The Integration of automated processes for manufacturing, engineering design, process planning etc. are the emerging research trends. Iteration of various aspects at its base level can save tremendous amount of time and rework. The reduction in redesign, recheck which can save ample amount of time can be achieved by integrating design for manufacturing in various computer aided design software's. DFM integration will benefit the designers as well as the manufactures, as the design moves to perfection; manufacturing defects, manufacturing time, rework and cost associated with it can be reduced. The need for DFM integration development is growing rapidly, as the manufactures and designers can reduce all the possible glitch in their design, manufacturing procedures, standard parameters etc. Many of the glitches may result into unexpected failure at the time of machining which any designer and manufacturers want to avoid. The DFM integration software's were previously restricted to certain common parameters which are now being made more flexible. Integrating design for manufacturing with computer aided design requires a considerable set of concepts and design categories in manufacturing. It's a vast and deep study to know and understand the design for manufacturing ontologies which would require, overall professional level exposure from relevant field and self-indulgence. Integrating the design for manufacturing will also follow the sample analysis of few designs and algorithms for manufacturing rules which would validate the above advantages and in site of ontologies. This paper will deal with the approach of understanding the ontologies in terms of functional relations of the integrated design for manufacturing plugin and Analysis of design for manufacturing integrated model, by part validation for actual contribution in time and rework reduction.


The method of principal components is applied to data of the external measurements of the Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). The first two components are found to summarize the main features of the data and are used to compare differences between the sexes and of the time and locality of capture. Suggestions are made as to how a reduction in the number of characters measured may be achieved in subsequent studies.


Aims:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the respective influence of the physicochemical interactions and the roughness involved in the first part of the biological substrate biocontamination.


Increasing application of DG on distribution networks is the direct impact of development of technology and the energy disasters that the world is encountering, Recent developments in the electric power and problems arising from construction and maintenance of large power plants have raised a great deal of interest in distributed power generation (DG). Distributed generation units due to specifications, technology and location network connectivity can improve system and load point reliability indices. In this paper, the placement and sizing of Distributed Generators (DG) in distribution networks are determined using optimization. The objective is to improve the reliability indices. The placement and size of DGs are optimized using a Genetic Algorithm (GA). To demonstrate the validity of the proposed algorithm, computer simulations are carried out on actual power network of Kerman Province, Iran and the simulation results are presented and discussed.


In this paper, a new method is proposed to provide a reliable and accurate algorithm to search and precisely find the center of a reference image in a set of video frames. By implementing algorithms such as SIFT and PCA-SIFT, some matched points are obtained. Some of these points are accurate, some of them are not strictly accurate and others are incorrect. As a result, registration process may be inaccurate or mistaken. To remove such errors and inaccurate matched points, we propose a two-stage method. In the first stage, Variance Recursive Test method and in the second stage, an accurate projective model is used. This will lead to detection and removal of the wrong or inaccurate matched points and increase registration accuracy. The precision of this method is about 2-3 pixels in a 600×800 pixel image.


State-of-the-art computers and network technologies have already enabled the use of intelligent software agents for making decisions in real time. Software agents interact both with humans and with other such software agents. Many types of online interaction seem to be amenable to game-theoretic analysis, since they involve both competition and cooperation. For example, agents bargain with humans and with other agents about prices, participate in auctions, coordinate actions and utilization of resources, and also establish and manage trust. The question often arises whether game theory, as we know it, can be successfully applied in such situations. Theoretically, there are numerous ways in which game theory might be applicable. In this paper, we are interested only in the type of application, where players are programmed to behave in specific situations, based on game-theoretic analysis of preferences and choice of actions. The amounts of resources consumed by a computer program before it makes a decision must be limited by the operational requirements of the system. Therefore, the analysis must be relatively simple. Also, there has be a way to map such analysis to a computational procedure, which is essentially sequential. So, the high-level question we are interested in is whether there is a way to endow computer programs with game-theoretic rationality.


In this introductory chapter, we look at how medical knowledge can be addressed in the medical humanities and argue for an interdisciplinary approach in studying the movement of knowledge. We set out the main themes of the book, looking at how knowledge is conceptualised in different settings, the use of evidence-based medicine and the ways in which knowledge is produced and consumed in everyday experiences.


This paper discusses the study of fault analysis and fault time in a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) integrated wind farm. Here wind farm is included in UPFC compensated transmission line. The fault detection analysis & fault time is computed using the DWT (Discrete wavelet transform) approach. The importance of using the DWT approach is that it can detect the fault at any variation of the line parameter with less time and accurately. The fault time using this scheme remains within 20msec. Thus it is effective, economic as it involves less carrier communication link. The scheme works when the line is faulty and it extracts the phase current from the current transformer placed at both sending and receiving the end of the transmission line. The most versatile signal processing of DWT algorithm is used here to obtain the spectral energy (SE) of each phase at sending and receiving the end of the line. Then the differential spectral energy (DSE) is computed with the difference of SE evaluated at each end of the line. The DSE value of each phase is the major factor for deciding the existence of shunt fault pattern . The simulation result shows the performance of the scheme with varying wind speed. The simulation results are compared to the conventional scheme to justify the accuracy of the proposed scheme. Different parameter variations are considered such as repeated phase fault in case of double circuit line of circuit-1 & circuit-2, UPFC and wind speed variation, fault resistance of the line.


Optical fiber based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors are favored by their high sensitivity, compactness, remote and in situ sensing capabilities. Microstructured optical fibers (MOFs) possess microfluidic channels extended along the entire length right next to the fiber core, thereby enabling the infiltrated biochemical analyte to access the evanescent field of guided light. Since SPR can only be excited by the polarization vertical to metal surface, external perturbation could induce the polarization crosstalk in fiber core, thus leading to the instability of sensor output. Therefore for the first time we analyze how the large birefringence suppresses the impact of polarization crosstalk. We propose a high-birefringent MOF based SPR sensor with birefringence larger than 4 × 10−4 as well as easy infiltration of microfluidic analyte, while maintaining sensitivity as high as 3100 nm/RIU.


2. Ibuprofen is a white powder slightly soluble in water (1 m g / m l ) , but very soluble in most organic solvents, i.e., ethanol or acetone. In a solvent system containing 60 percent ethanol in water, it has a pKa of 5.2. The melting point ranges from 74-77° C. 3. Special storage precautions appear to be unnecessary, although extended storage at temperatures greater than 105° F may effect disintegration stability. The usual shelf life under ambient temperature and humidity is at least two years.


It DESCRIBED a polypeptide compound of formula GENERAL STATED, wherein R1 is hydrogen; R2, an acyl group; R3, hydroxy or acyloxy; R4, hydroxyl or HIDROXISULFONILOXILO; R5 hydrogen or lower alkyl which may have one or more substituents AVAILABLE AND R6 is hydrogen, hydroxyl or alkylthio (lower) acyl and pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; ALSO DESCRIBED their preparation and pharmaceutical compositions containing them as ACTIVE INGREDIENTS.


This paper presents a theoretical and experimental study of the pressure variations that arise when a moving inertia load, driven by a hydraulic actuator, is braked by returning the closed-centre spool control valve to its mid-position. There are two predominant nonlinearities—the occurrence of cavitation in the hydraulic oil and the relationship between load position and hydraulic stiffness. A mathematical model is derived and solutions are obtained by three methods. The first is a digital simulation on a mini-computer, the second uses phase plane, and the third uses the techniques of small perturbations to linearize the problem. For typical values of the parameters, the linearized analysis is shown to yield results in good agreement with the computer solution. When the valve is moved rapidly from an open to a closed position, large pressure peaks and cavitation can occur. This has been verified experimentally with good agreement between predicted and observed pressure peaks. Thus the maximum pressure ge...


To investigat the effect of Losartan potassium on blood pressure,blood lipid,blood uric acid and kidney function of 30 elderly hypertensive patients. selfcontrol design was adopted, these patients ended previous drugs for lowering blood pressure, Losartan was given at the dosage of (25—50) mg/d, changes in blood pressure in 24 h,urinary protein in 24 h,serum levels of uric acid, lipid, potassium,urea nitrogen, creatinine and blood fasting glucose were evaluated after treatment for 4 weeks. The blood pressure dropped from (23.45±0.2/16.77±4.19) to (13.1±1.19/12.43±0.03)kPa,urinary protein in 24 h, endogenous creatinine clearance test, serum levels of uric acid were decreased significantly, serum levels of lipid, potassium,urea nitrogen, creatinine and blood glucose were not changed significantly by losartan treatment. losartan has a good effect on elderly hypertensive patients, increases clearance of uric acid, decreased serum levels of uric acid, doesn't have bad effect on kidney function.


The critical issues in the development of diagnostics, which need to work robust and reliable under quasi-steady state conditions for the discharge durations of 30 min and which cannot be maintained throughout the one week duration of each operation phase of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, are being discussed.


it is analyzed how ISO 9001:2015 proposes new approaches and processes in the relationships that companies maintain with their clients. For this, it is necessary to identify the evolution that the processes of relationship with the client and knowledge of their expectations and needs have had in recent years; and examine the principles and processes that guide the relationship between companies and their customers in the ISO 900:2015 standard. Finally, new recommendations are proposed for companies that derive in better processes of relationship with the client, according to the guidelines outlined in the ISO 9001:2015


Education is one of those social phenomena that, as we know, are susceptible to being administered by goal-oriented actions that are based in part on decisions taken with due consideration of forecasts regarding the prospective development of that phenomenon. It is impossible to predict unambiguously exactly what education (or any other social phenomenon) will be like in the year 2000, or in any year: that depends largely on the actions of the people who can bring about the "self-fulfillment" or, conversely, the "self-destruction" of a given prediction. Modern forecasting takes a different approach—namely, to ascertain what prospective problems might arise assuming that observed developmental tendencies continue into the future and what alternative routes might be taken in seeking an optimal solution for those problems, and then to use the data thus acquired to enhance the efficacy of planning, programming, projection, and overall problem-solving. This approach is, of course, more labor-intensive and less...


