Abstract Acid oxalate reagent was used at various concentrations, pH values, shaking times, and soil to solution ratios to find the optimum conditions for the extraction of Al, Fe, and Si from short‐range‐order materials in soils and stream‐bed deposits. The optimum conditions vary with the nature of the soil sample and its components. For most soils maximum amounts of Al, Fe, and Si were extracted with 0.15M acid oxalate reagent at pH 3.0 with a soil to solution ratio of 1:100 and shaking for 4 h in the dark at 20°C. Soils with more than 5% oxalate‐extractable Al or Fe require a 0.20M oxalate solution at pH 3.0 with a soil to solution ratio of 1:200. Allophane is extracted by acid oxalate reagent after shaking for 2 h and it may be estimated from the 4 h oxalate‐extractable Si values. Ferrihydrite is extracted after shaking for 4 h, and it may be estimated from the oxalate‐extractable Fe values. Either sodium oxalate or ammonium oxalate may be used


The clothing system in the early Tang Dynasty mainly comes from the Tang Clothing Act which is based on Wude Act.Most of its content is about the crown clothing and emphasizes the parallel of ceremony and act;while official uniform is specified by Style of the Ministry of Rites with complete regulations.After the Rebellion of An and Shi,official uniforms became ritual and the crown clothing became merely formal.Clothing Style replaced clothing act gradually and formed a clothing system which took Ge and The Imperial Edicts afer Ge as the authority.At that time,the policy of clothing had little limitation on style and emphasized systematization.Because of the limitation of Zhou Rite,the early clothing act had little relevance and differed a lot when it was carried out in reality.The late ge and imperial edicts had strong relevance and strong executive power.


Robotics is a rapidly emerging field of engineering, and many of the Australian universities that offer a Bachelor of Engineering now offer majors in robotics/mechatronics. This article explores and analyses some implications for robotics education, with a focus on graduate attributes and research pathways. The preliminary results of this review suggest that courses in robotics tend to include introductory material from a relatively large number of sub-disciplines, and robotics courses do not ordinarily permit the selection of sub-majors from other inter-related disciplines. This analysis finds that the current structures can in some cases prevent students from traversing pathways towards postgraduate research in their own particular areas of special interest. It is concluded that courses might place greater emphasis on the graduate attributes that are essential to be able to work effectively in cross-discipline teams. It is also concluded that it may be beneficial to undertake further research, which compares the approaches to robotics education taken within Australian universities with the approaches of overseas counterparts.


Abstract : Abstracts are presented on the following: Mechanism of hardening in aged Al-Cu alloys; Dispersed particle hardening of Al-Cu alloy single crystals; Unified structural mechanism for intergranular and transgraular corrosion cracking; Mechanism of Hydrogen embrittlement observed in Fe-Si single crystals; Martensitic transformation in single crystals of Fe alloys; Direct observation and analysis of crack propagation in Fe-3% Silicon single crystals; Martensitic transformation and plastic deformation in Fe alloy single crystals; X-ray investation of the effects of Hydrogen in Fe.


This study was initiated to assess the effectiveness of a special orientation program with the purpose of reducing the anxiety of entering freshmen and easing their adjustment to the campus environment. The criteria of evaluation were retention, satisfaction, and academic achievement. The 468 subjects were first-time freshmen from outside Tarrant County entering Texas Christian University in the fall of 1980. Half of the subjects participated in the experimental program, Operation Welcome, and the other half served as a control group. Those in Operation Welcome were grouped in teams with eight other freshmen, two upperclassmen serving as a big brother and big sister, and a local alumni family. Each of the freshmen in the program received letters of welcome prior to leaving home and participated in special events upon arrival on campus.


The three cases of old blowout fractures (BOFs) with symptomatic eye ache and eyestrain were reconstructed by endoscopic techniques. The surgical findings of the BOFs coincided with eye symptoms. After surgery, the eye symptoms were markedly decreased. Case 1: a 23 year-old female with medial type BOF complained of eye ache and eyestrain on lateral gaze. Three years after the eye injury, she had endoscopic endonasal surgery. The medial orbital wall of the BOF had adhered to the superior turbinate. Case 2 : a 46 year-old male continued to complain of diplopia and eye ache on lateral gaze 9 months after injury. The medial orbital wall of BOF was adhesive to the middle turbinate. Case 3 : In a 32 year-old male, the entrapment of the orbital content was observed in the inferior part of the ethmoid sinus, very close to the attachment of the 111 ground lamella. In this Case, a monopolar electric coagulator poses the possibility of a blackout.


An induction cooking apparatus (1) comprising: - at least one induction coil (2); - electronic means of activation (3) to activate an alternating current (AC) through said induction coil; - a control unit (4) for controlling the operation of said induction cooking apparatus; said drive means sensing control (41) comprising providing first data related to the impedance (ZCOIL) in the input conductors (P1, P2) of said induction coil (2) when said induction coil (2 ) is inductively coupled to a piece of cookware (100) in a cooking zone (101) of said apparatus induction cooking (1), the said control unit (4) adapted to treat said first data being for second data related capabilities firing said piece of cookware, characterized in that the impedance of the input conductors (P1, P2) of said induction coil (2) is the complex impedance (ZCOIL).


A study conducted by the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies at the University of California, San Francisco concluded that private funders are reluctant to support needle-exchange or condom distribution programs. The study found strong funding support for public policy, outreach, and community mobilization, but major gaps remain in terms of harm reduction programs. Most grants were found to be targeted toward the general populations, rather than at-risk groups such as gay men, ethnic minorities, or drug users.


In the underwater acoustic communication channels, multipath reflection become the cause of obstacle. Generally, equalizer has been applied to overcome these problems. In this paper, the method was proposed to optimize tap-length of decision feedback equalizer using genetic algorithm. After inputting feed-forward filter length and feed-back filter length as genetic information of the genetic algorithm, it optimize tap-length using BER(bit error rate) calculation in accordance with object function. The object function consist of decision feedback equalizer and BER calculation. For the purpose of BER calculation in the object function, the method was proposed to optimize the tap-length of decision feedback equalizer with genetic algorithm using preamble signals. As a result of experiments, the optimized BER is 0.0355 for signals which were received through a 25m receiver and which were applied to calculate BER merely using preamble signals in object function. When all data were used to calculate BER in object function, the optimized BER is 0.0215.


Genetic polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes and drug-drug interactions are major sources of inadequate drug exposure and ensuing adverse effects or insufficient responses. The current challenge of assessing drug-drug gene interactions (DDGI) for the development of precise dose adjustment recommendation systems is to take into account both simultaneously. Here, we analyze the static models of DDGI from in vivo data and focus on the concept of phenoconversion to model inhibition and genetic polymorphisms jointly. These models are applicable to datasets where pharmacokinetic information is missing and are being used in clinical support systems and consensus dose adjustment guidelines. We show that all such models can be handled by the same formal framework, and that models that differ at first sight are all versions of the same linear phenoconversion model. This model includes the linear pharmacogenetic and inhibition models as special cases. We highlight present challenges in this endeavour and the open issues for future research in developing DDGI models for recommendation systems.


BACKGROUND
A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay to determine plasma dabigatran concentrations has been available for routine clinical use at our tertiary institutions since 2017. The aim of the study was to describe (1) the use of the assay over time; (2) the indications for testing; and (3) subsequent dabigatran prescribing decisions.

METHODS
Patients for whom dabigatran concentrations were measured were identified by using the laboratory database, and clinical data were extracted from the associated electronic health records.

RESULTS
There were 233 samples in 24 months. The use of dabigatran increased over time, with a mean (95% CI) increase of +0.5 (0.3-0.7) samples per month. Dabigatran concentrations ranged from < 1 to 1060 µg/L. The main reasons for testing were uncertainty about impact on renal function and drug interactions (39%), to inform prescribing decisions after thromboembolic or bleeding events (21%), and for investigation following dose-adjustment (16%). Dabigatran dose was changed after 30% (68/233) of assay results.

CONCLUSIONS
The clinical use of the dabigatran assay has increased, with almost one-third of results associated with a subsequent change in dabigatran prescribing.


Gait restoration after stroke is a major concern of neurological rehabilitation. In this paper, a recently developed wearable lower extremity rehabilitation device is introduced, and an adaptive control strategy based on Function Approximation Techniques (FAT) is designed to aid stroke patients who are in the early phase of rehabilitation or severely affected. The device adopts an anthropomorphic structure actuated on hip and knee joint level in sagittal plane. Frameless DC motor with high gear-ratio harmonic drive is used as actuator. Fourier series fitting method is used to obtain the desired hip and knee reference trajectory. This control algorithm is then implemented in the device with friction compensation to track the desired gait trajectory. Implementation results for a healthy subject show that good tracking performance can be achieved, and actuator toques are within a reasonable range. This FAT based adaptive control algorithm could potentially be used for stroke patients as well.


The virtual prototype model of an off-road vehicle was built based on ADAMS software and the user-written subroutine for calculating interaction force between elastic tire and soft soil is set up according to the load-sinkage theory. The non-linear contact simulation between elastic tire and soft soil was implemented successfully by using ADAMS software. The soft soil land can be adjustable by changing the soil related parameters, off-road vehicle dynamic was simulated on the random input running test. The simulation result shows that the body acceleration suspension dynamic deformation and tire dynamic load of the vehicle are all changed and the displacement of body in z-direction increases obviously as terrain deformation increases. The result also shows that the suspension adapted to the hard ground is not necessarily adapted to the soft soil road. This model can accurately simulation the soft soil road deformation as the impact of vehicle ride.


