Rules vs. lexical statistics in Greek nonword reading Athanassios Protopapas (email@example.com) Institute for Language & Speech Processing, Artemidos 6 & Epidavrou GR-15125 Maroussi, Greece Elina Nomikou (email@example.com) Graduate Program in Cognitive Science, Athens University Campus GR-15771 Athens, Greece Abstract Graphophonemic conversion rules are posited by models of word reading in order to handle reading of unknown letter strings such as nonwords. Graphophonemic conversion is thought to be relied upon by readers especially in more trans- parent orthographies such as Greek. Here we test the hypoth- esis that Greek nonwords are read using rules, by exploiting a case of orthographic ambiguity found in Greek orthography. Participants read nonwords, some of which resembled their source words while others did not. Rule-based performance predicts uniform treatment of the stimuli. Results showed that readings were heavily influenced both by individual lexical items (when similar) and by distributional properties of the lexicon (majority readings of the ambiguous sequences), in- terpreted as neighborhood effects, as well as by additional fac- tors. The findings are not consistent with exclusive reliance on graphophonemic conversion rules and point instead to empha- sizing the role of the lexicon in providing the substrate for both regular and irregular reading performance. Keywords: Single word reading; nonwords; graphophonemic conversion rules; neighborhood effects; orthographic lexicon. Rules and statistics in word reading The notion of rules has long attracted the interest of theo- retical argument and empirical research in psycholinguistics. Closely relevant to cognitive modeling, rules have been the focus of lively debate for decades. Rules are conceptually most useful when distinguished sharply from statistical reg- ularity, because then they lend themselves more fruitfully to alternative predictions and modeling efforts. The most highly researched domain of language performance with respect to rules concerns formation of the English past tense. Propo- nents of rules interpret the observed regularity to the oper- ation of an underlying rule that computes the past tense by adding a suffix to the stem. This presumed syntactic opera- tion preserves both the stem and the suffix and is therefore unaffected by verb pronunciation or meaning. Irregular verbs are considered exceptions to the rule, a closed set of items belonging to a special list, membership in which blocks ap- plication of the rule (Prasada & Pinker, 1993). A telling test for the operation of rules employs pseu- dowords, that is, words that do not exist in the participants' vocabulary and are treated as verbs in the experimental con- text. To be able to provide a past tense for the imaginary verb "wug" as "wugged" indicates, according to this view, that an abstract rule is in operation which is not based on lexical knowledge but treats stems as variables (Prasada & Pinker, 1993). This theoretical notion of rules is entirely in- dependent of distributional concerns, in that the regular (de- fault) operation need not be the most frequent one. Indeed, in the well-known case of German plural inflection, only a mi- nority of nouns conforms to the rule, according to this view, while most nouns belong to different classes of special cases (Marcus, Brinkmann, Clahsen, Wiese, & Pinker, 1995). In reading research, rules are important in cognitive mod- els of word recognition that are based on graphophonemic conversion, that is, the mapping of fixed orthographic units, termed graphemes, to the set of phonological segments of the language, called phonemes. In alphabetic orthographies with high transparency, that is, relatively consistent mappings be- tween letters or letter sequences and individual phonemes, graphophonemic conversion rules are thought to dominate reading performance, especially in early phases of learning to read, and quite substantially thereafter (Ziegler & Goswami, 2006). Learning to read largely consists in mastering the al- phabetic principle, that is, the notion that letters correspond to phonemes, and then learning the particular grapheme- phoneme mappings employed in the language-specific or- thography. This notion allows estimation of the regularity of an orthographic system by considering a set of rules and cal- culating the proportion of words (or sublexical units) that are pronounced correctly using these rules. Words that cannot be pronounced correctly are listed as exceptions. The most influential and comprehensive approach to graphophonemic decoding is seen in the Dual Route Cas- caded (DRC; Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993; Colt- heart, Rastle, Perry, Langdon, & Ziegler, 2001) model of word recognition and reading aloud. In this model, a set of graphophonemic conversion (GPC) rules are defined that pro- cess stimuli sublexically, while an interactive activation lex- ical network produces word pronunciations for known letter strings. In this approach, rules are defined by a pragmatic, distributional criterion: in cases of inconsistent mappings, the most frequent mapping is considered regular and others are considered exceptions, thus accounting maximally for correct reading performance. In DRC, the pronunciation of unknown letter strings is not determined exclusively by the GPC rules but is also influenced by the lexicon, due to phoneme activa- tion by known words that share letters with the current input. DRC is currently the most thoroughly tested and probably the most successful modeling approach to word reading (and fail- ures thereof, such as acquired and developmental dyslexia), even though there are certain findings it cannot fully account for (Coltheart, 2005; Reynolds & Besner, 2004).


Introduction Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the world. Studies have shown that the frequency of its use in schizophrenic patients is significantly higher than in the general population,which hinders both treatment strategies and the efficacy of antipsychotics. Objectives The objectives of our study are to highlight the prevalence of smoking in this population,to assess their nicotine dependence as well as to support the difficulties of their management. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of 92 male patients, hospitalized at Ar-razi Hospital in Salé, using the Fagerström scale, associated with a questionnaire that included age, marital status, educational level, somatic comorbidities, current treatment, other substances used, withdrawal attempts, age of first cigarette, family history of smoking, and finally,number of cigarettes per day before and after psychiatric diagnosis. Results All our patients were male,the average age was 31 years, 84.8% of our patients were single, 73.9% were without a profession, only 23.9% were under classic neuroleptics while 4.3% were under Clozapine, the most of our patients were also using Cannabis,52.2% attempted a withdrawal, with an average duration of 6 months.69.6% of our patients had a family history of smoking and only 21.7% had somatic comorbidities.The average daily consumption was 12 cigarettes per day before the onset of psychiatric symptoms, rising to 18 cigarettes per day after the psychiatric diagnosis. Conclusions The frequency of smoking in schizophrenic patients is high. Unfortunately, these patients remain poorly aware of the harms of smoking, hence the need to integrate a smoking control strategy into the management of schizophrenia. Disclosure No significant relationships.


This year, we completed the laboratory portion of work that identified an aspect of electrical penetration graph (EPG) ingestion waveform (C) of glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS) that definitively represents xylem ingestion. We also demonstrated that extravasation is correlated with the B1 waveform. Both B1 and C waveforms may play a role in the behavior that facilitates inoculation of Xylella fastidiosa (Xf). Results this year support that both amount and location of Xf binding in the foregut of GWSS ("vector load") are critical for success of subsequent inoculation. The precibarium is the first area colonized during acquisition, and also may be the most important location for subsequent inoculation. If insects become "maximally loaded" with Xf, preliminary results suggest that a single probe by a single vector can cause a lethal infection. These results will help solve the PD/GWSS problem by providing powerful new tools for future studies, answers to numerous questions about how vector transmission works, and new potential targets for host plant resistance. INTRODUCTION The behaviors comprising within-plant feeding (a.k.a. stylet penetration) of hemipteran vectors are intricate and complex, and vary enormously among species. Yet, a deep understanding of stylet penetration is particularly important for sharpshooter vectors because behavior plays a crucial role in transmission of non-circulatively transmitted pathogens like Xylella fastidiosa (Xf). Thanks to EPG monitoring, sharpshooter stylet penetration can now be observed in detail, in real-time. Two stylet penetration behaviors emphasized in this project likely control Xf inoculation. They are uptake of plant fluids into the gut (ingestion) and expulsion of bacteria-laden fluids (egestion or extravasation). OBJECTIVES 1. Characterize ingestion behavior, especially to: (a) identify in which cell types various durations of ingestion (C) are occurring, and (b) how to recognize that by EPG alone. 2. Characterize extravasation behavior, especially to: (a) correlate the B1 waveform with fluid flow in and out of the stylets, and (b) determine in which plant cells this behavior occurs. 3. Characterize behavior-Xf interactions that permit inoculation, especially to (a) identify the behaviors (i.e. ingestion, extravasation or both) during which bacteria are expelled, and (b) whether bacterial expulsion is into xylem, or any plant cell type penetrated, or both. RESULTS Insect Availability Last year's progress report announced that we had solved all problems with availability of experimental plants, insects and bacteria. Unfortunately, one month after writing that report, our source for clean glassy-winged sharpshooters (GWSS), D. Morgan of CDFA, told us he could no longer provide insects due to unforeseen colony issues. For most of this year, we have attempted to use GWSS lab-reared from egg masses laid by adults that we field-collected from ornamental plants in Bakersfield (for Xf inoculation studies) or we have substituted smoketree sharpshooter (STSS) (for waveform correlation studies without Xf). These attempts were partially successful, but consequences were severe for one experiment. As of this writing (late September 2006), we have been promised a few clean insects from Morgan, to re-do key experiments.


Nowadays Stereo-PIV (SPIV) technique has reached a level of accuracy and precision suitable to a wide use in industrial facilities. Nonetheless, performing Stereo-PIV measurements in large hydrodynamic facilities for naval applications - e.g. large cavitation tunnels, towing tanks, maneuverability basins - still poses challenging operative, technical and theoretical problems; in these regards, solutions are required to assure good quality results when dealing with deep underwater conditions, reflections from the hull model, bubbly and two-phase flows, air-water interface and air bubbles entrapment by breaking waves, to name a few. In the present work, an underwater modular probe is introduced, designed to host all the electronic and optic hardware required to perform 3C-2D velocity measurements around surface and submersible models. In particular, an application to a test case is presented; a catamaran model advancing in steady drift at different angles and velocities is investigated to study the dynamics of the keel vortices generated along the demi-hulls and their interaction with the free surface.


The present invention relates to a light device (100) of a motor vehicle comprising at least one light module (10) and a support (20) of said light module, characterized in that the support comprises at least one thermally conductive polymeric element.


