The Cenozoic Holitna basin is a gravity-defined feature that sits astride the Denali-Farewell fault zone in southwestern Alaska. The basin corresponds to a gravity low in excess of -40 milligals (mGals). No outcrops exist within the footprint of the gravity low and no subsurface data are available; consequently, the stratigraphy and age of its fill are unknown. The Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS) investigated the shallow gas potential of the basin during the summers of 2000 and 2002 by studying Tertiary coal-bearing rocks exposed along the Denali-Farewell fault zone to the northeast of the basin in the southern McGrath Quadrangle as an outcrop analog to the subsurface stratigraphy of the basin. We visited exposures along Windy Fork Middle Fork River to collect samples for source-rock characterization, including Rock-Eval pyrolysis, vitrinite reflectance measurements, and visual kerogen analysis. Rock-Eval pyrolysis results from carbonaceous mudstone and coal samples along Windy Fork indicate the presence of Type II and Type III kerogen, which are expected to be excellent sources of oil and gas under favorable subsurface conditions. Available thermal maturity data for the samples indicate they are immature for oil and gas, but are in the late pre-oil phase of maturity. If a coal- and carbonaceous-mudstone-bearing succession similar to the rocks discussed in this report from the McGrath Quadrangle are present in the subsurface of the gravity-defined Holitna basin at favorable depths, they can be expected to have significant thermogenic oil and gas generative potential.


Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is used to non-invasively estimate the severity of arteriosclerosis by measuring the patient's arterial stiffness comparing with each normal reference range according to their ages. Increased arterial stiffness is closely related to both atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis, which have been known for causes of cardiovascular disease and stroke, also negatively affects the prognosis and the re-occurrence in patients with stroke. The study is focused on how brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) is related to cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients with acute stroke. There were 114 subjects, 69 males and 45 females, all in their 60's and had PWV test for acute stroke. The results are as follows: the group with increased arterial stiffness showed significant increase in HbAlc, total cholesterol, RSBP (resting systolic blood pressure), CSBP (central systolic blood pressure) and CDBP (central diastolic blood pressure). Cross tabulation test showed that there was a significant relationship only between the group with increased arterial stiffness and diabetes mellitus (DM). Therefore, it might be useful for preventing re-occurrence and making a favorable prognosis to promptly adjust DM and hypertension-related risk factors in patients with acute stroke.


A simple, selective, precise and stability indicating high performance thin layer chromatographic method for analysis of Terbinafine, both as the bulk drug and in a tablet formulation has been developed and validated. In this, method pre coated silica gel 60F 254 aluminum foil TLC plates was used as stationary phase and chromatogram was developed using of n hexane: acetone: glacial acetic acid in the ratio of 8:2:0.1v/v as mobile phase. A compact band with Rf 0.42 was obtained for Terbinafine. Densitometric analysis was performed in absorbance mode at 223nm using Camag TLC scanner. Linear regression analysis revealed a good linear relationship (r =0.9997) between peak area and concentration in the range of 200-1000ng/spot.The method was validated for precision, recovery and robustness. The limit of detection and quantification was 1.204 ng/ spot and 3.648 ng /spot respectively. Terbinafine was subjected to acid, alkaline hydrolysis, oxidative, photochemical and thermal degradation and compound underwent degradation only under photo chemical condition when the standard drug was exposed to UV light. This method under statistical analysis proved a selective, repeatable and accurate analysis of the drug. This method can be used for quantitative analysis of Terbinafine in the bulk drug and in tablet formulation.


In practically any organization, delays are a persistent concern, and the construction sector is no exception. Construction joints, whether intentional or unintentional, are unavoidable in the construction industry particularly for concrete structures. In this study, the two major variables of cold joints were used as a factor in analyzing the beam's flexural strength using Artificial Neural Network, Garson's Algorithm, and ANSYS Software. The major purpose of this study is to generate a Backpropagation Neural Network-based model for forecasting beam flexural strength while considering two variables: the cold joint surface position and the angle of inclination. The study aimed to understand the performance and behavior of an ordinary reinforced concrete beam having cold joint with different conditions based on these major variables. After conducting data gathering, the study determines the Capacity Reduction of Beams considering the Angle of Inclination and Location of Cold Joint using ANSYS Software which were interpreted and were utilized for the formulation of the model which helped project load capacity of beams with cold joint. Based on the sensitivity analysis, it was conclusive that, in order of importance, the angle of inclination is the variable that is considered to have an impact on beam capacity.


Objective To study the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor benazepri1 on apoptosis and the expression of Fas and FasL in the kidney of rats with adriamycin-indued nephritic glomeruosclerosis.Methods After uninephrectomy and the injection of adriamycin induced rats model with glomerulosclerosis, benazapril(6 mg/kg) was delivered daily by gavage to the rats in therapeutic groups for 12 weeks.Apoptosis was examined by means of terminal-deoxynucleotidyl trans ferase mediated d-UTP nick end label ling(TUNEL) and immunohistochemistry was utlized to detect the expression of Fas and FasL.Software of pathological analysis quantitated the level of Fas and FasL.Results Compared with those of the control group, the kidney of model group had moresevere glomerulosclerosis, much more apoptotic cells and higher level of exprssion of Fas and FasL. The degree of glomeruloscleroais, the nuxner of apoptotic cells and the level of expression of Fas and FasL were ameliofated by benazepril treatment.Conclusion Benazepril may suppress the excessive apoptosis of kidney cell by lowering the expression of the protin correlatng apoptosis Fas and FasL,so as to postpone the process of glomeruosclerosis.


Evaluating in the digital realm the similarity between two cultural objects relies on a number of factors. The latter can be subdivided to three categories, each describing a different set of properties. Specifically, the first such category pertains to generic attributes which usually are domain oblivious. For instance, for literature works standard text similarity metrics based on attributes such as n-gram or word frequencies. The second category consists of attributes deriving from domain-specific aspects. In the same example, a literature work may be described by the style, the author, and the year it was written. Finally, the third category relies on metadata generated by humans who have previously accessed the specific cultural object, perhaps drawn from a pre-specified list to avoid cluttering by redundant, erroneous, or invalid descriptions. Despite this restriction, the latter allows for an enhanced and more accurate description of the cultural object as a human can associate quicker and more efficiently a certain set of descriptions to it. Here a metric is proposed based on all three categories and it is compared against baseline ones with encouraging results.


Lichens have been used since ancient times to cure various ailments. To study the variation in phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of n-hexane, acetone and methanol extracts in seven lichen species. Phytochemical study includes total phenolic and flavonoid content and quantitative study by HPLC technique. Furthermore the in vitro antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH and ABTS methods in seven lichen species. The findings revealed the significant (p less then 0.05) variations in phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity for all the analyzed samples. The Flavoparmelia caperata extracts showed highest antioxidant activity followed by Sticta nylanderiana. The amount of total phenolic and flavonoid contents were highest in methanol extracts of Everniastrum nepalense (95.9±2.62 mg GAE/gm dw) and F. caperata (78.04 ± 2.31 mg QAE/gm dw) respectively. The phenolic acids and flavonoids contents of lichen samples were quantified by RP- HPLC and compared with standard markers, which varied between 0.03- 970.01 and 0.16- 1316.54 μg/gm dry weight, respectively. Gallic acid was present in all the tested extracts of which, highest concentration was found in acetone (970.01± 2.48 μg/gm dw) and methanol (846.86±1.86 μg/gm dw) extracts of F. caperata. Maximum concentration of rutin (1316.54 ± 3.23 μg/gm) was present in acetone extract of Lobaria retigera. The scavenging capacity of methanol fraction of lichens were also compared with individual scavenging capacity of the phenolic compounds. The structure–activity relationship was elucidated and discussed within each class of phenolic substances. The variation in radical scavenging activity of the tested phenolic compounds were attributed to structural differences mainly on number and position of hydroxyl groups.


The appropriate selection of cloud services is a new need that resulted from the increased use of Cloud Computing. Users want to find the cloud services that best meet their requirements from a large number of available cloud services. This requires a special treatment. Generally, it is done by using various techniques, such as Similarity, Data Mining, Recommender Systems, Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methods, etc. The main problem of these cited methods, is firstly the large number of returned services and secondly the absence of direct communication between the user and the system. Most of methods are based on previous system knowledge, or they rely on other users feedback. In order to avoid these weaknesses we thought to add a form of communication between the user and the system. For this end, in our contribution, the user is requested to enter the values of his ideal service and then based on the techniques of clustering, the services which are the most closest to the ideal service are selected and returned to the final user.


