IntroductionIt is not surprising that IQ measures predict educational achievement as they have had a long history of validation specifically against achievement criteria (Deary, et al., 2007; Mackintosh, 2006; Sternberg, 2003). Psychology systematically studied predictive value of intelligence measures in the educational domain and there is little doubt that this value is significant: Correlations between psychometric intelligence and educational achievement are usually moderate to strong (e.g., Deary, et al., 2007; McGrew, and Knopik, 1993). However, conventional IQ measures typically explain only about 25% of variance in learning outcomes and their predictive power seems to lower when studied on higher levels of education or in selective samples (MacKinnon, 1962; Grigorenko, and Kornilov, 2007; Sternberg, Grigorenko, and Bundy, 2001).One of the possible ways of increasing the predictive value of intelligence measures is by broadening the concept of intelligence itself. For example, Sternberg's (1999, 2003) triarchic theory of intelligence suggests that relatively independent analytical, practical and creative abilities each make a unique contribution to achievement. This approach addresses previously unexamined types of abilities that play a role in adaptation and achievement; cultural differences in beliefs about abilities that are considered valuable; and students' individual profiles of weaknesses and strengths as well.Another approach is to study the incremental explanatory power of intelligence measures obtained through self- and other-reports. This approach is of special interest to us because a self-estimated intelligence construct is by definition closely related to a self-concept. Self-estimated (or self-assessed) intelligence represents "individual differences in people's level of awareness of their capacity to perform on intellectually demanding tasks" (Chamorro-Premuzic, and Furnham, 2006a, p. 257) and is usually measured with direct self-estimates, Likert scales, percentile ranks, and visual analog scales (see Holling, and Preckel, 2005).It is obvious that if self-estimated intelligence as a measure of one's insight into level of his abilities correlates with actual ability measures, part of its predictive power may come from this correlation. An increasing number of studies showed that these self-evaluations significantly and positively (r = .14 to r = .37) correlated with conventional IQ measures (Borkenhau, and Liebler, 1993; Mabe, and West, 1982; Paulus, Lysy, and Yik, 1998; Rammstedt, and Rammsayer, 2002). This means that if self-estimates of intelligence are specific and relatively accurate estimates of abilities, they can be used to predict achievement just as intelligence measures are. Indeed, Chamorro-Premuzic and Furnham (2006b) argue that, unlike other self-evaluation constructs, self-estimated intelligence is an intelligence measure, but a subjective one. However, a view of self-estimated intelligence as a proxy for psychometric measures in studying cognitive predictors of academic achievement is still doubtful (Paulus, Lysy, and Yik, 1998; but also see Holling, and Preckel, 2005) since previous research showed that personality measures explain about 8% in self-estimated intelligence (Furnham, and Dissou, 2007); the scores are systematically biased in subsamples and moderated by social comparisons, gender, experience with the tasks applied to assess the ability, and feedback (see Holling, and Preckel, 2005, for an overview). Also, just as for academic self-concept, there is also evidence for self-estimated intelligence having motivational effects (e.g., Chamorro-Premuzic, and Furnham, 2006a, 2006b).The facts that discussions on whether self-estimated intelligence is related to intelligence or personality (or both) domains are far from being over, that the actual incremental predictive power of a self-estimated intelligence over conventional intelligence measures has rarely been studied, and that most studies focus on the relationship between self-estimated intelligence and personality traits but not other self-concept components, directed us towards simultaneous investigation of the relationship between self-estimated intelligence, conventional intelligence measures, self-concept components and achievement and the incremental predictive power of self-estimated intelligence over conventional IQ measure. …


The dynamic cell–cell communication is essential for tissue homeostasis in normal physiological circumstances and contributes to a diversified tumor microenvironment. Although exosomes are extracellular vesicles that actively participate in cell–cell interaction by shutting cellular components, impacts of tumor exosomes in the context of cancer stemness remain elusive. Here, we expand colorectal cancer stem cells (CRCSCs) as cancer spheroids and demonstrate that the β‐catenin/Tcf‐4‐activated RAB27B expression is required for the secretion of CRCSC exosomes. In an exosomal RNA sequencing analysis, a switch of exosomal RNA species from retrotransposons to microRNAs (miRNAs) is identified upon expanding CRCSCs. miRNA‐146a‐5p (miR‐146a) is the major miRNA in CRCSC exosomes and exosomal miR‐146a promotes stem‐like properties and tumorigenicity by targeting Numb in recipient CRC cells. Among 53 CRC patients, those with abundant exosomal miR‐146a expression in serum exhibits higher miR‐146aHigh/NumbLow CRCSC traits, an increased number of tumor‐filtrating CD66(+) neutrophils and a decreased number of tumor‐infiltrating CD8(+) T cells. Our study elucidates a unique mechanism of tumor exosome‐mediated stemness expansion.


Mixed plate elements for accurate evaluation of transverse mechanical stresses and electrical displacement are developed and compared in this work. Various forms of the Reissner mixed variational theorem are considered to a priori fulfill the interlaminar continuity of transverse electromechanical variables. Classical formulation based on the principle of virtual displacements are implemented for comparison purposes. 2D assumptions are introduced by means of the Carrera unified formulation (CUF). Layer-wise theories are developed by using Legendre type polynomials of various order in the plate-thickness expansion. The evaluation of the interlaminar continuity of transverse electric displacement and/or transverse stresses on the static response of piezoelectric actuated/sensing plate is provided and compared. Orthotropic and anisotropic simply supported plates are considered. Results are assessed by comparison with available 3D piezoelasticity solutions. The mixed formulations that a priori evaluate the transverse electric displacement appear of particular interest. These last, in fact, permit an easy, convenient and reliable calculation of the electric charge and make feasible the development of robust control algorithms.


Abstract When glycine-1–14C-cholate was given orally and 14CO2 specific activity of expired air measured by a breath-analysis technic, the results clearly separated patients with either ileal resection or bacterial-overgrowth syndromes from subjects without abnormalities of bile-salt metabolism. The normal subjects and the patients with steatorrhea unrelated to abnormalities of bile-salt metabolism had no appreciable rise in 14CO2 excretion (2.2 ± 0.60 [S.E.] and 1.3 ± 0.31 per cent administered dose, respectively) whereas subjects with ileal resection and bacterial-overgrowth syndromes had a rapid appearance of 14CO2 in expired breath (31.4 ± 4.62 and 23.4 ± 6.78 per cent of administered dose, respectively). Elimination of bacterial overgrowth with antibiotics or surgical fistula repair returned 14CO2 excretion (0.7 ± 0.23 per cent) to normal. Thus, the breath test will detect increased bacterial deconjugation of bile salts and assess effective antibiotic management of bacterial-overgrowth syndromes.


The central aim of this project was the total elimination of allergenic sequences from the wheat genome while retaining the industrial quality of the gluten proteins.


The aim of the paper is to describe algorithms for automated Slovak words stacking, syntax readable for such algorithms and explain the need for these algorithms. Algorithm for Slovak nouns stacking serves to inflect all forms of Slovak nouns and together with designed syntax accelerate the process of writing them into system for sign language processing.


ABSTRACT Police officers' job satisfaction has usually been measured by quantitative methods such as survey. This research is the first attempt to interview police officers in Korea to find how satisfied they are with their job. Based on e-mail interview with fourteen police officers in Korea, the study measured the multiple dimensions of job satisfaction including work condition, relationship with supervisors and colleagues, personnel management, pay and benefit, and discretion. The results suggested that police officers' attitude toward their job and motivation of becoming police officers may influence their job satisfaction. Other findings and policy implications are also discussed. Keywords : Job Satisfaction, Qualitative Method, E-mail Interview, South Korean Police 1. INTRODUCTION Police officers' job satisfaction is important because it is related to their performance, police-community relations, turn over, and other things. Those who are satisfied with their job perform the work effectively, and have less job withdrawal [1][2]. Psychologists indicated that job satisfaction affects employees' behavior, attitude, and commitment [2]. They have made efforts to measure job satisfaction accurately and correctly. In this paper, we examined how police officers are satisfied and attempted to explore the factors that influence their job satisfaction. Most research has been conducted with the quantitative method such as survey [1],[3]-[7]. It is a cost effective way to find how police officers are satisfied with their job and what factors affect their job satisfaction. Job Descriptive Index was developed to measure job satisfaction in the quantitative research. However, the quantitative approach is not a good measure to get respondents' honest answer to policing because police is a kind of closed organization. Many scholars have attempted to make personal interviews with police officers to overcome the problem [8],[9]. To this end, they sometimes patrolled and worked with officers to establish rapport. This way, they could understand the characteristics of


Peyronie's disease is a devastating physical and psychological problem affecting up to 2% of adult men. These men typically present with penile deformity in the erect state (i.e., curvature, shortening, hinging, and narrowing), and up to 80% may have an associated erectile dysfunction problem with diminished rigidity. Only recently, with research into wound healing disorders such as keloids and hypertrophic scar, have there also been advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of Peyronie's disease, which also appears to be a complex problem of site-specific altered wound healing. This abnormality results in the exuberant deposition of an inelastic scar tissue within the tunica albuginea, most commonly following trauma to the erect penis. Peyronie's disease does not typically resolve spontaneously, as previously thought. Contemporary treatment options include oral and intralesional injection therapy in hopes of stopping the progression or reversing the tethering behavior of the inelastic scar. If...