Among the flowering plants, the family Asteraceae or Compositae is the largest family in the world, but in India, it occupies seventh place. Few members of this family provide edible oils, lettuce, chicory, artichokes, yacon, sweetening agents, coffee substitutes, and herbal teas and other beverages. Several species are grown as ornamental plants for their flowers, and some are important ornamental crops for the cut flower industry. Several species of this family possess medicinal properties. Out of about 696 plant species described under the family, only 207 species were found to be attacked by 199 aphid (Insecta : Homoptera : Aphididae) species in India. Among the aphid species, Aphis gossypii Glover was recorded feeding 77 food plants of Asteraceae followed by Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kalt.) (72 species), Aphis spiraecola Patch (70 species), Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (45 species), Myzus ornatus Laing (35 species), Aphis fabae Scopoli (25 species), and Aphis craccivora Koch (23 species). Artemisia and Sonchus were observed to be attacked by 60 and 25 aphid species, respectively.


This study presents a new topology of hybrid stacked multicell (SM) converter which generates high number of output voltage levels with fewer number of power electronic switches. The proposed topology is composed of three parts including traditional SM converter, half-cascaded converter and H-bridge converter. In other words, this converter is the mixture of H-bridge converter and SM converter series with half-cascaded converter. Number of output voltage levels and the root-mean-square value in proposed converter is four times than that of traditional flying capacitor multicell and SM converters. Moreover, it improves output voltage frequency spectrum and decreases the number and rating of components, stored energy and rating of flying capacitors which are available in the proposed converter. For switching this converter, phase-shifted pulse-width modulation method has been used. Therefore the self-balancing trait of the flying capacitor converter is preserved in presented converter. The suggested topology is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK software, and simulation results are presented to indicate the well-performance of the novel converter. In addition, the experimental results of proposed topology prototype have been presented to validate its practicability.


An NMS (10), which is a management apparatus communicatively connected to a plurality of NEs (1) constituting a network, comprises: an update information transmission unit (101) that transmits, to the plurality of NEs (1), update information to be used for update processings accompanied by communication halts; and an update timings transmission unit (102) that, after the plurality of NEs (1) receive the update information, transmits, to the plurality of NEs (1), update timings to execute the update processings. In this way, the update times of the communication apparatuses in the network can be shortened.


Despite the increasing popularity of endovascular intervention in clinical practice, there remains a lack of objective and quantitative metrics for skill evaluation of endovascular techniques. Data relating to the forces exerted during endovascular procedures and the behavioral patterns of endovascular clinicians is currently limited. This research proposes two platforms for measuring tool forces applied by operators and contact forces resulting from catheter–tissue interactions, as a means of providing accurate, objective metrics of operator skill within a realistic simulation environment. Operator manipulation patterns are compared across different experience levels performing various complex catheterization tasks, anddifferent performance metrics relating to tool forces, catheter motion dynamics, and forces exerted on the vasculature are extracted. The results depict significant differences between the two experience groups in their force and motion patterns across different phases of the procedures, with support vectormachine (SVM) classification showing cross-validation accuracies as high as 90% between the two skill levels. This is the first robust study, validated across a large pool of endovascular specialists, to present objective measures of endovascular skill based on exerted forces. The study also provides significant insights into the design of optimized metrics for improved training and performance assessment of catheterization tasks. Keywords—Endovascular intervention, Force sensing, Skill assessment, Haptic and navigation cues, Classification of skill, Catheter manipulation, Robotic catheterization.


Laser Raman spectra of trans-sodium hyponitrite (Na2N2O2) as a solid and in aqueous solution have been recorded, together with its infrared spectrum. Polarization data for the aqueous solution Raman spectra were also determined for the first time. The results confirm the trans structure of the hyponitrite ion and also have led to a new vibrational assignment. Force constant calculations have been carried out and these accurately predict the observed frequency shifts upon isotopic substitution. The potential energy distributions were also determined and these provide a useful picture of the coupling of the vibrational modes.


Farmers in Kuripan Village cultivate cassava plants. Some farmers plant to get the tubers and others grow to harvest the leaves (oyek). The harvest obtained has not contributed significantly to the income of the farmer's household. For cassava tubers it takes 7 months to harvest while oyek takes a month to harvest. Low prices and market opportunities through middlemen have prevented farmers from relying on their land optimally. As a village assisted by the University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta, the Community Service team provides training to optimized land use by diversifying and regulating cropping patterns to cassava farmers. The targets and outcomes, first, increase the knowledge and skills of farmers to choosing the right plants according to the physical conditions to diversification. Through crop diversification, it will minimize crop failure because more than one type of plant is planted. Second, farmers have skills to design appropriate cropping patterns so the farmers have income continuity throughout the year and loss of soil nutrients at harvest can be minimized so that soil fertility can be save.


Red grapes can sometimes have sugar contents that may be high enough to cause stuck or sluggish fermentations. At harvest, grapes may have a Brix >26 and include dehydrated or raisined berries. During fermentation, the alcohol that is produced can be sufficient to kill the yeast or severely restrict its ability to take up glucose and fructose and hence prevent the fermentation from completing to the desired level. The addition of water to the must can prevent such problems and is legal in some regions (Anon, 2002).


The current paper presents flexible and feasible method for enhance the voltage profile in some buses and reduction of the losses in overall transmission power system if the power system subjected to an additional resultant loads in future or current increasing of loads at one or more buses in that power system. The proposed method include estimating the injected MVARs which are required to avert voltage collapse as well as reduction the real power losses. This method is tested by computer simulation implemented on IEEE 30-bus, 41-line transmission power system using MATLAB Tool-Box (Ver. 7.5) based on fast decoupled load flow analysis and satisfactory results are obtained.


Thermally evaporated and laser-ablated Pd atoms interact with H2 in excess argon to form the side-bonded Pd(H2) complex, which is characterized by 2971, 1507, and 950 cm-1 fundamental frequencies. These infrared absorptions are assigned to Pd(H2) on the basis of the HD and D2 shifts and DFT frequency calculations. Higher H2 concentrations favor the Pd(H2)2,3 complexes, which exhibit 3038, 778 cm-1 and 2909, 730, 319 cm-1 fundamentals, respectively. These complexes involve electrostatic bonding owing to a small amount of charge reorganization. Higher Pd concentrations enhance absorptions due to a Pd--Pd(H2) complex and the stable (PdH)2 molecule with no H−H bond. This work shows that one neutral Pd atom cannot insert into a H2 molecule but that two Pd atoms dissociate molecular hydrogen with no activation energy. Laser ablation produces energetic Pd atoms which also form PdH, electrons which are captured to give PdH2-, and radiation which ionizes H and yields ArnH+ in the matrix cage. Diatomic PdH also for...


15,16-Dihydro-1,11-methanocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one has been synthesised and its X-ray structure determined; although it has a bridged bay region, it is a carcinogen.


The most significant problems with the existing system for taxing the profit of multinational companies stem from two related sources. First, the underlying "1920s compromise" for allocating the rights to tax profit between countries is both inappropriate and increasingly hard to implement in a modern economic setting. Second, because the system is based on taxing mobile activities, it invites countries to compete with each other to attract economic activity and to favour "domestic" companies. The OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) initiative essentially seeks to close loopholes rather than to re-examine these fundamental problems. As a consequence, it is unlikely to generate a stable long-run tax system. We briefly outline some more fundamental alternative reforms. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)


In this article the author discusses the growing involvement of the Security Council in humanitarian protection and assistance in armed conflict. Given the fact that the Security Council is apoliti...


This study reveals material on the organization, command, strategy, and tactics of the Soviet armed forces which invaded Hungary in 1956, especially the precise documentation on the irrationally large size of the forces. It opens with a substantial introductory essay by the editors and has a study by Alexandr Kirov, based on research in Soviet military archives. The book also includes the memoirs of General Yevgeny Malashenko, in 1956 a colonel in the Soviet Army and acting Chief of Staff of the Special Corps in Budapest, who provided important insights into Soviet military procedures, politico-military co-operation, and the actual fighting strengths and weaknesses of the Red Army.


Threat value of air target is that it can evaluate damage degree of attacking ground(surface) target in command and control of air defense system.It is necessary to determine sequencing of the threat value only.A method of two-phase decision-making under the known partial weight Information is proposed to evaluate the threat value of air target in the paper.This method combines subjective partial weights given by decision-maker with the objective weights.It can sufficiently utilize objective evaluation information and meet the requirements of decision-maker,and achieves the unification of the both.A numerical example is given to verify feasibility of this method.


The aim of this study is to investigate the perceptions Serbian youth have of Serbian and Albanian ethnic groups. The data were obtained via semi-structured interviews with 20 young Serbs: 10 of whom had lived in Kosovo, and had therefore had personal contact with Albanians, and 10 of whom lived all their life in Serbia and had no, or very limited, contact with Albanians. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Results were examined in light of social identity theory. The findings indicate that the Serbians youths' own group is perceived in a more positive light and as more heterogeneous than the Albanian group. Furthermore, participants who have had more contact with Albanians, even under unfavorable circumstances, had a more positive view of them. The implications of these findings for peace studies are discussed, highlighting the importance of peace education and intercultural exchanges.


On the basis of site investigation and baseline investigation, discovered that the community health service network system were formed primarily, the government finance investment improved distinctly, the reform for the operational mechanism in community health service has made a progress, the community health service and the system of medical care insurance links up gradually in the key relation experimental city. But there are still some problems, such as the unbalanced system construction in community health, lacks of the persistent effective mechanism to attract the outstanding talent, lacks effective engagement among the systems. Suggested that strengthen the combination between theoretical and practical research, innovate the management system and the operational mechanism in community health service.


