The development of quantum theory was an archetypal scientific revolution in early twentieth-century physics. In many ways, the probabilities and uncertainties that replaced the ubiquitous application of classical mechanics may have seemed a violent assault on logic and reason. 'Something unknown is doing we don't know what–that is what our theory amounts to,' Sir Arthur Eddington famously remarked, adding, 'It does not sound a particularly illuminating theory. I have read something like it elsewhere: the slithy toves, did gyre and gimble in the wabe' [1]. Today, quantum mechanics no longer seems a dark art best confined to the boundaries of physics and philosophy. Scanning probe micrographs have captured actual images of quantum-mechanical interference patterns [2], and familiarity has made the claims of quantum theory more palatable. An understanding of quantum effects is essential for nanoscale science and technology research. This special issue on quantum science and technology at the nanoscale collates some of the latest research that is extending the boundaries of our knowledge and understanding in the field. Quantum phenomena have become particularly significant in attempts to further reduce the size of electronic devices, the trend widely referred to as Moore's law. In this issue, researchers in Switzerland report results from transport studies on graphene. The researchers investigate the conductance variance in systems with superconducting contacts [3]. Also in this issue, researchers in Germany calculate the effects of spin–orbit coupling in a molecular dimer and predict nonlinear transport. They also explain how ferromagnetic electrodes can be used to probe these interactions [4]. Our understanding of spin and the ability to manipulate it has advanced greatly since the notion of spin was first proposed. However, it remains the case that little is known about local coherent fluctuations of spin polarizations, the scale on which they occur, how they are correlated, and how they influence spin currents and their fluctuations, as well as the mechanisms behind current-induced spin polarizations in chaotic ballistic systems. In a theoretical report on current-induced spin polarization from the University of Arizona, progress is made in filling in some of these gaps, and a 'spin–probe' model is proposed [5]. Spin is also an important element in quantum information research. With electron spin coherence lifetimes exceeding 1 ms at room temperature, as well as the added benefit of being optically addressable, nitrogen-vacancy defects in diamond have been identified as having considerable potential for quantum information applications. Now researchers in the US describe the fabrication and low-temperature characterization of silica microdisk cavities coupled to diamond nanoparticles, and present theoretical and experimental studies of gallium phosphide structures coupled to nitrogen-vacancy centers in bulk diamond [6]. Double quantum dots have been considered as prospective candidates for charge qubits for quantum information processors. The application of a bias voltage can be used to control tunnelling between the double quantum dots, allowing the energy states to be tuned. Researchers in Switzerland investigate experimentally the effect of ohmic heating of the phonon bath on decoherence, and find that the system can be considered as a thermoelectric generator [7]. This progress has only been made possible by advances in our understanding of the fundamental science behind quantum mechanics, and work exploring this territory is still a hotbed of activity and progress. Increasingly sophisticated tools, both numerical and experimental, have facilitated engagement with quantum phenomena in nanoscale systems. Molecular spin clusters represent an ideal setting within solid-state systems to test concepts in quantum mechanics, as highlighted in this issue by researchers in Italy, who report their work on controlling entanglement between molecular spins [8]. Nanofabrication techniques have seen tremendous advances that have enabled scientists to realise new experimental electronics architectures. Using photolithography, chemical etching and electrodeposition, a collaboration of researchers in China, France and the US has fabricated mechanically controllable break junctions with finely adjustable nanogaps between two gold electrodes on solid state chips [9]. The structures can be used to characterize the electron transport properties of single molecules. In many ways, experimental realization of quantum phenomena has invigorated theoretical endeavours; experiments on the Kondo effect, for example, have renewed interest in finding new approximate solutions for the single impurity Anderson model. Researchers in Brazil present work on finding solutions to the Anderson Hamiltonian based on the atomic approach, which is simple to implement and has a low computational cost [10]. Theoretical descriptions have developed into powerful and sophisticated tools for explaining, understanding and even predicting the behaviour of quantum systems. Recent progress in the theoretical description of correlation and quantum fluctuation phenomena in charge transport through single molecules, quantum dots, and quantum wires is provided in a topical review by researchers in Germany [11]. While a claim to a complete understanding of quantum phenomena may be premature, certainly vast progress has been made in learning how to navigate new territory in the quantum world. And what is more, in exploring novel systems and the continued efforts to develop devices with capabilities enhanced due to quantum effects, we are learning to exploit it. References [1] Eddington A S 1929 The Nature of the Physical World (New York: The University Press) [2] Crommie M F, Lutz C P and Eigler D M 1993 Science 262 218–20 [3] Trbovic J, Minder N, Freitag F and Schönenberger C 2010 Superconductivity-enhanced conductance fluctuations in few-layer graphene Nanotechnology 21 274005 [4] Herzog S and Wegewijs M R 2010 Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction in transport through single-molecule transistors Nanotechnology 21 274010 [5] Jacquod Ph 2010 Scattering theory of current-induced spin polarization Nanotechnology 21 274006 [6] Santori C, Barclay P E, Fu K-M C, Beausoleil R G, Spillane S and Fisch M 2010 Nanophotonics for quantum optics using nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond Nanotechnology 21 274008 [7] Gasser U, Gustavsson S, Küng B, Ensslin K and Ihn T 2010 Phonon-mediated back-action of a charge readout on a double quantum dot Nanotechnology 21 274003 [8] Troiani F, Bellini V, Candini A, Lorusso G and Affronte M 2010 Spin entanglement in supramolecular structures Nanotechnology 21 274009 [9] Tian J-H et al 2010 The fabrication and characterization of adjustable nanogaps between gold electrodes on chip for electrical measurement of single molecules Nanotechnology 21 274012 [10] Tian J-H et al Lobo T, Figueira M S and Foglio M E 2010 The atomic approach of the Anderson model for the U finite case: application to a quantum dot Nanotechnology 21 274007 [11] Andergassen S, Meden V, Schoeller H, Splettstoesser J and Wegewijs M R 2010 Charge transport through single molecules, quantum dots and quantum wires Nanotechnology 21 272001


Any attempt to resolve a systemic financial crisis inherently involves conflicts of objectives. In the following article, we identify and elaborate on the conflicts of objectives embodied in the EU bank packages. Building on this, we then analyze how the EU Member States and the EU institutions are dealing with these conflicts of objectives. The empirical basis of our analysis comprises the explicit objectives of the EU bank packages and the details of the bank packages of the individual Member States. Our main findings are: (1) Although much effort has been extended to ensure a harmonized EU approach, the Member States in fact enjoy great leeway in designing national bank packages, which leads to competitive distortion. (2) In the conflict between fiscal objectives and micro- and macroeconomic objectives, the latter have been afforded priority. The bank packages entail passing on the costs of overcoming the crisis to the taxpayers, while the banks' creditors are not required to make a contribution. (3) As a result, short-term financial stability is favored over long-term stability in the conflict between these two objectives. (4) Some attempts have been made to resolve these conflicts of objectives by attaching conditions to state aid. Our analysis indicates first of all, that under certain circumstances conditions such as dividend restrictions, state influence on company management and salary caps may be consistent with all of the objectives specified, and second, that requirements to maintain lending and solve borrowers' debt problems are themselves subject to unavoidable conflicts of objectives.


Abstract : During Operation Iraqi Freedom 11 from March to September of 2004, the patient evacuation team (PET) of the l% Marine Expeditionary Force recorded 1133 missions during the evacuation of2010 casualties. They recorded Total Mission Time and other key characteristics of the missions such as the evacuation category of the casualties and the amount of flight time it took to evacuate the casualty to the next echelon of care. The average mission involved 1.77 casualties. The average Urgent flight tookjust 39 minutes; however, the Total Mission Time was over one and one half hours. Several predictor (independent) variables were used in attempt to explain the total amount of time that it took to complete the mission. This model explained 46% (R2 = .459) of the Total Mission Time. The model produced a regression equation, F (10, 1122) = 95.38, (p <.001). The variable contributing the most was Urgent Casualty (t = -21.42, p <.001). Future planners should use all of these contributing factors to train their Marines and Soldiers on casualty assessment and proper evacuation request procedures.


Seismic monitoring is an important tool for understanding and mitigating seismic risk in many mining operations, especially those with deep, burst-prone conditions. However, establishing and operating a seismic network that produces quality seismic data can be very expensive due to equipment and labour costs associated with installation and maintenance of seismic stations. Researchers with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health are exploring data processing techniques that can improve the quality of a seismic event catalogue that do not require installing additional instrumentation. This paper presents the application of subspace methods to increase event detection capabilities of a surface seismic network monitoring a deep underground metal mine in the northwest of the United States of America. Events recorded on the network from late April to early July 2016 are used to identify similar, lower-magnitude events that occurred in a 15day study period in June of the same year. False detection rates were evaluated by comparing results with a catalogue generated by an in-mine seismic monitoring system, and by visually examining filtered continuous waveform data at the nearest stations to the underground workings. The number of successful event detections more than doubled, with no false detections. However, detected events included production blasts that required screening based on proximity to blasting time. Acceptable estimates of magnitudes and locations for newly detected events were obtained. The application of similar methodologies to other networks may substantially augment event catalogues and provide additional data that can be used in seismic risk analysis to improve mine safety. When continuous waveform data are stored, such processing may be undertaken long after data collection is complete — a particularly valuable capability for investigating emerging stability issues.
Keywords: seismic, event detection, waveform similarity


In allusion to characteristic of aerial target identification, a method of multiple sensor identifying aerial target based on D-S theory is discussed. An arithmetic used to multiple sensor identifying aerial target is designed. The arithmetic extends the notion of "unknown degree" and lets it cover some unknowing anti-proposition. Then an example is used to test it. By analyzing, the arithmetic can be used to identify aerial target preferably. Some complicated problem can be simplified by confirming "unknown degree" neatly and extending it properly, and achieved the preconcerted purpose though less calculating.


