on spectrophotometric measurement of the inhibition by free hapten of the precipitating reactionbetween antihaptenantibody and polyhaptenic antigen. The immunoprecipitation analysis of the antibiotic gentamicin in human serum is reported here.A serum testsample ismixed with gentamicin-human serum albumin polyhaptenic conjugate and rabbitantiserumto gentamicin on a centrifugal analyzer, and the subsequent reactionmonitored for 3 mm. No sample dilution or pretreatment is required. The within-run and between-run coefficients ofvariationare wellbelow 10%. Theresultsonpatients' test samples correlate well with those obtained by commercially availableradioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay kits.


The second year (1) of the French program, involving all fourthand fifthgrade children in the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools (2), was intended to accomplish the following: (1) presentation of some six hundred new words, to be drilled in conversational patterns; (9) initiation to reading in French; (3) introduction to the passe compose; (4) a strenuous review of first-year material, particularly for the sake of that one-third (approximately) of our group, which both early and late in that year had shown a disturbing lack of accomplishment. Each class received twenty minutes of daily instruction.


Abstract : Renewable bio-derived alternative fuels provide viable options for reducing net greenhouse gas emissions, while increasing energy security by relying on locally-sourced feedstock. Unlike conventional aircraft fuels, which maintain tight bounds on fuel specs, such as physical and chemical properties, alternative fuels might have widely varying composition and properties. This variability introduces uncertainty in their utility, both for fuel certification purposes and their ultimate use as transportation fuel. Hence, the practical use of alternative fuels is predicated on the availability of reliable tools that can estimate performance given some basic information about the physical and chemical composition. In this program, this issue of predictability of fuel performance is addressed. The overarching objective is to develop physics-based models that are fuel-composition sensitive, such that aircraft combustors can be directly simulated to estimate emissions performance.


Crystals of the title compound, C15H12N4O·H2O, were obtained from a condensation reaction of isonicotinylhydrazine and 3-indolylformaldehyde. The molecule assumes an E configuration, with the isonicotinoylhydrazine and indole units located on the opposite sites of the C=N double bond. In the molecular structure the pyridine ring is twisted with respect to the indole ring system, forming a dihedral angle of 44.72 (7)°. Extensive classical N—H⋯N, N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonding and weak C—H⋯O interactions are present in the crystal structure.


We show a simple no-bubble theorem that applies to a wide range of deterministic sequential economies with infinitely lived agents. In particular, we show that asset bubbles never arise if there is at least one agent who can reduce his asset holdings permanently from some period onward. This is a substantial generalization of Kocherlakota's (1992, Journal of Economic Theory 57, 245-256) result on asset bubbles and short sales constraints. Our no-bubble theorem requires vitually no assumption except for the strict monotonicity of preferences.


A small addition of boron is suggested to increase the ductility of the polycrystalline Ni_3Al when the Al content is less than 25 at.%. Both metallographic and x-ray investigation have shown the alloys of Ni_3Al (24 at.% Al) containing 0.20, 0.42, 0.79, 0.98, and 1.22 at.% B to be of single phase and that of 1.76 at.% B to be of two phase. With the addition of boron, the lattice parameter of the Ni_3Al phase is found to increase. Microhardness measurements indicate that initially the hardness decreases for the alloy of 0.20 at.% B, while for the rest of the single phase alloys the hardness is found to increase with further addition of boron. The addition of boron increases the deformation stacking fault probability value except for the alloy with 0.20 at.% B.


Background: The need to use different methodological strategies to approach the contents of Higher Education Calculation, aiming at teaching that allows the development of skills related to reading, interpretation, use of procedures and strategies and ways to express one's reasoning in Mathematics, led to the study on the teaching of Derivatives content, using the Problem-Solving methodology. As a theoretical subsidy on the topic of Problem-Solving, the studies of Polya (1995), Dante (1998) and Onuchic and Alevatto (2004) were used. Objective: To investigate the contributions of the use of the methodology of problem-solving in the discipline of Applied Mathematics of the Architecture and Urbanism course, aiming at the integral formation of the student relating the theory to practical situations. Design: The research had a qualitative methodological approach in which it was intended to understand and analyze how the academics participating in the research developed the proposed activities involving the content of Derivatives through Problem-Solving. Setting and participants: The research was carried out with twenty-two academics from the Architecture and Urbanism Course at Centro Universitario Luterano de Ji – Parana, located in the state of Rondonia (Brazil). Data collection and analysis: An experiment was carried out with a group of academics from the Architecture and Urbanism Course at Centro Universitario Luterano de Ji – Parana / RO. The data analysis was done through the written records of the students and the observations of the professor / researcher. Results: The results indicate that the didactic activities contributed to the understanding and development of the Derivatives content, as well as allowing the critical analysis of the academics regarding the resolution of problem situations. Conclusions: It is understood that the use of problem-solving methodology in Higher Education should be encouraged for the development of mathematical content, in order to enable academics to develop the theory, have autonomy, work in groups and develop strategies for solving problems. problems.