Direct cardiac stimulation was conducted in the open chest. In normal animals, auricular stimulation at frequencies faster than the spontaneous rate caused little change in vascular pressures or cardiac output. Comparable ventricular stimulation in the same animals caused falls in cardiac output and blood pressure, with elevations in venous pressure. In contrast, ventricular stimulation in animals with complete heart block caused elevations in cardiac output and blood pressure, and declines in venous pressure. A study was also made of repetitive stimulation in experimental cardiac arrest. Occasionally pacemaking was of value in the resuscitation, but in most cases effective contractions could not be induced with stimulation.


A light which was flickered at approximately 5 cycles per second provoked a more direct guided response in the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) than did a steady source of the same intensity. Among the principal implications are those which concern the use of the beetles in bioassay of chemical attractants in which light is used as an opposing stimulus. The light intensity should be at least stabilized, and preferably flickered at an appropriate frequency.


In analysis of masonry structures in complex state of stress, usually carried out with usage of programmes based on FEM the most important is knowledge of the real mechanical material parameters. The detailed describing of the failure process of masonry structure needs the nonlinear analysis, which should be based on the post elastic behaviour of masonry including the characteristic of the material degradation. Tests of unreinforced clay brick masonry wall specimens subjected to cyclic axially compressive loads in both orthogonal directions are presented. Tested masonry wallettes were two types differ from each other overall dimensions. Moreover, in case of small specimens loading was realised in both orthogonal directions. The results of tests are presented and discussed.


Purpose: Data derived from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) can be processed to extract the connectivity of the underlying structural brain network. Numerous graph-theoretic properties have been measured on such networks, including modularity. A module is loosely defined as a set of brain regions that are relatively well-connected to each other, and poorly connected to brain regions not included in this set. The most widely used algorithms for identifying modules in a network are based on maximizing the partition modularity, although this approach is known to suffer from biases [1]. An alternative approach from the network theory literature poses the problem in the framework of statistical inference, and a recent generalization of this approach, based on Bayesian methods for model selection, has been shown to circumvent such biases [2]. To date this has not been applied to structural brain networks. Here we apply this variational Bayesian technique (VBMOD) to infer module assignments and to identify the optimal number of modules in the structural connectomes of healthy adults. Our results are of interest in particular to researchers in the fields of connectomics and diffusion tractography.


In this paper, a fuzzy fixed-time following control (FFTFC) is designed to quickly achieve an assigned following pattern of multiple UAVs with input fault and saturation. The low-level PID control in each UAV is assumed to be an inner control loop. In contrast, its outer loop is modeled as a second-order system with unknown uncertainties. The virtual leader is supposed to be the desired 3D pose for the leader to follow. The consequent UAVs follow one by one to fulfill the surveillance task. The proposed FFTFC contains the equivalent control using coupled following errors among previous, current, and following UAVs, and the fuzzy switching control with a nonlinear output scaling factor to tackle the aggregately dynamic uncertainties in each UAV. In addition, each UAV has nonlinear filtering following error to shape its frequency response and fractional exponent to achieve a fixed-time convergence. Not only does the nonlinear scaling factor increase as the coupled following error is near zero to achieve its fast fixed-time convergence but also the uncertainties are online compensated by fuzzy switching control.


Genome sizes of 22 species of mycobacteria have been calculated. Thirteen of these genome sizes are based on results from re-examinations. Base ratios of some of the strains have been determined.


In 2000, Margulis proved that any group of homeomorphisms of the circle either preserves a probabilty measure on the circle or contains a free subgroup in two generators, which is reminiscent of the Tits alternatve for linear groups. In this article, we prove an analogous statement for groups of locally monotonic homeomorphisms of a compact subset of R.


This paper deals with the conditional density estimator of a real response variable given a functional random variable (i.e., takes values in an infinite-dimensional space). Specifically, we focus on the functional index model, and this approach represents a good compromise between nonparametric and parametric models. Then we give under general conditions and when the variables are independent, the quadratic error and asymptotic normality of estimator by local linear method, based on the single-index structure. Finally, we complete these theoretical advances by some simulation studies showing both the practical result of the local linear method and the good behaviour for finite sample sizes of the estimator and of the Monte Carlo methods to create functional pseudo-confidence area.


AbstractReuse of agro-waste into useful adsorbents like activated carbon has considerable attention in waste water treatment. Usually the activation of carbon is done by treating it with inorganic chemicals, polymers, biopolymers, etc. This paper deals with the preparation of novel Fe–loaded chitosan carbonized rice husk beads (Fe–CCRB) by blending Fe (metal)–loaded chitosan (organic compound) and carbonized rice husk. The prepared Fe–CCRB was used for the removal of metal ion. The surface properties of the adsorbent were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Brauner–Emmett–and Teller (BET) analyzer. The effects of process variables, such as contact time, agitation speed, initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature of the solution using Fe–CCRB were studied. Various isotherms and kinetic models were fitted with experimental data to describe the behavior of diffusion mechanism, solute interaction, and nature of ads...


A novel content-based image retrieval method is proposed using information entropy in this paper.First of all,an image is segmented into several sub-areas,and the block color information is extracted from the image.Secondly,mutual information of color among images is computed to determine the similarity between two images.Compared with the algorithms of other methods of color description,this method has the advantages of strong ability of resisting noises,high precision and so on.


Because of excellent property and low cost, Pb/Sn bump plays a key role in chip level packaging. In practice,
its shear strength is induced by temperature recycle and the main failure model is cracking. In this paper, we measured the
shear strength of Pb/Sn bumps after bonding and analyzed the fracture positions by SEM. The results of the experiment
indicate that most fracture happened in UBM or between UBM and Al pad, and the average shear strength is about 21~24
MPa.


In a comprehensive analytical study of dielectric breakdown (BD) of ultra-thin MgO in 28 nm embedded MRAM (eMRAM) test chips, it was observed that breakdown in MgO is polarity dependent, and that device lifetime is reduced for bipolar (AC) stress. Furthermore, it was found that the breakdown trend substantially deviates from the Poisson area scaling law; this deviation can be attributed to self-heating in larger area devices. Further investigation of BD also reveals that self-heating effects are predominantly observed at lower frequencies; percolation paths exhibit fast transient (thermal runaway) temperatures; and that BD statistics are poorly represented by the standard Weibull model.


Industrial iron powder is used as raw material by pickling and washing to make industrial iron powder rust.Three kinds of industrial iron removal of groundwater nitrate is discussed.Permeability coefficient for the reactor for industrial iron as reaction medium.Through further batch experiments to investigate the mechanism of iron reduction of nitrate is determinated.The results show that industrial iron by pickling and washing to rust can improve the removal of nitrate and make effluent meet the requirements of drinking water quality.Pickling of iron can remove NO-3-N from the 80 mg/L to less than 3 mg/L.The permeability coefficient of the reaction medium in experimental design is 107 m/d.Fe2+ is directly involved in the reduction of nitrate and Fe3+ has promoted iron reduction of nitrate.Rusty industrial iron removal nitrate from groundwater is feasible.


This note presents a study of the identi cation capability of the ATLAS detector over the full rapidity coverage used for precision physics (j j < 2:5). The photon identi cation e ciency was evaluated with single photons and H ! events. Large statistics samples of fully simulated two-jet events were used to determine the rejection of the jet background. For a photon e ciency of 80%, an overall jet rejection of 3600 ( 7500) was obtained for pT ' 20 (pT ' 40) GeV. 1) CERN PPE Division, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Milano, Italy. 2) Laboratoire de l'Acc el erateur Lin eaire, IN2P3-CNRS, Orsay, France.


IEEE/EAI CollaborateCom is an annual international forum for dissemination of original ideas and research results in collaborative computing networks, systems, and applications. The key goal of IEEE/EAI CollaborateCom is to bring together researchers from networking, systems, CSCW, virtual laboratories, and collaborative learning and education areas. IEEE/EAI CollaborateCom 2014 in Miami, Florida, USA is the 10th conference of the series and it reflects the accelerated growth of collaborative computing, both as research and application areas.


A system for maintaining a constant CO2-level during photosynthesis and dark respiration in an assimilation chamber is described. The assimilation chamber has two loops for control of the CO2-level. If the CO2-concentration is increased over a preset value, CO2 is removed by passing the gas flow over a lime filter. If CO2 is consumed, concentrated CO2 is added to the system. The system is operated through the computer in the Phytotron and has been constructed mainly for studies of dusk and dawn effects on photosynthesis where a high degree of control of the CO2-level in the system is of the utmost importance.


Approximation algorithms have fascinated an ever-greater community of researchers working on optimization and theory of computing. Whereas the so called NP-hard problems cannot be efficiently solved under the largely believed assumption that P 6= NP, the approximation algorithms provide a compromise between the accuracy of a solution, and the time used to compute it. The challenge of both practitioners and theorists is to obtain a solution as close as possible to the optimum, while maintaining the running time small. The study of approximation algorithms helps not only unveiling which problems can be solved efficiently, but also how well they can be solved.


The development of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in a place will have an impact on the community and the area around the HEIs. The development of the institution resulted in the demand for staff and students for various needs such as housing, various basic necessities shops, food shops, and so on. As a result, social and economic activities in the affected areas will increase and developed. This research is a study related to the development of instruments to survey the impact of the development of HEIs on the socio-economic development of the surrounding communities. This instrument is important in assessing the impact of HEIs development on the surrounding area and community and is used in making a development planning system to achieve sustainable development. The development of the research instrument involves several steps namely literature review, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), development of questionnaires, and validity of instruments through Subject-Matter Expert (SME). The instrument developed is a questionnaire used to obtain data related to the impact of HEIs development on a community from a socio-economic aspect .