The learning process that occurs in schools is that students only get material from the teacher after it is finished. One of them is the case studies learning method. The purpose of this research is to improve student learning outcomes in the material attributes of Allah SWT through the application of the case studies learning method in class VII B MTsN 1 Kerinci. Based on the Aqidah Akhlak test scores, there were 10 students with poor grades, 6 students with moderate scores, 3 students with good grades and 1 student with excellent grades. Based on cycle 1, there were 4 students with low scores, 8 students with moderate scores, 6 students with good scores and 2 students with very good grades. This shows that the learning outcomes of Aqidah Akhlak have not reached 50% of students whose learning outcomes are above the value/number 70, so that action is needed in cycle 2. Based on cycle 2 there were 10 students with sufficient scores, 5 students with good grades and 5 students very good students. This shows that the learning outcomes in this study have reached 50% of students whose learning outcomes are above the value/number 70, so there is no need for further action. The final conclusion in this study, the case studies learning method can improve learning outcomes Aqeedah morals, especially material about the Attributes of Allah SWT for students of class VII B MTsN 1 Kerinci.


Stepwise discriminant function can be used for automatic classification of points. The classification is based on six measurements and can serve as an efficient aid to the typologist.


Question Answering (QA) targets answering questions defined in natural language. Question Answering Systems offer an automated approach to procuring solutions to queries expressed in natural language. A lot of QA surveys have classified QuestionAnswering systems based on different criteria such as queries inquired by users, features of data bases used, nature of generated answers, question answering approaches and techniques. To fully understand QA systems, how it has grown into its current QA needs, and the need to scale up to meet future expectations, a broader survey of QA systems becomes essential. Hence, in this paper, we take a short study of the generic QA framework vis a vis Question Analysis, Passage Retrieval and Answer Extraction and some important issues associated with QA systems. These issues include Question Processing, Question Classes, Data Sources for QA, Context and QA, Answer Extraction, Real time Question Answering, Answer Formulation, Multilingual (or cross-lingual) question answering, Advanced reasoning for QA, Interactive QA, User profiling for QA and Information clustering for QA. Finally, we classify QA systems based on some identified criteria in literature. These include Application domain, Question type, Data source, Form of answer generated, Language paradigm and Approaches. We subsequently made an informed judgment of the basis for each classification criterion through literature on QA systems.


Abstract: Although there are a lot of applications and researches on the occurrence condition of haptic apparent motion, there are quite limited reports on the subjective quality of the illusory sensation. In this paper, we report a new haptic phenomenon that width perception during haptic apparent motion is affected by vibration frequency. In the previous work, we have reported that the phenomenon is observed especially when we put five stimulation points on the abdomen. In this paper, we study effect of the number of stimulation points for the phenomenon . Result showed that this new phenomenon occurs by frequency regardless of stimulation point number.


The possible role of precipitation losses in eroding stormtime ring current is subject to debate. To explore this controversy, the recovery phase of the February 6–10, 1986, great magnetic storm is examined, when intense ion precipitation was observed at midlatitudes by NOAA-6 and DMSP satellites. This storm period is particularly interesting because the ring current exhibits distinctive two-phase decay as seen in the Dst index, the early rapid timescale decay corresponding to the intense ion precipitation period described above. Hamilton et al. [1988] concluded, from close agreement between the observed timescale for ring current decay and the theoretical timescale for O+ charge exchange loss, that rapid early recovery phase of this storm resulted from the charge exchange loss of high energy O+; the second and longer decay phase was equated with H+ charge exchange loss. A model of the ring current evolution during this great magnetic storm [Fok et al., 1995] failed to reproduce the observed ring current decay rates, a puzzling result because charge exchange losses were well represented in the ring current model and initial and boundary conditions were taken from the same data set used in the Hamilton et al. [1988] study. A simple energy balance calculation for the global ring current is carried out using (1) either an energy input predicted from upstream solar wind parameters or one calculated from the drift-loss model output, (2) collisional loss timescales extracted from the drift-loss model, and (3) precipitation losses estimated from NOAA-6 and DMSP observations. The energy balance model replicates the evolution of the ring current energy content derived from Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers/Charge Composition Explorer (AMPTE/CCE) observations when ion precipitation losses are included and model energy input function is reduced to agree with predictions based upon upstream solar wind parameters. The O+ charge exchange losses and observed global precipitation losses were of equal magnitude in early recovery of the ring current during this great magnetic storm. Later longer decay timescales in the model resulted from a combination of O+ and H+ charge exchange losses; O+ charge exchange losses remained important throughout the model time interval. The present model produces agreement with the AMPTE/CCE estimates of ring current kinetic energy content versus time. Disagreement between the Dst* inferred from the AMPTE/CCE particle measurements and the observed Dst* is an interesting issue needing further explanation.


Author(s): Buluc, Aydin; Beamer, Scott; Madduri, Kamesh; Asanovic, Krste; Patterson, David | Abstract: This chapter studies the problem of traversing large graphs using the breadth-first search order on distributed-memory supercomputers. We consider both the traditional level-synchronous top-down algorithm as well as the recently discovered direction optimizing algorithm. We analyze the performance and scalability trade-offs in using different local data structures such as CSR and DCSC, enabling in-node multithreading, and graph decompositions such as 1D and 2D decomposition.


The research and application of mobile database is a hot spot in the fields of database and mobile computing.In this paper,the characteristics of mobile database and mobile Agent are introduced,the architecture of mobile database based on mobile Agent are analyzed,a new mobile query model based on mobile Agent is presented finally.


The Great Plains of North America are home to some of the world's largest remaining and most intact grasslands. The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service's (NRCS) Working Lands for Wildlife (WLFW) team developed a science-based framework to provide the common vision and coordination necessary to address resource concerns and ecosystem threats across boundaries in the Great Plains. The framework helps guide and target Farm Bill conservation actions spanning multiple states and focal species from 2021-25 in addressing the two most severe and large-scale threats to the Great Plains biome: woodland expansion and land use conversion. This framework builds on past conservation efforts using a core area approach in addressing threats impacting Great Plains Grasslands accomplished through the Lesser Prairie Chicken Initiative, Nebraska Sandhills conservation, and other NRCS Great Plains conservation. The WLFW Great Plains Grasslands framework for western rangeland shares the vision of achieving "Wildlife Conservation Through Sustainable Ranching," to benefit people, wildlife, and rural communities.


Objective To assess the cost effectiveness of self monitoring of blood glucose alone or with additional training in incorporating the results into self care, in additionto standardisedusual carefor patients withnon- insulin treated type 2 diabetes. Design Incremental cost utility analysis from a healthcare perspective. Data on resource use from the randomised controlled diabetes glycaemic education and monitoring (DiGEM) trial covered 12 months before baseline and 12 months of trial follow-up. Quality of life was measured at baseline and 12 months using the EuroQol EQ-5D questionnaire. Setting Primary care in the United Kingdom. Participants 453 patients with non-insulin treated type 2


This research aims to identify the degree of job satisfaction for teachers of the foundation stage locality Omdurman Done use descriptive method Correlative, and the sample consisted of 23 teachers and 27 females selected Applied random way, and prepared researchers questionnaire to measure job satisfaction prepared by Shadia Osman Ahmed (1999 m). Search Results were analyzed using a number of statistical methods, which is the t-test to the average one sample, and t-test for two independent samples Researchers reached the following results: 1is characterized by teachers of the foundation stage Omdurman Locality degree satisfaction and functional low. 2There were no significant statistical differences between male and female teachers. 3_ no statistically significant correlation between job satisfaction for teachers and educational qualification. 4were no statistically significant differences in job satisfaction due to the variable years of experience.


The rolling force data have not been fully utilized in the hot tandem rolling process now.Aiming at this phenomenon,the rolling force AGC system based on Wavelet multi-resolution analysis was present.Analyze the physical characteristics of the signal,and identify the rolling force variation caused by the roll eccentricity and watermark.The different deviation is corresponding control algorithm to increasing thickness accuracy of hot rolled strip steel.The simulation results show that the control method is effective and has wide application prospect.


The invention relates to the technical field of Internet information, in particular to a cloud storage system and an implementation method thereof. The cloud storage system comprises more than one metadata server sets and a plurality of data block storage node sets, wherein metadata server sets manage the whole distributed file system, respond an access of a client to a file, receive a writing request of a writing client and distribute the writing request to a storage block or receive a request of a reading client for reading a file and return to a position of a block corresponding to the file; and the reading client reads file blocks from corresponding blocks and combines the file blocks. In a system, the file is divided into one or more blocks; the blocks are scatteredly stored in the data block storage node sets; and storage nodes create, delete and copy the file blocks under the command of metadata servers. In the cloud storage system and the implementation method, the safety and the transmission efficiency are improved due to block redundancy distribution and block balance distribution, and the congestion probability is reduced. The cloud storage system and the implementation method are widely applied to cloud storage systems of enterprises.


Aiming at the difficulty to building inverse model in the inverse model control system, the modeling method of inverse model based on the LS_SVM is proposed. In order to obtain better static and dynamic performance, the feed-forward compensator and self-tuning PID controller are consisted of the compound control system. As can be seen from the simulation results that the compound control system has a good ability to control nonlinear object with high tracking precision, good dynamic performance and better control effect.


monocytes content results in a decrease of number of agranulocytes in rats' blood. Thus, in animals, exposed to long-term influ ence of CdCl 2 , the stage of antigen presentation might occur less effective due to a di minished number of macrophages. Such effect, together with a decrease of leukocytes content, could impair the immune defense in treated animals.