In this paper, I examine character and plot in the Korean soap opera Winter Sonata (2002) using the literary critic Bernard J. Paris's concept of "bargains with fate," which are designed to obtain reassurance against anxiety, but actually impair dealing with life's challenges in timely, realistic, effective ways. Such neurotic bargains reinforce their favored solutions, resist disconfirmation based on conflicting evidence, and pervasively influence the behavior of the characters in Winter Sonata. I track the influence of bargains with fate on the characters' behavior and motivations in a selection of key scenes and turning points in the drama.


To create significant pore water pressure in a tiny test specimen of clay, it must be loaded with large increments. This causes the specimen to compress at rates to several million times the rate for an equivalent element of soil in the field. A laboratory investigation of compression rates, under incremental and continuous loading, showed that the compressibility of an undisturbed sensitive clay was greatly influenced by the rate of compression. These rapid tests gave pressure-compression curves similar to those for identical specimens, and demonstrated that the relative contributions of primary and secondary consolidation is a function of test procedure. When compared with long duration incremental loading tests, however, they revealed a much higher preconsolidation pressure and less compressibility. It was therefore concluded that the influence of compression rate may be important in the interpretation of consolidation tests and warrants more attention and research.


The Coulomb sum rule (CSR) and structure factor are calculated for inelastic electron scattering from nuclear matter at zero and finite temperature in the nonrelativistic limit. The effect of short-range correlation (SRC) is presented by using lowest order constrained variational (LOCV) method and the Argonne Av18 and Δ-Reid soft-core potentials. The effects of different potentials as well as temperature are investigated. It is found that the nonrelativistic version of Bjorken scaling approximately sets in at the momentum transfer of about 1.1 to 1.2 GeV/c and the increase of temperature makes it to decrease. While different potentials do not significantly change CSR, the SRC improves the Coulomb sum rule and we get reasonably close results to both experimental data and others theoretical predictions.


The notions of "policy learning" and "policy transfer" have become increasingly influential in the public-policy literature. By utilizing a comparative analysis of regulatory change in the railways in Britain and Germany, it is argued that an institutional approach adds to the understanding of "learning" and "transfer" processes, as well as explaining which institutions mattered as Britain and Germany adopted distinctively different regulatory regimes. The institutional approach points to the constraints involved in the selection of regulatory design ideas and, by assessing three institutional factors that structure relationships between the policy domain and its environments, suggests that in the case of railway privatization in Britain and Germany in the 1990s, it was the structure of the political-administrative nexus that centrally shaped why particular policy options were selected while others were neglected.


-A new genus and species of myrmecomorphic phyline Miridae, Myrmecomiris madecassus, is described from the spiny forest region of southwest Madagascar. The new genus is most closely related to the myrmecomorphic genera Pangania and Systellonotopsis which occur in southern Africa. The new Malagasy taxon was collected on several plant species, including an Acacia and a succulent Euphorbia. The diverse mirid fauna of Madagascar is still poorly understood, especially in the botanically distinctive southwest portion of the island. During a recent expedition to Madagascar the senior author discovered an interesting new myrmecomorphic mirid, described below, in the coastal dry deciduous scrub near Tulear. Two other myrmecomorphic mirid genera, Malagachleocoris Carvalho and Myrmecopsella Pop pius, are known from the island, and additional collecting will undoubtedly turn up others. All measurements are given in millimeters. Specimen depository abbreviations are indicated in the acknowledgments. This research was supported in part by a grant from the National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C. Myrmecomiris, new genus Diagnosis. Myrmecomiris, n. gen. is a member of the subfamily Phylinae on the basis of its pretarsal structure and male genitalia. The structure of the male genitalia and the flattened pronotal collar assign it to the tribe Hallodapini, specifically to the Systellonotus group as defined by Schuh (1974). This genus appears to be most closely allied to Pangania Poppius, known from Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa, and Systellonotopsis Poppius, known from Botswana and Tanzania. Myrmecomiris differs from Pangania in having long erect pubescence on the dorsum and a very long twisted vesica quite different from that figured by Schuh (1974) for Pangania fasciatipennis Poppius, although the right paramere is similar to that figured for P. chnous by Odhiambo (1963). In Schuh's (1974) key to South African phyline genera Myrmecomiris runs to Systellonotopsis, from which it differs in lacking erect pubes cence on the pronotum and scutellum, in bearing long erect setae on the hemelytra, and in possessing a distinctively enlarged fourth antennal segment. All known females of Pangania and Systellonotopsis are macropterous, whereas only brachypterous females of Myrmecomiris have been collected so far. The geographical proximity of This content downloaded from 22.214.171.124 on Thu, 12 May 2016 04:57:54 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 2 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Vol. 98(1) these related genera suggests that Myrmecomiris and Systellonotopsis may be sister groups isolated by the opening of the Mozambique Channel in Cretaceous time. Two other genera of ant mimetic phyline Miridae, Malagacheocoris Carvalho and Myrmicopsella Poppius also occur in Madagascar. Myrmecomiris may be separated from Malagacheocoris by the structure of the male pronotum, which is strongly constricted and nearly cylindrical on the anterior half in the latter genus, but tapers relatively evenly on the anterior half in Myrmecomiris; the general body form of Malagacheocoris is also noticably more elongate (see Carvalho, 1952, p. 98, fig. 3). Myrmicopsella is known only on the basis of a single winged female (Poppius, 1914), but its generally blackish brown coloration, flat scutellum and macropterous females will easily separate it from Myrmecomiris. In addition the genera belong to different tribes, since Schuh (1974) assigned Myrmicopsella to his tribe Leucophoropterini, while Myrmecomiris, as noted above, falls into the Hallodapini, along with Mala gacheocoris. The recorded distributions of these three Malagasy genera are plotted in Figure 6; all occur in the drier central and western portions of Madagascar, and no species is yet recorded from the wet eastern forests. Description. MACROPTEROUS MALE. Head triangular when viewed from above; eyes large, protrusive, bearing a few very minute setae, removed from anterior margin of pronotum by distance equal to diameter of antennal segment I; vertex broadly convex, width subequal to twice the dorsal width of an eye, weakly concave along posterior margin, acarinate; frons and vertex bearing many long erect pale setae; gula short, acarinate, length near to one and a half times the diameter of antennal segment I; antennae long, segment I moderately enlarged, segments II and III slender, smaller in diameter than segment I, segment IV fusiform, enlarged, maximum diameter equal to that of segment I. Pronotum trapezoidal, anterior margin with broad flattened collar, lateral margins weakly concave, posterior margin sinuate, weakly concave medially, posterolateral angles acute; pronotal surface shining, lacking long erect setae. Scutellum tumescent, forming low conical protruberance posteriorly, bearing a few recumbent setae along anterior margin; mesoscutum barely exposed. Hemelytra com plete, exceeding tip of abdomen, bearing numerous long erect pale setae, lateral margins weakly concave. Legs long, slender, fore coxae robust; claws slender; par empodia hair-like, parallel; pulvilli small, closely appressed to inner face of claw basally. Rostrum long, extending to metasternum between tips of middle coxae. Male genitalia of phyline-type, twisted to left in capsule when viewed from above, right paramere small, leaf-like; left paramere larger, cup-like; vesica long, twisted into several loops, gonopore subapical, well developed. BRACHYPTEROUS FEMALE. Ant-like, head globose when viewed from above, eyes not protrusive, frons and vertex broadly convex; pronotum campanulate, swol len, anterior margin depressed to form flattened collar; scutellum conical; hemelytra brachypterous, extending to base of abdomen, truncate posteriorly; abdomen con stricted basally, globose posteriorly with conspicuous pleural fold. Type species. Myrmecomiris madecassus, n. sp. Etymology. The name Myrmecomiris refers to the ant-like form of the females. Myrmecomiris madecassus, new species Diagnosis. Among the phyline Miridae of Madagascar, M. madecassus is the only known species with brachypterous ant-mimetic females. The distinct coloration of This content downloaded from 188.8.131.52 on Thu, 12 May 2016 04:57:54 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1990 A NEW MYRMECOMORPHIC MIRID 3


Recent advances in the field of m ental retardation have included the development of instrum ents for assessm ent of both psychopathology and social skills in individuals w ith mental retardation. Researchers have subsequently begun investigating relationships between between psychopathology and social skills in individuals with m ental retardation. Initial studies have focused on persons with severe and profound m ental retardation. The present study examined the relationship between psychopathology and social skills in individuals with mild and m oderate mental retardation. This investigation used the A ssessm ent for Dual Diagnosis (ADD) to m easure psychopathology and the Social Performance Survey Schedule (SPSS) to evaluate social skills. Significant differences were observed between groups that were high or low in symptoms of psychopathology. Group patterns of social skills, item s which significantly differentiate the groups, and future research implications are discussed.