This 200 year old statement by the great ,German philosopher Emmanuel Kant is not a bad text with which to begin a lecture on <The Role of ,Pressure Groups in the American Political $ysteml The enormous multitude, divorsity, and sophistication of such groups involves complexities which Kant could not have dreamed of . just as he could not have envisaged a demccracy spanning a whole continent and embracing 250 mil l ion people, whose individual wil ls would have to be united in order to-form a people the United States of America.


Fungicides were evaluated for control of Phytophthora root rot for five growing seasons in two field plantings of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) affected by Phytophthora cinnamomi in western North Carolina. At the first site, which had a fairly well-drained soil, treatment programs with Aliette (5 lb/100 gal, three applications per year), Subdue Maxx (3.7 fl oz/1.15 gal/1000 ft2, two applications per year), and Subdue GR (5.75 lb/1000 ft2, two applications per year) maintained low rates of mortality (< 10%) for three growing seasons, whereas tree mortality in the untreated plots reached 13 and 37% by the second and third growing seasons, respectively. At the second site, which was in a flood plain, disease did not develop during the first 2.5 years, even in untreated control plots. However, mortality increased rapidly following several high-rainfall events, but none of the fungicides had any effect on disease development. Apparently, at least under conditions not overly conducive to the disease, the fungicide treatment programs can delay the onset of high mortality rates caused by P. cinnamomi in Fraser fir for up to three growing seasons. Introduction Phytophthora root rot of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri), caused primarily by Phytophthora cinnamomi, is a serious disease problem in North Carolina (1) when the host is planted as a Christmas tree species in poorly-drained, heavy soils (Fig. 1). Phytophthora root rot losses averaged 9% in a survey of Fraser fir plantations in western North Carolina (1). Fraser fir is the dominant species in North Carolina's Christmas tree industry, which ranks second only to Oregon in total production of trees (9). During the 5-month growing season (mid-April to mid-September), when soils are near saturation following heavy rains, chlamydospores of the pathogen germinate to produce sporangia that in turn form zoospores that are responsible for root tip infections. Inoculum of Phytophthora spp. may already be present in a field site, or may be introduced either on infected Fraser fir transplants or in runoff from adjacent infested areas following heavy rains. 31 March 2006 Plant Health Progress Fraser fir seeds are broadcast in nursery beds and grown for 3 years. Seedlings are then transplanted and grown in line-out beds for an additional 2 years. Disease-free production of transplants requires the use of pre-plant fumigation, cultural practices and post-plant fungicide applications for effective management of Phytophthora root rot (8). Once transplants are planted in field sites, trees normally are grown 7 or more years to reach a marketable size. For field sites, growers have relied on clean planting stock and cultural practices to limit losses to the disease (8) as host resistance in not available (5,7). In the past, preventative fungicide application for Phytophthora root rot control in field sites had not been considered due to steep slopes, difficulty of moving large volumes of water in the site, and cost of fungicide. However, several fungicides have proven effective for control of Phytophthora root rot on Fraser fir in seed beds and in containers, including fosetyl-Al (Aliette, Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, NC) and mefenoxam (Subdue Maxx, Syngenta Professional Products, Greensboro, NC) (2,3,4). The objective of this research was to determine if fosetyl-Al and mefenoxam could suppress the development of Phytophthora root rot of Fraser fir in field sites where the disease was already active at the time of first application. Field Sites In June 2001, two field sites in western North Carolina were selected, one in Avery Co. on Beech Mountain and another in Watauga Co. near Boone. When the experiments were initiated, the incidences of mortality due to Phytophthora root rot were 0.3% in the Avery Co. site and 2.8% at the Watauga Co. site. The Avery Co. site had been in Fraser fir for many years, and the current planting was 4 years old. The soil was a Chestnut coarse loam, a moderately deep, welldrained soil at pH 5.3. The site had sustained significant losses to Phytophthora root rot in previous fir plantings. It had a 14% slope with a southwest aspect. The Watauga Co. site was on a Cullowhee loam, a poorly-drained soil type associated with flood plains. The slope was 3% with a soil pH of 4.2. This bottom land was in pasture before Fraser fir was planted, and had a long history of cabbage production prior to the pasture. Though the previous crops were non-hosts of P. cinnamomi, adjoining upland areas had Fraser fir plantings that drained toward the experimental site. Layout and Fungicide Applications Each treatment was applied to a plot of six trees by six trees planted on 5-ft centers giving an area of 900 ft2 per treatment per replication. There were three replications of each treatment plus an untreated control arranged in a randomized complete block design. Fungicides evaluated were fosetyl-Al (Aliette 80W at 5 lb/100 gal), and mefenoxam (Subdue Maxx 2E at 3.7 fl oz/1.15 gal/1000 ft2; and Subdue 1GR at 5.75 lb/1000 ft2). Aliette was applied as a foliar spray to wet the foliage of each tree in the plot with a hand-pumped backpack sprayer equipped with a cone nozzle. Subdue Maxx was applied as a directed spray to the soil surface with a hand-pumped backpack sprayer equipped with a Fig. 1. Symptoms of chlorosis, wilting, necrosis and mortality of Fraser fir due to Phytophthora root rot at the Watauga Co. site. 31 March 2006 Plant Health Progress flood nozzle (Fig. 2). Subdue 1 GR was broadcast uniformly over the plot with a hand-cranked pouch seeder (Fig. 2). Subsequent rainfall was relied on for movement of the Subdue fungicides into the soil profile. Initial fungicide applications were made on 5 June 2001 at the Avery site and 6 June 2001 at the Watauga site. Soil temperature at 4 inches at time of initial application was 71°F at the Avery site and 69°F at the Watauga site. Subsequent applications of Aliette at the Avery and Watauga sites were on 14 August and 25 September 2001; 6 May, 19 June, and 18 September 2002; 13 May, 24 July, and 2 October 2003; 4 May, 28 July, and 26 October 2004; and 9 May 2005 for a total of 13 applications over five growing seasons. The Subdue fungicides were applied only in May and September-October each year for a total of nine applications. Soil temperature (4 inches) at the Avery site for the May application dates were 71, 59, 52, 48 and 55°F in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively. Soil temperatures (4 inches) at the Watauga site for the May applications were 69, 55, 57, and 50°F in 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004, respectively. Symptoms of Phytophthora root rot on Fraser fir, including chlorosis, stunted shoot growth, flagging, and mortality (Fig. 1), were rated each spring and fall at the time of fungicide applications. Mortality was used as the main indicator of Phytophthora infection over growing seasons, because chlorosis and stunted growth also can result from nutrient deficiencies and insect infestations. No symptoms or signs of other root pathogens affecting fir were observed in the field sites during the study period. Isolations were made from representative plants at each location to confirm the presence of P. cinnamomi. The mortality data were subjected to analysis of variance using PROC ANOVA (PC-SAS, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with mean separation according to the Waller-Duncan k-ratio t test, k = 100. Disease Progress and Fungicide Protection At the Avery Co. site, no additional mortality of Fraser fir occurred in any of the treatments over the growing season of 2001 from that present at the beginning of the experiment. However, between October 2001 and May 2002, mortality increased to over 10% in the untreated control plots but did not increase for trees treated with Aliette or either formulation of mefenoxam (Fig. 3A). During this period 21.1 in of rain fell on the site (Fig. 3B). By May of 2003, mortality of Fraser fir due to Phytophthora root rot had reached 37% in the untreated control while mortality in fungicide-treated plots remained near 5%. At each disease assessment date between October 2001 and October 2003 mortality of Fraser fir in the three fungicide treatments was significantly less than the untreated control (P < 0.05). Between October 2002 and May 2003, an estimated 32.1 inches of precipitation fell on the site (Fig. 3B). Mortality of Fraser fir reached 48% in untreated plots between October 2003 and October 2004 (Fig. 3A). During this same period, mortality increased to 22 and 17% in the Subdue 1GR and Aliette-treated plots, respectively, while mortality reached Fig. 2. Application of fungicides to plots of Fraser fir for control of Phytophthora root rot at the Avery Co. site. 31 March 2006 Plant Health Progress 7% in Fraser fir treated with Subdue Maxx (Fig. 3A). Between October 2003 and May 2004, total precipitation at the site was 26.8 inches. However, almost 20 inches of precipitation fell on the site in September 2004 as a result of three tropical depressions that moved over western North Carolina. From May 2004 through September 2005 mortality increased slightly in all treatments but no significant differences between treatments were found after May 2004. Fig. 3. (A) Mortality of Fraser fir due to Phytophthora root rot at the Avery Co. site between June 2001 and October 2005. Data points within a given date followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05) according to the Waller-Duncan k-ratio t test, k = 100. (B) Rainfall by month between June 2001 and October 2005 at the Avery Co. site. At the Watauga Co. site, mortality in Fraser fir did not increase in any treatment between the initiation of the experiment in June 2001 and May 2003 (Fig 4A). Rainfall between October 2001 and May 2002 was 20.5 inches and 38.1 inches between October 2002 and May 2003 with almost 7 inches of that in April 2003 (Fig. 4B). However, mortality increased from 8 to 15% and from 2 to 19% b


International law plays an important role in the promotion and protection of the socio-economic rights of children with disabilities. International law bolsters the mechanisms used to keep states accountable in the fulfilment of their obligations. This article discusses two international law instruments, namely, the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, with the aim to examine how they provide for and protect the socio-economic rights of children with disabilities in the South African context and, by implication, children in the African context as a whole. Socioeconomic rights place a duty on states to ensure that all people have access to the basic necessities of life, which include education, health care, food and water. Access to these and other services ensures that children with disabilities, like all other children, grow and develop in a manner that is cognisant of their specific needs and best interests. The discussion takes the form of a focused comparison of the two instruments, through which similarities and differences will be highlighted. The discussion further points out the different ways in which these instruments could reinforce the protection provided in national law to ensure that the socio-economic rights of children with disabilities in South Africa are protected and promoted.