A simplified technique based on constrained minimum output energy for joint time acquisition and demodulation of direct-sequence/code division multiple access signals is presented. Also, a new method for proper determination of fictitious noise, ν, is proposed, and performance of coarse and fine code timing acquisition are shown.


One of the instruments to measure the level of success of a country in carrying out development is the human development index calculation approach. In essence, development is a change towards better conditions so that as a result of development activities it will have implications for the emergence of a budget and ultimately money is needed to realize development activities. During the twenty-four years of implementing fiscal decentralization in Indonesia, the number of transfers to the regions has increased significantly. However, efforts to increase regional revenues are often neglected, so that the goal of fiscal decentralization towards self-sufficient regional government funding has not been achieved to date. This study examines quantitatively how the influence of money arising from development activities, namely Central Government Transfer Funds and Regional Original Revenues, can generate benefits or whether the realization of the budget spent by local governments, namely Capital Expenditures, can generate a certain value or benefit for the community, so that in this study can be described through the human development index instrument. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling. The data used in this study is secondary data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics and the Directorate General of State Financial Balance. The research method used is panel data regression with the Fixed Effect Model (FEM), where the data collected is cross-sectional data, namely 414 districts/cities in Indonesia for the period 2012 to 2020 which are time series data. The results obtained show that: (1) DTPP has a positive and significant effect on HDI; (2) PAD has a positive and significant effect on HDI; (3) Through capital expenditure mediation, DTPP has a negative and significant effect on HDI; and (4) Through the mediation of capital expenditure, PAD has a positive and significant effect on HDI..


Isothermal roll forging is being applied to the manufacture of gas turbine compressor blades. The process can produce a compressor blade to net section in a single roll forge pass from simple barstock using force feed to gather the metal for the root section. Heating is performed with simultaneous electrical resistance heating of precision molybdenum alloy dies and the blade to a set forging temperature. Good surfaces are produced together with thin flash thereby minimizing final operations for clean-up and inspection. A manufacturing process has been selected and demonstrated under the U. S. Army's Manufacturing Methods and Technology Program. Projected costs show potential for significant cost reduction. Establishment of this manufacturing process is in progress.Copyright © 1980 by ASME


The work attitude is an important dimension to evaluate the worker's quality and is of great significance for the students' career development in vocational schools.However,the students' work attitude in vocational schools is wholly at a low-level at present,which is caused by the influence of society,school and family.The research on the cultivation ways of students' work attitude in vocational schools not only can improve the students' comprehensive quality,but is helpful to promote the level of Chinese vocational education as well.


Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the processes a f f e c t i n g m o b i l i z a t i o n of t r a c e metals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) across the sediment-water and sediment-benthic i n v e r t e b r a t e i n t e r f a c e s . The r e l e a s e of t r a c e metals from two contaminated w e l l c h a r a c t e r i z e d sediments was s t u d i e d under q u i e s c e n t and a g i t a t e d c o n d i t i o n s . Trace metal r e l e a s e was s t u d i e d under d i f f e r e n t c o n d i t i o n s of s a l i n i t y (0-29.5 °/oo), oxygen ( a i r s a t u r a t e d and n i t r o g e n gas purged) and pH (5. 7, 10). Four groups of b e n t h i c i n v e r t e b r a t e s , namely the opossum shrimp, an amphipod, chironomids, and o l i g o c h a e t e s were exposed to the two sediments f o r periods up to s i x weeks. Organisms were ana l y z e d f o r Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn to determine whether accumulation occurred. Rapid a g i t a t i o n confirmed many of the o b s e r v a t i o n s made under long term (30 day) qui e s c e n t experiments. Under o x i c ( a i r saturated) freshwater c o n d i t i o n s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of the more t o x i c metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) were l e s s than 10 X g / 1 . More Zn (27 y**g/l) was r e l e a s e d under s a l i n e c o n d i t i o n s . Iron and Mn were r e l e a s e d i n high c o n c e n t r a t i o n s under anoxic ( n i t r o g e n gas purged) c o n d i t i o n s . Extreme pH (5»10) r e s u l t e d i n very h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of a l l metals. Release at pH 10 was a t t r i b u t e d to d i s s o l u t i o n of humic substances which can bind the metals. V a r i a t i o n i n r e l e a s e


Objectives
To identify diverse pathways to linguistic isolation (LI) and explain the differences in LI for older immigrants from different countries.

Method
A demographic decomposition of LI was applied to 18 largest origin subgroups of foreign-born, ages 65 and older, in the 2010-2014 American Community Survey data.

Results
LI varied from 12% for older Indians to 68% for older Ukrainians. Decomposition analysis identified 3 components: (a) Limited English proficiency (LEP); (b) Solitary living; and (c) Limited English of co-resident others. The relative contribution of components differed by country of origin, pointing to different pathways to LI. Older Mexicans have the highest LEP, but moderate LI due to infrequent solitary living and the English proficiency of co-resident others. Many Chinese and Vietnamese older adults are LI because they live with other LEP adults. Older Europeans' common pathway to LI is solitary living.

Discussion
Components of LI in ethnic communities can inform communication strategies for older LEP lacking access to critical information.


N-ethyl carbazole is a very important dye intermediates,which can be used to synthesize the dye of sulphur vat blue GNX and the pigment of violet RL and the dye of carbon,etc.This article had introduced the synthesis of N-ethyl carbazole through several methods such as general synthesis,phase transfer catalysis and microwave induced catalytic synthesis.Compared the three methods above,phase transfer catalysis was the best way to synthesize the N-ethyl carbazole.


The everyday use of smartphones with high quality built-in cameras has lead to an increase in museum visitors' use of these devices to document and share their museum experiences. In this paper, we investigate how one particular photo sharing application, Instagram, is used to communicate visitors' experiences while visiting a museum of natural history. Based on an analysis of 222 instagrams created in the museum, as well as 14 interviews with the visitors who created them, we unpack the compositional resources and concerns contributing to the creation of instagrams in this particular context. By re-categorizing and re-configuring the museum environment, instagrammers work to construct their own narratives from their visits. These findings are then used to discuss what emerging multimedia practices imply for the visitors' engagement with and documentation of museum exhibits. Drawing upon these practices, we discuss the connection between online social media dialogue and the museum site.


Today buildings should be designed for energy efficiency class not less than C. This requires ventilation with heat recovery. On the market, there are different compact heat recovery ventilation units for decentralized ventilation. Regenerative ventilators represent a promising area of effective ventilation with exhaust air heat recovery. They operate cyclically for the inlet and outlet of air. These kinds of ventilators should work in a blocked pair(s) – one for input and one for output in each pair. If not, the effectiveness will decrease. A mathematical model of the ceramic heat regenerator in the regenerative ventilator "Twin Fresh" by Vents has been created to improve the efficiency of its operation. In previous works, on the basis of two different approaches, the operation of the heat regenerator was simulated. The first one uses M. Mikheev's formula for the Nusselt number. The second one is computational fluid dynamic simulation by SolidWorks Flow Simulation. The efficiency coefficients obtained as a result of the simulation had a significant difference – up to 66.5 %. The aim of the work is to find alternative methods for adequately determining the efficiency of the ventilator. A mathematical simulation was performed using a different formula from "Novyi spravochnik khimika i tekhnologa. Protsessy i aparaty khimicheskikh tekhnologii". This formula takes into account the Grashof number. Values obtained are significantly different from both previous ones – up to two times. There is no information in the literature about the experimental conditions for determining the Nusselt number, which was used in the simulation. Therefore, we can't assume, what approach is closer to the conditions of the ceramic regenerator. There is a need to conduct experimental studies to determine the efficiency of the regenerative heat exchanger.


A questionnaire survey,expert interviews,literature and so on,twelve of Guizhou Province Professional Basketball Physical Education Course with materials research.The results showed that every college Basketball General Course materials in use,no special election materials should be made compulsory purchase advanced tutorial basketball sports colleges or tertiary institutions Teacher selected cases according to teaching materials for our students or lecture,to improve basketball in Guizhou Province level of training personnel to make some contribution.