The purpose of this research was to examine how an 11-day taper after an 8.5-week experimental training cycle affected lactate levels during maximal exercise, mean force, and performance in training swimmers, independent of shaving, psychological changes, and postcompetition effects. Fourteen competition swimmers with shaved legs and torsos were recruited from the São Paulo Aquatic Federation. The training cycle consisted of a basic training period (endurance and quality phases) of 8.5 weeks, with 5,800 m·d-1 mean training volume and 6 d·wk-1 frequency; and a taper period (TP) of 1.5 weeks' duration that incorporated a 48% reduction in weekly volume without altering intensity. Attained swimming force (SF) and maximal performance over 200-m maximal swim (Pmax) before and after taper were measured. After taper, SF and Pmax improved 3.6 and 1.6%, respectively (p < 0.05). There were positive correlations (p < 0.05) between SF and Pmax before (r = 0.86) and after (r = 0.83) the taper phase. Peak lactate concentrations after SF were unaltered before (6.79 ± 1.2 mM) and after (7.15 ± 1.8 mM) TP. Results showed that TP improved mean swimming velocity, but not in the same proportion as force after taper, suggesting that there are other factors influencing performance in faster swimming.


Dichotomizing algorithms of diagnostics and reconfiguration of the navigation system which process indicators of inertial, satellite and optical subsystems in real time for typical types of refusals are considered in the work. The given approach provides majority diagnostics of measuring system with system and hardware redundancy at a minimum necessary set of sensors. The main idea of a method is the comparative analysis of all measuring subsystems behind reference value. The reference value is the parameter which is synthesized from all diagnosable subsystems, in this work – a course corner. When obtaining the only parameter by gages of the different nature it is possible to provide firmness of an algorithm. Also reasonably the possibility of the introduction of optical systems with the use of algorithms of computer sight for ensuring system redundancy of the navigation system is described. The system is intended for identification only of one type of refusal for a unit of time. A positive factor of an invention is the universality that allows using system on any operating small autonomous aircraft. For the introduction of a system, there is no requirement in finishing the hardware. Use of system of failure diagnostics will reduce the risk of loss of the aircraft when performing a task, will increase its efficiency and accuracy of indicators. As a result of researches, the algorithmic dependence of signals of the navigation system was established that allowed to make the analysis and diagnostics with the following renewal of the lost parameter thanks to system and hardware redundancy of devices. Practical use of the system in actual practice with an influence of artificially created obstacles and noise is shown. Developments in area of aircraft safety are necessary due to the need for an increase in level, at the emergence of emergency situations


India is one of the very fastest growing counties in the world and also depends upon a federal government. Insurance sector is providing many schemes to contribute all the income level people to live safe and getting some benefits but not yet reached all the areas like semi urban and rural areas. That is reason beyond that insurance sector to extent branches all over India to providing offer life insurance and non-life insurance. Besides that many developed countries people to give the preference and using health insurance. In this respect, Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India to issued Health insurance product. Therefore, health insurance product is now emerging as a tool to manage financial needs of people to seek health services. Today, various health insurance schemes are available in the market and providing benefits from an individual to an entire family. During the year 2016-17, the gross health insurance premium collected by non-life insurance companies was more than 17,495Crore. Therefore it is necessary for people to understand the cost and benefits of health insurance. In India, the number of people covered under health insurance is less as compared to developed countries. And also insurance sector to give wide campaign like awareness programmes and basic literacy level in rural and semi urban areas. To protect the interests of the policyholders, to regulate, promote and ensure orderly growth of the insurance industry and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. In this way, this paper is analysed with the performance and growth of health insurance policy holders in India.


