As a PhD candidate some years ago I attended a seminar on career planning at a cultural studies conference. The speakers canvassed topics relevant to PhDs and early career researchers (ECRs) considering pathways into academic employment. During the discussion, the audience became noticeably deflated when one senior scholar noted that, "There are no academic jobs anymore, or at least not enough." Afterwards, over a bitter conference coffee, conversation amongst PhD candidates turned to plans for post-thesis life, including strategies for academic employment. One student told an envious anecdote of someone they knew who had "walked into" a full-time academic position following their PhD. Another shared their intention to apply for a position their supervisor had advised them about, yet to be advertised. This article expands on a co-authored project with Timothy Laurie on the practices and ethics of higher degree research (HDR) supervision (or advising): "What does good HDR supervision look like?" in contemporary universities. It connects that project with scholarship on the relevance of "common sense" to questions of knowledge, value, action, and critique. This work is drawn together here in relation to supervision training: "How do we learn to supervise?" and "How are we inculcated into common sense about supervision practices?" Although the co-authored supervision project aims to contribute to discussions about what might constitute good training for HDR supervision, this article is primarily interested in the how questions: How do we learn about good and bad, or effective and ineffective, supervision practices, including their diversity, and about the institutional and disciplinary expectations that define them as such? These questions are pursued below in relation to a number of discursive means that are central to how we learn to supervise: cliché, gossip, and anecdote. These are forms of speech through which knowledge about supervision practices circulates in academic contexts. In addition to this, participating in such speech genres—coming to understand their conventions, assumed logics, and appropriate contexts of enunciation—constitutes supervision training in important ways. That is, in different ways, cliché, gossip, and anecdote both teach us about supervision and form social relations and approaches to knowledge integral to effective supervision. This acknowledgment is


The paper presents data of the 1999–2005 monitoring of the Aquatic Warbler (Acrocephalus paludicola) density, its timing of breeding and breeding success at the Zvanets mire, which hosts about 35% of the European and 64% of the Belarusian population of the species. The density of the species at the mire is characterised by significant yearly fluctuations and is closely linked to the water level in the mire. Nesting conditions for the Aquatic Warbler at the mire were extremely unstable and changed not only in different years, but also within a breeding season. Females can vary the timing of breeding and nest placement quite freely depending on nesting conditions. The main factor influencing breeding success is predation. Breeding success and habitat productivity (the number of fledglings, which have successfully left the unit of habitat) decrease in years when environmental conditions are unusual. In such years birds build their nests in an extraordinary way, making them more accessible to predators. Thus,...


We present a comparative dispersion-corrected Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Density Functional Tight Binding (DFTB-D) study of several phases of nitrogen, including the well-known alpha, beta, and gamma phases as well as recently discovered highly energetic phases: covalently bound cubic gauche (cg) nitrogen and molecular (vdW-bound) N8 crystals. Among several tested parametrizations of N–N interactions for DFTB, we identify only one that is suitable for modeling of all these phases. This work therefore establishes the applicability of DFTB-D to studies of phases, including highly metastable phases, of nitrogen, which will be of great use for modelling of dynamics of reactions involving these phases, which may not be practical with DFT due to large required space and time scales. We also derive a dispersion-corrected DFT (DFT-D) setup (atom-centered basis parameters and Grimme dispersion parameters) tuned for accurate description simultaneously of several nitrogen allotropes including covalently and vdW-bound crystals and including high-energy phases.


It is demonstrated that it is possible to grow thin alumina films on an alumina substrate by the sequential adsorption of water and trimethyl aluminum (TMA) both on high‐surface‐area alumina and in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) at room temperature. The presence of the resulting layer is demonstrated on high surface‐area substrates using infrared spectroscopy and in UHV using electron energy‐loss spectroscopy (EELS). The correspondence between the reaction on high surface‐area alumina and in UHV allow the surface species to be identified using infrared spectroscopy on the high surface‐area sample, and the kinetics to be measured in UHV. A film formation reaction mechanism is proposed that is consistent with the experimental results. It is suggested that TMA can react with hydroxylated alumina to form an adsorbed dimethyl aluminum species and evolve methane. This can further react with water to evolve further methane and leave adsorbed methyl groups. These react rather slowly with water resulting finally in the fo...


