Objectives and motivation The well-known impacts of freight distribution in urban areas are even more important and significant in small and medium size cities in terms of pollution, emissions and costs due to, among other factors, specific characteristics of the city structure (old road infrastructure, narrow streets, etc.), more strict access regulations, presence of heritage and historic assets (with higher risks for pedestrian safety). Moreover, it is also evident that the difficulties that local administrations face in addressing urban logistics are due, on the one hand, to the scepticism of local associations of shop owners (often operating in self supply provoking more difficulties than transport operators themselves) and freight operators (which are frequently small local operators) and, on the other hand, to the need of keeping the historic centres active ("Alive") despite main urban policies in the last two decades tend to "void" it. With regard to this situation it is worth noting that a further difficulty, existing also in other mobility sectors (i.e. in the integrated management of parking services and other collective mobility services), is related to the lack of capability of planning integrated solutions (not only for the city logistics), of managing process evolution and insufficient structure and skills at the level of the single Municipality.


Abstract This paper examines how the Kelly criterion, a strategy for maximizing the expected log-growth of capital through informed betting, can be applied to non-mutually exclusive bets. These are bets where there is no one-to-one correspondence between the bets and the possible outcomes of the game. This type of situation is common in horse racing, where multiple types of bets are available for a single race. The paper begins by providing a theoretical overview of the Kelly betting strategy and then discusses how it can be extended to non-mutually exclusive bets. A new formulation of the fractional Kelly strategy, which involves betting a fixed fraction of the amount suggested by the Kelly criterion, is also presented for this type of scenario.


Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of Leishmania to humans and other animals. The aim of thisstudy was to verify the spatial distribution and effect of some abiotic factors on the abundance andtemporal variability of Phlebotominae at the Cuiaba campus of the Federal University of MatoGrosso (600,000 m2). CDC traps were installed at distances of 1,000 to 300 m s from each other andat a height of 1.5 m from the ground, between 17:00 and 07:00, distributed at six sites on the campus.Monthly collections were made on three consecutive days from December 2008 to December 2011.The living sand flies captured were sacrificed in ethyl acetate and then screened under a stereoscopicmicroscope. The insects were then subjected to clarification and identified. The abiotic data oftemperature and average relative humidity during the times when the traps remained at the insectcollection sites were determined with a digital thermometer-hygrometer. A non-linear mathematicalmodel was used to evaluate the association between the abiotic variables and the number of insectscaught. Species of Phlebotominae with and without the capacity to transmit Leishmania werecaptured at the site during the study period. The abundance of phlebotominae presented spatial andtemporal variability by virtue of abiotic and other variables. The most favourable conditions forthe occurrence of Phlebotominae at the site were a temperature of 23.2 oC and a relative humidityof 70%. Temperatures above 35 °C or below 18 °C and a relative humidity lower than 18% wereunfavourable for the Phlebotominae.


Cisplatin (Platinol)-based chemotherapy has been the standard systemic therapy for both non-small-cell and small-cell lung cancer for the past 2 decades, though the efficacy and benefit remain modest. Recently, several novel


This study investigates the potential of the low‐resolution images (150 m) derived by the Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar onboard the ENVISAT satellite to calibrate a hydraulic model coupled with a semidistributed hydrologic model applied to a subcatchment of the upper‐middle Tiber River, Genna basin (<100 km2), in central Italy, wherein a flood event occurred on 28 November 2010 causing high damages. Specifically for this flood event, an Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar image is available for the peak region of the discharge hydrograph. Different image processing techniques are used for the assessment of the flooded areas by using both a single image and a change detection image based on an additional (dry) reference image. The satellite‐derived flooded areas are adopted for the calibration of the channel and floodplain Manning's roughness coefficients of a 'quasi‐two‐dimensional' hydraulic model applied to the study basin, which allows to distinguish the main channel from the floodplain. The inflows for the hydraulic model corresponding to each tributary of the main channel are determined by a semidistributed hydrologic model calibrated by using a set of historical flood events.


The pan-JAK inhibitor tofacitinib improves the delivery of therapeutic antibodies in cancer. The pan-JAK inhibitor tofacitinib improves the delivery of therapeutic antibodies in cancer.


The wireless extension of the JPEG 2000 standard formally known as JPWL is the newest international standard for still image compression. Different from all previous standards, this new standard was created specifically for wireless imaging applications. This paper examines the error resilience performance of the JPEG, JPEG 2000 and JPWL standards in combating multi-path and fading impairments in Rayleigh fading channels. Comprehensive objective and subjective results are presented in relation to the error resilience performance of these three standards under various conditions. The major findings in this paper reveal that a CRC approach is not a viable option for protecting wireless image data when not used in conjunction with an efficient retransmission strategy. In addition, the Reed-Solomon error correction codes in JPWL provide strong protection for wireless image transmission. However, any stronger protection beyond RS(64,32) yields diminishing returns.


I had been a Professor of Preaching for less than a month when a colleague informed me that "preaching can't be taught." Only a few months later another colleague expressed surprise that graduate work was available in the field of preaching. "What in the world would you teach in a graduate seminar in preaching?" he asked. After several years of receiving salary for teaching preaching, I am ready to plead "not guilty" to collecting money under false pretenses.


This study presents some basic theories on cost-based product pricing methods in manufacturing enterprises. The study also analyzed and clarified the current situation of cost-based product pricing accounting at Traphaco Joint Stock Company in Vietnam, thereby evaluating the achieved results and pointing out some limitations of the current situation of product pricing at this company. From there, provide solutions to improve product pricing accounting on the basis of cost at Traphaco Joint Stock Company.


In order to establish a method to get a large number of antimicrobial peptides from Rana chensinensis,a series of experiments were conducted as follows.According to Chinese frog skin antimicrobial peptides Temporin-1CEa gene mRNA sequence(EU624139) in GenBank,a pair of specific primers were designed and cDNA was obtained from Chinese forest frog skin RNA by reverse transcription.Temporin-1CEa gene coding sequence was amplified using the cDNA,and linked with pEASY-T3 cloning vector.The GFP gene was inserted into the recombinant plasmid Tem-T3 by molecular methods.The Tem-GFP fragment was linked with eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1,and Tem-GFP-pcDNA3.1 recombinant plasmid was achieved finally.Using of lipid infection method,the plasmids were transfected into sheep fibroblast cells,the green fluorescence was observed under a fluorescence microscope after 48 h.qPCR data showed that Tem-GFP fusion protein expression level of transfected Tem-GFP-pcDNA3.1 sheep fibroblasts increased about 300 folds than that of the control group.This study supplied the technical basis for developing mammary gland bioreactor of expressing Temporin-1CEa gene.


The effects of drought on growth and latex production of the rubber tree and the achievements of studies on the mechanism of drought-injury and the drought-resistance of the rubber tree are summarized.


This issue highlights the launch of Craft Australia's biennial national on-line forum right way - the future of indigenous craft and design. The forum discussions examine Indigenous design education led by Alison Page, ethical engagement led by Kevin Murray and authenticity for Indigenous designs led by Trish Barnard. As background to these discussions in this issue we present each of the forum leader's papers from the Selling Yarns conference held at the National Musuem of Australia in March of this year.


Based on the shell model of a luminescent centre and on the Forster theory of intermolecular energy transfer, an expression for the decrease in sensitizer S quantum yield with increasing acceptor A concentration is derived. The dependence of the probability of resonance excitation energy transfer on mutual orientation of the transition moments of the interacting molecules S and A, as well as the fluctuations of the concentration of the acceptor molecules A was taken into account. The quenching of electronic excitation energy of fluorescein, acting as sensitizer, by rhodamine B, action as acceptor, and 2,5-diphenyloxazole by 9,10-dibromoanthracene in glycerol and cylohexane respectively, was investigated and compared with the theory. Fair agreement was found between the experimental data and the values calculated according to theoretical treatment.


SUMMARY The four-wheel-steering systems of the cars are becoming more and more wide-spread. In addition to the conventional 4WS systems (e.g. the steering-wheel-angle dependent four-wheel-steering and the speed dependent 4WS) there already exist some so called active 4WS systems. The front wheels and rear wheels are steered autonomously by the feedback compensation and in this manner the behaviour of the car during high-speed turning manoeuvre and under the side wind gust is improved. But what happens if some of the parameters of the car are changed? In the present paper, the author will analyze the system's response when the internal tyre pressure in the rear wheels is lower than the normal. Due to this the under-steered car becomes over-steered and the question is whether the control system is able to stabilize the motion of the vehicle.


.................................................................................................................................................. v Resumo .................................................................................................................................................. vi Table of contents .................................................................................................................................. viii List of figures .......................................................................................................................................... x List of tables .......................................................................................................................................... xii


The attractive title Vedic Mathematics and Science in Vedasis catchy enough to raise the eyebrows; however after a glimpse at the name of the author, the reader is assured of a unbiased rationalistic discussion. That is how Prof. Balachandra Rao is known. For this reason, his earlier books Tradition, Science and Society and Astrology – Believe it or not? have seen multiple editions. Among his other books, Indian Astronomy– Concepts and Procedures  has received very good reviews.


A special feature of the regular daily magnetic variation S R at sub-auroral latitudes in both hemispheres can be considered as equivalent to the temporary flow, during a few hours of each U.T. day, of a current circulating all around the auroral zone (clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere); its intensity is the largest at the summer of each hemisphere. This current may be related to the S R variation inside the polar caps, which is deeply different from the S Pq described by Nagata and Kokubun (in fact, that variation is nothing but a residue of the S D variation on quiet days on these regions) and from the Mansurov— Svalgaard effect. The source of this phenomenon, an integrant part of the S R , is probably corpuscular since it still occurs during the polar night. Further investigations would be of great interest.