People experiencing homelessness can often have small and fragmented social networks, due to the loss and absence of critical connections, leaving them particularly susceptible to loneliness. During the course of homelessness, some people experience a changing profile of networks, transitioning away from family and some friends and forming new/substitute networks, such as service providers or pets. The resulting loneliness can have profound impacts on this group, threatening their physical and mental health and their ability to exit homelessness successfully. This study aimed to understand the social network characteristics and support associated with loneliness. MOS Social Support and social network questionnaire data from 124 participants (either currently or formerly homeless) were used in three hierarchical regression models to predict romantic, social, and family loneliness (SELSA-S), respectively. Findings suggested the more supportive, important, and (often) more satisfying that participants deemed current relationships to be, the lonelier they tended to feel. This occurred even if they were no longer homeless. These findings suggest that loneliness can operate differently in the context of poverty and homelessness. Whilst experiencing homelessness, people may prioritise relationships that provide resources and safety over those that assuage loneliness. Service providers can support people exiting homelessness to (re)connect with important and valued networks to reduce loneliness.


Currently, an optical biopsy is a rapidly developing and promising area of technologies for real-time diagnosing the state of tissues in various fields of medicine, especially in oncology. One of the methods – fluorescence spectroscopy - allows one to detect changes in tissue metabolism caused by pathological processes by evaluating the level of fluorescence of endogenous fluorophores involved in various biochemical reactions in the body's cells. However, in order to correctly interpret the data obtained, it is important to consider how accurately the configuration of the equipment used makes it possible to detect differences between normal and pathologically altered tissues with metabolic disorders. The paper describes the optical biopsy device including fluorescence spectroscopy channel and the fine needle optical probe for usage during fine-needle puncture-aspiration biopsy of liver tumors. To test the developed device, experimental measurements of internal organs fluorescence in a laboratory rat were performed in vivo. The surface of the tissues was affected with a mitochondrial uncoupler to induce changes in cellular respiration. The results of the pilot experiment showed the ability of the developed channel to register changes in fluorescence caused by oxidative phosphorylation changes of mitochondria.


The purpose of this article is to analyze educational initiatives from two fortified sites in Latin America - the Fortifications complex in the north of Santa Catarina Island [Brazil] and the Historic District of Colonia del Sacramento [Uruguay]. It was observed how these socio-educational actions, implemented by tourism, impact on their respective local communities by promoting the exercise of citizenship and social inclusion. This is a field and documentary research conducted for a master's thesis defended at the Federal University of Santa Catarin


Abstract Alterations in the appearance of the heart and lungs that should lead one to suspect the possibility of upper airway obstruction in children are: distension of the hypopharynx, underaeration of the lungs, cardiac enlargement, cardiac enlargement with passive congestion, and pulmonary edema without cardiac enlargement.


Alloreactivity is one of the most serious problems in organ transplantation. It has been hypothesized that pre‐existing alloreactive T cells are actually cross‐reacting cells that have been primed by the autologous major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and a specific peptide. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes that are alloreactive and recognize a virus‐peptide that is presented by the autologous MHC have been reported. Here we demonstrate a cross‐reactivity that exists between DQ0602 restricted, herpes simplex type 2 VP16 40–50 specific CD4+ T‐cell clones, which can be alloreactive to DQ0601. Though most of the DQ0602 restricted T‐cell clones we isolated from two different donors were not alloreactive, weakly cross‐reacting T‐cell clones could be isolated from both donors. Two strongly cross‐reacting T‐cell clones with high affinity interaction of their T‐cell receptor (TCR) with both DQ0602/VP16 40–50 and DQ0601 could be isolated from one donor. DNA sequencing of the a fragment of the Vβ gene used in their TCR confirmed that these two T cells indeed are two independent clones. These clones are cytotoxic and produce cytokines of a T helper 2‐like pattern. Possible implications in a DR‐matched transplantation setting are discussed.


The titania-pillared clay is known as one of materials with high adsorption and photocatalytic decomposition abilities against toxic organic compounds dissolved in water. However, its adsorption and photocatalytic decomposition abilities is not enough, yet. To improve the photocatalytic decompo- sition efficiency and add the photocatalytic decomposition ability under visible light irradiation, the preparation and characterization of the organoclay incorporating both titania nanocrystals and photosensi- tizer into the interlayer hydrophobic space was investigated. The hybridization of both titania nano-crystals and Cu-phthalocyanine derivatives as photosensitizer into organoclay interlayer hydropho- bic space could be succeeded by the consecutive intercalation method. The prepared hybrid materials exhibited the higher adsorption ability against bisphenol A dissolved in water than that of the commercial available titania nanocrystals in the dark. As a result from the photodecomposition experiment of bisphenol A performed by using the present hybrid materials under UV and/or visible light irradiation, it was found that the present hybrid materials had also high photocatalytic decomposition ability under visi- ble light irradiation, along with that under UV and visible light irradiation.