T first contemporary description of the syndrome of acute tubular necrosis (synonymously used with the clinical diagnosis of acute kidney injury) was reported by Drs. Bywaters and Beal. That specific case was a clinical description of a young woman who had suffered crush injuries during the "London Blitz," with the probably cause of ATN resulting from a combination of ischemic injury and rhabdomyolysis. It turns out that there have been prior historical references hinting toward nephrotoxic injury. Ouzounellis explained the phenomenon of "Coturnism," an illness manifested by rhabdomyolysis after consuming Quailmeatwhen theQuail has consumedpoisonous plants (eg, Hemlock). A reference to this event dates back to the Old Testament, in the Book of Numbers (11:31-34), when Moses led his people to Egypt, and they were "smote with a plague" after they worked all day and all night and then consumed the quail that flew over their camp. The syndrome of acute kidney injury (AKI), most commonly resulting from ATN from either ischemic or toxic injury, has been associated with high mortality rates. During Word War II, those who suffered from this syndrome were reported to have experienced a mortality rate of over 90%. Subsequently, during the Korean War era, the mortality associated with AKI was dramatically lower (approximately 50%). This was largely attributed to the availability of dialysis support and other medical advances that led to improved strategies of resuscitation. Themorbidity andmortality associatedwithAKI remain frustratingly high. Although several therapeutic agents have been successful in experimental models, translation of these therapies to prevent or ameliorate kidney injury has been met with disappointing. In addition to biological events, it is evident that tubular injury/AKI can also result as a consequence of planned procedures or treatments. Table 1 shows that with medical advances, patients are more likely to undergo high-risk procedures. Additionally, evidence form large national registries/databases indicates that patients admitted to hospitals are increasingly sicker in terms of their acute illness as well as chronic comorbid disease burden. Overall, in the United States, there are an


The bis(mercaptoimidazolyl)hydroborato calcium compound,[Bm MeBenz ] 2 Ca(THF) 2 , may be obtained by the reaction of Ca(BH 4 ) 2 •2(THF) with 1-methyl-1,3-dihydro-2 H -benzimidazole-2-thione. X-ray diffraction demonstrates that the [Bm MeBenz ] ligands coordinate in a k 3 – S 2 H manner such that the calcium is eight-coordinate with a dodecahedral geometry that features two Ca•••H–B interactions.


In this paper recent progress in the tensile drawing behaviour of polyester fibres at Leeds University will be reviewed in the light of earlier studies. It is hoped that this review of earlier studies of a subject which has developed over the last forty years will be a fitting tribute to mark Professor John Hearle's 70th birthday, and suitably acknowledge his many contributions to fibre science and technology over the whole of this period of time.


The effects of exposure to low concentrations of HgCl2 on the intracellular levels of Cu, Zn and Hg in S. costatum grown in artificial seawater were determined. An attempt was made to determine whether mercury-induced synthesis of metallothionein-like substance could be responsible for sequestering heavy metals in a diatom. Short-term exposure to 1.84 nM HgCl2 resulted in a reduced growth rate and cell density, possibly due to the toxic effects of Hg which mainly accumulated in the high molecular weight pool. Pre-exposure to 1.84 nM HgCl2 prior to exposure at 5.53 nM HgCl2 resulted in a lower accumulation of Hg in the high m. w. pool. Exposure to 0.37 nM HgCl2 was sufficient to alter the levels and distribution of intracellular Cu and Zn. Upon Hg exposure, Zn levels decreased in high and low m. w. fractions but gradually increased in the medium m. w. pool. Copper slightly increased in the high m. w. pool but remained constant in the medium and low m. w. pools in relation to total intracellular levels. The increase of Zn in the medium m. w. pool, in Hg-exposed cultures, the low levels of Cu and Zn in the medium m. w. fractions, and the*absence of aromatic amino acids, as determined by the 280 nm absorbance profiles, suggest that metallothionein may play a role in storage or detoxification of heavy metals in S. costatum. High levels of Cu and Zn in the low m. w. pool may indicate that a substance of lower m. w. than usually reported for metallothionein-like substance also may play a role in the storage and detoxification of heavy metals in S. costatum. Introduction sons 1978), 2) altering the quaternary or tertiary Repeated exposures of phytoplankton to trace elements ««JTM *»*»«. ° 3) fding to active or other sites may increase tolerance (De Filippis and Pallaghy 1976) leadmg *° '°"f°TMat,onal «*"*«· (Friedberg 1974). to subsequent exposures but it is not known whether a Metallothionein has been ubiquitously found in land complexing agent such as metallothionein plays a role in and marine animals (Piscator 1964, Buhler and this process. Kagi 1974, Howard and Nickless 1977a, 1977b), but its Metallothionein is a low molecular weight (m. w.) protein P ta P^ytoplankton remains to be clarified. (10,000 daltons) whose synthesis is stimulated by The initiation of logarithmic growth in algae previously exposure to heavy metals. This protein can bind and inhibited by heavy metals (Kamp-Nielsen 1972, Bendetoxify heavy metals such as Ag, Cd and Hg (Winge assat et αϊ 1972, Berland et αϊ. 1977, Bentley-Mowat et al 1975). It can also store Cu and Zn when they and Reid 1977) may be attributed to several factors. occur in excess of the levels required for metalloenzymes One possible reason for the recovery from inhibition (Bremmer and Davies 1975, Brown and Chatel 1978). may be the production of complexing agents such as Deleterious effects may occur when the rate of heavy metallothionein. McLean et al (1972) may have found metal accumulation exceeds the rate of metallothionein a metallothionein-like fraction binding Cd and Zn in synthesis or its binding capacity (Winge et al 1973, blue-green algae, exposed to radioactive Cd. Tolerance Brown and Parsons 1978). Hence, heavy metals such could also be acquired by the development of an excluas Cd and Hg may accumulate in the high m. w. pool sion mechanism (Davies 1976), by volatilization of and exert toxic effects by: 1) substituting for Cu and mercury from the medium (Ben-Bassat and Mayer Zn in metalloenzymes (Brown 1977, Brown and Par1975,1977), or by an acclimation response (Stokes et al 1973, Stockner and Antia 1976, Say et al 1977). ~ Cells of Chlorella, which became Hg-resistant, reestab1 To whom reprint request should be sent. , rr. . . 2 Present adre«: Toxicology Division, Seakem Oceanography lished normal growth rates and were more efficient in Ltd., 9817 West Saanich Road, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada, volatilization of mercury than Hg-sensitive cells (De 0006-8055/80/0023-0053 $02.00 © by Walter de Gruyter & Co. · Berlin · New York 54 Cloutier-Mantha and Brown: Effects of Hg exposure on intracellular distribution of Hg, Co, Zn in Skeletonema costatum F ippis and Pallaghy 1976). The cell extract from Chlorella contained a natural, low molecular weight, non enzymatic, light induced, reducing compound capable of diffusing elemental Hg from the spent medium (Ben-Bassat and Mayer 1977,1978). The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of a short-term biochemical adaptation in response to heavy metal exposure in S. costatum, i. e., to determine whether metallothionein-like substance would be responsible for the sequestering of heavy metals. The effects of HgCl2 on the intracellular levels and distribution of Cu and Zn are also examined. This cosmopolitan neritic diatom is a predominant species during the vernal bloom. Materials and Methods


Background and aims We investigated the conditioning roles of viral tropism and other variables on plasma HIV RNA levels after 6 months of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in an HIV-infected Italian naïve population using regression tree, random forest regression, and path analysis (PA). Patients in this multicenter observational study were treated with all antiviral drugs that are currently recommended as first-line therapies. Methods Adult patients with chronic HIV infection were enrolled at the beginning of first-line cART (T0). The main variables were age, gender, tropism, "lcd4_0" and "lcd4_6" (log10 CD4+counts at T0 and after 6 months of cART, respectively), and "lrna0" (log10 HIV RNA at T0). Regression tree and random forest analyses were applied. The predictive effect on lrna6 (log10-transformed plasma HIV RNA after 6 months of cART) was also investigated via PA (x4->lcd4_0->lrna0->lrna6) with a treatment selection step included as a dependent (mediator) variable for each third drug and, as predictive covariates, age, female, x4_10, x4_5, lcd4_0, and lrna0. Tropism was assessed in plasma using the Geno2pheno algorithm with 2 false positive rate (FPR) cut-offs: 5% (x4_5) and 10% (x4_10). Results The study included 571 subjects (21% x4_10 and 10.7% x4_5). The only important predictor of lrna6 was lrna0, and a positive indirect effect of bearing X4 virus in plasma was suggested. A significant direct positive effect of protease inhibitors on lrna6 was found (p = 0.022), and a significant negative effect of integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) was also detected (p = 0.003 for FPR ≤ 5% and p = 0.01 for FPR < 10%). PA predicted mean residual viremias of 40 copies/mL without INSTI and 3 copies/mL with INSTI. Conclusions PA indicated a possible indirect role of HIV tropism on lrna6 with both FPR < 10% and ≤ 5%. Patients treated with INSTI had a predicted residual viremia of 3 copies/mL.


The a-c electrical conductivity was measured for the systems CuI + CdI/sub 2/, CuCl + CdCl/sub 2/, CuI + KI, CuI + RbI, and CuCl + RbCl, and the results are discussed in relation to phase diagrams. New, highly conducting materials at room temperature were surveyed for the system, RbCl + CuCl. 4 figures, 5 tables.


SAI System is a database management software developed in the quot;Cquot; environment. It consists user friendly coding forms for inputing the various types of data. Sample queries are provided for not only accessing the information in a variety of ways but also for searching an aircraft for meeting given specifications. Its display module shows the arcraft on the screen giving a visual input to the designer which is a novel feature of this package. It also contains a document module to store all unstructured information of the aircraft.


According to equations (1) and (2) new bis(organosulfinato)mono and bis(pyridine) complexes of zinc with coordination numbers 4, 5 and 6 are described. The structures are discussed pn the basis of the IR spectra of the compounds.