A method for fabricating a silica gel pad capable of being used as pad and bag comprises the following steps: cutting the silica gel pad by the die-cutting method into more than two silica gel frames which are gradually reduced in size orderly from inside outwards, and connecting the adjacent edges of two adjacent silica gel frames through more than three silica gel connection points spaced by the predetermined distance; and when the silica gel pad is spread flatly, using the same as the pad; and when the silica gel frame of the outmost layer of the silica gel pad is lifted, changing the silica gel pad into the form of a mesh basket. The silica gel pad is heat-proof, anti-skid, shock-proof, pressure-resistant, high temperature-resistant, low temperature-resistant, not easy to age and fade, easy to clean, soft, environment-friendly and safe, free from peculiar smell-free, beautiful and fashionable, and is also capable of dispelling mosquitoes for a long time and preventing the mosquitoes from spreading germs, and also can be used as the pad and the bag.


Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problem has caused wide concern in the robotics research. The active SLAM algorithm based on extended Kalman filter (EKF) is considered as an important method. To validate and analyze the active SLAM algorithm performance, a simulation system is designed and developed, which makes use of the MATLAB platform as computation engine and properly displays the process of SLAM. Active SLAM algorithms can be simulated and analyzed through the simulation experiments on this platform in both visual and statistical fashions. Algorithm simulation examples show that the simulation system makes the research for the active SLAM efficient.


The conduction mechanism in ultrathin films may differ from bulk materials due to different effects: surface scattering and quantum size effect should be considered. Also weak localization and superconductivity may be important. All those effects are detected with the magnetoconductance. Therefore epitaxial Pb films have been grown on Si(111) 7x7 in ultrahigh vacuum at low temperatures. With conductance and magnetoconductance in situ those contributions are separated. Due to detailed structural informations from spot profile analysis of low-energy electron diffraction the effect of film disorder and surface roughness is revealed for all scattering processes.


Abstract It is an open problem to establish whether or not the partial sums operator SNN2f(x, y) of the Fourier series of f ∈ Lp, 1 < p < 2, converges to the function almost everywhere as N → ∞. The purpose of this paper is to identify the operator that, in this problem of a.e. convergence of Fourier series, plays the central role that the maximal Hilbert transform plays in the one-dimensional case. This operator appears to be a singular integral with variable coefficients which is a variant of the maximal double Hilbert transform.


ObjectiveIntracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is frequently used in intensive care treatment of patients with intracranial hemorrhage. Data demonstrating an improved outcome from this intervention are lacking. We analyzed standardized mortality ratios in patients with and without ICP monitoring to determine its efficacy. DesignA nonrandomized study of case records of consecutively admitted intensive care unit (ICU) patients with intracranial hemorrhage. SettingGeneral and medical ICU of a 900-bed tertiary-care hospital. PatientsA total of 225 patients with intracranial hemorrhage (mainly nontraumatic) admitted consecutively between April 1997 and March 2000. MeasurementsSimplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II, diagnosis, age, sex, use of ICP monitoring, and in-hospital mortality rates were collected from the hospital's ICU database. Expected mortality was provided by means of SAPS II. Standardized mortality ratios were calculated and compared in 119 patients with ICP monitoring and 106 patients without ICP monitoring. Main ResultsThe case mix-adjusted hospital mortality in the group with ICP monitoring was in the expected range (standardized mortality ratio, 1.09 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.87–1.31]). Patients without ICP monitoring had a significantly higher standardized mortality ratio than expected (1.26 [95% CI, 1.06–1.46]). ConclusionsA beneficial effect of ICP monitoring in patients with intracranial hemorrhage may be reflected in an improved standardized mortality ratio.


Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) is a monoclonal B cell disorder characterized by a circulating monoclonal IgM protein that may lead to serum hyperviscosity in association with an infiltration of lymphoplasmacytic cells into the bone marrow. Although proinflammatory and chemotactic cytokines can profoundly affect tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment, and many cytokines have been shown to have potent therapeutic efficacy in preclinical cancer models, the role of cytokine networks in WM is not fully understood. In this study, we used a high-throughput xMAP multiplex immunobead assay technology (Luminex Corp., Austin, TX) to simultaneously test 30 cytokines, chemokines, angiogenic factors as well as growth factors and soluble receptors in the sera of WM patients and compared them with other B cell malignancies including IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) as well as healthy controls. Using a Mann-Whitney U test to analyze the differences between the groups, 15 of the 30 cytokines tested had significantly different levels in WM compared to healthy controls. Of those 15 cytokines, 11 were elevated in WM patients and 4 were decreased. Cytokines were grouped into 3 groups; those with 8-fold difference in their cytokine levels compared to healthy donors. There was a greater than 8-fold increase in the serum levels of Rantes, G-CSF and IL-2R (p 8-fold decreased, MCP-1 (p 8-fold) in WM patients compared to healthy donors also differed significantly from the MGUS patients. Rantes, G-CSF, IL-2R and EGF had significantly different levels compared to other B cell malignancies. We tested for a correlation between the cytokines that had > 2-fold difference between the WM group and control group with clinical features of the disease and found the cytokines IL-6 and IL-2R had a significant correlation with β2-microglobulin levels (p


Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanism of insulin on stress hy-perglycemia in the drowning rats. Methods Stress hyperglycemia rat model was induced by drowning. Thir-ty-two rats were randomized into control, drowning, air resuscitation and air-insulin resuscitation groups. Insu-lin was injected into the air-insulin resuscitation rats via abdomen. The glucose,insulin, TNF-α level of serum were determined during the drowning and resuscitation. 3H-D-glucose was used to measure the glucose uptake rate (GUR) of skeletal muscles. Results Compared with those in the control group, the GUR decreased,in-sulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) increased significantly in drowning group. Compared with those in the air resuscitation group, the blood glucose and TNF-α were decreased, the GUR increased significantly in air-insu-lin resuscitation group. Conclusion Insulin therapy may decrease the blood glucose and TNF-α level, in-crease the GUR of stress hyperglycemia,and the mortality of drowning rats can be decreased.

Key words:
insulin; drowning; stress; pancreas islets function


AIM and METHODS: To observe the relationship between dopamine (DA) and the effect of central neurotensin (NT) on gastric stress ulcers in rats by bilateral central amygdala(CA) microinjection.RESULTS:Bilateral microinjection of neurotensin or dopamine into CA could attenuate both the number and the severity of formation of stress-induced gastric ulcers by cold water restraint (CWR). In addition, microinjection of anti-NT into CA also produced gastric mucosal erosions in non-stressed rats. This cytoprotective effect of NT could be prevented or abolished either by 6-hydroxydopamine or haloperidol. CONCLUSION:At the level of CA the gastric cytoprotective effect of NT under stressful conditions may be related to mechanism modulating dopaminergic transmission.


The Beijing-Shanghai high-speed Dashengguan Bridge is a steel truss girder(arch) bridge which has three pieces of main truss and six railway lines.The span of the bridge is(108+192+336+336+192+108) m.The orthotropic deck was combined with concrete slab,and also welded together with bottom chord.The multi-transversal-beam floor system was adopted in it.This form of structure was complex and was used for the first time in our country.A large proportion 6-segment model was designed not only to review the performance of the deck system in steel truss segment,but also to check the design theory and calculation method.The test method was studied for section model to simulate force condition of different segments of real bridge.The positive and negative moment segments of real bridge were simulated respectively by changing supports location of model.Compared to real situation,the first system force of model was not enough.So the method of deck loading with assistant node loading was taken to solve this problem and the results show that model test can reflect the performance of real bridge accurately.


Objective: To investigate the Safety of Shuangzuotai Vagina effervescent Tablets.Methods: The stimulation on vagina mucous membrane and eye mucous membrane was tested in rabbits and skin allergic reaction was examined in guinea pig,which were compared with control group administered by NS.Results: There is no significant difference between tested groups in stimulation and hypersensitivity compared with those of the NS group.Conclusion: Shuangzuotai viginal effervescent tablet doesn′t cause local stimulation on rabbits'vagina and eye mucous membrane and doesn′t cause skin allergic reaction in guinea pig,which suggests that Shuangzuotai is safe to use in clinical application.


In this paper, ANN modelling has been investigated for predicting the performance parameters of a diesel engine, run using Honge methyl ester. Multi-layer perceptron (MLP) has been used as the ANN model. The load acting on the engine, compression ratio, blend percentage, and the injection pressure were used as the input parameters while BTE, BSEC, and Texh were used as the output parameters. The ANN-predicted results matched well with the experimental data over a wide range of operating parameters. The experimental and ANN predicted values were compared with the output from the regression models, which were developed for different output parameters. The significance of the input parameters and their influence on the outputs was evaluated using ANOVA. It was found that ANN models gave better prediction results compared to regression models.


Drugs being used to treat a wide variety of diseases generally suffer metabolic modifications affecting its therapeutic capacity. Cytochromes (CYP-450) are part of the families of enzymes catalyzing this biotransformation and their coding genes are localized in the genome, being regulated under the same rules as the rest of our genetic material. The changes in as much as a single nucleotide (SNPs) are sufficient to cause dramatic effects in their resulting activity giving place to a range of differential defficiency or even, to the wide diversity of adverse effects in each person. In this review, we present a brief description of the cytochrome P450 family and some perspectives for its application in pharmacogenetics.