Forty female chickens were allocated to four groups of ten birds each. The control group (K) was fed a basal diet without supplementation. The second control group received a basal diet with humic acid (HA) at a dose of 0.5 g per chicken/day. The first experimental group was fed the basal diet with methylmercury (MeHg) at a dose of 0.02 mg per chicken/day and the group of chickens MeHg + HA received 0.5 g HA per chicken/day. After slaughter, mercury levels were assessed in liver, kidney, brain and muscle tissue samples. After 10-day treatment of the chickens with MeHg, significantly increased (P < 0.001) Hg concentrations were detected in all examined tissues in comparison with the groups K and HA. The average concentrations in liver, kidneys, brain and muscle tissues were 424, 398, 81.6 and 79.2 μg Hg/kg, respectively. After concurrent treatment with HA and MeHg, Hg concentrations were lower by 20.6%, 23.8%, 23.0% and 18.6% in liver, kidneys, brain and muscle tissues (P < 0.001). Biological accumulation of Hg was 25.5% and 20.4% in MeHg and MeHg + HA groups, respectively.


It puts forward the aplication advantage of mdern education technology in the surveying practice teaching and constructs the practice teaching mode based on the modern educational technology on the basis of analysing the problem existed in the surveying practice teaching.It promotes the reform and innovation of practice teaching according to the combination of modern education technology and practice teaching.


In this paper we attempt to carry out the kinematic analysis and optimization of the windshield wiper mechanisms using the MBS (Multi-Body Systems) environment ADAMS of MSC Software. The kinematic model of the wiper mechanism contains the bodies, connected by geometric constraints (joints), and the kinematic restriction (motion driver) that control the angular position of the motor crank. The application is performed by considering a tandem pattern double-lever (with two blades) windshield wiper mechanism.


Reinforcement Learning (RL) is widely recognized as a powerful approach to constructing intelligent NPCs. Unlike general games, metaverse games tend to build up the larger, more complex, and more diverse virtual scenes with scores of various NPCs. In this case, it is challenging and hig-cost to design the reward functions for large-scale RL-based NPCs. To solve this challenge, we propose an effective distribution-aware curiosity mechanism termed Intrinsic Curiosity-Driven Variational Auto-Encoder (ICDVAE). It constructs the state distribution to rep-resent novelty by integrating the Intrinsic Curiosity Mechanism (ICM) and Generative Model (GM). In addition, we develop two effective techniques termed Inverse Dynamic Mechanism (IDM) and Variational Encoder Bottleneck (VEB) to extract the ego-motion feature and prevent overfitting. The empirical results show that our algorithm is more effective and robust than baselines on Atari games.


This paper introduces a non linear position controller for an IPMSM (Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor). The system model equations provide the basis for the controller which is designed using adaptive back stepping technique. By recursive manner, virtual control states of the IPMSM drive have been identified and stabilizing control laws are developed subsequently using Lyapunov stability theory. Various system uncertainties are considered in the design. Using Lyapunov's stability theory, it is approved that the control variables are asymptotically stable. The complete model is then simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. Performance of the controller is investigated at different dynamic operations such as command position change, sudden load change.


This study investigates the macro (structural and institutional) factors influencing working poverty by comparing among major OECD countries. A pooled time-series regression analysis with unbalanced panel design was performed on data collected from eligible two-parent households. The supply-side prescription of a mixed capitalist economy produced marginal poverty alleviation. As a result, working poverty has become a pronounced social problem in many developed capitalist countries in recent years. However, rash generalizations regarding poverty convergence are limited because the severity of the problem varies greatly across countries. International differences in working poverty stem from differences in countries' institutional contexts and the roles of actors. Among welfare institution variables, the children and family spending, and the social assistance spending were found to contribute to reductions in working poverty. Among variables reflecting political institutions, the proportional representation, the left seat, and the cumulative left cabinet were found to contribute to reductions in working poverty. Among the labor market variables, the unionization rate, the employment protection for regular workers were also found to contribute to reductions in working poverty. Among CME nations, socialist democratic countries that pursue the high road (i.e., high skills–high wages) were found to have a superior record of reducing working poverty.


Theoretical backing of the similarity laws obtained from the dual dimensionless parameters of the bed-form classification diagram is given by solving the equations of similarity conditions that are obtained from the 1-dimensional equation of motion, the continuity equation, the bed deformation equation, and the formula of bed-load transport. Furthermore, a distorted model experiment was conducted to predict the bed variation during a flood in the Chubetsu River (a tributary of the Ishikari fiver in Hokkaido, Japan). The usefulness of the similarity laws of a distorted model was ascertained, and it was found that the maximum scour depth occurs during a recession of the flood hydrograph.