The purpose of this study were to find out the interaction between the sardines oil with zinc on concentrations of prostaglandin-E2, serum zinc levels, zinc absorption, alkaline phosphatase activity of ram fed by basal ration of sugar cane pulp that have been fermented and urea added. (2) To what extent the effect of the interaction between sardines oil and zinc to concentrations of prostaglandin-E2, serum zinc levels, zinc absorption, alkaline phosphatase activiy. (3.) What level of zinc and sardines oil gave the best to concentrations of prostaglandin-E2, serum zinc levels, zinc absorption and alkaline phosphatase activity. Experiments conducted in the cage experiment Test Farm, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry and at Livestock Research Center (Balitnak) Ciawi Bogor. The experiments were carried out in two stages, namely 1) an experiment in vitro to explore the level of use of urea. Fermented sugar cane pulp using rumen fluid plus buffer fluid compared to fermentation with the bacteria Cytophaga sp. Performed with completely randomized design (CRD) with four levels of Urea (0, 0.5 1.0 and 1.5%) as a treatment and five replications. 2) experiment in vivo to explore the level sardines oil supplementation and zinc. Analysis Statistic was conducted by randomized block design (RBD). A factor is a supplement of zinc (ZnSO4) with stage 0, 50 and 100 mg.kg -1 DM rations, factor B is the sardines oil level with 0, 1.5 and 3% kg -1 DM rations. Sheep were divided into 3 groups based on body weight.. Experiments in vivo performed using rams age 5-7 months weighing between 17-20 kg. The basal ration used was sugar cane pulp silage of urea which has the highest fermentability (experimental results 1) of the rumen fluid plus buffer with urea levels of 0.5% in comparison DM and concentrates 25%: 75% are prepared with CP 13.61 % and 63.71% TDN. There is interaction between the sardines oil with zinc on concentrations of prostaglandinE2, serum zinc levels, zinc absorption, alkaline phosphatase activity, of ram fed by basal ration of sugar cane pulp that have been fermented and added urea. Interaction shown in, serum concentrations of PGE2 (P <0.01) and absorption of zinc (P <0.01). At the level of sardines oil 1.5% and zinc 50 mg provides the best concentrations of prostaglandin-E2, serum zinc levels, zinc absorption, alkaline phosphatase activity from the rams were given the rations of sugar cane pulp that have been fermented and urea added.


The influences of normalizing temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high frequency electric resistance welded pipe X52 were studied by Gleeble-3500 thermo mechanical simulator.The results show that the strength of X52 steel deceases with the increase of normalizing temperature in the normalizing temperature range from 850 to 1000 ℃,when the normalizing temperature is 900 ℃,the lowest strength is obtained.With further increasing the normalizing temperature,the strength increases.However,with the increase of the normalizing temperature in range from 900 to 1000℃,the microstructure of the weld zone is refined,and the strength increases.Under the same heat treatment conditions,the microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld zone are similar to that of steel plate.


Introduction: Human attachment is known to be closely associated with psychophysiological phenomenon. However, there have not been enough researches on the relationship of the attachment with sleep, especially with insomnia. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between adult attachment styles and insomnia in community-dwelling population. Methods: One hundred seventy seven community-dwelling adults (74 males and 103 females;mean age ) participated in the current study. To assess the attachment styles (secure, dismissing, preoccupied and fearful), self-reporting Relationship Style Questionnaires (RSQ) were completed by the participants. Presence, type, frequency and duration of insomnia in the last month were also investigated. Results: Compared to subjects without insomnia, subjects with insomnia had higher fearful attachment scores (t=2.87, p=0.005). Higher fearful attachment score were found in all subtypes of insomnia (sleep-onset insomnia, t=2.33, p=0.021;maintenance insomnia, t=2.92, p=0.004;terminal insomnia, t=2.89, p=0.004). Subjects with frequent ( per week) insomnia had higher fearful attachment scores than subjects with infrequent ( per week) insomnia (t=2.57, p=0.012). In addition, subjects with chronic insomnia ( months) had higher preoccupied attachment scores relative to subjects with transient insomnia (


Printed on recycled paper A Pacific Northwest icon, Puget Sound is the second-largest estuary in the United States. Its unique geology, climate, and nutrient-rich waters produce and sustain biologically productive coastal habitats. These same natural characteristics also contribute to a high quality of life that has led to growth in human population and urbanization. This growth has played a role in degrading the Sound, including declines in fish and wildlife populations, water-quality issues, and changes in coastal habitats. Natural resource managers look to the USGS as a critical science resource needed to solve problems in this important ecosystem.


The TurboEdit algorithm,which is adopted to detect and repair the cycle slips in GIPSY(GNSSinferred positioning system),is introduced,and on the basis of this introduction the prerequisiste for cycle-slip detecting in the TurboEdit algorithm is analyzed.The moving average is used to replace the overall average of all the data prior to the epoch in detecting the cycle slip with the wide-lane combination algorithm,and in the ionospheric combination algorithm the difference between the values of carrier phase ionospheric combination for adjacent epochs is used to detect the cycle slip so as to avoid the pseudorang ionospheric combination with higher noise.The experimental results show that the improved algorithm is more effective than the original TurboEdit algorithm for the bad observation condition,the blind-spots in TurboEdit algorithm,and high cycle slip rates.


Th is brief exami nes the status of nutrit ion in Tanzania. D e spite im provements bet ween 1 999 and 20 04 /05 , data clearly show that the prevalenc e of child undern utri tion rema ins high in Tanzaniaand malnutrit ion b egins atan earl y age. B ased on the evidence presente d, the bri e f conc ludes that a nationalstr ategy to prevent ma lnutr ition m ustfocus upon protec ting, promoting and sustaining improved nutritionin ch ildren under tw o years of age . S trong adv oca c y for nutri tion and effective co ord inati on ofinterve ntions unde rnational leadership are urgently requ ired toraisethe profile ofnutrition and im prove nutriti onaloutc om es in Tanzania.


ABSTRACT For the purpose of efficient utilization of sediments dredged from harbor, a new method was proposed in this study. Marine silt bricks were made by mixing sediments with cement and gypsum, placing it in a cubic mold with 240 mm in length, 115 mm in width, and 53 mm in height, and curing for certain days. To investigate the effects of cement and initial water content of soil on the mechanical behavior of marine silt bricks, unconfined compressive and flexural strength tests were carried out. Given the same curing time and cement content, the higher the initial water content, the lower the compressive and flexural strength. After 60 days of curing, the compressive strength of marine silt bricks with cement content = 20% and water content = LL (liquid limit) reached approximately 5 MPa. The flexural strength was relatively low. The flexural strength of marine silt bricks with 20% cement and water content = LL was around 1.5 MPa. The compressive and flexural strength decreased with the increase of water/cement ratio. As for the curing time, longer curing time had a positive impact on the compressive strength. The ratio of flexural to compressive strength varied slightly in the range of 0.4–0.5.


Oxygen-isotope patterns in a stalagmite from a cave in southern China, reported on page
 854, indicate that the sun is one of the main drivers of tropical monsoon variations over the centuries.


of caregiving and end-of-life topics describe issues that often overlap with spiritual and religious concerns. Strongly leveraged for the professional and informal caregivers, the discussion of end-of-life concerns provides information regarding treatment options and ways to seek out the elder's preferences and directives for continued care, as well as last wishes as death nears. This area is largely based on the work of Byock (1997), and emphasizes dying well by seeking to give and ask for forgiveness, saying goodbye, expressing gratitude for living, and finding meaning in life through dying. Throughout, the book nicely includes narratives from individuals included in the research conducted by the first author (Fisher, 1993). These narratives describe ways older adults may prevail against the challenges and losses in later-life, underscoring the importance of hope and the newness the future brings. Thus in a very effective manner, the authors inform and endeavor to promote the understanding that "loss becomes an opportunity for growth," so that in either professional or informal caregiving roles, one may espouse a "spirit capable of growing and enduring . . . so that all may prevail" (p. 213).


1534Background: Telephone disclosure (TD) of genetic testing is non-inferior to in-person disclosure (IPD) for most outcomes but did not meet non-inferiority for knowledge change. We sought to understand which concepts patients don't understand and factors associated with lower knowledge. Methods: Patients were recruited to a multi-center, randomized trial (NCT01736345) comparing TD to IPD of genetic test results. 819 patients were randomized (IPD = 418; TD = 401); 165 declined randomization and requested IPD. Knowledge was assessed after pre-test counseling (V1) and test disclosure (V2). Results: There were no significant differences in genetic or multi-gene (MG) knowledge between disclosure groups after V1 and V2. On average, patients answered 73% (SD 1.19) of genetic knowledge and 57% (SD 1.78) of mg knowledge items correctly.After V1, most understood implications of a positive result (87%), that results are not deterministic (84%) and risks for their children (91%). Understanding of uninformative nega...


This paper presents a theory of anticipatory networks that originates from anticipatory models of consequences in multicriteria decision problems. When making a decision, the decision maker takes into account the anticipated outcomes of each future decision problem linked by the causal relations with the present one. In a network of linked decision problems, the causal relations are defined between time-ordered nodes. The scenarios of future consequences of each decision are modeled by multiple vertices starting from an appropriate node. The network is supplemented by one or more relations of anticipation, or future feedback, which describe a situation where decision makers take into account the anticipated results of some future optimization problems while making their choice. So arises a multigraph of decision problems linked causally and by one or more anticipation relation, termed here the anticipatory network. We will present the properties of anticipatory networks and propose a method of reducing, transforming and using them to solve current decision problems. Furthermore, it will be shown that most anticipatory networks can be regarded as superanticipatory systems, i.e. systems that are anticipatory in the Rosen sense and contain a future model of at least one other anticipatory system. The anticipatory networks can also be applied to filter the set of future scenarios in a foresight exercise.