Whether adopted out of choice or necessity, e-learning will undoubtedly be a feature of the future law school landscape. This requires law teachers – including environmental law teachers – to think quite deliberately about what it means to teach online. In this chapter, we explore e-learning as a specific approach to teaching and learning that may prove useful for environmental law – but the modality, we argue, is secondary to good instructional design. As alluded to in our chapter title, our discussion focuses less on e-learning as a platform, and more on its 'pedagogical soundness'. In our own teaching of environmental and natural resources law, we have both enjoyed positive experiences with e-learning, and we have found, like others, that 'no sacrifice in educational quality necessarily accompanies online legal education'. Our aim in this chapter however is not to suggest that e-learning is preferable to face-to-face instruction. We hope to demonstrate that, with careful planning and selection based on learning theory and desired learning outcomes, online learning can be used to deliver a pedagogically-robust environmental law course. We begin this chapter by briefly canvassing the tools and benefits of e-learning, before focusing in detail on its pedagogical value. We then discuss some of the challenges and constraints experienced with e-learning, and offer some commentary as to how these might be traversed. Ultimately, we contend that by viewing e-learning as a distinct pedagogy, rather than just a set of technological tools to replicate face-to-face teaching practice, environmental law lecturers can draw upon an effective educational approach grounded in social collaboration, active learning and authentic assessment.


Review: The Environmental Crusaders: Confronting Disaster and Mobilizing Community By Penina Migdal Glazer and Myron Peretz Glazer Reviewed by Michael M. Carriere Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Glazer, Penina Migdal and Myron Peretz Glazer. The Environmental Crusaders: Confronting Disaster and Mobilizing Community. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998. 218 p. US $50.00 cloth ISBN: 0-271-01775-9. To those hopeful about the prospects for a truly international environmental protection regime, the accord struck at Kyoto, Japan in December 1997 was an unprecedented step in the right direction. Environmentalists all around the world cheered as a total of 159 nations agreed to the first legally binding international protocol to fight global warming. Under the Kyoto accord, the United States pledged to reduce its greenhouse gas emission levels to 7 percent below 1990 levels by 2012, while the figures for the European Union and Japan were 8 and 6 percent, respectively. Other countries followed suit with similar emission reduction plans. Within the afterglow of such a momentous accord, it seemed that, in the absence of the security threats that marked the Cold War era, countries across the globe finally had the time and resources to begin to tackle such pressing environmental issues as global warming. Perhaps even more surprising than the consensus achieved at Kyoto has been the response to the proposal by a number of multinational corporations, particularly among a collection of large oil companies. Representatives from Sun Oil, Shell, and British Petroleum have all voiced their support for an emissions-reducing proposal, with Shell chairman Mark Moody-Stuart announcing that We are convinced that the oil industry must be part of the solution to emissions, not part of the problem. In September 1998, British Petroleum group chief executive Sir E. John P. Browne pledged that his company would strive to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to 10 percent below 1990 levels, a commitment to emissions reduction that far exceeds the goals set at Kyoto. Outside of these oil companies, environmental issues have become a key component of the increasingly popular corporate code of conduct, a global phenomenon that crosses all industry lines. As the private sector begins to play a larger role in international affairs, it


Dr. Jianming Li received his Master's Degree from Jilin University in 2017. His thesis work dealt with the general subject of Medical imaging and Nuclear Medicine. He is currently pursuing his MD degree at Capital Medical University, where he intends to focus on interventional radiology and ultrasound. Dr. Li has received several prior awards, including two prestigious scholarships from Jilin University. He has also presented his work at conferences in Japan, Korea and Hong Kong.


