This study investigated how a workplace educator was used as a pawn between the company and the union while delivering a safety-training program. Among the findings were training was held in contempt by union and management while safety's exchange value was exploited. During the summer months, the continuous caster's shop floor temperature rose beyond 110° F. Further, workers were required to don full personal protective equipment (PPE) as well as flame-retardant, heat-reflective apparel. The elevated temperature work-environment caused several workers to experience heat stress related symptoms with several transported to the local emergency room. Since the caster is a 24/7 operation manned by a production crew whose number was informed by the current Basic Labor Agreement, extended breaks in an airconditioned environment each hour were not possible. Two plans to address the issue were proposed. The union wanted one additional Spellman per shift during the summer months thus providing the workers sufficient relief from the heat. The company countered with providing body-cooling apparel to be worn under the required PPE accompanied by elevated-temperature work environment safety training as well as a mobile air conditioning unit at each of the two production operator's station. Worthen (2008) argues, "Workers learn not only how to produce goods and services but also how to protect their jobs and themselves on the job so that they can earn a living" (p. 323). This is part of the micro-social processes that serve to create people's knowledge as the shop floor is a "contested terrain of social, political and economic struggle" (Bratton, Mills, Pyrch, & Sawchuk, 2004, p. 103). Although the heat stress issue and its toll on worker health and safety was forefront, were union-driven hidden agendas present that came to bear on this struggle? The battle for worker-voice in protecting themselves, as well as their job, is disputed in a space where the subordinate standpoint that, many times, is subjugated within the dominant social group (the company, in this case). Were company-driven hidden agendas also present that served to fuel the contested terrain for power? Sawchuk (2003) argued, "... but more important, it [participation in activity] offers an example of the way that standpoints play such an important role in differentiated and differentiating forms of participation in activity" (p. 126). It is these differentiated and differentiating forms of participation that occur daily within the workplace and beyond as workers struggle for voice and agency vis-à-vis control of their work-environment. This space is governed by the dominant group's privileged knowledge manifesting in such forms as labor agreements, corporate policy, and human resource development practices. Existing simultaneously in the same space, the subordinate groups experience historically defined differentiated roles thus socially creating a people's knowledge that includes their need to maintain a voice in the struggle for relevance, power, and control. Power and control becomes the focus as the dominant group differentiates each subordinate's extent of participation in the activity network. However, this does not relegate the subordinate group to one of passive or obedient submission of agency. Brattan et al. (2004) claimed, "learning is part of a management strategy to achieve sustainable competitive advantage" (p. 11). Nora (1990) stated management has the responsibility to train their employees and provide them with every opportunity to succeed. Especially in a globalized market place, the drive towards lowering the per-raw-ton cost is imperative to sustain the competitive advantage. Instruction tends to be informed by observed and perceived deficiencies presented by the workers and described as an identified skill-gap. In turn, training is planned and delivered attempting to address and resolve the skill-gap thus increasing crew efficiency and lowering production costs. The specific training that the worker attends is documented in their file. However, others maintain that training is conducted for ulterior motives and is little discussed or even mentioned. Schied (1995) argued that management developed ways to shape and control workers as well as the work. It is this continued battle for controlling the work process, or having a hearable voice in directing the work process, that becomes the source for social, political, and economic contention. These hidden motives lie just below the visible surface sustaining status quo and workplace control through maintaining worker complicity. It is this intersection of two competing agendas where the workplace educator negotiates their role. Cultural Historical Activity Theory Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) was selected for this study for its ability to provide consideration for the historicity and multivoicedness issues located in an activity as well as its ability to explore contradictions. A sophisticated theory was needed to wade through the myriad power and control issues located at not only the visible level but, more importantly, at the invisible level as well as the historical relations in the divisions of labor. What was needed was the ability to identify the outcomes of a combined object implicated by internal and external disturbances. Motivation provides the impetus of a group or an individual to participate in an object-oriented activity. It is beyond this paper to offer a full description regarding CHAT as many insightful and comprehensive resources exist [see for instance (Roth & Lee, 2007; Sawchuk, Duarte, & Elhammoumi, 2005)]. Leont'ev (1978) argued that "Activity is the minimal meaningful context for understanding individual actions ... (p. 10). This study explored power and control issues in a safety training program from the workplace educator's safety training activity system. This unit of analysis was used while exploring the activity network that also included the management's safety program and the union's safety program. CHAT was also used for its ability to explore contradictions, structural disturbances, such as what the workplace educator faced when required to do their job. Additionally, other principles such as multivoicedness come very clear as the activity network was explored and analyzed. Findings and Discussion Safety training's use value strengthens workers' work process knowledge thus increasing their ability to recognize potential environmental hazards and improved opportunity to safely return home. Workers are then better positioned to externalize upon the environment to not only negotiate their jobs for maintaining low per-ton-cost; but, also to recognize and address unexpected situations that may contribute to safety-compromised encounters. It is fully understood that workers should return home as healthy as they entered (Worthen, 2014). However, when such a belief is turned for uses other than directed, such as using the concepts of safety as a means to running an agenda, then the idea of safety, in and of itself, may become compromised in addition to the one providing the specific safety training. The findings illustrated several interesting points. One, and presumably most important, was the workplace educator drew upon proper pedagogical practices to deliver heat stress training. The data analysis showed through formal document analysis that the training program was informed by the standards and recommendations provided by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA, https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/heatstress/) and the National Institute for Safety and Occupational Health (NIOSH, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/climate/default.html), the two governing organizations regarding occupational health and safety. Additionally, the workplace educator showed a teaching video (Working Safely in Elevated Temperature Environments) along with an interactive presentation that engaged the participants in recognizing signs and symptoms related to heat stress. As one union worker stated, "What I learned I can [original] use at home and for my family." This as well as many similar statements all pointed to the workers learning how to safely negotiate their role in an elevated temperature environment. One manager stated, "I know I feel better prepared to help my crew during hot days." These are part of the intended outcomes of the training program. However, and just as important, a few additional points surfaced that had little to do with delivering instruction. The data analysis also yielded 1) the workplace educator became a pawn in a power struggle; 2) Workers held training in contempt; 3) the workplace educator was viewed as an outsider by both union and management; and, 4) safety was used in its exchange value for power and control. The workplace educator faced a primary contradiction related to safety training. As the workplace educator said, "I have conducted safety training many times and this was one time that the company should have thought of the hazard and not how to skate with minimal cost." Their knowledge for producing a service informed how they developed and delivered the heat stress training. They stated, "I felt bad for the operators in such intense heat..." However, the educator also learned how to protect their job as well as protecting themselves while negotiating their role. They further stated, "I thought if I could at least, uhhh, be compassionate about the heat, they would understand I have a job to do." The workplace educator needed to perform their job expectations as an employee however; they openly stated their positionality upfront to the union workers. The union was requesting that one additional utility person be added to each shift during the summer months as a way to meet the OSHA and NIOSH guidelines during times of elevated temperature work environments. Specifically, the use of "relief workers or assign extra workers for phys


REFERENCES 1. Pileri SA, Orazi A, Falini B. Myeloid sarcoma. In: Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al, eds. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Revised 4th ed. Lyon, France: IARC Press, 2017:167-8. 2. Rizvi MA, Evens AM, Tallman MS, Nelson BP, Rosen ST. T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2006;107:1255-64. 3. Foss FM, Zinzani PL, Vose JM, Gascoyne RD, Rosen ST, Tobinai K. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2011;117:6756-67. 4. Kawamoto K, Miyoshi H, Yanagida E, et al. Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics between T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified. Eur J Haematol 2017;98:459-66. 5. Coiffier B, Pro B, Prince HM, et al. Results from a pivotal, open-label, phase II study of romidepsin in relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma after prior systemic therapy. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:631-6. 6. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Guidelines. T-cell lymphomas. Plymouth Meeting, PA: National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2020. (Accessed February 12, 2020, at https:// www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx). 7. Coiffier B, Pro B, Prince HM, et al. Romidepsin for the treatment of relapsed/refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma: pivotal study update demonstrates durable responses. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:11. 8. Piekarz RL, Frye R, Prince HM, et al. Phase 2 trial of romidepsin in patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2011; 177:5827-34. 9. Maruyama D, Tobinai K, Ogura M, et al. Romidepsin in Japanese patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma: a phase I/II and pharmacokinetics study. Int J Hematol 2017;106:655-65. 10. Brunvand MW, Carson J. Complete remission with romidepsin in a patient with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia refractory to induction hyper-CVAD. Hematol Oncol 2018;36:340-3. 11. Marchi E, Zullo KM, Amengual JE, et al. The combination of hypomethylating agents and histone deacetylase inhibitors produce marked synergy in preclinical models of T-cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2015;171:215-26. 12. O'Connor OA, Zullo K, Marchi E, et al. Targeting epigenetic operations with HDAC inhibitor and hypomethylating drugs in combination exhibit synergy in preclinical and clinical experiences in drug resistant T-cell lymphoma (TCL): a translational focus on doublet development. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstract) 2015;126(Suppl):1282.