Abstract Conventional culture media are expensive owing to their constituents. Thus, several studies have sought to develop and evaluate the efficacy of alternative, low-cost culture media, in most cases, using natural and easily accessible raw materials. The present study is a literature review, observing various formulations of culture media based on products of plant origin for the growth of microorganisms and production of microbial compounds of industrial interest. In most formulations, vegetable substrates, such as soy, certain beans, corn, and rice, were used in addition to hortofruticultural products. Compared to conventional media, the alternative culture media often present satisfactory results in terms of microbial growth efficiency and production cost.


This article examines critically a variety of claims to be representative that are made by unelected political actors, and offers criteria for assessing these claims.


Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(2) welfare, but ultimately called on the health sectors of government to take the leadership role. Krysinska and colleagues have estimated the population effects of a number of well-studied interventions by combining the published risk reduction with the prevalence estimates of exposure to these interventions. This sophisticated approach identified seven interventions that would be estimated to reduce suicide from a low of 0.3% (suicide public awareness campaign) to a high of 6.3% (general practitioner [GP] training). Four interventions were also estimated to reduce suicide attempts from a low of 0.5% (reducing access to means) to a high of 19.8% (coordinated/assertive/brief aftercare). The methodological requirement for large studies that estimate population-level effects is a strength of the paper. Seven of the nine interventions studied (all but psychosocial treatment and aftercare programs following an episode of self-harm/suicide attempt) are aimed at the population as a whole which is especially critical for the estimated 30–50% of people who do not have contact with the mental health care system during the year prior to suicide death. A fully comprehensive suicide prevention program would pair these strategies with enhanced mental health care across the healthcare system including evidence-based risk assessments (Sareen et al., 2014), identification of high-risk time periods and specific interventions for monitoring and treatment that are guided by a patient's diagnosis, stressors, coping skills and support systems. It would also include improved access to putatively anti-suicide treatments such as dialectical behavioral therapy for borderline personality disorder (Linehan et al., 2006), clozapine for patients with schizophrenia (Meltzer et al., 2003) and post-hospitalization contact through postcards, text messages or other modalities that appear to help reduce risk of suicidal behavior (Luxton et al., 2013). As Krysinska and colleagues note, rates of suicide death have remained relatively stable in Australia. This is similar to other countries, and is in stark contrast to the substantial reductions seen in recent decades in rates of death from other major causes such as heart disease, cancer and HIV/AIDS. Bold goals articulated by the WHO as well as numerous national bodies underscore a growing consensus among researchers and policy experts that a piecemeal approach to suicide prevention is unlikely to result in large changes in rates. While implementing multiple suicide prevention strategies over a short time span may make it harder to estimate the effects of individual interventions, it will enhance our ability to understand potentially synergistic effects of coinciding interventions. For example, our group has speculated that positive effects of placing a suicide prevention barrier at a suicide 'hotspot' bridge in Toronto, Canada, may have been attenuated by the presence of negative and pessimistic media reporting. New developments such as the emergence of social media are also having yet undetermined positive and/or negative effects on suicidal risk and behavior. This complex field will undoubtedly need to evolve to match changes in society and healthcare delivery, but the basic value of focusing on evidence-based strategies remain, and the authors are to be applauded for their efforts at contributing to the evidence base from which effective policy and interventions can emerge.


Investigating the usability of the Dutch version of the Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT‐NL) with informal caregivers of community‐dwelling older people with suspected dementia, without specific training.


This study analytically estimated the welding domain for explosive cladding of aluminium-magnesium and titanium-steel combinations. Welding window, an analytical estimation, can ascertain whether the interface is wave-like or straight. The welding window's lower, upper, left, and right boundaries were constructed using empirical relations suggested by peer researchers. The soundness of the dissimilar clad is primarily positioned near the lower boundary of the welding window. The ideal process parametric condition for an undulating interface is also laid out.


Pediatric facilities are ones of the most vulnerable, personified spaces in the hospital. The increasing need to introduce the healing environment and awareness that the architectural and behavioral context have influence on recovery helped to conduct a case study in the Children's Rehabilitation Hospital in Radziszow in Poland. The issue of the healing environment is considered in the literature by in cans of a number of factors: color, light, senses (touch, smell, hearing), wildlife, landscape architecture and space "in between". They stimulate the body and its innate ability to "self-healing". Realizations of children's hospitals in the world show that social spaces are an important topic in the design. The Polish hospitals, most of which date from the 70's, ignore these issues. Case Study in Radziszow hospital have the objective to analyze how and where to intervene in the building functional system to increase the therapeutic efficiency. Improvement of the environment quality could contribute to the creation of a "healing environment".


Following the presentation performed last year at the 28th DASC of the "Performance Framework and Influence model in ATM", this paper presents in detail the application of this methodology to the Environmental Key Performance Area (KPA). The design of a methodology to build a European-wide (ECAC) picture of the potential environmental benefits across 41 countries, 2000 airports, 16 million flights per year with 180 proposed improvements is a big challenge. The paper describes a part of the work undertaken in Episode 3 (EP3 — a ¬19M project launched by the European Commission Sixth Framework Research Programme) to develop a Performance Framework based on deliverables from the Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) programme's Definition Phase and associated Influence Models (IM). These were used to express the links between required performance and proposed improvements, including results from validation exercises. The Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe (ACARE) set an objective of a 50% reduction in fuel consumption from 2005 to 2020, as follows: −20 to −25% for the aircraft1; −15 to −20% for the engine; −10% for Air Traffic Management (ATM). The European Commission's former Vice-President, Jacques Barrot, confirmed a 10% reduction target [1] on the effect that each flight would have on the environment for the future European ATM system of 2020 and beyond. The different factors that influence fuel efficiency, local and global emissions for 2006, 2013 and 2020 are shown here. Also included are initial results obtained from European airspace fast-time simulations and expert judgments. The graphical representation using the Influence Diagram is a very powerful technique to represent complex systems. It was used successfully for developing the performance model and provides a first tangible attempt at creating and maintaining a link between proposed improvements and performance targets supported by validation data. The objective of the performance studies was not a performance assessment of the SESAR concept, but a demonstration of the proposed approach (framework and initial model-based methodology). An associated set of lessons was learnt from practical EP3 experience during the studies. Continued performance assessment will be done within the SESAR Joint Undertaking (SJU) programme [2]. The Environmental and Fuel Efficiency assessments showed positive trends in performance, though the ability of the Operational Improvements (OIs) to achieve the performance targets was not demonstrated.


RATIONALE
Differentiation and structural characterization of positional isomers of differentially protected Azatryptophan derivatives by using electrospray ionization high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-HR-MS/MS) is more important from the perspective of drug discovery research. Also, these derivatives can be used as building blocks for the synthesis of various biologically active compounds and attain significant attention in the field of modern drug discovery especially peptide-based drugs, protein folding and protein-protein interactions because of their interesting spectral properties. Hence, the present study is undertaken.

METHODS
In the present study, electrospray ionization high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-HR-MS/MS) in positive ionization mode was used to differentiate and characterize positional isomers of protected Azatryptophan derivatives.

RESULTS
ESI-HR-MS/MS of [M+H]+ and [M+Na]+ ions of positional isomers of differentially protected Azatryptophan derivatives display distinct fragmentation patterns. The MS/MS of [M+H]+ ion of isomer 1 has shown an additional ion at m/z 358.0846 ([M+H-Boc-C14 H10 -HF]+ ) which was not present for 4. The fragment ion at m/z 332.0857 was observed for 1 and not for 4 which would be formed by the expulsion of butyloxy carbonyl (Boc) and Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) groups. Moreover, the ions 422.0812 and 378.0912 are found to be relatively more abundant for isomer 4 which would be probably attributed to the formation of stable ions. Similarly, other positional isomers have exhibited distinct fragmentation from one another.

CONCLUSIONS
The present study demonstrates that ESI-HR-MS/MS can be used for differentiation and structural characterization of positional isomers of protected Azatryptophan derivatives. The MS/MS of [M+H]+ and [M+Na]+ ions of these positional isomers displayed differences in their fragmentation behaviour. The impact of different substitutions at different positions (1 and 6) of protected Azatryptophan derivatives (1-6) on their fragmentation behaviour was also investigated in detailed. Also, the position of nitrogen atom at different positions on the pyrrolo-pyridine ring has exhibited different fragmentation pattern from one another.


Atmospheric waves play an important role in the vertical coupling of atmosphere and ionosphere. Recent studies revealed that the mesospheric wave activities associated with sudden stratospheric warming events (SSWs) are more complicated than previously thought. This study investigates the activities of the dominant solar tide‐like harmonics in the ionosphere during SSWs. Significant tide‐like harmonics are present in the residuals of total electron content (TEC) detected by five receivers at different latitudes using signals from BeiDou geostationary (BD‐GEO) C3 satellite during the 2018 SSW. The results reveal that after the SSW onset, the third harmonic enhances and the fourth harmonic weakens at all selected receivers. However, the second harmonic exhibits a response varying with latitude. We then compare the ionospheric tide‐like signatures with those in mesospheric winds observed by four meteor radars. A good agreement is found after the SSW onset. The measurements at Mohe (53.5°N, 122.3°E) show that the response of each specific ionospheric tide‐like signature is similar to the tidal result in the mesospheric winds after the onset of three SSW events in 2017–2019. In addition, we suggest that besides the direct or indirect effects from the interactions of various waves in the lower atmosphere, the non‐sinusoidal waveform of the ionospheric diurnal variation may also contribute to solar harmonic signatures in the ionosphere.