Palliative care has recognized the power of suffering of life threatening illness and is concerned with helping people to
 cope and adapt with these chronic illness. Our fear of death and the loss of a loved one are two of the most
 monumental emotional challenges of human existence and suffering. This is incorporated into a philosophy of care
 that has resulted in the principles of palliative care. This anxiety is usually suppressed and is only exposed when the
 reality of a possible death is confronted. Fear of death stems from different sources, for example, the thought of our
 non-existence and the fear of the unknown of what lies beyond death. By understanding how societies deal with
 death, it is possible to explore the more specific issues of how patients cope, the problems that can arise and how
 carers should respond. This includes care of both the patient and those important to them (significant others).
 Bereavement support of some kind has become a fundamental aspect of palliative care, although there is a view that
 it continues to be a marginalized service, with reports of inequitable distribution of services.
This paper will review how to improve the understanding of the processes involved during dying and bereavement,
 the damaging consequences that can occur and the role of health professionals in caring for the dying and the
 bereaved.


Hybridization programme was started in 1985 at the Rice Research Station, Moncompu using locally accepted varieties like MO 4, MO 6, MO 7 and gall midge (GM) resistant varieties such as MO 5, Surekha, Pothana etc. using pedigree-breeding method to evolve varieties with resistance to GM Biotype 5. Up to six generation, selection was practised based on GM resistance, yield and general performance. Two cultures, KAU M59–29–2–1–2 (IET 13983) from the cross Surekha / MO 5 and KAU M61-6-1-1-2 (IET 14260) from the cross Pothana / MO 5 performed well in yield trials over the check varieties and were released as Pavithra (MO 13) and Panchami (MO 14) respectively in 1998 for use in GM endemic areas.


Abstract The splitting of DSC melting endotherms of thermostable trioxane-dioxolane copolymers obtained with boron trifluoride: acrylonitrile complex as initiator, which were recorded before and after the annealing of samples at 140°C, was believed to result from an amorphous-crystalline coupling phenomenon brought about by noncrystallizable dioxolane fragments. Quantitative interpretations were made based on the total melting enthalpy and splitting factors after precipitation of dioxolane sequences as crystalline defects by annealing. The results obtained were compared with similar data registered for a commercial trioxane containing copolymer, namely Hostaform C.


Two or three multi-stack package with a semiconductor chip package are vertically stacked on a long flexible printed circuit board and discloses a method of manufacturing the same. Multi-stack package according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a flexible substrate, the first mold body, a second semiconductor package, and a plurality of solder balls. The flexible substrate may include a first mounting region and second mounting region that is apart by a first folding area having a first gap, and the first folding area is folded opposite the first mounting area and the second mounting area, the opposite side of the first mounting area has a plurality of external connection pads are arrays. Then, the first mold body is mounted on the first mounting area. Then, the second semiconductor chip package includes a second mold body that is mounted in said second flip-chip method in the mounting region through and is bonded to the upper surface of the first mold body, the second solder ball. And, a plurality of solder balls is formed on the plurality of external connection pads.


Overlapped x domain multiplexing (OVXDM) is a promising encoding technique to obtain high spectral efficiency by utilizing inter-symbol interference (ISI) intelligently. However, the computational complexity of maximum likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) increases exponentially with the growth of spectral efficiency in OVXDM, which is unbearable for practical implementations. In this paper, based on a novel path metric associating adjacent symbols, we propose a multi-bit sliding stack decoding (Multi-Bit SSD) algorithm to achieve multiple-bit decoding simultaneously in OVXDM. Theoretical analysis is provided for the algorithm, which indicates the relationship between the performance and parameters including multiplexing waveform, overlapping fold and sliding window size. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve better decoding performance and higher spectral efficiency than conventional fast decoding algorithms.


All editorials and most letters to the editor published in seven West Coast newspapers and The New York Times in 1942 supported the internment.


The article discusses advances in population genetics that are allowing scientists to trace the path of human migrations out of Africa by testing the DNA of existing indigenous populations. Recent genome studies examining genetic markers in the Y chromosomes of men from around the world have produced maps of the routes of ancient human movements. INSETS: GENETIC PROSPECTING;JUST LOOK IN THE PHONE BOOK;LOOKING FAR AND WIDE;Can You Spare Some DNA


Modelling of a turbocharger is of interest to the engine designer as the work developed by the turbine can be used to drive a compressor coupled to it. This positively influences charge air density and engine power to weight ratio. Variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) additionally has a controllable nozzle ring which is normally electro-pneumatically actuated. This additional degree of freedom offers efficient matching of the effective turbine area for a wide range of engine mass flow rates. Closing of the nozzle ring (vanes tangential to rotor) result in more turbine work and deliver higher boost pressure but it also increases the back pressure on the engine induced by reduced turbine effective area. This adversely affects the net engine torque as the pumping work required increases. Hence, the optimum vane position for a given engine operating point is to be found through simulations or experimentation. A thermodynamic simulation model of a 2.2l 4 cylinder diesel engine was developed for investigation of different control strategies. Model features map based performance prediction of the VGT. Performance of the engine was simulated for steady state operation and validated with experimentation. The results of the parametric study of VGT's vane position on the engine performance are discussed.