Night-sky brightness caused by artificial lights with human activities has become a serious obstacle to the ground-based astronomical observations. Undesired brightness called "Light Pollution" is known as one of the environmental hazard, and observational data of night-sky brightness have been reported by the Ministry of Environment of Japan. In the other hand, statistical observation of night-sky brightness and artificial light are desired to clarify the relationship between them. We installed an digital camera to measure night-sky brightness in Yamanashi Prefectural Science Center located at Kofu city, and had directly compared the night-sky brightness with artificial lights from October 2009. The night-sky brightness highly correlates with artificial lights measured for two years. This result means that bright sky over cities are strongly affected by the artificial lights. Under the assumption that the correlation between night-sky brightness and artificial lights depend on size of city and population, we installed new camera in Sumida Lifelong Learning Center of Tokyo from November 2010. This camera can observe more polluted night-sky of Tokyo, and we expected to clarify the time variation of brightness over Tokyo. We adopt commercially available digital cameras to measure the sky brightness. We use green channel of RGB bands for measurement because visibility of human eyes has peak of green. In addition, for accurate measurement, we chose RAW format of digital camera, which is not compressed and combined the Bayer pattern. We calibrate sensor response against input light intensity to achieve gamma linearity using calibrated gray scale chart. Because digital camera sensitivity is individually changing, we calibrate sensor gain by measuring standard star on the images. We adopt Johnson V magnitude as a standard star brightness because spectral characteristics of green band on consumer digital camera has similar response of Johnson V band filter. Both camera takes the images every 10 or 15 minutes from 18:00 JST to 6:00 JST for every night. After the Tohoku earthquake at March 11, 2011, city lights in Kofu city decrease about 40% compared to the lights measured before. As the city light is reduced, the night-sky brightness in Kofu city and Tokyo decrease about 40% after the earthquake. The brightness in Tokyo on April 4, 2011 shows value of 17.1 mag/arcsec 2 while the brightness from November 2010 to February 2011 shows value of 16.5 mag/arcsec 2 . Because no intended power outage was brought in operation during observation period and it was found that billboard and outdoor lightings turned off from the night view of Kofu city, only energy saving made the night sky darker. In most cases, light sources which illuminate night sky are waste of electric power. For assessment of light pollution and evaluate the efficient power usage, it is desired to measure night-sky brightness over the long term. We envisaged the creation of a science which deals with the seventh major event in the history of the earth, that is, the rise of science itself. We named it the Science of Science. The aim of our paper is to map out a blueprint for bringing the science of science it into shape. Needless to say, even now there are some rudimentary attempts which could fall into the category of the science of science; cognitive psychology of scientific reasoning, sociology of science, scientometrics, anthropological study of laboratories and so on. And also we have long-established field called history of science, which describes the actual developmental process of science in detail. What we lack is something like a canvas on which we can synthesize findings of these preexisting research fields and paint a phenomenon called science with the whole history of the earth in the background. We claim that a radically naturalized Kantian philosophical project can play a role of such kind of platform for launching the science of science. The Critique of Pure Reason can be re-interpreted as a task analysis of modern science. First, Kant posits a information processing agent which receives manifold of sense as an input and delivers scientific worldview as an output. Then, he sets about a task analysis which tries to answer the question what kind of subtasks are necessitated for this agent to complete the computation of the cognitive function described above. Nevertheless, Kantian task analysis lacks a viewpoint of evolution which can make an issue of how such a unique information processing agent could and did emerge. In addition, Kantian analysis is too individualistic in that it models an agent doing science as a mind of an isolated individual man. However, the real science is being done by a complex made of many scientists and artifacts such as experimental instruments and institutions like a peer review system etc. So, the challenge we are facing is to answer the question how we could build social and evolutionary viewpoints into the pioneering project of Kant. We are proposing one of the new designs of the World view, which is not science but metaphysics, whereas it is based on the latest scientific understanding on the origin and development of life and its evolution to higher ability of sensing environments, processing of information acquired, and further feedback to itself together with environments. Anthropic view is emphasized in designing the World view, since our intellectual ability of understanding the World through science is a result of a particular evolution path with specific cultural history under the specific environmental condition for anthrop. Our intrinsic requirement is to acquire the hopeful view and strategy on the successive survival, or 'ikitsugi', which is identified with a successive continuation of intellectual working to understand the World further. Our natural World view is designed primarily as consisted of the minimum number of essential factors in a causal space in time domain. Our idea is to choose the three; (A) past, (B) present and (C) future all in a form of question and answer. (A) is how the World has been working on the metaphysical basis, (B) is how the epistemology called science works, and (C) is how we design the future World by incorporating axiology naturalized with science and technology in the society. (A) is given by summarizing interpretations of the latest 'historical science knowledge' acquired by (B) on the evolution of space (e.g., big bang), coevolution of life and Earth environments, our whole culture including philosophy and science as natural phenomena and also creation of the World view in (A). (C) shall be our relevant target of 'future science' unifying all of our intellectual activities towards the survival continuation or 'ikitsugi' of intellectual agent for the World in (A) to keep working in a self-reference by feedback. We have assigned (B) to play a central role in constituting the whole view by interpretation, and the 'ikitsugi' as our hope to be a central dogma. Therefore, the World view proposed here is metaphysical in character, whereas its foundation is placed on science concept and also on real intension of anthrop and its possible successors. The world view above is not unique since it is based on the supposedly reasonable interpretation of science knowledge beyond its extent. Any alternative goes as a matter of course. A sound world view is expected to possess a potential of wide span including everything. We have presented only a basic framework of the world view alone without any discussion and application to specific subjects in detail in this abstract. However, this view is a result of our intensive exploitation so as to be useful for scientists, philosophers and other professionals in their respective works in detail. Further we intend to make it useful for the people in acquiring the comprehensive and systematic science literacy essential for designing our future society. (A), their be presented in the of practical the Scientific activities started as one of the greatest events in the history of the earth. Thus the historical question 'where and how did science come from?' can be also investigated in geoscience in so far as one of the aim of geoscience is to reveal the history of the earth (e.g., Kumazawa, Ito, and Yoshida 2002). on the question (e.g., Holyoak and Thagard 1995; Nersessian 2008). Second, we will extend and update these arguments through examining more recent arguments in philosophy (e.g. Carruthers 2006, 2008; Dutton 2009), cognitive archaeology (e.g., Coolidge and Wynn 2009), and comparative studies of huamns and non-human animals (e.g., Haun and Call 2009; Penn, Holyoak, and Povinelli 2008). We carried out a project called "Decoding the Whole Earth History", in which we identified the birth and development of science as the seventh big event in the Earth's history. A natural extension will be to locate science in the Earth's history through a more intensive investigation. On the other hand, philosophy of science is also trying to locate science in a broder perspective of human intellect. Having this aim of locating science in a broad perspective in common, we have organized a group of scientists and philosphers.Nevertheless,we have realized difficulties in finding topics with common interest. Since modern philosophy of science origi-nates from logical reconstruction of mathematics and the advent of quantum mechanics, the main theme of philosophy of science has been the logical reconstruction of the logic of science and the ontology of physical object. These topics are distant from the interest of earth sciences. However, with the recent turn of philosophy toward naturalization, we have found various common topics, one of which is the problem of scientific models. In earth sciences, models play a central role in explaining various natural phenomena. On the other hand, in the philosophy of science, semantic conception of scientific theories tries to characterize model


For this study, three participants were selected who were willing to participate in reappraising the meaning of free play and improving it. These participants took part in in-depth interviews before and after the study. Also, they kept reflective journals throughout the eight sessions of free play each week, and they submitted the journals to the investigator. The investigator then conducted a qualitative analysis of the interviews and journals, and elicited meanings from those materials. The results are as follows. First, through writing journals starting at the beginning of the study, they cultivated reflective thinking and insight and reflected on the role of teachers as educators. Second, reflective thinking enabled them to shed new light upon the role of teachers in free play and to promote the development of free play while overseeing free play. Speaking based on reflective thinking allowed the teachers to observe problems objectively, which led to their practical knowledge and provided an opportunity for children's free play to evolve in quality. During the process, the teachers felt a sense of achievement, and this sense of achievement brought significant results such as motivating them to utilize their reflective thinking in running free play.


Sport, as a sector of national strategy, has a key role in the economic and social development of Hungary and in the successful achievement of its national economic and national policy goals. The promotion of sport, sports activities, the creation and putting in place of the conditions for playing sport is – among other things – a public task of the state, which also implies state funding and the management of public funds. Transparency, accountability and integrity are the most important principles for the use of public funds, and should be a key priority for sports funding. Sports financing needs to move from an extensive to an intensive phase, and the introduction, development and widespread use of the latest innovative technologies in the field of sport must be prioritised. Spending and investment in sport, in the sport sector, and the further conscious and thoughtful development of the sport ecosystem can be seen as a multiple return on investment.


During the past decade marked changes have taken place in the methods of diagnosing mental diseases and in treating patients afflicted with them. Throughout many generations the mind and both its normal and abnormal functioning were considered as something separate and apart from the rest of the body. Gradually, however, as the result of painstaking research, investigators came to believe that mental disorders were but an expression of abnormal cell changes or functions in the same manner that nephritis and other purely physical conditions represented a structural change or faulty action of one or more organs of the body. Furthermore, they felt convinced that various alterations in mental operations in many instances represented the results of various toxins produced in the course of pathologic physical disease. They cited as examples the deliria of typhoid fever and pneumonia, the confusions and intellectual impairment in cardiorenal and general arteriosclerotic conditions, the


Autumn and winter collections of decapod crustaceans in Chesapeake Bight suggest that the region may be divided into three zoogeographical zones: The Gulf Stream with its attendant tropical and southern fauna; the environmentally stable outer continental shelf and upper slope where C. irroratus, H. americanus, and M. iris are abundant; and the seasonally variable inner shelf which may support tropical or boreal species at certain seasons, but where the fauna is dominated by Virginian species such as C. irroratus and 0. ocellatus.


The publication of research results indicating the possibility that significant differences may exist between racial and subracial groups within the world's human population has resulted in personal vilification and even threats on the lives of such respected scholars as Arthur Jensen, William Shockley, and Richard Herrnstein.' To state that such differences even might exist has meant instant notoriety and, in many circles, instant disrepute. The tactics of many who had heretofore been among the first to defend academic freedom and the right of individuals to strike out in new paths of inquiry have been appallingly reminiscent of past repression. Individuals have been subjected to a pretentiously liberal version of an inquisition set up to root out heresy. Those who do not agree with such tactics have all too often condoned them by apathy. The reason for the strong reaction, and its tactics of extremism and unreason, is at least understandable. Theories based explicitly or implicitly on the superiority of some racial groups over others have been used to support the injustices of murder, slavery, and worse for whole groups of people on no other grounds than abstract racial or ethnic identity. And, in the case of the worst of these, the atrocities of National Socialist Germany, there is no question that racial theories were used in justification for racial crimes. But being understandable is not a defense for attempts to destroy the careers of individuals who seek knowledge without any evidence of trying to promote destructive causes. Arthur Jensen is not Adolph Hitler, and Richard Herrnstein does not appear to be an incipient Joseph Goebbels. Even more important, however, is the notion, implicit in the attacks on racial research, that if significant differences between racial groups do exist, it follows that members of different races should be treated differently on that account. Put another way, racial research should be prevented, according to some, because evidence of racial differences would be a proper justification for racism-as if Adoph Hitler were wrong only because of the incorrectness of his racial theories.