The purpose of this study was to identify some of the reasons middle school students choose to take choir as an elective. This study has helped identify how a student in middle school is motivated: intrinsically or extrinsically when making the choice of a class like choir. The research includes findings that answer the questions, "What influenced you the most of join choir?", "How did you feel about choir before you signed up for the class?", "How do you feel about choir after having the class for 1 or 2 years?", "What are the attributes that make choir a class to sign up for?", "How does your family feel about you singing in choir?", and "How do your peers feel about you singing in choir?" The research was conducted using an anonymous survey that was proctored by another teacher. The survey was given to middle school choir students at a Midwestern middle school. The findings were analyzed through Microsoft Excel and A Statistical Program (ASP) software. The findings indicate that there is more intrinsic motivation among middle-aged students to take choir. This can be useful knowledge for schools and districts needing to recruit and build numbers in choral programs. Knowing a middle school students may be more inclined to do a class like choir on their own choosing, not their families or friends, etc. would be a tool for teachers and districts in the recruitment of young singers. Motivation 3 Introduction Background, Issues and Concerns Choir teachers all across American deal with many issues that are particular to that subject. These issues can range from low numbers, no budget, no support, to huge numbers or students and great (almost too much) support. Some research suggests motivation is affected by more physiological and psychological changes in students. Considerable research has shown a decline in motivation and performance for many children as they move from elementary school into middle school. Often it has been assumed that this decline is due to physiological and psychological changes associated with puberty and, therefore, is somewhat inevitable (National Middle School Association 1997). For the improvement of teaching and retention of students the subject area of middle school vocal music was chosen. A common theme for middle school choir teachers is motivation. Within a middle school choral classroom there are typically large numbers of students, but most middle school vocal teachers see many reasons for motivation in taking choir as an elective class. Of course, building good student/teacher relations is important, but what motivates middle school students to sign up for choir as an elective? Most middle school students only have 1 or 2 choices for elective classes. Some throughout America don't have any choices. The analysis of the results will help to determine what motivates a middle school student to choose an elective class like choir and what drives them to that decision. Practice Under Investigation The practice under investigation is how to best recruit and teach middle school choir students and potential choir students. Motivation 4 School Policy to be Informed by the Study The middle school choral program used for the study serves 6 – 8 grade students. The students in their 6h grade year have the choice of general music or speech. During their 7 and 8 grade years the students have the between choir, band, orchestra, drama, art, foreign language, and tech. literacy. The students are forced to choose more or less 1 elective course to take along with the required P.E./Health course. The choral teacher must use as many means possible to recruit and retain these 7 and 8 grade students. If a middle school music teacher can better understand why 7 and 8 grade students select choir as a choice over the others listed above, it could lead to better numbers in middle school choir in this given district. Conceptual Underpinning Intrinsic motivation (i.e. engaging in a behavior as an end in itself) and extrinsic motivation (i.e. engaging in a behavior as a means to an end) have both been part of an important topic and debate within middle school educational circles. Some research suggests that there is a disparity between the needs of children transitioning to middle school and their social environment such that this "mismatch" drives students' decreasing levels of intrinsic motivation (Guerrero, 2005). This would indicate more outside factors potentially motivating the choices students in middle school are making. Many middle educators spend a majority of time trying to understand their students. There are many factors at play due to the pool of hormones and chemicals middle school or adolescent students and their teachers are dealing with daily. The decisions middle school students make are typically perceived as extrinsically motivated – motivated by friends, family, teachers, media, etc. Research is showing otherwise. It is the hope of this survey to understand how a middle school choir student is motivated. Motivation 5 Statement of the Problem Choice is a tough part of being in the middle school curriculum for middle school students. This results are lower numbers in all programs, as well as students who may or may not understand what a class like choir is all about at the middle school level. Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to gain knowledge of what motivates middle school students (7 and 8 graders) to take a choir class. There are elements of intrinsic motivation as well as extrinsic motivation in these decisions. The information gained will be able to assist in building the choral programs with the school district of the study.


The Rumanian nationalism of Transylvania, which developed during the 19th century to defend the rights of the Rumanian population from the Magyarization policies implemented by Budapest's government, suddenly found itself in a completely different situation at the end of World War I: from non-dominant it had become dominant. As in other areas of postwar Eastern Europe during the 1920s and 1930s,, this transition involved a reversal of the paradigms of reference of the Rumanian nationalists that changed from inclusive and democratic values into an exclusive and fundamentally totalitarian ideology.


Abstract Purpose: This article presents an approach for incorporating indigenous culture into language and literacy intervention for middle school students. The approach is centered on the use of e...


The purpose of this validity study was to improve measurement of coaching efficacy, an important variable in models of coaching effectiveness. A revised version of the coaching efficacy scale (CES) was developed for head coaches of high school teams (CES II-HST). Data were collected from head coaches of 14 relevant high school sports (N = 799). Exploratory factor analysis (n = 250) and a conceptual understanding of the construct of interest led to the selection of 18 items. A single-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; n = 549) provided evidence for close model-data fit. A multigroup CFA provided evidence for factorial invariance by gender of the coach (n = 588).


Based on anionic group theory, a computer-assisted material design system (CAMDS) has been developed. This method has proved to be a highly efficient means of discovering nonlinear optical crystals. In this method, important optical properties of the target compounds (borates, for example), such as the dij coefficients, refractive indices, and energy bandgap, are calculated so that a prior evaluation can be made before experiments. The results have given a meaningful guide to ensuing experiments, which have led to our discoveries of KBBF (KBe2BO3F2) and SBBO (Sr2Be2B2O7) in the past several years, followed by other members of the SBBO family in recent years. On the other hand, this system can also be used to evaluate the dij coefficients of the borate nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals discovered recently whose dij coefficients have not been determined experimentally.


SUMMARY– Initial reducing sugars and diastatic activity, expressed as "maltose value," are increased in irradiated wheat and are functions of dose levels in the range 20—200 Krad. Both alpha-and beta-amylases retain their activities in irradiated wheat, but the sensitivities of starch to amylolysis are increased with radiation dose levels. Latent beta-amylase present in resting seeds, is also radioresistant. Susceptibility of starch to radiation treatment is more pronounced with moist than dry grain.


This paper shows that favoritism can arise endogenously as an optimal decision rule in a symmetric model with an ex-ante impartial principal. Furthermore, favoritism dominates fairness specifically when the favorite promotes his own idea and ignores the other's idea so that the non-favorite loses motivation. Our model also provides new insights on hierarchical communication structure and group authority.


Dear Old-timer, It's me, the new guy you recently hired for your well-established practice. Even though it's been a few weeks since you agreed to bring me on board, I imagine you remain uncertain — you must have unspoken concerns about whether I'll fit in as a good member of your team.


A growing share of the economically active population is reported to be temporarily unable to work or to have reduced work ability as a result of chronic diseases, which require special forms of rehabilitation, monitoring and treatment. Many implications exist for these people in terms of income, job opportunities, career and social inclusion, with the economic impact that chronic diseases have on national health and welfare systems which is still given little attention. This problem is further compounded by higher life expectancy and the upward adjustment of the age criteria to enter retirement. Yet it is a fact that people's increased longevity leads to either higher demands in terms of social and health services or to higher costs resulting from increased life expectancy. Further, public budgetary constraints and the consequent strengthening of the subjective and the objective criteria to enter retirement and access social assistance often oblige people to stay on longer at work and thus to put up with physical and psychological issues, which in turn result in reduced ability to work and higher rates of absenteeism. Following on from these considerations, this paper will provide an examination of the following aspects through a comparative perspective: the shortcomings of the solutions put forward by labour law and social protection systems; the significance of shifting from disability allowances and passive policies to activation policies and initiatives concerning employability, adaptability and retention; the prevention of chronic diseases at the workplace level; the industrial relations perspective and the review of concepts like "presence at work", "working task", "full compliance with one's duties".


Carisbamate is a novel neuromodulator that has displayed its favorable antiepileptic effect in a broad spectrum of animal seizure models.Current studies show it can be used to partial-onset seizures and photoparoxysmal responses.It appears to be generally well tolerated.There are no clinically significant interactions between carisbamate and some antiepileptic drugs.Carisbamate may become a prospective antiepileptic drug in clinical use.


DevOps is a relatively new domain addressing the challenge of how to deploy service updates quickly and frequently, without undermining the reliability and stability of the operating environment. This paper explores the origins and composition of a DevOps IT capability. Our motivation is to understand what DevOps is, and the benefits and challenges that developing a DevOps capability presents. DevOps encompasses key elements of processes, technology, and people. These same inter-related elements are reflected in the composition of a capability. The authors therefore consider DevOps through the lens of an enterprise capability as an enabler of DevOps deployment.


Recent European-level political directives are pushing to increase European exchange capacities to augment the overall social welfare, while maintaining satisfactory levels of electricity supply security. This desire to expand interconnections coincides with increasing system variability brought on by rising use of intermittent renewable energy sources. The European day ahead market uses a zonal market design with the flow-based method as the current EU Target Model [1].


Cercopemyces rickenii (Bohus) Dima & L. Nagy (Agaricales: Tricholomataceae) is a rare species red-listed in Ukraine and in a number of other countries. Before now in Ukraine, the fungus was recorded in five localities, only in the steppe zone. All known localities were confined to sandy soil and plantings of Acer tataricum L. or Robinia pseudoacacia L. It is reported about sixth record of C. rickenii , located outside the steppe zone and the most northern in Ukraine. The fungus was found here in plantings formed by Caprinus betulus L. and Acer platanoides L. on forest soils. Using scanning electron microscopy, it was shown that the spore surface of C. rickenii had tuberculate ornamentation. In addition, it was shown that the basidium of the fungus could have more than four sterigmata.


