Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder with a high prevalence in both the community and tertiary outpatient care facilities. Research has shown a link between IBS symptoms and poor sleep quality however it remains unclear whether this link is direct or could be influenced by other factors. A number of psychological and personality factors have been linked to both poor sleep quality and IBS. A total of 463 tertiary care outpatients at the Princess Alexandra hospital completed a survey measuring levels of sleep disturbance via the validated Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (including a global sleep score and seven sleep subscales). Psychological factors included anxiety, depression, somatization and catastrophizing and personality factors included neuroticism and extraversion (also measured via validated questionnaires). Outpatients were divided into those who met Rome III diagnosis (IBS group) and those who did not (Gastrointestinal (GI) control group) In line with predictions, the IBS group scored significantly higher self-reported sleep scores as well as higher on each psychological and personality variables (except for extraversion) than the GI control group. It was found that somatization indirectly affected the relationship between total global sleep score and IBS, with sleep predicting somatization, which in turn predicted meeting criteria for IBS (bootstrapped effect of .21, 95% interval did not include 0, lower bound = .1424, upper bound = .2794, p<.05). The indirect effect of somatization was also found to hold true for six of the seven sleep subscales (except sleep disturbance) and IBS. This novel finding illustrates the importance of somatization in the relationship between poor sleep and IBS patients and indicates somatization may play a role in pathophysiology. In addition, this study highlights the need for further investigation into the relationship between sleep, psychological factors and IBS.


P240 Table 1Measures of parasternal electromyography Measured value Z-score EMGpara (µV) 5 80 (3 91–12 26) 1 27 (0 73–2 10) EMGpara%max (%) 15 45 (11 41–23 27) 2 93 (1 91–4 34) NRDI (% bpm) 224 (164–306) 2 68 (1 79–3 90) Data are presented as median (interquartile range) Abbreviations: z-score = standardised residual, EMGpara = mean root mean square parasternal electromyography per breath, µV = microvolts, EMGpara%max = EMGpara as a proportion of volitional maximum, NRDI = Neural Respiratory Drive Index ConclusionsInspiratory muscle activation was high, which may reflect underlying interstitial pathology, critical illness myopathy, deconditioning or anxiety relating to clinic attendance Parasternal electromyography is a well-tolerated technique that avoids aerosolisation of respiratory droplets and utilises equipment that is easily decontaminated between patients This makes it a practical and informative measure of lung function during the COVID-19 pandemic


In period if an unintended explosive of detonator happen,the interrupter will effectively prevent the detonation transfer between detonator and lead.In order to predict the property of interrupting between detonator and lead,this paper gives a theory describing interrupting of the detonator shock waves in the fuze explosive train,the theory is verified by some experiments.It can be used to calculate parameters such as safe distance of interrupting in fuze.


In vitro growth and multiplication of a hybrid orchid was carried out to investigate the effect of different plant growth regulators on development of protocorm like bodies (PLBs) and subsequent plantlets of hybrid orchid. Protocorm like bodies (PLBs) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media containing different concentration of NAA (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/l), IAA (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/l) and 0.5 mg/l of Kinetin in all cases were used. Among the different concentration treatments of NAA and IAA; and Kinetin concentration, maximum weight of PLBs (1.37g/explant) were noticed on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l NAA, and the highest number of plantlets (18.58/explant) were observed on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l NAA. But maximum PLBs multiplication and or highest number of PLBs (28.50/explant) were found on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l IAA+0.5 mg/l of Kinetin.


We used 180 primers in RAPD analysis of Guizhou native goats (the small xiang goat,Guizhou white goat,Guizhou black goat and Qianbei pockmarked goat),Nanjiang brown goats and Boer goats.Of the primers,27 amplified polymorphic patterns,including 281 bands.Of the bands,115 were polymorphic and their frequency was 40 92% on average (range 20%-80%).Each of the 27 primers had 10 41 bands on average (range 4-16),and the fragment length of products was 210-2?800?bp.Genetic distance index appeared the lowest between the Guizhou black goat and Guizhou white goat (0 0605),and the highest between the Boer goat and the other goats (0 1059-0 1488).NJ tree indicated that the Guizhou white goat was closely related to the Guizhou black goat,and the next was the Qianbei pockmarked goat;the small xiang goat was farther from the other Guizhou native goats than Nanjiang brown goat from.The results analysis suggest that the small xiang goat is a independent breed on genetics,and Guizhou native goat breeds have the close genetic relationship,low genetic variability and high genetic stability.


Objective The relative increase signal average rate in normal prostate central zone tissue(CZ),peripheral zone tissue(PZ) using blood oxygen level-dependent(BOLD) induced by carbogen(95% O2/ 5% CO2) breathing were analyzed.The objective of this study was to explore the changes of signal intensity-time curve(SI-TC) in CZ and PZ of different age.Methods BOLD-fMRI was performed using a 3.0 Tesla superconducting magnetic scanner(GE) in 32 healthy volunteers and the volunteers were divided into three groups according to the age: under 30 years old,30-50 years old and above 50 years old.The average signal values of CZ and PZ before/after carbogen breathing and the relative increase signal average rate were computed.Results There was statistical significance between every two groups.The relative increase signal average rate of CZ under 30 years old was higher than that of above 50 years old(P=0.014).The relative increase signal average rate of PZ under 30 years old was higher than that of between 30-50 years old,but lower than that of above 50 years old(P=0.015;P=0.007).Conclusion BOLD-fMRI during carbogen breathing can reflect the signal change of normal prostate which may provide a new method to study the mechanism of prostate disease.


The new Indica restorer line 288,198,1125 and the male sterile line zhu1 s are the very important parents of two line hybrid rice.The in vitro culture and the genetic transformation of them were investigated. The high frequency system of regeneration and particle bombardment transformation for embryogenic callus of them was established. Their highest frequency of initiation for embryogenic callus is 87.4%,90.6%,78.0% and 88.0% respectively; Their highest frequency of regeneration for embryogenic callus is 60.0%,45.8%,46.9% and 60.6% respectively; their frequency of particle bombardment transformation is 16.69%,2.65%,2.04% and 10.78% respectively. Some of fertile transgenic rice plants are obtained.


In this paper, we propose an efficient Bayesian framework based place name segmentation algorithm which is suitable to be used in geocoding system. Firstly, architecture of the geocoding system is given, in which the effective address information can be output to users by the address quantization process based on quantization rules. To implement an effective geocoding system, the place name segmentation is one of the most important steps. The proposed place name segmentaton algorithm aims to calculate the logic by which the word segmentation problem can be solved effectively. We use the Bayesian framework to describe the statistical laws in the word segmentation problem, and the hypothesis space for the Bayesian framework consists of all the possible schemes of which probability are assigned to each word in the dictionary. Finally, word segmentation can be obtained by solving an optimization problem. Furthermore, experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.


I have tried to calculate the bound water diffusion coefficient from what is known ab out the components of the cell wall and its structure. I then get a much lower cell wall diffusivity than Stamm (1959, 1960) got from his measurements. Even though my calculations are very rough, I think they might indicate that the bound water diffusion coefficient is lower than has been assumed for the last 25 years. CONTENTS 1 Result 2 Diffusion in polymers 3 Components of the cell wall .1 cellulose .2 hemicellulose .3 lignin 4 The structure of the cell wall 5 Diffusion in regenerated cellulose 6 A composite mode l 7 Calculations 8 A comparison with stamm's measurements Al unit conversions A2 Measurements of diffusion in cellulose References 1


Nowadays,the psychological health education of University is effected by negetive psychological education pattern.The positive psychology advocates that psychology should research positive traits of the mankind itself and place the emphasis on students' positive psychology experience.The educators should refer to the research result of positive psychology during the psychology health education to improve the ideas,broaden the vision and with the open and appreciating insigh to treat students.try to uniform the students' knowledge and emotion,then to strength the students' psychology quantity.


The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is the standard used to specify and document software systems made by using objects. However, it is occasionally necessary to represent concepts of certain particular dominions that are not defined in the standard language, being necessary to make extensions to the language. The goal of this work is to describe an UML extension by means of a profile for the modeling of scenarios in the Requirements Engineering context. To reach this goal, the concepts studied are related to the elicitation for the gathering and specification of requirements using the scenarios approach. Furthermore, a conceptual model is developed and the UML profile is defined. As a final result, a set of modeling elements useful for the representation and/or description of scenarios is obtained. This profile provides an abstraction for the development of future automated tools supporting the modeling of Scenarios in the Requirements Engineering.


S.P.Q.R. (Soccer Player Quadruped Robots, but also Senatus PopolusQue Romanus) is the group of the Faculty of Engineering at University of Rome "La Sapienza" in Italy, that is involved in RoboCup competitions since 1998 in different leagues (Middle-size 1998-2002, Four-legged since 2000, Real-rescue-robots since 2003). This report presents the main development efforts of the team in 2005-2006. Since 2005, our team has adopted the German Team Architecture [9]. This choice has been motivated mainly by its high modularity, allowing for developing software modules realizing specific functionalities rather independently from the others. In this way in 2005 we have been able to replace many of the original GT2004 modules with our own modules previously developed in our old architecture: Color Segmentation, Self-Localization, Behavior Control, Plan Execution and Multi-Robot Coordination. In this report we describe the main research issues that have been developed and sperimented for RoboCup 2006.