Recent losses of worldwide biodiversity include population declines and extinctions in many amphibian populations. Many factors, including pathogens, are contributing to amphibian population declines. One pathogen, a water mould of the genus Saprolegnia, causes mortality in early life stages of amphibians and may contributeto the declines of specific amphibian populations. Most of our knowledge of how Saprolegnia affects amphibians comes from studies of embryos. The effects of Saprolegnia on post-metamorphic amphibians are poorly known. Therefore, in the laboratory, we investigated the susceptibility ofnewly-metamorphosedjuvenile amphibians to Saprolegnia in four frog species: Bufo boreas (western toad), Pseudacris regilla (Pacific treefrog), Rana aurora (red-legged frog) and R. cascadae (Cascades frog). We found that juvenile R. cascadae exposed to Saprolegnia had greater rates of mortality than unexposed controls. In the other species, survival was also lower in the Saprolegnia treatments compared with controls but these differences were not statistically significant. Combined effects of Saprolegnia in both embryonic and juvenile stages may make the populations of R. cascadae especially vulnerable.


Water photoelectrolysis has the potential to produce renewable hydrogen fuel, therefore addressing the intermittent nature of sunlight. Herein, a monolithic, photovoltaic (PV)-assisted water electrolysis device of minimal engineering and of low (in the μg range) noble-metal-free catalysts loading is presented for unassisted water splitting in alkaline media. An efficient double perovskite cobaltite catalyst, originally developed for high-temperature proton-conducting ceramic electrolyzers, possesses high activity for the oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline media at room temperatures too. Ba1–xGd1–yLax+yCo2O6−δ (BGLC) is combined with a NiMo cathode, and a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 6.6% in 1.0 M NaOH, under 1 sun simulated illumination for 71 h, is demonstrated. This work highlights how readily available earth-abundant materials and established PV methods can achieve high performance and stable and monolithic photoelectrolysis devices with potential for full-scale applications.


The invention relates to a gear unit with two outer engagement meshing gears (50) which are surrounded by a housing having opposite a high and a low pressure port (33). According to the invention an imaginary boundary line (80) two toothed wheels (50) on the inner peripheral surface of the housing associated with that intersects the end (65) of the Druckausgleichsfase (64), wherein they (parallel to the line of contact (83) between the tooth tips (56) of the gears 50) and the inner peripheral surface (31), wherein the cutting edge (85) between the two boundary lines (80) is disposed, wherein the minimum distance (81) between the cutting edge (85) and the boundary lines (80) at least one pitch of the gears (50), wherein the cross-sectional shape of the low pressure port (33) in such a manner deviating from the circular shape, that its the Zahnrader (50) covering the cross-sectional area (79) is greater than the gears (50) covering the cross-sectional area of an imaginary circular low pressure port (82), having the same minimum distance (81) to the boundary lines (80).


Six Stemona alkaloids were synthesized racemically by using stemoamide, obtained via cascade cyclization or our reported transannular cyclization of parvistemoamide, as the common intermediate. Thioamides facilitated the separation of isosaxorumamide...


As a consequence of a technological change, the productivity of a factor may increase even when its supply increases. In this paper we analyze the determinants of this technological bias. We present a general equilibrium model, where a good is produced in the final sector using both a factor and a technology, and the technology is produced in the intermediate sector. We allow for different market structures in the intermediate sector, and we prove that both competition and a variable set of technology producers may affect the occurrence of the technological bias, since they affect the necessary nonconvexities in the equilibrium allocation.


Reforming examining method is one of the important ways of improving employee training quanity.In this paper a kind of software that makes examination standardization is opened up using the data-base technology. It is efficientive to improve the training quality.


Based on BP neural network,the models of chemical-biological flocculation process were set up,and the adaptabilities of the single Multi-Input/Multi-Output(MIMO)model and Multi-Input/Single-Output(MISO)model were studied.Results showed that the relative errors in forecasting could be controlled below 9.0% in the application of MISO models,which was lower than in the use of the MIMO model.It was reasonable in the application of the MISO model to set up the modeling of the chemical-biological flocculation process,which could satisfy with the needs of the real-time control.The study could provide the feasible way for the optimal design and real-time control of the chemical-biological flocculation process.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase--protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway in the pro- tective effect of aerobic endurance training on the skeletal muscular mitochondria.

METHODS
Thirty-six rats were randomly divided into three groups( n = 12): control group, aerobic endurance training group and one-time exhaustive group. After the intervention, the quadriceps femoris muscle sample was obtained to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential( MMP), the activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cy- tochrome coxidase (COX), and the protein levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt.

RESULTS
Compared with the control group, the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential, the activities of succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome coxidase, and the protein levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt were all significantly decreased in the one-time exhaustive group (P < 0.05). However, all the above was partially reversed in the endurance training group (P < 0.05), and there was no obvious difference with the control group (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION
Aerobic endurance training plays an important role in the protective effect on the skeletal muscular mitochondria, the mechanism may be related to activation PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.


GABEBA BADEROON explores the complex and unexpected relations of under relations of gender emerging from the personal and communal meanings of Muslim food and cooking


Under certain experimental conditions a semiconductor‐discharge gap structure can be used as detector for spatiotemporal resolved measurements on IR radiation. With a streak camera system and a semiconductor laser diode (λ=1.3 μm), we investigate experimentally the speed properties of this kind of converter. The experimental results are compared with the predictions of a simple theoretical model.


We present here the results of an X-ray analysis of Galactic supernova remnant G346.6−0.2 observed with Suzaku. K-shell emission lines of Mg, Si, S, Ca and Fe are detected clearly for the first time. Strong emission lines of Si and S imply that the X-ray emission nature of G346.6−0.2 is ejecta-dominated. The ejecta-dominated emission is well fitted by a combined model consisting of a thermal plasma in non-equilibrium ionization and a non-thermal component, which can be regarded as synchrotron emission with a photon index of � ∼ 0.6. An absorbing column density of NH ∼ 2.1 × 10 22 cm −2 is obtained from the best fit, implying a high-density medium, high electron temperature of kT e ∼ 1.2 keV and ionization time-scale of net ∼ 2.9 × 10 11 cm −3 s, indicating that this remnant may be far from full ionization equilibrium. The relative abundances from the ejecta show that the remnant originates from a Type Ia supernova explosion.


Finding the dense regions of a graph and relations among them is a fundamental problem in network analysis. Core and truss decompositions reveal dense subgraphs with hierarchical relations. The incremental nature of algorithms for computing these decompositions and the need for global information at each step of the algorithm hinders scalable parallelization and approximations since the densest regions are not revealed until the end. In a previous work, Lu et al. proposed to iteratively compute the
 h
 -indices of neighbor vertex degrees to obtain the core numbers and prove that the convergence is obtained after a finite number of iterations. This work generalizes the iterative
 h
 -index computation for truss decomposition as well as nucleus decomposition which leverages higher-order structures to generalize core and truss decompositions. In addition, we prove convergence bounds on the number of iterations. We present a framework of local algorithms to obtain the core, truss, and nucleus decompositions. Our algorithms are local, parallel, offer high scalability, and enable approximations to explore time and quality trade-offs. Our shared-memory implementation verifies the efficiency, scalability, and effectiveness of our local algorithms on real-world networks.


Recent research has shown that drivers of success in online question answering encompass presentation quality as well as temporal and social aspects. Yet, we argue that also the emotional style of a technical contribution influences its perceived quality. In this paper, we investigate how Stack Overflow users can increase the chance of getting their answer accepted. We focus on actionable factors that can be acted upon by users when writing an answer and making comments. We found evidence that factors related to information presentation, time and affect all have an impact on the success of answers.


Public concern over water quality has not only grown significantly in recent years, but also has focused increasingly on agriculture as a potential source of surface water and groundwater quality problems. Increasing evidence of groundwater contamination from agrichemicals has heightened the call for government involvement in developing groundwater protection policies. Policy makers have several groundwater protection strategies at their disposal, including moral suasion, design standards, performance standards, economic incentives, and research and development (Abler and Shortle). The economic and environmental consequences of these alternatives are topics of considerable debate. Recent federal policies dealing with nonpoint-source pollution and groundwater quality protection emphasize voluntary rather than mandatory controls (Crutchfield). Design and implementation of control measures have been left to state and local officials under both the 1987 Water


In this letter, we address a strategy to enhance the signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) of the worst-case user by using cooperative transmission from a set of geographically separated antennas. Unlike previously reported schemes which are based on either the power control of individual antennas or cooperative orthogonal transmission, the presented strategy utilizes the minimum-mean-squared error (MMSE) filter structure for beamforming, which provides increased robustness to the external interference as well as the background noise at the receiver. By iteratively updating the cooperative transmission beamforming vector and power control (PC), the balanced SINR is obtained for all users, while the transmission power from each antenna also converges to within the constrained value. It is demonstrated that proposed MMSE beamforming significantly outperforms other existing schemes in terms of the achievable minimum SINR.


Traditional oil and gas discrimination methods by gas survey logging,such as P1XLER and hydrocarbon triangular plot, has great limitations,and can not be directly used to evaluate hydrocarbon characteristics in Xihu Sag.By collecting lots of hydrocarbon component data of test formation in study area,we figure out the hydrocarbon humidity index and hydrocarbon density index and finally establish the hydrocarbon gas index plot for Xihu Sag.9 test layers of 8 wells are used to test the validity and the number is 77.8%,indicating that the index illustration method is effective and can be a good guide for field assessment of oil and gas layers.