Column experiments with sediments in the Beidagang reservoir for the coastal region of Tianjin were conducted to elucidate the dynamic characteristics of colloid release and salt release or retention of sediments in different positions in the exchange process of saline groundwater and reservoir water,and to discuss the mechanism of colloid release,salt release or retention for different sediments.Results indicate that the fates of salinity in different locations in the reservoir were different in the exchange process of saline groundwater and reservoir water.Salinity was intercepted by the sediments at the entrance to the reservoir,and released from the sediments and transferred to the water at the reservoir outlet.The cumulative release capacity of colloids from the sediments increased gradually with increasing pore volumes,and the accumulation adsorption curve of colloids conformed to a straight line by the sediments with pore volume;the release rate of the colloids was stable.The maximum cumulative release capacity of colloids from the sediments of the entrance,center and outlet of the reservoir were 3.275 mg/g,0.386 mg/g and 1.382 mg/g respectively.The release or retention of salt from the sediments in the reservoir was related to many factors,such as particle size,colloid content and salt content.The water salinity and sediments in the reservoir were in dynamic equilibrium.When the salinity of the sediments was higher than that of the equilibrium concentration,the salt from the sediments was released into the water.The salt adsorbed by the colloid was released into the water with the release of the colloid.Contrarily,the salt in the water was intercepted by the sediments.The smaller the particle size of the sediment,the easier the salt in the water was adsorbed.The law of colloid release can be explained using this double layer theory.


A reflectarray antenna combines some of the best features of reflector antennas and phased array antennas [1]. It consists of a primary source illuminating a planar surface composed of many unit-cells. By varying the parameters of each cell, it is possible to control the main beam direction and shape the beam. Many prototypes in microstrip technology have been proposed recently [2,3]. Nevertheless, at millimeter waves, the conductor losses become severe, and the antenna efficiency may drop significantly. On the other hand, dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) have been introduced due to their low loss, relatively wide bandwidth and high radiation efficiency [4]. Due to these advantages, a first DRA reflectarray was developed in Ka-Band in [5]; in that work, the required phase delay was achieved by varying the DRA length, and the reflectarray was made of DRA blocks of various size. We have introduced recently an alternative solution based on strip-loaded DRAs [6]. In this design, the desired phase delay is only controlled by the length of the metallic strip printed on top of constant-size DRA; this concept has been validated experimentally in C-band in waveguide simulators [6]. In this paper we apply similar ideas in Ka-band (30 GHz), and we present the design and measurement of a complete 24×24-element reflectarray.


Simple Summary Gonatus fabricii is the most abundant cephalopod in the Arctic and northern part of the North Atlantic, which are areas of rapid environmental change. It is very important as a predator of many species of fish and invertebrates and as a prey for larger fish, seabirds, and marine mammals. The life cycle of G. fabricii, in particular ontogenetic changes in diet and habitat, is little known. Ecological modelling is an important method to forecast ecosystems' dynamics in relation to a changing climate, and it is crucial to assess their present structure and functioning for a viable forecast. Here, the ontogenetic changes in the diet and habitat of large G. fabricii from West Greenland are studied using stable isotope analysis of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) along trajectories in chitin beaks, which function as archival structures. Using this approach, four stages with clearly distinct ecologies were revealed in the species' life cycle. This novel ecological periodization is a crucial baseline tool in Arctic marine ecosystem studies and cephalopod biology, and should be used in models to correctly reflect the ecological roles of G. fabricii in marine ecosystems. Abstract Cephalopods are important in Arctic marine ecosystems as predators and prey, but knowledge of their life cycles is poor. Consequently, they are under-represented in the Arctic ecosystems assessment models. One important parameter is the change in ecological role (habitat and diet) associated with individual ontogenies. Here, the life history of Gonatus fabricii, the most abundant Arctic cephalopod, is reconstructed by the analysis of individual ontogenetic trajectories of stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) in archival hard body structures. This approach allows the prediction of the exact mantle length (ML) and mass when the species changes its ecological role. Our results show that the life history of G. fabricii is divided into four stages, each having a distinct ecology: (1) epipelagic squid (ML < 20 mm), preying mostly on copepods; (2) epi- and occasionally mesopelagic squid (ML 20–50 mm), preying on larger crustaceans, fish, and cephalopods; (3) meso- and bathypelagic squid (ML > 50 mm), preying mainly on fish and cephalopods; and (4) non-feeding bathypelagic gelatinous females (ML > 200 mm). Existing Arctic ecosystem models do not reflect the different ecological roles of G. fabricii correctly, and the novel data provided here are a necessary baseline for Arctic ecosystem modelling and forecasting.


This article presents the study of the pull-out method and the behavior of the cementitious matrix under loading. Using finite element analysis to investigate the interfacial debonding performance allows us to grasp the experiment's estimated values. The mechanical bonding is determined using a Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM image. The slippage during the pull-out load varies depending on the cementitious matrix grade and whether the recycled steel strand is hooked at specific angles (Inclination angle). The relationship between monotonic loading and steel fiber diameter was found to be a direct proportion. To comprehend the bonding and debonding between surfaces, as well as the shear experience under loading, both studies find the correlation between theoretical and experimental results to be satisfactory. All aspects were discussed in relation to the effective use of a finite element method in analysis.


Implicit integration is a standard for stiff spring-based cloth simulation because of its stability. However constraints are useful to simulate various physical behaviors such as contact collisions or interaction with rigid bodies. Modified Conjugate Gradient (MCG) could support constraints as a part of implicit integration but constraints could not be added or removed during integration and they were limited to vertex nodes. Normally, a contact constraint has one or two frictional constraints and act inside of triangle or edge rather than vertex node. Also its inequality property makes it harder to be included in MCG. For this reason, constraints are typically applied after implicit integration as a separate step or replaced with springs. In this paper, we propose a novel method to interleave various constraints with stiff springs so that we can take advantages from both sides. Also our Jacobian-free and matrix-free implicit integration allows us to use various nonlinear forces such as pressure or none vertex-centered forces. Interleaving collision constraints into integration step can eliminate unpleasant local deformation.


ABSTRACT The effect of various soaking mediums, viz. water (control), 3% NaCl and 0.2% acetic acid, and without soaking on the physicochemical properties of parboiled selected glutinous (TDK8 and TDK11) and non-glutinous (Doongara) was investigated in the present study. Results showed that the chemistry of soaking had a significant effect on the head rice yield (HRY), grain hardness, crystallinity, color, pasting and thermal properties, textural attributes, and glycemic index of these rice varieties. Soaking with NaCl and acetic acid significantly increased the grain hardness and HRY than control and without soaking treatments. Acetic acid and NaCl soaking significantly affected crystalline regions of starch resulting in reduced crystallinity in X-ray diffraction analysis and thermal endotherms in DSC analysis. NaCl soaking induced swelling of starch granules resulting in high peak and final viscosities. However, acetic acid restricted swelling resulting in reduced peak and final viscosities. NaCl and acetic acid soakings also resulted in increased hardness and adhesiveness of cooked grains than normal water soaked and un-soaked parboiled rice samples. Interestingly, change in textural attributes was prominent in parboiled glutinous rice. The color difference value for fresh parboiled samples was significantly lower for acetic acid soaked samples compared to NaCl soaked and un-soaked samples probably due to bleaching effect of acetic acid. Moreover, parboiling also resulted in significant reduction in glycemic index of glutinous rice. These findings revealed the potential application of parboiling with modified soaking techniques to improve the grain quality.


Sir, A variety of endoscopic procedures of the esophagus has been identified as risk factors for the development of brain abscess. Findings in a recent case cause us to speculate that underlying esophageal disease may also serve as a risk factor. Our patient was a 60-y-old male who presented with the acute onset of generalized seizure and left-sided hemiparesis. Both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomographic (CT) scanning of the brain showed a ring enhancing lesion of the right frontoparietal lobe with associated vasogenic edema. Phenytoin and corticosteroids were initiated. A decompressive craniotomy was performed and gross findings of brain abscess were seen. Cultures of the intraoperative samples grew Haemophilus parainfluenzae. The patient improved gradually with a 6-week course of intravenous ceftriaxone followed by cefepime. Due to worsening dysphagia with a history of achalasia and no identified primary source for bacteremic seeding of the brain during the early hospital stay, he underwent an esophagogastroduodenoscopy that showed a dilated esophagus with superficially ulcerated mucosa and 1 deeply excavated ulcer occupying one-third of the circumference. The biopsy was negative for malignancy and cultures were negative for fungal and viral infections. No other potential primary source of infection was identified during the hospitalization. Esophageal procedures may serve as risk factors in the development of brain abscess. A series [1/5] of cases indicate that either esophageal dilatation or


Farmers would be affected by a number of the proposed general tax cuts as well as several farm-specific tax provisions. This paper presents possible impacts of Farm and Ranch Risk Management (FARRM) accounts and proposed estate tax changes. FARRM accounts would be tax-deferred savings accounts to help farmers manage income variability. The accounts could allow many primary occupation farmers build a sizeable self-insurance safety net, but are not likely to reduce the need for government assistance since many small farmers will be excluded due to low taxable farm income. Estate taxes are currently paid by about 4 percent of all farmers, but a much larger number are required to file, utilize special farm provisions, alter business practices, or engage in estate planning to reduce the impact of the tax. Proposals either to repeal the tax or significantly increase the exempt amount would virtually eliminate the estate tax as a barrier to the transfer of the family farm to the next generation.