Nearly one-third of individuals in the U.S. are affected by chronic pain at some point throughout their lifetime (Ospina & Harstall, 2002). Though opioid pharmacotherapy for chronic pain is often efficacious, and most patients take medicine as prescribed, more than 10% of chronic pain patients engage in opioid misuse behaviors, such as dose escalation or self-medication of negative emotions (Fishbain, Cole, Lewis, Rosomoff, & Rosomoff, 2007). Opioid misuse carries serious health and psychological risks, including overdose and development of opioid dependence. The magnitude of chronic pain in post-industrial societies coupled with the escalation in prescription opioid misuse presents a conundrum to the medical system and substance user treatment community alike. People experiencing prolonged pain should not be denied medical access to opioids, yet chronic opioid therapy bears significant risks for addiction. Fur-


Simple Summary Travellers and Gypsies are recognised ethnic groups in the UK and Ireland. Horse ownership is an important part of their lives; however, poor horse welfare is often perceived to be associated with these horse-owning communities. Nevertheless, studies on the welfare of Traveller and Gypsy-owned horses are lacking. The welfare of 104 horses in the UK and Ireland was evaluated using a horse welfare protocol that assessed health conditions, resource provision, management and horse behaviour. In order to potentially understand how a horse was feeling, Qualitative Behaviour Assessment (QBA) was used to evaluate their body language. Most horses were found to have good body condition, a healthy coat and few skin problems or joint issues, however, 27% of horses were found to have neglected hooves. In the voluntary animal approach test, most horses showed a friendly response. Positive QBA terms were more prevalent than negative terms, therefore, the emotional state of Traveller and Gypsy owned horses was deemed to be positive overall. An association between QBA and various horse welfare measures was identified, e.g., improved mood was associated with better water availability. Findings in this study did not support previous negative perceptions of horse welfare in Traveller and Gypsy horse owning communities. Abstract Travellers and Gypsies are recognised ethnic groups in the UK and Ireland. Horse ownership is an important cultural tradition, however, practices associated with poor welfare are often perceived to be linked to these horse owning communities. Despite this, empirical studies on the welfare status of Traveller and Gypsy owned horses are lacking. To determine the welfare status of Traveller and Gypsy owned horses, 104 horses were assessed using a bespoke horse welfare protocol. This protocol assessed animal, resource and management-based measures. In addition, Qualitative Behaviour Assessment (QBA) identified horses' emotional state. Results indicated that 81% of horses had an optimal body condition score, with no horse recorded as very thin/fat. The absence of limb conditions (95%), ocular (98%) and nasal (93%) discharges were evident in most horses, and 81% of horses responded positively to the voluntary animal approach test. The most commonly observed welfare issues were hoof neglect (27%), with hoof cracks/breakages (19%) being the most prevalent. QBA indicated that positive emotional states were more commonplace than negative. A relationship between QBA and other horse welfare measures was observed, e.g., improved mood was associated with better water availability. This research provides novel data in the under-researched area of the welfare of Traveller and Gypsy owned horses and counters perceptions of a poor welfare state in this group of horses.


In single-phase ac high-voltage (HV) battery chargers, as the input current is enforced to be varying sinusoidally in phase with the input voltage, the pulsating power at two times of the line frequency will be seen on the dc-link. Bulky capacitor bank or extra active filter (AF) circuits are needed to assimilate this harmonic current, which become a major barrier in terms of power density and cost. Sinusoidal charging method can be applied, while this might affect the charging efficiency and a deep study is still needed to further investigate on the impact to the Lithium-ion battery. An active filter auxiliary power module (AFAPM) based dual-mode dual-voltage charging system for vehicle application has been proposed. The AFAPM converter has two modes: the HV active filtering mode, in which the vehicle is connected to the grid and the converter assimilates the significant second-order harmonic current; and the low-voltage (LV) battery charging mode, in which the vehicle is running and the converter charges the LV battery from HV battery. However, a relay and inductors are still required in that converter to achieve the dual-mode operation. This paper proposes a primary full-integrated AFAPM for electrified vehicle applications with single-phase onboard chargers. The proposed AFAPM converter is composed of a two-phase bidirectional buck converter to work as an AF and a dual-active-bridge to operate as a LV battery charger auxiliary power module (APM). With the proposed converter, only an extra active energy storage capacitor is needed to achieve the active filtering. All the switches and inductors on the primary stage are shared between the AF and APM. Therefore, the use of a bulky capacitor bank or an additional AF circuit is avoided and, thus, the cost, size, and weight of the dual-voltage charging system in the electrified vehicle applications can be reduced. A 720-W prototype has been built to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed converter.


The evolution in imaging technologies and artificial intelligence algorithms, coupled with improvements in UAV technology, has enabled the use of unmanned aircraft in a wide range of applications. The feasibility of this kind of approach for cattle monitoring has been demonstrated by several studies, but practical use is still challenging due to the particular characteristics of this application, such as the need to track mobile targets and the extensive areas that need to be covered in most cases. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using a tilted angle to increase the area covered by each image. Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (Xception architecture) were used to generate the models for animal detection. Three experiments were carried out: (1) five different sizes for the input images were tested to determine which yields the highest accuracies; (2) detection accuracies were calculated for different distances between animals and sensor, in order to determine how distance influences detectability; and (3) animals that were completely missed by the detection process were individually identified and the cause for those errors were determined, revealing some potential topics for further research. Experimental results indicate that oblique images can be successfully used under certain conditions, but some practical limitations need to be addressed in order to make this approach appealing.


As big data technologies have been developed and massive data have exploded from users through various channels, CEO of global IT enterprise mentioned core importance of data in next generation business. Therefore various machine learning technologies have been necessary to apply data driven services but especially recommendation has been core technique in viewpoint of directly providing summarized information or exact choice of items to users in information flooding environment. Recently evolved recommendation techniques have been proposed by many researchers and most of service companies with big data tried to apply refined recommendation method on their online business. For example, Amazon used item to item collaborative filtering method on its sales distribution platform. In this paper, we develop a commercial web service for suggesting music contents and implement three representative collaborative filtering methods on the service. We also produce recommendation lists with three methods based on real world sample data and evaluate the usefulness of them by comparison among the produced result. This study is meaningful in terms of suggesting the right direction and practicality when companies and developers want to develop web services by applying big data based recommendation techniques in practical environment.


...................................................................................................4 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................5 Self-Rated Health.....................................................................................6 Self-Rated Health and Rurality.............................................................8 Healthcare Satisfaction..............................................................................9 Healthcare Satisfaction and Rurality.............................................................10 Healthcare Adherence..............................................................................11 Healthcare Adherence and Rurality......................................................12 Medical Mistrust....................................................................................13 Medical Mistrust and Rurality............................................................15 Purpose................................................................................................16 Hypotheses...........................................................................................17 METHODS...................................................................................................18 Study Design & Participants.......................................................................18 Procedure....................................................................................19 Measures.............................................................................................20 Self-Rated Health..........................................................................20 Healthcare Satisfaction & Healthcare Adherence.....................................21 Medical Mistrust...........................................................................22 Rurality......................................................................................23 Statistical Analysis..................................................................................23 THE MODERATING ROLE OF RURALITY ON SEVERAL HEALTH VARIABLES 3 RESULTS.....................................................................................................24 DISCUSSION................................................................................................26 Limitations...........................................................................................28 Future Studies........................................................................................29 Conclusion...........................................................................................30 FIGURES & TABLES.......................................................................................32 APPENDIX...................................................................................................36 REFERENCES...............................................................................................37 THE MODERATING ROLE OF RURALITY ON SEVERAL HEALTH VARIABLES 4 ABSTRACT The current study is part of a broader study called the Women's Reproductive HealthThe current study is part of a broader study called the Women's Reproductive Health Survey (WRHS) which aimed to examine various aspects of women's life experiences. This study examined the moderating effect of rurality on several factors of healthcare in a sample of women between the ages of 18 and 50. Self-rated health (SRH) was hypothesized to predict healthcare satisfaction, healthcare adherence, and medical mistrust. Furthermore, rurality was hypothesized to weaken the relationships between SRH and healthcare satisfaction and adherence; it was further hypothesized to exacerbate the relationship between SRH and medical mistrust. A survey containing a single-item measure of SRH and rurality, a seven-item measure of medical mistrust, and an exploratory measure of both healthcare satisfaction and adherence, was uploaded to the Internet forum Redditt. Participants received informed consent and monetary compensation for their time. Bivariate correlations and moderation analysis was conducted on the resulting data. Self-rated health was found to be a significant predictor of healthcare satisfaction, healthcare adherence, and medical mistrust. Rurality was a nonsignificant moderator. Healthcare systems may consider enhancing patient portfolios with a measure of SRH. This may have implications for improved quality of care and health outcomes. Limitations within the study included the participant demographics, which were mostly White and of a high socioeconomic status, as well as the broader survey from which this study originated. Future studies may consider comparing populations from a high socioeconomic status to populations from a low socioeconomic status. THE MODERATING ROLE OF RURALITY ON SEVERAL HEALTH VARIABLES 5 Self-Rated Health, Healthcare Satisfaction, Healthcare Adherence, and Medical Mistrust: The Moderating Role of Rurality INTRODUCTION Previous research has shown that there are many disparities in health care access and service between rural and urban areas within the United States (López-Cevallos, Harvey, & Warren, 2014; Vanderboom & Madigan, 2008). The Federal Office of Rural Health Policy defines rurality as living in a non-metropolitan county, i.e. living in an area of less than 50,000 people (Health Resources and Services Administration, 2017). Rural residents also tend to be older and of lower socioeconomic status than the general population (Rural Health Information Hub, 2017). This income inequality is oftentimes associated with higher rates of mortality caused by health-related problems such as coronary heart disease, malignant neoplasms, cancer, or diabetes (Kawachi & Kennedy, 1999; Vanderboom & Madigan, 2008). Individuals residing in rural areas are also more likely to be chronically ill or have a disability (Vanderboom & Madigan, 2008). According to Spleen, Lengerich, Camacho, and Vanderpool (2014), health care systems in rural areas are often uncoordinated and consist of county health departments and small hospitals with a relatively low presence of specialty care providers. This limited access to specialized care can have a significantly adverse impact on the health of a rural individual and may leave them with unmet health needs. Access to care is in part limited by the availability of services as well as the distance needed to travel in order to receive adequate care. Rural adults oftentimes find travel distance and a lack of quality care as significant barriers to their own health (Vanderboom & Madigan, 2008). In a study examining health care avoidance among rural populations, Spleen, Lengerich, Camacho, and Vanderpool (2014), found that patients who resided in rural areas are more likely THE MODERATING ROLE OF RURALITY ON SEVERAL HEALTH VARIABLES 6 to delay or avoid emergency care. More specifically, non-Latino black women and women with lower education and income levels, both of which are significantly associated with rurality, are more likely to delay healthcare for breast cancer symptoms (Spleen, Lengerich, Camacho, & Vanderpool, 2014). Another study of rural veterans found that travel distance, lack of quality care, and limited services to be significant barriers to health care with many patients also delaying or avoiding emergency care (Buzza, et al. 2011). Compared to their urban counterparts, rural veterans indicated having a lower health-related quality of life. A study conducted with rural African Americans found that they were more likely to experience circumstances associated with depression and psychological distress such as a high poverty rate, low education, and poor health when compared to their non-Hispanic White and urban peers (Weaver, Taylor, Chatters, & Himle, 2018). In short, the literature indicates that rurality may be associated with and influence health disparities. Rural residents tend to "smoke more, exercise less, have less nutritional diets, and are more likely to be obese than suburban residents" ("Unite For Sight", n.d., para 6). They also tend to live in neighborhoods that make it less likely to maintain healthy habits like exercise ("Unite For Sight", n.d.). Some rural areas are also more likely to have uninsured residents than urban areas ("Unite For Sight", n.d.). All these factors can adversely impact individual health outcomes. While there is much literature regarding the associations between rurality and health disparities, there is little research indicating the mechanisms through which rurality may also influence other factors related to health and the healthcare system. This study aims to identify the relationship between these factors and the ways in which rurality may influence or moderate this relationship.