This article reviews the rules, processes, and behaviors of Institution Review Board (IRB) for qualitative inquiry in the social sciences within the framework of professional autonomy. The research will demonstrate how IRBs draw procedural criteria from the biomedical sciences and favor criteria applicable to quantitative social-science research when reviewing qualitative social science research applications. Typically, quantitative research assumes that social facts have an objective reality and that they reduce data to numerical indices. There is also the assumption that social facts are deductive, begin with hypotheses and theories, identify variables, and measure relationships among variables. In contrast, qualitative research assumes that reality is socially constructed and makes minor use of numerical indices. This type of research is inductive, ends with hypotheses and grounded theories, restricts identification of variables, and faces difficulty in measuring relationships among variables. Since an important factor in qualitative social-science research is that researchers enjoy discretion in deciding what they would like to research and the means with which they want to carry it out, and ultimately IRBs control this, IRB review often generates frustration among qualitative social-science researchers.


This study is an extension of the research on the service quality of public organizations. It is concerned with evaluating the quality of the service provided by the Kuwaiti Cultural Office in Egypt as perceived by both students and staff. The gap analysis model is adopted in this study to identify the key dimensions and related components of the quality of service delivered by the Office. Additionally, the study offers evidence of a quality gap between the perceptions of the public service providers and the end beneficiaries. The findings reveal that there are obvious differences between the staff's and students' perceptions of the quality of the service provided by the Office in terms of tangibles, reliability, and responsiveness. The students indicate that the service provided has many shortcomings, related mainly to the tangible aspects of the service reliability and responsiveness. However, they feel secure in dealing with the Office, and feel the administration and employees consider their interests a top priority to the Office.


In this paper, we present evidence that Eisenstein knew something about the Jacobian varieties of Fermat curves, including the curve of degree 7. More precisely, we claim that Eisenstein had some way of knowing that certain differentials on a Fermat curve of degree 7 are reducible to elliptic differentials without explicitly reducing them. Our argument depends on a close examination of Gauss's first memoir [Gau2] on biquadratic residues and of three related papers [Eis1,2,3] of Eisenstein. (1980) AMS Classification Numbers: 01A55, 10-03, 10A10, 10A15, 10B35, 10D25, 12C20, 14H40, 14H45, 14K07, 14K22, 32A05, 33A25


Abstract: This study is a descriptive-correlational and developmental, dealing with the learning styles of 661 secondary biology students, who comprised of four cultural minority groups, namely: a) Maguindanaon, b) Meranao and c)Tausog; and d.) Mixed-culture group consisted of Christians and other non-Muslim denominations of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), and its relationship of their performance in the biology component of the National Achievement Test (NAT). The learning styles of the respondents were measured using the Index of Learning Style by Felder and Solomon (1995) and Learning style Inventory by Kolb. The collected data of these two instruments were analysed with the use of frequency, weighted mean, Pearson-Coefficient correlation and ANOVA. Results revealed that there is no significant relationship between the performances of the respondents in biology component of the National Achievement Test with their Felder and Solomon learning style in the case of active/ reflective and visual/ verbal learning style, thus null hypothesis was accepted. On the other hand, in the case of sensing/ intuitive and sequential/ global learning style the null hypothesis was rejected. In Kolb's learning styles, results show no significant relationship between the performances of the respondents in biology-component of the National Achievement Test with their Kolb's learning styles. From the results of the study, the researcher designed an intervention program through modular instruction anchored to each culture in the respective participants such as the Maguinadanon, Meranao, Tausog, and the mixed – culture group. The culture based module designed by the researcher is the intervention to be used for the continuation of the study. Key words: learning style, culture-based module, biology performance.


A new all optical clock extraction scheme based on an asymmetric nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. The proposed scheme can operate at a relatively low switching power (only 0.3 P π is required for the clock pulse, where P π means the required switching power for the maximum switching in the asymmetric NOLM) and a relatively low input clock to data ratio (2~2.5). The proposed scheme is promising for clock extraction in the future ultrahigh speed self clocked OTDM network.


Comfort and durability have evolved into essential performance requirements for the polyurethane foam used in automotive seating. A great variety of tests have been developed in an attempt to measure and predict these properties, both for the foam and the assembled seat. However, the results from these various tests can be quite different depending on the test conditions employed. Furthermore, most tests measure comfort properties at some standard deflection, or pressure, which is nominally designed to represent the average population that will be riding on the seat. Missing from these tests is a recognition that foam comfort properties are not the same at all deflections, and thus performance and perceived comfort will change as a result of the size and shape of the person riding the seat. This research presents information demonstrating the dependence of comfort properties, such as vibrational transmissivity and quasi-static hysteresis, on foam thickness and foam chemistry. In addition, the effect of pressure is demonstrated using various masses for the transmissivity testing. This work will be analyzed and discussed from the perspective that comfort properties may need to be defined relative to the sitting pressure of the person riding on the vehicle seat.


Consider a switch which queues traac from many independent input ows. We show that in the large deviations limiting regime in which the number of inputs increases and the service rate and buuer size are increased in proportion, the statistical characteristics of a ow are essentially unchanged by passage through the switch. This signiicantly simpliies the analysis of networks of switches. It means that each traac ow in a network can be assigned an eeective bandwidth, independent of the other ows, and the behaviour of any switch in the network depends only on the eeective bandwidths of the ows using it.


Field tests concerning a fog mesh method for fog removal are discussed. The first tests were performed at the Pyhäsalmi Mine, Finland. As this study gave promising results, further studies were completed at the Orivesi Mine. The results of these most recent field tests are presented and the two studies are compared. The Orivesi test set consisted of four materials. These included air filter fabric, fibrous filter fabric, a plastic greenhouse mesh, and an aluminium mosquito net. The variation of the Orivesi results was more noticeable than what was found previously. The best fog removal effect of all tests was achieved with the aluminium mosquito net, while the plastic greenhouse mesh performed worst. The humidity reduction by aluminium net was more profound than any of its precedents. More mesh materials will be tested in the near future.


Objective. To report a case of improved urodynamics in a central cord syndrome spinal cord injury after intrathecal baclofen therapy. Methods. A 47‐year‐old man fell resulting in C4–C5 disc herniation with ventral spinal cord compression and cord edema. Results. He underwent an anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Postoperatively, his examination revealed a C4 ASIA D injury in a central cord syndrome pattern. Cystometrogram (CMG) revealed a hyperactive detrusor with sphincter dyssynergia managed with intermittent self‐catheterization. One and a half years later, he was impaired by severe lower limb spasticity, despite oral medications and botulinum toxin injections. After intrathecal pump therapy, CMG revealed relatively normal detrusor and minimal sphincter tone. He volitionally voids with urgency but improved continence, which was maintained in one‐year follow‐up. Conclusion. Although the main indication for intrathecal baclofen therapy is spasticity, improved urodynamics can be an additional benefit in central cord syndrome spinal cord injury.


Samples of potting composts for raising tomatoes on holdings in the South Holland glasshouse district were collected in 1960 and 1961. In propagation experiments with soil blocks, fresh weight of young tomato plants were found to vary widely. Some 3/4 out of the investigated composts were not suitable for raising plants. Soil analyses proved that under the given conditions many composts had an insufficient amount of plant available nitrogen, measured by means of N-value which is defined as mg water soluble N per 100 ml soil. Further investigations on composts for raising tomato plants in soil blocks showed that the relation between the optimal nitrogen dressing ( N d in mg N per l, or g N per m3) and N-value is given by: N d = 10 [35 - N-value]. Plant growth in the growers' potting composts was also influenced by soil physical condition measured as the air filled pore content at pF = 1,0 or as the organic fraction>1000μin % of the total organic matter. The respective content should be at least 6 % or 30 %. Experiments with series of transplants from different compost qualities showed that heavier plants made a better crop and produced a higher early and total yield. Overall stem height and fresh weight of the transplants were most accurate for predicting yields by means of regression equations, while the number of leaves at least 3 cm long and the stage of development of the first inflorescence were less accurate. It is supposed that in the Netherlands the variation in yields of glasshouse tomatoes is partly due to poor potting composts for propagation; the decrease in potential during 1960-1965 is estimated at about 20 million guilders a year.


The stories in As Strong As I Was involve characters who are struggling with their identities as fathers and daughters as well as their responsibilities to the people they call family.


in memory studies, the innovations offered by the volume remains unfortunately behind the expectations raised in the introduction itself. Nevertheless, there are notable contributions, such as the article by Pim den Boer, that succeed in bringing the debate on European memory to the level of the theoretical vanguard in memory research. In a text that can be read as a second introduction into the volume, den Boer locates the changing meaning of Europe within the waves and cycles of historiography since the end of the eighteenth century. The exploration of the different concepts of Europe that circulated after the French Revolution is most significant for the logics of the European. They illustrate for instance 'the need of a retrospective European dimension' to make sense of the experience of '1789'. In sum, the article exemplarily reflects the interrelation between the objects of memory research and its overarching theoretical horizon. Overall, it should also be noticed that the book aims beyond the academic realm and desires to 'to make a contribution to the specific feeling of belonging together of Europeans' (p. 8) and Europeans' awareness of their shared past. For memory scholars this brings up the important question of how the European or other motivations can be combined with systematically using nonessentialist analytic categories, an aim that this volume also alludes to. It is certain that this tension between one's own context and the desire for inductive research procedure can only be assumed in a self-reflexive manner.