The main motivation of this research is to examine effects of "5S applications" which is similar to Kaizen philosophy, on excellence perceptions of firms in food sector. In this context, a questionnaire was applied to the logistics department employees of randomly chosen firms that operate in Istanbul and Kocaeli districts. Data obtained from surveys were subjected to structural equation modeling test. According to the results, overall 5S applications showed positive and significant effects on excellence in business variable, excluding "cleaning". Moreover, outstanding effect of "sustain" application is an intriguing finding of this research. With the importance that efficiency concept has today, it is evaluated that the results obtained in this study will be beneficial to organizations, especially during their process improvement activities by being the first research in food sector that seeks connection between the 5S and excellence.


The need for a more rapid, reliable, specific, and sensitive non enzymatic method of detecting of glucose, at low cost is the focus of this work. In this paper, nanoparticles obtained from rice starch (RSNP) have been used to fabricate an electrode for electrochemical detection of glucose. The voltammetric behaviour of glucose on RSNP electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The oxidation peak currents showed a linear range from 10 &2 to 10 &6 M glucose with correlation coefficient ( R 2 = 0.99753 ). The biosensor shows a short response time of 7s and lower detection limit of 0.1 /M. The RSNP modified electrode in the determination of glucose in acidic solution demonstrated that it has the potential to speed up the detection, increase specificity and sensitivity throughout the analysis.


In the memory circuit of the present invention, in which a write circuit (5) and a read circuit (6) are connected via a pair of bit lines to each of a plurality of divided memory cell blocks (2A and 2B), outputting of write data to one of the bit wires (blx) of the write circuit (5) is made to be performed by one system. As a result, it is possible to achieve an increase of speed by bit wire division, while reducing increase in memory circuit area accompanying the bit line division over prior art.


The invention discloses a carrying mechanism for polyurethane rolling wheels. The carrying mechanism comprises a supporting plate, a vertical moving assembly, a horizontal moving assembly, a grabbing assembly and a motor. The vertical moving assembly, the horizontal moving assembly, the motor and the grabbing assembly are installed on the supporting plate. A first cam of the vertical moving assembly and a second cam of the horizontal moving assembly are both installed on a driving shaft, and the driving shaft penetrates though the supporting plate and is connected to an output wheel of the motor through a belt. The vertical moving assembly and the horizontal moving assembly are both cam mechanisms and connected to the grabbing assembly simultaneously. The tail end of the grabbing assembly is provided with a grasper. According to the carrying mechanism for the polyurethane rolling wheels, aiming at the steps of rolling wheel carrying and stacking during the machining process of the rolling wheels in the prior art, the mechanism capable of grabbing automatically is designed, the working efficiency can be effectively improved, and the labor intensity of workers is relieved.


s VIII Brazilian Mycological Congress [Resumos VIII Congresso Brasileiro de Micologia]. Sociedade Brasileira de Micologia, Florianópolis. Antoninka, A., M. A. Bowker, P. Chuckran, N. N. Barger, S. Reed & J. Belnap. 2017. Maximizing establishment and survivorship of field-collected and greenhouse-cultivated biocrusts in a semicold desert. Plant and Soil: 10.1007/s11104–017–3300–3. Aoussar, N., R. Manzali, I. Nattah, N. Rhallabi, P. Vasiljevic, M. Bouksaim, A. Douira, N. Manojlović & F. Mellouki. 2017. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of two lichens species (Pseudevernia furfuracea L. and Evernia prunastri L.) collected from Morocco. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science 8(6): 1968–1976. Aschenbrenner, I. A., T. Cernava, A. Erlacher, G. Berg & M. Grube. 2017. Differential sharing and distinct co-occurrence networks among spatially close bacterial microbiota of bark, mosses and lichens. Molecular Ecology 26(10): 2826–2838. Asplund, J., A. Siegenthaler & Y. Gauslaa. 2017. Simulated global warming increases usnic acid but reduces perlatolic acid in the mat-forming terricolous lichen Cladonia stellaris. Lichenologist 49(3): 269–274. Ballesteros, M., J. Ayerbe, M. Casares, E. M. Cañadas & J. Lorite. 2017. Successful lichen translocation on disturbed gypsum areas: A test with adhesives to promote the recovery of biological soil crusts. Scientific Reports 7: 45606. Barták, M., J. Hájek, A. C. Amarillo, J. Hazdrová & H. Carreras. 2016. Changes in spectral reflectance of selected Antarctic and South American lichens caused by an artificially-induced absence of secondary compounds. Czech Polar Reports 6(2): 221–230. Behera, B. C., M. V. Morey & S. B. Gaikwad. 2017. Anti-lipoxygenase, radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities of lichen species of genus Heterodermia (Physciaceae) [Aotjmjqplsjdfoaia, raejlam:oa> pyjstla j aotjnjlrpboa> altjcopst: mjzakojlpc rpea Heterodermia (Physciaceae)]. Botanica Pacif-


ABSTRACT The property of item parameter invariance in item response theory (IRT) plays a pivotal role in the applications of IRT such as test equating. The scope of parameter invariance when using estimates from finite biased samples in the applications of IRT does not appear to be clearly documented in the IRT literature. This article provides information on the extent to which item parameter invariance is observed in samples with the Rasch and 2-parameter model calibrations through simulations, where the behaviors of item parameter estimates were examined under 12 different types of convenient sampling scenarios. The results indicated that the property of item invariance in IRT for dichotomously scored data could hold for the sample item parameter estimates, regardless of biased samples, when the model holds in the data, the number of items in a test is not small, and the sample size is large.


Strong designated verifier signature shows that only designated user can verify the validity of the signature, others who have not signer's secret key or verifier's secret key cannot judge the signature's originator. Lee et al. presented a designated verifier signature scheme to realize signature's verification in the limited time. We demonstrate that Lee et al.'s scheme was insecure, and other legal user can forge valid signatures which convince designated verifier. In this paper, we show a concrete forgery attack to Lee et al.'s scheme and propose a new strong designated verifier signature scheme with time limit. In our new scheme, the message and time stamp need not transmit publicly, which were embedded in signature via the method of message recovery, only singer and designated verifier can recover these secrete values. Based on the Bilinear Diffie-Hellman problem and Pre-Image Resistance assumption, it is proved that our new strong designated verifier signature scheme can resist the ordinary forgery attack and replay attack, and enforce signature verification with time limit. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.44.2.7625


We discuss the general framework for the construction of new models containing a single fermion number zero scalar leptoquark of mass {approx_equal}200{endash}220thinspGeV which can both satisfy the D0 and CDF search constraints as well as low-energy data, and can lead to both neutral and charged currentlike final states at DESY HERA. The class of models of this kind necessarily contain new vectorlike fermions with masses at the TeV scale which mix with those of the standard model after symmetry breaking. In this paper we classify all models of this type and examine their phenomenological implications as well as their potential embedding into supersymmetric (SUSY) and non-SUSY grand unified theory scenarios. The general coupling parameter space allowed by low-energy as well as collider data for these models is described and requires no fine-tuning of the parameters. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}


A method of manufacturing a polarizing plate in which the protective films 31 and 32 are laminated and bonded to both surfaces of the polarizer 35, respectively, wherein the laminate 37 is formed by overlapping the polarizer 35 and the protective films 31 and 32 with an adhesive interposed therebetween. Next, the active energy ray irradiation apparatus 39 is brought into close contact with the convex curved surface formed in an arc shape along the conveyance direction of the laminate 37, preferably the laminate 37 is brought into close contact with the outer surface of the roll 38. The energy is irradiated from 40) to polymerize and cure the adhesive.


4-Acetoxy 4'-carboxy biphenyl has been polymerized from solution, the bulk melt, and in constrained thin films, all below the melting point of the monomer as measured by DSC. An isothermal sublimation-recrystallization-melting (and chemical change) -polymerization-crystallization process is proposed. From solution and in the thin films, single crystals consisting of ca. 100 A thick lamellae are observed, with evidence for monomer addition-reaction on the end (top and bottom) surfaces. The bulk samples are fibrous, the «fibers» consisting of whisker-like single crystals


This type of research is a quasi-experimental which is included in quantitative research with posttest design only control desaign. The subjects in this study were 46 students consisting of experimental and control classes. Class A control (22 people) and class B experiment (24 people). The test instrument used in this study was a multiple choice question sheet. The results were analyzed using the t test. The results of the research analysis show that painting education can be used to improve early childhood cognitive abilities. The analysis conducted using SPSS showed that cognitive intelligence between groups A and B obtained a significant value of 0.762. Because the significant value is > 0.05, the hypothesis of this study is accepted.