The paper gives introduction of various grounding requirement for telecom equipment,makes analyses on the effects to the equipment from the related groundings.It presents a grounding solution from equipment in the power room in the second communication center while the racks have static electricity.


Tinnitus is a sound in the ear that occurs without an external stimulus. The lifetime incidence of tinnitus is about 7-12% in the general population, but the etiology of this disorder is still unknown. In 1975, Janetta suggested that anterior inferior cerebellar arterial loops around the internal acoustic canal (IAC) and cerebellopontine angle (CPA) may compress the vestibulocochear nerve (CN VIII) and cause tinnitus, vertigo and hearing loss. Since this initial hypothesis, several studies have evaluated the relationship between the vascular loops and otologic symptoms. However, in people who do not have tinnitus, the prevalence of anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) loops around the IAC and CPA have been reported to be 12% (by post-mortem dissection), 7% (by computed tomography cisternography), 14-34% (by magnetic resonance imaging). Therefore, based on the frequency of AICA loops in contact with CN VIII have lead researches to question the hypothesis that the AICA loop causes tinnitus. The purpose of this study was to correlate inner ear symptoms like tinnitus and hearing loss to the type and thickness of AICA loop in CPA and IAC, using 3D-fast imaging employing steady state acquision (FIESTA) magnetic resonance image (MRI).


Objective:To study the effects of human CBS(Cord Blood Serum) on hematopoietic cells culture in vitro.Methods:CBS and/or different combinations of cytokines were added to the culture system derived from human bone marrow mononuclear cells.Colony forming capacity of colony forming unit-granulocyte/ monocyte (CFU-GM)?colony forming unit-granulocyte/ erythrocyte/ megakaryocyte/ monocyte (CFU-GEMM)?cobble-stone area forming cells (CAFC)?long-term culture initiating cells (LTC-IC) were observed.Results:CBS had certain cytokine-like stimulating activity that could promote the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of bone marrow in vitro. By comparison with cytokines, its GM-CSF-like activity was equal to 65.6 μg/L rhGM-CSF, and its IL-3-like activity was equal to 2.9 μg/L rhIL-3.Conclusion:CBS contains stimulating activities for proliferating and differentiating of hematopoietic cells. CBS alone can maintain hematopoietic cells culture in vitro. This study showed the prospect of clinical application of CBS.


The main purpose of the study was to evaluate circadian rhythm-associated circulatory and metabolic response to 20 min cycling exercise at 40% Wattmax. Ten old women (65.5 yr ± 3.0) were selected, and heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), energy expenditure (EE), oxidation of carbohydrate and fat, and blood glucose and lactate levels were measured at different times of a day. As a result, there is no statistical difference in oxidation of carbohydrate and fat, and blood glucose and lactate levels. We conclude that immediately after 20 min exercise, old women showed a different circulatory response regardless of circadian rhythm, whereas the 20 min cycling exercise does not appear to affect metabolic response.


Experiments on fast plasma heating by the relativistic electron beam in the GOL-3 facility succeeds in the creation of a 10 15 cm -3 plasma with electron temperature of up to a few keV. The heating is produced due to two-stream instability of the beam that causes high level of plasma microturbulence. The experiments show some specific features of plasma behaviour during the beam injection. The beam-induced turbulence is the reason of non-classical transport processes in the plasma. Anomalies in longitudinal thermal conductivity, resistivity of the plasma and in lifetime of hot electrons are observed. Transition to classical transport coefficients occurs when the plasma turbulence disappears after the beam injection stops.


Biological activities and application of Prunus sargentii Rehder were investigated. In the physiological activities, the electron donating ability (EDA) of ethanol extracts of Prunus sargentii Rehder was 85% in 100 ppm. SOD-like activity was inhibition about 50% in 1,000 ppm, it was gradual increased. As inhibitory effect of xanthine oxidase, it was more than 70% in 1,000 ppm and inhibitory effect of tyrosinase was a little low as 20% below 1,000 ppm.


Occupational stress is a someone responds, either physically or mentally toward the changing in environment that distrurb and affected a person in threat. The threat that can occurs through working as a police, for example workload and salary dissatisfication. According to Indonesia Police Watch (IPW) Data showed that dozens of police commited suicide from 2011 until 2015. The result of research by National Police Headquarter concluded that 80% of criminal detective and traffic police officers experienced the occupational stress due to workloads or working pressures. This research aimed to find the related factors of occupational stress on criminal detective unit police officers in Blora district police station. The research design of this study used explanatory research with cross-sectional approach. Samples were 34 people who worked at criminal detective unit police officers in Blora district police station. The instrument of this study used questionnaire. Rank spearman statistic test used to analyze the relation between observed variables and occupational stress. The results conclude that the observed variables with related factors of occupational stress were  age of respondents, career development, work relationship, in the other hands observed variables with unrelated factors of occupational stress were years of service, work demand, individual role in organization, and organizational structure and climate.


This work was designed to investigate incidence of P. aeruginosa in dead in shell chicken embryos and molecular detection of virulence genes and study their pathogenicity effect on embryonated chicken eggs and chicks. Out of 100 pooled samples were collected from liver, heart and yolk sac of dead in shell chicken embryos, a total of 24 (24%) P. aeruginosa isolates were isolated.On carrying PCR test for 24 P. aeruginosa isolates there were high distribution of (opr L) and ( lasI ) genes with 100% while distribution of other virulence genes was as follows: toxA (83.3%), lasR (75%), Rhl1 (70.8%). Pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa on embryonated chicken eggs was studied either by inoculation of P. aeruginosa strain via yolk sac route in a dose of 0.1 ml suspension 14x10⁷. Which gave 100% embryonic mortalities after 3 days or by dipping group of 17 days –old embryonated chicken eggs in a dose of 6.1X 109 /ml which gave 90% embryonic mortality. Experimentaly infected chicks showed 70% mortality. Histopathological changes in dead embryos from infected embryonated eggs and sacrificed, dead infected chicks revealed lymphocytic hepatitis with presence of gram negative bacteria. Lymphocytic nephritis with hemosiderosis found in renal parenchyma. Heart showed lymphocytic myocarditis. Lung showed alveolar emphysema, interstitial pneumonia and perivascular fibrosis. P. aeruginosa was re-isolated from internal organs of sacrificed hatched chicks and from liver and yolk sac of dead embryos.


The voltammetric reduction of copper β-diketone chelates was used to get information on their complex stability. 1,1,1-Trifluoropentane-2,4-dione, pentane-2,4-dione, 1-phenylbutane-1,3-dione, 1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-dione and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione were chosen as model ligands. The complexes were reduced in two separate steps the first of which proved to be reversible. The experimental data are suitable for calculation of the relative stability constants of corresponding Cu(I) and Cu(II) complexes. The data well correlate with the overall stability constants determined potentiometrically. The results were applied to some new hydrophobic β-diketones which are not accessible to potentiometric measurements.


This paper presents the preliminary results of work carried out for recognizing certain keywords using perceptually significant spectral energy features. Dynamic time warping and artificial neural networks were used for feature matching. Preliminary results indicate that the significant energy features are feasible as a stand-alone set that can also augment the most commonly used cepstral features to yield high recognition scores. For the challenging set of short words used in the present work, results show that a neural network for feature recognition is better than a dynamic time warping technique with different dissimilarity measures.


Research status of ductile regime machining(DRM) of brittle materials was reviewed,including the mechanism of brittle-ductile transition,the analytical models for critical processing scale and its influence factors,the MD simulation in DRM,and the advances in DRM technology.The results of current research showed that high quality crack-free surfaces on brittle materials were obtained by ductile material removal process under certain machining conditions.Some future approaches were also suggested.


The thermoelectric power of silicon decreases precipitously when the dimensions of a microcontact are reduced below a critical value. The critical dimension $L$ decreases with rising temperature $T$ and is a measure for an interaction length of electron-phonon coupling. The dimensional reduction inhibits the phonon-drag contribution to the thermoelectric power; the predicted scaling with ${L}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ is verified for the first time.