In this paper, we study a class of bilevel optimization problems, also known as simple bilevel optimization, where we minimize a smooth objective function over the optimal solution set of another convex constrained optimization problem. Several iterative methods have been developed for tackling this class of problems. Alas, their convergence guarantees are not satisfactory as they are either asymptotic for the upper-level objective, or the convergence rates are slow and sub-optimal. To address this issue, in this paper, we introduce a generalization of the Frank-Wolfe (FW) method to solve the considered problem. The main idea of our method is to locally approximate the solution set of the lower-level problem via a cutting plane, and then run a FW-type update to decrease the upper-level objective. When the upper-level objective is convex, we show that our method requires O (max { 1 /(cid:15) f , 1 /(cid:15) g } ) iterations to find a solution that is (cid:15) f optimal for the upper-level objective and (cid:15) g -optimal for the lower-level objective. Moreover, when the upper-level objective is non-convex, our method requires O (max { 1 /(cid:15) 2 f , 1 / ( (cid:15) f (cid:15) g ) } ) iterations to find an ( (cid:15) f , (cid:15) g )-optimal solution. We further prove stronger convergence guarantees under the H¨olderian error bound assumption on the lower-level problem. To the best of our knowledge, our method achieves the best-known iteration complexity for the considered bilevel problem. We also present numerical experiments to showcase the superior performance of our method compared with state-of-the-art methods.


This study evaluates the effect of reward management on employee performance of selected food and beverages manufacturing companies in Lagos State, Nigeria. Reward management was measured using Pay, Recognition, while Employee Performance was measured using Employee Productivity, Job Satisfaction. In the manufacturing industry, the performance of the food and beverages manufacturing companies has been relatively poor. The food and beverages companies do not always follow the reward plans and programs. Therefore, prevailing issues such as poor payment plan, lack of employee recognition, resulting in low employee productivity, job dissatisfaction causing an increase in business


Geological hazards near transmission towers can easily lead to exposed and damaged tower foundations, and in severe cases, cause towers to tilt and collapse. In 2022, there will be 2,884 geological hazards in Hunan. The heavy rain in Hunan from July 6 to 9, 2019 caused landslides on 36 main network lines, and among them, landslides occurred near 4 towers of the ±500kV Jiangcheng line. Geological hazards have become one of the major hazards threat to the safe operation of the line. Effective detection can discover hidden dangers of geological hazards in advance, to reduce casualties and economic losses. This paper proposed a "satellite-air" geological hazard detection method, based on satellite Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data, the joint analysis of optical remote sensing images and multi-phase Digital Elevation Model (DEM) images, and obtains features such as DEM difference, slope, slope aspect and mountain shadows, combined with the occurrence conditions of various geological hazards, the transmission line geological hazards have been effectively monitored. The experimental results on the two phases of Loudi InSAR and LiDAR data showed that our proposed method can accurately detect landslides and other hidden dangers of geological hazards, and has achieved good final results.


| This article explores similarities and differences between cultural representations of food abundance and scarcity in Brazil and the United States from the 1930s to the beginning of the 2000s. It traces social developments in both countries, particularly during the Second World War and the ensuing decades. In addition, theories exploring the issue of hunger and access to food in Brazil and the United States, both economically and politically, are discussed. This objective is achieved by reviewing classic U.S. American authors, such as historian David M. Potter, as well as more contemporary scholars who have approached the theme of abundance and scarcity in the U.S. In the context of Brazil, great emphasis is placed on physician and scholar Josué de Castro, one of the most important authors on the subject. The article concludes by proposing new research directions for greater and more in-depth investigations in the field of food studies.


We prove that for any complete n-dimensional Riemannian manifold with nonnegative Ricci curvature, if the Nash inequality is satisfied, then it is diffeomorphic to $R^{n}$l.


An estimated 25.8 million people in the United States (US) have diabetes (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014). The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act led to an increased focus on Quality Improvement (QI) programs to reduce healthcare associated expenditures (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 2010). The purpose of this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project was to address the following clinical question: Can the comprehensive diabetic bundle of quality metrics for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in a rural Midwestern clinic be improved through (1) the creation of a QI protocol, (2) increased provider and staff education regarding quality metrics, and (3) the optimal use of QI dashboard software? The DNP project utilized the Donabedian model as the conceptual model to explore the phenomenon of interest, improving the quality of diabetes management. The Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARiHS) framework served as the implementation model to guide the design and development of the implementation strategies to support the evidence-based interventions. The interventions designed to answer this clinical question were: (1) the utilization of the Symphony Performance Health (SPH) QI dashboard software to obtain a T2DM QI metrics baseline, (2) development of a diabetic QI protocol regarding electronic health record (EHR) documentation on diabetes management and optimal SPH QI dashboard software utilization, (3) implementation and evaluation of an educational session intervention on T2DM QI metrics, and (4) the utilization of SPH QI dashboard software to obtain the overall changes in T2DM QI metrics. As a result of these interventions, 5 of 12 (41.6%) diabetic quality metrics were improved with significance (p= 0.05). After the implementation of this DNP project, 4 out of 12 diabetic quality metrics have met the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) QI metric benchmark percentiles. Prior to this DNP A QI INITIATIVE FOR DIABETES MANAGEMENT 6 project, only one of the T2DM QI metrics met the NCQA diabetic QI metric benchmark percentiles. This improvement in quality indicator metrics demonstrated the effectiveness of a continuous multicomponent QI initiative to impact care in a rural primary care practice. A QI INITIATIVE FOR DIABETES MANAGEMENT 7 Executive Summary Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has been described as one of the fastest-growing and most costly chronic diseases (Ali et al., 2016). Management of T2DM requires a collaborative effort between patients and healthcare providers, utilizing evidence-based practice to inform patient self-management of this complex, chronic disease (Collet, Taffé, Bordet, Burnand, & Peytremann-Bridevaux, 2014). To reduce T2DM-related morbidity and mortality, chronic disease management must be a priority. Quality indicators are an appropriate means to assess the progress and quality of diabetes disease management, and incentive programs employing quality improvement (QI) benchmarking demonstrate improvement in provider care delivery (O'Connor et al., 2011). Controlling hemoglobin A1c (A1C), blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol lab values has been shown to reduce diabetes-related complications (O'Connor et al., 2011). Various studies have demonstrated that quality-performance measurement, clinician feedback, QI programming, and financial reimbursements have also been associated with sustained improvements of diabetic management across settings (O'Connor et al., 2011). This purpose of this DNP project was to design and implement QI interventions that would answer the following clinical question: Can the comprehensive diabetic bundle of quality metrics for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in a rural Midwestern clinic be improved through (1) the creation of a QI protocol, (2) increased provider and staff education regarding quality metrics, and (3) the optimal use of QI dashboard software? The Donabedian model served as the conceptual model utilized to explore the phenomenon of interest, improving the quality of diabetes management. A QI INITIATIVE FOR DIABETES MANAGEMENT 8 After completion of an organizational assessment in a Midwestern rural clinic, several issues contributing to the low values on various T2DM QI metrics were identified. These included workflow issues, inability to query electronic health record (EHR) documentation, and limited staff knowledge regarding the importance and purpose of diabetic quality metrics. The Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARiHS) implementation model was used to guide the evidence-based interventions to improve the structure and process (context) components of providing patient care to T2DM patients. An additional benefit of achieving adequate T2DM QI metrics may be the re-instatement of a patient-centered medical home designation, which had been revoked in July of 2016 from the clinic due to various low QI metrics and lack of an on-site medical doctor. The interventions designed to answer this clinical question were: (1) the utilization of the SPH QI dashboard software to obtain a T2DM QI metrics baseline, (2) development of a diabetic QI protocol regarding EHR documentation on diabetes management and optimal SPH QI dashboard software utilization, (3) the implementation and evaluation of an educational session intervention on T2DM QI metrics, and (4) the utilization of SPH QI dashboard software to assess the overall changes in T2DM QI metrics. The implementation phase of this DNP project was completed on May 10, 2017. The protocol was developed and adopted by administration and staff, supporting sustainability of the DNP project. The clinic staff also agreed to use the SPH QI dashboard software as a tool to continuously collect and track the progress of the T2DM QI metrics. As an overall result of these interventions, 5 of 12 (41.6%) diabetic quality metrics were improved with significance (p= 0.05), compared to 2 of 12 (16.6%) baseline diabetic quality metric data obtained in March, 2016. After the implementation of this DNP project, 4 out of 12 A QI INITIATIVE FOR DIABETES MANAGEMENT 9 diabetes quality metrics have met the NCQA target percentiles, whereas only one of the metrics met its NCQA target percentile prior to this DNP project. This improvement in quality indicator metrics demonstrates the effectiveness of a continuous multicomponent QI initiative. In conclusion, this DNP project demonstrated how utilization of the Donabedian model to explore the phenomenon of interest, improving the quality of diabetes management, can improve the structure and process components, leading to improvements in T2DM QI metrics. This DNP project also demonstrated how the PARiHS framework can be utilized successfully to guide the design and implementation of a diabetic QI initiative by simultaneously impacting the components of facilitation, evidence, and context. This DNP project demonstrated how the interventions of (1) utilizing SPH QI dashboard software to obtain a T2DM QI metric baseline, (2) developing a diabetic QI protocol regarding EHR documentation on diabetes management and optimal SPH QI dashboard software utilization, (3) implementing and evaluating an educational session intervention on T2DM QI metrics, (4) and utilizing SPH QI dashboard software to obtain the overall changes in T2DM QI metrics were effective interventions for improving the quality of diabetic patient management in a rural resource limited clinic. Over time, this QI initiative has the potential to continuously improve patient outcomes and provide increased financial stability to the organization by assisting the DNP project site to improve its structure and processes to provide efficient, high-quality, evidence-based diabetes care. A QI INITIATIVE FOR DIABETES MANAGEMENT 10 Introduction and Background Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has been described as one of the most costly and fastest growing chronic diseases in the world (Ali et al., 2016). Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disorder that results in inadequate glucose metabolism and hyperglycemia (Papadakis & McPhee, 2014). T2DM is caused by insulin resistance and deficiencies in the compensatory insulin excretion (Papadakis & McPhee, 2014). This chronic disease has costly implications, both financially and on the physical well-being of a person, in terms of complications when the disease is uncontrolled (Papadakis & McPhee, 2014; Ross et al., 2015). Globally, an estimated 415 million people have been diagnosed with diabetes, and this number is predicted to reach approximately 592 million by the year 2035 (Ali et al., 2016; Barber, 2016). Rural communities experience a 17% higher prevalence rate of diabetes in comparison to urban communities (Ross et al., 2015). Patients from rural communities encounter multiple factors that influence the management of chronic conditions such as T2DM. Factors include financial constraints, low socioeconomic status attainment, and increased distance from healthcare providers (Ross et al., 2015). T2DM management requires collaboration between patients and healthcare providers and the use of evidence-based interventions to assist patient self-management of this complex, chronic disease (Collet, Taffé, Bordet, Burnand & Peytremann-Bridevaux, 2014). Quality Improvement (QI) strategies that focus on the systematic management of chronic disease have been shown to be particularly effective at achieving optimal patient treatment goals (Rushforth, McCrorie, Glidewell, Midgley, & Foy, 2016). The National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) have compiled evidence on quality indicators and T2DM management demonstrating that control of hemoglobin A QI INITIATIVE FOR DIABETES MANAGEMENT 11 AIC less than 7%, lipids, and blood pressure can drastically reduce the risk of T2DM complications, includin