2014 The backscattering of helium from a geometrically rough but clean surface has been studied. It is found that the scattering intensity vs. incidence angle shows a sequence of minima and maxima. These extrema are shown to be due to Bragg interference between helium atoms scattered by terraces separated by steps of one atom. From the intensity profile mean terrace lengths are deduced which are in a reasonable agreement with the macroroughness. LE JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE LETTRES TOME 38, 15 JUILLET 1977, Classification Physics Abstracts 68. 30 79.20 N In previous experimental work on the scattering of helium by (100) copper we have shown that [1] : 1) The specular peak of helium is a coherent elastic peak. 2) Its amplitude depends upon incidence angle, beam energy and crystal temperature through a Debye-Waller factor 2 W. where I is the specular peak intensity, 10 is the incident beam intensity. 2 W may be written as : where : ,u : mass ratio = j'j2gel ~Cu Ei mean energy of the incident atoms e; : angle of incidence D : well depth of the helium-metal interaction potential Tg crystal temperature Osapp : is what we have called an apparent surface Debye temperature. It depends upon the number of crystal atoms which directly interact with the helium atom (four for the (100) face) and upon their mean square and mean correlated displacements. We found Osapp = 370 K for the (100) face. This value is discussed in reference [1]. 3) In plane diffraction is not observed within our experimental flux sensitivity (0.00110). In the analysis which has lead to these conclusions we have assumed that the experimental surface was a perfect crystallographic plane. This is an idealized situation since in practice there is certainly a random distribution of steps on the surface. In order to check the influence of these geometrical defects we have done the same experiments on a sample which has been macroscopically roughened. The experimental set-up is the same as that in the previous work [1, 2, 3]. A very well collimated nozzle beam (Campargue's type [4], aperture 0.25°) is scattered by a copper single crystal into an ionization detector (angular resolution 0.25°). The incidence angle may be adjusted between 6 and 90° and the beam energy between 0.06 and 0.25 eV. The mean square velocity spread of the beam is 1.5 x 10-3. We are able to make both flux and velocity measurements by a time-of-flight technique. Only in plane measurements are possible. The crystal ((100) face) is first made free from sulphur by heating in a hydrogen furnace. In the work reported here before the sample is placed in the experimental chamber it is roughened by an electrochemical process. The resulting surface (as measured by light interferometry) is randomly corrugated, the mean corrugation amplitude is about 0.3 Jl, and the mean corrugation wave length about 10 ~. It is quite reasonable to assume that these corrugations are built, at the atomic scale, from (100) terraces separated by steps of one atomic plane height. From the slope of the corrugation a mean step separation of about 10 unit mesh is to be expected. Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyslet:019770038014030300 L-304 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE LETTRES The surface is thus cleaned in situ by ion bombardment (Ar+, 400 V, 10 ~A,1 hour) and annealing (773 K, 15 min.). The cleanliness is checked in situ by a cylindrical mirror Auger spectrometer. The surface was put into the interferometer microscope before and after the scattering experiment. This shows us that the corrugation was practically not affected by the cleaning procedure. The sample was also observed in a separate LEED experiment. It displays the characteristic pattern of the (100) face with bright sharp spots. We did not make any attempt to measure the intensity vs. energy profile of these spots. In figure 1 we have plotted the variation of the specular intensity as a function of the incidence angle for various beam energies. For the sake of comparison the curves for a smooth surface deduced from the previous experiments by [1] and [2] are also plotted. There is a striking difference between these curves : The curves related to the corrugated surface are shifted towards lower intensity values. They show large minima and maxima. FiG. 1. Plot of the intensity ratio 1/10 vs. incidence angle 0,. Crystal temperature : 473 K. a) Curve 1, beam energy = 0.063 eV; curve 2, beam energy = 0.063 eV after annealing at 1 200 K. b) Curve 3, beam energy = 0.105 eV ; curve 4, beam energy = 0.195 eV. The positions of Bragg minima and maxima are indicated by arrows. An attempt to smooth the surface in situ by annealing for 1 hour at 1 200 K was made. The result (curve 2 on figure la) is a decrease of the shift and a decrease of the maxima to minima amplitude. These features strongly suggest that interference between the helium atoms scattered from the various (100) terraces readily occurs. The mechanism is easy to understand using the very simple hard wall model as shown in figure 2. The helium metal potential in the normal direction is an infinite repulsive hard wall combined with an attractive well (depth D range a). Along the surface the wall is plane except in the vicinity of steps. Neglecting the wall corrugation between steps is justified by the absence of diffraction on the (100) face. ' FIG. 2. Hard-wall model for the surface. a) Hard-wall potential V(z). b) Shape of the hard-wall along the surface. Thus two helium atoms which strikes two adjacent terraces may interfere according to the usual Bragg condition. Minima will appear when : h : height of a step wave length of the helium beam. It is not necessary to take into account here the effect of refraction in the potential well provided that the terrace length is large with respect to the potential well range. If h is assumed to be the distance between two (100) planes of copper (h = 1.80 A) then the position of Bragg minima and maxima are indicated on figure 1 by arrows. The agreement with the experimental positions is quite good. A better comparison between the calculation and the experiment is achieved when the quantity (1110) e2 W is plotted instead of (1110). This is done on figure 3 for the lower energy experiment. For 9; ranging from 350 to 750 the position of the extrema agrees with the calculation within experimental accuracy. Below 350 the signal is very low and the signal to noise ratio becomes very bad so that the accuracy of the measurement is poor. In order to give a more quantitative description of the experimental results we have to make some assumption about the step distribution on the surface. The problem of the scattering of a wave by a randomly stepped surface has been already studied in connection with LEED experiments, particularly by Houston and Park [5], and Cowley and Shuman [6]. The model used by these latter authors is especially suitable for our case. They neglect the influence of steps edge and L-305 HELIUM BACKSCATTERING FROM A RANDOMLY STEPPED SURFACE


The paper presents a mathematical model addressing an intermodal optimization problem of cargo transport by container ship. Ship cargo broker or an owner's agent, in line with the latest container ship rotation and scheduling trends, has to make a preliminary cargo loading and distribution plan taking into account available number, masses and types of containers in order to achieve maximum transport profitability, provided maximum payload and transport capacity of container ship. Since the profitability is an indicator of efficiency expressed as a fractional value, respective mathematical model can be solved using linear fractional programming. The model was tested on a real-life example of the typical container ship, operating on a medium distance route.


The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of high‐frequency ultrasonography to provide for direct evaluation of the annular and cruciform finger pulley system.


During the last fifty years three major ways of defining a science of psychology have been proposed and tried out.


The Position Statement on reading methodology adopted by the IRA Board of Directors on November 3, 1979 appears, in certain respects, to offer inadequate and misleading advice to today's reading teachers. This statement expresses opposition to the idea that beginning reading "can best be taught by using a single method [or] through strong emphasis on a specific skill." The statement is not in keeping with the research on the acquisition of early reading skills. The only way to conclude that there is no preferred method for teaching beginning reading is to ignore the many reviews of research that say the opposite. These surveys consistently indicate that in beginning reading programs the phonics or decoding method and the skills it teaches result in greater reading achievement than other methods do. (Reviews of this research are found in the references cited.) The IRA statement does rightly note that reading ability is "not only the ability to recognize words, but also the ability to comprehend and evaluate the meaning of written materials." What the writers failed to include in their remarks is that the empirical research shows that the phonics or decoding method brings on greater reading comprehension, as well as greater word recognition skills in beginning reading, than does any other approach. The writers of the IRA statement appear to avoid dealing with this empirical evidence supporting the use of phonics methods in beginning instruction by saying that "No single method... has been proven to be most effective for all children." [Emphasis added.] A more important question is whether there is a preferred method of teaching beginning reading for the great majority of young children. The reviews of research cited here are clear about this issue. They all have found the decoding or phonics method to be superior for young pupils in general when compared to other methods. No one should deny that children sometimes do not learn as expected from the phonics approach. One should not conclude from these exceptions, however, that this method is not successfully applicable to the general population of beginning readers. The IRA Board of Directors' objection to phonics as the preferred method of teaching beginning reading is based, they say, on the fact that "The most important factor related to success in learning to read is the teacher." This declaration is not impertinent to the issue at hand simply because it is false. It is beside the point because a teacher at any given level of ability who uses the phonics or decoding approach will find that it will bring on greater achievement in beginning readers than do the other approaches. It is true, of course, that


A range of Fe–Mn–Si-based shape memory alloys has been investigated to examine the interplay of composition, stacking fault probability (SFP) and Neel temperature on the shape memory effect (SME). It has been found that the SFP (inversely proportional to stacking fault energy) showed little correlation to the SME for the range of alloy compositions examined. Further, the Neel temperature was not found to exhibit a significant effect on the SME. The addition of interstitial elements, however, was found to markedly decrease the SME.