This study intends to critically examine and analyze the process of national fiqh actualization in shaping an attitude of religious moderation. Bearing in mind, the problem of unity amidst differences is primary, so it must remain a serious concern to maintain the country's resilience. The research method was qualitative with a library research approach, which collected a variety of relevant literature according to the topic of study. This study concludes that the concept of national fiqh has an orientation to unity and integrity in maintaining national sovereignty wrapped with nationalism. National fiqh's relevance and religious moderation become a mutually reinforcing synergy because national fiqh seeks to build a nationalist humanistic paradigm to reduce differences. Then, the actualization of national fiqh in building Indonesia's religious moderation is the appreciation of the teachings of Islam in a complex and contextualist manner, not merely normative or dogmatic, strengthened by the process of cultivating moderate, fair, tolerant, humanist, ethical, religious, and nationalist attitudes.


This paper presents a comparative analysis using EU-SILC data of the correlation between mothers' employment during adolescence and their children's probability of being workless (i.e. either unemployed or inactive) at about 30 years of age in 19 European countries. By estimating various multilevel logit models, the paper shows that, on average, having had a working mother is associated with a reduction in the probability of being workless of about 25 to 35 percent for daughters and 20 to 25 percent for sons. Cross-country differences in these correlations are much larger for daughters than for sons, in particular for daughters with children, and do not reflect the usual country groupings. Our results suggest that mothers' employment not only influences preferences for labor market participation, but also some attitudes or skills that favor their children's successful integration into the labor market. Moreover, the observed correlation between mothers' employment and their daughters' labor market outcomes is lower in contexts where the burden of childcare falls more on women, highlighting that the presence of constraints on women's choices may conceal mothers' influence on daughters' preferences.


In the last few decades, English has become the most widely spread global lingua franca. Being used as a means of communication by non-native speakers of different linguistic and cultural background, norms for the use of lingua franca English cannot be negotiated and established as with a traditional speech community.
After explaining the characteristics of 'small talk' produced by speakers using lingua franca English, this paper offers methods of analysis and interpretation which address the specific character of lingua franca data.


The modification of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by fitting them with hydroxymethyl groups provides a new class of efficient electron-transfer photosensitizers for photoinitiated cationic polymerization that perform several additional highly useful functions. Not only are these compounds capable of photosensitizing the photolysis of a wide variety of onium salt photoinitiators in the long-wavelength UV and visible regions, but the presence of the hydroxymethyl group accelerates the rate of cationic polymerization of many types of vinyl and heterocyclic monomers. In addition, the new photosensitizers become bound as end groups to the chains of the polymers that are formed.


Biomedical research in the Post-genomic Era is characterized by huge amounts of data which cannot be manually analyzed soon after their collection, but only stored in data banks for further investigations. Thus, many data banks have been created to keep some order for results obtained from high throughput techniques applied to genomics or to other "omics" studies. Some order is also needed to browse fruitfully biological data among all the available databanks. National Center for Biotechnology Information of USA offers to researchers a powerful interface to achieve this effort, but in a way that is not suitable for the public perception. A Google Earth kind of software would help to sail safely within this data ocean to specific pieces of information, as required both by researchers and by just curious people. Bioinformatics, a new interdisciplinary field that develops and improves on methods for storing, retrieving, organizing and analyzing biological data, is emerging as a powerful tool to derive novel perspective of biological processes. In our laboratory, for instance, scanning the Protein Data Bank to analyze amino acids distribution inside protein structures, new scenarios appeared which can account for long distance protein-protein interactions.


This article describes the challenges facing established practices and patterns of human resource management (HRM) during the economic recession. It is based on the results of the CRANET survey, administered in Russia in the third quarter of 2008, on the 2008 CRANET data available for Bulgaria and on survey of companies' executives, implemented in the first half of 2010. We found that Russian HRM practices that are based on low formalization of performance assessment, great versatility of payment arrangements, and high flexibility of working and contractual arrangements enabled companies to adapt to the recession conditions without massive layoffs.


The irradiation of metallic ions on polymeric surfaces may change the chemical, electrical and physical properties of polymers. In this article, we have investigated the effects on the electrical and morphological properties of polypropylene caused by irradiating with copper (Cu) ions generated from laser-produced plasmas. For this purpose Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm) was employed to produce Cu ions. The flux of ions was controlled by varying the number of laser shots in the range 100–400, with a step size of 100. The changes in the electrical conductivity of the irradiated sample were studied using a four-point probe technique, while the surface features were examined by using optical microscopy. The electrical conductivity changed from 4.758 × 10−8 Ω−1 cm−1 to 5.003 × 10−8 Ω−1 cm−1 for unexposed and exposed (with 400 shots) samples, respectively.


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Calyceal diverticula (CD) are protrusions of renal calyces surrounded by renal parenchyma. They are rare and usually asymptomatic. However, they can cause recurrent flank...


This study is to review the adoption and development of ideal society theory(大同社會論) as one of utopian ideas in Chosun Dynasty. I examine the ideal society theory based on `a peaceful world(大同)` in terms of Sungleehak(性理學) and Silhak(實學) separately. Like Kwon, Keun(權近) and Sim, Daeyun(沈大允), most Chosun`s Sungleehak(性理學) thinkers assumed a critical attitude toward Yegee(禮記)`s ideal society theory based on `a peaceful world(大同)`. For them, Yegee(禮記)`s ideal society contained many heretical elements that did not conform to Confucianism. This is the reason why utopian theory of the name of `peaceful world(大同)` did not develop in Chosun dynasty. Lee, Lee(李珥), was representative of Sungleehak(性理學) in the middle of Chosun dynasty, made thorough revisions of an abstract utopian theory in Sungleehak(性理學). By being considerably concerned about the economical and institutional ground of utopia, he took a leading part in emerging new-typed utopian ideas in the late of Chosun dynasty. Yoo, Hyungwon(柳響遠) laid a plan for ideal society on the basis of Silhak(實學) in the 18th century. He sought to establish an equality of possession and military service by equally distributing land. He also tried to overcome various social problems by advocating an equal opportunity of education and official post. Hong, Daeyong(洪大容) followed after Yoo, Hyungwon(柳響遠), completely accepted his ideal society theory. And he further extended equality(均) idea to the relationship of nations as well as the relationship between human being and things. These efforts led him to a great ideal, "the world is all equal". In conclusion, Silhak(實學)`s ideal society theory was influenced by other heretical ideas besides Confucianism.


Measurements were made of the hydrogen and helium production cross sections for both natural elements and separated isotopes which are constituents of metal under consideration for the first wall of fusion reactors. (MOW)


Concise syntheses of gram quantities of three fluorinated a-methylstyrenic monomers suitable for polymerisation studies are disclosed, all based on the use of reasonably priced commercially available starting materials and reagents.


Oil spill recovery operations will involve much equipment of various kinds. The result of the recovery operation will depend both on the capacity of each unit and on their joint performance. Full-scale testing of the total recovery system, including large amounts of oil on the water, will be practically impossible. Through computer simulation it is possible to analyse many aspects of the recovery operation and find answers to many important questions during the planning phase. SIROP is an EDP-program constructed to analyze the recovery system based on realistic and feasible modelling of the equipment units and how they are affected by oil, environment and other units during the recovery operation. Weak links in the operation may be detected and new equipment designs "tested" as a part of the total recovery system. The effect of regrouping the equipment, as well as the effect of different weather conditions, may also be studied. Finally, SIROP may be used for educational purposes.


We use 13 yr of Swift/BAT observations to probe the nature and origin of the hard X-ray (14–195 KeV) emission in Centaurus A. Since the beginning of the Swift operation in 2004, significant X-ray variability in the 14–195 KeV band has been detected, with mild changes in the source spectrum. Spectral variations became more eminent after 2013, following a softer-when-brighter trend. Using the power spectral density (PSD) method, we find that the observed hard X-ray photon flux variations are consistent with a red-noise process of slope, −1.3, with no evidence for a break in the PSD. We find a significant correlation between the hard X-ray and 230 GHz radio flux variations, with no time delay longer than 30 days. The temporal and spectral analysis confirms that the X-ray emission generated by the accretion in the ADAF model is sub-dominant as compared with the emission arising from that produced by the inner regions of the radio jet.


Recently, single anchor localization evolves as a new research topic that exploits multipath propagation for calculation of tag positions. With a combination of movement information and particle filters, they provide a precision that is similar to multi-anchor systems. However, a systematic approach to the design and implementation of such systems is not yet available. The combination of theory and mathematical modeling for channel impulse responses is still an open research question that we address in this paper. Therefore, we propose a new representation of a channel impulse response targeted for single anchor localization systems. Based on this representation, we model the relationship between tag positions and channel impulse responses and evaluate the statistic properties of channel impulse responses in this application. In this paper, we introduce a new metric for the assessment of anchor positions, the effective length of CIRs. By the shortest effective length of a set of CIRs, we identify the best anchor position, since it indicates the position where requirements for the measurement of the channel impulse response are lowest.


OBJECTIVE
To describe recent patterns and trends in the HIV epidemic in eastern Europe.

METHODS
AIDS programme managers and epidemiologists of 23 countries were contacted and requested to provide national HIV surveillance data. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS/World Health Organisation country fact sheets were reviewed and analysed, and this information was supplemented with published HIV prevalence and sexually transmitted disease case reporting information, unpublished travel reports and expert evaluations.

RESULTS
The cumulative number of HIV cases reported in the region increased more than fivefold between 1995 and 1997, from 9111 to 46573; Ukraine, Russia and Belarus accounted for about 90% of all new cases. Dramatic increases in the number of HIV-infected injecting drug users (IDU) were reported from these countries, and a similar pattern was emerging in Moldova, the Baltic States, the Caucasus and Kazakstan. In central Europe, the increase in the number of cases was much lower, and (with the exception of Poland) homosexual transmission was most common, whereas in the Balkan countries, cases due to heterosexual transmission were reported relatively more frequently. At the end of 1997, more than 50% of all cases region-wide had been reported from IDU. HIV prevalence data were inconclusive. The number of reported syphilis cases had risen significantly in the countries of the former Soviet Union.