Based on the comparative analysis on the test results of the Students' Constitution Health Criterion among the freshmen and sophomore,this paper explored the differences and its reasons growth range of each index in the Students' Constitution Health Criterion among the different elective courses.After one academic year,the rise range of each index in the Students' Constitution Health Criterion was different among different elective courses.The reasons of these differences were due to the characteristics of sports events and the teaching content of elective courses.In order to ensure the comprehensive development of physical fitness of every student,it is essential to select the teaching content and teaching methods based on the teaching purposes and the characteristics of sport events.


Abstract : One of the limitations of the current generation of synthetic forces is their lack of situation awareness and understanding (Pew and Mavor, 1998). Situation awareness is critical for making intelligent decisions-without it there is no context for adapting one's behavior to accommodate the current and future states of the world (Klein, 2000; Waag and Bell, 1997). Endsley (1988, 2000) points out that situation awareness has three components: perception, comprehension, and prediction. Building on these ideas, we developed techniques for improving the situation awareness in synthetic helicopter pilots for the ModSAF military simulation by giving them more human-like perception and attention, the ability to recognize and understand battle formations and echelons, and the ability to make short-term predictions about the movements of vehicles through complex terrain.


This study compared people's of the money ethic and horizontal and vertical individualism & collectivism across Turkish university students studying in Turkey, Turkish university students studying in Kyrgyzstan and Kyrgyz university students. This study also investigates the relationships between horizontal and vertical individualism & collectivism and money ethic. Results showed that high on factor success tended to have high vertical individualism. Results also show that, low on factor budget tended to have high expenditure. Kyrgyz students considered money as evil and symbol of success. Besides, Turkish university students studying in Turkey were more horizontally collectivistic than the Turkish university students studying in Kyrgyzstan and Kyrgyz university students.


This thesis presented the three-dimensional fracture-mechanics finite element model of the orthotropic steel bridge deck system,calculated and compared the maximum tension strain in the surface of the intact pavement and the cracked pavement.The comparison showed that the controlling index of the pavement fatigue is not the maximum tension strain,but the local singular stress or strain field,which is the stress intensity factor.Then,the stress intensity factors of the longitudinal and transverse cracks on the pavement surface were calculated.Based on the change of the stress intensity factor along with the change of the loading position of the axle-load,the worst loading position of the axle-load on the cracking pavement of the steel bridge deck was ascertained.


:  Females of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus were cultured under natural temperature and high temperature (21°C) conditions to examine ovarian development and oviposition from autumn (October) to the beginning of breeding season in the following spring (May). Ovaries developed because of vitellogenesis of oocytes from October to December and their developmental state did not change during the overwintering period from December to March. In spring, from late March to mid May, some ovaries reached prematuration and maturation stages and ovipositions began from mid–late April under natural temperature conditions. Females reared in tanks of high temperature regimes oviposited earlier than those reared in tanks of natural temperatures. The number of days to oviposition tended to decrease with advancement of the beginning times (early February to late April) of culture of females under high temperature regimes; induced ovipositions were achieved more easily with increasing photoperiod from c. 12 h in early February to c. 14 h in late April. Therefore, it is inferred that the temperature and photoperiod are important environmental factors controlling ovarian development and oviposition.


This presentation focuses on examining the efficacy of laptop distribution programs for teachers and students in K-12 schools. Topics addressed include: the research base for recommending the use of laptop computers by educators and students; descriptions of on-going programs; funding mechanisms; expectations for participants; effectiveness of programs; advantages and disadvantages of programs; and recommendations to guide the development and implementation of similar programs. The intent of the presentation is to critically examine ongoing programs and to stimulate discussion regarding the efficacy of laptop programs for teachers and students. "To have a truly transformational impact on education, technology must become ubiquitous...seamless...and nearly invisible" (Goldberg, 2002, ¶ 1). While the "'killer device' with the potential to transform the educational process by enabling one-to-one, personal, ubiquitous computing" that could easily be placed "in the bookbag or on the desk of every student and teacher" (Goldberg, 2002, ¶ 5) is not yet available, experiments are underway to assess the impact of the next best thing, i.e., laptop computers. Laptop distribution programs for teachers and students take many forms. Some are limited to a single school, while others involve entire school districts. Relatively few are city-wide (Walsh, 2002) and still fewer encompass entire states, with notable exceptions including: Hawaii (Department of Education State of Hawaii, n.d.), Maine (State of Maine, n.d.) and Michigan (Michigan Virtual University, 2002, August 30). Laptop programs capture the interest of educators, students, parents, the public, and policy makers (Krieger, 1998, January/February). They are announced with great fanfare and often implemented by educators with a mixture of enthusiasm and trepidation. Providing laptops for teachers and students is a costly endeavor and often come with strings attached. Laptop distribution programs are also not without their critics who argue that the hardware is inadequate, or will be misused, or that the expense does not justify the presumed educational benefits. As more schools, districts, and states explore the possibility of offering laptops to educators and students, it is important to assess their effectiveness and impact on teaching and learning. This presentation focuses on examining the efficacy of laptop distribution programs. Specific questions to be addressed include: What is the research base for recommending the use of laptop computers by teachers and students? What are the characteristics of the laptop distribution programs? How are they funded? What expectations are associated with them? How are the impacts of these programs being assessed? How successful have these efforts been? What factors should schools, districts, and states consider in determining whether to adopt similar programs? What recommendations can be made to guide the development and implementation of similar programs on the school, district, and state levels? The intent of the presentation is to critically examine ongoing programs and to stimulate discussion regarding the efficacy of laptop programs for teachers and students.


The invention relates to a rubber accelerant TMTD and synergist DMP compounded low-toxin and efficient mouse and bird repellent, which can effectively solve the problem of repelling mice and birds to guarantee that crops and fruit trees have high yield and good harvest. The technical scheme solving the problem is as follows: the repellent is prepared from a rubber accelerant TMTD, a synergist DMP and an auxiliary material, wherein the weight ratio of the rubber accelerant TMTD to the synergist DMP is (1-4) to (1-18); a mixture composed of the rubber accelerant TMTD and the synergist DMP accounts for 10%-50% of the total weight of the repellent and the residual amount is the auxiliary material; and the rubber accelerant TMTD and the synergist DMP are uniformly mixed together and the auxiliary material is added and uniformly agitated to form the repellent. The rubber accelerant TMTD and synergist DMP compounded low-toxin and efficient mouse and bird repellent is scientific in components, simple in preparation method and easy to manufacture, has the effects of repelling the mice and the birds, and can be used for effectively repelling mouse damage and bird damages in the fields of seed sowing periods, crop maturing periods, orchards and the like; and the good production and the high yield and good harvest of the crops or the fruit trees are guaranteed, and the economic and social benefits are great.


Zhengzhou Huanghe River Rail-cum-Road Bridge is a single-cable-plane and multi-pylon cable-stayed bridge having three main trusses without vertical members and with two inclined side trusses.To ensure that the completed bridge of the bridge could meet the design target force conditions,the whole construction process of the bridge was controlled.In the process of incremental launching of the steel truss girder,the internal force in the critical members of the girder in the state of the maximum cantilever was controlled mainly while the geometric shape of the girder was controlled subsidiarily.Once the girder was launched in place,the precast deck slab leveling elevation and the cable forces of stay cables were the major points that would be particularly controlled.The spatial models of the slab-girder-cable were set up to simulate the construction process and in accordance with the calculation,the arrangement of temporary construction lateral bracings was determined,the control of center line in plane in the process of the launching,the adjustment of height difference of the three main trusses atop piers after the launching,the control of height difference of the deck slabs and the control of tensioning of the stay cables were realized and consequently the three indices of the internal force in the members,the cable forces of the stay cables and the geometric shape of the girder in various construction stages were all ensured.