S ince the 1930s, when animal models of focal ischemic stroke were first developed, there has been a great deal of variability in the degree of ischemia and histologic damage produced by occluding a major cerebral artery. This bedeviling interspecies and intraspecies variability has seriously hampered progress in experimental stroke research. It was therefore a welcome development when the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and its strokeprone relative (SHRSP) were shown to have much larger and less variable infarcts after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion than most, if not all, other animal models of focal stroke." Not only could pathophysiological investigations and drug testing be conducted with greater statistical power and a reasonable number of inexpensive animals, but now the relation of hypertension to stroke could be directly studied as well. One potential drawback, however, was that the severity of ischemia was so great that otherwise useful therapies might prove ineffective in the SHR. That the hypertensive rat can differ from its normotensive counterpart in its sensitivity to drug therapy is evidenced in a study by Roussel et al reported in this issue. These authors demonstrated that the noncompetitive JV-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist MK-801 given 30 minutes before permanent MCA occlusion, results in a 32% infarct reduction 48 hours later in normotensive rats but not in SHR. The lack of efficacy in the SHR may be due to their single dose schedule or, as they suggest, inadequate power to exclude a 25% reduction in infarct volume. However, they rightly point out that it is generally more difficult to achieve pharmacological protection against focal ischemia in SHR than in normotensive rats. Since several laboratories have already shown definitively that MK-801 protects the focally ischemic brain,the effectiveness of MK-801 is not at issue, but the question arises as to why and how the presence of hypertension modifies the drug response by the focalry ischemic brain. It has long been thought that arterial hypertrophy induced by chronic hypertension infringes on the


For example, Helen Lacey studies a particular type of speech made by subjects through various cases of 'defamatory political gossip'. She underlines how this problem was handled by English authorities in the general context of 'contemporary sensitivities to defamation' and in particular times of unrest ('Defaming the King: Reporting Disloyal Speech in Fourteenth-Century England', pp. 71–93). In these essays, individuals always appear in their links to government. Though affected by the loss of members of his entourage, Edward III handled their death with practical sense. In 'An Emotional Pragmatism: Edward III and Death' (pp. 39–70), James Bothwell studies notably funeral arrangements and mortuary effigies of members of the king's familia and shows how mourning could be both a personal and a public affair. Further from the monarchy, two types of individuals emerge in their relationships to the structures of government: there are those who make the State work, and those who try to play with the system. The first is Thomas Hoccleve. In 'The Medieval "Side-Hustler": Thomas Hoccleve's Career in, and out of, the Privy Seal', pp. 144–163), Helen Killick retraces his career and shows how as a senior clerk he had access to more interesting and lucrative writing tasks and how he had more time for other literary and scribal activities. The second, Thomas Boulton, a chief taxer in charge of the levy of the subside granted by the Parliament in 1332, tried to take advantage of his position to commit fraud. Through the analysis of the responses from Exchequer and the punishment of Boulton, Jonathan Mackman shows how individual trajectories were impacted by the political agenda of a Crown in want of money. The starting point of these contributions is often a person, an institution or a specific source, but their authors always manage to draw general conclusions and to give the reader an insight into political culture. It is an important book for people studying Late Medieval England and a beautiful homage paid to a great historian who died too soon but whose legacy will continue.


Yi Sik (hereafter "Taekdang", his brush name) was born into a prominent family that stemmed from the Deoksu Yi clan that produced three Principal...


JEFF WOOD, Compact Muon Solenoid — The geometry of PbPb collisions is derived using correlations from the zero degree calorimeter (ZDC) signal and pixel multiplicity at the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Experiment using data from the heavy ion run in 2010. The method to derive the geometry takes the two-dimensional correlation between the ZDC and pixels and linearizes it for sorting events. A comparison to the current derivation of this geometry from the energy deposit in the forward hadronic calorimeter (HF) to the correlations in the ZDC versus pixels is made. This comparison highlights the similarities between the results of both methods in collisions with large nuclear overlap, as expected, and deviations in the results in collisions with smaller nuclear overlap.


The reaction of Re(CO)(5)Br with tris(2-pyridyl)methanol (tpmOH) leads to unexpectedly complex chemistry with three new compounds forming instead of a single product. In compound 1, the tpmOH ligand binds to the metal in the N,N',N''-mode; 2 has tpmO(-) bound in the N,N',O-mode; while 3 is a dimer with the tpmO(-) ligand utilizing each of the four donor atoms to bridge the two metal centers. The analogous methyl ether ligands, tris(2-pyridyl)methoxymethane (tpmOMe) or tris[2-(l-methylimidazolyl)]methoxymethane (timmOMe), each yielded a single product, 4 and 5, respectively, bound in the N,N',N''-mode, and are new leads for potential radiotherapeutic agents. All compounds have been structurally characterized.


In this thesis, author discussed theprinciples that the reform of small-sized state-ownedenterprises should follow after expounded .the Patternof small-sized State-owned enterprises. And gave outsome proposes about it at the end of the thesis.


Abstract Small-angle X-ray scattering was used for a definition of a structure of Langmuir-Blodgett films of tetraalkalinooxygidrochinons. The localisation of the molecules in the layer has been proposed. Phase transitions "solid crystal-liquid crystal" in Langmuir-Blodgett films, structural parameters of Langmuir-Blodgett films and the bulk phases were investigated.


We expand the most general lattice Dirac operator D in a basis of simple operators. The Ginsparg-Wilson equation turns into a system of coupled quadratic equations for the expansion coefficients. Our expansion of D allows for a natural cutoff and the remaining quadratic equations can be solved numerically. The procedure allows us to find Dirac operators which obey the Ginpsparg-Wilson equation with arbitrary precision.


Previous work on discourse parsing has mostly relied on surface syntactic and lexical features; the use of semantics is limited to shallow semantics. The goal of this thesis is to exploit event semantics in order to build discourse parse trees (DPT) based on informational rhetorical relations. Our work employs an Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) based rhetorical relation classifier, a Neural Network based discourse segmenter, a bottom-up sentence level discourse parser and a shift-reduce document level discourse parser.


The dualism of the carbonium ion and carbenoid reactivity of the surface methoxyl groups on zeolite catalysts was analyzed within the framework of the cluster method of boundary pseudoions, using uncharged and moderately charged ionic models and the unified quantum chemical procedure CINDORU.


Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health concern around the world and has become a major cause of death worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Pharmacists, however, are important members of antimicrobial management teams, responsible for prescribing, dispensing, and administering antimicrobials to patients either in hospitals or during community practice. It then becomes imperative for pharmacy students to be appropriately trained on antimicrobial use (AMU), antimicrobial response (AMR), and antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). The aim of this study was to review the pharmacy pre-service curriculum used in countries in sub-Saharan Africa to identify training gaps on AMU, AMR, and AMS. We conducted a narrative review of evidence to answer the aim of the study. Data reported in this article were first obtained from literature in peer-reviewed journals, using the key terms: "AMR", "AMS", "Undergraduate", "Pre-Service", "Curriculum", "Sub-Saharan", "Stewardship", and "Africa" on 5 databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, PubMed Central, Web of Science, and Medline. The time limit for the literature search was set from 1st January 2010 to 31st May 2022. Papers were critically assessed for intellectual content, and those that did not meet the inclusion criteria or were irrelevant to the scope of the study were excluded. The authors also snowballed further data to gather information for this review, and narrative synthesis was conducted. Most of the pre-service curriculums used for pharmacy students in Sub-Saharan Africa are not comprehensive enough to equip them with the necessary and required education and training on AMU, AMR, and AMS. Antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance


This study was conducted to examine the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of various extracts (ethanol, methanol, n-hexane, dicholoromethane and water) prepared from the stem and leaf+fruit of Salsola stenoptera Wagenitz and Petrosimonia nigdeensis Aellen (Chenopodiaceae) plants. The antimicrobial activities of the plant extracts were tested according to agar well diffusion and microdilution broth methods. The extracts showed a strong antimicrobial activity and a broad antimicrobial spectrum for all tested microorganisms. Minimal bactericidal (MBC) or fungicidal (MFC) concentrations for microorganisms which were sensitive to the stem and fruit+leaf extracts of S. stenoptera and P. nigdeensis in the agar well diffusion assay were in the range of 5.63-180.00 mg/mL and 11.25-180.00 mg/mL, respectively. The extracts were also subjected to screening for their possible antioxidant activity with scavenging activity of DPPH radicals, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and chelating ability on ferrous ions. All tested extracts showed varying degrees of efficacy in each assay in a dose-dependent manner. In general, polar extracts exhibited stronger activities than non-polar extracts. The ethanol and n-hexane extracts of S. stenoptera and P. nigdeensis stem showed the highest scavenging abilitiy on DPPH radicals with the IC50 values of 29.84 μg/mL and 83.56 μg/mL, respectively. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also determined. The highest gallic acid equivalents (GAE) and quercetin equivalents (QE) values, for both plants, were 44.78 μg GAE/mg and 66.69 μg QE/mg, respectively. The results indicate that both plant species may have health benefits as sources of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents for use in functional foods and/or in pharmaceutical industry.


The aim of this article is to analyse Emmanuel Macron's 2017 and 2022 election campaigns. The first part of the article focuses on Macron's 2017 campaign, taking into account elements specific to election campaigns, such as election slogans, social media activity, the electoral programme, television debates, and describes the main themes of the election campaign, along with a discussion of the results of the first and second rounds of the election. An analogous analysis is then presented in relation to the 2022 election campaign. The issue of the war in Ukraine and its role for the campaign taking place at the same time is highlighted. The paper concludes by considering the differences noted in the two campaigns run by the leader of the En Marche!/ Renaissance.