In this article, we utilize the genetic algorithm (GA) mixed with association rules (AR) to determine the optimal personal portfolio strategy in the complicated stock market of Taiwan. According to the investors' preference, the size of fund, the period of investment and financial ratio, etc., a portfolio which is fitted to the personality of the investor and optimal return is proposed. We analyze the data of Taiwan stock market during the period between 1991 and 1997. By comparing the portfolio strategies determined by GA and by GA combined with RA (GA-RA), we conclude that the latter could provide a better portfolio for return on investment (ROI) and an improved execution rate than those of the former


Abstract : This study focuses on the functionality of fermented taro as an antibacterial ingredient for intermediate moisture (IM) products being developed by the military. The taro is cooked and then inoculated with a food-grade bacterium, Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis, which produces a bacteriocin, nisin, forming a fermented taro product. The fermented taro has antibacterial activity against various bacteria and is freeze-dried for eventual incorporation as a food preservative ingredient in an IM product. L. lactis yielded nisin concentrations in a range of 15,000-19,000 AU/g of taro. Challenge studies were conducted in which the fermented taro was incorporated into an IM product, the burrito sandwich. The challenge organisms consisted of three strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The burrito samples with 600 AU/g of fermented taro showed no increase in bacterial counts after 7 days. However, after 14 days the bacterial counts increased to 3 X 107 CFU/g. The burrito samples treated with 1200 AG/u of fermented taro showed no increase in growth from the original inoculum (2 X 105 CFU/g) during the challenge study. The last sampling time was at 56 days with a slight decrease in the S. aureus counts. It appears that fermented taro can be a good food preservation ingredient in IM products, though further studies will have to be done to optimize product.


Abstract Above-ground biomass of Deschampsia flexuosa from 40 sites throughout Britain was analysed for concentrations of elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Na), with matching analyses of nutrient levels in the soils, together with pH and LOI. Seasonal variation in the nutrients was also studied in detail at one of the sites. the grass was found on acid sites ranging between pH 3.1 and 4.7. the soil humus content varied widely, and there were significant correlations between that and elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn and Na) in the soil. Concentrations of zinc and manganese in the plant material were the only elements that significantly correlated with extractable levels in the soils. Tissue concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium declined throughout the growing season, whereas the other elements showed a tendency to build up until the end of September. Calcium, magnesium and manganese concentrations then declined as growth ceased. the results are compared with above-ground concentrations of minerals in other plants and the growth strategy of this perennial grass.


To the Editors: I mipramine is an antidepressant that is effective in the treatment of panic disorder; however, data on its usage in the perinatal period are limited. This report presents results of 6 patients with pure panic disorder treated with low-dose imipramine during lactation. The level of anxiety symptoms was significantly decreased after the treatment. The results suggest that low-dose imipramine may be useful for the treatment of panic disorder during the postpartum period. Panic disorder is a psychiatric diagnosis that is relatively frequently seen in the perinatal period. Its prevalence rate has been reported to be between 0.5% and 2.5% in puerperium. Most of the available studies demonstrate that the severity of preexisting symptoms of panic disorder may increase in childbearing women. However, compared with depression, the treatment of panic disorder during the perinatal period has been less frequently examined. Pharmacotherapy is an important treatment option for panic disorder. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), venlafaxine, and tricyclic antidepressants such as imipramine and clomipramine are some of the pharmacological agents that have shown efficacy in the treatment of panic disorder. Imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant, is recommended in the range of 75 to 300 mg/d for the treatment of panic disorder. There are limited data on the safety of these doses on breastfed infants. On the other hand, one of the general rules for the use of psychotropic medication in the perinatal period is to use it at the lowest possible dose. The present case series reports the effects and safety of use of imipramine at 25 to 35 mg/d during the lactation period.


Field research was conducted in the Laboratory of Animal Husbandry University Tribhuwana Tunggadewi Malang. The aim of research to find out the supplementation of Moringa oleifera Lamm leaves (MOL) on basal diets (the grass and pollard) on feed intake, average daily gain and litter size of rabbits.The method used is the method of experiment, a randomized block design (RBD) with 4 treatments and 4 replicates. The treatments tested are P0: grass Cynodon plectostachyus + Pollard; P1: grass Cynodon plectostachyus + (Pollard 90% + MOL 10%); P2: grass Cynodon plectostacius + (Pollard 80% + MOL 20%); P3: grass Cynodon plectostacius + (Pollard 70% + MOL 30%).The results showed that the dry matter feed intake ranged from 98 to 120 g/head/day (± 4-5% of body weight DM),the average daily gains (g/head/day) P0, P1, P2 and P3 each are 9,69a ± 1,77g, 13,48ab±3,05g; 18,96b±5,91gdan 19,83b±7,21and the average litter size of the P0, P1, P2 and P3 each are 6,25a + 0.95; 6,75a+0,50; 7,50ab+0,57; 8,75b+0,95.Conclusion of the study that the use of Moringa oleifera Lamm leaves as feed supplement concentrate female New Zealand White rabbits can increase feed intake, body weight gain and increase litter size. Suggestions for use of Moringa oleifera Lamm leaves powder ranging from 10 to 30% of concentrate feed rabbits


Spider specimens of the genus Clubiona (Clubionidae) from Taiwan are taxonomically studied. They are identified into ten species including five species, Clubiona yaginumai HAYASHI, 1989, C. kurosawai ONO, 1986, C. deletrix O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, 1885, C. tanikawai ONO, 1989, and C. insulana ONO, 1989, new to the Taiwanese fauna, and four new species to be described under the names C. taiwanica, C. kuanshanensis, C. bonicula and C. kayashimai. All the known species of the genus from Taiwan are listed.


After analyzing the surface cracks of 1Cr11MoV stainless steel continuous cast slab produced by TISCO 1 280 mm continuous casting, measures like controlling molten steel superheat, altering mold cooling strength, secondary cooling water, carbon content and fluxes were put forward so that the horizontal cracks were reduced significantly.


There is a paucity of data on cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in resource‐limited countries. We assessed factors associated with CVD and the impact of prevalent CVD on all‐cause mortality in PLHIV on antiretroviral therapy in Brazil.


By analyzing two kinds of influence of the variation of glucose concentration on optical properties and its light propagation effect,the relationship among detection limit of glucose concentration,source-detector separation and the signal-to-noise ratio of measurment system is derived.According to different thicknesses of epidermis and dermis,their effects on detection limit of glucose concentation are researched with Monte Carlo method.The research results show that the effective photons from dermis layer can be more than 50% by selecting optimal source-detector separation,and the requirement of FDA for noninvasive glucose sensing can be satisfied when supposing the instrument SNR is 10 000.


This cassette provides 30 motivating lessons for middle-intermediate ESL/EFL students in conversation classes. Each lesson is based upon an amusing conversation, followed up by practice sessions to focus on the lexical phrases needed to perform the conversational functions taught in that lesson. The essential functions covered include: reminding and remembering; prioritizing; being tactful; explaining difficult things; being enthusiastic; comforting; showing disagreement; and being discreet.


This paper adopts as its method Stuart Hall's concept of conjucture which, along with articulation, has served cultural studies in its interrogation of critical social, political and cultural developments in the UK and the postcolonial world in the latter half of the 20th century, and the paper seeks to understand the symbolic and political negotiations of the Balkans in the early 21st century as a conjuncture of European identities, crisis of democracy and neoliberal capitalism, and symbolic and corporeal mobilities. The paper traverses a number of critical developments, starting with a host of renaming strategies in the region, and considering the responses to refugee crisis, post-Yugoslav transition and EU accession as a cultural politics of identity articulated through space.


i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research paper would not have been feasible if not for the support that I received from many individuals. First off, I would like to thank the Illinois Soybean Association for providing the funding for this research and making everything possible. I would also like to thank my advisor, Dr. Sanders, who through his support, mentoring, and guidance made everything feasible. I would also like to thank the Agribusiness Economics department at Southern Illinois University Carbondale for the resources that made put at my disposal during the course of my studies. Lastly, I would like to thank my family for the support that they showed me while I completed my studies here at SIUC.


Between July 1971 and June 1973 a flock of between 60 and 100 Finn-Dorset ewes were mated at 6-monthly intervals in July and January each year following oestrus synchronization. The conception rates at each mating were: July 1971—51 from 67 mated (76%) using hand-mating with a follow-up of paddock mating (1 ram: 9 ewes); January 1972—6 from 63 (10%) using artificial insemination only; July 1972—98 from 102 (97%) using paddock mating (1 ram: 10 ewes); January 1973—28 from 80 (35%) using pen mating (1 ram: 10 ewes). Satisfactory breeding performance was achieved at the July matings in both years, resulting in production of lambs for the early spring market. The very poor results of the January 1972 mating were associated with the problems of artificial insemination in the recently lambed ewe. The conception rate achieved at the January 1973 mating provided a clearer indication of the difficulty of achieving satisfactory remating within 40 days post partum , which is necessary to achieve a true 6-monthly lambing pattern. The early initiation of the synchronization technique (7 days post partum ) followed by mating only at the second oestrus in January 1973 appeared to offer some encouragement. While a number (48) of ewes were induced to lamb at least once at 6-monthly intervals, only one ewe lambed four times in 24 months.


Abstract This exploratory study seeks to illustrate how the policy context shapes the way policy actors engage with concepts of gender and practices of racism. The paper draws on two case studies in the context of family and domestic violence (FDV) policy and service development in an Australian State Government context. The first case study uses document analysis of a major public inquiry into Government agency responses to FDV in Indigenous communities. The second uses a policy audit tool to examine a policy development process in a department responsible for coordinating human service agencies, services and funding of community-sector FDV projects. These case studies reveal that both Aboriginal women and non-Aboriginal women can disappear from the concerns that FDV policy purports to solve. To demonstrate our argument, we show how the policy terminology of both 'domestic violence' and that of family violence' can render gender and racism invisible.


When Caryophanon latum was grown such that natural morphology was the major criterion of adequate growth, it was consistently found to be Gram-positive. Treatment with "Gram-specific" antibiotics, ...