The report by Khatri and Frieden (Oct. 31 issue) on tuberculosis control in India echoes the official line of the Indian government health policy bureaucrats and the World Health Organization. Sadly data collection in India cannot be taken at face value and the accuracy of the impressive cure rates has been questioned. The 200000 new health workers alluded to are but a small fraction of those required to take on the additional burden imposed by direct observation. This shortage constrains the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) to recommend direct observation of only 6 of the 18 continuation-phase doses and this incomplete supervision at a time when the illness is improving and the patient is least compliant has been dismissed as only partially observed therapy. (excerpt)


This study aims to assess the carbon stock in a pasture area and fragment of forest in natural regeneration, given the importance of agroforestry systems in mitigating gas emissions which contribute to the greenhouse effect, as well as promoting the maintenance of agricultural productivity. Our other goal was to predict the carbon stock, according to different land use systems, from physical and chemical soil variables using the Random Forest algorithm. We carried out our study at an Entisols Quartzipsamments area with a completely randomized experimental design: four treatments and six replites. The treatments consisted of the following: (i) an agroforestry system developed for livestock, (ii) an agroforestry system developed for fruit culture, (iii) a conventional pasture, and (iv) a forest fragment. Deformed and undeformed soil samples were collected in order to analyze their physical and chemical properties across two consecutive agricultural years. The response variable, carbon stock, was subjected to a boxplot analysis and all the databases were used for a predictive modeling which in turn used the Random Forest algorithm. Results led to the conclusion that the agroforestry systems developed both for fruit culture and livestock, are more efficient at stocking carbon in the soil than the pasture area and forest fragment undergoing natural regeneration. Nitrogen stock and land use systems are the most important variables to estimate carbon stock from the physical and chemical variables of soil using the Random Forest algorithm. The predictive models generated from the physical and chemical variables of soil, as well as the Random Forest algorithm, presented a high potential for predicting soil carbon stock and are sensitive to different land use systems.


Desalination process is a method of obtaining potable drinking water which is limited by environmental problems caused by the waste generated in the process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cultivation of Chlorella sp. in a culture medium based on residual concentrated desalination and determines the protein and lipid contents along the cultivation cycles. The cultures were developed in a reverse conical photobioreactors (4L) during 28 days resulting in four cultivation cycles. For each cultivation cycle, the value of biomass (dry weight g L-1) resulted: 1st cycle, 1.55 g; 2nd cycle, 0.96; 3rd cycle, 0.62 and 4th cycle, 0.42. The protein and lipid levels ranged from 45.2 to 48.8% and 8.5 to 11.4%, respectively. The first cultivation cycle showed the highest biomass productivity (PB = 200 mg L-1 dia-1) and lipid productivity (PL = 19.6 mg L-1 dia-1), as well as the highest protein content (48.8%). The highest lipid content (11.4%) was observed on second cultivation cycle. It was observed during the four cultivation cycles that the biomass productivity is directly correlated to lipid productivity, indicating that higher PB higher will be PL. The results from this study showed that it is possible to growth Chlorella sp. in a culture medium based on residual concentrated desalination for biomass production along the four cultivation cycles and also, without compromise the protein and lipid contents into the microalgal cell.


The performance of anode support of Ni‐YSZ reduced from room temperature (TR) to working temperature (Tw) and at Tw in anode‐supported planar solid oxide fuel cell was investigated quantitatively in situ. A 2 μm thick Pt voltage probe was embedded at the interface between the anode support and the function anode in the cell. Results showed that the power densities of the stack that was reduced from TR to Tw (stack 1) and stack reduced at Tw (stack 2) were 0.343 W cm−2 and 0.583 W cm−2 with the corresponding fuel utilization of 36.28% and 63.87%, respectively, under the operating voltage of 0.8 V. The degradation rate of stack 1 was 7.76 times more than that of stack 2 when the stack was discharged under a constant current of 0.476 Acm−2 for 100 h. Ni particles agglomerated in the anode support of the cell inside stack 1, whereas Ni particles in the anode support of the cell inside stack 2 were evenly distributed. The performance of stack 1 was poor mainly because of the increasing ohmic and polarization resistances caused by Ni agglomeration and decreasing porosity of the anode support.


Abstract B3LYP and complete active space methods were applied to study graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) doped with boron atoms. The restricted B3LYP solutions were found to be unstable in all but two cases, and the complete active space calculations prove the multiconfigurational character of the ground state contributing with two most important configurations. The exception is the structure c4 where the system has single reference ground state in spite of the instability of the restricted wavefunction. The distance between dopant atoms, their mutual position and their location within the nanoribbon impact the relative stability of doped nanoribbons. B doping does not modify the ionisation potentials of doped GNRs. However, it notably increases the electron affinity of the core-doped nanoribbons. The doping also has a notable impact on the reorganisation energy of the nanoribbons. The reorganisation energy of B-doped GNRs is higher than the corresponding reorganisation energy of pristine and nitrogen-doped GNRs.