Database alignment is a variant of the graph alignment problem: Given a pair of anonymized databases containing separate yet correlated features for a set of users, the problem is to identify the correspondence between the features and align the anonymized user sets based on correlation alone. This closely relates to planted matching, where given a bigraph with random weights, the goal is to identify the underlying matching that generated the given weights. We study an instance of the database alignment problem with multivariate Gaussian features and derive results that apply both for database alignment and for planted matching, demonstrating the connection between them. The performance thresholds for database alignment converge to that for planted matching when the dimensionality of the database features is \(\omega(\log n)\), where \(n\) is the size of the alignment, and no individual feature is too strong. The maximum likelihood algorithms for both planted matching and database alignment take the form of a linear program and we study relaxations to better understand the significance of various constraints under various conditions and present achievability and converse bounds. Our results show that the almost-exact alignment threshold for the relaxed algorithms coincide with that of maximum likelihood, while there is a gap between the exact alignment thresholds. Our analysis and results extend to the unbalanced case where one user set is not fully covered by the alignment.


Carbohydrates have a major role in the cosmetic industry due to their thickening properties and water holding capacity. Various carbohydrates like dextran, xanthan gum, carrageen and levan are presently being used in the
preparation of cosmetics. Among these, levan also proved to have some immunobeneficiary properties. Carbohydrates with multi-functionality would help create 'healthy' cosmetics. Polysaccharides from higher basidiomycetes are attracting the attention of researchers due to their immunomodulatory properties. This project aims to develop multifunctional polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa for use in cosmetic formulations.


Gingival augmentation technique is used to increase the thickness of attached gingiva and arresting the progress of recession. Autogenous epithelialised free gingival graft obtained from palate is a well-established periodontal plastic procedure for root coverage and increasing the width of attached gingiva. This case report shows augmentation of attached gingiva from operculum of erupting third molar as an alternative donor site in marginal tissue recession not extending beyond the mucogingival junction with soft and hard tissue loss interdentally of 31 and 41 in a 20-year-old female.


To the Editor:

Recently, an excellent study by Phillips and colleagues1 showed a significant increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in healthy young men after a single 100-mg dose of sildenafil. The MSNA increase did not, however, result in an increase in heart rate, from which the authors concluded that the sympathetic activation they observed was selective for the vascular sympathetic drive only. Given the highly differentiated nature of autonomic efferent activity, the measurement of MSNA as a pure index of peripheral sympathetic outflow might allow no definitive conclusions to be made about the autonomic control of the sinoatrial node.

A noninvasive method for evaluating autonomic neurocardiac control involves standardized investigations of heart rate variability (HRV). We recently …


Authorship identification can be seen as a single-label multi-class text categorization problem. Very often, there are extremely few training texts at least for some of the candidate authors. In this paper, we present methods to handle imbalanced multi-class textual datasets. The main idea is to segment the training texts into sub-samples according to the size of the class. Hence, minority classes can be segmented into many short samples and majority classes into less and longer samples. Moreover, we explore text re-sampling in order to construct a training set according to a desirable distribution over the classes. Essentially, text re-sampling can be viewed as providing new synthetic data that increase the training size of a class. Based on a corpus of newswire stories in English we present authorship identification experiments on various multi-class imbalanced cases.


Alkyl- and phenylbis(dimethylamido)gallium, [RGa(NMe(2))(2)](2) [R = Me (1), Et (2), (n)Bu (3), (n)Hx (4), and Ph (5)], were synthesized by reactions of LiNMe(2) with (RGaCl(2))(2). The crystal structure of compound 1 was a disordered mixture of anti and syn isomers, with the ratio of anti/syn being 64:36, which was consistent with the ratio (57:43) found in the (1)H NMR spectrum. The Ga(2)N(2) cores of the anti and syn structures were nonplanar. (1)H NMR spectra indicated the presence of both anti and syn isomers for all of the other substituents. (1)H NMR and mass spectra indicated that a species with the general formula of R(3)Ga(2)(NMe(2))(3) was formed when these compounds were heated at high temperatures.


The study of a selected set of 69 double-lined spectroscopic binaries (SB2) with well-defined visual and spectroscopic orbits was carried out. The orbital parallax, the mass, the colour, and the luminosity of each component were derived from observational data for almost all of these systems. We have also obtained an independent estimation of the component masses by comparing the colour–magnitude diagram (CMD) to the stellar evolution tracks reported by Pietrinferni. Nearly all of the observational points on the CMD are located between two tracks of slightly different mass or which fall very close to the one corresponding to a unique mass value. The masses obtained from the stellar model are in good agreement with their empirical values determined by parallax techniques (orbital, Gaia, and dynamical). This means that our adopted model is rather reliable and can therefore be used to infer further information, such as the age of each component in the studied systems. Our results indicate a fair correspondence between the age of primaries and secondary stars within 3σ . Nevertheless, we caution that these age indications suffer of uncertainties due to both inhomogeneities/low precision of the adopted photometric data and possible systematics. Finally, it is statistically shown that along with the orbital and trigonometric parallaxes, the dynamical parallax can serve as a reliable tool for distance estimates.


The transformation of knowledge into behavior about environmental issues is lacking when compared with other areas of education worldwide. People are not aware of the oncoming environmental dangers before inevitable disasters occur. Also, the students living in technologically-developed post-cosmopolitan cities do not have chances to investigate natural events like the food chain, etc. Environmental protection in the hands of insensitive people is difficult to achieve, especially when the accumulation and scattering of solid wastes like plastics reaches incredible dimensions. Thus, environmental education policy should be re-visited and adapted to the changing world conditions. Teaching and learning environments are important issues for a sustainable environment. Students who are the basic pillars of society are not only today's citizens, but also the citizens of the future who are going to shape our (parents, engineers, politicians, teachers, unemployed, etc.) future world (Varga et al, 2007; Cheong, 2005). The education that students receive about environmental problems is crucial to prevent future environmental problems. Research studies related to students' attitudes about the environment and environmental problems can direct improved educational efforts towards them. The study presented here utilized data gathered from surveys of students on their awareness and attitudes related to the environment. The key idea is to convert future citizens into ecologically sensitive ones which can only be achieved by lifelong learning. Here, the conditions of cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains of primary school children were determined about the environment, recycling and plastics. In order to deal with environmental problems and/or to minimize them, the most effective way is through raising environmental consciousness with sensitive individuals who should be equipped with the necessary knowledge to develop positive attitudes. Plastics and recycling were examined as a critical dimension of environmental education. The previously developed attitude scale by Aydinli and Avan (2015) was applied to primary school students. The results were analyzed statistically and are given in Table 1. The human behaviors are structured by three domains; cognitive, affective and psychomotor. The minimum and maximum scores for X can be 0 and 10. Therefore the results approaching ten indicate positive attitudes towards environmental issues. Results clearly showed that students were aware of the hazardous effects of plastics (9.7/10), probably due to the popularity of the subject in the media. However the rest of the factors were not at desired levels, such as the students were not attending environmental protection activities (1.8/10). Amazingly they also did not care about having a clean environment (2.7/10). These results indicate that education policy regarding environmental issues needs to be revised and enhanced. One of the findings in the entire set of the results, which cannot be fully displayed here due to size restrictions, is that the students living in sub-rural areas were less aware of environmental issues and problems, than those living in sub-urban areas, which is contrary to expectations.


Developing the monitoring system in a bathroom is important to prevent the accidents there. One of the method to prevent the accidents in a bathroom without violeting one's privacy is using an acoustic sensor. The authors proposed an idea of immersing a pipe, which an acoustic sensor is set inside, in the water. By this procedure, we can obtain not only a direct sound information from the people in the bathroom but also the water level information. That is, stationary wave depending on the water level will be formed inside the pipe and the frequency analysis of it enables the real time measurement of the level. But a thermometer is needed to the measurement of the water level in the proposed method. To overcome this problem, the authors propose a new idea of using a pipe which has a narrow portion. That is, 2 types of the stationary wave are formed in the pipe. Therefore, we can obtain a direct sound information and the water level information without a thermometer.


This paper deals with the interaction of economic loading of the generating units and the optimal fuel procurement on an electric power system. A survey, reported upon in this paper, reveals that considerable disagreement exists on the setting of economic dispatch fuel prices. A mathematical proof is presented which shows that the incremental fuel price should be used. Sensitivities of the system fuel cost due to deviations from the optimal dispatch prices and a methodology for optimal procurement of fuel which also yields the values of the incremental fuel prices are presented.


Introduction Cancer and its treatment often impose physical and psychological consequences. Children with cancer are not only at a risk of adverse events resulting from medical procedures but also severe effects on their social and mental health as a result of its treatment. Depression being one of the most common psychiatric disorders associated with cancer in children and adolescents. The current study aims to provide evidence of an easy and inexpensive intervention that can be used in oncology patients in a low resource setting to help maintain mental health stability in pedriatric patients.. Objectives To examine the effectiveness of therapeutic group art therapy, in reducing depression scores in children with cancer. Methods The study is quasi experimental, through convinient sampling data of fifteen children in initial stage of thier treatment were selected. They were divided into two groups experimental and controlled through random allocation. Three sessions of forty minutes of group art therapy was given in experimental group, in control normal treatment was provided excluding group art therapy. Childhood Depression Scale (CDI) was used in both group as pre and post test to determine the depression level. Results The results shows a positive change in the level of depression in experimental group as compared to controlled group. Conclusions Group art therapy is an effective and inexpensive way of reducing depression level of paediatric leukemia patients that can be used by oncology healthcare centres worldwide with trained mental healthcare professionals in order to maintain positive treatment results of cancer.