Aim: To evaluate the effect of intrauterine injection of 500 IU hCG before embryo transfer in patients with previous ICSI failure. Background: The implantation process is the most important part of pregnancy, a lot of factors are responsible for implantation, it is well known that majority of pregnancies are lost during the implantation phase and often is undetected. It is known that hCG has an important function in angiogenesis and reduces the inflammatory response which in turn favor the implantation process. hCG is secreted early during the pregnancy, hence plays an important role. Methods: A prospective randomized study was conducted in Radhakrishna Multispecialty Hospital and IVF Centre, Bengaluru, India. Total patients for ICSI cycle was 83(n). Out of which 32 patients were recruited in this study. The study group (n = 16) received intrauterine administration of 500 IU hCG before ET. The control group (n = 16) underwent ET without hCG. Results: In both the groups, the mean age of the patients was around 29, the estradiol level mean was around 2569 ± 895 and in control group around 2467 ± 906. It was noted that fertilization rate in test group was around 88% and in control group around 75% hence showing that injection hCG proved its beneficial. It was noted that maximum embryos was from nondonor in test group, donor fresh embryos were around 3. Conclusion: The intrauterine injection of 500 IU hCG before embryo transfer statistically improved the implantation rates and pregnancy rates with good outcome.


Abstract : The anterior amygdala region of the brain was subjected to daily unilateral injections of either 2.7 or 9.0 micrograms of morphine sulfate. Initial administration produced epileptiform patterns at the injection site and at the homotopic site in the contralateral hemisphere. While tolerance developed at the initial injection site after repeated administration, the contralateral site retained normal sensitivity to the drug.


Objective:To explore the nurture environment's influence on the mother's parenting stress.Methods:Questionnaires consisting of "Parenting Stress Questionnaire"and"Nurture Environment In the Community Evaluation"were used and 180 Chinese mothers and 130 Japanese mothers whose child aged from one to three were invested.Results:The mothers in China reported less approval of the nurture environment but heavier parenting stress than mothers in Japan.Multiple regression analysis showed that:child's age,mother's age and the nurture environment of the community affected significantly the mother's parenting stress both in China and Japan.In China,mother's job and family structure had statistical effects on the mother's parenting stress,but it was the number of children that influenced the mother's parenting stress in Japan.Conclusion:The nurture environment in the community is a more important influence on the mother's parenting stress than the situation of the child,mother and the family.


The study in porous media fluid flow is of great interest by its practical application mainly in reservoirs oil production. Although there are different models in this regard, not all of them can reproduce the results in the field, mainly due to the complexity of the system and the difficulty of properly characterizing of the solid medium. In the present work, a theoretical model is proposed, based on fractional differential equations, which allows to relate the porosity of a porous media with its fractal dimension and then estimate the velocity profile of the fluid flow inside and its respective pressure drop. The obtained model, analytically solved, allows a quick evaluation of pressure according to friction losses in porous media and can be transferred to two phase flow. .


In this study, the spandex mixed viscose fabric was modified by applying a hydrophilic surface finishing agent that contains cellulose. To impart superior hydrophilicity, cellulose fabric was further cationic charge modified through chitosan polymer. The surface finish was coated on the fabric using a plasma modification process. The modified fabric was characterised in terms of crystalline and wettability. The results from the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyses confirmed the polymer coated surface finish of the sample. Furthermore, the textile surface finish was capable of withstanding multiple washing cycles.


The emergence of open source software (OSS) communities, in which individual contributors freely share their innovations, has presented organizations with new opportunities to sell their software products and services (Von Hippel & Von Krogh, 2003). Well-known examples of firms that use the communal resources of OSS communities are IBM, SUN, and Red Hat. These and other organizations hope to benefit from OSS because ABSTRACT


1.1.1 Some key events in the humoral immune response A comprehensive review of humoral immune responses is outside the scope of this chapter. Nevertheless, a brief consideration of the cells and some of the key processes which result in the production of antibodies is pertinent to several topics covered in this book such as the genetic predisposition to form certain alloantibodies (Section 1.1.3), the mode of action of Rh prophylaxis (Section 5.5), and the basis of new approaches to ameliorate maternal alloimmune responses (Section 14.5). These key steps are shown diagrammatically in Figure 1.1. Two phases of an immune response are distinguished. The primary response results in very low or undetectable levels of circulating antibody. The second anamnestic response is characterized by much higher concentrations of antibody. The immune response starts with the nonspecific uptake of an antigen by antigenpresenting cells in lymphoid centres such as the spleen and lymph nodes. Internalized antigens are then incorporated into phagolysosomes where they are partially degraded by proteolytic enzymes to peptide fragments. The peptides then associate with HLA class II molecules before being returned to the cell surface and so 'presented' to helper T cells. Interdigitating dendritic cells are particularly efficient at presenting antigen and during a primary immune response they are probably the only cell capable of effective antigen presentation to resting helper T cells. However, B cells can also present antigen and, in secondary immune responses, B


Polar plots are the representations of anisotropic surface properties such as surface energies and growth rates of crystalline materials. The steady-state morphologies of growing crystals are usually obtained from Wulff constructions on the polar plots of growth rates, whereas the morphologies of dissolving crystals are known to have no steady states. Here we show that the dissolving crystal can attain steady-state morphologies under certain conditions. The Wulff construction on the polar plots of dissolution time (or slowness) can be used to identify such steady-state morphologies. It is shown that the dissolving crystal can attain faceted morphology composed of fast dissolving faces. The evolution of dissolving crystals toward faceted morphology involves disappearance of slow-dissolving faces, which also causes vanishing of curvatures from the crystal surface. This article presents a method to experimentally determine polar plots from the dynamic images of crystals obtained from hot-stage microscopy. Th...


Sediment elevation measurements were made in an established Rhizophora plantation before and after the onset of Typhoon Haiyan (local: Yolanda) to measure the effect of a storm on sediment accumulation in planted monospecific stands. The 10-15-year plantation was afforested in a carbonate coast in the south of Bantayan Island, Cebu. Sediment accumulation can be retarded here due to the inefficiency of a purely prop root system and the absence of a riverine sediment source, but has nonetheless occurred. The measured stand can maintain an elevation as high as 0.1 m, accumulating sediment at a rate of about 3 x 10 -6 mg/ cm 2 / day. Sediment traps that were deployed and retrieved over a period including the duration of the typhoon show a mean gross deposition rate of 2 mg/ cm 2 / day. However, the sediment elevation profile obtained after the typhoon showed a decrease of over 0.3 m. The typhoon introduced a temporary influx of sediments that will eventually be redistributed or transported out by waves and tides, but ultimately led to net erosion of the mangrove substrate.


Research into multiple co-operant robots has tended to focus upon manipulator devices connected to a central controller responsible for all inter-arm kinematic and dynamic decisions. To investigate the generic aspects of co-operant robotic devices, a three year research program is under way into co-operant mobile robots for advanced manufacturing and material handling applications. The paper presents research in the area of behaviour decisions for co-operant mobile robots by introducing the formalism that has been adopted and by detailing the co-operant behaviour decisions with which the authors are experimenting. It concludes with a description of a co-operant behaviour development system being used to further the research.


Research has shown a significant benefit upon adoption of the Mediterranean diets and lifestyle elements in everyday life. Consumption of the Mediterranean diet and lifestyle concept is associated with longer life span and lower coronary diseases incidence. Therefore, Mediterranean diet can be recently found even in hospital menus. The secret of its success is in low saturated fatty acids content of the consumed food that is rich in good unsaturated fatty acids, fibres and phytochemicals. However, every Mediterranean country has its own Mediterranean diet characteristics.


The utility model relates to the technical field of peripheral equipment of a punching machine, in particular to a three-in-one main machine integrating feeding, leveling and sizing, which is provided with a main machine seat. The main machine seat is provided with a feeding unit, a leveling unit and a numerical control sizing unit in sequence, wherein the main machine seat is also provided with a second auxiliary machine frame; and a leveling component of the leveling unit and a numerical control sizing component of the numerical control sizing unit are arranged on the second auxiliary machine frame together. In the three-in-one main machine, after the technical scheme is adopted, an existing independent feeding machine, an existing leveling machine and an existing sizing machine are designed into three-in-one integration so as to form an integrated leveling and sizing main machine; compared with the independent type equipment, the volume of the integrated leveling and sizing main machine is greatly reduced, so that not only is the occupied space reduced, but also leveling operation and the sizing operation of plates are adjacent, the time interval is short, the leveled plates rebound due to internal stress and the deformation of the plates are prevented, and further the sizing accuracy and the qualification rate of punched products are improved.


The invention discloses a gate opening and closing device, which comprise an input shaft, a shifting fork device, an output shaft, a bilateral overrunning coupler and a handle input device, wherein the input shaft is connected with the shifting fork device; the shifting fork is arranged corresponding to the output shaft and is connected with or disconnected from the output shaft; the handle input device is connected with the output shaft through the overrunning coupler. The shifting fork device is used for controlling connection of the input shaft and the output shaft to realize electric input, and manual input is realized by matching with a handle provided with the bilateral overrunning coupler and a gear pair; the gate opening and closing device has the advantages of compact structure, realization of electric and manual opening and closing, guarantee of running and high adaptability.


The paper discusses the current situation,existing questions,importance,and necessity is analyzed and discussed on bilingual teaching in endocrinology for medical students.Meanwhile,several advice on improving bilingual teaching in endocrinology is acquired from these analysis and discussion,which provides experience in bilingual teaching in endocrinology,and cultures high-quality and excellent persons.