Two different xylanases from the anaerobic bacterium Bacteroides xylanolyticus X5-1 were purified by column chromatography to apparent homogeneity and partially characterized. The organism had a different regulation for the synthesis of the two xylanases. Xylanase I, a 38 kDa protein, was constitutively synthesized when enough energy was available to the cells and no easily metabolisable sugars were present. In resting cell suspensions, pyruvate induced high levels of this enzyme. Under growing conditions, with pyruvate as sole energy and carbon source, xylanase was not synthesized. Monomeric sugars as well as the non-metabolisable sugar D-arabinose repressed the induction of xylanase I by pyruvate. Short xylooligosaccharides also induced xylanase I synthesis. Xylanase I degraded xylan and xylo-oligomers with a degree of polymerization of 4 and higher. It also had arabinose cleaving ability on smaller oligomers. Xylanase II was a 63 kDa protein that was only produced in larger amounts when the organism was grown on xylan. Xylanase II degraded xylan and xylo-oligomers with a degree of polymerization of 3 and higher. No arabinose was released from oat spelt arabino-xylan or arabinose substituted xylo-oligomers by this enzyme. During growth the two xylanases were cell associated.


In order to real-timely obtain road environmental information of vehicle's current location in its moving process, and to make its stalls transform adapt to the current road conditions, an algorithm was proposed, which is about how to acquire road information based on GPS and electronic map. Firstly, use GPS positioning technology to obtain information of the current position and direction of vehicles, and verify the extracted information. Then, combine with information about the correlative road parameters of electronic map to obtain the road parameters of the vehicle's current location and the front section along driving direction. Simulation results showed that the algorithm can obtain road information accurately and completely, can real-timely display the road conditions and driving conditions of the vehicle's current location on electronic map, and can effectively alleviate the shift problems when traffic is complex.


Recurrent nocturnal asthma following a single exposure to Western Red Cedar sawdust was documented by measurements of peak flow rates in two sensitized subjects. The nocturnal asthma followed a dual asthmatic response in the first subject and a late (non‐immediate) asthmatic response in the second. Both subjects developed a 10‐fold reduction in the dose of histamine required to decrease the FEV1 by 20%. This cedar‐induced increase in non‐specific bronchial reactivity was maximal at the time of the recurrent nocturnal asthma, and persisted after nocturnal asthma had ceased and after FEV1 had returned to normal. We hypothesize that the enhanced non‐specific bronchial reactivity which occurs following late asthmatic responses to bronchial challenge is the cause of recurrent nocturnal asthma following single exposure to a sensitizing agent.


Objective To study the role of the sputum procalcitonin(PCT) detection in etiological diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia in children.Methods 120 children with community-acquired pneumonia were enrolled.The sputum samples were collected by disposable suction tube.PCT levels were measured by immuno-chromatography in sputum samples.Results PCT levels in bacterial pneumonia group were significantly higher than those in mycoplasma pneumonia and viral pneumonia groups(P0.01).In mycoplasma pneumonia group,sputum PCT levels increased slightly.There were statistical significance with viral pneumonia group(P0.05).The diagnosis value was not obvious.Sputum PCT positive rate was slightly higher than the serum PCT and C reactive protein(CRP),but there was no statistical difference(P 0.05).Conclusions Sputum is one of the most available specimens,and sputum PCT detection can be used in subsidiary diagnosis of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia with the advantages of rapidity and convenience.It will help the rational use of antibiotics in the early clinical stage.


We study second-order perturbations for a general non-canonical scalar field, minimally coupled to gravity, on the unperturbed FRW background, where metric fluctuations are neglected a priori. By employing different approaches to cosmological perturbation theory, we show that, even in this simplified set-up, the second-order perturbations to the stress tensor, the energy density and the pressure display potential instabilities, which are not present at linear order. The conditions on the Lagrangian under which these instabilities take place are provided. We also discuss briefly the significance of our analysis in light of the possible linearization instability of these fields about the FRW background.