The invention relates to the technical field of anti-counterfeiting scanning detection devices of cigarette package boxes, in particular to a cigarette tear tape anti-counterfeiting detector with simple operation and high detection accuracy. The detector comprises a detector shell and a cigarette tear tape scanning device arranged in the detector shell, wherein the same outer surface of the detector shell is provided with a cigarette positioning slide way and a scanning probe on the cigarette tear tape scanning device; and a vertical distance between the scanning probe and the cigarette positioning slide way is the same as the distance between the cigarette tear tape and the end face of the cigarette, so a tear tape of the cigarette is just positioned on the scanning probe when the end face of the cigarette is pressed against the cigarette positioning slide way to slide in parallel. Due to the structure, the detector has the characteristics of simple operating method, convenient carrying, high detection accuracy, low cost and high cost performance.


The tools of definition of a discount rate developed by the author for carrying out an assessment of efficiency of investment projects and estimation of cost of the Russian enterprises by method of the discounted cash flows are presented in article. The tools include algorithm of calculation the unlevered and the levered beta, models of estimates of discount rates on equity and invested capital, algorithm of a choice of type of a cash flow depending on the purposes of the analysis of the investment project. The tools are followed by a detailed technique of an assessment of a discount rate on each of stages of its carrying out. Unlike classical models of an assessment the presented tools allow to define a discount rate for the enterprises applying various modes of the taxation and also consider features of the accounting of «effect of tax shields» according to the existing tax law of the Russian Federation.


Background: The scientific literature on Artificial Intelligence (AI) in anesthesia is rapidly growing. Considering that applications of AI strategies can offer paramount support in clinical decision processes, it is crucial to delineate the research features. Bibliometric analyses can provide an overview of research tendencies useful for supplementary investigations in a research field. Methods: The comprehensive literature about AI in anesthesia was checked in the Web of Science (WOS) core collection. Year of publication, journal metrics including impact factor and quartile, title, document type, topic, and article metric (citations) were extracted. The software tool VOSviewer (version 1.6.17) was implemented for the co-occurrence of keywords and the co-citation analyses, and for evaluating research networks (countries and institutions). Results: Altogether, 288 documents were retrieved from the WOS and 154 articles were included in the analysis. The number of articles increased from 4 articles in 2017 to 37 in 2021. Only 34 were observational investigations and 7 RCTs. The most relevant topic is "anesthesia management". The research network for countries and institutions shows severe gaps. Conclusion: Research on AI in anesthesia is rapidly developing. Further clinical studies are needed. Although different topics are addressed, scientific collaborations must be implemented.


【Objective】This work was aimed to investigate relationship between induction of endopeptidase (EP) activity and classes and acceleration of flower senescence process by water deficit stress (WDS) in cut rose ( Rosa hybrida L.) cv. Samantha. 【Method】 Flowers at opening stage 2 were treated with repeated WDS, namely 24 h WDS (the first WDS), 12 water recovery, and 24 h WDS (the second WDS), or by 24 h WDS followed 12 h 50 μmol·L-1 ABA pretreatment, or held in distilled water directly as untreated controls. 【Result】(1) Between the first WDS and the second WDS, no difference was observed in bend neck phenomena during the treatment, but obvious difference was in vase quality of cut flowers after the treatment, and severe phenomena of bull bud was obtained during vase after the second WDS. However, bend neck degree of flowers was alleviated obviously by ABA pretreatment. (2) When the first WDS was finished, water potential of flowers was recovered to the level before treatment after 6 h water recovery, while fresh weight loss of branch and EP activity of petals was recovered to the low level before treatment after 12 h water recovery. As the second WDS was performed, the changes of EP activity in petals was much dramatic compared to the first WDS finished, although almost no difference was observed in water potential and fresh weight loss between the first WDS and the second WDS. The WDS-induced decrease of water potential, loss of fresh weight and raise of EP activity were effectively suppressedby ABA pretreatment. (3) For control flowers, during the processes of flower opening and senescence, the hydrolytic activity of metalloprotease and cysteine protease in petals was undetectable, while serine protease hydrolytic activity was dominant, and further increased during senescence. The changes of EP activity and types in petals induced by WDS were consistent with that induced by flower opening and senescence. Serine protease activity in petals was induced strongly by the first WDS, and recovered to the primary level after water recovery; and the activity was elevated dramatically by the second WDS. The increment of serine protease activity induced by WDS was significantly depressed by ABA pretreatment. 【Conclusion】These results above suggested that the increment of serine protease activity induced by WDS might be related to acceleration of flower senescence process after WDS.


. This study examined whether passive implantable transponder (PIT) tags could be used to mark individually juvenile snapper, Pagrus auratus (Bloch and Schneider), without affecting their growth. Fifty juvenile snapper (25 tagged and 25 untagged controls) were placed in each of four 2000–1 tanks. At the start of the experiment the snapper had a mean weight of 59 ± 18g (SD). After 70 days, the mean weight of all fish was 115 ± 31 g (SD) and there was no significant difference between the growth of tagged and untagged fish. Apparent tag loss ranged from 4 to 8%.


The Hall effect in NbSe 3 was measured in the non-Ohmic regimes below the charge-density-wave (CDW) transitions at 142 K and 58 K. In both regimes, relation between the Hall voltage and the current becomes nonlinear above the threshold electric-field E T while linear relation remains between the Hall voltage and the electric field. Both nonlinearities of the conductivity and the Hall voltage are consistently explained by taking into consideration a new current-carrying mechanism which contributes only to the conductivity along the b -axis above E T . The new mechanism is attributed to the sliding CDW. In NbSe 3 , the CDW's are expected to slide only along the b -axis as inferred from the Ohmic transverse conductivity along the c -axis.


A telescope consisting of parallel plate counters for determining the trajectories of high energetic particles in cosmic rays is described. The counters operate just below the statjc breakdcwn voltage. In the case of a coincidence the counters are triggered by a high voltage pulse. The sparks are recorded photographically. By operating the counters in this way the lifetime is longer than of those counters which operate always in the spark region. Moreover it enables a bigger surface area of the counters to be used. The telescope may be triggered by a G.M.coincidence. The error of determining the position of the particle in the counter is 0.2 mm. The efficiency for weakly ionising particles is 98%. A counter has a scattering layer of 0.04 g/cm/sup 2/ Al. (auth)


Objective To investigate the protective effect and mechanisms of SMI on the myocardial infarction in dogs.Methods The model of the myocardial infarction in dogs was developed by ligating the left coronary anterior descending artery and the area of myocardial infarction,the content of LDH,CK,AST and homodynamic were detected.Results SMI reduced the degree of myocardial infarction and the myocardial infarction area,decreased the release of myocardial enzyme,resisted the decrease of SBP,DBP,LVP and ±dp/dtmax and increase of LVEDP.Conclusion SMI has the protective effect of the myocardial infarction,and it may attribute to the ameliorating hemodynamic,decreasing cardiac oxygen consumption and improving cardiac metabolism.


Fosfomycin ( 1,2-epoxypropylphosphonic acid, or phosphonomycin) is a bactericidal antibiotic isolated from strains of Streptomyces.l, 2 The elegant work of Kahan and colleagues has led to the following conclusions: this antibiotic enters the bacterial cell via either of at least two inducible transport systems for phosphate esters, namely, the L-a-glycerophosphate transport system (glpT) and the hexose phosphate transport system ( u h p ) in Escherichia coli; it irreversibly inhibits the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) :uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine ( UDPGlcN Ac ) enolpyruvyl transferase, the first unique enzyme in the biosynthesis of uridine diphospho-N-acetylmuramyl peptides.3, 1 We were interested in the studies of fosfomycin-resistant mutants of E. coli, especially those in which the drug resistance is either due to a derepression in the synthesis of this enzyme or to a decreased affinity of the mutant enzyme toward this antibiotic. Wild-type E . coli K-12 strains (AB1157 and HfrH) were mutagenized with ethyl methanesulfonate or nitrosoguanidine and allowed to grow in enriched media at 30" C overnight for phenotypic expression. Fosfomycin t was added to a final concentration of 0.3 mM. After incubation at 30" C in the presence of this antibiotic for 5-6 hr, the remaining viable cells were washed and grown at 30" C overnight. The survivors were found to belong to the following three classes :


In this research, I tried to make a comparative study of ideological characteristics of Industrial Relations between Korea and U.K., based on the presupposition that ideologies of Industrial Relations` Actors played an important role in Industrial Relations. U.K. have a voluntary and pluralistic ideological tradition of Industrial Relations, therefore U.K. is very rational to adjust and integrate different ideologies of actors. Meanwhile Korea have unrealistic, exclusive and rigid ideologies, therefore these have played a important role in worsening labor-management conflicts. For example strikes frequencies and workers involved in strikes are relatively few, but Workdays Lost due to strikes are very severe because of long strike durations, compared to U.K. Consequently national economic loss due to strikes has been severe. Korea trade unions are various and poor, but at the same time not mutual understanding in ideologies. Therefore from the viewpoint that strength in U.K.`s Industrial Relations stands on the power of adjusting different ideologies, we have to diminish the disparities between ideologies and realities of Industrial Relations through public discussion.