This paper presents findings related to the origin of plantains consumed in Yaounde. The geneses of the research lie in the fact that researchers usually have difficulties deciding on priority action zones either because of the lack of information on potential production and supply areas. In cases where these data exist, they are usually sketchy and broad base (Provincial and National levels) and make no distinction of production and supply areas. This report provides an insight into the subdivisions supplying plantains into Yaounde. Data for the study were collected from 7 markets performing both wholesale and retail activities and from 3 markets with purely retail activities. In total therefore 7 wholesale and 10 retail markets were surveyed. 47 Wholesalers and 78 retailers were successfully interviewed in the entire process. Questions asked to wholesalers dealt with the subdivision of origin of the product, quantities handled per trip, number of trips per month etc while retailers questions were focused on the their main supply markets and the volumes of their transaction. On a weekly bases. Factors hindering the activities of both wholesalers and retailers were also probed into. Survey results show that more women than men are involved in both the wholesale and retail transaction of plantains. Wholesalers make an average of three trips per month to the supply areas. Average individual quantities handled per trip can be estimated at 79 bunches (1.2 tons) of plantains. Estimations from the collected data show that the Mbangassina Sub division supply 41% of the total plantains consumed in Yaounde. Ntui and Esse respectively follow her with 23 and 8 percents. Grouping the data into Divisions, we can conclude that The Grand Mbam (Mbam et Kim 64% and Mbam et Inoubou 4%) is the major supplier of plantains to Yaounde. Marketing problems listed by both wholesalers and retailers range from lack of vehicles (42%) to too many taxes imposed upon them by the council (2%). It will be interesting to further this research by describing the organizational and functional characteristics of the activities of the various actors involved in the marketing of plantains from the time it leaves the farm to the final consumer. Analyses of the specialization of this region in the plantain sub sector can also serve as an important research topic. (Resume d'auteur)


The article describes the analysis of the existing criteria for the destruction of solid bodies, as well as a new approach to assessing the extent of the destruction of the building constrution from the explosive loading of objects of compressed gas. The approach is based on theoretic-possibilistic method that allows the use of standard data sets the range of excessive pressure and impulse, to build a model of an assessment of extent of destruction of buildings construction.


By its nature performance measurement is a diverse subject. Researchers with functional backgrounds as varied as accounting, operations management, marketing, finance, economics, psychology and sociology are all actively working in the field. As discussed in the introduction, this incredible diversity brings with it both challenges and opportunities. It results in a fascinating richness, but also makes it extremely difficult for each generations of researchers to build upon one another's work. A significant barrier stems from the fact that, traditionally, the way academic careers develop is through functional specialization. Accountants talk to accountants. Operations managers meet with operations managers. Marketing specializts network with other marketing specialists. The result is deep and rich streams of functionally specialized research, often with limited cross-fertilization. The aim of this first section is to begin the process of redressing this shortcoming by drawing together several functionally based reviews of performance measurement. The section contains six chapters. The first, by David Otley, reviews measurement from an accounting and finance perspective and explores the different roles of measurement. Otley argues that the accounting community implicitly recognizes that measurement systems have three fundamentally different roles in organizations. First, they provide a tool for financial management. Second, they provide an objective for overall business performance. Third, they provide a means of motivation and control. A key theme in Otley's contribution is that far too often academics and practitioners do not recognize these three different roles, and the result can be significant confusion, especially when a measurement system designed to fulfil one role is used for another.


This paper claims that a constraint-based theory (i.e, OT) can best account for the many manifestations of Focus in typologically diverse languages. We propose an interaction between Discourse Representation Theory (hereafter DRT) (Kamp, 1981; Kamp and Reyle, 1993) and Optimality Theory (OT) (Prince and Smolensky, 1993/2004) to best account for these facts, maintaining that constraint-ranking is the best way to achieve a descriptive and explanatorily adequate analysis of natural data. In particular, we provide a novel sketch of a theoretical account of natural languages that mark Focus morphologically but not prosodically


[Objective]The research aimed to choose and apply the proper organic fertilizer.[Method] The effects of rabbit dung on the blueberry plant growth and soil pH,the effects of soybean cake on blueberry fruit diameter,weight,sugar degree,and the effects of organic fertilizer on blueberry bud number were studied.[Result] Rabbit dung could increase the length and the width of blueberry branch,adjust soil pH.Bean cake could promote fruit enlargement,and improve the yield and the quality of blueberry fruit.Liquid organic fertilizer could increase the flower bud.[Conclusion] The application of organic fertilizer in blueberry industry has great potential.


Guided writing assignments can encourage critical thinking in undergraduate psychology classes. Students (N − 96) were surveyed to assess the effectiveness of the method. Results suggested that the assignments were at an appropriate level for the course. Students indicated that they were able to relate the assignments to the course convent and that the assignments made the lecture and text material easier to understand. Overall, students thought that the assignments were integrated into the course content. Perhaps most important, students indicated that the assignments helped develop their individual interests in the subject matter. Finally, these assignments were overwhelmingly preferred to a traditional term paper.


Abstract – The paper presents a systematic comparison of four topologies of the interior permanent magnet machine (IPMM) designed for low speed applications. This comparative study investigates the suitability of the concentrated winding and distributed winding in the stator and the flat-shaped or V-shaped magnets in the rotor poles. The paper also studies the inductance characteristics of the designs using finite element analysis. Various steps taken to minimize the cogging torque and torque ripple in the studied machines were also discussed in details. Keywords : AC standstill saliency test, Cogging torque, Concentrated winding, Distributed winding, Direct-drive, Interior Permanent Magnet Machine, PM machine, Torque ripple 1. Introduction I n direct drive wind turbine systems, intermediate gear boxes are eliminated to increase the efficiency and reliability of the whole system, as well as reducing maintenances down-time. The generator used in such systems needs to have a low rated speed. This demand for an increase in the number of pole pairs of the generator. A review done in [1], [2] on direct-drive wind turbines suggests that permanent magnet (PM) machines are the most favorable for direct-drive wind turbine. While the most common type of PM machines used in the wind industry is the radial flux surface mounted magnet (SPM) type, an interior PM synchronous machine (IPMSM) offers a number of advantages over the SPM type. The most commonly cited advantages are: the presence of reluctance torque ( ) as shown in (1) in an IPM machine is beneficial in achieving a higher torque with lower magnet volumes and IPMSM has a mechanically and magnetically robust rotor. It should be noted that the presence of saliency in the IPSM results in the reluctance torque and also contributes toward the constant power speed range. A recent study carried out in [3] found that the use of an IPM machine in a small scale direct drive wind turbine can provide quicker return of investment compared to a SPM machine, especially in sites where average wind speed is low. According to [3] the return of investment can be achieved by taking advantage of provision for a constant power speed range available in IPMMs. But cogging torque in an IPMM is generally greater compared to a SPM machine due to the greater variation of reluctance between the stator and rotor [4]. This makes reduction of the cogging torque crucial in a low speed IPM machines [5]. The IPMSM with radially magnetized V-shaped (V-S) magnets has a better flux concentration and higher saliency ratio than its counter-part flat-shaped (F-S) magnet designs which makes it more attractive for traction drives [6]. The torque components of an IPM machine is (1) where, = magnet alignment torque, = cogging torque, and reluctance torque. The majority of IPM machines are designed with distributed windings (DW). Recently, the concentrated winding (CW) for the IPMSM is getting attention from the research community due to its high slot-fill factor, high tolerance to phase fault, simplified manufacturing process, non-overlapping coils resulting in shorter end-windings and reduced copper usage. In spite of having these advantages, the CW was not widely used in the past due to its characteristics in producing EMF and MMF waveforms with unacceptably high total harmonic distortion. However, in recent years, it has been shown that through appropriate choice of slot and pole combinations [7], the CW stator has the ability to produce sinusoidal EMF waveform with high a winding factor, and smooth average torque. In this paper, four design topologies of IPMSM were considered for investigation which includes (a) conventional distributed winding in the stator and flat-shaped IPM structure in the rotor( DW FS-IPMM), (b) distributed winding in the stator and V-shaped IPM structure in the rotor (DW VS-IPMM), (c) concentrated winding in the stator and flat-shaped IPM structure in the rotor (CW FS-IPMM), (d) concentrated winding in the stator and V-shaped IPM structure in the rotor(CW VS-IPMM). Fig. 1 shows the cross-section of the four topologies and no-load flux distribution. The objective of this paper is to present a detailed comparison of the major performance characteristics of all the four topologies illustrated in Fig.1. The selection process of the major dimensions and winding structure of the proposed IPMM is described in Section 2. Section 3 presents the cogging torque and torque ripple minimization of all the four investigated designs.


In this paper, a LCL filtered power factor corrected (PFC) converter to feed permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) having field-oriented control (FOC) method has been proposed. In order to compensate the total harmonic distortion (THD) and poor power factor (PF) problem while achieving the high efficiency and reducing the switching losses of the converter and the voltage source inverter (VSI), the proposed system has been designed as LCL filtered bridgeless single-stage PFC isolated cuk converter for low power applications. Value of the output inductor provides discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) operation for reducing the conduction losses on switches of the converter. On the other hand, source filter was designed as LCL type to ensure power quality improvement. Results of this paper through the simulation have demonstrated that the proposed system has a capability to drive low power applications within the boundaries of international power quality standards and speed of the PMSM was controlled as desired.