There has been a range of previous research that has commented on structural and cultural
factors that influence liaison between sport and tourism agencies. Such research has also highlighted
the importance of the perceptions, attitudes, and understandings of policy makers in determining
sport�tourism liaison. This article draws on interviews with national and regional policy makers for
sport and for tourism in the UK to illustrate the perceptions of such policy makers of their own and
other agencies� roles and potential influence in relation to sports tourism. It also highlights the ways
in which policy makers understand the nature and extent of the sport�tourism link. The article shows
that policy makers generally have a very narrow conception of the sport�tourism link and largely
believe that agencies other than their own should be responsible for the development of sports tourism.
In conclusion, the article locates the influence of policy makers� perceptions within a broader
model of sport�tourism policy development.


This article begins by considering the re-presentation of the Biblical landscape of the Binding of Isaac in the Old English text Genesis A . With reference to place-names, landscapes, and other texts, it demonstrates how this setting was presented as a place of cremation on a hilltop border. The poem may, for audiences living in the generations following the cessation of cremation burial, have served as a means of understanding earlier religious praxis. The article then considers a similar moment of cultural transition written into the conversion-era cemeteries at Apple Down in Sussex, similarly sited in a border region and on top of a hill. Here, a mixed-rite cremation and inhumation cemetery was succeeded by an inhumation cemetery set out in a novel fashion, likely reflecting changes in contemporary religious culture. Both the poem and the cemeteries at Apple Down, in marking these changes, can be understood within Material Engagement Theory, a theory of the Extended Mind, as 'exograms': material memory records external to the embodied human brain. The article considers both the poem and cemeteries in this light, and shows how exograms of various kinds might be used to assemble an exogrammar , here defined as a set of ideas distributed across one or more exograms. A framework of this kind, assembling evidence across a diverse range of material and textual sources, is presented as an adaptable method of investigation across disciplines in which various forms of evidence can be understood as residual components of embodied human minds.


79 J . K I S T E R , D . H . E S S , W . R . R O U S H * ( S C R I P PS F L O R I D A , J U PI T E R A N D B R I G H A M YO U N G U N I V E R S I T Y, P R O V O , U SA ) Enantioand Diastereoselective Synthesis of syn-β-Hydroxy-α-vinyl Carboxylic Esters via Reductive Aldol Reactions of Ethyl Allenecarboxylate with 10-TMS-9-Borabicyclo[3.3.2]decane and DFT Analysis of the Hydroboration Pathway Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 5436–5439.


A gaming simulation of garbage classification for foreign residents was conducted as a psycho-educational learning activity that has cognitive, behavioral, and emotional impact and reduces psychological resistance. Fourteen foreign residents (mean age: 28.9 years; mean length of stay in Japan: 48.6 months) joined the game. The participants attempted the quiz individually, with hints, and using the materials from the local government. The classification system with the original materials was explained to them, and they practiced teaching it to one another. They reported increased self-confidence, knowledge, and awareness of the system's importance and reduced perceptions of difficulty, impossibility, and troublesomeness of the garbage classification. They further reported that they could use the game experiences in their daily lives. Positive changes in the participants suggested that this game had some effect on their social life skills. However, some participants were perplexed at the complexity of the classification. Optimization of the learning contents for participants based on individual differences is a future task.