CONCLUSION
Our data confirm that HIV must have been rapidly spreading among IDU in several countries of the former Soviet Union, whereas central and southeast Europe have so far escaped a more extensive spread of HIV. Factors that might have fuelled a massive spread among IDU include changes in drug demand and supply, migration and specific local drug production and consumption patterns. High rates of syphilis reported in the countries of the former Soviet Union highlight that subregion's increased vulnerability with regards to a further spread of the epidemic, via heterosexual intercourse, into the general population.


From 1980 until 2010, the combined CO2 sink strengths of ocean and land increased by nearly 50% (−0.55 Pg C yr−1 decade−1), but the spatial distribution of this trend is not well known. We address this by performing a joint cyclostationary ocean‐atmosphere inversion for the three decades 1980–1989, 1990–1999, and 2000–2008, using only carbon data from the ocean and atmosphere as constraints, i.e., without applying any prior information about the land fluxes. We find that in the inversion, most of the 30 year sink trend stems from the ocean (−0.44 Pg C yr−1 decade−1). The contribution of the terrestrial biosphere is commensurably smaller but has more decadal variability. First, the land sink strength intensified in the 1990s by 0.4 (±0.3) Pg C yr−1 compared to the 1980s but then weakened slightly by 0.2 (±0.4) Pg C yr−1 in the 2000s. The different land regions contributed very variedly to these global trends. While the northern extratropical land acted as an increasing carbon sink throughout the examined period primarily driven by boreal regions, the tropical land is estimated to have acted as an increasing source of CO2, with source magnitude and trend dominated by enhanced release in tropical America during the Amazon mean wet season. This pattern is largely unchanged if the oceanic inversion constraint, which is based on a stationary ocean circulation, is replaced by an estimate based on simulation results from an ocean biogeochemical general circulation model that includes year‐to‐year variability in the air‐sea CO2 fluxes and also has a trend (−0.07 Pg C yr−1 decade−1) that is at the very low end of current estimates. However, the land/ocean partitioning of the trend contribution is adjusted accordingly. Oceanic carbon data has a major impact on carbon exchange for all tropical regions and southern Africa but also for observationally better constrained regions in North America and temperate Asia. The European trend exhibits a strong sensitivity to the choice of the atmospheric CO2 network.


The cognition for dealing with the radioactive waste has reached the waste management concept through the treatment and disposal from the simple disposal of the early stage. In nuclear-electric power generatian system, many sorts of radioactive waste are generated from not only power stations but their related nuclear fuel cycle facilities. Two technical objectives have to be aimed in the waste treatment step: one is diminution of the release rate of radioactivity into the environment in fluid form and the other is conditioning (solidification and packaging) of volume-reduced or concentrated wastes including both the solid waste and wastes originated from the decommissioning of nuclear facilities. In this moment, endeavors dedicated for the diminution of release rate gives fairly good performances based on the "As Low As Practicable" principle, but for the conditioning. Hereafter, much efforts will be concentrated on the following aspects, for example, diminution of amount of the wastes to be solidified or packaged, realization of high volume reduction, and establishing the appropriate guidelines for packaging together with the consolidation of responsibility and financial liability.


Fig. 1. (A) Normal (left) and underdeveloped (right) seeds and (B) embryo in underdeveloped seed at maturity from diploid 'Clementine' mandarin crossed with tetraploid somatic hybrid. Triploid citrus scion cultivars have been generated from diploid × tetraploid crosses (Soost and Cameron, 1980, 1985). Although tetraploids are not themselves commercially useful, they are important as parents for breeding triploids. It may be possible to produce triploids from wider crosses, using tetraploid somatic hybrids as parents. Our study was undertaken to produce triploids from a diploid x tetraploid cross by using an intergeneric somatic hybrid of Citrus and Poncirus as the pollen parent. The monoembryonic diploid cultivar Clementine mandarin (Citrus chementina Hort. ex Tanaka) was used as the female parent. The pollen parent was a clone (CP-1) of tetraploid somatic hybrids produced between diploid 'Trovita' sweet orange [ C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck] and diploid trifoliate orange [ Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] (Ohgawara et al., 1985). Hand pollination was carried out immediately following emasculation of the flowers. The seeds were taken from each fruit 7 months after pollination. Among a total of 286 seeds from 15 fruit, three were well developed and the rest were underdeveloped (Fig. 1A). Of the underdeveloped seeds, 78% were monoembryonic and had small globular embryos lacking cotyledons at the micropylar region (Fig. 1B); the rest were polyembryonic. Triploid hybrids from diploid x tetraploid


By analyzing the difference in the way of thinking of Chinese and English,the author illustrates the problems emerging from translation due to these differences.Examples are given aiming to find a better way to deal with these differences.


I am salmon pink, the oddest animal of colour, the oddest colour. No, lighter than that, I'm pink moving onto grey. Some of us are a brilliant red. Not the red of the boiled lobster or burnt orange panda, but red-pink, coral, rose, deep carmine. My two fine legs are stable. They're fixed to my plumed body like the pole that lifts the birdhouse. I defy my appearance. I am a dancer at the sink, resting one foot on the inside of the thigh to save the back. When I am through, my spare leg folds out like a lawn chair to kick up mud. I am a lawn ornament. I am tacky. I am a designated room in a beach house in New Jersey. I come in wind chime, blow-up doll, coat rack, printed blanket, embroidered towel set. I am a hotel in Vegas. Alice thinks me featherbrained in her game of croquet. I am not absurd. I am a very serious bird. My beak exceeds my face. I fish with it, my billowing neck my fishing line. I'm streamlined to my tutu, my performance of Flamingo Lake. My eye is small but it sees, it is an enormous eye, rimmed with pink. I witnessed the stoning. Teenagers snuck in at night. Our bodies folded inwards like dancers or lawn chairs giving way.


The invention discloses a meltspun urethane elastic fiber interlinkage agent obtained by polyester glycol or polyether glycol, aromatic diamine or aliphatic diamine and diisocyanate. The obtained meltspun urethane elastic fiber has excellent thermal endurance and rebound elasticity.


: Introduction: Tooth eruption is the movement of a tooth from its position in the osseous crypt into the oral cavity. Objectives of the study: The main objective of the study is to analyse the eruption of permanent teeth and its relation with BMI among local population of Pakistan. Methodology of the study: This cross sectional study was conducted in Government City Hospital Talagang during October 2018 to March 2019. The data was collected from 100 participants. Basic information such as educational level, date of birth, place of birth and family history was asked to the patients. The data was collected through a designed questionnaire. BMI was calculated by the formula given below, but first we took the height and weight of the selected participants. Results: The data was collected from 100 participants. Maxillary lateral incisor was seen to be the most delayed tooth with 51.7% delayed eruption in right max lateral incisor and 48.4% delay in the eruption of max left lateral incisor. Since the sample size was small so we cannot claim that every child will have delayed eruption in maxillary lateral incisor. 2nd premolar of the right arch was also delayed where 41.5% children had delayed eruption. Conclusion: It is concluded that almost all teeth had slight delayed eruption according to the normal eruption dates but since the sample size was small so we cannot conclude that every child in our region will have delayed eruption.


Titanium dioxide powders constituted by anatase single phase are very useful to understand several properties of that semiconductor applied as photocatalyst material. In addition, the reconstructive transformation involved in the anatase-to-rutile phase transition is also dependent of compositional and structural characteristics, which is consequence of the xerogel precursors. In this work, it was provided some structural investigation and the thermal event associated to different compositions of titanium dioxide xerogel samples obtained by Sol-Gel method. It was prepared two different doped-sample sets, one with bared titanium dioxide matrix and other with 10 mol% of zirconium-silicon one, and both sample sets were submitted to doping with 2 mol% of cation pairs, taking in account the ionic radii and oxidation states. The small and pentavalent vanadium cation was combined with trivalent and bigger lanthanum and bismuth ones, in order to provide non strained unit cell making an average values for ionic radii and oxidation states, taking in account the tetravalent titanium cation. By thermal analysis, X-ray diffractometry, FTIR and Raman spectroscopies it was possible to demonstrate the insertion of bigger dopants as lanthanum and bismuth, as well as the smaller one as vanadium, which are usually dopants not supported in isolated forms were successfully incorporated to anatase phase when combined as expected in previous composition design stage. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v10i1.1038


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine various aspects of integration in order to structure and define the concept of supply chain management integration.Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on an extensive literature review in three steps and a series of interviews with leading supply chain management (SCM) consulting firms.Findings – The authors found limited empirical research discussing SCM integration beyond the dyadic level and there is a lack of empirical evidence supporting the claimed benefits of supply chain management integration, especially beyond the dyadic level. There is also a lack of detailed frameworks and concrete recommendations for how supply chains can become more integrated. In fact, there is significant confusion regarding the term SCM integration and thus the paper proposes a definition of supply chain management integration.Research limitations/implications – In terms of limitations, it is feasible that an extended literature review could have provided addi...


In this paper we introduce a dynamic secret sharing scheme. This scheme not only can be used unrestricted times to share and resume different secret without regenerating the information in the users hands,satisfy the (k,n) threshold demand,but also can realize the asymmetric user right secret sharing and dynamically add and delete the relevant users.