Bond, Rebecca. Out of the woods: a true story of an unforgettable event . New York: Margaret Ferguson Books, Farrar Straus Giroux, 2015. Print. The year is 1914 and Antonio lives in Ontario on the edge of lake Gowganda in a hotel run by his mother. The hotel is a curious place to live, with workers who make food, clean and keep things working. There are also all kinds of guests who pass through the hotel that Antonio finds fascinating. Some visitors are sportsmen out to hunt and fish, others are workers who stay longer and have interesting stories to tell. While there are not many children to play with, Antonio's time is divided by exploring the woods around the hotel and engaging with the hotel workers and guests. When Antonio is only five, a serious forest fire causes all the hotel guests to take refuge in the waters of the lake. Some unlikely visitors join them: the woodland animals from all around them. As they wait for the fire to end, the humans and animals wait in the water. All are held hostage by this catastrophic event. Rebecca Bond has captured this striking story from her grandfather's life and retold it in a way that reaches out to young readers. The story itself is quite striking as it causes the reader to think about the broad sweeping effects a natural disaster can have. It also makes one reconsider our connection to animals and how we are all vulnerable when it comes to nature.  The sketched illustrations in this book have a sense of warmth mixed with dark detail so that children and adults will both enjoy reading the images as much as the text. The images of Antonio's life come alive in great detail, especially when the forest fire is depicted, with its ominous browns and oranges, which really sets the appropriate mood. This book is likely best for children in early grade school, as younger children may not fully grasp the story. Out of the Woods captures a small piece of Canadian history and presents it alongside a pivotal moment in a young boy's life. This would be an excellent book for parents and children to read together, so they can discuss it afterwards. Highly recommended: 4 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Hanne Pearce Hanne Pearce has worked at the University of Alberta Libraries in various support staff positions since 2004 and is currently a Public Service Librarian at the HT Coutts Education and Physical Education Library. Aside from being an avid reader she has continuing interests in writing, photography, graphic design and knitting.


Summary The disaster committee is a mechanism for educating health care workers for the unpredictable consequences of serious natural and manmade calamities. Planning is the key, and the disaster committee must strive toward this challenging objective. A persistent and positive attitude can make the difference between the disaster committee's success of failure. By using some very old principles of good management and organization, and adding some new concepts, a disaster committee can be an effective and worthwhile venture.


Goal. study of supply and demand for wheat grain on the world market, as well as highlighting the main trends and analysis of projected wheat prices at the end of 2022, taking into account the state of crops and projected yields in major exporting countries. Method. To achieve this goal used a wide range of general and special methods of scientific knowledge: dialectical method, graphic, trend, technical analysis, method of induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, monographic. Results. The study revealed a downward trend in the supply of wheat on the world food market in the 2022/23 marketing year, which, according to experts, will significantly affect price growth and could cause a global food crisis. The reason for this situation is the decline in wheat production in major exporting countries, government restrictions on exports to some countries, weather conditions in France, the blockade of Black Sea ports by Russian troops in Ukraine. Thus, the dynamics of wheat prices in Ukraine shows that on May 9 the price of wheat fell to UAH 6,000 / t, but on May 16 it increased by UAH 500 / t, and on May 23 it fell below UAH 6,000 / t. In general, the slump in grain prices is very significant and reaches about 30% of the initial price. According to technical analysis, the forecast prices for wheat in December 2022 on the Paris Stock Exchange Euronext may reach 440 euros / ton, and on the Chicago Stock Exchange - up to 1360 c $ / bu. The scientific novelty lies in a comprehensive study of the situation on the world wheat market and highlighting the main trends in its development. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in the technical analysis of the wheat grain market on the two main world exchanges and the formulation of sound conclusions about the current price movement and further trend, support and containment lines.


Economic development is dependant on factors including capital, labour force and natural resources. Forests are natural resources which, if properly managed, can provide habitats for animal and plant species, pasture for livestock, wood for shelter, timber and fuelwood, land for agriculture and can have a favourable effect on weather and climatic patterns. Nevertheless, deforestation has been a widespread phenomenon in tropical Africa, with an annual forest clearance of between 1·3–3·7 million ha. This paper reviews the pattern of deforestation in tropical Africa by examining its causes and consequences, as well as assessing the prospects for the attempts being made to control it. It identifies forest clearance for subsistence farming as the principal determinant of deforestation, but does not consider the ignorance of small-scale farmers as the underlying cause. Given the deteriorating agricultural production, the paper argues that the principal issue is not how to stop forest depletion, but how to manage forest resources to enable the community meets its objectives on an effective, fair and efficient basis. An approach which releases part of the rural population from the land or provides an alternative form of a secure livelihood is an example of the sustainable strategies for managing forests. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In this paper, an adaptive fuzzy controller design is proposed for a class of time-delay system with input containing sector nonlinearities and dead-zone. First fuzzy systems are applied to estimate the bound of the lumped perturbation and the uncertainties. Based on Lyapunov theorem, a control law and adaptive laws are proposed to guarantee the stability of the overall system. Finally, a computer simulation example is used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed control strategy.


The extent of pollution of water, sediments, plants and soils irrigated with water from Oke-Afa canal Lagos was investigated. The mean values of the alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, total dissolve solids, total solids, phosphates, nitrates, pH, temperature and heavy metals were within the acceptable values of water for irrigation except a few which were higher than the FAO regulation. The levels of Zn, Cd and Pb in sediments exceeded European Community regulations values, while that of soil were within the values recommended except Cd. The average levels of heavy metals in Telfaria occidentalis were low but higher than the values of the control. It is concluded that industrial effluents, indiscriminate dumping of garbage and sewage have contributed to excess metals found in soil, sediment, water and plants.


We show that the direct URCA process can occur in neutron stars if the proton concentration exceeds some critical value in the range 11--15%. The proton concentration, which is determined by the poorly known symmetry energy of matter above nuclear density, exceeds the critical value in many current calculations. If it occurs, the direct URCA process enhances neutrino emission and neutron star cooling rates by a large factor compared to any process considered previously.


Mergers and acquisitions are widely used global market entry strategies, which have the potential to change the business landscape in various ways, such as cultural shift, business practices and resources transfer. Walmart's growth and global expansion strategies have and continue to be premised on acquisitions and mergers. The South African merger was fraught with challenges from civic society, groups, businesses and government who all believed that employees would lose jobs, in the hope of transforming the retailing landscape. On the other hand, the arrival of Walmart in South Africa was welcomed by Massmart, which had been struggling to sustain its competitiveness in the contemporary retail market. The market, employees and communities were apprehensive of the impact of the merger on culture; therefore, it was imperative to conduct this study to establish the challenges arising from the merger. This study was informed by the interpretivist methodological assumption resulting in the collection of qualitative data through an inductive process. A sample of twelve participants was selected using non-probability purposive and convenience sampling techniques. Sample elements were selected for being readily available, accessible and possessing relevant data required to address the research problem. Data were collected from participants through in-depth face-to-face interviews guided by an interview protocol. Interviews were recorded with the aid of a voice recorder, of which the transcriptions were decoded into themes using NVivo 10, a qualitative data analysis programme. Emerging themes were analysed through thematic data analysis to extra rich data sets. The study established that the merger created anxiety amongst staff, market and different stakeholders. New management embarked on a serious change management education drive to diffuse tensions and resistance. There was a paradigm cultural shift that required stakeholder involvement to ensure the success of the merger. The study recommended that, prior to engaging in mergers, firms s


Neural correlate of major depressive disorder (MDD) and control of addition under emotional stimulus is still unclear. Addition under positive emotional stimulus (AP) and addition under negative emotional stimulus (AN) are two typical different cognitive processing, and with a common core component of rule induction. Previous studies have demonstrated that different processing is adopted in AP and AN completion tasks; even the underlying rules are identical. In the present study, we examined cortical activation as a function of two different machining processing for solving addition calculation under different emotional completion tasks. In AP completion tasks, involves direct retrieving of arithmetic knowledge to get the relations between items. In AN completion tasks, requires counting a certain number of times to detect the relations linking two items. The two processes require essentially the equivalent cognitive processes, but they have different working memory demands. In AN completion tasks produced significant greater activity involved in memory retrieval (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLPFC) and mental representation/maintenance (posterior parietal cortex, PPC). An ACT-R model of the tasks successfully predicted the behavioral performance and BOLD response. The present findings positive emotional stimulus has promoting effect on addition cognitive calculate. Negative emotional stimulus has inhibiting effect on addition cognitive calculate.