The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) mechanism for electrochemical production of hydrogen peroxide is investigated for an Au-Pd catalyst with 25 at% palladium. The sample was prepared by chemical reduction of a precursor solution on a carbon-based substrate. Rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) measurements were performed for electrochemical characterization exhibiting H 2 O 2 current efficiencies of about 75-78% at low disk potentials. The focus of this article is on the mathematical evaluation of the experimental data using the analytical method from Damjanovic et al. [ J. Chem. Phys . 45 , 4057 (1966)] and a powerful numerical data fitting technique based on RRDE simulations in MATLAB, which is capable of investigating reaction mechanisms with different structures. The latter method is presented in detail and the electro-kinetic parameters of the ORR mechanism at the considered catalyst resulting from both methods are compared quantitatively. It is found that the oxygen reductions via the 2-electron and the 4-electron pathways occur in parallel, whereas the hydrogen peroxide reduction pathway is found apparently inactive. performed The experiments were executed ◦ The capture efficiency N exp for the ring was measured using the reduction of hexacyanoferrate(III) as disk electrode reaction and the re-oxidation of hexacyanoferrate(II) as ring electrode reaction. The reaction was performed using a 5 mmol/l 3 mmol/l


Owing to its attractive advantages of ultrasmall mass, high optical quality, small mode volume and flexible mechanics, photonic crystal nanobeam (PCN) cavities are utilized to establish an optomechanical nanosystem, thus enabling strong optomechanical coupling effects.


To investigate the coastline variation of Jinha Beach, this study analyzed the seasonal wave characteristics using long-term measured wave data (2006...


Previously, we have found that human liver annexin V (hA‐V; in earlier reports referred as Endonexin II) is a specific hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) binding protein. In this study, we demonstrate that transfection of rat hepatoma FTO 2B cells, a cell line that is not infectable by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and does not express hA‐V, with a construct containing the hA‐V gene, resulted in hA‐V expressing cells susceptible to HBV infection. After in vitro infection, transfected FTO cells (assigned as FTO 9.1 cells) expressing hA‐V in cultures were shown to contain HBV‐precore/core, X mRNAs, and covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA as detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The presence of HBV ccc and replicative intermediate DNA was also demonstrated by Southern blot hybridization assay. HBV DNA secreted in the culture medium was also evident as determined by quantitative branched DNA (bDNA) assay. HBsAg and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) could also be detected by an immunocytochemical method in 10% to 15% of the cells at day 3 and day 5 after infection. Infectivity of in vitro–propagated HBV was demonstrated by infection of the naive FTO 9.1 cells with the culture supernatant from HBV‐carrier cultures. In contrast to primary cultures of human hepatocytes and FTO 9.1 cells, primary rat and mouse hepatocytes, as well as rat hepatoma cell lines that do not express hA‐V, are not susceptible to HBV infection. These findings suggest that hA‐V plays a key role in the initial step of HBV infection and that the species‐specific susceptibility to HBV infection and replication in hepatocytes is associated with the expression of hA‐V.


Variability for a day or a season Species that experience larger seasonal climatic fluctuations are likely to be more physiologically flexible and thus likely to occur across a wider elevational range. Daily changes in temperature are also common but have rarely been considered. Chan et al. used a global data set of vertebrates to look at how these two different sets of variation affect a species' elevational distribution (see the Perspective by Perez et al.). Unexpectedly, larger daily fluctuations were associated with smaller elevational distributions. Thus, specialists are favored where daily fluctuations are dominant, whereas generalists are favored where seasonal fluctuations are the main climate influence. Science, this issue p. 1437; see also p. 1392 Daily and seasonal variation influence the temperature tolerance of land vertebrates differently. [Also see Perspective by Perez et al.] The climatic variability hypothesis posits that the magnitude of climatic variability increases with latitude, elevation, or both, and that greater variability selects for organisms with broader temperature tolerances, enabling them to be geographically widespread. We tested this classical hypothesis for the elevational range sizes of more than 16,500 terrestrial vertebrates on 180 montane gradients. In support of the hypothesis, mean elevational range size was positively correlated with the scope of seasonal temperature variation, whereas elevational range size was negatively correlated with daily temperature variation among gradients. In accordance with a previous life history model and our extended versions of it, our findings indicate that physiological specialization may be favored under shorter-term climatic variability.


* * * Abstract: An often neglected area in the teaching of vocabulary is that of the figurative language. This article examines some definitions and suggests examples of types of figurative language to which students may usefully be exposed in the course of their learning. Arising from the suggested examples, some implications for the teaching of figurative language are discussed. These are followed by sample materials representing different strategies for helping students to understand and generate figurative language.