Abstract The paper discusses recently obtained (theoretical) results on the coherent small angle elastic scattering of high energy pions on the nuclei 3 He and 4 He. Starting with the full suitably parametrized spin- and isospindependent pion-nucleon amplitude for pion laboratory energies between 0.826 and 2.01 GeV the Glauber's plural scattering formula has been applied to derive the angular distribution of scattered pions. A concise report on the use of coherent high energy processes in the investigation of the nuclear structure and the hadron-nucleon scattering amplitude is given. The advantages and shortcomings as well as possible generalizations of the plural scattering model are outlined. The formalism applied to derive results on the structure of 3 He and 4 He and the conclusions drawn from the results on pion-helium scattering are presented in detail. It has been shown that an effective pion nucleon amplitude may safely replace the full amplitude in the present context and in the energy region mentioned above.


The Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion (CASE) is interviewing 200 families with children (under the ages of 18) in four low-income areas in England. Through successive rounds of interviews we are trying to understand how area conditions and area changes affect people who live locally. We are exploring people's views of their neighbourhoods and of initiatives in the areas as well as their own experiences of how change impacts directly on individuals' lives. Our aim is to find out about and document the ways in which areas improve or decline as local families see it. The Neighbourhood Study in Leeds and Sheffield is funded by the Nuffield Foundation and is the second part of the neighbourhood study started in two areas of London in 1999 (Mumford, 2001). The two areas of Leeds and Sheffield are also part of CASE's 12 Areas Study (Lupton, 2001). This parallel study is tracking 12 low-income areas across England and Wales from the 1991 Census to 2006.


The aim of the current pedagogical research is to design and then verify in practice a holistic process of individual personalized education with the support of modern information technology. These complex adaptive models of teaching has striven to come as close to the needs and abilities of each student as possible in order to ensure the most efficient and fastest acquisition of required knowledge in the studied field. This paper presents a structure of the adaptive educational system which uses fuzzy expert modules to formalize the decision-making functions of a teacher and includes two adaptive loops which implement the adaptation of study materials according to the student's learning style and knowledge and modify his/her learning procedure.


Recently, the booming B2C E-commerce in China has brought a lot of problems to the third party logistics (3PL) enterprises in undertaking the logistics service, which makes many B2C E-commerce enterprises establish their own logistics systems. Meanwhile, some 3PL enterprises also start to establish their own E-commerce platforms. In the context of this hot topic, this paper models an asymmetric evolutionary game between the two kinds of enterprises, and analyzes the evolutionary stable strategy (ESS). Combined with the current actual conditions, the long-term evolutionary trend can be determined. Through the analysis on the ESS, some managerial insights can also be provided for the small and medium B2C E-commerce enterprises and the 3PL enterprises.


Abstrat: A robust controller that combines the merits of the feed-back, feed-forward and model following control for induction motor drive under field orientation control is designed in this paper. The proposed controller is a twodegrees-of-freedom (2DOF) integral plus proportional & rate feedback (I-PD) with model following (2DOF I-PD MFC) speed controller. A systematic mathimatical procedure is derived to find the parameters of the 2DOF I-PD MFC speed controller according to certain specifications for the drive system. Initially, we start with the I-PD feed-back controller design, then the feed-forward controller. These two controllers combine the 2DOF I-PD speed controller. To realize high dynamic performance for disturbance rejection and set point tracking characterisitics, a MFC controller is designed in addition to the 2DOF I-PD controller. This combination is called a 2DOF I-PD MFC speed controller. The dynamic performance of the drive system for different operating conditions is studied utilizing the 2DOF I-PD MFC speed controller. Computer simulation is carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller. The results verify that the proposed 2DOF I-PD MFC controller can achieve accurate and robust performance for the drive system compared with the 2DOF I-PD speed controller in the presence of load disturbance and motor parameter variations. Also, the proposed controller grant a rapid and accurate response for the reference model, regardless of whether a load disturbance is imposed and the induction machine parameters vary.


The purpose of this study was to describe why the role of the principal in self-development of students through extracurricular activities at MIN 1 Bener Meriah, and to describe the role of  the principal in self-development of students through extracurricular activities at MIN 1 Bener Meriah. This study is a qualitative type using observational, interviews and documentation, data analysis using triangulation theory. Based on the results of the research: the role of the principal is very important in the self-development of students at MIN 1 Bener Meriah. Among these roles are (1) educator: teaching with teacher intermediaries, (2) manager: managing with POAC even though the field is narrow, (3) administrators: take care of correspondence and funding for extracurricular activities, (4) supervise extracurricular activities through joint meetings and direct involvement, (5) leaders: mobilize involved teachers and students in extracurricular activities, (6) innovator: Principals make reforms such as creative guel dance (7) motivator: the principal provides encouragement in the form of words and gifts for students who excel, including in extracurricular activities. So that the role of the principal is done well, it will also have a good impact on the development of students in the extracurricular program.


I have a great deal of admiration for Professor Robert A. Anthony's study of the binding effects of nonlegislative rules.1 His comprehensive blend of case research, field investigation, and thoughtful advocacy certainly deserves careful consideration. I will not be surprised, however, if the Article ultimately provokes more arguments than it settles. The administrative law community has, after all, had a good deal of trouble reaching agreement about the interrelationships among legislative rules, interpretive rules, and general statements of policy.2 In the brief observations that follow, I have no hope of dissipating the "considerable smog 3 that is frequently said to enshroud these terms; but perhaps this Comment can serve as a modest step towards the "lowest achievable emission rate." My main purpose here is to discuss the "openmindedness" that agencies are required to maintain towards the positions that they announce in nonlegislative rules. I will offer a few observations about the circumstances in which this attitude is required, what agencies should do to maintain it, and how courts might police this obligation. Along the way, I will suggest that Anthony's expectations of openmindedness may be too high in the case of policy statements, and not high enough in the case of interpretive rules.


Research offinancial distress prediction modelshasjuststarted inChina, andthere aresome differences between thestudy abroad andthat inChina bothfromthemethods andtheperspective ofresearch, whicharemainly duetothedifference ofthedegree of maturity ofthecapital market andtheimperfections of research methods. Using listed manufacturing industry as itsresearch object andwhether thelisted company has beenspecial transaction because"thefinancial conditions areunusual" asasignoffinancial distress, thispaperadopts thecanonical discriminant analysis method ofthemultivariate discriminant analysis, applies several variables whichcancover every aspect ofalisted company's financial position, utilize thefinancial data fromtheaudited financial statements andsearch the variables andprediction modelsthatcanpredict the financial distress oflisted companies asaccurately as possible.


ABSTRACT Land policy reform has dominated the development agenda across the Global South over the past two decades. In contrast with earlier distributive land reforms, contemporary policies reflect an amalgamation of neoliberal, state territorial, and social justice agendas. This paper demonstrates how land policy changes reflect the spatially extensive and multi-scalar politics of land contestation and control, employing the cases of Myanmar and Laos. Myanmar's short-lived democratic transition enabled civil society actors to exert uneven influence on policy reform. In contrast, communist party and state dominance in Laos has constrained, although not wholly obstructed, policy intervention by non-governmental groups.


This work takes up the recently introduced Production Leveling Problem and provides extended complexity results. The problem is a multi-objective constrained combinatorial optimization problem that aims assign orders to production periods such that the load between production periods is balanced while at the same time minimizing the number of priority inversions. As the problem is NP-hard, there is currently no algorithm known which could solve arbitrary instances in polynomial time. We contribute a new variant of the problem called the Fixed-Order Production Leveling Problem which works on a restricted set of instances and has the priorities as hard constraints. We show that these adaptions make the problem tractable by proposing a dynamic programming algorithm and analyzing its complexity.


Persuaded of the pedagogical interest of literature in the acquisition of the basics by Greek pupils and with the aim of making this subject compulsory, I have examined three authors from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, I. Kondylakis, G. Xenopoulos and C. Theotokis and their representations of members of the middle classes. Ways of life, both in professional and family spheres as well as the behaviour of the elites of Athens, Corfu and Zante whose adventures they recite, reveal the varied nature of this class, its prerogatives and its values. It is thus possible to see that the middle classes of this period paid attention to their appearance as a way of demonstrating their opulence and their power and that marriage, which was often arranged and motivated by self-interest ensured social recognition. Nevertheless, both upper and lower middle classes paid attention to birth control to protect their assets and to prepare the future of their children during a period that was both politically and economically unstable. Despite some distortions and borrowings from French authors, the attachment of these writers to their country and their wish to prick the consciousness by criticising the evils that damage it are noticeable. While offering a new light on this period, their works invite us to reconsider the place of cultural literature in school curricula. Some extracts, grouped together based on themes, commented and accompanied by various exercises show that these texts are accessible to young pupils and are very enriching on condition that the teacher is familiar with and understands the body of work and adapts it to his or her class.


Slotted resampling transforms anirregularly sampled process intoanequidistantly resampled signal wheredataare missing. Thisalways causes biasinspectral estimates, dueto aliasing inthefrequency domainandtoshifting theobservation times toanequidistant gridFurthermore, tooloworder models can cause asignificant truncation bias andprobably missing-data bias, bothofwhich disappear ifthemodelorders aretaken highenough. Thealiasing biasisreduced ifahigher resampling frequency is used. Finally, theshift bias canbediminished byusing aslot width thatissmaller thantheresampling timestep. An approximate maximumlikelihood timeseries estimator hasbeendeveloped to estimate thepowerspectral density andtheautocorrelation function ofmulti-shift slotted nearest neighbor resampled data sets. Thebias isindependent ofthesample size andwill notdiminish ifmoredata canbeusedfortheestimation. Estimated spectra ofirregular observations converge tothealiased biased spectrum forincreasing sample sizes. Therefore, accurate spectra require asmall bias.