Time integration of the boundary‐layer vertical diffusion equation has been investigated. The nonlinearity associated with the diffusion coefficient makes the implicit approach impractical, while the use of an explicit scheme limits the stable time‐step sizes and consequently would be inefficient. By using a diagonally implicit Runge–Kutta scheme, a new approach has been proposed in which the diffusion coefficients at each internal stage are calculated by a weight‐averaged combination of solutions. Using the weight coefficient α offers more robust calculations due to involving implicit solutions and, as shown, it could improve the accuracy due to more engaging the explicit solutions. It has been found that the proposed semi‐implicit method is more accurate and computationally less expensive than the implicit scheme. Moreover, in terms of stability and accuracy improvement, the advantage of the proposed DIRK scheme, compared to the scheme proposed by Diamantakis et al. ( ), has been revealed, particularly for a highly nonlinear diffusion term.


are initially breast fed and as the result of promotion programmes, prevalence has increased throughout the 1990s in many developing countries. Although breast feeding could improve the health of mothers and children in all parts of the world, ironically its potential has still to be realised in many of the world's wealthiest countries where prevalence remains low. United Kingdom data collected during the last quinquennial national survey of infant feeding (September 2000) have recently been released. They show only a minimal increase in England and Wales (70% of babies were breast fed at birth, as opposed to 68% in 1995), largely explicable by the confounding effects of increased maternal age and educational attainment. Significant increases were, however, seen in Scotland and Northern Ireland, traditionally areas of low breast feeding uptake, where there have been vigorous promotional campaigns. 3 The UK picture is typical of much of Europe which has the lowest breast feeding rates of any global region. 5 The reasons which underlie Europe's failure to capitalise on breast feeding as a child health promotion strategy need to be explored. Despite a wealth of evidence, some professional scepticism endures about the link between infant feeding and health outcomes. For some the randomised controlled trial (RCT) has become a sine qua non. However, the ethical problems associated with randomising mothers' feeding choices have usually meant that case–control and cohort study experimental designs have been the only practical methodological option. Among the principal research problems encountered have been inadequate definitions of "breast feeding" (for example, failure to distinguish "exclusive" from partial breast feeding), ascertainment bias, and the possibility that maternal choice was biased by disease risk (such as a family history of allergic disease). To these must be added confounding by factors such as social class, maternal age, parental educational attainment, and smoking habits. However, a number of studies have overcome these problems and shown that breast fed infants are at significantly reduced risk of gastrointestinal infection, ear infection, necrotising enterocolitis, and probably Haemophilus influenzae infection, compared to artificially fed children. This is the case even in the well resourced UK and USA. There is also emerging evidence of longer term benefits: for example, children who were breast fed show reduced systolic blood pressure at school age and perform better in tests of cognitive skills, particularly if born prematurely. Mothers' long term health also probably benefits from breast feeding as they appear to experience lowered risk of certain cancers. 12


Pancreatic cystic tumor is very rare in clinical practice.Very few cases are malignant among them.The characteristics of the diseases are not well established.Mucinous cystadenoma and mucinous cystadenocarcinoma are two common kinds among the pancreatic cystic tumors.This review is to summarize the clinical characteristics of the two kinds of pancreatic cystic tumors and point out that panereatic B-ultrasound and CT scan are two effective methods in the early diagnosis of pancreatic cystic tumor and active radical surgical resection may get longer survival.


This paper considers conservation and balance laws and the constitutive theories for non-classical viscous fluent continua without memory, in which internal rotation rates due to the velocity gradient tensor are incorporated in the thermodynamic framework. The constitutive theories for the deviatoric part of the symmetric Cauchy stress tensor and the Cauchy moment tensor are derived based on integrity. The constitutive theories for the Cauchy moment tensor are considered when the balance of moments of moments 1) is not a balance law and 2) is a balance law. The constitutive theory for heat vector based on integrity is also considered. Restrictions on the material coefficients in the constitutive theories for the stress tensor, moment tensor, and heat vector are established using the conditions resulting from the entropy inequality, keeping in mind that the constitutive theories derived here based on integrity are in fact nonlinear constitutive theories. It is shown that in the case of the simplest linear constitutive theory for stress tensor used predominantly for compressible viscous fluids, Stokes' hypothesis or Stokes' assumption has no thermodynamic basis, hence may be viewed incorrect. Thermodynamically consistent derivations of the restrictions on various material coefficients are presented for non-classical as well as classical theories that are applicable to nonlinear constitutive theories, which are inevitable if the constitutive theories are derived based on integrity.


The camera module is provided. Of the present invention, a camera module includes a lens group having at least one lens; The lens group has an inner space so as to be arranged along the optical axis, the lens receiving portion having a ball joined to the front center of the opening; The lens-equipped receiving portion engageable which is assembled with the lens receiving portion to the coupling part so as to move the housing parts of the optical axis direction is mounted on the upper surface of the substrate; An image sensor electrically coupled to the substrate with the image region in which the light is passing through the imaging lens unit, and to transmit the image-forming image; And that the light that is incident along the optical axis disposed between the transparent medium that is transmitted to the image area, the image and equipped with blocking film for blocking the external radiation of electromagnetic waves the lens and the image sensor are generated in the sensor arranged in the housing and a filter element. According to the camera module of the present invention, to prevent the electromagnetic waves generated in the module to be emitted to the outside, and simpler, without the structure to prevent the external electromagnetic waves or noise from entering the interior of the module use of additional components assembling workability the can improve, reduce manufacturing costs and miniaturization of the module volume. A camera module, an electromagnetic wave, an image sensor, a protection film, the filter member


Nitrate was used as an indicator of ground water pollution caused by con taminated water dumped into the Al Ekader landfill. The build-up of nitrate in the aquifers of the northeastern part of the Yarmouk Basin in Jordan is a cumulative result of Ekader sewage landfill practices. Historical monitoring data of nitrate concentrations in downgradient wells around the Ekader landfill show a gradual increase in concentration subsequent to the estab lishment of the landfill site in 1981. During the period 1981 to 1985, the increase in nitrate was limited. After 1985, nitrate concentrations rose dramatically, doubling more than ten times in ten years. This indicates that the previously unsaturated zone had become saturated with polluted water. INTRODUCTION Water shortage and population expansion are two parameters which at present are greatly affecting the water sector in Jordan. During the last thee decades, indus trialization, urbanization, and agricultural activities have been growing at very fast rates. This has lead to large amounts of wastes in the form of wastewater, solid wastes, and emitted gases. 265 © 1998, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc. doi: 10.2190/273D-PGGM-0K6P-B8DA http://baywood.com


Lateral and vertical variations of middle Miocene lithofacies (Lower and Intermediate Units of the Miocene of the Madrid Basin) have been analyzed in the Paracuellos de Jarama area, near Madrid. A complete transition from medial to distal alluvial fan facies and palustrinelshaltow 1acustrine deposits can be observed. This sedimentary evolution is inferred from the detailed sedimentological. analysis carried out in each of the previously defined lithostratigraphic units: a 1 ) Green shale and dolomite Unit, a 2 ) Brown clays, arkosic and carbonate Unit; these two units are linked together into a Lower Group. b) Coarse Arkosic Unit (Upper Group). Facies relationsbips within the Lower Group show a lateral change pattern between alluvial fan deposits, and palustrine deposits. Also the former ones gradually prograde over the palustrine deposits, as deduced from vertical evolution in the southernmost parts of the area. Upper Group represents a sudden progradation of the alluvial fan systems, that extensively overlie the distal facies observed in the Lower Group. Wide development of calcretes, sepiolite deposits, and nodular chert is an outstanding feature in the most distal parts of the alluvial fan bodies. They are studied in some detail provided the scarcity of well described examples of facies relationships in the kinds of deposits.


Scattering wave suppression by ferrite composite coating on long, thin metal rods is presented. The coating effect depends on not only the material permeability and thickness, but also on the incident and scattering directions. Numerical results are given at 1, 3, and 10 GHz. At 10 GHz, experimental results are also presented.


Three HTS cable demonstrations in Yokosuka (Japan) by Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) and Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. (SEI), Copenhagen (Denmark) by NKT and Carrollton (US) by Southwire were successfully implemented. After these successful milestones, the HTS cable development has been entered into the 2nd stage. Three Bi-based cable projects, which are in the real network, have started in US under international collaborations. Also, Asian HTS cable projects are ongoing in Japan, Korea and China. SEI is now engaging in the US Albany Project and KEPRI (Korea Electric Power Research Institute) Project adopting Sumitomo's 3-core in one cryostat type (3-in-One TM ) HTS cable for distribution network.


The term hybridity came into being in post-colonial studies to respond to "static and essentialist" concepts of race and nation developed by colonial discourses (Childs and Fowler 112). The word was previously used in colonial discourses for mixed race progeny and therefore it formed a major term in discourses of colonial racism (112). Homi Bhabha, who introduces the word within colonial and postcolonial contexts, has theorized and enunciated the term vastly (112). In fact, he is named by some as the "father of hybrid theory," who believes in the mutual dependence of colonizers and colonized in forming a "shared culture" (Yazdiha 31).


We present results on very high-speed low-power devices and circuits fabricated using a NMOS technology scaled to submicron dimensions. These results illustrate the electrical behavior of single minimum-size devices, and present the performance of several submicron circuits, such as ring oscillators, a 3-GHz divide-by-two counter and a 90- MHz 16 × 16 multiplier.