What is the maximum possible strength of a first-order electroweak phase transition and the resulting gravitational wave (GW) signal? While naively one might expect that supercooling could increase the strength of the transition to very high values, for strong supercooling the Universe is no longer radiation-dominated and the vacuum energy of the unstable minimum of the potential dominates the expansion, which can jeopardize the successful completion of the phase transition. After providing a general treatment for the nucleation, growth and percolation of broken phase bubbles during a first-order phase transition that encompasses the case of significant supercooling, we study the conditions for successful bubble percolation and completion of the electroweak phase transition in theories beyond the Standard Model featuring polynominal potentials. For such theories, these conditions set a lower bound on the temperature of the transition. Since the plasma cannot be significantly diluted, the resulting GW signal originates mostly from sound waves and turbulence in the plasma, rather than bubble collisions. We find the peak frequency of the GW signal from the phase transition to be generically f ≳ 10−4 Hz. We also study the condition for GW production by sound waves to be long-lasting (GW source active for approximately a Hubble time), showing it is generally not fulfilled in concrete scenarios. Because of this the sound wave GW signal could be weakened, with turbulence setting in earlier, resulting in a smaller overall GW signal as compared to current literature predictions.


In order to determine whether smoking had an adverse effect on the hyperaemic response, as measured by transcutaneous oximetry, matched groups of insulin‐dependent diabetic smokers and non‐smokers were compared both with each other and with similar matched groups of non‐diabetic control subjects. The hyperaemic response was also measured immediately, 1 hour and 24 hours after smoking a cigarette in five control subjects who smoked. The hyperaemic response was significantly lower in the diabetic smokers compared with the diabetic non‐smokers (p = 0.008) and in the control smokers compared with the control non‐smokers (p = 0.011). No other significant differences were found. In the five subjects studied at intervals after smoking the responses were variable and inconsistent. Smoking modifies the hyperaemic response and this must be taken into account in any investigation using such measurements.


The effect of the expansion of the winter crop prop ortion in the crop rotation structure under conditions of conventional (ploughing) and su stainable (reduced) soil tillage on soil biological properties was investigated on a cl ay loam Gleyic Cambisol at the Joniskelis Experimental Station of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry over the period 2004-06. The effect of a different proportio n of winter crop in the rotation on microbial populations in soil was influenced primarily by the weather conditions during the growing seasons. In different years, the number of ammonifi cators ranged from 5.68 to 28.37 mln g -1 , the number of mineralizators ranged from 8.23 to 37 .01mln g -1 , fungi from 28.55 to 101.46 thousand g -1 of soil. The soil microbial amount was higher under wetter conditions. The numbers of microbes differed between soil tillage s ystems and had diverse impact. The number of ammonificators did not differ markedly between t he soil tillage treatments; however, the number of microbes in the conventionally tilled plo ts exceeded that in the sustainable tillage system by 5.57%. The sustainable tillage system was positive for N assimilators and fungi. Increasing the winter crop in the rotation did not exert any strong positive effect on all microbes. Increasing the winter crop proportion was favourable for micromycetes. More bacteria were found in the rotation with 25% of win ter crop, more mineral N assimilators were found in the rotation with 25% and 50% of winter cr op, and fungi max under 50%, 75% and 100% of winter crop in the rotation.


A method and apparatus are provided for monitoring a fabric. An acoustic probe generates acoustic waves relative to the fabric. An acoustic sensor, such as an accelerometer is coupled to the acoustic probe for generating a signal representative of cavitation activity in the fabric. The generated cavitation activity representative signal is processed to indicate moisture content of the fabric. A feature of the invention is a feedback control signal is generated responsive to the generated cavitation activity representative signal. The feedback control signal can be used to control the energy level of the generated acoustic waves and to control the application of a cleaning solution to the fabric.