The first work that was entirely dedicated to equine gait analysis was published just after the start of formal veterinary education with the opening of the vet schools in Lyon (1761) and at Maisons-Alfort near Paris (1765). Under the title «Mémoire artificielle des principes relatifs à la fidelle représentation des animaux tant en peinture qu'en sculpture, première partie concernant le cheval» (Analytical treaty on the principles of the realistic portraying of animals in paintings and sculptures, part one on the horse) Georges Claude Goiffon and Antoine-François Vincent published a detailed study of equine gait that documented many technical features that are still used today, such as the stick diagram representing the segments of the limb [1]. As is clear from the title, the work served to help artists to realistically depict horses. That was a major challenge at that time, due to the lack of knowledge about equine limb placement during the faster gaits, caused by the limitations of the human eye, which is very evident from the way galloping horses were routinely represented in those days: with the forelimbs stretched forward and the hindlimbs stretched backwards, an impressive but impossible and hence entirely unrealistic posture. During the 19th century the reason to further pursue studies on equine gait soon shifted from serving the artistic world to a genuine interest in the species itself. The advent of photography and, later, cine film meant a decisive breakthrough as the limitations of the human eye could be overcome, making the faster equine gaits into feasible objects of objective and detailed study. Eadweard Muybridge (1830–1904), a pioneer in photography, was the first to show that there was indeed an airborne phase in trot, a topic that had been debated, but not resolved ever since the ancient Egyptian civilisation [2]. The work by Muybridge and the French physiologist Etienne Marey (1830–1904) [3] formed the basis of what has been called 'the first Golden Age of Equine Gait Analysis' [4], i.e. the years before World War II (WWII) when, with the thriving German vet schools as the epicentre, novel techniques such as cine film and a variety of electrical devices were employed to study equine gait in detail. There was a strong focus on fundamental, descriptive work and the development of biomechanical concepts, such as the bridge and bow-and-string concepts of the equine back [5,6] but applied studies were also performed, for example efforts to link biomechanical characteristics such as joint angles to performance in trotters [7]. Horse numbers fell dramatically after WWII, but increased again from the 1960s onwards when the horse made a glorious comeback as a sports and leisure animal. The interest in equine gait analysis followed a similar pattern, resulting in a second 'Golden Age' that started in the 1970s and lasts until today. However, the differences with the past period are great. The rapid development of computer technology has removed many more obstacles than the limitations of the human eye only and the scope of equine biomechanical research has widened considerably. There is still research focusing on fundamental topics, increasing our knowledge of the equine locomotor system and seeking to develop theoretical concepts. Although vital for further progress and sometimes even groundbreaking, this direction of research has become of minor importance in quantitative terms. Nowadays, applied biomechanical research is mainstream and literature on applied equine biomechanics has boomed in the past decades. Depending on their focus, research efforts can be sub-divided into those aimed at determination of biomechanical loading of internal structures of the equine musculoskeletal system, mostly with the aim to reduce injury, others examining horse–rider interaction, addressing the man-induced effects of equestrian activities and those assessing the effects of any other kind of intervention, such as shoeing, on equine biomechanics. Fundamental research in equine biomechanics


The teaching of earth sciences appears to be in the initial stage of a renaissance in South America. This renewal involves content (stimulated by more than just global plate tectonics), method (in classroom and laboratory), and growing recognition of the importance of the earth sciences to the progress of the underdeveloped nations. An initial survey of geoscience departments revealed wide variations in organization, curriculum, and standards. Internally generated, intracontinental efforts toward cooperation in solving the tremendous problems are reflected in the Multinational Project in Geology, headquartered at the University of Chile. This review is based on recently published papers from the First Latin American Congress of Geology, held in Lima, Peru.


Based on the critique of normatine basis,with the approach of priori and experience,Honneth reconstructed concept of reification from recognition theory.For Honneth,different forms of reification represent forgetting of the priority of recognition underpinning our relation to the world,to others,and ourselves.Intersubejective reification mainly reflects that instrumental rational behavior,world outlook,and the ideological bias will cause forgetting.Reification between people and objects mainly reflects that,on the one hand,it is the indirect forgetting attached to interpersonal reification;on the other hand,the identity thinking leads to direct forgetting;reification between people and themselves mainly reflects that,people's actively creating,or passively observing their feelings,desires,and intentions will lead to forgetting.Honneth's reconstruction of reification lays social ontology structure for his normative theory of recognition and promots the critical social theory of Frankfurt school.


Increasing evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chroni c inflammatory disease involving the oral mucosal tissues. The role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of OLP has not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression levels of miRNA - 21 and miRNA - 146a in oral tissue samples from patients with OLP and matched healthy controls using real - time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT - PCR). Our results showed a significant over - expression of miRNA - 21( 3 .2 - fold) and miRNA - 146a (5.6 - fold) in OLP patients com pared to healthy controls. These results indicate that miRNAs may be the novel candidate biomarkers for the implication of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of OLP. (Gihane Gharib Madkour, Hani EL Nahass, Wesam Abd El Moneim Mohamad. Expression levels of microRNA - 21 and microRNA - 146a in patients with Oral Lichen Planus. Life Sci J 2012;9( 4 ): 466 6 - 467 0 ) (ISSN:1097 - 8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com .. 703


Sintering of a fine-grained polycrystalline diamond compact with grains less than 1 μm in size was successfully carried out by making a laminate on a WC/Co powder compact under sintering conditions of 5.8 GPa and 1430° to 1480°C for 30 min, in which small amounts of poly(ethylene glycol) and fine powder of cubic boron nitride were added to the starting diamond powder. The former played the role of preventing agglomeration of the diamond powder and the latter of suppressing abnormal grain growth during sintering. Microstructural observation of the polycrystalline diamond showed that in the regions near the WC/Co layer a comparatively large amount of Co metal was present between diamond grains, but in other regions the amount of Co decreased, and the diamond grains were seen to be bonded strongly. The Vickers hardness of the polycrystalline diamond was 55 ± 5 GPa with 19.6 N load.


Working models of attachment are internal depictions of self relative to others and have been described in terms of two dimensions: (1) attachment avoidance and (2) attachment anxiety. An exploratory qualitative study was carried out to build understandings about women with Turner Syndrome (TS) and the psychosocial impact their infertility has upon salient relationships. In one-to-one semi-structured interviews, five women with TS were asked: How do you perceive your womanhood and infertility status has affected your relationships with: (1) the opposite sex, (2) siblings and (3) peers? In opposite-sex relationships, infertility status was found to arouse fear of ending up alone and anxiety over engaging in romantic relationships. In sibling relationships, jealousy was expressed in relation to disparity with sister(s) more natural maturation to womanhood, and, within peer relationships, consequences from divulging infertility status created attachment avoidance with friends. Further investigation in this area is merited.


Considering the progression of ESRD—left untreated and in the context of maintenance hemodialysis—there can be little doubt that the delivered dose of hemodialysis impacts patient survival. What remains at issue is how best to operationally define hemodialysis dose, a necessary precondition to defining the dose that represents "enough" dialysis. Presently, hemodialysis dose is most often measured in terms of Kt/V urea,1 a mathematical ratio that seeks to balance urea removal (rate of removal, K , times treatment time, t ) with metabolic needs (represented loosely by the volume of distribution, V ).2 Curiously, data on the association between Kt/V urea and mortality are mixed, with some studies showing a potent and statistically significant relationship,3,4 and others finding none.5,6 In this issue of JASN , Argyropoulos et al. 7 examine data from a nationally representative cohort of incident hemodialysis patients to further examine the association between Kt/V urea and mortality and to explore incongruity between biologic mechanism and statistical modeling assumptions as one potential explanation for inconsistent findings among prior studies.

The authors analyzed data from 491 participants in the Choices for Health Outcomes in Caring for ESRD (CHOICE) study for whom …


This paper offers a cellular algorithm for re-customizing a microcontroller network (a multi-controller) in the case of random faults in its elements, based on the parallel construction of routes from the faulty microcontrollers to the back-up ones. It is shown that the quantity of re-customized microcontrollers is reduced for the distributed allocation of back-up copies in a mesh as compared to a column (or a row) of back-up elements. The offered algorithm is effectively implemented by a homogeneous fuzzy-logic network, whose integration into the fault-tolerant multi-controller preserves its homogeneity, scalability and continuous operation in the presence of faults.


Let A be an abelian variety over ℂ such that the semisimple part of the Hodge group of A is a product of copies of SU(p, 1) for some p > 1. We show that any effective Tate twist of a Hodge structure occurring in the cohomology of A is isomorphic to a Hodge structure in the cohomology of some abelian variety.


Nowadays China faces the important period of domestic consumptive improvement.In this period we should resolve 3 important issues.According to macro economic policy in 2009 and the trend of economic in 2010,there are 8 items that can expand consumptive need and urge consumptive improvement.


Transnational lived citizenship has gained prominence as a means to analyse mobility and foreground activist notions of citizenship over legal status. I argue that lived citizenship and transnational movements are strongly intertwined with aspirations and belonging. I use the material example of labour market integration as the space of enactments of citizenship and analyse the patterns of belonging those create and contest. I develop my argument through the empirical example of labour market integration of refugees in Germany. I demonstrate how such integration transforms social, and more importantly, eco-nomiclocationandinturncreatescomplexandoftencontradic- tory forms of transnational allegiances. I ultimately argue that lived citizenship can in important ways advance aspirations of refugeesandmigrants.Atthesametime,transnationallivesand multiple allegiances are often hindered by state-based citizenship and the rights this confers. Legal status thus remains an important marker of citizenship.


1Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Surgical Hospital, Turku University Hospital, Turku; 2Hjelt Institute, Helsinki University, Helsinki; 3Coxa Hospital for Joint Replacement, Tampere; 4Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Peijas Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; 5School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere and the Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland. Correspondence: firstname.lastname@example.com Submitted 13-07-24. Accepted 13-11-11


Abstract This review speculates on the changes currently taking place in psychopharmacology that will alter the course of psychotropic drug discovery and application in the coming millennium. The importance of endocoids as causative agents in central nervous system diseases; the role of neuropeptides and "trace" amine transmitters; the impact of imaging methods in elucidating the mechanism of action of psychotropic drugs; gene therapy; and the new role of psychoneuroimmunology in drug discovery are predicted to have a major impact in both the research and development of new psychotropic drugs in the twenty-first century.


Terms and Definitions. Theoretical Perspectives: Purpose and Relevance to Health Care. Frames of Reference in Occupational Therapy: Understanding Development. Concepts of Occupational Therapy: Learning and Skill Acquisition. The Principles of Occupational Therapy. Activity: Its Analysis and Role in Occupational Therapy. Work and Leisure. Changing Approaches to Health Care. References. Subject Index. Author Index


Analyses of filler-gap dependencies usually involve complex syntactic rules or heuristics; however recent results suggest that filler-gap comprehension begins earlier than seemingly simpler constructions such as ditransitives or passives. Therefore, this work models filler-gap acquisition as a byproduct of learning word orderings (e.g. SVO vs OSV), which must be done at a very young age anyway in order to extract meaning from language. Specifically, this model, trained on part-of-speech tags, represents the preferred locations of semantic roles relative to a verb as Gaussian mixtures over real numbers. This approach learns role assignment in filler-gap constructions in a manner consistent with current developmental findings and is extremely robust to initialization variance. Additionally, this model is shown to be able to account for a characteristic error made by learners during this period (A and B gorped interpreted as A gorped B).