Recently, low earth orbit (LEO) satellite-based systems have attracted tremendous attention and various technologies have been developed for payload miniaturization and optical communications. In addition, mega-constellation architectures are expected to be deployed with LEO satellites for global broadband networks. In this article, we present a thorough analysis of mega-constellation architecture in terms of a change in the number of visible satellites and antenna steering capability to investigate the impact of increase in the constellation size and adoption of optical intersatellite links. The network architecture is evaluated with respect to satellite antenna steering capability and the satellite visibility considering the very narrow beam divergence of optical communications. We analyze the impact of a change in relative positions among the satellites due to continuous satellite movement in the constellation. The results offer guidelines for designing a novel visibility matrix using a time-varying satellite topology. This could defuse the problem of the conventional studies using fixed visibility matrices. The proposed time-varying visibility matrix achieves better performance than the previous preassigned links in terms of end-to-end link distance and hop count of LEO satellite networks.


As we deal with the on-going coronavirus spread, Penrose Library is here to maintain access to library resources for those that stay on campus and those off-campus


Glocal is a new word combined a word 'global' and a word 'local'. According to the menufesto of Glocalization in 2004, "Glocalization is a new paradigm for international relations and an innovative practice of development coorperation. The Glocalization strategy empowers local communities, linking them to global resources and knowledge while facilitating initiatives for peace and development. It provides opportunities for the local communities to direct positive social change in the area that most directly affect them, and to shape an innovative nd more equitable international system." When we apply this definition to our theatre works, such productions as 「Hamyul Taeja」 by Min-Soo Ahn(1976), [Shamanism]「Hamlet」 by Jeong-Oak Kim(1995), [Koreanized]「Romeo and Juliet」 by Tae-Seok Oh(199?), and 「Hamlet」 by Yun-Taek Lee(l996) are good examples that succeed to draw a great attentions from the audiences of the abroad and the local as well. Among these productions, Lee's 「Hamlet」productions, which have been produced more than a decade both for the local stages and the foreign stages as well, are analysed and studied in full detail in order to find out how he has completed the 'glocal' text for the target audiences as well as the local ones. The strategy of Lee's translation(s) with the dramaturgy, D. Kim and his methodology of re-formation from the original text to the stage script will be dicussed at first, then his intercultural set design will be analyzed in terms of mise-en-scene. The shamanistic interpretation of Hamlet's madness represented in such scenes as the appearance of the Ghost, which is directed in shamanistic way, the scene of Ophelia's funeral, and the deconstruction of the play-within-the-play is the key point to understand how Lee re-formed the original text mixing the world-wide cultural resources. His multicultural costumes and Lighting design as well as music, according to R. Bharucha, seem to be a neo-oriental approach, which applies non-western culture to Shakespeare with spectacular performance for the target audience. The most provocative scene among others would be the epilogue scence in which dead Hamlet rises in naked body and walk away slowly into the back stage. Reminding the local audience of the ending of the 'Sitgim Gut', this epilogue would be the most challengable strategy of the director who wants to complete his 'original' intercultural play script for the glocal audiences. Without this, the shamanistic establishment of from the Ghost scene could not be accomplished.


Objective:To explore a good method for secondary unilateral cleft lip repair. Methods:Different techniques for this kind of deformity were compared with each other and focused on Millard's method. Results:The satisfactory results were achieved in all the selected cases,especially in the cases with notching of the vermillion border,vertical height discrepancy and unfavorable scar of the cleft lip. Conclusion:The indication of Millard's method can be wider for secondary unilateral cleft lip,and it is emphasized for the concept of viewing the situation as a whole in dealing with unilateral cleft lip. [


Ultrathin Ce{sub 2}O{sub 3} layers have been grown on Si(111) by reactive metal deposition in an oxygen background and characterized by x-ray standing waves, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and low-energy electron diffraction to elucidate and quantify both atomic structure and chemical composition. It is demonstrated that highly ordered, mostly B-oriented, epitaxial ceria films can be achieved by preadsorption of a monolayer of atomic chlorine, effectively passivating the substrate and thereby suppressing cerium silicate and silicon oxide formation at the interface.


Filter with at least one upper part (1; 101) having at least one inlet channel (5; 105) and at least one outlet channel (6; 106) and a top (2; 102) having a filter element (7, 107), characterized in that the top (1; 101) has a housing (8; 108) and an insert (9; 109) in which the inlet channel is located and the output (5, 6; 105, 106), wherein the filter element (7; 107) has a connecting element (14; 114) with a loading channel (15; 115) and a discharge channel (16; 116) connecting the filter space and the accumulator space to the inlet channel and the outlet (5, 6; 105, 106) of the top (1; 101).


In this paper, we will propose Datalink Shortest Path First (DSPF), which is a link state routing protocol for packet switching at data link layer, especially for Ethernet. We have designed DSPF based upon Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) that are well-known as major link state routing protocols today. Based upon our experiences on protocol developments at data link or network layer, we have then refactored or simpli ed some functions of these protocols in order to enable to easily and/or incrementally deploy DSPF in existing networks. We have then implemented DSPF not only on PC based systems but also on Tilera embedded system.


Noise impairs signal perception and is a major source of selection on animal communication. Identifying adaptations that enable receivers to cope with noise is critical to discovering how animal sensory and communication systems evolve. We integrated biophysical and bioacoustic measurements with physiological modeling to demonstrate that the lungs of frogs serve a heretofore unknown noise-control function in vocal communication. Lung resonance enhances the signal-to-noise ratio for communication by selectively reducing the tympanum's sensitivity at critical frequencies where the tuning of two inner ear organs overlaps. Social network analysis of citizen-science data on frog calling behavior indicates the calls of other frog species in multi-species choruses are a prominent source of environmental noise attenuated by the lungs. These data reveal that an ancient adaptation for detecting sound via the lungs has been evolutionarily co-opted to create spectral contrast enhancement that contributes to solving a multi-species cocktail party problem.


We analyze the local accuracy of the virtual element method. More precisely, we prove an error bound similar to the one holding for the finite element method, namely, that the local $H^1$ error in a interior subdomain is bounded by a term behaving like the best approximation allowed by the local smoothness of the solution in a larger interior subdomain plus the global error measured in a negative norm.


[1] The paper "Why do tornados and hailstorms rest on weekends?" [Rosenfeld and Bell, 2011] (hereinafter RB2011) contains key misunderstandings of US spring and summer tornadoes, supercell storms, and their environments. In this comment, we show that (1) there is not a robust weekly cycle or midweek maximum in tornado occurrence or tornado days, (2) RB2011's physical explanation for how increased aerosol concentrations would cause increased frequency and severity of tornadoes and hail in supercells is inconsistent with actual supercell storm structures and their environments, and (3) RB2011's method of averaging aerosol and tornado data from 100 W eastward conflates an aerosol weekly cycle in one geographic location with tornado occurrence in another.


Purpose:To study the efficiency of 153 Sm EDTMP radiotherapy for osseous metastases in prostate cancer.Methods:36 patients with osseous metastases of prostate cancer underwent 1~3 dose treatment by 153 Sm EDTMP radiotherapy. The alleviation of pain, change of focus and toxic action were evaluated.Results: 12 patients ( 30.8 %) experienced bone pain disappearance, and 22 relieved ( 56.4 %), so total efficiency amounted to ( 87.2 %). Following up for 2~6 months after 153 Sm EDTMP radiotherapy, the X ray and bone radionuclide imaging exam showed that 4 patients achieved complete focus disappearance, and 7 patients achieved partial focus disappearance, the response rate is 28.1 %. The systemic radioactive effects on patients were mild, leukocytes and plateletes were only temporally decreased and selfrecovered after 4 weeks with 153 Sm EDTMP radiotherapy.Conclusions: 153 Sm EDTMP radiotherapy is a promising radiopharmaceutical to the osseous metastases in prostate cancer with a good response rate, less adverse effects.


Efficient communication between the brain and peripheral organs is indispensable for regulating physiological function and maintaining energy homeostasis. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) in vertebrates, consisting of the autonomic and somatic nervous systems, bridges the peripheral organs and the central nervous system (CNS). Metabolic signals are processed by both vagal sensory nerves and somatosensory nerves. The CNS receives sensory inputs via ascending nerves, serves as the coordination and integration center, and subsequently controls internal organs and glands via descending nerves. The autonomic nervous system consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic branches that project peripheral nerves into various anatomical locations to regulate the energy balance. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves typically control the reflexive and involuntary functions in organs. In this review article, we outline the innervation of adipose tissue, gut, pancreas, and liver, to illustrate the neurobiological basis of central–peripheral interactions. We emphasize the importance of understanding the functional atlas of neural control of energy metabolism, and more importantly, provide potential avenues for further research in this area.


Fairness and efficiency, which is embodied by the simple procedure in criminal lawsuit, is of important value orientation of judicial reform. The ongoing simple procedure in China has some flaws, which need to be changed and perfected on the base of the comparative research, by way of the above, can we promote the revolution of the criminal trial mode.


Blockchain was thought of as a revolutionary platform with implementation potential in diverse industries. Thus, different blockchain networks have been implemented to analyze their utility in multiple scenarios. In this article, a comprehensive assessment of blockchain efficiency by classifying all the solutions into two broad categories; an empirical study and computational modeling is conducted. The latest methodological blockchain approach includes benchmarking, testing, experimental research and then modeling. It is comparatively tested for stochastic models of computational modeling which is used to test the efficiency of conventional blockchain consensus algorithms. By contrasting, comparing, and grouping the various approaches together, significant parameters can be used to choose the most effective measurement technology to maximize blockchain device performance based on the detection of the bottlenecks. Finally, the proposed approach lists suggested recommendations for possible inquiries.