Evaluation and treatment of incidental renal masses is a problem facing urologists with increasing frequency since radiologic imaging (Echotomography and CT) has become routine. Traditional treatment by total nephrectomy may be unnecessary for small renal cell carcinoma and is often inappropriate for benign, lesions: whereas only observation by periodic follow-up with imaging studies and/or percutaneous biopsy is not always sufficient. So the problem of management alternatives is very important and no universal strategy can be employed. We report our experience with 15 pts with incidental renal mass treated in different ways.


The need for more information on the risk factors for schistosomiasis among infants and preschool-aged children as become important for the development of health education programme since this age group is currently excluded in preventive chemotherapy programmes.  Therefore, the prevalence and intensity of, and risk factors for, infant and preschool-aged children infection with Schistosoma haematobium were explored in two endemic settlements around Oyan Reservior in Ogun State, Nigeria. Mothers and caregivers' knowledge of the disease, water contact activities of their preschooler, age at first exposure and control measures were recorded using a structured questionnaire. Of the 86 preschooler screened from the two settlements 46 (53.5%) were infected, with an overall geometric mean intensity of 0.36 eggs/10 ml urine. The prevalence of egg-patent S. haematobium infection was 27.8% in Ibaro and 72.0% in Imala-Odo respectively. There were significant differences in prevalence (P=0.0005) and intensity (P=0.0006) of infection between the two communities, however, these did not increase significantly with age in both communities.  Interviews revealed that preschoolers were exposed to infected reservoir water as early as after birth, while older preschoolers frequently visited water bodies on their own to play, bath and wash cloth. There was significant reduction in prevalence of schistosomiasis among preschool-aged children in Ibaro community compared to Imala-Odo community; this could be attributed to awareness about the disease, and its mode of transmission.  Intensive health education still remains the alternative for reducing transmission in preschoolers in the absence of standardized treatment dosage for them. Â


Consider a horizontal layer of fluid in which an adverse temperature gradient is mantained by heating the underside. The temperature gradient thus mantained is qualified as adverse since, on account of thermal expansion, the fluid at the bottom will be lighter than the fluid at the top. The basic state is then one of rest with light fluid below heavy fluid. When the adverse temperature gradient is great enough, the stabilizing effects of viscosity and thermal conductivity are overcome by the destabilizing buoyancy, and an overturning instability ensues as thermal convection. Convective instability was first described by Thomson in 1882 but the first experiments were made by Bénard in 1900. The experiments of Bénard established that the motions which ensue on surpassing the critical temperature gradient have a cellular stationary character. At the onset of instability the fluid layer resolves itself into a number of cells; and if the experiment is performed with sufficient care, the cells become equal and they align themselves to form a regular hexagonal pattern. This is called Bénard convection although Pearson [61] proved that most of the motions observed by Bénard were driven by the variation of surface tension with temperature and not by thermal instability


ABSTRACT
 Soybean aphid is an economic pest of soybean in North America. Currently, management of soybean aphid is achieved through the use of foliar- and seed-applied insecticides. However, natural enemies play an important role in regulating soybean aphid populations, and may be adversely affected by insecticides. The effects of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam seed treatments on the soybean aphid parasitoid, Aphelinus certus Yasnosh, were examined using a tritrophic bioassay. A. certus was able to parasitize soybean aphids feeding on imidacloprid- and thiamethoxam-treated plants 5 and 6 wk after planting, respectively. However, up to 10 wk after planting, overall parasitism rates were reduced by 69 – 88% compared with the control. Therefore, neonicotinoid seed treatments may reduce the effectiveness of A. certus as a natural enemy of soybean aphid in seed-treated crops.


The implementation of water and sanitation safety plans (WSSP) has the potential of greatly improving the challenge of resource-limited drinking-water supplies. However, the most effective tool to make WSSP successful is understanding of the factors that contribute to hindering the implementation of these plans, specifically in rural communities. This study therefore aimed at assessing the status of basic services and determining the factors that contribute to hampering the process of WSSP in rural communities. A survey was conducted between March 2020 and March 2021 in rural communities of the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. The overall results indicate that poverty, unemployment, lack of access to purified water, and inadequate sanitation facilities have resulted in waterborne diseases reported within the communities and have a major impact in hindering WSSP. Other barriers observed are inequality regarding financial power, absent and degrading water and sanitation infrastructures, and lack of protection and maintenance of natural water sources. Therefore, there is a need for community members to be educated on proper behavior and perceptions towards sanitation, including working hand-in-hand with different stakeholders, men and women from communities, and different cultures and religions to overcome these barriers, so that human disease associated with water supply, wastewater reuse, and sanitation in rural communities can be alleviated.


I n two fascinating and provocative papers, Judith Thomson discusses the Trolley Problem.' In the more recent paper, Thomson suggests a solution to the problem. We shall first give a version of the Trolley Problem. Next, we shall lay out Thornson's suggestion for a solution to the problem. We shall then present examples which cast considerable doubt upon the tenability of this solution. Finally, we shall make some preliminary and tentative remarks which might explain why Thomson's strategy fails. These remarks suggest a new way of understanding the examples which generate the Trolley Prob lem.


ZnO nanorods were grown on a -, c - and r -plane sapphire substrates using aqueous solution with microwave irradiation heating. ZnO nanorods about 200 nm diameter with c-axis orientation were grown independently on the orientation of the substrates. Photoluminescence (PL) spectrum at 6 K showed a dominant peak at 3.3609 eV (I6) with the width as narrow as 2.2 meV comparable to that of epitaxially grown single-crystalline ZnO films. The PL properties were improved by thermal annealing process without generating structural defects. (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Geologic and geophysical interpretations of data from the EGSP OH Well No. 3 show that an organically lean shale has a gradual transition with depth to an organically rich shale and that two layers (bound each shale formation. The laboratory test program was designed to understand the containment and productivity of a hydraulic fracture induced in this well to enhance gas production from the shale. The porosity in the formations of interest, including the upper barrier, the lower barrier, and the organic shales, varied from 6 to 10 percent. The porosity of each formation averaged about 8%. Densities and ultrasonic velocities were used to evaluate dynamic moduli. Over the tested intervals moduli consistently increased with depth. This indicates the possibility of upward migration of an induced fracture. Perforations, therefore, should be limited to the lower portion of the pay sand and it is also advisable to use low injection rates. Of the four fracturing fluids tested, the two code-named Dow II and Hal I caused, respectively, the least amount of matrix permeability damage to the organically lean and organically rich shales. However, the damage caused by the other fracturing fluids were not severe enough to cause any significant permanent reductionmore » in well productivity. The fracture conductivity tests under the influence of fracturing fluids indicated that Hal I and Dow I caused, respectively, the least amount of multilayered fracture conductivity damage to the organically lean and organically rich samples. For monolayer fracture conductivities Dow I caused least damage to the organically lean shale. With the exception of Dow III all other fluids showed good results in the monolayer tests for organically rich shales. In the situation where both the lean and the rich shales are to be fractured together, the use of either Hal I or Dow I is indicated.« less


A new method of extracting acoustic features based on auditory spike code is proposed. An auditory spike code represents the acoustic activities created by the signal, similar to sound encoding of the human auditory system. In the proposed method, an auditory spike code of the signal is computed using a 64-band Gammatone filterbank as the kernel functions. Then, for each spectral band, the sum and non-zero counts of the auditory spike code are determined, and the features corresponding to the population and occurrence rate of the acoustic activities for each band are computed. In addition, the distribution of the acoustic activities on a time axis is analysed based on the histogram of time intervals between the adjacent acoustic activities, and the features for expressing temporal properties of the signal are extracted. The reconstruction accuracy of the auditory spike code is also measured as the features. Different from most conventional features obtained by complex statistical modelling or learning, the features by the proposed method can directly show specific acoustic characteristics contained in the signal. These features are applied to a music genre classification, and it is confirmed that they provide a performance comparable to state-of-the-art features.


AIM
This investigation evaluated the bone healing in peri-implant defects treated with periosteum-derived cells (PCs) and guided bone regeneration (GBR).

MATERIAL AND METHODS
PCs were harvested from six beagle dogs and characterized in vitro with regard to their osteogenic properties. The animals were subjected to teeth extraction in the mandible, and after 3 months of healing, implant sites were drilled, bone dehiscences were created and implants were placed. Dehiscences were randomly assigned to: PCs+GBR, GBR, PCs and non-treated defects. After 3 months, the implants/adjacent tissues were processed. Bone-to-implant contact (BIC) bone fill (BF) within implant threads, and bone area (BA) in a zone lateral to the implant were obtained.

RESULTS
In vitro analyses confirmed the osteogenic potential of PCs. Histometrically, no statistically significant differences were observed among the PCs+GBR, GBR and PCs groups for both BF and BIC (p>0.05), whereas these groups showed statistically higher values, as compared with the non-treated group (p<0.05). With respect to BA, the PCs+GBR and GBR groups presented significantly higher means, as compared with the PCs and non-treated groups (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION
Although successful outcomes have been promoted by using the combined approach, PCs in conjunction with membranes did not provide additional benefit during peri-implant bone regeneration, when compared with the therapeutic approaches used alone.


A coupling equation of directional solidification of CBr4(α)-C2Cl6(β) eutectic is solved numerically. Profiles and profile bifurcation of the solidifying interface as functions of the interlamellar spacing are studied in detail. It is believed that the critical bifurcating point of the solidifying interface of each lamella coincides with its marginally stable position and hence, a new scaling law is derived. Existence of the band of spacing selection is also studied. For a given solidifying rate, the critical bifurcating point of β/liquid interface is the upper limit of this band, and its lower limit corresponds to the critical bifurcating point of α/liquid interface. Our analyses interpret the latest relevant experimental data reasonably.