This study investigates empirically into the acclaimed positive role played by stock markets in driving growth, with evidence from the Nigerian stock market. Utilizing several econometric techniques, such as unit root test, cointegration test and Gran=ger causality test the study disaggregates stock market development into two components: Stock market size and stock market liquidity. The essence is to know the aspect of stock market development that is the main driver of growth in Nigeria. The findings suggest the dominance of stock market liquidity over market size. While there is a two way causation between stock market liquidity and economic growth with the strength of the causality coming more from stock market liquidity, market size is found to have little or no effect on growth. Equally the results suggest a one way causation between financial deepening and growth with causality flowing from financial depending to economic growth. Key words: Stock market size; Liquidity; Economic growth; Causality; Nigeria


The invention relates to a device for mixing and storing polymethylmethacrylate bone cement. The device comprises: a cartridge with an internal space for mixing the bone cement that is closed on one side by means of a mobile dispensing plunger; a monomer container for a monomer liquid and/or a connector for attachment of a monomer container for a monomer liquid such that the monomer container can be opened appropriately in the device such that the monomer liquid flows from the monomer container into the device; a connecting conduit through which the monomer liquid can be guided into the internal space of the cartridge. A first hollow cylinder is connected to the connecting conduit and a second hollow cylinder is connected, via a vacuum conduit, to the internal space of the cartridge, whereby a pumping plunger is shiftable axially in the first hollow cylinder and is arranged in the first hollow cylinder and a vacuum plunger that is shiftable axially in the second hollow cylinder is arranged in the second hollow cylinder, whereby the pumping plunger and the vacuum plunger may be moved simultaneously. The invention further relates to a method for mixing polymethylmethacrylate bone cement.


The role of genetic factors, based on twin correlations, was relatively modest, suggesting that environmental factors may play a major role in SB etiology. Notably, smoking status and nicotine dependence were strongly and significantly positively associated with SB.


White matter microstructure imaging has long been studied and analyzed with tensor diffusion pulse sequences. White matter integrity analysis has been performed on many different groups of cranial neuropathies. Migraine is a typical unilateral pulsating headache disorder. Although the prevalence of migraine is very high, the pathophysiology is still unclear. From the hypothesis, migraine and persistent migraine may affect the white matter microstructure image. Based on the diffusion of water molecules in the white matter nerve fiber bundle, and the connection to the "pain matrix". Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) can demonstrate whether or not there is a difference in the water diffusion characteristics of fiber bundles in migraine patients compared with healthy volunteers. We conducted a pilot study to understand the TBSS analysis and white matter microstructure analysis in patients diagnosed with migraine.
Key words: migrain, microstructures, white matter intergrity, DTI, TBSS


The avrBs3-like genes designated avrXg3 and avrXg2 cloning from representative strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines (Xag), a causal agent of bacterial pustule disease were harbored by race 1 (new strain SP4); and race 2 (recent strain 12-2) respectively, whereas avrXg1 (reported by Athinuwat et al., 2009) was uniquely detected in race 3 (recent strain KU-P-SW005) that characterized based on their ability to confer virulence toward soybean cultivars. Most of the new strains collected in this study (169 strains) belonged to race 2 (62.72%), the highly virulence strain group. Structural analysis of transcription activator-like effector (TALe) genes determined to particular races was shown that these race strains including race 1 strain SP4, race 2 strain 12-2, and race 3 strain KU-P-SW005 carried TAL effectors of 6 (tal1a, tal1b, tal1c, tal2a, tal2b, and tal3), 6 (same as strain SP4), and 5 (same as strain SP4 but tal1c absent) tale gene members that guided by 15-23, 15-23, and 15-20 repeat variable diresidues (RVDs) respectively. The individual mutants of each tal genes (17-tal derivatives) revealed that only tal2b in each race strains (XagSP4/tal2b, Xag12-2/ tal2b, XagKU-P-SW005/tal2b) exhibited a positive regulator of similar defense-related phenotype on soybean cultivars of Xag/avrBs3-race typing group, suggesting R genes mediated specifically recognition of directly tal2b induction. Phylogenetic construction and hybridization analysis demonstrated high potential in rapid genotyping of many Xag-race strains using primers and DNA probes designed from either specific avrBs3 or tale-like genes characterized. Genetic mapping and RT-PCR evidence showed that soybean GmLOB1 resistance genes mediated recognition of Xag12-2/tal2b-expressing strain (highly virulent strain) to give disease development on resistance cultivar, Williams82. The tal2b and non-TALe type of type III effectors that may establish a co-opted activity targeting host R genes other than GmLOB1 should be experimentally-further analyzed. This is the first description of TALes indicating their translocation through the Xag-T3SS which the work reports two new avrBs3-like genes and seventeen talelike genes characterized from soybean-3 pathogenic Xag race strains.


This Final Report covers the period 1 March 1976 1 July, 1977 and documents the severe storm aircraft measurements obtained during the 1976 Spring storm season as well as the instrumentation and operational features of the aircraft mobility capabilities in support of the NASA's Severe Storm Surveillance Program (SSSP). The measurements and data analyses indicate that the concept of a highly mobile research aircraft c~.pability for obtaining detailed measurements of wind, temperature, moisture, spherics, etc. near and within severe storm systems, forecast 48 hours in advance in a 1000 nm operating radius, is not only feasible but now has been successfully demonstrated during both the 1975 and 1976 SSSP's. The 1976 measurements and analyses reveal several new severe storm features and insights with respect to storm air flow circulations and inflow-outflow orientation. i.e. (1) Precipitation downdraft air is recirculated back into the updraft core below the scud cloud in both back-and front-feeder type storms. (2) In a back-feeder type storm, the downdraft outflow air ahead of the storm may also recirculate back into~e updraft region near cloud base. (3) The detection of a subcloud vortex indicates that sufficient vorticity (vertical component) may be readily available in the .. ear storm environment due to the interaction of the outflow-inflow circulations. (4) Mid-level upstream measurements indicate little or no environmental air inflow to the backside of the storm cells or line squalls investigated. (5) Over a 24 hour period, storms formed ahead of a frontal disturbance can change from front-feeder to back-feeder types.


Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effects of positive psychological intervention on Parkinson's disease (PD) patients complicated with depression and cognitive dysfunction. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-two PD patients complicated with depression and cognitive dysfunction treated in our hospital were selected and randomly divided into two groups (n=116). The control group was treated routinely and the observation group was additionally sub-jected to positive psychological intervention for eight consecutive weeks. They were evaluated by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale in terms of depression and cogni-tive dysfunction. The numerical data between groups were compared by the χ2 test, and the categorical data were compared by the t test. Changes in the depression and cognitive function scores before and after intervention were compared by analysis of variance for repeated measures. P


Engineers must have deep and accurate conceptual understanding of their field and Concept inventories (CIs) are one method of assessing conceptual understanding and providing formative feedback. Current CI tests use Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) to identify misconceptions and have undergone reliability and validity testing to assess conceptual understanding. However, they do not readily provide the diagnostic information about students' reasoning and therefore do not effectively point to specific actions that can be taken to improve student learning. We piloted the textual component of our diagnostic CI on electrical engineering students using items from the signals and systems CI. We then analysed the textual responses using automated lexical analysis software to test the effectiveness of these types of software and interviewed the students regarding their experience using the textual component. Results from the automated text analysis revealed that students held both incorrect and correct ideas for certain conceptual areas and provided indications of student misconceptions. User feedback also revealed that the inclusion of the textual component is helpful to students in assessing and reflecting on their own understanding.


As the guardianship issue is the most central idea in Shiite, though it first was acceded into the vocabulary of Sufism by Hakim Tirmidhi (ninth century AD);the Mongol invasion and the fall of Sunni support prepareda ground to freely express beliefs of the Shia Imami as well as made also an opportunity to give birth of Shiite Sufism.As the emphasis on the guardianship of Ali and its ending with the expectation of the emergence of the last Imamwould be the most important common aspect of discourse between Shiism and Sufism in the sixteenth and seventieth centuries.Thus, in the evolving trend, Nasafi with mystical interpretation of the province provides theoretical foundationsand this matter by Sheikh Safi and Shah N. turned to most deserve symbol of the perfect-man realization to lead the community and to challenge the legitimacy of governments over time;an approach that eventuallyunder empowering Safavid and institutionalization of Shi'ism was accomplished virtually


In this paper we fully describe all tropical linear mappings in the tropical projective plane, that is, maps from the tropical plane to itself given by tropical multiplication by an order 3 matrix.


This paper reports ion emission of an ionic liquid electrospray thrustor with two-stage electrodes made on glass substrate having through hole for low-cost micro/nano satellites. By using the two-stage electrodes, one for ion extraction and the other for acceleration, high and stable ion emission and propulsion force is obtained. The emitter array was fabricated on a silicon wafer and the electrodes were fabricated on both sides of a glass substrate. The ion emission test was conducted, and the emission current was observed successfully. Almost no ions were collected on the accelerator electrode and reached to the collector electrode, which demonstrates the advantage of the two-stage configuration.


The behavior of a two-dimensional system of particles interacting through a potential consisting of a hard core surrounded by a soft repulsive corona is investigated at several densities and temperatures. We find that the competition between hard and soft repulsions gives origin to the spontaneous formation of spatial patterns resembling stripe textures. The effect of varying the hard and soft core radii ratio as well as that of adding an attractive component to the interparticle interaction is studied. The model investigated is relevant for macromolecular topologies possessing two intrinsic length scales.