Disclosed is an automatic updated document prompt method. The method uses a document identifier, a cloud server, and a JavaScript client program to realize an automatic prompt of an updated document. After a document author develops a latest-version document, a version characteristic value of the latest-version document only needs to be saved in a document and the cloud server, so that a receiver can be automatically prompted to perform an update when opening the document. A conflict of using different versions of a document can be reduced, thereby considerably enhancing working efficiency of a document author and a receiver.


Objective:To investigate the advantages of the newmethod of hysterectomy.Methods:The newmethod of hysterectomy in96cases from2002-5to2004-10was compared with traditional hysterectomy in67cases.Results:Compared with traditional hysterectomy,the new method of hysterectomy had a significant reduction in operation time and average period of hospitalization(P0.01).There was no difference in average amount of bleeding and postoperative fever rate(P0.05).Conclusion:The newmethod of hysterectomy is a safe,easy to operate and quik for recovery method,it can shorten opertive time,reduce the period of hospitalization and decrease the mideical cost.


We analyze geometric structure of graphs-with-boundary (or "B-graphs") relevant to the study of electrical networks, especially the electrical inverse problem. As in [5] and [10], networks are generalized to include signed, nonlinear, and infinite resistor networks. We review fundamental results about linear networks, including the Star-K transformation and grove-determinant formula, as the motivation and groundwork for our results, and sketch how they generalize to arbitrary fields. Following [1], we describe gluing together networks as composition in a category; this formalism sheds light on the relationship between ranks and connections and its generalization to the nonlinear case. A related geometric structure called a scaffold allows us describe harmonic continuation and formalize the layer-stripping approach to the inverse problem in a way which includes infinite networks. A class of "solvable B-graphs" is defined by purely geometric conditions which guarantee the inverse problem has at most one solution for a general class of nonlinear resistors. Critical circular planar graphs are solvable, and so are any subgraphs, covering graphs, and box products of solvable B-graphs.


Interest in applying cognitive load theory in health care simulation is growing. This line of inquiry requires measures that are sensitive to changes in cognitive load arising from different instructional designs. Recently, mental effort ratings and secondary task performance have shown promise as measures of cognitive load in health care simulation.


This manual has been prepared by or for the Government and, except to the extent indicated below, is public property and not subject to copyright. Copyrighted material included in the manual has been used with the knowledge and permission of the proprietors and is acknowledged as such at point of use. Anyone wishing to make further use of any copyrighted material, by itself and apart from this text, should seek necessary permission directly from the proprietors.


By selecting vibration test instruments, test plans and analyzing test results of woodworking machine tool, base method and curriculum were introduced with quality evaluation in woodworking machine tool.


During the Covid-19 pandemic, institutions of higher education were required to use multiple teaching modalities, often in the same course, to facilitate student learning, giving students the option of attending face-to-face, attending live over zoom, or watching the recorded lecture videos asynchronously. Simultaneously, some students were forced to enroll in courses with modalities that did not align with what they believed to be most effective for them. This study examines the relationship between accounting students' perceptions of learning in each modality and course outcomes. Students from nine introductory accounting classes were surveyed on several dimensions of the learning environment. Results demonstrate that the correlation between synchronous attendance (alignment of modality) and course grades is mediated (partially mediated) by students' connection to their professor. Connection to their professor also fully and directly mediates synchronous attendance on satisfaction and, through sequential mediation in combination with student engagement, also fully mediates alignment of modality on student satisfaction. Regardless of modality (synchronous or asynchronous), or students' ability to attend the modality that is most effective for their learning, students and professors can improve course outcomes (course grades and course satisfaction) by increasing student-professor connection.


In china, many smart cities are constructed. Government-led and market participation is one of main characteristics in China. The construction fields include e-government, public information sharing platform, city planning and construction, city facility management, intelligent traffic etc. This big complex system engineering needs a well top design. This paper concludes the necessities of the top design of smart city. According to practical experiences in china, this paper proposes a design flow and describes the content of top design. A logic dependency relationship of each part of content also proposed.


We demonstrate three-dimensional optical trapping and orientation of individual Au nanorods in solution, taking advantage of the longitudinal surface-plasmon resonance to enhance optical forces. Stable trapping is achieved using laser light that is detuned slightly to the long-wavelength side of the resonance; by contrast, light detuned to the short-wavelength side repels rods from the laser focus. Under stable-trapping conditions, the trapping time depends exponentially on laser power, in agreement with a Kramers escape process. Trapped rods have their long axes aligned with the trapping-laser polarization, as evidenced by a suppression of rotational diffusion about the short axis. The ability to trap and orient individual metal nanoparticles may find important application in assembly of functional structures, sorting of nanoparticles according to their shape, and development of novel microscopy techniques.


Long‐term evolution (LTE) (fourth generation mobile networks) has utilized multiple‐input–multiple output (MIMO) technology to achieve very high data rates in both uplink and downlink. MIMO is based on the multiple antenna systems within the small size mobile terminal. One of the challenges is to miniaturize the mobile terminal. In this article, a compact antenna with the dual‐band characteristics, which meet the specification of the LTE frequency band (680–900 MHz and 2.28–2.82 GHz) is proposed. The bandwidths of both the lower and the higher frequency bands are 320 and 540 MHz, respectively. The total size of the antenna is 54 × 26.6 mm2. A fairly good agreement has been shown between the simulation and experimental results. The study on the effect of the various antenna parameters has also been discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:1379–1382, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27566


The chaos in global politics has been insurmountable and might partially be attributed to a lack of a flawless leadership theory capable of addressing the political pandemonium facing most developing nations. This integrative literature review gathers in-depth knowledge about the significance of servant leadership in forming alliances, shedding light on how developing and espousing a servant leadership approach for developing nations might represent an ultimate solution to current global political turmoil.


This article describes three levels of the concept of sustainable management of production infrastructure of industrial complexes: resource, organizational and innovative. The elements of a conceptual management model of production infrastructure of industrial complex are opened.


The purpose of this study was to test and analyze the effect of work environment and work family conflict on job satisfaction with work life balance as a mediating variable. This research is causality research with a quantitative approach. The sampling technique used saturated samples with a total of 54 respondents at PT Dakwah Inti Media. The statistical analysis used in this research is partial least square with the help of SmartPLS 3.2.9 software. The result of the analysis obtained from this study indicate that work environment has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction; work family conflict has negative and significant effect on job satisfaction; work life balance has a positive and non-significant effect on job satisfaction; work environment has a positive and non-significant effect on work life balance; work family conflict has a positive and significant effect on work life balance; work life balance in this study has not been able to mediate the effect of work environment on job satisfaction; work life balance in this study has not been able to mediate the effect of work family conflict on job satisfaction.


Many high school graduates have no interest in continuing their education to higher education. This study aims to determine the teacher's persuasive strategies in motivating high school students in class XII to continue their studies. This type of study was field research with qualitative methods. This research was conducted at SMA Negeri 9 Buru, Lolongguba District, and MA Uswatun Hasanah, Namlea District, Buru Regency. Data were collected by interviewing, documenting, and taking notes. The results of the study showed that the persuasive strategy carried out by the teacher consisted of five-technique namely; 1) the association technique, which was carried out by selecting the topic that was currently being discussed and discussing it with students; 2) the integration technique is carried out by tried to familiarize oneself with the students used the language used by students in daily communication; 3) reward techniques were carried out by telling various experiences of successful people and gave prizes to students who want to continue their studies; 4) structuring techniques were carried out by displayed motivational rhymes and joked on the sidelines of motivated; 5) red techniques -herring is used by explained the parents' sacrifice so that the students must be successful children. Sang Pencerah: Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Muhammadiyah Buton Taufik. 7(1): 133-140


Abstract The application of capillary ion electrophoresis to the separation and determination of chromium (VI), molybdenum (VI) and vanadium (V) with direct on-column UV detection at 254 nm is described. Using a cathodic injection and anodic detection scheme, Cr(VI), Mo(VI) and V(V) were separated in about 4 min in a fused silica capillary column, with a phosphate buffer of pH 12.0, at an applied voltage of 15 KV, followed by direct UV detection. An electro-osmotic flow modifier, namely a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), is necessary to shorten the migration times of these ions. Incorporating citrate into the electrophoretic buffer markedly improves the sensitivity and efficiency. The influence of several experimental parameters on both sensitivity and efficiency was investigated. Linearity of calibration graphs is observed for about three orders of magnitude with sub-ppm detection limits. The applicability of the method to the analysis of steel samples is demonstrated. The peak response is strongly...


ABSTRACT Every year more than 2 million tons of citric acid (CA) are produced around the world for industrial uses. Although initially extracted from citrus, the low profitability of the process and the increasing demand soon stimulated the search for more efficient methods to produce CA. Currently, most world CA demand (99%) is satisfied by fermentations with microorganisms, especially filamentous fungi and yeasts. CA production with yeasts has certain advantages over molds (e.g. higher productivity and easier cultivation), which in the last two decades have triggered a clear increase in publications and patents devoted to the use of yeasts in this field. Yarrowia lipolytica has become a model yeast that proved to be successful in different production systems. Considering the current interest evidenced in the literature, the most significant information on CA production using Y. lipolytica is summarized. The relevance on CA yields of key factors such as strains, media formulation, environmental conditions and production regimes is thoroughly discussed, with particular focus on increasing CA productivity. Besides, the possibility of tuning the mentioned variables to reduce concomitant isocitric acid production—the biggest disadvantage of using yeasts—is analyzed. Available methods for CA purification/quantification are also discussed. &NA; Graphical Abstract Figure. The easier cultivation, higher productivity, lower requirements on C sources used, simpler strain engineering over molds and its classification as GRAS make Y. lipolytica‐mediated processes very promising for CA production.