In the work by Giné and Grau [11], a planar differential system of degree nine admitting a nested configuration formed by an algebraic and a non-algebraic limit cycles explicitly given was presented. As an improvement, we obtain by a new method a similar result for a family of quintic polynomial differential systems.


CONTEXT
A bidirectional relationship between gut microbiota (GM) and circadian rhythms has been proposed.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy of probiotic or prebiotic intervention on sleep quality and quantity.

DATA SOURCES
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using the databases PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science. Only randomized clinical trials written in English or Spanish were considered.

DATA EXTRACTION
The initial search resulted in 219 articles. Following the removal of duplicates and consideration of the selection criteria, 25 articles were selected for the systematic review and 18 articles for the meta-analysis.

DATA ANALYSIS
Microbiota modulation was not demonstrated to be associated with significant improvement in sleep quality in the present meta-analysis (P = 0.31). In terms of sleep duration, the meta-analysis found no improvement due to GM modulation (P = 0.43).

CONCLUSION
The results of this meta-analysis indicate that there is still insufficient evidence to support the relationship between GM modulation and improved sleep quality. While several studies assume that including probiotics in the diet will undoubtedly improve sleep quality, more research is needed to fully understand this phenomenon.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021245118.


The bacterial cell is extremely sensitive to drying or exposure to low levels of moisture, although there is much variation in the susceptibility of different species, some being quite resistant. Lyophilization, or freeze-drying, which is widely used for preserving a variety of biological substances, has been found to be quite injurious to many species of bacteria (Fry, 1954). The loss of viability of bacteria in the aerosol state has been studied extensively (Ferry, Brown, and Damon, 1958). Moreover, in certain instances (Monk et al., 1956; Monk and McCaffrey, 1957) bacteria which have survived drying are found to die at a rapid rate when exposed to critical moisture levels. The process or processes by which the organisms die when subjected to these stresses is little understood. Several studies on this problem have been undertaken. In one approach, measurement was made of the energy and entropy of sorbed water death (Monk, McCaffrey, and Davis, 1957). In other approaches the effect of freezedrying (Wasserman and Hopkins, 1958) and rehydration (Mallet et al., 1959) on certain enzymatic activities was observed. The approach used in the present study consisted of experiments to determine changes which take place in the macromolecular components of bacteria as a result of drying. These experiments included, principally, observations of the sedimentation behavior of extracts from dried and undried cells. When the results suggested that drying produces a change in cell membrane permeability, these experiments were followed by a study of the extent and nature of substances liberated into suspending fluids by freeze-dried cells and by cells collected from aerosols.


A central development in the database area concerns tools that allow non expert users to understand and easily extract information from a database. Fourth generation query languages, although non-procedural, are not friendly enough for a casual user who must know both the logical structure of the database and the syntax and semantics of the DBMS query language. Instead, recently proposed visual systems which allow a user to extract information by means of interactive graphical commands, have not yet been able to combine ease of use and high expressive power.


Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are organic compounds, other than nutrients, that modify plant physiological processes. PRGs, called biostimulants or bioinhibitors, act inside plant cells to stimulate or inhibit specific enzymes or enzyme systems and help regulate plant metabolism. They normally are active a t very low concentrations in plants. The importance of PGRs was first recognized in the 1930s. Since that time, natural and synthetic compounds that alter function, shape, and size of crop plants have been discovered. Today, specific PGRs are used to modify crop growth rate and growth pattern during the various stages of development, from germination through harvest and post-harvest preservation. Growth regulating chemicals that have positive influences on major agronomic crops can be of value. The final test, however, is that harvested yields must be increased or crop quality enhanced in order for PGRs to be profitable. Of the many current uses of PGRs, effects on yield are often indirect (Morgan, 1979). Some of these uses include: (1) preventing lodging in cereals, (2) preventing preharvest fruit drop, (3) synchronizing maturity to facilitate mechanical harvest, (4) hastening maturity to decrease turnover time, and (5) reducing labor requirements. Studies conducted on major grain crops, such a s corn, soybean, wheat, and rice, have identified materials capable of altering individual agronomic characteristics like lodging, plant height, seed number, and maturity. Even so, these changes have not always resulted in increased yields. Field crops produce relatively low dollar returns compared to horticultural crops. Therefore, use of PGRs on field crops has not been a s vigorously pursued by chemical companies and public research scientists. In fact, PGRs represent the smallest market share of the principal categories of chemicals applied to field crops in the United States. They are primarily used to control suckers in tobacco, as lodging control agents for cotton and cereals, a s harvest aids for cotton, and a s ripeners for sugarcane.


Functionally graded materials (FGM) have been designed and developed in many engineering parts that need to be super heat resistant ,such as thermal barrier materials for text for this section, aerospace structural applications and fusion reactors . FGM material properties vary smoothly and continuously from one surface to the other. An analytical approach for mechanical stability analysis of functionally graded plate is presented. The equilibrium and stability equation are derived according to the first order shear deformation theory. These equations are solved for the functionally graded plate with variable thickness under different types of mechanical loading. The excellent accuracy of the present results with those available in the literature. Furthermore the effects of power of functionally graded material, parameter material, aspect ratio, loading types on the critical buckling load of the functionally graded rectangular plate are studied and discussed [1]. the realization of the plates in the different fields of use imposes a varied geometry the reason for which we are studying the varied thickness, even though thickness variation are rather rare in literature..


In this presentation, we will discuss the problem of segmentation across the causality spectrum in the wellformalized theoretical framework of SDRT (Segmented Discourse Representation Theory, Asher & Lascarides,2003)


This study analyzes both pragmatic and theoretical perspectives of ethical deliberation, as well as the professional and philosophical backgrounds for the ethical deliberation of social workers, nurses and doctors working in the field of chronic illness. In doing so, this volume expands the scope of current research through an analysis of the process and its dynamics.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To detect accurately the number of rotations of a roller, even if there is a deviation in the installed state of the roller.SOLUTION: A paper feeding apparatus includes: a separation roller 17 including a roller shaft 171 and a roller main body 172; a pulley 5 including a first reflection surface 51 and a second reflection surface 52 attached to the roller main body 172 and arranged alternately in a circumferential direction; and a rotation sensor 4 having a probe surface 4A on which a light projecting portion 41 for emitting an inspection light L and a light receiving portion 42 for receiving its reflected light are arranged. The first reflection surface 51 is a reflection surface that reflects the inspection light L with a first reflectance and forms a first reflected light path in which the inspection light L is directed toward the light receiving portion 42. The second reflection surface 52 is an inclined reflection surface that reflects the inspection light L with a second reflectance smaller than the first reflectance and forms a second reflected light path in which the inspection light L is directed toward a direction deviating from the light receiving portion 42.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 4


The utility model discloses a multi-layer automatic dry powder deironing box device, which aims at enabling an automatic dry powder deironing machine to achieve continuous feeding and deironing functions, and comprises a deironing box body, a feeding port, magnetic bars, pushing devices, a deironing port and a discharge port, wherein the feeding port is arranged on the upper portion of the deironing box body, the magnetic bars and the pushing devices are arranged in a deironing box, and the deironing port and the discharge port are arranged on the lower portion of the deironing box body. The multi-layer automatic dry powder deironing box device is characterized in that the pushing devices at least have two, the magnetic bars at least have two groups. The magnetic bars can do reciprocated back and forth movement under the action of the pushing devices. The multi-layer automatic dry powder deironing box device is substantially used for dry powder deironing box devices.


Hildebrand, Diane M.; Stone, Jeffrey K.; James, Robert L.; Frankel, Susan J. 2004. Alternatives to preplant soil fumigation for Western forest nurseries. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-60B. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 27 p. Field trials at six bare-root forest tree nurseries in the Western United States compared cultural treatments including timing and depth of sowing; bare fallow (with and without periodic tilling); organic amendments including sawdust, composts, and cover crops; mulches including pine needles, sawdust, and rice straw; and fumigation with methyl bromide/chloropicrin or dazomet. Measured effects included population levels of potential soil-borne pathogens (species of Fusarium and Pythium), disease incidence, seedbed density, and sizes of conifer seedlings. Several nonfumigation treatments resulted in production of seedlings with densities and sizes similar to or better than those produced in beds treated with chemical fumigation. Results varied within the nurseries depending on conifer species, field history, and disease presence. Beneficial cultural practices included (1) incorporation of slowly decomposing organic soil amendments, e.g., aged sawdust with additional nitrogen provided later to seedlings; (2) bare fallowing with periodic tilling, and bare fallowing without periodic tilling plus supplemental weed control; and (3) sowing of conifer seed earlier and more shallow than sown conventionally, and covering seed with a nonsoil mulch such as aged sawdust or hydromulch.


Abstract : A photomultiplier read-out for the Bausch and Lomb 1.5 meter stigmatic spectrograph is described. This modification utilizes nine photomultiplier tubes of the side window type which cover the spectral range between 2000 and 7000 A. Each Photomultiplier tube examines a spectral range of approximately 7A, and can cover a range of 1100 A. Details of the mounting, of the fine motion adjustment, and of an inexpensive regulated power supply for the photomultiplier tubes are described. The application of the istrument to determine the apparent gray-body surface temp rature indicates that for a 0.001 inch tungsten wire, electrically exploded by a capacitor charged to an initial voltage of 25,000 volts, the value is 8500 ! 275 deg. K. Calibration of the instrument was achieved by the use of a National Bureau of Standards spectrally calibrated tungsten ribbon lamp.