O ne meaning of topology is configuration— the "relative arrangement of parts or elements" or "something (as a figure, contour, pattern, or apparatus) that results from a particular arrangement of parts or components" (http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/ dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=configuration). As applied to computer storage systems, a topology incorporates specific storage protocols, transport mechanisms, and physical connections usually associated with advanced storage practices including


It was established that oxidative browning was confined to the carrot root surface tissue. Phenolic content was determined in carrot tissue at various depths. The phenolic content was highest in tissue nearest the root surface, and phenol content at various depths paralleled the observed potential browning.Paper chromatographic separation of carrot tissue extracts showed complicated patterns of phenolics and blue-fluorescent compounds. Twelve compounds were separated, four of which discolored when treated with tyrosinase. The compound corresponding to chlorogenic acid was the primary oxidative browning substrate, and that corresponding to L-tyrosine was of secondary prominence.


This review article reports for the first time phytochemistry, ethnobotanical uses and pharmacological activities of all Cupressus L. species other than Cupressus sempervirens L. Indeed, the literature survey showed how many other Cupressus species are rich of important phytochemical compounds, widely used in the ethnobotanical field for several purposes and endowed with interesting biological activities, even if they are somehow neglected by the scientific community. This review aims to continue the study of these other Cupressus species and promote more research on them.


Conscientiously implements the arrangement of China Railway Company Work Conference,sums up 2013' project and statistical work,mobilizes the leaders and workers of this system,guided by the spirits of 18th CPC National Congress and Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist,implements the requirement of State Council Document [2013] No.33 to reform and innovate,strives to create a new situation of railway project and statistical work.


Many historians have agreed that the period between the fall of Baghdad to the Mongols in 1258 to the first Ottoman occupation 1534 is a dark period as if it were a period of hibernation, but the researcher can dust off the manifestations of urbanism, some of which are still immortal, especially during the era of the Jalayirid, whose era Iraq witnessed some kind of relative stability thanks to what their early rulers enjoyed at the head of the Led by Sheikh Hassan Al_Jalairi of The Force and Sultan, this helped to establish a great urban and scientific renaissance that made the road easy for Iraqis to continue their previously civilized traditions in building schools, institutions and religious institutes. The research dealt with the schools established during that period and those who are responsible for them as well as the manifestations of urbanization erected from mosques, khanat, and the architecture of shrines and religious centers, many of which still exist to this day


Objectives: 1) Recognize challenges in managing metastatic squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) to the parotid gland. 2) Describe our 5-year experience of treating metastatic SCC of the parotid gland. Methods: Retrospective case series of 22 consecutive patients undergoing parotidectomies for treatment of metastatic SCC to the parotid gland between August 2006 and December 2011 at Weill Cornell Medical College. Interventions included parotidectomy and radiation therapy (RT). Outcome measures included complications, survival, and locoregional recurrence. Results: Seventy-seven percent of patients were male, with a mean age of 77 years (range 46 - 93 years). Eighteen patients underwent superficial parotidectomy, four received total parotidectomy, and 16 underwent neck dissection. Fifteen patients received post-operative RT, and 1 patient had neoadjuvant radiation 4 months prior to surgery. Median dose of radiation delivered was 6300 cGy at 200 cGy per fraction. Overall 2-year survival was 77.4%, and 2-year disease-free survival was 33.3%. Recurrence rate was 54.5%, with a median time to recurrence of 14 months. The 2-year survival rate was 32% and 80% in patients with positive versus negative margins, respectively (P = .01). The 2-year survival rate was 56% and 100% in patients with positive versus negative cervical lymph nodes, respectively (P = 0.03). Five of 6 patients receiving conventional RT developed severe skin toxicity or could not complete treatment; none receiving intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) developed such complications. Conclusions: Positive lymph nodes in neck dissection specimens are an important prognostic factor in treating patients with metastatic SCC to the parotid gland. IMRT is better tolerated compared to conventional RT techniques.


Regulation has been an important instrument in pushing the business community towards im-proved environmental performance. However, there has also been increasing pressure from a growing number of stakeholders, including employees, customers, neighbours and NGOs, etc. In order to improve corporate relationships with various stakeholders, companies need to be able to identify these stakeholders and assess their influence. The first part of this paper will discuss the relevant theory and introduce a model to analyse and identify the most significant stake-holder groups and their influence on corporate behaviour. Based on a recent survey of Danish companies, the second part of the paper will report on the success of a variety of stakeholders in forcing companies to introduce environment-related initiatives. The results will then be discussed in light of the theory and other reported results. The paper closes with a discussion of research implications.


Classification the 3D models in the graphical environment is a key problem with applications in computer graphics, virtual reality, especially the intelligent virtual human for Humanoid Animation. The challenging aspects of this problem are to find a suitable shapes' feature that can be used to compare them quickly and a proper method to classify the models on the features. We propose a method of classifying shapes' features for surface-based 3D shape models based on their shape similarity. The features of shape of 3D models are computed by first converting an input surface based model into an oriented point set model and then computing features histograms of distance and Shape Distributions. Then, Support Vector Machines (SVM) are used to classify the features of the models. By the classification the models can be given semantic meanings in the 3D environment.


This paper researches the cooperative localization in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with 2π/π-periodic angle-of-arrival (AOA) measurements. Two types of localizers are developed from the perspectives of Bayesian inference and convex optimization. When the orientation angles are known, the positioning problem is resolved by a phase-only generalized approximate message passing (POG-AMP) algorithm with importance sampling mechanism. From the perspective of convex optimization, the positioning problem under 2π/π-periodic AOAs is converted as a least square (LS) problem and then resolved by the gradient-descent/projected gradient-descent method named as Type-I LS localizer. When the orientations are unknown, expectation-maximization (EM) mechanism is introduced into the POG-AMP localizer, where node positions and orientations are alternatively updated through exchanging their statistical confidences. Type-II LS localizer is constructed by alternatively executing Type-I LS and a maximum-likelihood (ML) estimator of orientation. Cramér-Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) are derived for the proposed localizers. Simulation results validate that the proposed AMP-type and LS-type localizers outperform existing localizers, AMP-type localizers successfully handle nonlinear quantization losses, and EM-framework and ML estimator handle unknown orientation problem. AMP-type localizers outperform LS-type ones, and can approach to the CRLBs even under high noise contaminations.


In-ZSM-5 zeolites were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and characterized by XRD, MAS NMR, IR, thermoanalysis, TPD of ammonia and catalytically tested. The data reveal the isomorphous substitution of silicon by indium in the framework, however, in comparison with other elements the substitution degree is low: Al > Ga > Fe > B > In. In-ZSM-5 shows a low catalytic activity.


Keynote Address: Object-Oriented Information Systems in the 21st Century.Dan Fishman (Chief Architect, Informix Software Inc, USA).- Object Oriented Methodologies: Complexity and Maintenance: A Comparative Study of Object-Oriented and Structured Methodologies. Richard J. (Dick) Whiddett, Michael A. Bailey (Massey University, New Zealand).Systems Oriented Analysis and Design Directions: A Suggested Evolution from the Object Model. Craig E. Perritt (BHP Information Technology, Australia).- Query Processing: Query Evaluation in an Object-Oriented Multimedia Mediator.Joachim Biskup, Jorgen Freitag, Yocel Karabulut, Barbara Sprick (Universitat Dortmund, Germany). A Concatenated Signature Scheme on Path Dictionary for Query Processing of Composite Objects.Hakgene Shin (Kijeon Womens Junior College, Korea), Heeju Lee, Jaewoo Chang (Chonbuk National University, Korea). An Approach to Query Translation in a Federation of Distributed Heterogeneous Database Systems.Xuequn Wu (Deutsche Telekom AG, Germany).- Modelling Issues I: A Practical Formally-Based Modelling Method for Object Oriented Information Systems.Kinh Nguyen (Victoria University of Technology, Australia), Tharam Dillon (La Trobe University, Australia).Viewpoints in Object-Oriented Databases.Hala Naja (CRIN, Centre de Recherche en Informatique de Nancy, France), Noureddine Mouaddib (IRIN, Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Nantes, France).Construction of a Modelling Framework for Health Information.Paul Ryder, Graham Pervan, Donald McDermid (Curtin University of Technology, Australia).- Transaction Processing and Concurrency Control: A Performance Evaluation for a Concurrency Control Mechanism in an ODBMS. Mohsen Beheshti (University of Houston-Downtown, USA). A Transaction Model to Support Disconnected Operation in a Mobile Computing Environment. A. Rasheed, A. Zaslavsky (Monash University, Australia). Legacy Transactional Systems Integration Framework. Simone Sidillot, Jian Liang (INRIA, France).-Applications: A Dynamic Business Object Architecture for an Insurance Industrial Project. Kitty Hung (South Bank University, UK), Yuan Sun (Compuware Ltd, UK), Tony Rose (CAD Consultants Ltd, UK). Automatic Drawing of Structured Digraphs. Hui Yao (NTT International Corporation, Japan). Making O2 become a WWW Server. Frank Buddrus, Sven-Eric Lautemann (Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitdt, Germany), Marco Bellavia (Universit'Statale di Milano, Italy)- Modelling Issues II: Subject Composition by Roles. Bent Bruun Kristensen (Odense University, Denmark). Assessing Inheritance for the Multiple Descendant Redefinition Problem in OO Systems. Philippe Li-Thiao-Ti, Jessie Kennedy, John Owens (Napier University, Scotland). An Aggregation Model and its C++ Implementation Manuel Kolp, Alain Pirotte (Universiti Catholique de Louvain, Belgium).- Re-Usability I: Behavioural Pattern Analysis Approach. R Chafi, C.R. Carlson (Illinois Institute of Technology, USA). Enhancing Reusability and Maintainability in NDOOM. Li Xuandong, Zheng Guoliang (Nanjing University, China). Temporal Business Objects: A Waste of Time? Paul Schleifer (South Bank University, UK), Yuan Sun (Compuware Ltd, UK), Dilip Patel (South Bank University, UK).- Modelling Issues III: Classifying Approaches to Object Oriented Analysis of Work with Activity Theory. Ole SmXrdal (University of Oslo, Norway). Race Scheduling Controls for Object Systems. En-Hsin Huang, Tzilla Elrad (Illinois Institute of Technology, USA). Quality of Service Object-Oriented Modeling at the Operating System Level. Hanan Bentaleb (Universiti Paul Sabatier, France).- Re-usability II: A Descriptive Language for Information Object Reuse through Virtual Documents. Anne-Marie Vercoustre, Frangois Paradis (CSIRO Mathematical & Information Sciences, Australia). Generic Reusable Business Object Modelling - A Framework and its Application in British Telecommunications plc. Islam Choudbury (South Bank University, UK), Yuan Sun (Compuware Ltd, UK), Dili