The mountain mice of the Peromyscus mexicanus group currently encompass six known species; however, the limits between species remain uncertain, with two considered monotypic and the other four having multiple associated subspecific names. Based on the most comprehensive sampling of the group throughout its distribution in Nuclear Central America, we used data of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene to assess its genetic diversity, phylogeny, and main biogeographic and diversification patterns. Our mitochondrial phylogeny only partially reflects the current taxonomy of the group, in agreement with some of the taxonomically recognized species. Specifically, our phylogenetic results show that the group is highly structured, including four main clades with genetic distances ranging from 11 to 8.6%. A remarkable level of differentiation is found at a more local level, defined as 15 different lineages with high nucleotide and haplotype diversity (π = 0.068, h = 0.99), and with divergence and genetic distance values (p-uncorrected = 9.9–2.4%; K2P = 10.8–3.0%) similar to values observed between species within Peromyscus. Accordingly, we propose that the reference name P. mexicanus is polyphyletic and should be restricted to the mountains of central Mexico west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. We suggest to limit the other five recognized specific names to equal number of lineages, as monophyletic, and to revalidate three junior synonyms: Peromyscus salvadorensis, P. nicaraguae and P. tropicalis. The Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the Motagua-Polochic-Jocotan fault system, the Maya Highlands and the Honduras Depression are examples of geographic features that are likely associated with the differentiation of main lineages. Some other lineages may represent candidate species, hence the need to review the taxonomic status of the entire P. mexicanus group.


Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) comprising Li anode and high-voltage cathode could exhibit high capacity and power density. However, stable electrolytes to tolerate the oxidation on the cathode at high cut-off voltage are urgently needed. Herein, we present an armor-like inorganic-rich cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) strategy for exploring oxidation-resistant electrolytes for sustaining 4.8 V Li||LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622) batteries with pentafluorophenylboronic acid (PFPBA) as the additive. In such CEI, the armored lithium borate surrounded on CEI up-layer represses the dissolution of inner CEI moieties and also improve the Li+ conductivity of CEI while abundant LiF is distributed over whole CEI to enhance the mechanical stability and Li+ conductivity compared with polymer moieties. With such robust Li+ conductive CEI, the Li||NCM622 battery delivered excellent stability at 4.6 V cut-off voltage with 91.2% capacity retention after 400 cycles. The excellent cycling performance was also obtained even at 4.8 V cut-off voltage.


Professional identities emerge from complex interactions between ontogenetic selves and sociohistorical and sociocultural dimensions of the practice setting. This paper presents results from a longitudinal qualitative study of six earlycareer police officers as they transition from the Police College into the practice setting(s) of polic� ing and in determining their specialisation. This research employed a combination of interview and observation methods within a case study methodology, exploring the learning of the participants over a threeyear period. This paper presents the experiences of three of these case studies. Evident in this research was a complex rela� tional interdependence between the self and social in the processes of learners constructing understandings of professional practice and identity.


Blockchain is a trending topic and would be the most significant issue for all industries, manufacturing or services. This study aims to investigate the Impact of Block Chain and Smart Inventory System on Supply Chain Performance at Retail Industry in the UAE. A quantitative research was adapted, and a survey was designed and rolled out by email to all participants. A 202 valid questionnaires were used in the statistical process in order to find out the impact of blockchain technology and smart inventory on supply chain performance in retail industry. The hypotheses testing confirmed the direct impact of blockchain technology on supply chain performance side by side with the mediator role of smart inventory in the indirect impact. The results revealed that blockchain is becoming the real time need of the retail industry and has improved the efficiency of the retail industry.


Bulk samples of $(Sn_{1-x}Sb_{x}O_{2-\delta})$ with x = 0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30 are synthesized by solid-state reaction route. Samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The x-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the gross structure/phase of $(Sn_{1-x}$ $Sb_{x}O_{2-\delta})$ do not change with the substitution of antimony (Sb) up to x = 0.30. The surface morphological examination with SEM revealed the fact that the grain size in the antimony doped sample is larger than that of undoped one and hence pores/voids between the grains increase with Sb concentration up to 0.30. TEM image of undoped sample indicates that the $SnO_{2}$ grains have diameters ranging from 25 to 120 nm and most grains are in cubic or spherical shape. As antimony content increases, the nanocubes/spheres are converted into microcubes/spheres. The reflectance of $Sn_{1-x}Sb_{x}O_{2-\delta}$ samples increases whereas absorbance of these samples decreases with the increased concentration of antimony (Sb) for the wavelength range 360 - 800 nm. The energy bandgap of Sb doped - $SnO_{2}$ samples were obtained from optical absorption spectra by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Upon increasing the Sb concentration the bandgap of the samples was found to increase from 3.367 eV to 3.558 eV.


Recent years in Mexico and France have been marked by the increasing of chaos and instrumented insecurity. Public spaces, under marketing influences, show a strong tendency to the privatization of the city and building walls. Agoraphobia, seen as the fear to a "public space" that threatens human life, becomes one of the most useful mechanisms for social regulations. What is intimate is promoted on the enclosed solitude of private space; and fear, that used to reinforce community networks capable of imagining alternatives, is immunized today by police systems which, to ensure life safety, attempt against the principles of citizenship. This paper aims to confront, as found in critical theory, the mechanisms resulting from the social production of fear in Mexico and France, focusing on a comparative exercise of the recent official initiatives against violence, criminality, and the global processes of privatization of public space. In Mexico, there is a constant decrease of sensibility when facing the horror of dead people. In France, violence increased due to repressive actions and the police is concentrating the symbolic power. As a response, the privatization processes are highly promoted as a life warranty and each individual is conceived as the responsible of their own safety.


In order to carry out effective prevention of Zeazera leaconotam Butler larval stage,the harmful levels and hazard rates of host plants were Surveyed.A method for studying the damage of larvae transferring and statistics selection rate and time was designed.The survey showed that forty-eight tree species in the main campus of Tianjin Normal University,of which thirty-one species are damaged(65% of the species).Thirty-one broad-leaved species had been damaged,which accounted for 79.5% of broad-leaved trees,but conifers were hardly harmed.According to the damaged grades,the most serious were Crateagus pinnatifida,Diospyros kaki and Platanus orientalis acerifolia.Thirty-one kinds of host plants were divided into four groups for the selection experiment of the larvae,and it is showed that the selection rates of Pyrus bretschneideri,Robinia pseudoacacia,Punica granatum and Ulmus pumila were higher.Further comparison showed that the rate of Pyrus bretschneideri was significantly higher than others,but the selection of time had no significant difference.The rate of branches 14 mm diameter was highest to larvae of 3—5 mm head width.


Abstract A simple, rapid, and accurate liquid chromatographic‐mass spectrometric method for quantification of vigabatrin (VGB) in human plasma using 4‐phenyl‐4‐aminobutanoic acid as an internal standard (IS) has been developed and validated. The method involves deproteinization of plasma sample with acetonitrile followed by detection of analytes by tandem mass spectrometry. The drug and the IS were chromatographed using XTerra™ C18 column and a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile/water (50∶50 v/v) and 0.025% formic acid, at a flow rate of 0.1 mL/min. The effluents were detected in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using MRM transitions m/z 129.57 > 70.99 and m/z 179.7 > 116.92 for VGB and IS, respectively. The method is significantly fast, as the run‐cycle time was <3 min run‐to‐run. The described method was linear over the VGB concentration range of 0.5–10 µg/mL (r > 0.999), with a limit of detection of 0.05 µg/mL. The intra‐day coefficient of variation [CV (%)] ranged from 3.84% to 6.53% and the percentage deviation from the nominal value (%DEVs) was in the range of −4.93% to −2.03%. Inter‐day CV and %DEVs ranges were 2.78% to 9.15% and −4.91% to 6.67%, respectively. Mean recovery percentage of VGB in spiked human plasma samples was 99.59%. The stability study indicates that VGB in plasma is stable for at least 4 weeks when stored at −20°C. This developed method is significantly important in clinical practice for monitoring VGB plasma levels, particularly in pharmacokinetic studies and bioavailability/bioequivalence studies.


LncRNA is widely transcribed in the genome, which is becoming a new hot spot in tumor research because of its functions in transcriptional regulation, post transcriptional regulation and epigenetic regulation.Colon cancer-associated transcript-2(CCAT2) as a kind of long non-coding RNA was first discovered and named in colon cancer. The abnormal expression of CCAT2 was confirmed in other cancers such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, cervical cancer , esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, indicating that CCAT2 might be a tumor marker.This review makes a summary on the research progress about CCAT2 in common malignant tumors.

Key words:
Colon cancer-associated transcript -2; Long non-coding RNA; Tumour


Neurointegrative ability in 100 male schizophrenic children, 20 in each year, for ages 7 through 11 was compared with that of 5-to 12-year-old normal children. The measure of neurointegration was auditory-visual equivalence—a task which required equation of visual dot patterns with temporal patterns of auditory stimulation. Mean IQ in the schizophrenic group was 84.7 with no significant difference among age groups. The schizophrenic children at each mental age were significantly inferior to the normal children in their neurointegrative competence. Moreover, increase in integrative competence with age was weakly manifested in the schizophrenic children as contrasted with a strong linear developmental trend in normals. The data were discussed in relation to the role of primary neurointegrative disorder in the etiology of schizophrenia in childhood.