Considers the electricity production process from order to delivery. The paper describes the new man-machine interfaces that have been introduced to assist the power station control room operators in optimising the plant to achieve timely and accurate execution of despatch instructions. The paper also describes a major programme to update the control desks on over 11 GW of UK power plants. Many functions previously performed manually have been automated.


Rationale: Obesity is a strong risk factor for acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with COVID-19, but underlying mechanisms are unknown. Resistin is an immunomodulatory adipokine with elevated circulating levels in obese outpatients that could contribute to inflammatory kidney injury. We hypothesized that plasma resistin levels would be associated with AKI and BMI, and correlated with the inflammatory markers IL6 and MCP1 in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 134 patients admitted to the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania with a primary diagnosis of COVID-19. Plasma samples were collected within 48 hours of admission and analyzed using the Olink Proximity Extension Assay, with biomarker levels expressed using normalized protein expression (NPX) values relative to common pooled control plasma. We tested the association of each biomarker with AKI, defined by Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes creatinine and dialysis criteria, using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test as well as multivariable logistic regression to adjust for confounders. Spearman's rho and correlation coefficients were calculated for the correlation of biomarker levels with each other. We used causal mediation models to investigate effects of BMI on AKI mediated by plasma resistin. Results: Of 134 patients enrolled, 43 (32.1%) developed AKI: 25 with stage 1, 5 with stage 2, and 13 with stage 3. Plasma resistin levels ranged from 5.26-13.01 NPX units and were strongly associated with AKI: odds ratio 2.13 (95% CI 1.43-3.17) per NPX unit. This association was diminished but remained significant after adjustment for age and APACHE III score (OR 1.69 (1.09-2.63)). Body mass index was higher in patients with AKI than without (median 31.4 (IQR 27.1-37.6) kg/m2 v. 28.3 (25.1-34.9) kg/m2, respectively), but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.082). There was no significant correlation of BMI with resistin levels (rho 0.05, p=0.562), and causal mediation models failed to detect significant mediation of BMI-AKI association through resistin. Plasma IL6 and MCP1 were associated with AKI (p=0.044 and p=0.003, respectively) and correlated with resistin levels (rho=0.32, p<0.001 and rho=0.40, p<0.001, respectively). Conclusion: In patients hospitalized with COVID-19, plasma levels of the adipokine resistin were strongly associated with the development of AKI, and correlated with circulating inflammatory markers IL6 and MCP1. We did not detect a mediation effect of the obesity-AKI association by plasma resistin but had limited sample size to adequately power this analysis.


The batch engine, a flexible batch control implementation technique enabling the user to implement and configure real-time batch control applications without the need for system analysts and programmers, is discussed. The batch engine is entirely different from the conventional programmable logic controller (PLC) software. The supervisory and PLC software are integrated to allow new installations and modifications in the plant without making changes to the PLC software. A distributed architecture is used to implement the batch engine technique. In the functional architecture of the batch engine, PLCs are dedicated to real-time analog discrete input/output (I/O) control, fault detection, and activity block sequencing. The human-machine interface (HMI) stations are used for process graphics, variable trending, semiautomatic operation, manual-off-auto control, and analog discrete I/O monitoring. Higher-level functions like inventory management, batch monitoring/control, batch data reporting, recipe management, batch scheduling, and high-level facility interface are supported by the batch supervisor. The HMI workstations act as a backup supervisor in case of batch supervisor failure. The batch engine is well suited for applications that require the flexibility to expand the physical configuration with equipment of similar functionality.<<ETX>>


In this study, the change at rubbing surfaces has been investigated experimentally using an acoustic emission signal monitoring system. A steel ring is slipped on the surface of  a metallic sheet to simulate frictional conditions. The mechanical disturbances caused by the movement of the ring produce stress waves propagating along the sheet surface. The out of plane displacement of the sheet surface is sensed by a piezoelectric sensor. The electrical signal of the sensor output is received and used to analyze the frictional conditions between rubbing surfaces. The experimental results show that the effect of different frictional parameters such as normal load, surface material and lubrication on the surface damages can be recognized by analyzing the acoustic emission signals. For example, vanishing of the thin lubricant film between the two rubbing surfaces can be distinguished from the damage signals which are appeared with specific range of frequencies and amplitudes. The sensitivity of acoustic emission to detect frictional damages is considerably higher than that of monitoring of the friction coefficient.


The paper describes the feasibility and method of the application of virtual reality technology to ship motion in waves, and introduces the modeling method of object entity in the environment of virtual reality. The simulation process of ship motion in regular waves is discussed. Ship motion responses are computed in frequency domain by solving six degrees of freedom motion equation. The computation program system of numerical simulation is compiled with Visual C++ programming language. At the same time, the OpenGL(Open Graphics Library)is also used to create a suit of realistic representations software system of ship motion in a three-dimensional regular waves.


he government performance assessment is the key link in the process of performance management,also is the core element of the study.In the recent years,the performance evaluation attempt of some local governments in China played a role in facilitating to strengthen the concept of government services and enhance the efficiency of government administration indeed.As the complexity of the performance evaluation process and a number of factors in the operation,this work is not satisfactory with the implementation of the scope of and practice effects.So we need formulate the necessary laws and regulations to standardize government performance evaluation process in order to further improve the actual results of the performance assessment.


Water purification agent PSAFC was prepared from fly ash.First,mixing fly ash with sodium carbonate and cosolvent at certain ratio and roasting the mixture in muffle furnace for a given period of time;then cooling it slowly.The primary product is thus formed,which is greenish yellow powder with stable property.Second,to obtain the final product,PSAFC,leaching the primary product in hydrochloric acid(mol/L) and then aging for 2 hours.The results show that this flocullant is effective in treating waste water having a pH greater than 6 with high turbidity and colourity.Comparing with PAC,PSAFC has much better performance than PAC in sedimentation rate and sludge volume.What's more,the water having a pH between 6 and 9 can discharge directly.


Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the conceptual awareness of curriculum policy makers on curriculum development process based on SOLO Taxonomy curriculum approach in secondary level schools. Further, the study explored the relationship between the curriculum development inputs and the SOLO based curriculum development process. The curriculum development inputs are teacher effectiveness, school community, school environment and technology availability. Method: Data was collected through questionnaires survey administration of   curriculum developers in relation to the curriculum of secondary level schools in Sri Lanka. The respondents were selected on the basis of their subject which they are involving and their experience. The obtained data was analysed through SPSS software package. Regression Analysis was applied to examine the relationship between Dependent variable and Independent variable to interpret the among curriculum development inputs and SOLO based curriculum development process. On the other hand, the study was analyzed moderating effect of individual factors between the relationship curriculum development inputs and SOLO based curriculum development process. Findings: The results indicate that the curriculum policy makers attitudes and availability of SOLO based curriculum materials will exert the most influence upon the teaching leaning process in the secondary level schools. The results further incited that the moderating effect of level of education to the relationship between curriculum development inputs to the SOLO based curriculum development process. According to the analysis the job category does not moderate the relationship between curriculum development inputs and the SOLO based curriculum development process. Value: The study will be applicable for curriculum development process to accounting subject and improve the performance of student competency level not only students who are learning accountancy but also all other students in secondary level schools. The study assists curriculum policy makers in the field of curriculum development process in general education system to understand the issues related to outcome based curriculum development process in current era. Hence, findings of this study could be used to guide them in enhancing curriculum reforms and implementing new curriculum approach to enhance and overcome the current issues. The findings of this study will inform curriculum policy makers and educationists who wish to apply new curriculum approach on how they can develop SOLO based curriculum for the current education system. Thus, the findings of this study contribute to the area of curriculum development that was beneficial to arrive at the proper decision making in constructing our own curriculum. The guidelines of this study will fulfill the requirement of the secondary school curriculum development program.


184 Background: Political environment in the US is closely tied to state and national-level budgetary spending as well as laws and regulations that influence health. It is unclear if survival gains in cancer care differ by county political voting status. We investigated survival trends based on county level presidential voting patterns. Methods: A 5% sample of individuals diagnosed with cancer from 2001 to 2017 in the SEER-Medicare Program was linked to county level data on US presidential elections over the same period. Using the total number of votes in each party, county political environment was classified as either Democratic or Republican for the four years that followed a presidential election. Cox proportional hazards models estimated changes in survival over time, and differences by political party were assessed with interaction analysis. To account for the association between follow-up time and year of diagnosis, overall survival was censored at 3 years for individuals diagnosed in 2015 or earlier. Results: Of 100,755 individuals in our cohort from 2001-2017, 66439 (65.9%) resided in Democratic and 34316 (34.1%) in Republican counties with similar median age at diagnosis and distribution of regional/distant disease. Democratic counties had more urban-located residents (93% vs 70%). 1-year survival in both Democratic and Republican counties increased from 2001 (77% for both) to 2017 (81% Democratic, 80% Republican). 3-year survival increased in Democratic (62% in 2001 to 66% in 2015) but not in Republican counties (65% in 2001 and 2015). Compared to the 2000 election cycle, patients residing in Democratic counties had an 11% decreased risk of death (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0.89) after the 2008 election cycle while Republican counties did not see these improvements during the same time period (Table; interaction P = 0.02). Among White patients, survival improved (HR = 0.89 for 2016 election cycle compared to 2000) in Democratic counties, but not in Republican counties (HR = 0.99 for same years, P = 0.02). However, among Black patients, survival improved in both Democratic (HR = 0.89) and Republican counties (HR = 0.89) for the same years (P = 0.87). Conclusions: Survival after cancer diagnosis in Republican voting counties has concerningly lagged behind that of Democratic voting counties following the 2008 elections coinciding with the passage of the Affordable Care Act. Our study sheds light on the sharp contrast between political policy and legislation, and rural-urban divide driving outcomes in these areas.[Table: see text]


The purpose of this study was to find the space perception by the scene and to analyze the characteristics in the exhibition space. The data for the analysis was collected through a questionnaire survey method. The questionnaire is composed of a scene selection on the panoramic photographs of the exhibition space. 'The 4 Rivers Cultural Center - The ARK' was selected as the subject of this survey. The results of the study are presented as follows : First, the space perception perceived imaged scenes rather than the specific elements of space. Second, the space perception was revealed through the 'Form', 'Materials', 'Light', 'Lighting', 'Furniture' and 'Media' of notable elements. Also that was perceived by forming 'Line', 'Surface' and 'Volume'. Particularly, the perception of 'Surface' was higher than 'Line' and 'Volume'. 'Surface' was perceived mostly through the 'Color'. The perception of 'Line' was positive to 'Boundary' or 'Continuous placement of the light'. In addition, the perception of 'Volume' was positive to 'The curve of the form', 'Transparent material', 'Three-dimensional elements'. Finally, The type of space perception was chosen as 'Extension', 'Center', 'Deep', 'Boundary' and 'Formative'. In this way, the results of this study will set a foundation for developing design methods to induce the space perception by the scene in the exhibition space.