SLA research indicates that negotiation promotes interlanguage development and that learners are most likely to negotiate if opportunities for oral interaction are provided. In the case of campusbased students, learners' progress is supported and monitored mainly through classroom interactions. If students do not attend classes on campus, how do they gain the reported benefits of oral interaction? Recent studies indicate that chatting provides opportunities for the negotiation of meaning, as occurs in oral interaction. However, most of these have been conducted on interactions between learners, with teacher supervision, often in task-based instructional settings. This study considers implications for distance language learning of negotiations by a group of intermediate learners of Italian interacting in dyads on a Web based Italian native speaker (NS) chat program. The research specifically explores (a) whether live chat with native speakers offers opportunities for negotiation of meaning in open ended tasks carried out in single session interactions with unfamiliar NS without teacher supervision, (b) the principal triggers for negotiation and modification of interlanguage in these interactions, and (c) whether public NS chat rooms are likely to offer an optimal environment for SLA, even for learners studying at a distance who need to chat without supervision. Chat logs indicate that learners do in fact negotiate for meaning and modify their interlanguage when engaged in open ended conversational tasks with unfamiliar interlocutors, with lexical and structural difficulties triggering most negotiations. Though further research needs to probe whether these negotiations and modifications lead to acquisition in the longer term, they would be particularly valuable for distance learners who need opportunities to negotiate within authentic target language contexts.


Magnetic system support was the key part of the magnetic system support for arced magnetic separator. 3D software Solid Works was used to model the magnetic system support for arced magnetic separator. Magnetic force was calculated by theoretical formula. Finite element analysis software COSMOS was applied to do finite element analysis for magnetic system support of arced magnetic separator. The deformation characteristics and stress distribution law of magnetic system support for arced magnetic separator under particular magnetic field strength were gotten. The best geometric structural parameters of magnetic system support for arced magnetic separator was gotten. This paper supported theoretical basis of arced magnetic system design of arced magnetic separator and series design of whole product parametric modeling.


The chemical composition, the microbiological feature and the microstructure of young and mature Brinza cheese were investigated. During ripening fat, total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen, non protein nitrogen; peptide nitrogen, amino acid nitrogen and acidity increased while the microbial feature decreased.

The amount of free amino acids and free fatty acids increased with storage and the patterns of their distribution changed with the highest levels for lysine, glutamic, oleic, palmatic and myristic acids.

The microstructure of fresh Brinza cheese consists of casein micelles joined together to form an open network with clustering of micelles. During ripening, these micelles continued to aggregate and coalesce with increasing fusion process to give more homogeneous and loose structure similar to that in white pickled Domiati cheese.

Zusammenfassung


Objective To assess the efficacy,safety,and tolerability of Topiramate(TPM) and Sodium Valproate(SV) as prophylactic therapy for migraine.Methods Prospectively,total of 146 patients with episodic migraine were randomly divided into two groups:TPM group(74 cases) and SV group(72 cases).TPM was titrated by 25 mg per week for 2~4 weeks and the highest dose was 100 mg/d.SV was given at 200 mg twice daily during initial titration of therapy and the highest dose was 600 mg/d.The therapies lasted for 13 weeks,meanwhile the migrain frequency,days and the severity of headache were recorded in headache diaries.The severity of headache was rated on a 0~10 rating scale.Results Mean frequency of headache attack decreased from 7.01 to 1.89 times per month(P0.001) in TPM group and 6.87 to 1.91 times per month(P0.001) in SV group,respectively.Mean days of headache occurrence decreased from 7.28 to 1.89 d(P0.001) in TPM group and 7.09 to 2.40 d in SV group(P0.001).No significant differences existed in mean frequency and days of headache between two groups.Mean severity decreased from 8.05 to 2.02(P0.001) in TPM group and from 7.56 to 3.62(P0.001) in SV group.There was a significant difference between two groups(6.03±3.84 VS 3.96±3.22,P0.05).The most common side effects of TPM were acroparesthesias,dizziness,fatigue and anorexia and the side effects of SV were nausea,vomit,decline of white blood cells and light increase of transaminase.Conclusions Both TPM and SV prophylaxis therapy for episodic migraine yield significant reduction in migraine frequency,days and severity.TPM is better in reduction of headache severity.


Acoustic echo cancellation with stereo signals is generally an under-determined problem because of the high coherence between the left and right channels. In this paper, we present a novel method of significantly reducing inter-channel coherence without affecting the audio quality. Our work takes into account psychoacoustic masking and binaural auditory cues. The proposed non-linear processing combines a shaped comb-allpass (SCAL) filter with the injection of psychoacoustically masked noise. We show that the proposed method performs significantly better than other known methods for reducing inter-channel coherence.


among the studies. Variability was explained by the use of different cut-offs, different reference methods (e.g. cDXA's measurement sites) and different subject's populations. CONCLUSIONS: Although the results of some studies appear promising; further refinement of indications, population-specific reference databases and studies to determine valid cut-off are needed before the technology can be successfully introduced into routine care.


OBJECTIVE To prepare novel microparticles as pulmonary drug delivery systems and study its basic characteristics. METHODS Solid lipid nanoparticles ( SLNs) suspension was sprayed drying to prepare microparticles for inhalation and the basic characteristics were studied as well as the stability of SLNs and model drug thymopentin ( Tp5) during procedure. RESULTS The resultant microparticles showed spherical but porous surface with a small size of 4. 8 ± 0. 4 μm and low bulk and tapped densities ( 0. 48 ±0. 02 g·cm-3,0. 71 ± 0. 06 g·cm-3 respectively) . The microparticles presented appropriate aerodynamic characteristics for lung delivery( emitted dose of 85. 0% ± 2. 8% and high respirable fraction of 61. 6% ± 3. 0% ) ,and in vivo the microparticles spreaded homogeneously in deep lung. Furthermore SLNs and Tp5 could keep stable during preparation. CONCLUSION Taking all these results into account,this novel microparticles system is suitable for inhalation and has an ample potential for pulmonary drug delivery.


The 3D modeling is an important research area in Geographical Information System (GIS) and related fields. Many of the GIS applications need the actual data of the three dimensional (3D) value for their modeling. The 3D visualization of the spatial data gives more ideas about the terrains. The 3DGIS technologies comprise of the combination of GIS and Information Technology (IT).The advancement in the computer and web related technologies boosted the research of 3D GIS. Currently several open source software are available for modeling and developmental purpose. The present study used Cesium JavaScript library for 3D rendering and its customization. Wamp server one of the premier webserver is used for the webhosting. For the development of user interface, HTML and PHP based scripting language was used. The present study aims to design and develop a 3DWeb GIS application for effective visualization, utilization of information and dissemination of spatial data of Karunagappally Municipality, a fast growing town in the western coast of the peninsular India.


Abstract This article deals with the ability of Allan variance to predict noise models in any frequency system. Five noise types were modeled and simulated by computer. The Allan variance is able to identify these noise models. Any type of five noises can be identified by the Allan variance via "sigma-tau" plot. In this study, RMSE was used to measure the potential of Allan Variance. Keywords: allan variance, noise model


As time evolves, it is easier to find children, young, and adults using earphones to do various things ranging from work to entertainment purposes. The habit of using earphones with a volume that is too loud or too long added with other daily noise and a person's lifestyle can certainly harm their hearing. Therefore, the risk of hearing loss that can arise due to unsafe use of earphones needs to be informed early on to young people. This is because hearing loss due to noise is irreversible, so prevention is the most effective way to protect hearing from the risks that may occur. The research objective was to describe the creative strategy design for the educational campaign using earphones. The campaign's creative strategy is using qualitative methods, observation, interviews, literature studies, and surveys. The target chosen for this campaign strategy is young people aged 18-22 years as the generation who use earphones in their everyday life most of the time. The result of this research is a creative strategy in designing a visual communication campaign using an educational approach with the concept of "your last song". This concept emphasizes the delivery of information that the habit of listening to songs using earphones needs to pay attention to safety and risk aspects.


(1) In a dense reedbed at Lake Biwa in Japan 30-80% of male great reed warblers were polygynous each year, whereas others remained monogamous or even unmated throughout the breeding season. (2) Males that had established territories by mid-May (early males) were more likely to be polygynous than those that established territories after mid-May (late males). Second females were attracted to the territories of early males, even though unmated late males held territories nearby. (3) Many late males attracted mates when all the first mates of early males either had not yet laid or had chicks. At these stages, males do not sing actively and hence did not attract females. Already mated early males attracted as many or more females as unmated late males as long as they were singing. (4) Early males held large territories early in the breeding season and late males established their territories by carving out a part of the former's territory. Territories of early males always included an area of dense vegetation which was never yielded to later arrivals.