In the present study, high-speed and ultra-high-speed face milling of AISI H13 steel (46–47 HRC) is conducted in order to acquire a thorough understanding of the tool wear evolution process and tool wear mechanisms in high-speed hard milling. According to the variation trend of the tool life with cutting speed, three cutting speed ranges are identified. For different cutting speed ranges, the tool wear evolution process and typical tool wear mechanisms are analyzed and compared. It is found that the cutting speed of 1400 m/min can be considered as a critical value for both the average value of the resultant cutting force and tool life. The analysis of the tool wear mechanisms show that, as the number of cutting speed range increases, on the tool flank face, oxidation wear influences more greatly, while the effect of adhesive wear decreases. In the speed range 1400 m/min < v ≤ 2400 m/min, the abrupt flaking that occurred on the tool rake face was mainly caused by the increase of tool temperature, mechanical impact and thermal impact.


The rationale of antibiotic therapy in reptiles, the significance of reptilian bacterial isolates and their antibiotic sensitivity are discussed. Individual antibiotic studies in snakes and terrapins are reviewed and the extrapolation of dose rates from endotherms (mammals) to ectotherms (reptiles) is shown to be unreliable.


Abstract Providing contraception and sexual health to under 16 year olds remains a controversial and emotive issue despite clear guidance and the fact that 20–30% of young people report having had their first experience of sexual intercourse by the age of 16 years old. Competent under 16 year olds have the ability to consent to medical treatment and the duty of confidentiality owed to them is as great as to any other individual. Contraception can be provided to under 16 year olds without parental consent provided certain criteria are met. Health professionals should maximise all opportunities they have to develop a relationship of trust with a young person and explore their contraception and sexual health in an open, non-judgemental and confidential manner. Effective hormonal methods combined with condoms, to prevent sexually transmitted infections, should be promoted and the realities of teenage sexual behaviour acknowledged if the UK high rate of teenage pregnancy is to be reduced.


Qualitative research methods generally depend heavily on good communication between researcher and informant. When qualitative methodologists study informants with severe retardation whose use of language may be limited, what do they do? If the researchers plan to study the world of the informant, then traditional participant observation guidelines are useful. But when the researcher wants to interview the informant, some modifications need to be made. The authors suggest several guidelines to follow.


In this paper, a multifunctional meta-array consisting of metasurface and polarization grid is proposed. By properly rotating the orientations of the feed source and selecting the dimensions of each element, the designed array antenna can generate high gain pencil beams with different radiation directions and polarizations. For the purpose of validation, this antenna model is constructed and simulated using CST microwave studio. The simulated results show that the designed array can integrate the functions of both reflectarray and transmitarray at 15 GHz.


This article describes the photosensitive polymer micelles whose structural stability and acid sensitivity can be widely tuned simply via one-batch UV irradiation. To this end, the well-defined poly(5-ethyl-5-methacryloyloxy-methyl-2-styryl-[1,3]dioxane)-block-poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate] (PEMSD-b-PPEGMA) copolymers were synthesized via RAFT polymerization under mild visible light radiation at 30 °C. The results demonstrated that the irradiation of the homogeneous acetone solution with UV light only induced Z-isomerization of their cinnamyl groups, while irradiating PEMSD chains in the bulky micellar cores only induced dimerization. Moreover, the micelles of previously Z-isomerized copolymer could be effectively stabilized without changing their acid sensitivity on irradiating for shortly 3 min, while UV irradiation for 30 min could remarkably improve the acid stability of these micelles. These novel properties are of potential applications in controlled drug delivery. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012


Abstract. The chief aim of this project is to determine if the populations of the common snook, Centropomus Undecimalis, in the Atlantic and Gulf coast are being affected by overfishing. This is established by evaluating the intrinsic rate of change for these populations and their carrying capacities. It turns out that the carrying capacity for the population of the Atlantic coast is approximately one million snook and its intrinsic rate is 0.00621, while the carrying capacity of the Gulf coast's population is 2.9 million snook and its intrinsic rate is 0.00165. The decline of both populations is most likely due to the overfishing; however Gulf coast's population of the snook is decreasing at a faster rate than in the Atlantic.


In this paper, we propose a method for estimating the Symmetric Information Rate (SIR) for Two Dimensional Magnetic Recording (TDMR) channel by using the Generalized Belief Propagation (GBP) algorithm. We consider the Voronoi model as the channel model of a TDMR system. The dominant component of noise in TDMR caused by the imperfections of the medium is called "media noise". The nature of the media noise is data-dependent, however, the media noise can be closely approximated by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with variance and mean dependent on channel bits written on the magnetic medium. Lower and upper bounds on the SIR are obtained by using the GBP algorithm. In addition, it is shown that the accuracy of the SIR estimation can be adjusted for sufficient size of the magnetic medium. Finally, the bit aspect ratio of a TDMR system is optimized by maximizing the SIR per unit area.


A multilevel thresholding algorithm for histogram-based image segmentation is presented in this paper. The proposed algorithm introduces an adaptive adjustment strategy of the rotation angle and a cooperative learning strategy into quantum genetic algorithm (called IQGA). An adaptive adjustment strategy of the quantum rotation which is introduced in this study helps improving the convergence speed, search ability, and stability. Cooperative learning enhances the search ability in the high-dimensional solution space by splitting a high-dimensional vector into several one-dimensional vectors. The experimental results demonstrate good performance of the IQGA in solving multilevel thresholding segmentation problem by compared with QGA, GA and PSO.


In attacking the problem of revolution, as most others of major significance in history, we historians should think twice before we spurn the help offered by our colleagues in the social sciences, who have, as it happens, been particularly active in the last few years in theorizing about the typology, causes, and evolutionary patterns of this particular phenomenon. The purpose of this article is not to advance any new hypothesis, but to provide a summary view and critical examination of the work that has been going on.


We report the results from the broadband X-ray monitoring of the new Galactic black hole candidate MAXI J1803−298 with MAXI/GSC and Swift/BAT during its outburst. After the discovery on 2021 May 1, the soft X-ray flux below 10 keV rapidly increased for ∼10 days, then gradually decreased over five months. In the brightest phase, the source exhibited the state transition from the low/hard state to the high/soft state via the intermediate state. The broadband X-ray spectrum during the outburst is well described with a disk blackbody plus its thermal or nonthermal Comptonization. Before the transition, the source spectrum is described by a thermal Comptonization component with a photon index of ∼1.7 and an electron temperature of ∼30 keV, while a strong disk blackbody component is observed after the transition. The spectral properties in these periods are consistent with the low/hard state and the high/soft state, respectively. A sudden flux drop with a duration of a few days, unassociated with a significant change in the hardness ratio, was found in the intermediate state. A possible cause of this variation is that the mass accretion rate rapidly increased at the disk transition, which induced a strong Compton-thick outflow and scattered out the X-ray flux. Assuming a nonspinning black hole, we estimate the black hole mass of MAXI J1803−298 to be 5.8±0.4(cosi/cos70°)−1/2(D/8kpc)M⊙ (where i and D are the inclination angle and the distance, respectively) from the inner disk radius obtained in the high/soft state.


An increase in axle load and travel speed causes faster degradation of track structure and, hence, of the ballast prism. Crushing of stone grains in ballast due to excessive contact forces among these grains causes degradation in the form of filling of voids and, in turn, in poorer drainage, which can cause structural failure. The degradation of ballast prism can significantly be reduced, and total maintenance costs can be cut down considerably, by optimizing frequency of maintenance activities and by proper ballast design and shaping based on numerical and experimental procedures. The possibilities of using the discrete element method for predicting track ballast behaviour are presented in this paper.


A high temperature adhesive was prepared using phenol-formaldehyde resin as matrix and boron carbide (B 4C) as additives to modify the properties of the adhesive. Graphite/ceramics (Al 2O 3) was bonded by the adhesive and treated at different temperatures. The bonding shear strength was tested at room temperature. Results show that the adhesive strengths of the joints treated at 600 ℃ and 800 ℃ are not satisfactory due to the break of the cement framework during the heat_treatment. But good bonding strength and thermal shock resistance are achieved when the treatment temperature is higher than 1 000 ℃. The adhesive strength decreases at beginning and then stabilizes or back_jumps to some extent after several times for thermal shock. The micrograph of the bonding interfaces was studied by means of SEM. It is indicated that the failure mode of the joints is mixed failure. The broken ceramics matrix can be founded on the bonding interface.