Fermentation serves a key role in inhibiting spoilage microorganism through acidification and production of antimicrobial compounds. The technological information on properties of Streptococcus infantarius sub sp. infantarius which is predominant in most African fermented is very little. This study was therefore carried out to determine the functionality of selected African Streptococci strains in fermented dairy products. Pasteurized milk samples from camels and cows were inoculated with different strains and a selected combination at a rate of 3 % v/v and incubated at different temperatures of 25oC, 30oC, 37oC, and 45oC for 9 hours. Analysis was done after every 3 hours for pH and titratable acidity while viscosity was done after incubation and cooling of the product. The different fermented milk samples were subsequently evaluated for consumer acceptability. Milk inoculated with both African type Streptococcus thermophillus (146A8.2)and Streptococcus infantarius sub sp. infantarius CJ 18 (9377), and incubated for nine hours recorded the highest amount of titratable acidity of 0.97 for the camel milk and had the least pH value of 4.12 for cow milk compared to the other strains. The cow milk had the highest viscosity level of 59.64 cPs compared to camel milk which was 29.44 cPs. The levels of titratable acidity and viscosity depended on the strain and incubation temperature. The African type Streptococcus thermophillus (146A8.2) and Streptococcus infantarius sub sp. infantarius CJ 18 (9377), isolated from fermented camel milk had good technological properties that are useful as starter culture for development of fermented milk products. CONTACT Isaac M. Maitha email@example.com Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053 – 00625, Kangemi, Nairobi, Kenya. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Enviro Research Publishers. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons license: Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY). Doi: 10.12944/CRNFSJ.9.1.11 Article History Received: 11 January 2021 Accepted: 27 February 2021


According to their geographic origins and germplasm characteristics,54 maize landraces were clustered genetically on the basis of SSR data.The core landraces were selected with a 17 percentage of sampling and sampling strategies were investigated to construct a core collection of maize landraces in southwest China.The results showed that the core collection composed of 9 maize landraces retained a large variation in the initial collection.268 and 256 polymorphic alleles were detected in the initial collection and the core collection,respectively by 42 pairs of SSR primers.Mean polymorphism information content in the initial collection(0.76) was a little higher than that in the core one(0.73).Estimates of the evaluating parameters MD,VD and VR were 10%,10% and 83.5%,respectively suggesting that the core collection constructed was the optmal one representing the initial collection.


We consider abstract inverse problems between infinite-dimensional Banach spaces. These inverse problems are typically nonlinear and ill-posed, making the inversion with limited and noisy measurements a delicate process. In this work, we assume that the unknown belongs to a finite-dimensional manifold: this assumption arises in many real-world scenarios where natural objects have a low intrinsic dimension and belong to a certain submanifold of a much larger ambient space. We prove uniqueness and Hölder and Lipschitz stability results in this general setting, also in the case when only a finite discretization of the measurements is available. Then, a Landweber-type reconstruction algorithm from a finite number of measurements is proposed, for which we prove global convergence, thanks to a new criterion for finding a suitable initial guess. These general results are then applied to several examples, including two classical nonlinear ill-posed inverse boundary value problems. The first is Calderón's inverse conductivity problem, for which we prove a Lipschitz stability estimate from a finite number of measurements for piece-wise constant conductivities with discontinuities on an unknown triangle. A similar stability result is then obtained for Gel'fand-Calderón's problem for the Schrödinger equation, in the case of piece-wise constant potentials with discontinuities on a finite number of non-intersecting balls.


Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the primary cause of dementia in the elderly. The imbalance between production and clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) is a very early, often initiating factor in AD. Dendrobium nobile Lindl. alkaloids (DNLA) extracted from a Chinese medicinal herb, which have been shown to have anti-aging effects, protected against neuronal impairment in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, we confirmed that DNLA can improve learning and memory function in elderly normal mice, indicating that DNLA has potential health benefits. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Therefore, we further explored the effect of DNLA on neurons, which is closely related to learning and memory, based on Aβ. Methods We exposed cultured hippocampal neurons to DNLA to investigate the effect of DNLA on Aβ in vitro. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assays. Proteins were analyzed by Western blot analysis. Results The cell viability of hippocampal neurons was not changed significantly after treatment with DNLA. But DNLA reduced the protein expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP), disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10), β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and Aβ1–42 of hippocampal neurons in rats and increased the protein expression of ADAM17. Conclusions DNLA decreases Aβ by regulating α- and β-secretase in hippocampal neurons of SD rats.


This paper presents a framework for enforcing penalties on intelligent agents that do not comply with authorization or obligation policies in a changing environment. A framework is proposed to represent and reason about penalties in plans, and an algorithm is proposed to penalize an agent's actions based on their level of compliance with respect to authorization and obligation policies. Being aware of penalties an agent can choose a plan with a minimal total penalty, unless there is an emergency goal like saving a human's life. The paper concludes that this framework can reprimand insubordinate agents.