The study examined the contribution of agricultural cooperatives on rural development among Rice-growers in Rwanda and CODERIKA located in Ruhango district, Southern province of Rwanda was chosen as a case of study. The objectives of the study were to examine the contribution of agricultural cooperative societies in the improvement of the social status of members, to assess the contribution of these agricultural cooperative societies in the increase of earnings of members, to determine the contribution of these societies in the increase of rice production and to evaluate the contribution of agricultural cooperative societies in the improvement on the investment and savings of members. The reviewed literature discussed the theoretical perspectives and the contribution of agricultural cooperatives on rural development among Rice-growers and was guided by the said above objectives. The research used a descriptive design based on both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The total population was 120 members that included: 5 local leaders, 2 employees and 92 members of CODERIKA all chosen randomly however the 5 local leaders and the two employees of CODERIKA were selected purposively. Data collection tools were questionnaires and interviews. The collected data was presented using tables, percentages and frequencies. Analysis was done using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) and interpretation was based on Pearson's correlation coefficient. It was generally concluded that there is a significant contribution of agricultural cooperatives to rural development among rice-growers in Rwanda. It was established that agricultural cooperative societies helped the members to increase the rice production where the rice productivity increased from 3 tons per hectare (3t/ha) before joining CODERIKA to 6 tons of rice per hectare (6t/ha) after joining. This increment was caused by the use of fertilizers, pesticides and coaching in good agricultural Practices which was done by the agronomist of CODERIKA. The increase in productivity contributed to the increase in earnings and this helped the members of the agricultural cooperative societies to comfortably assess the basic needs like food, payment for their health insurances, school fees, accessing mobile phones, buying transport means like motorcycles and bicycles and not only to improve on but  to construct new houses for living in. The incomes from rice production helped some members to create small business which raised their incomes to cease depending on agricultural production for survival. Based on findings, the researchers concluded that there is a positive relationship between agricultural cooperative societies and improvement of the social status of members. It was concluded that there is a positive relationship between agricultural cooperative societies and increase in earnings of members. The researchers also concluded that there is a positive relationship between agricultural cooperative societies and increase in rice production and finally it was also established that there is a positive relationship between agricultural cooperative societies and improvement in investment and savings of members. The researchers recommended that the government of Rwanda should promote agricultural cooperative societies to step up and also improve on agriculture to create occupations and earnings for people in rural areas in order to reduce poverty and to increase food for consumption.


The IgE production was compared in the presence and absence of aluminum hydroxide gel (alum). Without alum, the IgE production was induced within a suitable range of the antigen dosage; however, alum enhanced it. Alum did not affect the minimum requirement for the antigen dosage, indicating that alum may not take part in the efficiency of antigen presentation.


Porous silicon films were fabricated by the anode oxidation and cathode deoxidize surface dispose technologies.The surface morphology of the porous silicon films were characterized by atomic force microscopy(AFM),and the cross-section of the porous silicon films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The effects of the time for the anodic oxidation etching and the plasma surface treatment on the field emission properties of porous silicom films have been studied by the field emission device.The results showed that the longer time of anode oxidation,the better field emission performance of the porous silicon film,corresponding to the lower turn-on voltage and the greater current density.Plasma treatment can effctively improve the field emission properties.The plasma-treated porous silicon films as field emission cathode have a great potential application.


The school performance of pupils in Grades K-2 of the French immersion program in operation in Ottawa public schools is evaluated in comparison with that of pupils in the regular English program. The results from three successive cohorts indicate that by the end of Kindergarten pupils in both programs are equally ready for beginning school work in Grade 1. By the end of Grade 1 immersion program pupils taught reading in French are found to lag behind their peers in the regular program in English language skills involving English reading, but they show some ability to transfer reading skills from French to English. By the end of Grade 2, following the introduction of English Language Arts into the curriculum for 60 minutes a day, immersion pupils have generally caught up to their regular program peers in English language skills. Throughout Grades K-2 pupils in the two programs perform equivalently in mathematical skills and show the same level of cognitive development. Immersion pupils reveal a considerably higher level of achievement in French than pupils of corresponding or higher grade levels receiving daily instruction in French-as-a-second-language, and do reasonably well in comparison with native French-speaking pupils. The findings of the evaluation corroborate those of other similar immersion programs involving smaller numbers of children and classes.


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Local government finances have been assuming greater importance in India, particularly after the decentralization movement started with the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments in 1992. The structure and trend of the finances of urban local governments is widely varied, yet, it is not so well-documented. This paper is an attempt to provide an outline of urban public finances of select cities in India. It presents the structure of the aggregates of municipal finances of these select cities and the trends over a period of time, so as to give an overview of how well they are placed and how good their movements are. It discusses both revenue and expenditure accounts as well as the capital and current account balances of the urban local governments. Local government finances of cities—both on the revenue and expenditure side—present a weak base and loose foundations compared to those of other countries, and therefore, point to the need for bringing about reforms in that direction among these institutions.


After analyzing the forecasting method of railway passenger capacity,a neural network optimized by Genetic Algorithm approach was proposed for forecasting railway passengers' capacity accurately.Aimed at the problem that BP algorithm is usually trapped to a local optimum and has a low speed of convergence,the Genetic Algorithm is used to optimize the connection weights of neural network.In the evalution processes the best individual is reserved and selected to build the forecasting model.The contradistinctive experimental results of railway passenger capacity show the availability of the method,which plays directive sense for the railway corporation' decision-making.