This article describes how classroom interaction occurs between teacher educators (TEs) and students in three undergraduate programs of English language teacher education (ELTE) in Bogota, Colombia. Thirty-four sessions of classroom instruction of nine TEs were observed and transcribed. Data were analyzed under two methodologies—ethnomethodological conversation analysis (ECA) and self-evaluation of teacher talk (SETT). Findings reveal that ELTE classes are divided into transactional episodes that do not necessarily happen in the same order and that are composed of interaction patterns with an extended pedagogical purpose. Further analysis of these interaction patterns unveils that both TEs and students come into the classroom with a pre-planned conversational agenda which contains pedagogical and interactional purposes. Imbalance between both agendas creates instructional paradoxes that send mixed messages to students about how to interact with TEs in class activities. These findings open a discussion on how the identified patterns create a type of classroom interaction that is rather transactional than spontaneous. This discussion in turn contributes to discovering how classroom interaction may occur in ELTE undergraduate programs and how much of it truly achieves pedagogical and interactional goals.


In the present activity the technique of a statistical analysis of a technological level of machine tools is esteemed. The range of the investigated machine tools on a main specification from 250 mms up to 1250 mms (for a main specification width of desktop) is adopted.


The problem of reverse transition from an automated cockpit to a less technologically advanced cockpit has not yet been studied in detail. It raises concerns about pilot performance and safety even though mixed fleet flying is not uncommon in airlines across the world. The study reported here was part of a larger investigation conducted in collaboration with an airline in New Zealand. We examined the potential issues of transitioning between the cockpit of ATR 72-500/600 aircraft. The aim of this thesis was to: (1) Identify the potential areas of concerns during reverse transition and (2) determine if the identified issues would translate to real life performance issues. These aims were tested by using a two-part method: a survey and three subsequent full flight simulator trials. The survey was used to measure the pilots' perceptions regarding forward transition, mixed fleet flying, and the concerns they have with regards to it. The simulation study then tested to see if the concerns identified in the survey would translate to actual performance issues. The survey was developed in collaboration with the airline, and identified (pilots') specific areas of concern. Survey results were then analysed to form themes that were used to modify the original hypothesis, which was tested in full flight simulation trials in New Zealand. Using a staged-world observation method common in engineering psychology, the performance of expert pilot participants was examined during four simulated flights undergoing three different sets of conditions: normal, non-normal, and emergency. Using those scenarios, the following hypothesis was tested: during simulated normal, non-normal, and emergency flight operations, pilots experiencing a reverse transition will exhibit performance difficulties in the areas of (1) presentation and layout of instruments, (2) information display capacity (3) flight systems, (4) standard operating procedures, and (5) automated functions. The observations of the simulation trials revealed partial support for the hypothesis, such that some performance difficulties were found. The implications of these findings and future research are discussed.


A DC/DC converter includes a pre-regulator stage, which may include a Buck converter, and a post-converter stage, which may include a charge pump. The duty factor of the pre-regulator stage is controlled by a feedback path that extends from the output terminal of the pre-regulator stage or the post-converter stage. The pre-regulator steps the input DC voltage down by a variable amount depending on the duty factor, and the post-converter steps the voltage at the output of the pre-regulator up or down by an positive or negative integral or fractional value. The converter overcomes the problems of noise glitches, poor regulation, and instability, even near unity input-to-output voltage conversion ratios.


DRIVERS, START YOUR ENGINES! To motorsport fans, that famous call brings to mind the roar of powerful automobiles and the start of high-speed competition. To some engineers and surface scientists, however, the words mark the onset of tribochemical reactions. As drivers rev their engines, machine components such as valves and gearwheels undergo furious revolutions and other types of motions that cause engine parts to slide past one another at high speed. Even in well-lubricated engines, the relative motions of the machine parts cause friction and wear and tear and stimulate chemical changes at the interface between the sliding surfaces and a lubricant film that's less than a micrometer thick. Tribology—the study of friction, wear, and lubrication—has clear applications to race car engines and other topics related to classical mechanical engineering. But while today's tribologists continue to study traditional engineering subjects, some of the field's practitioners focus on applications in developing areas....


The invention discloses a low-power-consumption wireless-sensor-network optimization method based on program analysis. The method includes: step1: setting up a wireless-sensor-network cluster; step2: performing program analysis; step3: optimizing function scheduling; step4: optimizing a basic block level. The low-power-consumption wireless-sensor-network optimization method carries out power-consumption optimization on wireless sensor networks through use of the result of the program analysis and realizes an objective of reducing the power consumption of the wireless sensor networks through effective scheduling of an inline function which has the highest calling frequency.


This paper is devoted to optimization of quasi-slanted interdigital transducers (IDT) that have some advantages over classical fan-shaped IDTs if few channels are used. Objects under optimization are electrode polarities, relative channel apertures, channel center frequencies and channel shifts. By varying the number of channels one can change the diffraction effect and transducer impedance at the same IDT aperture and length, which provides better matching with substrate features.


In the present study, differences occurring in the uropygial glands of roosters fed with a diet containing red hot pepper from 1-day old until 5-months old, were investigated in their histological and morphometrical aspects. It was determined in the experimental group that the lipid content of cells in the sebaceous zone of the uropygial gland was more than that of the controls, and the thicknesses of the tubulus walls and the length of the tubulus increased depending on both age and the effect of red hot pepper. It was observed that in the cells of the glycogen zone; while glycogen and neutral mucins were abundant in the control group, acid mucins were abundant in the experimental group. At the same time, the thicknesses of the tubulus walls and the length of the tubulus increased depending on age in the control group, but in the experimental group the length of the tubulus increased depending on age, while red hot pepper had a reductive effect on the thicknesses of the tubulus walls. In conclusion, in the experimental group, an increase was observed in the activity of the uropygial gland and this increase was in favour of lipid secretion, on the other hand red hot pepper had an enhancing effect on the secretion of acid mucins and a lowering effect on the secretion of glycogen and neutral mucins.


PR Process in Managing Instagram @universitaspertamina. Instagram is a new media facilitate public relations practitioners in providing information to the public with the aim of providing a positive image. @universitaspertamina is a social media account used by public relations in reaching its external public where the public target is students and academic community which has a range of USAge under 40 years. @universitaspertamina is a means of public relations in shaping the image of the organization in front of the public. In Indonesia there are 45 million active citizens using instagram. In practical terms, the instagram function is relevant to the public relations-related external public function. Instagram is a new media facilitate public relations practitioners in providing information to the public with the aim of providing a positive image. @universitaspertamina is a social media account used by public relations in reaching its external public where the public target is students and academic community which has a range of USAge under 40 years. @universitaspertamina is a means of public relations in shaping the image of the organization in front of the public.


Preservation of the spectral characteristics in multispectral images is important in the development of pansharpening methods because it affects the accuracy of subsequent applications, such as visual interpretation, land cover classification, and change detection. The combinations of the spectral properties (observation wavelength and width of spectral bands) of multispectral and panchromatic images affect both the spatial and spectral quality of pansharpened images. Therefore, the clarification of the relations between spectral bands and quality of pansharpened image is important for improving our understanding of pansharpening methods, and for developing better schemes for image fusion. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of bandwidth of panchromatic image on the spectral quality of pansharpened multispectral image by the simulation using hyperspectral data. Fifty-four panchromatic images with shifting bandwidths were generated using airborne hyperspectral data by averaging of different band combinations. Four bands of multispectral images were generated similarly from hyperspectral data, and spatially degraded by a factor of 6 in order to simulate low-resolution images. The pansharpened multispectral images were produced from these multispectral and panchromatic data by means of 5 pansharpening methods. The results were evaluated by the comparison with the non-degraded multispectral bands both qualitatively by visual assessment, and quantitatively by statistical index ERGAS. Quality of near infrared band was worse than visible bands, mainly due to the spectral position of panchromatic band in visible wave region. It was, however, gradually improved as longer bandwidth of panchromatic band that was expanded into near infrared region. Gram-Schmidt Spectral Sharpening generated somewhat better quality among the method from the view point of ERGAS. It was concluded that wider spectral bandwidth resulted in balanced quality of images in all bands, though the appearances of images are rather dissimilar to the original.


ABSTRACT The stimuli-sensitive polymeric micelles have huge applications to industrial and technological level, know their behaviour under the influence of a pure stimulus, such as the temperature is an important aspect to control and amplify its application field. In this paper, we investigate the micellar stability zones together with the structural inversion process of thermoresponsive polymeric micelles formed by a diblock copolymer (poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-b-3-[N-(3-methacrylamidopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl]ammoniopropane sulphonate (PNIPA-b-PSPP)) in an aqueous environment employing dissipative particle dynamics simulations. Our outcomes show that the PNIPA-b-PSPP copolymer has the ability to form thermodynamically stable micelles with different core-shell structure (PSPP-core/PNIPA-shell and PNIPA-core/PSPP-shell) depending on the direction of the applied stimulus (low or high temperature), the duality of this micellar behaviour is controlled by temperature effect and by the double hydrophilic character that exhibit the PNIPA and PSPP polymeric segments. Four micellar stability zones and one zone where only exist free unimer chains were detected during the thermal scan. The micellar inversion process is triggered by purely temperature effect, is totally reversible and involves three main stages: (1) micellar dissociation, (2) stabilisation of free unimer chains and (3) formation of inverse micelles, all transitory and metastable stages of micellar inversion process are described and analysed in this paper.


AIM To study the characteristics and effect of ECG in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism.METHODS Retrospective analysis of ECG changes in admission and after treatment was made in 32 patients with acute pulmonary embolism in 6 years.RESULTS ECG changes were found in 95% of the cases,with the highest sinus tachycardia(75%).The changes of the ST-T was 59%,the S_ⅠQ_ⅢT_Ⅲ syndrome and Bundle branch block(BBB) 31% respectively,the P pulmonale 28%,the clockwise votation 21%,the atrial premature beating 19%,the right axis deviation 16%,the ventricular premature beating 6%,the paroxyomal atrial fibrillation,the S_ⅠS_ⅡS_Ⅲ syndrome and the Low Amplitude were respectively 3%.CONCLUSION The abnormalities shown by the ECG in the patients with pulmonary embolism are various and some characteristics are valuable in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis.