Teaching vocabulary to primary grade children is essential. Previous studies of teaching vocabulary (word meanings) using story books in the primary grades reported gains of 20%-25% of word meanings taught. The present studies concern possible influences on word meaning acquisition during instruction (Study 1) and increasing the percentage and number of word meanings acquired (Study 2). Both studies were conducted in a working-class school with approximately 50% English-language learners. The regular classroom teachers worked with their whole classes in these studies. In Study 1, average gains of 12% of word meanings were obtained using repeated reading. Adding word explanations added a 10% gain for a total gain of 22%. Pretesting had no effect on gains. In Study 2, results showed learning of 41% of word meanings taught. At this rate of learning word meanings taught, it would be possible for children to learn 400 word meanings a year if 1,000 word meanings were taught. The feasibility of teaching vocabulary to primary grade children is discussed.


The biodiversity and the community structure of spiders have been studied in the rice field of Emei, Jianyang, Daxian of Sichuan Province. 33 species, 19 genera, and 8 families of the spiders specimens collected from the cultivated land have been identified. The results show that the main components of spider community in these areas are Lycosodae, Araneidae, Linyphiidae and Tetragnathidae. There are differences on the number of species and density of spider community in the different habitats. The proportion of the arachnid distribution groups in spider community is changeable with the result of the variation of the habitat environmental factors, which also bring about the changes of the spider community diversity parameters. It is indicated that temperature, rainfall and sunlight are the main factors of biodiversity and stability of spider community by using fuzzy cluster analysis and principal component analysis.


Today, the nationwide reading is promoting, especially in the rural reading promotion, the farm reading room play a crucial rote. The paper from the characteristics of farm reading room and engineering construction, according to the role of farm reading room in rural reading promotion, put forward the strategy of farm reading room in rural reading promotion.


In this study, a CFD modelling of a horizontal straight tube was carried out to investigate the effect of fraction of hybrid water based CuO-TiO2 nanofluid on thermal performance. In the numerical analysis, in order to ensure fully developed flow, the tested tube was adjusted, and uniform heat flux was applied on outer surface of the test tube. Different turbulence models were examined and k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulent model was employed to simulate turbulent flow, and analyses were implemented for Reynolds number ranging from 10,000 to 50,000. The flow was simulated as a mixture model, and properties of nanoparticles and water are assumed as not depends on temperature. Thermo-physical properties of nanofluid were calculated from commonly used equations in literature. Nanofluid volume fractions (φ) in water were employed as 5, 4, 3, and 2% in which each concentration has different volume fractions of CuO and TiO2. As a result, the higher volume concentration of CuO compared to TiO2, the higher heat transfer coefficient was obtained. However, the highest effective Nusselt number of 1.145 is obtained for volume fraction of CuO and TiO2 is 0.02 and 0.03, respectively at Reynolds number of 50,000.


A novel approach to design N×N silica-on-silicon optical switches based on phase-compensated and cascaded multimode interference structures is presented. Taking into consideration of weakly guiding features of silicaon-silicon waveguides, instead of using self-imaging theory, we apply a two-step design approach: In the first step the multimode sections are optimized for minimum loss and best uniformity. In the second step the phase shifting compensations are obtained by accurate calculation of relative phases of MMI sections. Using this novel approach we designed a 4×4 optical switch and achieved better device performance from our numerical simulation results. Compared with the configuration from the self-imaging theory, the results from our designing approach can reduce the device loss and crosstalk by 1dB and 8dB, respectively.


diverticula are acquired, with the incidence increasing with age. Less than 2% of patients younger than 30 years old have diverticulosis, whereas more than 40% of patients older than 60, and 60% by age 80 years, acquire diverticula. 3,4 It is estimated that 10% to 25% of patients with diverticulosis go on to develop diverticulitis. 5 In the United States this results in approximately 130,000 hospitalizations per year and significant cost to the health care system. 6 In 95% of cases, diverticula are located in the sigmoid and left colon. Right-sided colonic diverticula are rare in Western countries, although with increasing age there is a tendency for the diverticula to not only increase in number but also to develop more proximally in the colon. 7 In Asian countries, the main distribution of diverticula (up to 70%) is right-sided and may have a more genetic influence. 8 The clinical picture for diverticulitis is one defined by a spectrum of presentations. Patients can present with a mild, isolated attack or can have severe and recurrent disease. In addition, a subset of patients present with complicated disease and some have ''smoldering'' disease. A new disease entity known as SCAD (Segmental Colitis Associated with Diverticula) has been described recently and may involve a different pathophysiology than classic diverticulitis. 9,10 Not only has the etiology of diverticulitis become more complex than previously believed but the treatment algorithms have also evolved. The main components of treatment historically have been antibiotics and surgery. Less invasive nonsurgical procedures, along with new data suggesting the disease may not be as virulent as once believed, have recently questioned some of the surgical dogma that has guided


We provide formulas for holographically building a bulk metric from given expectation values of rectangular Wilson loops. As a corollary, we prove that any confining quark potential necessarily leads to the existence of a bulk infrared bottom.