Along with the engineering judgment (based on the practical experiences) it is also essential to define quantitatively the interrelationships of the decision parameters in order to design and manage the water systems on a rational basis. Mathematical formulation of these systems and solutions of these models form a major part of such modeling effort. This report (which is prepared as a preliminary task on the D.O.A. Project Study of the Kissimmee River and Lake Okeechobee) Is designed to serve as an introduction to the major multidisciplinary models and optimization techniques that are widely used in water resources planning. At the outset, various pathways of model building procedures are outlined. Then associated ecological, economic, social, political, technological and environmental models are described in a quanti tative manner whenever possible. The general methodology of formulating these mathematical models along with the useful mathematical programming technqiues to arrive at the optimum values of the system variables is discussed. In light of these different kinds of models and varieties of optimization techniques, the past, present, and proposed modeling efforts for the Kissimmee River and Lake Okeechobee system are briefly reported. Adequacy of these efforts is discussed in relation to the data base, available computational capacity, validity of simplifications and verification procedure. Considering the possible points and counter points, statistical models in the form of time series analysis, multivariate analysis and advanced stepwise multiple regression analysts are suggested for these water systems to provide the management and operational information on an interim basis. Accordingly, some of the on-going programs of the FCD are structured to develop these quantitative models using the suggested advanced data processing techniques. INTRODUCTION: As a part of a water planning task every regional agency Is Invariably Interested In broadening the understanding of the possible interactions between system variables associated with the broad category of water systems. Such interrelations, if based on sound scientific framework, can be instrumental in 1 . establishing the useful cause-effect characteristics of the system, 2 . assessing the behavior pattern of the particular phenomenon in question 3 . developing the computerized simulation procedures for detailed systems analysis, and k. setting the rational planning guidelines. The methodology of formulating quantitative expressions relating to system variables is traditionally known as model building procedure which can vary considerably as depicted in Figure 1. As can be seen from the generalized flow chart of Figure 1, there are numerous ways of evaluating the water systems of various kinds. The first level relates to the type of water system. In the second stage, the appropriate factors affecting the particular water system are considered; the third stage decides the right type of mathematical function; the next step relates to the analytical techniques involved in the analysis; at the fifth level, a specific goal is reflected whereas in the final stage the results of previous steps are used in completing the required task in question. It is to be noted here that the component parts of the Figure 1 are connected within and between the tiers. With such a representation of multilevel system characteristics, it is pos-sible to 1 . include all the viable pathways in the system evaluation schemes, 2 . incorporate all the possible techniques to analyze the system performan 3. add the newly developed concepts associated with water systems, conceptually visualize the complexities with the overall methodology in genera), and quantify certain factors in particular,


Analytic hierarchy process was used to evaluate the ornamental value of 50 perennial flowers introduced by Shenyang academy of landscape-gardening in two years.The ornamental value were divided in four grades based on evaluation value and experience,10 species were GradeⅠ(≥4.0),20 Grade Ⅱ(3.0~3.9),12 Grade Ⅲ(2.9~2.5),8 Grade Ⅳ(≤2.4).The results provide a basis for introducing perennial flowers in Shenyang and other similar areas.


Background: Pneumonia acquired outside the hospital by an immune-competent individual is defined as community acquired pneumonia (CAP). It is to be distinguished, on the basis of a wider spectrum of pathogens, from nosocomial pneumonia from pneumonia in an immune-compromised host. Community-acquired pneumonia is associated with a significant mortality and morbidity. Etiology of CAP varies geographically and the understanding of local epidemiology plays an important role in decision making for empirical treatment before test results are available. Primary decisions about empirical antimicrobial treatment required knowledge of predominant microbial patterns and their sensitivities.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the bacterial etiology of CAP, their sensitivity towards empirical therapy and to observe the clinical course as well as short term outcome in hospitalized adult patients.
Methodology: It was one year-long observational prospective study on 87 patients diagnosed with CAP admitted in Chattogram Medical College Hospital, second largest tertiary care hospital during August 2018 to July 2019. Sputum for Gram and Z-N staining, culture and sensitivity, blood for culture, sensitivity and PCR for Streptococcus pneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydophila pneumonia were done. Patients were followed up for in-hospital outcome and 30-day mortality.
Results: The mean age was 49.59 years and male - female ratio was 1.56: 1. Fever, chest pain and cough were the most common clinical findings. Klebsiella pneumoniae was identified (39.1%) in the majority of the patients, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.3%), Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (5.7%). Staphylococcus aureus was positive in blood culture of one patient. Four samples were positive in PCR and identified Streptococcus pneumoniae. The sensitivity to meropenem, levofloxacin and amikacin was highest. The mean duration of hospital stay was 6.34 ± 2.37 days along with in-hospital mortality and 30-day mortality was 6.9% and 16.1% respectively.
Conclusion: The bacteriologic profile of community acquired pneumonia revealed Gram-negative bacteria as pre-dominant organism by conventional sputum and blood culture. But need for further serologic tests for atypical and viral pathogens and development of institutional antibiogram to facilitate the choice for empirical therapy is required.


Discourses are considered to be the "series of rules" (Fischer 1995) that hold these constructions together and shape the way people think about their world. The rules, as it were, are not conscious or easily identifiable. Nonetheless, they structure the way people develop values, beliefs systems, and norms that influence their everyday actions. Many theorists think of discourses as the unspoken codes of a society – those who are conditioned in it understand their social context better than those who are alien to it.


This issue ofNeurorehabilitation focuses on various aspects of traumatic brain injury (a global perspective and functional MRI), cerebral palsy (feeding difficulties and baclofen pump complications) and pediatric stroke. As children under the age of 15 constitute 27% [2] of the worldwide population of 6.6 billion [1], emphasis on various neurological causes of morbidity and mortality is critical. While the most common worldwide cause of death and disability among children is primarily infections [3] – traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke and cerebral palsy are a significant contributor to the worldwide impact of disease on children and society as a whole. Hyder et al. provide a comprehensive review of "The impact of traumatic brain injuries: A global perspective." From an epidemiological standpoint, one can consider TBI a global epidemic. Hyder points out that the diagnosis, medical treatment and costs vary significantly by region – as due the primary causes – road traffic accidents, violence, falls, unintentional injuries and war [5]. Those areas of the world with immediate access to acute care facilities fare much better than those without. Developed countries with rehabilitation offer more services to those with long term chronic needs compared to developing countries. Their efforts are focused on basic health care, immunizations, clean water and infrastructure. Prevention strategies such as seat belt use and alcohol prevention have shown success in various developed countries but may be nonexistent in developing countries [5]. Unfortunately, alcohol abuse is still involved in 39% of all motor vehicle deaths in the United States [4]. The implications of war, though only a small percentage of the global burden, appear to have been significantly increased with new military techniques. Adequately assessing the impact of TBI on children as Hyder clearly points out is confounded by poor data collection, definition, and treatment. Regardless, current data indicates the severe and growing consequences of this epidemic and will require countries and organizations to work together to develop consistent treatment and prevention strategies of TBI [5]. Technological advances in medicine also provide for new diagnostic capabilities. In "Abnormalities in language circuitry in children with traumatic brain injury: an fMRI study", Karunananyaet al. describe changes in language task that was mirrored by brain activity during covert verb generation in a small cohort of moderate to sever traumatic brain injury [6]. The evolving future study and understanding of fMRI has the potential to help clinicians further understand, diagnose, and treat TBI in both children and adults. Though this issue was not anticipated to be a comprehensive review of cerebral palsy, two important areas are addressed: complications of intrathecal baclofen and feeding disorders. Intrathecal baclofen has become an additional method of treatment in the developed world for the treatment of severe spastisticy in children with cerebral palsy. Kolaski and Logan review a decades of outcomes including drug adverse effects, surgical complications, drug delivery system complications (DDS), ITB overdose and withdrawal. DDS is separated into catheter issues versus pump complications [7]. This review is critical to our current accepted treatment of patients with CP as it points out the reported high complication rates, though potentially decreasing with new surgical techniques, and a call for additional study and a national registry [7] – all critical to the evolving treatment, use and long term efficacy of ITB. Those clinicians and researches who have cared for children with cerebral palsy, will appreciate Clawson's study "Use of behavioral interventions and parent education to address feeding difficulties in young children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy." As a colleague of hers at Children's Hospital in Richmond, Virginia for four years, I was able to see first hand the promising results of the intensive day patient pediatric feeding pro-


Lymphoid neogenesis, the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (1), within distal lung parenchyma indisputably characterizes advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (2, 3). Many such lung lymphoid follicles (LLFs) contain germinal centers, indicating immunoglobulin class-switching. Some LLFs in advanced COPD produce auto-antibodies that could fuel lung destruction (4, 5). These findings make lung B cells highly suspicious, especially when congregating in LLF.


Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that are found in the earth's crust but their environmental contamination and human exposure result from anthropogenic activities such as mining and smelting operations, industrial, domestic and agricultural use of metals and metal-containing compounds. Blue green algae have high metal absorption capacities which help in removal of heavy metals and other nutrients from the waste streams. Effect of heavy metal stress on biopigments is commercially important as algal pigments are used as natural dyes for food and cosmetics, as pharmaceuticals and also as fluorescent markers in biomedical research. Wide-spread occurrence of Blue green algae along with their ability to grow and concentrate heavy metals, ascertains their suitability in practical applications of waste-water bioremediation. For present research work freshwater filamentous Blue green algas Oscillatoria agardhii was isolated from Mansagar Lake of Jaipur and was subjected to heavy metal stress. Research work shows the effects of different concentrations of heavy metal Molybdenum in growth media of Oscillatoria agardhii on growth and biopigments such as chlorophyll-a, carotenoids, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, and phycoerythrin. Pure cultures of Oscillatoria agardhii were grown on Zarrouk's medium containing different concentrations (1-5ppm) of Molybdenum trioxide. Significant changes in growth and biopigments' production was reported due to heavy metal stress.


A method for the quantification of perfusion in murine myocardium is demonstrated. The method allows for the reconstruction of perfusion maps on arbitrary time points in the heart cycle while addressing problems that arise due to the irregular heart beat of mice.


Chapter 1. Measurement in Sport and Exercise Psychology Chapter 2. Measurement Practice in Sport and Exercise Psychology Chapter 3. Reliability Chapter 4. Conceptualizing Validity Chapter 5. Validating Scores from New Assessments Chapter 6. Factorial Invariance.