Magnesium is the major intracellular divalent cation. Hypomagnesaemia is common among critically ill patients; it's prevalence is not known in patients admitted to general internal medicine. We sought to quantify hypomagnesaemia, and attempted to correlate it with clinical outcomes in internal medicine patients.


Professor Emeritus of Wayne State University, Dr. Pariedeau Mars, known to his friends and colleagues as "Perry" was murdered in his home by young people on May 12, 2016 in Georgetown, the capital of Guyana, the land of his birth. After retiring from his sojourn at Wayne State University in the USA where he taught numerous courses in Caribbean and World Politics, and Africana Studies, he returned home to continue to serve in a country he loved and had written prodigiously about. In retirement he continued to write and to paint, one of his hobbies. Unfortunately he was cut down before he could offer other iterations, in print and activism on a long and distinguished career. It appears now that in Mars' country of birth, from pauper to priest is fair game to crime and criminality of every stripe—from petty theft to hideous murder. One prominent daily columnist in Guyana, Frederick Kissoon, wrote the following tribute in the aftermath of Mars's death that sums up the character of the man:


Part One - IPRs, Competition and the Standards Chapter One The Objectives of Competition Law Chapter Two Goals of IP Law and Interplay with Competition Chapter Three IPRs and Standard Setting: Functions and Rules Part Two - Anticompetitive Conduct and Standardization Chapter Four The Interaction IPRs - Competition in Standard Setting Chapter Five The U.S. Approach in the Standards - Market Power Dichotomy Chapter Six Abuse of Dominance in Standard Setting - the EU Approach Part Three - Reconciling IPRs and Competition in Standard Setting Chapter Seven Suggested Model and Enforcement General Conclusions


The introduction of the Napoleonic Code in France created in Germany a similar desire for a civil code, which would systematize and unify the various and heterogeneous laws. The German code Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (1896) was developed during the period of social stability and gradual political consolidation. The purpose of the article is to present the main scientific positions on the method of interpretation of law which appeared in German  jurisprudence in the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, particularly the historical school of law and the contribution of Otto von Gierke (one of its leaders) to thediscourse on the legal method and interpretation of legal acts, and his idea of corporatism. In Germany, it was approved that some patterns for legislation might be drawn from the experience of previous generations, from history, particularly (in the perception of Friedrich Carl von Savigny) from the Roman law. Active at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Otto von Gierke presented an elaborate concept of corporatism based on legal, historical, and socialstudies. According to the scholar, corporations will be crucial to the development of a modern federal state. Gierke's ideas enjoyed considerable popularity withAmerican progressivists.


Debriefs are used in both real and simulated work to facilitate team reflection and analysis on how work was done and how it could be done better. However, all debriefs run the risk of blame, despite the best intentions of the facilitator. The inherent risk of inadvertent blame is acknowledged by facilitators of both simulation and adverse incident reviews by the stated intent to create a psychologically safe space and a just culture using a systems approach. But in order to avoid blame, you need to know how it occurs. An analysis of the safety science and simulation literature shows both how to avoid blaming your team for failure and how to set them up for success. In his book 'The Field Guide to Understanding "Human Error"', psychologist and professor of Safety Science Sidney Dekker states that blame occurs because of:


In recent years approaches to children's school progress are one step removed from the proximal processes which directly affect learning. Yet educational initiatives are unlikely to work well if there is not a prior understanding of the everyday contextual and relational dimensions of classrooms. On the basis of a review of our long-standing research programmes at the Institute of Education (IOE), and building in particular on ecological psychology, I propose a new eco-relational approach that has three dimensions: first, the influence of the immediate classroom context, in terms of, for axample, organisation into groups and interactional contexts; second, relationships in the classroom between teachers and pupils and between pupils; and third, ways contextual and relational elements are aligned or not in the complex interconnected and dynamic nature of the classroom system. I use our SPRinG project to show how an eco-relational approach can help realise the pedagogical potential of group work and benefit learning.


Cities comprise many residential districts, facing environment and energy problems. Therefore, the retrofit of these existing residential districts is the main part of city renewal. Some retrofit strategies may affect the thermal microclimate environment and lead to changes in the energy demand of buildings. Few studies had evaluated these retrofit effects, which has brought the motivation for this study, to determine the microclimate changes surrounding buildings due to residential district retrofits and the corresponding impact on the cooling load of buildings. The most general retrofit strategies were selected, including greening rate, ground pavement materials, wall materials and roof materials. They were applied to a prediction model for the selected residential district in the simulation tool. The mean reduction of air temperature around the building has been used to evaluate the impact of retrofit strategies on the microclimate in the district. The results showed that greening had the greatest impact on the mean air temperature around buildings, followed by the pavement material, the roof and the wall material. Ground greening, wall material and roof material decreased the total cooling load, while pavement material increased it.


The aim of this paper is to provide a brief overview of consumer's awareness and knowledge towards products containing probiotic in Punjab region of India using a validated questionnaire and is aimed at filling the research gap between consumer's attitude and perceptions towards probiotic products and marketing strategies of probiotic products. The data was collected with the help of structured questionnaire by simple random sampling. Descriptive statistics was utilized to analyze, conclude and validate the knowledge and attitude of people regarding probiotic products. Percentage and frequency of socio-demographic results were obtained using SPSS. In order to realize relationship between demographic variables and people attitude or knowledge towards probiotic, t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed. From the data of 220 respondents only 60.5% of respondents were familiar with the word probiotic out which only 36.8% have ever consumed probiotic. For 81.5% of the respondents who have consumed probiotic, yoghurt is the most favorable probiotic product for consumption. It was also found that there is a significant difference (p>0.05) between both the education level and age group of respondents with the familiarity of probiotic. The present study indicates that although probiotic market has been established but still there is lack of effective marketing strategies and knowledge among consumer attitudes toward probiotic products.


This study is a follow-up analysis of the 2012 study titled' A Study of the Availability of Multicultural Children's Literature in Treasure Valley Schools: Quality, Access, and Inclusion. The focus of the initial study was the quantity of multicultural literature available in elementary schools; the focus of the current study is the selection process of the literature. Quality multicultural literature encourages children to reaffirm the values of their own culture and come to appreciate those of others. Thus, multicultural literature has a significant impact on students developing identities. For this reason, this article seeks to investigate factors that affect elementary school's quality multicultural literature acquisition process. Of particular interest are several elementary schools that have a relatively high content, compared to other elementary schools, of multicultural children's literature. Librarians from these elementary schools were interviewed regarding the school's literature acquisition process and the librarian's personal accounts of multicultural children's literature. Through this analysis this study examines the elementary school's success in attaining quality multicultural literature.


Abstract:
The last few decades have seen the rise of mobile devices as an integral part of public life. Furthermore, as a result of the nearly universal adoption of widescreen smartphones in recent years, the development of mobile media has become increasingly rapid and diversified.
The role of mobile media in public life, as well as its origins, development, and effeciency, are increasingly hot topics for researchers. This study aims to shed light on yet another facet of this modern phenomenon – the influence of mobile media on the day to day lives of students.

Key Words:
Mobile Media, Influence of Mobile Media, University Students, Moscow


I am delighted to address and interact with students on the occasion of the 3rd Informal Discussion Group ('IDG') session organized by the National University of Juridical Sciences ('NUJS'), Kolkata, one of the most prestigious law schools of the country. My greetings to the organizers, participants, students, faculty members and other distinguished guests. My greetings and congratulations to the past and present leadership which has built a robust framework for legal education.


Abstract : The test results reported in the paper further substantiate the original cable design concepts using the EAA copolymer. The stability and aging effects of the EAA copolymer and the bonds formed therefrom are most satisfactory for cable applications. In critical areas, the expected useful life of cable incorporating the 'bonded jacket' concepts is undoubtedly extended beyond that expected from conventional constructions without bonding. (Author)


Astrocytes are the most abundant type of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). These non‐neuronal cells are able to regulate the neurons activity in the different parts of brain tissue by calcium waves generation in its internal space. Moreover, astrocytes interact with neurons and modulate the spiking activity of them. In this paper, a set of piecewise linear estimations of a three‐dimensional spontaneous astrocyte model are presented for digital FPGA realization. This leads to achieve a high‐speed and low‐cost system in large‐scale implementation. In this approach, the three‐dimensional original model is converted to a two‐dimensional one and the hardware overhead have been reduced, significantly due to eliminating the large number of multiplications in the original astrocyte model. Simulation results in MATLAB demonstrate that our method can mimic the original calcium waves in high degree of similarity. To validate our method in case of hardware, the proposed model has been tested and simulated in Modelsim software and also implemented on Spartan3 XC3S50 (TQ144) FPGA board. Hardware realization results show that the proposed model has high similarity by the simulation outputs. Consequently, this reduced‐model of astrocyte can be used in large‐scale networks because of its low‐cost hardware and high‐speed system.


In today"s world, by increasing the volume of information available in digital libraries, most of the system may be affected by the existence of replicas in their warehouses. This is due to the fact that, clean and replica-free warehouse not only allow the retrieval of information which is of higher quality but also lead to more concise data and reduces computational time and resources to process this data. Here, we propose a genetic programming approach along with hash-based similarity i.e, with MD5 and SHA-1 algorithm. This approach removes the replicas data and finds the optimization solution to deduplication of records.