THE YEAR of our national bicentennial is a time for celebrating the many features of our history. Colonial medicine is drawing the most attention from the historians of medicine, justifiably I suppose, because it is now 200 years of age. But colonial medicine was European medicine, especially British. If one wishes to celebrate our heritage, it is the medicine of the frontier, as it moved progressively westward, that is uniquely American. As the earliest Americans believed some of their diseases and their cures to be different from those of their European homelands, so too the Western settlers believed their conditions to be peculiar to their own unique experiences. We shall see, however, that this was only partly true. The American pioneers who moved progressively westward from the 1790's on experienced many of the same threats to their health that pioneers have always faced: new infections to which immunity had to be built up, injuries, malnutrition, poor sanitation and similar hardships. There were some conditions, however, in these predominantly 19th century migrations that were not present in previous times. The numbers and rapidity of settlement were greater and the technological developments in power, transportation, farming and building all had pronounced impact on disease conditions and medical practice, as indeed they did on all spheres of life. What made the Western situation different was the amount of disease, its differing epidemic characteristics and the conditions under which it had to be borne. The historical epidemiology of health and disease on the frontier varied according to the factors determining the incidence and


PURPOSE
To determine the frequency and dependence of Lyme borreliosis after tick infestation in the eyelid region.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Five patients after tick inoculation were investigated by immunofluorescence assays for IgM and IgG system). Ophthalmologic evaluation of myositis was supported with MRI, laboratory, and internal clinical investigations.

RESULTS
Four children showed negative Borrelia serology after a bite from a tick. In one case the left abducens nerve palsy was found, which was diagnosed in MRI as a thickened left lateral rectus muscle. The diagnosis of myositis with positive Borrelia burgdorferi serology was consistent with Lyme borreliosis. Other laboratory examinations were negative. The symptoms were reduced after treatment with ceftriaxon.

CONCLUSIONS
Lyme borreliosis was found in one in five patients after tick infestation in the eyelid region. Antibiotic prophylaxis against Lyme borreliosis with ampicillin is recommended for children after a tick bite.


A large-aperture camera lens working in the wide spectral range is designed,whose main optical parameters are shown as follows:f'= 200 mm,D= 160 mm,2ω=18°,λ=400~950 nm.The double Gauss objective is complicated by adding the quantity of lens,dividing a thick lens into some lenses and choosing glasses with similar dispersive characteristic,and the imaging quality is improved by minishing the clear aperture of the lens to eliminate partial marginal beam.The MTF of the finally-designed system is higher than 0.55 at the spatial frequency of 30 lp/mm.All sorts of the aberrations are corrected well,and the image quality is uniform in all the fields.The parameters obtained for the system meet the requirement of the large aperture camera lens working in the wide spectral range.


Modelling carbon dynamics in unsaturated soil pore space or how diffusion regulates decomposition. Porous Media Process Modelling Workshop: 3D Imaging and Applications in Geosciences


ABSTRACT The Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) covers all aspects of nuclear weapons policy – the role of nuclear weapons, the conditions under which the United States would consider the use of these weapons, the operational aspects of nuclear planning, force structure requirements, and key decisions on the supporting infrastructure. This document does not only send a deterrence message to potential adversaries, but it is also an important reassurance to the allies and partners of the US. A NPR is traditionally in effect for a period of 5–10 years. The Trump administration's 2018 NPR shows many continuities with previous strategies. However, it also implemented important changes, especially with regards to the number and composition of nuclear forces. The new NPR re-introduced two low-yield warhead types in response to the deteriorating relations with Russia and China. Unlike the former NPR, it put great power confrontation in the center of the document, instead of strategic stability. This shift in focus reflects a renewed emphasis on nuclear deterrence and modernizations, and a sceptical approach towards arms control measures. This paper examines how the administration's deterrence policy has changed vis-à-vis Moscow and Beijing, why these changes were implemented, and how this shift affects the security of the allies of the US The author argues that the justification of the proposed modernization programs is questionable, and these steps might lead to a renewed arms race in low-yield nuclear capabilities. This could force Russia and China to lower the nuclear threshold, undermining the security of the US and its allies, and also weakening alliance cohesion and solidarity.


Abstrac t: In literature there are many studies considering the action of interest groups in several countries' societies and economies . In order to study the effect of special interest groups in the economy of each country, a multitude of variables have been used by researchers. After an extended bibliographic research in the recording of the economy affecting variables that have been used, this research presents a methodology for the selection of those which better represent the action of interest groups in the economy of Greece. The methodology used is based on Principal Component Analysis and therefore on the correlation tests needed. In this way it can be concluded which variables can be more advantageous in future research.


Objective To demonstrate the role of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) on the transected facial nerve regeneration and to compare the difference between them.Methods The experiments were carried out in 42 rabbits,whose bilateral superior buccal branches of the facial nerve were transected.After suturing the proximal and distal ends of the transected facial nerve into a silicone tube,the same amount of the CNTF (group A),NGF (group B) and the saline solution (group C) was injected into the tube.Postoperative evaluation was performed by electrophysiological testing?morphological observation at 1?2?4?8 weeks after operation.Results Nerve conduction velocity and optical microscope and transmission electron microscope observation of group A and B showed superior value at 2w and 4w after operation.The effect of A was better than B.After 8 weeks,the difference among A,B and C was not significant.Conclusion Exogenous CNTF or NGF applied at the early stage of facial nerve transection and grafting can accelerate nerve regeneration,and the effect of CNTF is better than NGF.


With the development of information technology application in environmental governance, the role of Internet in improving energy efficiency and reducing energy-saving potential (ESP) has attracted more attention. The slack-based model (SBM)-unexpected model and entropy method are applied to measure China's energy-saving potential and Internet development. Further, we empirically analyze the direct effect, mediating effect, threshold effect and regional heterogeneity of Internet on ESP. The conclusion reflects that there is a significant spatial correlation between Internet penetration and ESP. Internet penetration has become an important tool for reducing ESP, but this effect shows regional heterogeneity. Human capital accumulation, financial development and industrial upgrading are important influencing mechanisms, but indirect effects are weaker than direct effects. The impact of Internet penetration on ESP is non-linear. For improving human capital accumulation, financial development and industrial upgrading, the role of Internet popularization in energy conservation is more obvious.


A rapid spin–lattice 14N relaxation caused by an N–H proton transfer reaction in the solid state is likely to affect the 13C, 14N residual dipolar coupling generally observed in 13C CPMAS spectroscopy. A simple analysis is presented for studying the conditions under which the carbon resonances will be self-decoupled from the influence of 14N nuclei. The implications of the results as to the nature of the proton potential energy profile are also discussed.


The Self-taught Examinations for Higher Education is the largest open higher education model in China,and it has already attracted universal attention for its correct aim of talent training and its strict quality management.According with the rapidly developing of the society and the Higher Education,the connotation and the requirements of the talent training of Self-taught Examinations are changed,so the Self-taught Examination must adjusts its aim of talent training and makes the new aim of talent training clear.


In this paper we propose an algorithm for a series expansion of the Meijer G-function for general values of its parameters. Obtaining a general formula for such expansions is a very difficult (if at all solvable) problem and is out of the scope of the present paper. Earlier attempts have been made to obtain such a formula e.g. in [5, §5.7, p. 176] and [6, §3.7, p. 70]; however it appears that corresponding formulae, given in these books contain mistakes, either typographical or factual, and cannot be used. In Braaksma's paper [2], to which Mathai and Saxena refer, only very general recommendations for the G-function expansion are given; this paper is mainly dedicated to obtaining asymptotic formulae. Hence the aforementioned algorithm can be of interest, and, in particular it was successfully applied by the author to the evaluation of an integral containing a Bessel function [4]


Adiponectin, an adipocyte-specific protein, is associated with cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients. The study objective was to determine whether the serum adiponectin concentration was associated with lipid profile and body composition indexes in type 2 diabetic patients. For this purpose, Forty three obese sedentary (BMI≥30) with type 2 diabetic were enrolled to the study. Serum adiponectin, lipid profiles and anthropometrical indexes were measured in all patients after an overnight fasting. Pearson correlations method was used to determine the relations of adiponectin with other variables in obese subjects. Serum adiponectin levels were negatively correlated with triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride to High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL), visceral fat and abdominal circumference (p<0.05). There was no significant relationship between serum adiponectin with HDL and body mass index (p≥0.05). Our finding support this hypothesis that adiponectin is a appreciate predictor of cardiovascular risk factor in type 2 diabetic patients.


Navigation within historic spaces requires analysis of a variety of acoustic, proprioceptive and tactile cues; a task that is well-developed in many visually-impaired individuals but for which sighted individuals rely almost entirely on vision. For the visually-impaired, the creation of a cognitive map of a space can be a long process for which the individual may repeat various paths numerous times. While this action is typically performed by the individual on-site, it is of some interest to investigate to what degree this task can be performed off-site using a virtual simulator. We propose a tactile map navigation system with interactive auditory display. The system is based on a paper tactile map upon which the user's hands are tracked. Audio feedback provides; (i) information on user-selected map features, (ii) dynamic navigation information as the hand is moved, (iii) guidance on how to reach the location of one hand (arrival point) from the location of the other hand (departure point) and (iv) additional interactive 3D-audio cues useful for navigation. This paper presents an overview of the initial technical development stage, reporting observations from preliminary evaluations with a blind individual. The system will be beneficial to visuallyimpaired visitors to heritage sites; we describe one such site which is being used to further assess our prototype.