Abstract: This article outlines some aspects of the history of West Africans in Britain during the colonial era in the first half of the twentieth century. In particular it focuses on the emergence of West African nationalism in Britain and highlights some of the political activities of those African sojourners abroad, who were also temporarily part of the diaspora. Their political organizations, especially the West African Students' Union and the West African National Secretariat, were influential in West Africa and throughout the diaspora and reflected changing political identities, consciousness, and historical conditions. Most important, they show that West Africans developed and maintained their own distinctive political aims, consciousness, and ideologies, while at the same time contributing to and being influenced by those of the diaspora. These aims and ideologies also reflected the particularities of political and social conditions in Britain, conditions that were shaped by the African presence itself. West African nationalism provided a distinctive philosophy and orientation even for West Africans' pan-African activities. Indeed they saw the future of Africa and the diaspora as determined by political and other advances in the West African colonies.


Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) embodies the ambition to improve integration of climate change responsiveness into agriculture development planning. CSA is defined as "agriculture that sustainably increases productivity, enhances resilience (adaptation), reduces/removes GHGs (mitigation), and enhances achievement of national food security and development goals" (FAO, 2010). CSA includes both traditional techniques, such as mulching, intercropping, conservation agriculture, and pasture and manure management, and innovative practices, programs, and policies, such as improved crop varieties, better weather forecasting, and risk insurance. Widespread adoption of CSA can create sustainable landscapes and build momentum towards climate-smart food systems, but achieving this requires integration of CSA across levels from farmer fields to national and regional panning.


Two experimental feeding trials were conducted concurrently to study the growth response of African catfi sh Clarias gariepinus fi ngerlings to graded levels (0, 5, 10, 15 or 20%) of clupeids in Danish fi sh meal (DFM) based diets. Chemical analysis of the DFM and clupeids fi sh meal (CFM) was carried out. Completely randomized design with triplicated groups of fi ngerlings were used for both trials in an indoor and out-door concrete tanks for six and twelve weeks respectively. The study aimed at achieving a cost effective fi sh meal from local aquatic resources (clupeids fi sh) highly prolifi c and abundant in Nigeria water bodies to replace foreign fi sh meal in West Africa Region. A project supported by West African Agricultural Productivity Project (WAAPP) in NIFFR, Nigeria. The results of proximate, amino acid profi le, mineral and fatty acid composition analysis of CFM indicated values which are very close to those of the DFM. The proximate analysis revealed CFM to contain 70.6% crude protein while DFM contains 72%. There were no signifi cant difference between the treatments with respect to fi nal weight, feed consumed, feed conversion ratio, digestibility and survival (P>0.05) although there was signifi cant difference in specifi c growth rate (P<0.05) with the highest value obtained in the diets with both fi sh meal at ratio 1:1. There were no signifi cant difference in haematological parameters (P>0.05). However the lymphocytes were high in all the groups which might not be particularly due to the treatments. The high proliferation of the body defence cells by the fi sh could be a mechanism of survival in the aqua-medium which is likely to be high in microbial load due to waste materials. Feed Cost/Kg for DFM was N260.16 while for CFM was N227.16. The results of chemical analysis and feeding trials indicated positive replacement of the DFM with CFM in fi sh feeds without negative effect on growth performance. Research Article Evaluation of Clupeids and Danish fi sh meal based diets on the growth of African catfi sh, Clarias gariepinus fi ngerlings Lenient MO Ibiyo1*, Rowland MO Kayode2, A Oresegun3, Oluwaseyi Mogaji1 and Felicia O Joshua1 1National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research (NIFFR), P.M.B. 6006, New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria 2University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria 3Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, P.M.B 12729, Victoria Island, Lagos How to cite this article: Ibiyo LMO, Kayode RMO, Oresegun A, Mogaji O, Joshua FO. Evaluation of Clupeids and Danish fi sh meal based diets on the growth of African catfi sh, Clarias gariepinus fi ngerlings. Arch Food Nutr Sci. 2018; 2: 031-037. https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.afns.1001014 Introduction Fish meal is an essential component of ish feed and it is important for good growth of ish resulting to a pro itable output in ish production. A large quantity of ish meal use for feed in West African Region is imported and it is very expensive [1]. Sixty to seventy (60-70) % cost of a kilogram of ish feed is borne by ish meal, so lowering the cost of ish meal could reduce the unit cost of ish feed. Research work on replacement of ish meal with blood meal [2], soybean [3], Tadpole meal [4], frog meal [5], live maggot and maggot meal [6,7], Moringa oleifera leaves [8] and some other by-products had only succeeded in reducing the level of inclusion of foreign ish meal in feed formulations. There is need for a local source of ish meal to totally replace the 20% of foreign ish meal (DFM) required to impact palatability, acceptability, enticing aroma, good growth performance on the ish feed for ish production. In an attempt to do this in poultry, Ojewole and Annah [9] evaluated cray ish dust meal and shrimp's waste meal in replacement of DFM in broiler feeds. Results obtained from their study showed no signi icant difference. CFM was used *Address for Correspondence: Lenient MO Ibiyo, National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research (NIFFR), P.M.B. 6006, New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria, Email: email@example.com Submitted: 19 November 2018 Approved: 03 December 2018 Published: 04 December 2018 Copyright: © 2018 Ibiyo LMO, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited


Background

Andromonoecious is an unusual sex-expression in trees; in which an individual plant bears both functionally staminate and hermaphrodite flowers on the inflorescences. The significant effects of crown layers on reproductive success have not been studied so far. This study aims to investigate the effect of crown layers on floral biology and reproductive effort of Aesculus indica.

Results

The results revealed that the peak period of peak period of anthesis was between 06:00-08:00 h of the day. Male flower production was predominantly higher as compared to the perfect flower on the inflorescence. There was no significant variation between total pollen production in staminate and perfect flowers. The features like protogyny and inter-level asynchrony promote xenogamy, however, the intra-level asynchrony resulted geitonogamy. Controlled pollination treatment revealed the existence of self-incompatibility in flowers. Pollination syndromes of flowers are supporting ambophily. A trend of consistent improvement in reproductive success from lower canopy layers to upper canopy layers in trees was recorded. The crown layers have a significant impact on flower production, fruit, and seed set.

Conclusions

Increment in male flower production due to the increment in crown is a mechanism of reproductive assurance as a pollen donor and pollinator recipient and also due to the differential cost of expenditure of reproduction in crown layers.


We have observed ablation patterns on metal surfaces made by focusing high-order harmonics in the soft-X-ray region. The ablation processes are investigated from the intensity dependence.


It is a privilege to be invited to offer a "keynote" address to the Institute ofLiturgical Studies, where so much serious reflection and energy for the renewal and study of Christian worship has been generated. As will become clear to you almost immediately, "keynote" today does not mean key in the sense of offering the key concept that is needed to unlock all subsequent deliberation on the important topic of forming Christians. In my case, "key" refers more frankly and realistically to the indispensable need to start somewhere by opening the door to subsequent work in the institute-with its speakers, its group sessions and workshops, and its liturgies. In a real sense what is needed at this year's institute is not so much a key but a whole ring of keys. We who gather build on the two previous years' work on worship, culture, and catholicity. Having explored the tensions between worship and culture in 1997, and the eschatological dimensions of those relationships in 1998, the institute this year turns to a moment of advocacy for the indispensable task of forming Christians. The word "forming" suggests to the hearer or reader an ongoing process which gives a fundamental shape. Call to mind if you will two examples of this process offorming: first, the potter. The potter works in clay and water. The potter or the potter's apprentice or helper prepares the clay by mixing earth and water until it is formable. When the potter takes up the clay it is prepared for his work already. The potter then forms the clay, into a useable shape. The shape is related to the fundamental mission of the vessel. The form of a vase is distinct from that of a plate; the size of a plate is different from the size of a platter; the form of a bowl is distinct from that of a pitcher. Knowing and understanding the use of the vessel contributes to the potter's ability to form it well and to the user's employment of it effectively and with satisfaction. The story is told of the early pioneer of the English pottery and china industry, Josiah Wedgewood, that the acid test of design for each of the teapots of his new factories was its use by Mrs. Wedgewood. Imagine the scene as Josiah would carry home from the factory a prototype of a new design, carefully wrapped against premature display. There he would


The features of one-dimensional unsteady detonations are studied numerically using a hydrogen-air detailed chemical reaction model. A series of simulations are carried out while degree of overdrive, initial pressure, initial temperature, and equivalence ratio are varied. The oscillation modes and mechanisms of the one-dimensional detonations are discussed with reference to shock pressure histories and x-t diagrams of density distributions. As the degree of overdrive is reduced with a stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen-air at P0=0.421atm and T0=293K, a steady state appears, along with a high-frequency mode and a low-frequency mode. The oscillation mechanism of the high-frequency mode is the same as that of the regular regime of unsteady shock-induced combustion observed around a spherical projectile flying at hypersonic velocity in detonable gases. The degree of overdrive threshold between the steady and unsteady region increases monotonically with initial pressure and decreases monotonically with initial ...


From protest placards to text paintings, works produced at Parramatta Artists Studios (PAS) cleverly voice topical opinions and ideals, while portrait-based works and selfimposed endurance performances reflect interactions with surrounding people and places. Since opening in 2006, PAS has become a key node for exchange and dialogue in Western Sydney. It is a site that has become mythologised, questioned and revered. It provides an enviable space where the physical studio is superseded by a strong ideological space. Equally, situated in a city's epicentre, the studios have also become a tool for understanding a place and drawing people to a place, hence influencing perception shifts and ensuring locational relevance.