We present a microeconometric study of the impact of financial constraints on investment decisions of 755 quoted and unquoted West German firms over the period 1989 to 1994. The underlying theoretical model is based upon rational expectations and convex adjustment costs. The panel data estimates lead to the hypothesis that limited access to external financial funds can indeed restrain the growth of investment.


Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus,Haemophilus influenzae, and streptococci. Oftheetiologic bacteria, 67%wereeradicated byciprofloxacin treatment and79%byimipenem therapy; however, twopatients (6.7%) failed intheciprofloxacin group,andsixpatients (20%)didnotrespond toimipenem treatment (P= 0.25). Allpatients withtherapeutic failures suffered fromseverefatal underlying diseases, whichhadsubstantial impact on theoutcomeoftreatment. Therapeutic drugmonitoring inthe ciprofloxacin patients revealed higher concentrations inserum atdays4and8incomparison withday1 of treatment, indicating thatsteady-state conditions werereached between days1and4.Thetotal numberofside effects was relatively high-eight imipenem patients (25%)andsixciprofloxacin patients (18%)hadreactions. Treatment hadtobediscontinued duetoadverse reactions forthree ciprofloxacin patients andtwoimipenem patients. Majorside effects inboth groupsweregastrointestinal andcentral nervoussystem-related symptoms. Intermsofclinical andbacteriological efficacy andsafety, there was no statistical difference between thetwo groups,andbothgroupsgavegoodtoexcellent results forbacterial infections that were difficult totreat.


Objective To investigate the effects of Zhaqi Jiangtang Decoction on the expression of renal NF-κB and Desmin in diabetic nephropathy(DN)rats.Methods The model rats of diabetic nephropathy were established by injecting streptozotocin(STZ)and then were randomly divided into different treatment groups by random number method.At the same time,normal control group was set up.After the establishment of the model,the relevant drugs were given intragastrically to different groups respectively.At the end of 10th week,the pathological changes of renal tissue were observed by HE staining under transmission electron microscope(TEM).The expression levels of renal nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) and Desmin were determined by Immunohistochemical method.Results There were significant pathological changes of diabetic nephropathy under the light microscope and TEM in the model group,and the expression levels of renal NF-κB and Desmin were significantly increased.The expression levels of renal NF-κB and Desmin were down-regulated in high-dose Zhaqi Jiangtang Decoction group and in glibenclamide group compared with the model group(P 0.05).Conclusion Zhaqi Jiangtang Decoction has protective effect on kidney damage in DN rats,and the mechanism may be achieved by reducing renal NF-κB and Desmin expression.


Nef polyhedra in d-dimensional space are the closure of half-spaces under boolean set operations. In consequence, they can represent non-manifold situations, open and closed sets, mixed-dimensional...


Web services as a network services received widespread attention in recent years.In this paper,we propose the concept of pragmatic web service which will be the next evolutionary stage after semantic web service,and we also point out that how to manage the network in which pragmatic web services as management targets.


The system used telemarketing are now sufficiently developed, where telemarketing is a service of selling goods or services via long distance. The majority of companies engaged in sales or services using this system, one development of the current telemarketing system is a network of information using IVR and Predictive Dialer systems. In this final project be carried on Voice Signal Analysis IVR service and Predictive Dialer based CTI. This analysis was conducted to determine the software and the best recording format, for further implemented on the IVR and Predictive Dialer systems. In the IVR system using the best software and the Predictive Dialer using the best recording format. The analysis process was carried out subjectively by Mean Opinion Score (MOS) and objectively by Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Power Spectral Dencity (PSD). The result of this final project is the best kind of softwere implemented on the IVR system that is using wavesurver with survey results of 3.61 and the best recording format uses ADPCM 8KHz which are implemented on systems with Predictive Dialer survey results by 3.55 and SNR of 1.5780 dB Keywords: Subjective and objective analysis, IVR system, a Predictive Dialer


Abstract To fulfill a key regulation pertaining to prescription drug broadcast advertising, a common practice is to present the major risks along with "adequate provision" referencing several sources where audiences can obtain the full product labeling. In recent years, questions have arisen about the unique value of the various sources of adequate provision and even whether sponsor webpages alone may sufficiently convey product labeling information. Cognizant of the sizable offline population, the present research investigates questions of access, ability, likelihood, willingness, and preference among a nationally representative sample of low- and non-Internet users who may wish to access the product labeling.


Photophysical properties of carbazole-terephthalate cyclophane (Cz-TP) were studied. The absorption spectra of Cz-TP in various solvents were slightly broadened due to the distortion of the carbazole (Cz) moiety and became similar to that of a reference compound of carbazole-benzene cyclophane (Cz-Bz). The absorption spectrum and the peak wavelengths of Cz-TP were insensitive to the solvent polarity. These findings show that there is transannular π-π electronic interaction between the Cz and TP moieties but that the charge transfer interaction from the Cz to TP moieties is small in the ground state. On the other hand, the emission spectrum was broad, structureless, and red-shifted compared with that of the reference compound. The peak wavelength of the emission was shifted to a longer wavelength with increases in the dielectric constant of solvents. The peak shift was quantitatively explained by the Lippert-Mataga formula. Therefore, we conclude that the broad emission is due to the intramolecular exciplex in Cz-TP. The dielectric constant of 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran was evaluated from the exciplex emission of Cz-TP ranging from 77 to 292 K, indicating that the Cz-TP molecule is an excellent polarity probe not only in a liquid phase but also in a solid phase over a wide temperature range.


The APORT computer code was developed to apportion variables tabulated for polygon-structured civil districts onto cells of a polar grid. The apportionment is based on fractional overlap between the polygon and the grid cells. Centering the origin of the polar system at a pollutant source site yields results that are very useful for assessing and interpreting the effects of airborne pollutant dissemination. The APOPLT graphics code, which uses the same data set as APORT, provides a convenient visual display of the polygon structure and the extent of the polar grid. The APORT/APOPLT methodology was verified by application to county summaries of cattle population for counties surrounding the Oyster Creek, New Jersey, nuclear power plant. These numerical results, which were obtained using approximately 2-min computer time on an IBM System 360/91 computer, compare favorably to results of manual computations in both speed and accuracy.


Abstract The polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole in the presence of the PhCH2(CH3)3N+SbF6 − salt has been studied at different temperatures (293 and 308 K) in nitrobenzene. An increase in k p at high [salt]/[I]0 ratios has been observed which can be explained by the strong interactions of the nitrobenzene solvent with the monomer and the propagating species.


Overview: We compared experiences of material hardship, including food insecurity, housing instability, and health care access, in families raising children with and without disabilities. Families of children with disabilities experienced significantly greater hardship than families with nondisabled children. As family income rose above the federal poverty level, hardship declined sharply for families of nondisabled children but not for families of children with disabilities. Thus, the US federal poverty level was found to be a particularly poor predictor of hardship for families whose children have disabilities.


The invention discloses a redundancy power source device used in a decoking sampler, and an operation method of the redundancy power source device. The device comprises an instrument air system, a first control valve, a second control valve, a first cylinder, a second cylinder and a switch valve, and further comprises an energy reservoir, wherein the energy reservoir is arranged on a gas supply pipeline of the second cylinder and is connected with the instrument air system to be charged with gas for standby application. The redundancy power source device is used for providing redundancy power for decoking sampling, and problems that a decoking rod is pinched off by a ball valve as a power source is unavailable, or that the ball valve cannot be closed in clamped state, and the like, are avoided.


In this issue we bring you six articles on Tech Act Projects. The Technology Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act, Public Law 101-407, 103-218, was first passed in 1988 and re-authorized in 1994. It has generated a wide variety of activities directed towards changing the systems through which assistive technology is provided, with the goals of increasing access to assistive technology and making these systems more consumer responsive. The articles in this section provide a chance to visit Tech Act activities in the areas of awareness training, empowerment training, rural outreach, loan fund development, and legal advocacy. Rachel Wobschall provides an overview of the Tech Act in her interview with Carol Cohen, Program Manager for the Tech Act Projects at the US Department of Education, National Institute of Disability and Rehabilitation Research. Cohen's responses offer a candid and refreshing perspective on the pioneering characteristics of this legislation and the challenges of implementing consumer-responsive, systems change projects in 56 states and territories. Cohen shares with us some of the accomplishments she has observed through her involvement with the Tech Act Projects. 'Empowerment, Advocacy and Self-Advocacy for Assistive Technology' takes a hard look at


Thin Pt films were sputter deposited on Si substrates using Ar and Ne rf glow discharges containing 0%–6% O2. Significant differences in electrical resistivity, crystallography, and Pt suboxide formation were found to depend upon the type of rare gas used for a given nominal O2 partial pressure. Several reasons for this behavior are proposed.