Abstract Let A and B be C*-algebras. A linear map T : A → B is said to be a *-homomorphism at an element z ∈ A if ab* = z in A implies T (ab*) = T (a)T (b)* = T (z), and c*d = z in A gives T (c*d) = T (c)*T (d) = T (z). Assuming that A is unital, we prove that every linear map T : A → B which is a *-homomorphism at the unit of A is a Jordan *-homomorphism. If A is simple and infinite, then we establish that a linear map T : A → B is a *-homomorphism if and only if T is a *-homomorphism at the unit of A. For a general unital C*-algebra A and a linear map T : A → B, we prove that T is a *-homomorphism if, and only if, T is a *-homomorphism at 0 and at 1. Actually if p is a non-zero projection in A, and T is a ∗-homomorphism at p and at 1 − p, then we prove that T is a Jordan *-homomorphism. We also study bounded linear maps that are *-homomorphisms at a unitary element in A.


The body of information presented in this paper is directed to researchers in stack testing methodology and to those concerned with reduction of emissions through equipment upgrading programs. Extensive testing was done using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Method 5 stack sampling train to obtain emission factors for existing apartment house boilers and incinerators in the City of New York. In addition to calculating emission factors, stack emission data were examined to compare results of simultaneous emission tests and to compare the dry particulate catch of the sampling train with the total particulate catch which included the impinger catch. Conclusions reached as a result of the testing were that published emission factors for boilers burning moderately high-sulfur residual oil are applicable to New York City boilers burning low-sulfur residual oil. In addition, it was found that the back half of the sampling train—the impinger section—collects a relatively constant amount of material when...


Emission of the CO2 from the Indonesian forest is mainly composed of the deforestation, forest degradation, and the peat land subsidence. Peat land subsidence of Indonesian islands represented by the Central Kalimantan is induced by the global warming and the resultant chemical processes at the peat land emit the CO2 to the air. The measurement of a relationship between the subsidence speed and the CO2 emission amount and the two dimensional subsidence speed measurement using the PALSAR interferometry were applied to estimate the gross amount of the CO2 emission at the test site of the Central Kalimantan. In the presentation, we will show the estimated value of the CO2 emissions. PALSAR and interferometry was introduced in [1]. Availability of the InSAR technique for the peat land was evaluated, first, by checking the quality of the interferometric coherence, then the value on the subsidence by InSAR was compared with the position of the peat land surface that was obtained as an length along the iron pipe which is piled to the solid ground of around 3 meter below the surface. We have used the in total seven PALSAR image pairs for measurement of the subsidence al of which are referred to the July 9 2007. We obtained the ground control point at three areas, Vegetation area (KV), Fire scared and regrowth forest (RF), and Forest region (FT). RMS errors of these areas are, 0.79 cm for KV, 2.24 cm for RF, and 3.51 cm for FT. Fig.1 Test site in the Central Kalimantan (left) and the relationship between the subsidences's (InSAR and ground truth data comparison) Conclusions In this study, we succeeded to measure the InSAR sensitivity on the subsidence speed at the peat land area in the central Kalimantan. RMS error of the InSAR measurement and the ground truth data range from 0.79 to 3.51 cm. These variations depend on the coherence of the target areas. Use of the ground truth on subsidence speed can estimate the total emission of the CO2 to the air when using the InSAR subsidence data. Acknowledgements This research was conducted by the support of the Ministry of Environment 2009 and its project name of B082. References [1]. M. Shimada, T. Tadono, A. Rosenqvist, "Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) and Monitoring Global Environmental Change," Proceedings of the IEEE, 2010, in press.


The MPEG-4 video coding standard introduces a novel concept of sprite or mosaic that is a large image composed of pixels belonging to a video object visible throughout a video segment. The sprite captures spatio-temporal information in a very compact way and makes it possible for efficient object-based video compression. In this paper, we propose a practical approach to generating multiple super-resolution sprites for sprite coding. In order to construct super-resolution sprites and reduce coding cost, we firstly partition a video sequence into multiple independent sprites and group the images covering a similar scene into the same sprite. We then propose efficient and practical algorithms for cumulative global motion estimation and super-resolution sprite construction. Experiments with real video sequences show that the proposed approach outperforms the previous single sprite and multiple sprite techniques.


This paper presents the analysis of a nonisolated high-voltage-gain single-switch dc-dc converter based on the integration of the boost and SEPIC topologies. The converter employs a voltage multiplier at the output of the SEPIC stage, which is connected in series with the output of the boost stage, aiming a high step-up ratio operation with limited duty cycle values. An accurate steady state analysis considering the influence of the leakage inductance of the SEPIC coupled inductor in the energy transfer process is detailed in the paper. The several theoretical results are then used to derive a design methodology for the circuit. Experimental results for a 500 W, 48 V input voltage, 400 V output voltage, 96.3% peak efficiency and 100 kHz switching frequency prototype are provided to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed scheme and to validate the mathematical analysis carried out.


The present paper considers the taxonomic status of the poorly known European centipedes Lithobius dollfusi Verhoeff, 1901, L. lapadensis Verhoeff, 1900 and L. karamani Verhoeff, 1937 described by the prominent German zoologist Dr. Karl Wilhelm Verhoeff, using types currently housed in the Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin. Re-examination of the types revealed the following new combination and synonymy: Harpolithobius dollfusi (Verhoeff, 1901) comb.n. = H. intermedius Matic, 1958 syn.n. Lithobius lapadensis and L. karamani are re-described and illustrated and their taxonomic position discussed.


Simple Summary This study evaluated the ventilation rates and efficiency in research-scale pig houses by examining different inlet and exhaust configurations. The goal was to understand how well the ventilation system worked. Two pig rooms were studied, and actual ventilation rates were measured using specialized equipment. The results revealed that certain combinations of inlets and exhausts performed better in terms of ventilation rates. However, the measured rates were lower than expected. This study also found that the side exhaust fan closer to where the pigs were active was more effective at providing fresh air compared to the chimney exhaust fan. Additionally, the ceiling inlet provided better air distribution. This study highlights the importance of choosing the right ventilation setup to ensure a healthy environment for both pigs and workers. By improving ventilation efficiency, this research can contribute to creating better conditions for pig farming, resulting in improved animal welfare and productivity. Abstract Accurate ventilation control is crucial for maintaining a healthy and productive environment in research-specialized pig facilities. This study aimed to evaluate actual ventilation rates and ventilation efficiency by investigating different inlet and exhaust configurations. The research was conducted in two pig rooms, namely pig room A and pig room B, in the absence of animals and workers to focus solely on evaluating the ventilation system's performance. Actual ventilation rates were measured using hood-type anemometers, and the local air change per hour was analyzed at various measurement points via tracer gas decay experiments. The results demonstrated that specific inlet and exhaust combinations, such as side inlet/chimney outlet and ceiling inlet/side outlet, exhibited higher ventilation rates. However, the measured ventilation rates were much lower than the manufacturer's specifications. The side exhaust fan closer to the pig activity space demonstrated better ventilation effectiveness for the animals than the chimney exhaust fan. Additionally, the ceiling inlet exhibited superior air distribution and uniformity. Lower ventilation rates and higher infiltration ratios resulted in reduced ventilation efficiency, with the difference between pig and worker activity spaces being pronounced. This study emphasizes the importance of selecting optimal inlet and exhaust configurations to achieve efficient ventilation and create a healthy environment for both pigs and workers.


The corrosion characteristics of the wall of BFe-30-1 condenser tubes made of white copper under different working conditions were studied by using tensile test,metallography-energy spectrum and XRD analysis techniques.The results show the new white copper tubes accord with national standard GB/T8890—1998.It can be found comparatively thick asymmetry loosen deposition on new plated tubes after one and a half year's using,and there is little evident corrosion under the deposition layer.The white tubes which are plated after half a year's use show evident pitting corrosion hole and a little vesicle-shaped corrosion products.It shows that the corrosion(performance) of plating before use are better than using before plating.CuS and CuCl which are found in the pitting corrosion holes show that sulfur and chlorine elements participate in the corrosion process.


Section I. Principles and Concepts *1. Structural Diagnosis and Manipulative Medicine History *2. Principles of Structural Diagnosis *3. Barrier Concepts in Structural Diagnosis *4. The Manipulative Prescription *5. Normal Vertebral Motion *6. Concepts of Vertebral Motion Dysfunction *7. Principles of Soft Tissue and Other Peripheral Stimulating Techniques *8. Principles of Muscle Energy Technique *9. Mobilization With and Without Impulse Technique *10. Principles of Indirect Technique *11. Principles of Myofascial Release and Integrated Neuromusculoskeletal Technique Section II. Technique Procedures *12. Craniosacral Technique *13. Cervical Spine Technique *14. Thoracic Spine Technique *15. Rib Cage technique *16. Lumbar Spine Technique *17. Pelvic Girdle Dysfunction *18. Upper Extremity Technique *19. Lower Extremity Technique Section III. Clinical Integration and Correlation *20. Common Clinical Syndromes *21. Adjunctive Diagnostic Procedures *22. Adjunctive Therapeutic Procedures


This article provides an overview of Reel to Real, a Moving Image Education project undertaken with groups of young people who require More Choices, More Chances, the overarching policy context in Scotland which aims to provide support for those young people aged 16–19 years who have completed compulsory education but find themselves not in employment, education or training. Supported by Skills Development Scotland, Scottish Screen (now Creative Scotland) and Urban Learning Space, Reel to Real aimed to promote learning with and through digital media. The overall project evaluation was to determine the benefits of learning and preparation for work in such a project as well as the experiences of the participants. This article focuses specifically on the perceptions and experiences of the young people involved in the project in order to understand what they felt they had gained from the project and how they perceived this may have helped them as they prepare to embark on employment. Data were gathered through observation and focus group interviews with groups of young people aged 16–19 years undertaking the Reel to Real project.