The study covered health state of mine workers of "Apatit" enterprise according to periodic medical examination data in 2014. Medical workup covered 1360 miners of main, auxiliary occupations, with assessment of standardized intensive morbidity parameters. The analysis defined the most unfavorable health state of main occupations workers, with leading pathology of locomotory diseases, nervous system (polyneuritis) and ear disorders. These diseases could be caused by specific work conditions characterized by exposure to vibration, noise, intense physical exertion, cooling.


Abstract Butter obtained from buffalo milk was compared with commercial products obtained from cow milk. One buffalo butter and two cow butters were subjected to sensory analysis using non-trained panelists. The acceptance related to sensorial characteristics (color, flavor, and firmness) was evaluated through a 9 point structured hedonic scale varying from "I displeased extremely" to "I liked extremely". Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate the sensory characteristics and the means were compared by Tukey's Test at 5% of significance. The buffalo butter received lower scores than the others for all attributes. The greatest difference was observed for color, as the buffalo butter exhibited a white color contrasting with the yellow color of commercial butters, which is the pattern expected by the consumers. For flavor and firmness attributes, the buffalo butter received scores similar to the commercial products. These results show. These results shows that the buffalo's butter has a good acceptance on local market, and this could be improved through the correction of product's color, what can be obtained by adding a dye.


surrounding death and dying seems a reasonable thing to do. If we are looking for something clean and simple, like the good death, stages of dying, or dying trajectories, we will find no such ars moriendi. Rather, we will find that the cultural landscape is filled with mixed messages, competing conceptualizations of death, and sometimes a void. Green has given us a book to ponder for a long time. It should be required reading for graduate students and upper-division undergraduates and should discussed in introductory textbooks. There is a lot to ponder, grasp, challenge, and re-evaluate, but the endeavor is worthwhile.


Abstract. It is shown that well-orderings are either negligible or nonmeasurable with respect to the completions of σ-finite product measures. Several consequences of this fact are discussed in the light of some classical problems formulated by Hilbert, Lebesgue and Luzin.


Numerous data indicate a high incidence of cardiovascular diseases against the background of a novel coronavirus infection, including initially healthy individuals. The development of complications such as cardiac rhythm disturbances, myocardial injury, acute coronary syndrome aggravates the severity of the disease and the prognosis. Moreover, signs of structural and functional damage of the cardiovascular system are detected after recovery, which makes prevention issues especially relevant. Various non-modifiable risk factors for the severe course of COVID-19, such as gender, age, heredity, race, environment, can determine the development of complications, including heart disease. In this matter, genetic characteristics are also important. The literature review presents possible genetic predictors and the mechanism of their influence on the development of cardiovascular complications and the severe course of novel coronavirus infection. The identification of specific genetic predictors can determine biological mechanisms that are relevant to diagnostic and treatment strategies. Moreover, recognizing people at high or low risk of severe COVID-19 can contribute to understanding the course of infection in different people and the development of cardiovascular complications. In addition, the determination of genetic markers contributes to the early detection of developing cardiovascular complications against the background of the novel coronavirus infection and elaboration of the personalized prevention strategy.


Two field experiments were conducted at Gemmeiza Res. Station, Gharbia Governorate, Agric. Res. Center during the two successive seasons of 2005/06 and 2006/07 to study the eight NPK treatments i.e., 1control (zero), 245 kg N/fed, 315kg P2O5/fed, 424 kg K2O/fed, 545 kg N + 15 kg P2O5/fed, 645 kg N + 24 kg K2O5/fed, 715 kg P2O5 + 24 kg K2O/fed and 45 kg N +15 kg P2O5 + 24 kg K2O/fed on yield and yield components of the two flax varieties Sakha 3 and Sakha 1, in addition to simple correlation coefficients among eight flax characters. Results obtained can be summarized as follow: The flax variety Sakha 3 achieved maximum estimates in straw yield/fed as well as per plant, plant height, technical length and stem diameter when compared with Sakha 1. At the same time, Sakha 1 surpass Sakha 3 in fruiting zone length, seed yield/fed as well as per plant, no. of capsules/plant, no. of seeds/capsule and no. of apical branches. Moreover, application treatment. of NPK at the levels 45 kg N + 15 kg P2O5/fed produced maximum mean values of straw and seed characters under this study. The correlation coefficients among straw yield/plant exhibited significant positive correlations with each of plant height, technical length, stem diameter, no. of capsules/plant, no. of seeds/capsule and no. of apical branches. Also, no. of capsules/plant exhibited significant positive correlations with each of no. of seeds/capsule and no. of apical branches.


Working in small groups, professionals from across the UX spectrum will learn Presumptive Design (PrD), a design-research technique for capturing the unmet and/or unspoken needs of stakeholders, while revealing and vetting the assumptions of the project team. This course covers the theoretical framework of PrD, provides attendees with hands-on experience applying the process to a design problem, introduces the PrD "Creation Session," has attendees engage external participants with the artifact in "Engagement Sessions" and introduces post-engagement analysis activities.


Abstract Despite an increasing incidence of body image and eating disturbances in men, research on men and the ways in which they are affected by the media remain greatly under-documented. Given the fact that men are not immune to media images and are increasingly objectified in the media (Rohlinger, 2002), some men may be under as much pressure as women to achieve cultural ideals of physical appearance depicted by the media. The media not only reflects cultural environments but it can also actively shape social norms as being recognized as an important socialization agent. In Western cultures, the male appearance ideal is leanness with defined musculature. Emphasis on muscularity for male body ideals has also been noted with children's action toys (Baghurst, Carlston, Wood, & Wyatt, 2007). Although men are not targeted as obviously as fitness magazines target bodybuilders, men are increasingly targeted by advertisements in health and lifestyle magazines concerning how to improve their shape, tone their muscles, and change their exercise and diets (Law & Labre, 2002). Men may internalize this information from the advertisements when developing their ideas about masculine body ideals and try to approximate those body ideals. Among health and lifestyle magazines, Men's Health - the best-selling men's magazine on U.S. newsstands - is the world's largest men's magazine with a readership of more than 22 million men around the world (Men's Health). The purpose of this study was to examine images of men depicted through magazine advertisements featured in the U.S. version of Men's Health over an 11-year period to document two components that contribute to male body ideals in the U.S. This study had two specific objectives: 1) To examine body size and the level of muscularity depicted in advertisements of selected issues of Men's Health from 1999 to 2009 and 2) to compare body size and the level of muscularity depicted in advertisements of all issues of Men's Health published in 1999 with those published in 2009. To examine changes in body size and musculature of men's body ideals from 1999 to 2009, male images depicted each year in the March and October issues of Men's Health were compared using a content analysis method. To determine differences in body size and musculature of men's images in advertising between two specific years, images of men featured in all issues of 1999 to those featured in all issues of 2009 were compared using the same content analysis method. The body size and muscularity of the models were determined using the Contour Drawing Rating Scale (Thompson & Gray, 1995) and the Muscle-Based Silhouette Measure (Frederick, Fessler, & Haselton, 2005), respectively. The same coding categories were used to assess changes in body size and muscularity of the models between all the issues of 1999 and those of 2009. Two research assistants who were trained with a set of test images independently rated male models in magazine advertisements with the two instruments. The two coders recorded their ratings using a Microsoft Excel coding sheet and they met with the researcher to compare their results and to discuss any disagreements until they reached consensus. The unit of analysis was restricted to advertisements of one or more full pages containing a single male model. Advertisements featuring men whose bodies were obscured by heavy clothes were excluded. A total of 552 advertisements were selected for analysis from the two selected monthly issues published in 1999 through 2009 (a total of 22 issues). A total of 403 advertisements were selected for analysis from all issues published in 1999 and in 2009 (a total of 21 issues). Results based on analyses of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant main effect for body size, F(1, 550)=10.54, p<.001, partial eta-squared=.163 and for muscularity level, F(1, 550)=31.73, p<.001, partial eta-squared=.370. While muscularity level showed a significant gain after 2007, increase in body size was not to the same extent as increase in muscularity level. An independent-samples t-test revealed significant results for both body size (t=3.07, df=401, p<.05) and muscularity (t=2.67, df=401, p<.05). Body size of male models in advertisements from all issues of 2009 was smaller (M=4.03, SD=1.27) than that from all issues of 1999 (M=5.33, SD=1.46). Muscularity level was greater in 2009 (M=5.96, SD=1.96) than in 1999 (M=4.48, SD=1.54). Although the results need to be interpreted with great caution due to the use of a single health and lifestyle magazine brand, overall findings of this research suggest that contemporary cultural appearance ideals of men focus on having a high degree of muscle definition while maintaining relatively smaller body sizes. A drastic increase in body image concerns among men in recent years has been mainly attributed to men trying to be more muscular. Most existing research in male body image has focused on the assessment of body size (body fat) that has no clear distinction from muscularity. The findings of this study suggest that being fit and having a slender body might be just as important as being muscular and having a toned body for men in contemporary society. Because the data suggest that changes in both (body size and muscularity) were evident over time, researchers may want to assess both of these components when examining male body image to assess their joint and independent effects on male body satisfaction. The findings also suggest that idealization of muscular bodies among men in the U.S. may be as harmful to their health as the desire to be thin among women. As a much greater level of muscularity was identified in male body ideals in 2009 than in 1999, some men, particularly those who internalize these cultural ideals, may seek harmful behaviors such as substance abuse in order to meet the cultural standards. Further research on media images should address possible influencers for change in body size and muscularity. Also recommended for further research is cross-cultural comparisons of images of men in advertising for the understanding of worldwide male body ideals in contemporary society.