A typical left atrial flutter (LAFL) may occur as a proarrhythmic complication of ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF).

 We evaluated the risk factors and the best ablation strategy for LAFL in patients with no prior AF ablation.

 Consecutive patients undergoing first catheter ablation for AFL with no prior procedure for AF were included in this prospective analysis. Based on the ablation strategy, patients were divided into, Group 1: PVI+ Flutter ablation (ablation of re-entry circuits) and Group 2: PVI+ Non-PV trigger ablation (targeting areas of focal activity as triggers). 3-D mapping of the LA was performed during tachycardia to identify the reentrant circuit.
 PV isolation was performed in all patients. In group 1, ablation line was chosen to transect the area critical for the circuit (roof and mitral line). In group 2, ectopic beats arising from extra-PV foci detected by isoproterenol challenge were ablated. Off-drug success rate was assessed in all.

 A total of 92 and 90 patients were included in group 1 and 2 respectively. Baseline characteristics are provided in table 1. Pre-existent LA scar was detected in 91.3% and 90% of patients in group 1 and 2 respectively.
 At 2 years of follow-up, 11/92 (12%) from group 1 and 60/90 (66.7%) from group 2 remained arrhythmia-free off-drugs (p<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, PVI +flutter ablation was detected to be associated with significantly high risk of recurrence [HR: 3.92 (95% CI: 2.52–6.1, p<0.001)]

 In this series of patients presenting with LAFL with no earlier AF ablations, pre-existent left atrial scar was detected in majority of cases and PVI+ non-PV trigger ablation provided significantly better success rate than PVI+ flutter ablation.

 Type of funding source: None


Data are presented that all known periplasmic redox proteins from the sulfate reducing bacteria included in the genus, Desulfovibrio have aminoterminal (N-terminal) amino-acid sequences commonly found in other Gram-negative bacteria and are indicative of recognition sites for signal peptides. In contrast, none of the cytoplasmic redox proteins exhibited these unique N-terminal amino-acid sequences. It is proposed that the N-terminal amino-acid residues of a given protein can be used as an indicator of its cellular localization within the bacterial cell.


Adiabatic quantum computing is a framework for quantum computing that is superficially very different to the standard circuit model. However, it can be shown that the two models are computationally equivalent. The key to the proof is a mapping of a quantum circuit to an an adiabatic evolution, and then showing that the minimum spectral gap of the adiabatic Hamiltonian is at least inverse polynomial in the number of computational steps $L$. In this paper we provide two simplified proofs that the gap is inverse polynomial. Both proofs result in the same lower bound for the minimum gap, which for $L \gg 1$ is $\min_s\Delta \gtrsim \pi^2 / [8(L+1)^2]$, an improvement over previous estimates. Our first method is a direct approach based on an eigenstate ansatz, while the the second uses Weyl's theorem to leverage known exact results into a bound for the gap. Our results suggest that it may be possible to use these methods to find bounds for spectral gaps of Hamiltonians in other scenarios.


The present invention relates to the field of display technology, discloses an array substrate, comprising: a thin film transistor formed on a substrate, a plurality of strip-shaped pixel electrode connected to the drain of the thin film transistor, and said plurality of strip pixels a common electrode opposing electrode, the drain electrode extension portion is formed along the array direction of the plurality of pixel electrodes extending strip, each of the strip-shaped pixel electrodes are directly connected to the extension portion, and the common electrode said projection and said drain electrode on the substrate projected on the substrate do not overlap. Also disclosed is a method for manufacturing an array substrate and a display device including the array substrate. By the present invention a plurality of pixel electrodes connected directly to the strip portion extending the drain, avoiding the problems caused by the electric field interference between the connecting bars decrease in transmittance and the common electrode a plurality of strip electrodes of the prior art pixel.


This paper describes interrelationships between engineering design, construction, and operation costs for a facility, and shows how the level of influence over those costs decreases precipitously as the project evolves. The level of influence is by far the greatest during engineering and design, while actual expenditures at that stage are relatively small. The level of influence concept can be helpful in forming contractual arrangements that minimize the suboptimization of costs for one party at the expense of overall project costs and benefits. Contractual arrangements should be drawn so as to assure that current construction and operations knowledge will be injected in the design process. Construction Management and design-construct, if appropriately tailored to the needs of a particular situation, can be helpful for this purpose. A second important conclusion is that efforts to suboptimize design costs by requiring competitive bidding for professional services are likely to produce much higher project costs in the long run.


Aiming at the 'bottom tearing scour' phenomenon in hyper-concentration rivers,by testing,the relationships between the dry density,water content,plasticity index of the soil sample of the flocculation deposited clay layer and its shear strength were analyzed in the 'bottom tearing scour' reach as well as each mechanical property of clay layers was analyzed.It could provide references for studying the mechanical strength of clay layers in the 'bottom tearing scour' reach as well as its critical conditions.


Professor Swanson, if I understand him aright, makes the point that scientific models are used as metaphors, and that the metaphorical function of a model is such that the empirical determination of its usefulness is possible by means of a comparative analysis of its Rational Preference Ranking (or RPR for short) with that of the theory, viewed in the light of that metaphor.1 should like to examine this theory in the context of the only concrete example mentioned, that of the Bohr-Rutherford theory of the hydrogen atom. I shall begin by considering the proposition that the structure of the model is imputed to the theory in formation. More specifically, I shall contend that, if 'model' is understood in the way physicists ordinarily use that term, then it was not the structure of the model that was carried over to the theory, but rather the model that was designed specifically to represent this particular aspect of the theory. And that, if by 'model' we understand 'analogue', then the similarity of structure between the analogue and the theory was due to the similarity of form between the gravitational and the electric field equations, and not to the imputation of the structure of the analogue to the theory. I shall then conclude that Swanson's theory of the metaphorical use of model, with its interesting feature of an RPR, not being applicable to the case of the Bohr-Rutherford theory of the atom, is still in want of philosophical justification. Assuming, therefore, that by 'model' is meant what physicists ordinarily mean by that term,* I shall begin by recalling briefly how the Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom came to be advanced. Since the discovery of the electron in 1897, it was known that the neutral atom contained both positive and negative charges. One of the questions that arose immediately was that of their distribution inside the atom. One possibility, that was advanced by J. J. Thomson, was that the electrons were imbedded more or less uniformly in a positive sphere of electricity having the dimensions of the atom, and in such a way that they could vibrate about their positions of equilibrium, and thus account for the characteristic lines that spectroscopists had discovered. A series of experiments had been carried out by Geiger and Marsden,* in which they bombarded thin foils of Ag or Au with alpha particles from a radioactive source, in order to observe the scattering patterns. They observed both backward and wide-angle forward scattering, which were inconsistent with the multiple scattering model of Thomson. It was to account for this scattering pattern that Rutherford, in 1913, advanced his theory of the nuclear atom, characterised by a large positive nucleus


A transient absorption in the 250-265-nm range is assigned to cyclopropylchlorocarbene generated from the laser flash photolysis of 3-chloro-3-cyclopropyldiazirine. Confidence in this assignment was obtained from the following: (a) the decay of this absorption matches the growth of the pyridinium ylide: (b) the values for the rate constant for reaction of the carbene with 1-hexane obtained by monitoring the carbene at 250 nm and the ylide at 370 nm are similar. The kinetic parameters for the rearrangement of cyclopropylchlorocarbene to 1-chlorocyclobutene are log A = 11.1 and E{sub a} = 7.4 kcal/mol.


Milk from dairy cows has long provided a high quality source of protein and selected micronutrients such as calcium to most populations. Recently, a relationship between disease risk and consumption of a specific bovine β-casein fraction either A 1 or A 2 genetic variants has been identified. Populations, which consume milk containing high levels of β-casein A 2 variant, have a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, consumption of milk with the A 2 variant may be associated with less severe symptoms of autism and schizophrenia. The mechanism of action focuses on β-casein A 1 and related forms preferentially that are able to produce a bioactive opioid peptide, β-casomorphin-7 (β-CM-7) during digestion. Infants may absorb β-CM-7 due to an immature gastrointestinal tract. Adults, on the other hand, appear to reap the biological activity locally on the intestinal brush boarder. β-CM-7 can potentially affect numerous opioid receptors in the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Whether there is a definite health benefit to milk containing the A 2 genetic variant is unknown and requires further investigation.


DNA cloning, that can be used to discover new ways of warding off diseases and ailments is good and by no means harmful. A group of genetically identical cells produced by mitotic division from an original cell. The production of genetically identical animals by 'embryo splitting '. This can occur naturally at the two cell stage to give identical twins. The type of cloning which we will focus on here is called Nuclear Transfer. Cloning requires specialized microsurgery tools. There are two ways to make an exact genetic copy of an organism in a lab artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer. In 1996, the Roslin Institute, England cloned "Dolly, " a sheep to demonstrate that somatic cells were able to be used as donor cells for the procedure, prior to this blastoceles (stem cells) were used in nuclear transfer technology. Around 2004–2005, in South Korean scientists falsely claimed to have used somatic cell nuclear transfer to create embryonic stem cell lines, the scientific community demanded much stronger evidence that the procedure had actually been successful. Cloned buffalo gave birth to a baby buffalo in India. In 2007 Primate embryonic stem cells created by somatic cell nuclear transfer. A DNA from an organism is transferred to a self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid. Reproductive cloning is the basis of most controversial debates regarding the Genetic Revolution. The California Advising Committee on Human Cloning found that: Attempts at cloning certain species such as monkeys, chickens, horses and dogs have been unsuccessful.