Objective To study the characteristics of HA1 gene of influenza viruse subtype A3 isolated in Hubei Province during 1983-2002 and evaluate its variation and evolution.(Methods)8 strains of influenza viruses were inoculated in eggs and the RNA of these viruses were extracted with RNeasy Mini kit.The genes of HA1 were amplified by RT-PCR.The PCR products were sequenced by sequence equipment(ABI-377).All data were analyzed by the software DNA star 4.0.(Results) The substituting number of nucleotides of HA1 gene were increasing with time and the amino acids changed in A and B regions of the antigenic determinants.Conclusion It showed that the H3N2 influenza virus strains were divided into two major lineages.One lineage included the strains before 1985 and the other lineage included the strains isolated in 90's and 2002.The two lineages were different in phylogenetic tree.


The Navy is developing a biopolymeric film material suitable for fabrication into marine-disposable trash bags so that it can comply with impending national and international requirements which will prohibit the discharge of plastics into the sea. Two biopolymers, chitosan and regenerated cellulose, were selected and tested to meet this need. After 6 weeks of marine exposure, tegenerated cellulose samples disappeared: after 10 weeks, chitosan samples became brittle and separated. While chitosan showed greater anaerobic degradation than regenerated cellulose in soil studies, the opposite occurred in the marine sediment environment. Aerobic degradation was much higher than anaerobic degradation for both biopolymers. To improve flexibiliry, 50 plasticizers were tested in chitosan. Ten percent lithium bromide and 5% lithium acetate/li0% PEG 400 in chitosan were the most effective plasticizers. Regenerated cellulose films treated with lithium salt solutions also showed improved flexibility'. Incorporating urea and potassium phosphate into cellulose showed that degradation could be increased in soil. Tests are ongoing to further accelerate the rate of biodegradation by increasing the availabilirt of nitrogen and phosphorus. Fabricating trash bags will require adhesive bonding. Five adhesives were evaluated with regenerated cellulose. Covinax 220, JW 2-47, and Adcote 333T proved acceptable. Chitosan requires further development to be produced and processed into bags efficiently. With minor adjustments, regenerated cellulose presently meets this requirement: thus, it is the more promising film. Progress towards our goal of developing a biopolymeric film material meeting the Navy's requirements is continuing. Future work will focus on increasing strength through lamination: improving tear strength, flexibility, and degradability: selecting the optimum adhesive: and adapting a composite film to a mechanized bag-making process. INTRODUCTION The Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987 (Public Law [PL.] 100-220) implements the provisions of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78 Annex V), which prohibits the discharge of plastics into the ocean. The Navy must comply with P.L. 100-220 by January 1, 1994. In order to comply, Navy ships will have to destroy plastics at sea, store waste plastics onboard until they can be off-loaded, or develop a new class of degradable material suitable for processing and disposing at sea. In January 1989, Navy crews were instructed to segregate plastics from nonplastics and store the plastic waste onboard for offloading ashore. Ships are required to store nonfood-contaminated plastic wastes for a minimum of 20 days and food-contaminated plastic wastes for the final 3 days at sea.* Presently, ships continue to discard nonplastic waste at sea in accordance with other provisions of Annex V. For handling and safety reasons, this nonplastic waste must be contained when it is *The Navy's strategy on waste management relies on a broad spectrumn of te,:hnologies. including Navydeveloped vertical trash compactors, solid waste pulpers, and plastic waste processors.


Nonsubspecialized pathologists frequently request expert consultation in challenging dermatopathology cases. Traditional consultation practice utilizing shipment of glass slides is costly, slow, and of limited educational benefit to the referring physician. Whole slide imaging (WSI) has been suggested as a potential method of overcoming these limitations in the current glass slide consultation practice, but there have been concerns regarding the adequacy of image quality for interpretation of challenging dermatopathology cases. We aimed to investigate the performance of WSI in challenging dermatopathology consult cases.


Tank venting device for motor vehicles with a fed from a fuel tank internal combustion engine, with a to a vent connection (13) of the fuel tank (10) connectable filter housing (17) which contains an adsorption filter (18) for attachment of incurred by Kraftstoffausgasung fuel vapors and air inlets and - outlet (19, 21) passing through for the filter regenerating the adsorption filter (18), metered stream of air via the air outlet (21) of the internal combustion engine is supplied to a suction pipe (11), and with an air pump (23), wherein the air pump ( 23) is connected with reversible conveying direction (at the air outlet 21) of the filter housing (17) and that the conveying direction of the air pump (23) is controlled for the duration of the filter regeneration such that the air outlet (21) of the filter housing (17) on the suction side of the air feed pump (23), characterized in that a Diagn a check valve (20) is osevorrichtung (25) is provided for error detection and at the air inlet (19) is arranged, which is open for the duration of the filter regeneration and closed for the duration of the fault diagnosis, and that the ...


Race, as it presents itself within the clinical dyad as an aspect of the relationship between therapist and patient, has scarcely been written about from an experience-near perspective within the South African context. This paper focuses on the difficulty of speaking and writing about race. It contends that race as a construct and as an aspect of subjectivity has the potential to interrupt the therapist's capacity to think, in Bionian terms, and to prevent entry into the reverie that is crucial to the creation of an analytic third. Written through a relational psychoanalytic lens and drawing on the concepts of the normative unconscious and the anti-analytic third, the paper refers to clinical vignettes to illustrate the collapse in thinking and the progression to beginning to think, anew, about the race-nuanced, intersubjective space between patient and therapist.


The current status of Taoist tourist souvenirs and the specific kinds of Taoist art form were analyzed.The reference form of the Taoist tourist souvenir was concluded.The development of Taoist tourist souvenirs was positioned and integrated with modern methods to make it adapt to market demand.


A description of this invasive plants Flaveria bidentis,as well as its taxonomic features and invasive characteristic,was presented in this paper.Meanwhile,based on harmfulness and invasion conditions,suggestions for preventing and controlling this invasive plants were raised.


The paper examines multi-level DDoS attacks, which are a type of denial of service (DoS) attack, which aims to ban network services by failing target servers or consuming their resources, so that these servers can no longer provide services to legitimate users. DDoS attacks are divided into several classes, which include: Telnet brute force attack, SYN flood attack, ICMP flood attack, Smurf attack, Ping flood, HTTP Get Flooding request attack and HTTP Post. It is concluded that in order to create an effective information security architecture and, at the same time, effective measures to combat DDoS attacks, it is important to understand the different methods of DDoS. The architecture of information system protection against multilevel DDoS-attacks based on SDN and analysis of network traffic correlation is presented. Recommendations for protecting the information system from multi-level DDoS-attacks have been developed. It is noted that in addition to technical measures, organizations also need to implement procedural measures at the level of protection, detection and response.


Legend has it that once when Kant was out for a walk and deeply preoccupied with a complex philosophical problem, a passerby asked him the time of day. Instead of giving the expected sort of answer, Kant, in his reverie, is said to have launched into a lengthy abstract discussion of time, perception, and language.1 Most of us probably have friends or acquaintances (especially in academic life) who similarly respond to a specific issue, problem, or question with very general principles, philosophies, or prejudices rather than with points that have direct relevance to the specifics of the case. This happens to be particularly mischievous, in my experience, when intense ideological passions are brought to bear on complex and specific public-policy issues: the ideologue who avoids specifics may take a position that a careful analysis of the matter would show was inconsistent with his own values. Thus we should


A Reader's Perspective. Introduction. 1 The Horse as a Herbivore. 2 Structure and Function of the Equine Digestive System. 3 Food and Biological Molecules. 4 Vitamins. 5 Minerals. 6 Energy - Fuel for Life. 7 Forage for Horses. 8 Feedstuffs. 9 Feed Supplements, Additives and Nutraceuticals. 10 Formulating a Ration. 11 Feeding Different Types of Horses. 12 Diet Related Problems. Appendix 1 Nutritional Requirements Tables. Appendix 2 Nutrient Composition of Feedstuffs. Appendix 3 Modern Rules of Feeding. Appendix 4 Conversion Factors. Further Reading. Glossary. Index.


The primary purpose or objective of the Advanced Power and On-Board Propulsion Thrust is to provide critical technology advancements to meet the needs of the NASA Enterprises and Strategic Technology Areas. Where appropriate, the Thrust will also consider the needs of the commercial industry and the DOD from the point of view of leveraging resources, and more rapid technology infusion. These objectives will be obtained through a combination of contracted, in-house and/or cooperative efforts that evolve the technologies identified as critical by the NASA mission planners from the earliest levels of technology readiness to technology infusion. The latter stages of development will of course be significantly co-funded by the users through the middle technology readiness levels (TRLs) and they will assume total financial responsibility as the technologies are moved to flight demonstrations or mission use. Activities in the Thrust will be maintained as long as there are critical NASA needs to be met.


Gluten in the diet, however, is not an option for some. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that affects approximately 1 in 100 people in the UK [2]. If celiac patients consume gluten-containing products in the diet, they experience an intestinal mucosal inflammation. This is because the immune system recognizes the gluten products in the intestine as foreign bodies causing it to also attack the healthy tissues which cause the inflammation. The inflammation and damage to the intestinal walls can lead to the inability to absorb the required levels of calcium, iron, folic acid and fat soluble vitamins.