As XQuery rapidly emerges as the standard for querying XML documents, it is very important to understand the architectural characteristics and behaviors of such workloads. A lot of efforts are focused on the implementation, optimization, and evaluation of XQuery tools. However, few or no prior work studies the architectural and memory system behaviors of XQuery workloads on modern hardware platforms. This makes it unclear whether modern CPU techniques, such as the multi-level caches and hardware branch predictors, can support such workloads well enough.
 This paper presents a detailed characterization of the architectural behavior of XQuery workloads. We examine four XQuery tools on three hardware platforms (AMD, Intel, and Sun) using well-designed XQuery queries. We report measured architectural data, including the L1/L2 cache misses, TLB misses, and branch mispredictions. We believe that the information will be useful in understanding XQuery workloads and analyzing the potential architectural optimization opportunities of improving XQuery performance.


Public crisis management and disposal is one of the key functions of modern government and also one of the research subjects in modern nomocracy society. The "new public management" reform movement,originated in the 1980s in the West,its practical pattern is the public sector management,particularly a major breakthrough or a profound change in governmental management,which embodies the fundamental and directional adjustments of public management. It is suggested that the positive change of public law and theoretical law systems may be promoted and oriented from the traditional model of mandatory administration of strategic decision to modern mode of and tactical decision-making model.


In recognition of the fact that traditional data withholding experiments are becoming increasingly difficult to diagnose, ECMWF proposed an innovative approach to establishing the information content of the various components of the observing system. The method basically consists of assessing the amount of skill associated with a given observation type by adding it to a baseline of conventional observations only, rather than by withdrawing it from a baseline consisting of the full complement of observations. A comprehensive set of data impact experiments was shown, and among the conclusions were that satellite winds seem to be uniformly more useful in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere. In a direct comparison, the assimilation of clear sky radiances were found to contribute less skill than the assimilation of AMVs. The MODIS winds were found to be very useful to the system, the water vapor winds more so than the IR winds, even though even the latter type also had a uniformly positive impact. This is an important point given the current uncertainty about the future of polar imaging for the water vapor channel in particular.


Monodelphis domestica, the gray short-tailed American opossum, hereafter referred to as the gray opossum, is a member of the family Didelphidae. The Didelphidae, which includes the common North American opossum (Didelphidae virginiana), is believed to be the most ancient family of marsupials from which all other New World and Australian species are derived.'.' The major distinguishing characteristic of the marsupials is that a large part of fetal development occurs outside of the body of the mother. Fossil records indicate that the three living groups of mammals, Monotremata, Eutheria and Marsupialia have been genetically separate for more than one hundred million years.' While the common ancestor of the monotremes is unknown, marsupials and eutherian mammals are thought to have evolved from pantotheres by dichotomy during the early Cretaceous period. Both groups, over the long span of time, evolved in parallel adaptations to their changing environments that enabled them to survive and flourish. A principal requirement for survival of the species is successful reproduction. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), a neurohormone known to mediate


In this paper the problem of predictive control for a laboratory plant model it is investigated. The model of the laboratory plant is a hybrid one, containing both continuous and discrete state/inputs. Model predictive control requires an optimization problem to be solved in order to compute the command that is applied to the plant, taking into account constraints on inputs and outputs. For the hybrid system, described by the mixed logical dynamical (MLD) and piecewise affine (PWA) formats, a mixed integer predictive control law was defined. Finally, some experimental results are presented in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed modeling and control algorithms.


Disclosed is a technique for providing a mixed-reality view to user of the visualization device. The device provides the user with a real-world, real-time view of an environment of the user, on a display area of the device. The device additionally determines a location at which a virtual reality window should be displayed within the real-world, real-time view of the environment of the user, and displays the virtual reality window at the determined location within the real-world, real-time view of the environment of the user. The device may additionally display one or more augmented reality objects within the real-world, real-time view of the environment of the user.


The influence of the molecular environment and the intramolecular features on the [2 + 2] photodimerization of 2,5-difluorocinnamic acid (1) and 3,5-difluorocinnamic acid (2) in crystals were analyzed. The crystal structures of (1) were determined at pressures of 0.1 MPa and 0.3 and 0.9 GPa before the [2 + 2] photodimerization as well as for several steps of the reaction. The determined structures revealed the influence of pressure on the reaction rate: the reaction was faster at 0.3 GPa than at 0.1 MPa, but there was not a significant difference between the rates at 0.3 and 0.9 GPa. For (2), the crystal structure was determined before the photochemical reaction, and the unit cell parameters were monitored along with the reaction progress at 0.1 MPa and 0.4 GPa, which showed higher reactivity of (2) at 0.4 GPa. Despite the similar orientations, distances between two neighboring monomers, and volumes of free space in the studied compounds, (2) reacted noticeably worse than (1). The differences in reactivit...


An electrolytic capacitor in which an conducting polymer as a cathode of the electrolytic capacitor is formed as a homogeneous and densified film on the dielectric layer even extending to the inside of pores of a valvular metal porous body and which obtains a high rate of inducing the capacitance, and have low impedance and high responsiveness at high frequencies. A chemical oxidation polymerization method is utilized to form an conducting polymer layer even extending to the inside of pores of the capacitor element. First, a polymerization reaction is performed in a solution excluding an organic acid-type dopant to form an conducting polymer layer as a densified film on a dielectric layer extending from the surface of the porous body to every inside portions of pores in the pretreatment. Then a polymerization reaction is performed in a solution containing an organic acid-type dopant to grow an conducting polymer layer containing an organic acid-type dopant over the conducting polymer layer without including an organic acid-type dopant in the primary treatment.


After Hurricane Katrina's devastation of the United States' Gulf Coast, conversations about flooding became focused on the interconnections between so-called "natural" disasters, poverty, gender and race. Although research has long shown that women, people of color and low-income communities are more vulnerable to natural hazards, the disproportionate effects of Hurricane Katrina and subsequent federal and state disaster response efforts forced the national spotlight on the institutional and systemic nature of racism, classism and sexism. Using Black feminism and radical planning theory, two lenses that provides a comprehensive framework for understanding racism, classism and sexism, this article examines the concept and literature of social vulnerability. I argue while social vulnerability research has made significant contributions to planners' understandings of disasters and inequity, it fails to center community knowledge, identify intersectional oppressions and name them as such and encourage community activism, all of which are keys to making meaningful change.


Terrestrial inertial navigation istypically performedusingan instrumented platform stabilized ina "local-level" configuration for convenient generation ofgeographic navigation information. The local-level geographic reference mustbemaintained bytorquing the systemgyros,a requirement whichmay be incompatible with high-precision inertial sensorscurrently underdevelopment. Gyro torquing in a gimballed navigation systemcan be avoidedby employing a "space-stable" mechanization oftheplatform wherean inertial, rather thangeographic, reference isusedfornavigation calculations. The softwaredesignproblems associated withthis concept,especially thoserelated to theapplication of Kalman filtering, aretheprinciple focusofthis paper. Althoughthe space-stable configuration has been used extensively forspacecraft navigation andguidance, ithasnotbeen widelyapplied to terrestrial navigation, eitherforairor marine applications. The chiefprobleminthisapplication istoperform navigation inlocal-level coordinates, using systemoutputsgenerated inan inertial reference frame.Itcan bedemonstrated that, although thenavigation system errordynamics areidentical forthelocal-level andspace-stable configurations, thedynamics ofthesensorerrors whichdrivethesesystemsarequitedifferent. Thesedifferences in sensor error propagation characteristics imposenew requirements forthedesignof procedures to accomplish systemcalibration, alignment, and reset.Thispaper outlines a Kalmanfiltering approach whichisapplicable to alloftheaboveprocedures, and presents numerical results todemonstrate itseffectiveness.


This article is an etimologo cultural analysis of the notion of duty in Japanese culture. The study begins with a crosscultural analysis of the East and the West on the issue of man's relationship to the past, then the author considers polysemic concepts debt and formulated the concept of the moral and ethical duty, which is a characteristic feature of the Japanese mentality. At the end of a table a diagram of categories of debt obligations of the Japanese man.


A cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living organisms, and its three-dimensional shape is an interesting research topic and having many applications in biology. Usually, cells are kept surrounded with some liquid materials on glass plates. In obtained image sequence, liquid material causes unwanted background in the images, and some virtual images due to the glass plates occurs, which makes difficulty to recover the three-dimensional shape of the cell. Therefore, conventional optical passive methods for three-dimensional shape recovery do not compute depth map accurately. The purpose of this work is to reconstruct three-dimensional shape of HeLa cell by applying shape from focus (SFF) method. SFF method is one of the optical passive methods to estimate three-dimensional shape by using focal information from image sequence. To overcome problems from transparency and reflection, transparent part is segmented from images by using the fact that background of the cell does not have focal point, and an original image sequence is divided into two image sequences for real and virtual part by finding two focused points in itself. For more accurate segmentation of the background part, the labeling method is used, and for automatically dividing an original image sequence into two image sequences, the iterative threshold selection method is used. The proposed approach is tested by using HeLa cell which is one of the most famous cells in biological research area. The experimental result demonstrates the effectiveness.