Objective:To summarize the operative experience of laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC) for acute calculous cholecystitis.Methods:The 182 patients with acute calculous cholecystitis were treated by LC and converted to laparotomy pro re nata.Results:One hundred and seventy-seven cases were successful,5 cases were converted to laparotomy,no death or other complications,such as bile duct injury,postoperative hemorrhage or bile leakage,occurred.Conclusions:LC for acute calculous cholecystitis can be safely and reliably performed by doctors who are skilled in laparoscopic surgical technic.


Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs are multidisciplinary pathways that were created to reduce stress response to surgery and improve outcomes. These pathways have been demonstrated to decrease length of stay (LOS) after surgery and reduce postoperative complications in several types of abdominal surgery. Their application in elderly or older patients and in high risk patients has had a slower uptake due to concerns about the possible risks and/or lack of benefit in these groups of patients. Prehabilitation has become an important part of ERAS programs and could also benefit elderly and high-risk patients. This updated review of the literature suggests that "tailored" ERAS programs can be beneficial in elderly, high-risk and frail patients, and should be offered to these populations.


Introduction: The mammalian retina contains neuronal cells as well as a number of non-neuronal glial cells. The different types of glial cells include Müller glia, retinal astrocytes, and microglia. Müller glial cells and astrocytes nourish neurons and microglia act as sentinels that respond to injury or disease within the nervous system. The long-term goal of our laboratory has been to study interactions between microglia, Muller glia and astrocytes in healthy and diseased tissue. The focus of the present study was to develop a technique that would allow the laboratory to study changes in cell number in retinal flat mounts and cultures. Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to fluorescently label mature murine retinal tissue. Retinal flat-mounts were stained with SOX2, a nuclear marker for glial cells or IBA1 for microglial cells, and counter-stained with Hoechst solution to label all nuclei. Pure cultures of mouse microglial cells treated with liposomal clodronate (a drug which specifically targets and ablates microglia) and vehicle were counter stained with Hoechst solution. Cell counts were performed on the images of the fluorescently labeled samples using Image-J software. Results: Convolutions were used to filter images of immunolabeled cultures and retinal flat mounts to make the images clear enough to capture cell number. The cell count assistance protocol yielded acceptable cell count results of the stained cells and determined a detectable difference in the number of clodronate treated cells versus vehicle treated control cells. The images produced of the retinal flat-mounts were analyzed to determine the percentage of SOX2 positive Müller glia in the mature murine retinal tissue. Conclusion: A modified Image J program could be used to determine cellular number in cultures and retinal flat mounts.


Speaker verification (SV) suffers from unsatisfactory performance in far-field scenarios due to environmental noise andthe adverse impact of room reverberation. This work presents a benchmark of multichannel speech enhancement for far-fieldspeaker verification. One approach is a deep neural network-based, and the other is a combination of deep neural network andsignal processing. We integrated a DNN architecture with signal processing techniques to carry out various experiments. Ourapproach is compared to the existing state-of-the-art approaches. We examine the importance of enrollment in pre-processing,which has been largely overlooked in previous studies. Experimental evaluation shows that pre-processing can improve the SVperformance as long as the enrollment files are processed similarly to the test data and that test and enrollment occur within similarSNR ranges. Considerable improvement is obtained on the generated and all the noise conditions of the VOiCES dataset.


A 30-year-old man with rippling muscle disease (RMD) harboring an R27Q mutation in the caveolin-3 (CAV3) gene presented percussion-induced rapid muscle contractions and muscle rippling. (Fig. 1a, Video S1). The ultrasound revealed dynamic rolling muscle contractions spread diagonally or transversally to the axis of muscle fibers, showing a to-and-fro wavelike appearance not only in superficial parts but also in deep parts (Fig. 1b, Video S2). Rippling muscle disease is a myopathy characterized by mechanically induced involuntary muscle contractions. The mislocalization of CAV3 leads to increased activity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the skeletal muscle, which may cause muscle hyperexcitability. The present study of visual inspection and ultrasound examination reveals a unique mode of muscle contraction in RMD in more details than previously reported.


the technology available to perceive and to affect the biological processes. My sense is that as our newfound abilities to manipulate embryonic life increases, our level of responsibility to care for that life increases as well. It may be that we have sensed this increased level of responsibility and instinctively elevated it to an absolute. Also, it seems that the inclination to absolutize the embryo's value is fed by the need to "nail down" the antiabortion position. A third expression of absolutizing in stem cell research points in the opposite direction from the two discussed above. It exaggerates the value and importance of the goals of the research (Zoloth 2002). Here the temptation is to proclaim that the goals of stem cell research are so important that any price paid or any risk taken to advance that research is worth it. In our time of "technomessianism" it is easy to foster the conviction that advancing technology is the only hope for the betterment of humanity. This form of absolutizing can prompt an exaggerated optimism in the outcome of stem cell research and the resulting waste of resources and diminution of respect for embryonic life. Furthermore, we should not be naive and overlook the evidence that behind much of this promotion of fullsteam-ahead research are the corporate interests that smell proats and institutional and professional interests that seek status and power. These absolutizing interests that promote stem cell research are as idolatrous as those that seek to restrict this research. Paradoxically, these expressions of absolutizing have the real effect of reductionism within the process of moral analysis. Our impulse to absolutize, to create idols, serves our fear of complexity and ambiguity and our need for certainty. We satisfy this need for certainty by simpliacation and reductionism. It helps us avoid truly difacult moral struggle, because we imagine that there is only one possible truth—the one we have absolutized. Therefore, the conversation and deliberation are cut short, and all possible moral goods are not considered. What becomes clear to me is that this absolutizing is fed by a desire to control. It is a form of arrogance, which under the guise of submission to "the Almighty" or "the obvious" narrows the options to those that demand the least or in other ways offer less of a challenge to our small minds, hearts, and imaginations.


A. Introduction to tbe Problem Nowhere in his work does \írhitehead give an explicit account of the question: how can God's consequent nature, which he himself characterizes as "incomplete" (PR 345), influence the temporal world?'To be able to have influence" means that God's consequent nature must be prehensible for temporal (or "worldly")2 occasions, but this demands the satisfaction of God's consequent nature, and this would seem antagonistic to incompleteness. None of the passages which mention the workings of God's consequent natur€ consider this conceptual problem (see PR 32, 87-88, 350-351). The efficacy of God's consequent nature on the world mà/, however, contain an aspect of tUíhitehead's philosophy which is imporcant for theology. For this is the context in which the issue of God also as Moved Mover is relevant. That is why the question-'if and how God's consequenr nature can be prehensible and therefore efficacious"-is especially pertinent to any attempt at finding a (more) accurate model for God's efficacy in the world. This question is the subject of the present article.r First, the problem will be examined and two different lines of interpretation will be noted [Section A]. Then aproposal for interpretation will be made [Section B], and will be discussed and elaborated [Section C], and compared to closely related alternatives [Section E]. In between, it will be necessary to briefly consider the characterization of God's own aim [Section D].


A new extra-solar planet has been discovered in the context of the CORALIE survey at La Silla Observatory. This planet orbits the star HD 192263. In this paper we present and discuss the basic properties of this new planetary candidate. 1. The CORALIE extra-solar planet survey During the 9th \Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun" conference, in Flo-rence, the rst extra-solar planet has been announced (Mayor & Queloz 1995). At the time of the 11th conference of this series, more than 20 extra-solar giant planets are known, presenting a wide variety of (minimum) masses and orbital characteristics (Marcy, Cochran & Mayor 1999). One long term extra-solar planet search programme started in June 1998 making use of the CORALIE high-resolution (= 50 000) ber-fed echelle spectrograph mounted on the Nasmyth focus of the new 1.2 m Euler Telescope at ESO (La Silla, Chile). After 1 year of measurements, 4 new extra-solar planets have been detected (Queloz et al. 1999ab; Udry et al. 1999; this paper)-see Table 1. Table 1. Basic properties of the 4 extra-solar planets found in the context of the CORALIE survey.


Since regional outonomy era, the local boundary has meaning which is important as boundary of local government authority in implementing the government function in a certain areas which is regulated by regulations and has implication to appear the conflict of interregional about affirmation of area border because it's related to uphold existence and the sovereignty on each local governments. But originally, the process of dispute resolution has regulated in Permendagri Nomor 76 Tahun 2016 which solves the conflict through administration route, it doesn't solve the problems, even the parties can take legal effort in constitutional court justice in this process of dispute resolution so that changed the conflict patterns which initially among a region with another one become a region with state institutions. In this research, the writing purpose is not just to describe the conflict solution process through administration process only, but also is concerned with the solution process through judicial review against Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 by Constitutional Court.The type of this research can be classified in the type of normative law research is literature. In this normative law research, the author make the research against principles of law. Then, in this research concludes that Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 76 Tahun 2012 is the true regulation which is able to solve the conflict of boundary area. Administration process which regulated in Undang-undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 could not solve the conflict problems of boundary area yet even though the decision was final decision but also have a legal effort as judicial review in constitutional court. The author recommends that will be formed a regulation which more have legal certainty and also engages the constitutional court in solving the conflict of boundary area, because is also about constitutionality.