Objective: As an ever widening array of anti-hyperglycemic agents are now available, the effect of these drugs on lipids is increasingly complex and controversial. The present meta-analysis was designed to clarify the effect of a dual combination of noninsulin anti-hyperglycemic agents on lipids in type 2 diabetes. Methods: Randomized controlled trials comparing different dual combinations of antidiabetic drugs were identified by searching PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase. Study selection, data abstraction and quality assessment were carried out by two reviewers independently. Change in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride and total cholesterol were pooled by both traditional metaanalysis and network meta-analysis.


T he concept of the sacred has an uncertain status in religious studies. It seems to refer to an emotional quality or affective tone that characterizes religious phenomena and that might serve as a criterion for a definition of religion./1/ Yet the notion of the sacred is rendered dubious by the difficulty in specifying the nature of this sacred feeling with any kind of scientific exactness. What Augustine said of time is true of the sacred; if no one asks us, we seem to know what it means; but when we are asked, we do not know.


During the 1980s, Colombia embarked on an ambitious program to decentralize responsibilities for planning, financing, and delivering public goods and services. Despite concerns that municipal governments did not have the capacity to undertake these functions, initial findings suggest that municipal governments had substantial latent capacity. In many cases, they were able to improve significantly the volume and quality of services delivered.


Aluminum has been used in marine environment over a number of years but its acceptance as a basic construction material has been relatively slow, mostly because it requires different fabricating techniques. It is the purpose of this paper to familiarize the technical community with the advantages that aluminum has to offer in the area of marine construction which have been neglected during the past and point out how this versatile material can be advantageously used in the marine environment.


When the Civil War broke out, Clara Barton wanted, more than anything else, to become a Union soldier. Determined to serve, she became instead a one-woman relief agency. She made her way to the front lines and supplied medical relief to the victims of some of the most famous battles of the war. After the war she became the founder of the Red Cross. Two 8-page inserts.


This study examined ethical ways to use welfare technology in a situation where the demand for non-face-to-face welfare services using Cloud based healthcare systems had increased rapidly in caring for elderly people who live alone. Through focus group interviews with social workers related to the care of elderly people who live alone, in-depth interviews were conducted on the current situation, problems, ethical issues, and development directions arising in the implementation of welfare technology. The main areas of interest were focused on improving safety in caring them using IoT technology and enhancing emotional support in preventing lonely deaths using companion robot and AI speaker. Issues such as the need for individualization, client-centeredness, privacy, self-determination, competence, informed consent, right to know, convenience, and advocacy were identified as important ethical considerations related to use of welfare technology. The research results suggested that various stakeholders should participate in the development of ethical indicators and welfare technology for the ethical use of welfare technology.


This is the beginning of an obstruction theory for deciding whether a map f : S 2 ! X 4 is homotopic to a topologically flat embedding, in the presence of fundamental group and in the absence of dual spheres. The rst obstruction is Wall's self-intersection number (f ) which tells the whole story in higher dimensions. Our second order obstruction (f ) is dened if (f ) vanishes and has formally very similar properties, except that it lies in a quotient of the group ring of two copies of 1X modulo S3 -symmetry (rather then just one copy modulo S2 -symmetry). It generalizes to the non-simply connected setting the Kervaire-Milnor invariant dened in [2] and [12] which corresponds to the Arf-invariant of knots in 3-space. We also give necessary and sucient conditions for moving three maps f1;f 2;f 3 :S 2 !X 4 to a position in which they have disjoint images. Again the obstruction (f1;f 2;f 3) generalizes Wall's intersection number (f1;f 2) which answers the same question for two spheres but is not sufcient (in dimension 4) for three spheres. In the same way as intersection numbers correspond to linking numbers in dimension 3, our new invariant corresponds to the Milnor invariant (1; 2; 3), generalizing the Matsumoto triple [10] to the non simply-connected setting.


This study explains a new way to speed control for PMSMs based on the FOC and SVPWM techniques employed in the building of the permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). When it comes to current control, two inner and one outside feedback loops were used. Feedback control with FOPID controllers is used to optimize the performance of PMSM motor design. FOPID parameters were optimized using genetic algorithms in MATLAB/Simulink simulations. Good dynamic and static qualities are demonstrated through simulation results. There is also a comparison of PMSM PID and FOPID controllers included.


Because uncertainty is endemic in a wide variety of economic circumstances, models of decision making under uncertainty play a key role in every field of economics. The standard model of decisions under uncertainty is based on von Neumann and Morgenstern Expected Utility Theory (EUT), so it is natural that experimentalists should want to test the empirical validity of the Savage axioms on which EUT is based. Empirical violations of EUT provoke intriguing questions about the rationality of individual behavior and, at the same time, raise criticisms about the status of the Savage axioms as the touchstone of rationality. These criticisms have generated the development of various theoretical alternatives to EUT, and the investigation of these theories has led to new empirical regularities. For the most part, these experimental investigations use several pairwise choices, a la Allais, to test EUT and its various alternatives, such as weighted utility, implicit expected utility, and prospect theory, among others. Each of these theories gives rise to indifference curves with distinctive shapes in some part of the Marschak-Machina probability triangle, so each theory can be tested against the others by choosing alternatives that the various theories rank differently. In these studies, the criterion used to evaluate a theory is the fraction of choices it predicts correctly. Generally speaking, experimental work has, on the one hand, collected only a few decisions from each subject and, on the other, presented subjects with a serious of choices, designed to compare the predictive abilities of competing theories or discover violations of specific axioms (Colin F. Camerer (1995) and Chris Starmer (2000) review the experimental and theoretical work that focuses on evaluating non-EUT theories). Although this practice is understandable given the purposes for which the experiments were designed, critics say that it limits the usefulness of the data for other purposes. First, while these experiments reveal that violations exist, they give us little sense of how important they are or how frequently they


The authors believe that reducing the size of solar‐driven refrigerators and air conditioning systems will make them more attractive to potential users. This paper presents a contribution to understanding the behaviour of such systems with a view to determining the manner in which refrigeration rate, mass flows and heat transfer areas are related. The intention is to make possible the identification of preliminary design rules. The basic thermodynamic problem of how to obtain maximum exergy input rate in a solar‐driven refrigerator is considered. The existence of an optimal refrigerant flow rate for maximum refrigeration is investigated. The analysis proceeds by relating the entropy generation rate, the physical and operating parameters, and the constraints of the system, through well‐established heat transfer relationships. Finally, a thermodynamic analysis determines the optimal characteristics that lead to minimum entropy generation. The second law efficiency is identified as the appropriate figure of merit for the thermodynamic optimum. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


ObjectiveTo study the effect of combined trea tm ent for fungal corneal ulcer.MethodsRrtrospective analysis of patients with fungal corneal ulcer were treated by the combined methods. ResultsOf the 9 cases, 7 were cured,1 was improvement,and 1 was failin g.N o secondary glaucoma occurred.ConclusionThe study indicate tha t the effect of fungal corneal ulcer treated with using of antifungal drug combi ned with cauterization of iodine tincture,excision of focus and conjunctival tra nsplantation is satisfactory.


BACKGROUND
In 1998, when data of a meta-analysis on tamoxifen in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) had suggested a little advantage for this treatment, we published the results of a multicenter randomised controlled trial, that showed no survival benefit for tamoxifen vs. control. Here we report an updated analysis of the study results 4.5 years after the closure of enrollment.

METHODS
The study had a planned sample size of 480 patients. Patients with any stage HCC were eligible, irrespective of locoregional treatment. Tamoxifen was given orally, 40 mg/die, from randomisation until death.

RESULTS
496 patients were randomised by 30 Institutions from January 1995 to January 1997. Information was available for 477 patients. As of July 2001, 374 deaths (78%) were recorded, and median survival times were 16 and 15 months (p=0.54), in the control and tamoxifen arm. Data were further analysed separately for advanced patients and for those eligible to potentially curative locoregional treatments: relative hazard of death for patients receiving tamoxifen was equal to 0.98 (95% CI 0.76-1.25) for the former group and 1.38 (95% CI 0.95-2.01) for the latter. The prognostic score recently devised by our group (CLIP score) was, as expected, strictly correlated (p<0.0001) to the locoregional treatment received and strongly correlated with prognosis.

CONCLUSIONS
the update of the present study confirms that tamoxifen is not effective in prolonging survivals, both in advanced patients and in those potentially curable and that the CLIP score is able to predict prognosis.


In this paper we use the miss-classified news in training data as a feedback to improve the classification accuracy. We isolate the miss-classified news from the news of original classes to form new subclasses, and modify Rocchio linear classifier by using the subclasses to form new prototype vectors such that there are more than one centroid to represent each class. We have two methods, error threshold and entropy threshold, to evaluate whether the isolation of miss-classified news is worthy or not. Experimental result shows that our approaches improves Rocchio's micro-level accuracy and achieves similar performance as kNN, but with less classification time. On the other hand, with the entropy of miss- classified news, we can figure out the ambiguity between classes and sketch the diagram of the relationship between classes as a suggestion to reorganize the structure of classes for news in the future.


where a=(p+JX)/2, P=(P-JX)/2, A=b-ap, and B=b-aa. As in [3], we will put ew = AB = b2 pab a2 . We define a companion sequence {~} of {~} by ~ = Aan +Bpn. (1.3) Aspects of this sequence have been treated, for example, in [2] and [4]. For (Wo,Wi)= (0, I), we write {~} = {Un} and, for (Wo,Wi)= (2, p), we write {fv,,} = {v,,}. The sequences {Un} and {v,,} are generalizations of the Fibonacci and Lucas sequences, respectively. From (1.2) and (1.3) we see that Un = v" and ~ = L\Un. Thus, it is clear that eu = 1 and ev = -L\ = -(a _ p)2. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the infinite sums


103Background: Rare cancers (RCs) often lack proven treatments and consequently have poorer outcomes. Identification of molecular biomarkers can facilitate treatment selection and trials access for...