Perhaps other doctors are getting tired of reading about new surgeries, but the main fact which has struck us about published papers is the variation in basic design; it is obvious that there is a considerable difference of opinion as to what constitutes an ideal surgery. As a partnership we have just built a new surgery, and we publish the details in the hope that it may help others in planning theirs. The Practice


The association of the progress of diabetic nephropathy with the sclerosis of major artery was investigated.Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) was positively correlated with urinary albumin and creatinine ratio,and negatively correlated with glomerular filtration rate in diabetes group,suggesting that thickened CIMT may predict the increasing risk of clinical nephropathy in the patients with microalbuminuria.

Key words:
Diabetic nephropathy; Carotid intima-media thickness; Urinary albumin; Glomerular filtration rate


We measure the effect of San Francisco's technology firm commuter shuttles on rents utilizing a kernel density estimation approach. To model the effects of job accessibility improvements that the shuttles provide, we capture the influence of each shuttle stop in terms of the number of jobs that shuttle connects to in Silicon Valley and the capital value of the companies served. We compare these results to baseline models with simple distance measures. Our models identify a strong correlation between commuter shuttles and rents, suggesting that the effects of private shuttles can be anticipated without measuring the job accessibility gains they provide.


Abstract 4-Cyano-3-oxotetrahydrothiophene (c-THT) has much more to offer than just a platform to various heterocyclic scaffolds. This solid, bench-stable and commercially available reagent can be readily transformed into thioglycolic acid and acrylonitrile upon simple addition of a hydroxide anion. This interesting feature enables its use as a particularly versatile acrylonitrile anion surrogate.


The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different plant heights on the acclimatization of micropropagated ornamental pineapple plants (A...


It is shown that the class of Dugundji spaces coincides with the class of continuous images of the generalized Cantor set by maps satisfying the zero-dimensional lifting property. It follows that each point in a Dugundji space has a neighbourhood base of Dugundji spaces. Introduction. In [6] Peezyn'ski introduced the classes of Dugundji spaces and Milutin spaces. The fact that these classes coincide for compact spaces of weight not exceeding w, was established in the joint paper of Ditor and Haydon [2]. A major breakthrough in the characterization of Dugundji spaces and Milutin spaces was achieved by R. Haydon [4] showing that every Dugundji space is a Milutin space and that the notions of Dugundji space and absolute extensor for compact zero-dimensional spaces (AE(O-dim)) are equivalent. Recently in his paper [7] Shchepin gave another characterization of the class of Dugundji spaces and produced an example of a zero-dimensional space of weight W2 that is a non-Dugundji Milutin space. In this paper we shall consider continuous surjections satisfying the zero-dimensional lifting property (z.d.l.p.) which will lead to a new characterization of Dugundji spaces. At the same time our method yields topological information about surjective maps allowing a regular averaging operator (r.a.o.) and about the local structure of Dugundji spaces. In his monograph Pelzyn'ski asked for a topological characterization of continuous surjections of compact metrizable spaces that allow an r.a.o. [6, Problem 3, p. 65]. An answer was given by S. Z. Ditor [1, Theorem 3.4] in terms of existence of lower semicontinuous set-valued sections. Here our solution to Pelvzyn'ski's problem is of a neater, purely topological nature just involving continuous maps and compact spaces (see Corollary 1). A locally Dugundji space is known to be a Dugundji space [6, Proposition 6.3] and Pelczyn'ski raised the question whether the converse of this statement holds true [6, Problem 18, p. 70]. The corollary to our main result entails that the answer to this problem is in the affirmative. Throughout this paper our terminology is standard; all definitions and Received by the editors January 30, 1978 and, in revised form, October 12, 1978. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 54C40, 54C55; Secondary 54C10.


This chapter starts by presenting a brief sketch of the key stages and decisions of the criminal process which forms part of the English criminal justice system. The significance of those stages and decisions is discussed before they are then classified according to their nature and consequence. This is followed in the next section by differentiating between the criminal process and the system before moving on to orient the reader by outlining significant reforms that have shaped the criminal process in the past decades. There is a final concluding section.


In considering the characteristics of viruses that stimulate the production of interferon, one generalization that has been made is that avirulent viruses are more effective inducers of interferon synthesis than are virulent viruses (5). In particular, it was found (6) that a highly virulent strain of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which did not itself elicit interferon synthesis in Krebs-2 carcinoma cells, could inhibit interferon production in the same cell line that had been infected with Newcastle disease virus, an effective inducer of interferon synthesis. It was also reported that VSV acted much like actinomycin D, shutting off host cell ribonucleic acid synthesis soon after exposure to the virus. In contrast to these findings, we have observed that VSV is capable of stimulating the formation of interferon in mice, and the present report deals with the production of interferon by virulent and avirulent mutants of VSV. Two plaque-size mutants were isolated from routine passages of the Indiana strain of VSV grown in chick embryo (CE) cell cultures. After five successive clonings, one mutant (LI) formed plaques approximately 4 mm in diameter at 48 hr postinfection and the other mutant (S2) formed plaques approximately 1 mm in diameter. To prepare virus pools, the mutants were grown in CE cell cultures at low multiplicities of infection to avoid the formation of incomplete, interfering components found in VSV preparations grown at high multiplicities of infection (1-3). The lethality of the two plaque-size mutants was measured in Swiss mice (Taconic Farms, females, 25 to 30 g) by injecting groups of animals intracerebrally with 0.03 ml of serial 10-fold dilutions of virus. All deaths were recorded for a 14-day period. The LI mutant was extremely lethal for mice; 4.0 to 7.5 plaque-forming units (PFU) constituted 1 LD5o dose. In contrast, 4.8 X 103 PFU of the S2 mutant was required for 1 LD50 dose. These results are in excellent agreement with those of Shechmeister and his colleagues (4), who worked with similar mutants. The ability of the S2 and LI mutants to stimulate interferon production in mice was investigated by injecting groups of animals intravenously with 0.1 ml of appropriate dilutions of virus; 12 hr later, the mice were bled by cardiac puncture (heparinized syringes). The pooled plasmas were dialyzed for 18 hr at 4 C against glycine-HCl buffer at pH 2 to destroy infective virus particles and were brought back to pH 7 by dialysis against phosphate-buffered saline. The plasmas were assayed for interferon content in L-cell monolayers by a plaque reduction method, with Li VSV as challenge virus (8). Both the S2 and LI mutants produced high titers of circulating interferon; the amounts of interferon produced were roughly proportional to the number of PFU inoculated (Table 1). In addition to being stable at pH 2, the inhibitor in mouse plasma was inactive in CE cell cultures and was sensitive to trypsin. The molecular weight of the interferon was 33,000 as measured by filtration through a Sephadex G-100 column (J. V. Hallum, personal communication). Tests were carried out to determine whether the interferon detected in the plasma was synthesized de novo upon injection of the virus or whether it was released from a preformed state (7). Mice were injected intraperitoneally with 244 mg (per kg) of cycloheximide or with saline, and 1 hr later they were injected intravenously with the Li virus. Plasmas from these mice (and from mice injected only with cycloheximide or saline) were collected at 8 and 12 hr, dialyzed against glycine buffer at pH 2 as described above, and assayed for interferon content. Table 2 shows that the inhibition of protein synthesis was accompanied by a 90%7, decrease in interferon titer of plasma obtained 12 hr after injection of the virus. These results indicate that the interferon produced in mice injected with VSV is a newly synthesized protein.


Asset Pricing Theory is the core in modern finance. The two fundamental approaches of asset pricing are the no-arbitrage and the equilibrium. By no-arbitrage approach this paper investigates asset-pricing theory in frictional multi-period securities markets with bid-ask spreads, proportional transaction costs, and fixed transaction costs. Two fundamental asset-pricing theorems are respectively established for markets that exclude arbitrage and for markets that exclude strong arbitrage.


There is a growing focus among ecologists on the importance of predatory interactions between competing species, but because of its mixed character, it is difficult to pinpoint the possible, competitive component of the interaction. We tested degree of prey consumption in intraguild predation of Eurasian lynxes on red foxes against assumed 'pure' predation, i.e. roe deer and mountain hares. The proportion of uneaten fox carcasses was highly significantly larger than the proportion of both other prey species, indicating that interference competition may play a role in the intraguild predation of lynxes on red foxes.


INTRODUCTION
The costs deriving from strokes are important from a social point of view because this is a pathology with a substantial individual, familial and social impact. Cost-of-illness studies provide an overall description of the economic aspects of strokes. The widest perspective is the social one, where all the costs and consequences are included. If possible, it is wise to take a bottom-up approach.

AIMS
To calculate the costs deriving from strokes from the social perspective in the population of a district health service (12,000 inhabitants) by means of a retrospective incidence approach (follow-up at three years) and a bottom-up procedure. We also intended to calculate the fractions that can be attributed to primary care, hospital care and social care.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Our study included all the cases of stroke diagnosed between 1st January 1999 and 31st December 2003 within a basic health care district in Navarre (n = 91).

DATA COLLECTION
an ad hoc questionnaire -the CACV (cerebrovascular accident cost) questionnaire- which assessed the 'incremental' costs due to strokes and their complications.

RESULTS
The average cost was found to be 5,759.50 euro for the first year, 3,596.60 euro for the second and 4,671.30 euro for the third. The cost in the first year is marked by the hospital care, which accounts for 50% of the total. From the second year onwards the costs of outpatient care become very important, since they represent 70% of the overall costs.

CONCLUSIONS
The costs deriving from strokes in the first three years amount to almost 5,000 euro/year. More cerebrovascular cost-of-illness studies need to be conducted from the social perspective and should therefore include the costs of informal care.


Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are highly interesting fluorophores for a large variety of spectroscopic applications. Although their fluorescence properties are well investigated, accurate size determination of QDs is still a problem. TEM techniques can image the inorganic core/shell system of QDs, but size determination of polymer coated QDs is difficult. SEC (size exclusion chromatography) compares the QD size only with standard polymers and their sizes, and is therefore not easy to use on nanoparticles. As QDs are fluorescent, single molecule spectroscopy methods such as fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) can be used to determine QDs diffusion coefficients and hence their hydrodynamic radii. Moreover, this method for size determination requires only very low QD concentrations, which is a mayor advantage compared to other techniques such as dynamic light scattering. Within our contribution we present the size determination of commercially available and self-modified QDs with FCS. The commercial QDs (QD525, QD565, QD605, QD655 and QD705 - purchased from Invitrogen Inc.) have a rather thick polymer shell and are functionalized with streptavidin, biotin or carboxylic groups. The self-modified QDs consist of the same commercial core/shell QDs and are modified with a polymer shell and several bio-functionalization groups. For all nanoparticles the diffusion coefficients were measured by FCS and the hydrodynamic radii were calculated according to the Stokes-Einstein equation. The obtained results are in good agreement with the size information provided by Invitrogen Inc., which demonstrates that FCS is an important technique for QD size determination at very low concentrations.


Zr-alloyed layer was prepared on 0Cr18Ni9 Ti austenitic stainless steel surface by double-glow plasma surface alloying technology,and then electrochemical corrosion tests were performed in 0.5mol·L-1 HCl solution,3.5 %NaCl solution and 0.5mol·L-1 NaOH solution,respectively.Besides,high temperature oxidation experiments of the Zr-alloyed layer were carried out in static air at 1 000-1 150 ℃.The corrosion resistance and high temperature oxidation resistance of the Zr-alloyed layer were studied,and compared with those of the stainless steel substrate.The results show that,in the three types of solutions,the relative corrosion rate of the stainless steel substrate was respectively 24.43,2.44,1.90 times that of Zr-alloyed layer,the surface of the stainless steel substrate exhibited serious corrosion,but the Zr-alloyed layer only exhibited some localized corrosion pits,due to the formation of a dense ZrO2 passivation film on Zr-alloyed layer surface during corossion.The oxidation mass gain curves of the stainless steel substrate and the Zr-alloyed layer followed mainly the parabolic law.After corrosion at1 150 ℃for 20 h,the surface of the stainless steel exhibited severe oxidation,but the Zr-alloyed layer had a good surface morphology with less holes and the structure was very dense.


Summary. The use of circulating immune complexes and a commercial monocolonal antibody to ovarian cancer (CA125 kit) in monitoring progress in patients with ovarian cancer has been assessed. While changes in immune complexes were apparent in some patients with active progression of disease, the marked change in values and linear trend make the use of CA125 a useful clinical marker.


The technology according to the present invention relates to a closeup supplementary photographing device for a human body applied to a mobile communication terminal such as a mobile phone and to a method for giving a medical examination using a personal communication terminal such as a mobile phone. More specifically, the present invention relates to a device and method using a closeup supplementary photographing device, which is mounted on a mobile phone to magnify a certain site of a human body and takes pictures, so as to provide the health information by using the photographed video information. The present invention provides the closeup supplementary photographing device including an enlarging part composed of a body tube, a lens unit, and a light emitting unit and a power supply part. Moreover, the present invention comprises a detachable auxiliary enlargement part which is installed in the enlarging part and an adhesive part added to the power supply part. Additionally, the invention provides a medical examination method using a mobile communication terminal, including a process of having the closeup supplementary photographing device send photographs of an iris, the skin or a certain site of the human body, a process of transmitting the photographed video information to a medical examination server, a process of analyzing the received video information for medical examination analysis by a medical examination unit, and a process of displaying the result of the medical examination analysis. In addition, the present invention provides a medical examination method using a mobile communication terminal, comprising health condition information or health prescription information of a user analyzed through the photographed video information.


A number of relations between cross sections for reactions involving antinyperons is derived on basis of isotopic invariance hypothesis. Some additional relations between the cross sections arise if interaction of pi - and K-mesons with baryons predominates in states with definite isotopic spin values. (auth)


Harsh maritime conditions, aided by inflation, have caused North Sea producing costs to go crashing through the ceiling. Because of this, the North Sea has become a popular place for operators to experiment with new equipment, try out different ideas, innovate for producing methods. Platform design has altered significantly because of North Sea experience. Brief summaries of how each field is being produced, how the innovations are working, and what the operators plan are given. Summaries are given for Argyll, Auk, Beryl, Brent, Claymore, Dan, Ekofisk, Forties, Frigg, Montrose, Ninion, Piper, Stratfjord, and Thistle Fields. (MCW)


All theS?n ^ranz ^e last Holy Roman Emperor and the First Emperor of Austria. Which ,lntern^ problems were, however, overshadowed by the wars with France, Austria anc* ^aste<^ witb interruptions until 1814. These brought to Vie^a a series of disasters: Austria lost her possessions in Italy and the Rhineland, Univer ?pS tw*ce occupied by French armies and in 1806 Napoleon himself became he res: a ^-niperor. The prevailing instability made Franz II extremely conservative; resiSta change, popular initiative or indeed any movement in political affairs; his Josef jj? V3 change was such that he would not even alter the reforms made by Pfedece' a u?b he wholeheartedly disagreed with all reforms introduced by his ai* iftibecil^' ^ranz died in 1835 he was succeeded by his son Ferdinand almost ^rnin/t Un.stable and rather confused atmosphere a very powerful Civil Service and developed. Its head was the very able statesman Prince Clemens 111 a ^vider ettern*cb> who had the complete confidence of the Emperor and the court thp * ^enseThe many rules and regulations were exactly recorded and codified saying was: ^Ven the Tt ? "Quod non est in actis, non est in mundo". ^ei*ate ariri nulversity came under control of the Ministry and this affected the academic A profe ^e professors directly. 115 ?Wn d SS?r re?ius ordinarius once confirmed by the Emperor was all-powerful in yVersity^artment an<^ could not be removed unless he was offered a chair at another Picture. ^ ^is rigid imperial system the social life of Vienna offered a very different j^ethoVeri ere_. Wer.e ^ving or had recently lived Mozart, Haydn, Schubert and ,aUemfeld an?i a cVrc^e artists that included the painter Moritz Schwind, the poet J the v" r ? ^r^lparzer, the singer Vogl and many outstanding musicians, among se?iitie Was?HlrilSt ^reutzer to whom Beethoven dedicated the Kreutzer Sonata. If the ^ that this .0Ur.and gloomy, the population was gay and cheerful. Indeed, one can \y*trast to th'011-'0 m*xture persisted in Vienna until the end of the Empire. It was in


2 Abstract: The leachate contains dissolved and suspended organic and inorganic, toxic or chemicals pollutants. Leachate can contaminate groundwater, surface water and soil. It can further have detrimental health effects on human being. This study sets out to investigate the effects of land treatment of municipal landfill's leachate on the natural reduction of nitrogen and phosphorous density existing in the leachate after the pre-treatment in the Aradkouh disposal center. Three pilot studies were utilized to run the present investigation. The pilots included the under-investigation region's soil planted by Vetiver plant pilot, the region's intact soil pilot and the artificial composition of the region's soil including the natural region's soil, sand and rock stone. The leachate, having passed its initial treatment, passed through the soil and to the pilot. It was collected in the end of the pilots and its nitrogen and phosphorous were measured. However, the land treatment of leachate was conducted in a slow speed range at speeds of 0.2, 0.6 and 1 ml per minute through three repeated times. According to the results, in order to remove phosphate, the best result was obtained in the region's soil planted with Vetiver plant and at the speed of 0.2 ml per minute which resulted in 98.77% of phosphate removal. In addition, in order to remove nitrogen (organic nitrogen, ammonia and nitrate), the best result was obtained in the region's soil planted with Vetiver plant and at the speed of 0.2. Moreover, substantial 93.44% reduction in the ammonia and the increase of nitrate was reached.


The larch is not widespread species in the forests of the Arkhangelsk region. According to the last census of the Forest Fund (2008), its share in the forested area of the region is only 0,24 %. The larch is found in the majority of forest districts of the Arkhangelsk Region. However, its dispersal throughout the region is far from being even 80,3 % of the area of recorded plants accounted for Mezen, Arkhangelsk and Leshukonsk forestry.It is well known, that the average inventory indices of the forest stands in the vast areas quite clearly express the zonal differences in their structure and performance, due to climatic conditions of the North because they are the limiting factor and determine the nature of forest vegetation and biomass productivity. However, some recent findings suggest that the spatial organization of highly productive stands in terms of the boreal zone depends on azonal factors, in particular on the lithogenic base, which includes a complex of tectonic, geomorphological and geophysical criteria.In the study of the spatial expansion of the larch, we analyzed the maps of karst outcrop, the maps of larch expansion and the intersection units of tectonic dislocations. As a result, it was found that in some cases, the expansion of the larch coincides with the places of karst rocks outcrop, especially in the northern and north-eastern parts of the region. At the same time, the expansion of the larch (single trees and planting with the larch) especially in the south-east of the region, geographically coinciding with the intersection units of tectonic dislocations, was found in the places, where there is no karst, as in the case with the units in the vicinity of the village Rochegda, where this coincidence is particularly evident.In addition, during the fieldwork on the territory of the Velsk-Ustyansk tectonic unit we observed that as the distance from the center of the unit towards the periphery grows, the larch forest is becoming less, and outside the unit, it almost disappears from the forest stands.