Savonius turbine is one of the most commonly used types of wind turbines. This is based on the construction which is an upright axis wind turbine so that it has a large initial torque rotation at low wind velocity. The large torque produced comes from the flexibility of the turbine blade in receiving wind from all directions. Such conditions make Savonius wind turbine blades have great potential to be engineered to produce the best performance. One form of engineering is by adding a deflector between the outer blades slits. Therefore, this study aims to analyze and obtain the value of Savonius wind turbine output power overlapping with the definition of deflector on the lower rotor and the variation of the effective angle of the upper rotor. This research is quantitative with the true-experimental method. The steps began with the creation of research objects such as the Savonius wind turbines and the search for other equipment such as gearboxes, generators and LED lights. Then the object will be given the title of artificial wind fluid from the blower to determine the performance of the wind turbine. Based on the results of the study it can be seen that the position of the deflector angle of 45° and the effective angle of 20°, 40°, 60° produced the highest output power value reaching 2.6544 Watts and the torque value reaching 118,997 Nm. The results also showed that the position of the 45° deflector angle and the effective angle of 40°, 40°, 60° obtained the most optimal mean value of output power and torque.


Assessment of the social sciences university students (female) physical capacity assessment depending on the chosen form of physical activity. Revealed that physical activity within the subject "Physical training" allows students (female) to achieve a number of indicators average or above average for the citizens of the republic level of physical fitness. In experiment took part 258 students.


Summary: The pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir in patients with severe renal dysfunction is poorly defined. In this paper, we report the pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir in three anuric heart transplant patients under continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (CVVHD). Ganciclovir was administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg every 48 h for at least 9 days. Samples from the arterial and venous blood lines and from ultrafiltrate were collected to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters, clearance of ultrafiltration, and sieving coefficient. Ganciclovir concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters (mean ± SD) were the following: t1/2β 18.9 ± 2.2 h, Cl 0.42 ± 0.08 ml/min/kg, Vdss 0.68 ± 0.10 L/kg. At the steady state the clearance of ultrafiltration was 12.9 ± 1.9 ml/min (or 130 L/week) and the sieving coefficient was 0.84 ± 0.08 with an average fraction of 89.7 ± 10.6% of the administered dose removed by CVVHD. These results show that CVVHD is highly effective in removing ganciclovir from plasma. Furthermore, CVVHD appears more effective than intermittent hemodialysis. These data should be taken into account to optimize dosage adjustment of ganciclovir in patients under CVVHD, and until guidelines are available, careful monitoring of drug concentrations-is recommended.


With the increase in spread of information technology, use of software products and services will percolate down the line to small organisations/medium sized companies. Since the software development cycle time will reduce in the coming years, organisations who want to leverage information technology for their competitive advantage would like to use the latest software tools at minimum cost and therefore, are likely to opt for software on rental basis. In the case of applications where particular software is required for one time use or where software applications are required at sites, rental services will be ven; useful. Trends show that in the years to come, software services and products on rental basis is likely to be a high revenue generating industry.


Myoglobin, which is widely present in animal red mus cles, has an important role in the uptake and release of oxygen. Its function and structure have been extensively studied.1,2) Susceptibility of the myoglobin to heat or denaturants has been previously reported.3,4) It has a low conformation-free energy and transition temperature of structural unfolding.4-6) The greater susceptibility to autox idation,7,8> different degrees of heme disorder and more open or disorganized structures ofthe myoglobins lfrom fish have been compared with those of mammals. An amino acid composition can also indicate a close similarity among fish species.4,9) Recently, the stability of a native state of the myoglobin has been linked to that of sec ondary structural elements in the protein structure.11,12) Differences in the structural features exist in the my oglobins between fish and mammals, even if they have a similar tertiary struture.13) Since amino acid sequences of fish myoglobins are typi cally conservative and have also been shown to have differ ent specific local interactions, a comparative study on the thermal denaturation of the myoglobins would be of in terest. This study investigated the conformational changes and denaturation behavior of fish myoglobins.


The preparation of DNA chip, detection methods of the hybridization signal and its applications for bio medicine are presented.There are two kinds of preparation methods. The character of DNA chip is deter mined by detection of hybridization signal. DNA chip has gained some successes and has great foreground in biomedical application.


The article analyses problems of self-regulating organizations of insolvency officers' and insolvency officers' activities on the current stage of economic growth. Suggestions on creating complex legal system as an innovative mechanism of increasing efficiency of self-regulating organizations of insolvency officers' and their members' activities are made.


Laser marking is the exercise of use lasers to imprint on the exterior of the object. The method does not include the use of inks, tool bits that causes damage to engraving surface, beneficial in the sense of eliminating the necessity of changing inks, tool bits on the periodic basis.The influence of laser marking has been more noticeable for special purpose " laser feasible" materials and also on some paints. It contains laser subtle polymers and innovative alloys of metal. The word laser marking is also used worldwide as it covers a wide range of surface acting treatments like printing, hot-branding and laser attachment. As there is one same machine for laser engraving & marking process that confuses to a person without knowledge of these processes. This work is carryout to design fixtures for laser engraving process in medical equipment manufacturing business situated in Ratnagiri. The machine is used to mark product details on the exterior of the work piece with the help of a laser. There is variation in part family created in the industry. Due to such variation, it will take additional set up time for fixturing of different parts. This increases cycle time. So fixture is planned for the part which made in large quantity, where maximum cycle time is lost. Bone screws of two different size are produced in maximum quantity than rest of parts for which fixture design.


Aims and objectives: To evaluate the survival duration of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from male urethral discharge specimens collected using the Copan eSwab® liquid-based microbiology transport system, at both ambient and refrigerator temperatures.Methods: Three urethral swabs (one Dacron, two Copan eSwabs®) were collected from each male patient presenting with purulent urethral discharge to a community-based primary healthcare centre in Johannesburg. The Dacron swab was directly inoculated onto New York city agar medium, and the Copan eSwabs® transported and held at room and refrigerator temperature, for daily sub-culture onto New York city agar over a total period of seven days (168 h). The utility of Copan eSwabs® for the transport and survival of N. gonorrhoeae at different temperatures was determined by comparison to culture obtained by 'gold standard' direct plate inoculation.Results: N. gonorrhoeae isolation rates from Copan eSwabs® at fridge temperature and ambient temperature were as follows: 87.9% vs ...


Bagshawe, T.W. 1938. Notes on the habits of the Gentoo and Ringed or Antarctic Penguins. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 24, 185-306. Downes, M.C., Ealey, E.H.M., Gwynn, A.M. & Young, P.S. 1959. The birds of Heard Island. ANARE Report Series B, 1,l-135. Elliott, H.F. I. 1957. Contributions to the ornithology of the Tristan da Cunha group. Ibis 99, 545-586. Falla, R.A. 1937. Birds. B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929-1931 Report Series B, Vol. 2,l-288. Gilbert, A.B. 1979. The female genital tract. 4.237-360 in Form and Function in Birds, Vol. 1. Eds A S . King & J. McLelland. Academic Press, New York. Grau, C.R. 1982. Egg formation in Fiordland Crested Penguins (Eudyptespachyrhynchus). Condor 84,172-177. Grau, C.R. 1984. Egg formation. Pp. 33-57 in Seabird Energetics. Eds G. C. Whittow & H. Rahn. Plenum Press, New York. Gwynn, A.M. 1953. The egg-laying and incubation periods of Rockhopper, Macaroni and Gentoo Penguins. ANARE Report Series B, 1, 1-29. Murphy, R.C. 1936. Oceanic Birds of South America, Vol. 1 and 2. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Richdale, L.E. 1949. A study of a group of penguins of known age. Otago Daily Times and Witness, Dunedin. Richdale, L.E. 1957. A Population Study of Penguins. Oxford University Press, London. Sladen, J.L. 1958. The Pygoscelid penguins. I. Methods of study. 11. The Adelie Penguin Pygoscelis adeliae (Hombron & Jacquinot). Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey Scientific Reports No. 17. Warham, J. 1963. The Rockhopper Penguins Eudyptes chrysocome at Macquarie island. Auk 80,229-256. Warham, J. 1975. The Crested Penguins. Pp. 189-269 in The Biology of Penguins. Ed. B. Stonehouse. Macmillan, London. Williams, A.J. 1980a. Offspring reduction in Macaroni and Rockhopper Penguins. Auk 97, 754-759. Williams, A.J. 1980b. Rockhopper Penguins Eudyptes chrysocome at Gough Island. Bulletin of the British Omithologists' Club 100, 208-212. Williams, A.J. 1981. The clutch size of Macaroni and Rockhopper Penguins. Emu 81, 87-90. Williams, A.J. & Stone, C. 1981. Rockhopper Penguins Eudyptes chrysocome at Tristan da Cunha. Cormorant 9, 59-66.


Non-linear flat dynamo models are presented using the 2D timestepping code introduced by Elstner et al. (1990). Three effects of feedback of the magnetic field on the inducing motions are considered: α-quenching, »turbulent buoyancy«, and accretion flow. Density is assumed to be the only stratified quantity in the turbulence field. As input parameters we fix the (normalized) rms velocity as well as the (normalized) correlation length of the turbulence. Parameters associated with the definitions of the eddy diffusivity, η T , and the equipartition field, B eq , remain as free and unknown quantities of order unity. In particular, the dimensionless c η in the defining relation η T = c η u'l corr (u' the rms velocity, l corr the correlation length) governs the dynamo regime which for small c η operates far in the non-linearity