An induction-coupled plasma reactor was used to thermally decompose polypropylene into propylene and other useful chemicals. From a series of statistically designed experiments, it was found that plasma power input, sheath gas flow rate, central gas flow rate, powder feed rate, quench gas flow rate, and interaction of sheath gas flow rate with power and feed rate were the key parameters affecting the yield of monomer in the product gas stream. On average, 78 wt % of the polymer was converted into gas at a power level of 20 kVA. The product gas stream, on an argon-free basis, contained 94% propylene, with the balance being methane, ethylene, and some C4's. Transmission electron microscopic analysis of the carbon residue indicated the formation of some novel carbon structures, including carbon nanotubes.


FIELD: process engineering. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to water treatment, primarily, drinking water treatment, and may be used in household conditions, medicine, etc. Filtration module consists of a top part comprising cover with at least one water inlet and air outlet, and bottom part made up of a case filled with filtration material, and bottom with at least one outlet. Module bottom part features filtration variable section in crosswise and axial directions that ensure pressure differential and shaped bottom comprising base, at least two sidewalls inclined to module central axis, and at least one top surface extending toward said cover and provided with at least one outlet. Water cleaner comprises intake vessel for fluid to be cleaned, cleaned water vessel, and above described filtration module. EFFECT: higher rate and efficiency of filtration. 10 cl, 10 dwg


Introduces the principle of a new kind of portable fast-measuring instrument on the water ratio of the crude oil,and discusses the main part of the hardware and the software in detail.


In order to reduce the cost, improve the efficiency of production and less time consuming, it is the first time in China that Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping has been assigned by Nanjing Bureau of Land Resources to produce about 1000 km~ 2 Digital Orthophoto Maps (DOMs) using IMU/DGPS-based photogrammetry technology. In this paper, the accuracy and the efficiency of the project are described. Some solutions are presented such as the dividation of the region for Integrated Sensor Orientation (ISO),the interruption of GPS L2 signal on ground reference station etc.Besides, the workflow for large scale mapping using IMU/DGPS technology is summarized and presented.


Ring lasers, evanescently coupled to an adjacent optical waveguide, are essential components for the upcoming generation of integrated sources. In an ideally symmetric resonator, emission occurs from the both clockwise and counter-clockwise directions, resulting in a potential waste of emitted optical power, while unidirectional emission has been reported in different configurations, for example when asymmetric external reflectivities are used for the coupling waveguide. In the integrated form, a common approach consists in the inserting an S-bend waveguide in the ring, in such a way that the field propagating in the direction that we want to suppress is reinjected in the other direction. The S-bend waveguide must be carefully designed to reduce optical losses and to ensure a sufficient suppression of the undesired field. Using 2D finite- difference time-domain simulations performed with Synopsys RSoft©, we report a systematic analysis of the racetrack geometry of a 86.8 μm long microring laser including an inner S-waveguide, and we maximize the unidirectionality of the ring laser, scanning the gap distance between external racetrack resonator and S-bend waveguide. The results of this numerical analysis can be finally used to generate the mask layout of the improved unidirectional ring laser, targeting a Process Design Kit of choice, taking advance of the integration of RSoft with the software OptoDesigner.©


This paper presents an experimental investigation into the influence of bond characteristics between textile and matrix on the mechanical behavior of textile-reinforced concrete (TRC). Two types of tests were performed, i.e. pullout test and uniaxial tensile test. Self-compacting fine-grain concrete was adopted. Two kinds of hybrid textile, consisting of both carbon and E-glass yarns, were specially prepared for this study. The experimental results show that sticking sands on the textile after epoxy resin impregnation can improve the interfacial property between textile and matrix. The specimens with textile of 10 mm × 10 mm mesh have stronger bond strength than those with textile of 25 mm × 25 mm mesh, and can reach the maximum tensile strength of yarns when the initial bond length is between 30 mm and 35 mm. Moreover, sticking sands on the textile can improve the multiple cracks form and the ultimate bearing capacity of TRC under uniaxial tensile load. Specimens with textile of 10 mm × 10 mm mesh have higher first-crack loads than those with textile of 25 mm × 25 mm mesh whether or not the textile surface treatment was conducted, and also have better crack distribution. Finally, based on the experimental results from TRC under uniaxial tensile load, a double linear constitutive equation of stress–strain relationship of carbon fiber yarn is provided in this paper.


Wikis provide a simple and unique approach to collaborative authoring, allowing any member of the community to contribute new, or change existing information. However, Wikis are typically disconnected from the physical context of users who are utilizing or creating content, resulting in suboptimal support for geographic communities. In addition, geographic communities might find the highly skewed generation of content by a few individuals problematic. Here we present research into addressing these challenges through location-awareness and lightweight user content rating mechanisms. We describe one such location-aware Wiki, CampusWiki and initial results from a field study demonstrating the value of location-linked content and the rating approach. We conclude with a discussion of design implications.


A specimen of flux-grown K0.54(Mn,Fe)F 3 was studied at room temperature by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. The crystal has a structure of the tetragonal tungsten-bronze type with a doubled c axis. The unit-cell parameters are a = 12.765 (1), c = 8.002 (1) A, and the space group is P42bc. Leastsquares refinement was carried out with 2395 symmetry-independent reflections collected with an automatic diffractometer (Mo Kct radiation). The final R value (~ IF2o kF~l/~ IF2o I) is 0.049, with anisotropic thermal parameters. In the structure, K atoms fully occupy pentagonal (CN = 15)sites and partially occupy tetragonal (CN = 12) sites. The transitionmetal ions occupy three different kinds of octahedra. The mean M F distances in each octahedron are: 2.100 A for M ( 1 ) F , 1.939 A for M ( 2 ) F , and 1.995 A for M ( 3 ) F . These distances indicate that the M(1) sites are mainly occupied by bivalent ions, chiefly Mn 2÷, the M(2) sites by Fe 3÷ and the M(3) sites by Mn 2+ and Fe 3+.


The paper points out the challenges of management consulting in modern complex and unstable economic conditions. The authors emphasize the need for management consulting support tools that would be adequate to the hyper-turbulent nature of modern business environment and consider the possibility of developing such tools based on the ideas and methods of cognitive modeling. Examples of the use of cognitive tools are given and their prospective applications are discussed, such as the possibility of interdisciplinary integration in a compact and generally accessible form of "best support practices", the possibility of studying the strategic prospects of enterprises in multifactor, dynamic and uncertain environments, the possibility of creating unified technological platform (engineering) of the "cognitive school" of strategic management.


Ecology of butterflies in Manas scattred forest has been done from 2000 November to December 2006 in Manas Biosphere reserve. Altogether two randomly selected permanent transects (fixed length and breadth) were established along the existing paths and trails representing the Closed (CF) and S cattered forests (SCF) of the study area. The total core area of MBR is covered by 500 sq km. Transact numbers- 1(T 1) (total length 7.5 km and width 40m) and 2 (T 2) (total length 9.5 km and width 40m) of MBR to cover at least 5% (25sq km) of total area covered during sampling (present study covers 26.0768 sq km of the total co re area). It was found that the proportion of distribution of SCF/CF in T 1 = 3.7:3.8 km and T 2 = 4.7:4.8. Both scattered and close canopy forests were distributed along transects. Study revealed altogether 1864 individuals from 180 species under five butterfly families both in closed forest (CF) and scattered forest (SCF). The numbers of species were highest in SCF than CF. Largest numbers of species were observed in SCF (N = 136 species), compared to CF (N = 108 species). Comparison of significant difference in diversity between CF and SCF showed that, the species richness was different among habitats (159.1-171.9 species). The species richness (rarefa ction) of habitat CF was 159.1, whereas it was 171.9 in habitat SCF. The Margalef's D index of diversity was significantly different in both SCF and CF at 5% le vel (SCF versus CF randomization test, ∆= 2.7, P = 0.0007) where SCF was more diverse than CF. The Shannon-Wiener estimate of diversity was also different among the SCF and CF ( ∆ = 0.24, P = 0.0001) where SCF was more diverse than CF. The sample data of CF does not fit the truncated log normal distribution (for CF; χ≤ = 12.58,d f = 4; P = 0.01, with predicted species in community is 114.74, species b ehind the veil line = 6.74; λ = 219.26; for SCF , χ≤ =4.03,d f = 5; P = 0.54, with predicted species in community is 137.85, species behind the veil line = 0.75; λ= 329.15). The sampled data of SCF has fit the truncated log normal distribution. The log ranked proportional abundance of the species in SCF was higher than CF with the mos t abundant species in each habitat category comprising around 10% of the total species score. Study conclude that, in scattered forest or degraded forest other than undisturbed primary forest, it is often considered to have little value in terms of t he conservation of biodiversity. The conservation priorities are represented first of al l by specialized steno topic closedcanopy species with small geographic ranges. The hi gh proportion of this group of butterflies in closed canopy forest indicates its h igh conservation value, regardless of the fact that both the number of species and divers ity are relatively low. Our results clearly show that integrated characteristics such a s diversity or number of species, are interesting but species identity is prime for stati ng conservation priorities. Again the endemic specialized closed canopy forest taxa are t he most endangered groups to be conserved by preserving closed canopy primary forest in northeastern region of Assam.