Software piracy is copying and using commercial software purchased bysomeone else.. Control of software piracy would deliver an additional 44,000 newjobs, $200 million in tax revenues, and $3. 1 billion worth economic growth in India. The worldwide piracy rate went up from 38 percent in 2007 and to 41 percent in 2008. The global rate rose for the second yearin a row because PC shipments grewfaster in high-piracy rate countries. The monetary value of unlicensed software ("losses" to software vendors) grew bymore than $5. 1 billion (11 per cent) to $53.0 billion from 2007 to 2008, although half of that growth was the result of changing exchange rates. Excluding the effect of exchange rates, losses grew by 5 per cent to $50.2 billion. Internet, the increasing sophistication of software pirates and cost of software (and the ability of users to pay for it) are the factors in the complex equation that results in software piracy.


Roger Altounyan had allergic asthma which was first diagnosed while he was a medical student. This disability allowed him to make the important discovery for which he is justly honoured by an annual lecture. His asthma is also the likely cause of the progressive respiratory failure that he suffered in his latter years. Shortly after he joined Fisons in 1956 Roger noted that one compound derived from khellin a plant extract appeared to decrease the antigen response in sensitised guinea pig ileum. This observation convinced him that it would be possible to develop a drug that treated asthma by blocking the release of mast cell mediators rather than by simply antagonising their effects. Between 1957 and 1964 he tested various compounds on himself for their antiallergic properties. He was sensitive to grass pollen and guinea pig dander and he used himself as an assay system and nebulised numerous chemical modifications of khellin in the search for one that would attenuate his acute and delayed bronchoconstriction. In 1964 after testing hundreds of derivatives of khellin he identified a compound, disodium cromoglycate (Intal), that was consistently able to attenuate his allergic response. At this point, after seven years of repeated antigen challenge, Roger's best forced expiratory volume in one second (FEVI) was 1-5 litres. We know this because, in the pivotal paper published in 1965' demonstrating the effects of Intal, the baseline FEV, ofthe "typical subject" is approximately 1-5 litres. Antigen challenge of this typical subject caused a substantial fall in FEV, and Intal provided significant protection. The typical subject was, of course, Roger Altounyan himself. To prove that the drug had a beneficial effect in asthma a clinical trial was necessary.2 This was conducted with Dr Jack Howell, his friend and collaborator, at Manchester University. A total of 10 subjects were studied using a double blind, crossover design. There was a two week run in period and two weeks of placebo, preceded or followed by two weeks of Intal. The outcome variable was the clinical assessment of patient status as judged by Howell. The results were unequivocal. In a blind fashion Howell judged that all 10 subjects were better during the treatment period with the active drug than with placebo. The rest is history. Intal became a major therapeutic agent in the treatment of asthma and innumerable asthmatic subjects have derived clinical benefit from its use. The remarkable thing about Intal is that it is a drug with undoubted beneficial effect which acts at the very basis of asthma


Significance Vaccination is essential for combatting emerging epidemics and pandemics. Microneedle patches designed to precisely deliver cargos into the intradermal space, rich in immune cells, provide a noninvasive and self-applicable vaccination approach, eliminating the need for hypodermic needles and trained medical personnel for vaccine administration. Here, we show that advanced 3D printing methods allow for the manufacturing of polymeric microneedles of controlled geometries (difficult to manufacture using traditional methods) designed to enhance vaccine component coating. Using model vaccine components, we demonstrated that 3D-printed microneedle delivery resulted in enhanced cargo retention in the skin, activation of immune cells, and more potent humoral and cellular immune responses as compared with traditional vaccination routes. Vaccination is an essential public health measure for infectious disease prevention. The exposure of the immune system to vaccine formulations with the appropriate kinetics is critical for inducing protective immunity. In this work, faceted microneedle arrays were designed and fabricated utilizing a three-dimensional (3D)-printing technique called continuous liquid interface production (CLIP). The faceted microneedle design resulted in increased surface area as compared with the smooth square pyramidal design, ultimately leading to enhanced surface coating of model vaccine components (ovalbumin and CpG). Utilizing fluorescent tags and live-animal imaging, we evaluated in vivo cargo retention and bioavailability in mice as a function of route of delivery. Compared with subcutaneous bolus injection of the soluble components, microneedle transdermal delivery not only resulted in enhanced cargo retention in the skin but also improved immune cell activation in the draining lymph nodes. Furthermore, the microneedle vaccine induced a potent humoral immune response, with higher total IgG (Immunoglobulin G) and a more balanced IgG1/IgG2a repertoire and achieved dose sparing. Furthermore, it elicited T cell responses as characterized by functional cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells secreting Th1 (T helper type 1)-cytokines. Taken together, CLIP 3D–printed microneedles coated with vaccine components provide a useful platform for a noninvasive, self-applicable vaccination.


That histamine is a constituent of normal lung tissue was first established by Best, Dale, Dudley, and Thorpe,' who isolated the amine in chemically pure form from the lung of the ox. These observers also isolated histamine from ox liver and their observations form the basis for the assertion that histamine is a normal constituent of animal tissues. The chemical isolation of histamine from tissue extracts cannot be accomplished quantitatively. Moreover, merely to identify the amine chemically is a tedious process which necessitates the extraction of large amounts of material. Consequently, in any routine study of the histamine content of tissues, presumptive evidence of the presence of the amine is obtained by suitable pharmacological tests which form the basis of identification. Two methods of bio-assay are commonly employed, one based upon the ability of extracts of organs containing histamine to lower the blood pressure of the anesthetized cat, the other on their ability to contract the isolated intestinal muscle (ileum) of the guinea-pig. In either assay technic, atropine is used to prevent responses to any parasympathomimetic agent which may be extracted from tissues and thus to reduce the possibility of error from extraneous substances. Using the technic of biological identification, it has been established by many groups of investigators that lung tissue is relatively rich in histamine. Indeed, in certain species, the histamine concentration of the lungs may exceed that of any other tissue. In man, concentrations as high as 70 mgm./kgm. of lung have been observed,2 and in the dog, still higher concentrations have been reported. However, there are great variations in the content of lung histamine in different animals, even of the same species, and characteristic values for the histamine content of different organs can only be given within wide limits. In the dog's lung, histamine concentrations commonly range between 15 and 50 mgm./kgm. The human lung contains approximately the same concentration.


NiSnCl6·6H2O forms trigonal crystals containing one axially distorted [Ni(H2O)6]++ complex per unit cell. Above 0.4K its magnetic and thermal properties were shown to be described by the spin Hamiltonian H=DSz2+gμBS⇒.H.⇒ for S=1 with g=2.25 (isotropic) and D=+0.64k. The zero‐field splitting of the ground state thus leaves a lower singlet separated by 0.64k from an upper doublet. We have extended the measurement of the heat capacity Cp of a single crystal sample down to ∼0.06–0.04K in zero field as well as with a magnetic field parallel to the trigonal axis. For H =0 a Schottky anomaly is observed with Tmax∼0.2K. The absence of an additional cooperative peak down to 0.06K supports the conclusion that interaction among Ni++ ions is smaller than the critical value needed to give long‐ range spin order in H=0. With H∥ ∼4.2kOe, the singlet is crossed by the lower Zeeman component of the doublet and we observe a different Schottky anomaly (Tmax∼0.5K) produced by the artificially degenerate ground state and the ...


The article is aimed at revealing the types of emigrant images in S. Dovlatovs literary works, the writer being usually referred to as the third wave Russian emigration writer. Several classifications of Dovlatovs characters including the classifications by I. Sukhikh, N. Anastasyev, and by S. Dovlatov himself are given.


We present a novel 4-2 compressor for designing multi-operand addition circuits. The design is based on a current mode circuit from which the equivalent voltage mode circuit is derived. This circuit can be used to build very fast multi-operand addition structures. We provide a gate level cost and speed comparison between our design and existing 4-2 compressors. Also, we make an analytical comparison of 4-2 compressor/counter addition structures with those produced using Wallace and Dadda trees. We showed that similar cost, our 4-2 compressor achieves up to 33% reduction in delay. Our structure has with more regularity in structure of trees and wires are than Wallace and Dadda trees.


Professional golf architects emerged in the early twentieth century across the English-speaking world. These new professionals coalesced around ideas that promoted a Scottish national conception of proper golf. When golf first migrated from the Scottish coasts inland, south into England, and across the oceans to the United States and the British Dominions in the latter half of the nineteenth century, no standardized form or set of ideals on Golf course architecture existed. Through their collective writings, professional golf architects from Britain, the United States, and Canada codified the values, design principles, and the romance of the ancient Scottish linksland courses as the standard way to design and construct golf courses. We therefore position golf courses as important sites of historical inquiry into the transmission of national styles. These Golden Age (1910–37) golf architects thus encouraged the transnational exchange of sport through the construction of golf courses in a peculiarly Scottish sense.


Objective To analyze the epidemiological features of rotavirus(RV)diarrhea cases under 5 years in Hebei province from 2010 to 2012. Methods The incidence of rotavirus diarrhea from the surveillance systems of infectious diarrhea cases under 5 years from 2010 to 2012 was analyzed. Rotavirus were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and stereotyping and genotyping were performed by nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). Results A total of 1 155 stool specimens were examned,RV was positive in 514 specimens accounted for 44.50%.The positive rate of RV was highest in the children aged 12~17 months accounted for 58.54%.Rotavirus infection mainly occurred from November to February next year,and the peak was between November and December accupied 63.15%(P0.01). In the aspect of serum G typing,G9 type was the most,which accounted for 42.22%,and G9 type had the tendency of main prevalence serum type in the locality; In P typing,P [8] type was predominant accounted for 66.34%,and among G/P combination type G9P [8] was predominant accounted for 35.21%. Conclusions Rotavirus is the major pathogen in hospitalization patients with diarrhea under 5 years in Hebei province,and G9P[8] is dominant combination.