We explore the idea of higher-order flavor sum rules, i.e. sum rules that hold to higher orders in the flavor symmetry-breaking parameters. In particular, we consider isospin sum rules based on B → nπ decays, and U-spin sum rules based on Bd and Bs decays to n charged pions and/or kaons. We also demonstrate that sum rules exist to arbitrary orders by considering decay modes with increasing number of final state mesons n. Finally, we identify various theoretical and practical issues that need to be addressed in utilizing these sum rules. ∗ Electronic address: email@example.com 1 ar X iv :2 20 2. 07 80 3v 1 [ he pph ] 1 6 Fe b 20 22


The goal of running a school in colleges and universities is to train applied talents who meet the needs of society in an all-round way, with solid basic theory, strong practical ability, high comprehensive quality, facing the needs of talent market, adapting to the needs of production, construction, management and service. The continuous changes of learning methods and learning processes in the information age require that the learning evaluation of students should not be a single examination paper, but a diversified evaluation oriented to the learning process. In this paper, on the basis of analyzing on the problems existed in the traditional examination way, combined with the development of local colleges and universities, by the course of logistics management, to explore diversified evaluation method of teaching design, achieving the goal of improve the teaching quality and effect. Introduction The goal of running a school in colleges and universities is to train applied talents who meet the needs of society in an all-round way, with solid basic theory, strong practical ability, high comprehensive quality, facing the needs of talent market, adapting to the needs of production, construction, management and service. Through the cooperation between school and enterprise to train and educate people, reasonable and scientific formulation of talent training scheme is the guarantee for the realization of talent training [1]. However, there are still some problems in the curriculum assessment mode of senior management personnel training in colleges and universities, and with the development of information technology, now college students are no longer satisfied with just multimedia classroom theoretical classes, which is seriously restricted [2]. It has become an important subject of teaching reform in colleges and universities to improve the quality of talent training, how to be close to the actual needs of enterprises and how to cultivate students' abilities in many aspects, so as to construct a diversified assessment mode based on ability test [3]. With the continuous development of social economy, the need for logistics talents is also on the rise. The training goal of logistics management specialty is to train moral, intellectual, physical and physical development to meet the needs of society, solid basic theory, strong practical ability, high comprehensive quality, facing the market demand of logistics talents, mastering the logistics operation process such as transportation, warehousing, distribution, procurement, circulation processing, information processing, etc., being able to engage in logistics management and logistics management planning in production and circulation enterprises, government departments, Logistics industry planning and other related management and scientific research work of applied senior logistics management personnel. In order to further strengthen teaching process management, improve teaching quality, scientifically construct diversified and process-oriented curriculum assessment and evaluation system, and further highlight the importance of process evaluation in curriculum assessment and evaluation, the core course of "introduction to Logistics Management", carries out the reform of "N+2" course assessment mode. The Deficiency of Traditional Examination Method For a long time, examination-oriented education has been deeply rooted in the hearts of teachers 1 and students. The way of curriculum assessment is mainly attendance and final examination, which reflects the learning situation of a certain course through the final score. However, with the deepening of higher education teaching reform, the curriculum teaching mode is becoming more and more diversified, and the shortcomings of traditional assessment methods are becoming more and more obvious. Single Way of Assessment The traditional curriculum examination is mainly based on the final examination to determine the students' curriculum performance, the form is relatively single, which does not reflect the characteristics of the curriculum and the corresponding ability requirements of the training objectives, and can not accurately reflect the teaching quality and students' enthusiasm for learning. Weak Effect of Teaching Most of the students are temporarily holding Buddhist feet a week before the examination, and taking the examination with a hard memory. Although the results are good, they don't really understand to remember and use them, which is easy to forget. Taking the course of "Introduction to Logistics Management" For example, this course was started at the beginning of the first year. This is the basic course of the major and the core course of the major. However, the actual situation is that some students have been left behind the brain after the test. Disconnection between Two Evaluation Methods The school evaluation is biased to the degree of theory, which cannot promote the students' professional ability and personality development very well. The enterprise attaches great importance to the students' comprehensive quality and professional skills, as well as the individual characteristics. The school evaluation failed to guide the students to develop comprehensively, and the school education was out of line with the enterprise demand. Misorientation and Lack of Practicality of the Assessment For the examination of teaching courses, students and teachers are concerned about the testing function of the examination. Students study for the examination, the purpose is to get scores, so as to obtain credits and the final diploma. Teachers assign a topic, correct test papers, only to evaluate students' academic performance. It is difficult to give full play to the guiding role of the examination, and cannot improve students' vocational skills and literacy [4]. Design of Teaching Link of N+2 Pluralistic Course Examination Mode for "Introduction to Logistics Management"


C h 0, n S. B., 0 x a naG. S a v k a; P.B fez ina, M. Mar 0, u n e k: Effect of Tylosin on Rumen Fermentation in vitro. Acta vet. Bmo, 58, 1989:313'321. The effects o,f tylo,sin o,n productio,n 'o,f end-products o,f carbo,hydrate metabolism, utilizatio,n o,f lactic acid and degradatio,n o,fprotein were investigated in in vitro experiments with rumen inocula;' Tylo,sin no,n-specifically inhibited the rumen fermen tatio,n with ino,cula fro,m no,n-adapted cows, but most o,f its effects disappeared when ino,cula wera taken from adapted wethers. Productio,n o,f lactic acid was severely depressed by tylo,sin, no, matter whether inocula o,riginated fro,m no,n-adapted o,r adapted animals. So,me o,ther tylo,sin-induced metabo,lic effects differed from those o,f io,no,pho,re co,mpounds, in spite o,f the fact, that bo,th tylosin and io,no,pho,res are Po,tent gram-positiveantibio,tics. Cattle, wethers, rumenjluid, incubation


Aim To investigate the changes of myocardial apoptosis and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α of aging rats and the effects of atorvastatin on it.Methods 30 wistar rats at 20 month old were divided into three groups:aging control group,high dose atorvastatin group [10 mg/(kg·d)],low dose atorvastatin group [1 mg/(kg·d)] and another 10 wister rats at 3 month old as young control group.Atorvastatin was delivered by intragastric administration for 4 month.Normal sodium was delivered to control group's rats by intragastric administration too.Cardiac apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidy transferase mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labelling(TUNEL)assay.Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α protein was detected by western blot.Results ①The expression level of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α protein in aging control group is significantly lower than that of young control group(P0.01),atorvastatin upregulate peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α expression obviously(P0.01);②The density of TUNEL-positive cells in aging group was significantly higher than that of young control group(P0.01).Compared with aging group,the density of TUNEL-positive cells decreased markedly in both atorvastatin group.Conclusions Atorvastatin inhibits the myocardic apoptosis of aging rats,which may be related with its upregulating the expression level of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α.


In this study, a new hybrid sensor was developed using titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) and nafion as an anchor agent on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE/TiO2-NPs-nafion) to detect efavirenz (EFV), an anti-HIV medication. TiO2-NPs was synthesized using Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract and characterized using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–VIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The electrochemical and sensing properties of the developed sensor for EFV were assessed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The current response of GCE/TiO2-NPs-nafion electrode towards the oxidation of EFV was greater compared to the bare GCE and GCE/TiO2-NPs electrodes. A linear dynamic range of 4.5 to 18.7 µM with 0.01 µM limit of detection was recorded on the electrode using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The electrochemical sensor demonstrated good selectivity and practicality for detecting EFV in pharmaceuticals (EFV drugs) with excellent recovery rates, ranging from 92.0–103.9%. The reactive sites of EFV have been analyzed using quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). Monte Carlo (MC) simulations revealed a strong electrostatic interaction on the substrate-adsorbate (GCE/TiO2-NPs-nafion-EFV) system. Results show good agreement between the MC computed adsorption energies and the experimental CV results for EFV. The stronger adsorption energy of nafion onto the GCE/TiO2-NPs substrate contributed to the catalytic role in the signal amplification for sensing of EFV. Our results provide an effective way to explore the design of new 2D materials for sensing of EFV, which is highly significant in medicinal and materials chemistry.


This article proposes a Built-In Self-Test (BIST) method to accurately measure the combinatorial circuit delays on an FPGA. The flexibility of the on-chip clock generation capability found in modern FPGAs is employed to step through a range of frequencies until timing failure in the combinatorial circuit is detected. In this way, the delay of any combinatorial circuit can be determined with a timing resolution of the order of picoseconds. Parallel and optimized implementations of the method for self-characterization of the delay of all the LUTs on an FPGA are also proposed. The method was applied to Altera Cyclone II and III FPGAs . A complete self-characterization of LUTs on a Cyclone II was achieved in 2.5 seconds, utilizing only 13kbit of block RAM to store the results. More extensive tests were carried out on the Cyclone III and the delays of adder circuits and embedded multiplier blocks were successfully measured. This self-measurement method paves the way for matching timing requirements in designs to FPGAs as a means of combating the problem of process variations.


Investigations of specific sediment yield have provided impor tant insights into the effects of climate, relief, soil type, vegetation, and land use on sediment fluxes and continental denudation. Considerations of spatial scale play an important role in explanations of specific sediment yield. The following points should be taken into account in an analysis of the relationship between spatial scale and specific sediment yield. First, correlations of specific sediment yield with drainage area may be spurious because they involve correlating a fraction with its denominator. Spurious correlations can be avoided by correlating sediment yield with drainage area and evaluating the exponent of the power function describing the relationship. Second, yield and specific yield of suspended sediment are controlled by supply conditions rather than by transport capacity. As a result, the relationship between sediment yield and basin scale is complex because, unlike transport capacity, supply conditions may not change in a straightforward manner with basin scale. Third, lack of overlap in the periods of record for stations may distort the relationship between sediment yield and basin scale. Care should be taken to ensure that observed changes in sediment yield with spatial scale are not artefacts resulting from a comparison of data for different periods with different precipitation and runoff characteristics. Fourth, sediment sources in a basin may be decoupled and sediment may be contributed by only a fraction of the basin area. Consequently, expressing sediment yield per unit drainage area becomes increasingly misleading and less meaningful as basin scale increases.