Automated fibre placement (AFP) is a relatively new process for the manufacturing of composite structures. Among many attractive features, it provides high-speed of material deposition, more repeatability in terms of quality of the part, less labour intensive (as compared with traditional methods of manufacturing such as Hand Lay-Up), less waste and the ability to transition more seamlessly from design to manufacturing. AFP can be used to process both thermoset composites and thermoplastic composites. Thermoplastic composites processing holds many potential benefits. This is because if the process is done right in producing parts with good quality, it is fast since it does not require a second process such as curing in an autoclave or oven. For the purpose of comparison of performance and for design, it is necessary to determine the mechanical properties of laminates made using this process. However, there are challenges in making flat coupons for the purpose of testing for mechanical properties. This article presents these challenges and the procedure developed to make flat laminates using a simple AFP machine. Mechanical properties of these laminates are also determined and compared with those obtained from laminates made using conventional autoclave moulding.


A traffic assignment model is a critical tool for developing future transport systems, road policies, and evaluating future network upgrades. However, the development of the network and demand data is often highly intensive, which limits the number of cases where some form of the models are available on a global basis. These problems include licensing restrictions, bureaucracy, privacy, data availability, data quality, costs, transparency, and transferability. This paper introduces Rapidex, a novel origin–destination (OD) demand estimation and visualisation tool. Firstly, Rapidex enables the user to download and visualise road networks for any city using a capacity-based modification of OpenStreetMap. Secondly, the tool creates traffic analysis zones and centroids, as per the user-specified inputs. Next, it enables the fetching of travel time data from pervasive traffic data providers, such as TomTom and Google. With Rapidex, we tailor the genetic-algorithm (GA)-based metaheuristic approach to derive the OD demand pattern. The tool produces critical outputs such as link volumes, link travel times, OD travel times, average trip length and duration, and congestion level, which can also be used for validation. Finally, Rapidex enables the user to perform scenario evaluation, where changes to the network and/or demand data can be made and the subsequent impacts on performance metrics can be identified. In this article, we demonstrate the applicability of Rapidex on the network of Sydney, which has 15,646 directional links, 8708 nodes, and 178 zones. Further, the model was validated using the Household Travel Survey data of Sydney using the aggregated metrics and a novel project selection method. We observed that 88% of the time, the "estimated" and "observed" OD matrices identified the same project (i.e., the rapid process estimated the more intensive traditional approach in 88% of cases). This tool would help practitioners in rapid decision making for strategic long-term planning. Further, the tool would provide an opportunity for developing countries to better manage traffic congestion, as cities in these countries are prone to severe congestion and rapid urbanisation while often lacking the traditional models entirely.


The present paper summarizes the preliminary results of the experimental shaking table investigation conducted in order to verify the effectiveness of a new base isolation system consisting of Polymeric Bearings in reducing strong horizontal machine-induced vibrations. Polymeric Bearing considered in the present study is a prototype base isolation system, which was constructed with the use of a specially prepared flexible polymer with improved damping properties. Dynamic oscillatory tests, during which a concrete base slab supported by four Polymeric Bearings was subjected to horizonal sinusoidal excitations characterized by different frequencies and amplitudes, were conducted in order to determine the damping properties of Polymeric Bearings and their effectiveness in mitigating structural vibrations. Equivalent damping ratios for every excitation frequency considered were determined using the experimentally obtained hysteresis loops. Final conclusions are presented and the results discussed.


It is an object of the present invention that relates to the construction waste wave grinding apparatus provided with a separate and remove foreign matter device, so as to completely remove the foreign materials in the aggregate, to quickly discharge the foreign matters. Foreign matter separation apparatus for removing a construction waste wave grinding apparatus provided with a according to the present disclosed invention, the rotating shaft 301, includes a plurality of separation plates 310 are radially formed in the peripheral portion of the rotary shaft, the separating plate (310. ) is, as a predetermined angle bent to the first unit 311 and the clockwise direction in the top that is as connected to the vertical to the circumferential direction of the rotary shaft consists of a plate having a plurality of through-holes (311a) spaced apart from an end of the first unit multiple geolreum bar suspended solids consisting of the second unit (312) consisting of (312a) remover 300 is connected to; Is installed on the lower stage discharging of the floating substance remover and the blower (600) for sorting a foreign substance such as plastic of the foreign matter is discharged to the floating material by a remover; And, to receive each supply the wash water in the wash bath, a first injection pipe (410) having a plurality of nozzles (410a) is disposed in the bottom portion on both sides of the wash tank so as to spray the water or air on the opposite side surfaces, the cleaning the second injection pipe 420 and the floating is locked to the wash water of the washing tank, which is installed on the bottom portion of the tank having a plurality of nozzles (420a) toward the upper part of the suspended solids eliminator to spray the water or air composed of the third injection pipe (430) having a plurality of nozzles (430a) so as to inject the water or air toward the substance remover, and by circulating the washing water in the washing tank further comprises a buoyancy separation device to injection.


Introduction Is outdoor education environmental education? Should outdoor education and environmental education be linked? Are they overlapping philosophies that draw on each other, or are they disciplines in their own right? Or, does outdoor education alienate participants from the natural environment by promoting a humankind against nature ethic? While many practitioners will acknowledge that in theory outdoor education should endorse and incorporate an environmental component, current research suggests otherwise. Unfortunately, this practice is often overlooked in programme design. Research findings also suggest that the use of natural settings for some programmes do not contribute to programme success. It appears that personal and activity focused objectives are more important.


When a droplet with a relatively high density falls into a miscible solution with a relatively low density, the droplet breaks up spontaneously. We investigated the number m of breakup in experiments with several density differences Δρ between two solutions, viscosities μ, and droplet radii r. The mode number m has a distribution even under the same experimental conditions. We propose a simple model of mode selection based on the linear Rayleigh-Taylor instability and the growing radius of a vortex ring deformed from the droplet. The model provides the probability distribution P(m) and a relationship between the nondimensional parameter G ∝ Δρgr3/μ2 and the average value of m, which are consistent with experimental results.


In this paper, I demonstrate a density functional theory plus dynamical mean field theory study on the electronic properties of doped T iO2 rutile as well as another tetragonal phase anatase with oxygen vacancy. The density of states and optical properties have been obtained from the electronic structure applying screened hybrid exchange correlation density functionals. All the single-particle excitations are treated within the dynamical mean field theory for independent quasiparticles. For optical properties, excitations are considered by solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation for Coulomb correlated electron-hole duo. On this theoretical basis, band structure and optical spectra for the two structures of T iO2 are provided. Further, I compared the present results with earlier optical data of parent structure and established the increased optical efficiency in doped T iO2 with oxygen vacancy in both the structure.


In this paper, the performance of adaptive equalization and turbo product coding is investigated for pulse-based UWB communications in short-range indoor environments. The sensitivity of adaptive LMS linear and nonlinear (decision-feedback) equalizers with respect to the number of training symbols and number of taps is considered. To reduce the error performance variation with respect to changing channel conditions, a turbo product code (TPC) with two component (31,26,3) Hamming codes is proposed. We report simulation results showing that channel coding not only improves error performance, but also reduces significantly the sensitivity of UWB systems in short-range indoor wireless communications.


Intravenous fluid extravasation is the inadvertent administration of a drug or intravenous (IV) fluid into the surrounding tissue instead of into the intended vascular pathway. The reported incidence of extravasation among hospital inpatients varies between 0.1% and 6.5%, but true incidence is likely higher because of inconsistent documentation and under‐reporting. We report on an 83‐year‐old male patient who was initiated on CaCl2 infusion (0.1 mM, at 10 mL/h) in cardiology ward because of low systolic blood pressure not responding to conventional therapy. Skin discolouration that ensued shortly after administration was initially misinterpreted as soft tissue bruising in the context of his distracting chest pain and anti‐platelet/coagulant status. The plastic surgery team was consulted 24 h post‐extravasation (Fig. 1). Decision was made to conservatively manage the wounds given the delay in presentation and unstable heart condition of the patient. He had debridement and immediate split skin graft (SSG) when skin necrosis has developed. However, because of extensive fat necrosis, he was returned to theatre for further debridement + VAC dressing and delayed SSG with good results. High concentrations of dissociable calcium salts precipitate protein and can cause direct cytotoxicity. Calcium should be administered into large veins, or via a central line, and diluted in an appropriate volume of solution. Moreover, the calcium solution infusion should be ceased immediately if the patient complains of tenderness over the infusion site. Treatment options of calcium chloride extravasation are limited. There is some evidence in the literature on the beneficial effect of dimethyl sulfoxide to wounds if applied early in chemotherapy extravasation injury. The efficacy of hyaluronidase therapy to reduce extravasation tissue necrotic injury was proven in animal models. However, there are not enough translational studies to validate its use in humans. Controversy exists on the timing of surgical intervention. Some authors suggest early intervention by excision and graft coverage of the affected area. Others recommend surgical treatment only if conservative measures have failed and skin necrosis is present. We recommended prompt radical debridement with delayed skin grafting to ensure resolution of the effects of this toxic extravasate.


Abstract The sequence of transport theory conferences, of which the subject conference is number six, began in Blacksburg in 1969. It moved to Los Alamos in 1971, returned to Blacksburg for the next three meetings (1973,1975, and 1977) and this year was held at the University of Arizona. The organizers included the authors of the report along with Barry Ganapol of the University of Arizona. It was sponsored by the National Science Foundation (Grant # ENG 78 26743), the Engineering Experiment Station at the University of Arizona, and Virginia Tech.