We  conducted a small mammal ecological study at John Nichols Scout Ranch in Southeastern Canadian County, Oklahoma, during the summers of 2013 and 2014. Microhabitat preferences of Peromyscus leucopus, P. maniculatus, Neotoma floridana, and Sigmodon hispidus were determined using species' presence/absence and 60 habitat variables at 10 randomly selected plots. These data were subjected to principle components analysis and niche overlap. Peromyscus leucopus and N. floridana occupy similar woodland areas, featuring high degrees of litter and overhang canopy, as well as rocky outcrops. Peromyscus maniculatus was associated with areas of annual, barren, shrub, and tree coverage, with adjacent habitat heterogeneity—an edge. Sigmodon hispidus was found in open grasslands with homogeneous adjacent habitat. Peromyscus leucopus and N. floridana had the highest degree of niche overlap, while P. maniculatus had a smaller overlap with these species. Sigmodon hispidus had the lowest degree of niche overlap among all studied species, indicating high habitat specificity. ©2015 Oklahoma Academy of Science


Background Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is one of Ethiopia's most economically significant transboundary livestock illnesses. The disease has a significant economic impact on pastoral household livestock owners, who rely significantly on their cattle as a source of income. Methods A cross-sectional study was undertaken in selected districts of Afar region from November 2018 to May 2019 primarily intended to estimate the prevalence of lumpy skin disease serologically in local Afar cattle as well as identify potential associated factors. A multistage sampling method was employed to select study districts, peasant association, herd size and study units. A total of 384 sera were processed using serum neutralization test (SNT) method to detect antibodies against lumpy skin disease virus. Relevant data were refined and further analyzed using stata version 14. Results In the study districts, the overall animal level seroprevalence was found to be 7.6% (N = 29/384; 95% confidence interval: 4.90–10.20) and the overall herd level prevalence was found to be 20.8% (n = 15/72; 95% confidence interval: 11.42–30.18). Only district was shown to be statistically significant (P = 0.004) in terms of LSD occurrence among the relevant factors studied. Cattle in Chifra district were 20.18 times more likely to contract LSD infection than cattle in Dubti district, when Asayita district was used as the reference group. Conclusion The present study finding confirmed the presence of the disease in the study districts of afar region and coordinated intervention set to be in place.


Summary This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between early lactation curve parameters and calving interval in Holstein cows of Iran. In order to describe the lactation curve, the incomplete gamma function was fitted to 5,754,428 test-day milk records corresponding to 766,108 lactations on 315,634 cows in 2,448 herds. Cows with higher milk yield during early lactation had shorter calving intervals; however, longer calving intervals increased the 305-d milk production (P<0.01). Cows with higher yield at the beginning of lactation, steeper ascending, and steeper descending slope had shorter calving intervals (P<0.01). Calving interval was increased by 2.73 (±0.12) d for every extra kg of milk at peak lactation (P<0.01). The calving interval was directly impacted by the persistency of milk yield, but milk yield persistency was reduced in cows with shorter calving intervals (P<0.01).


Production process of potato starch produces large volume of wastewater containing high-concentration organic compounds,which not only pollutes the environment seriously,but also results in a huge waste of resources.This paper reviewed both the treatment technologies and resource utilization approaches of potato starch wastewater.Resource utilization approaches of the wastewater as well as the development and application of methods such as flocculation/sedimentation,biological treatment,and land treatment were discussed.The paper pointed out that recycling of the effective components from the wastewater would not only generate economic benefits but also significantly reduce the pollution load,hence reducing the subsequent treatment pressure.


Considering the uncertainty of web service reputation,reputation,reputation relation attributes and reputaton types for evalua-ting reputation action are defined,and the concept of quantification is introduced,then a reputation evaluation model of web service is put forward by extending actual UDDI criterion,the means of evaluating reputation of web service and the scheme of realizing the model seriously are studied.Comparing to the other reputation models,the model utilized the third-party authoritative institution fully,and used the mechanism of consumer feedbacking and active monitoring for evaluating and adjusting reputation value of web service in the UDDI,therefore,the impartiality and validity of reputation information are ensured.


The use of statistics in any scientific discipline may be considered a key element in the assessment of the degree of maturity of a field and show the generation of non-spec- ulative knowledge. The aim of this study is to carry out a bibliometric analysis of the use of statistical methods in Clinical and Health Psychology. In order to achieve this aim, a group of 8 journals with an ISI impact index located in quartile 1 or quartile 2 were chosen, and 623 articles published in 2010 were reviewed. The main results show a ranking with the most used techniques and their distribution in each of the journals. This article presents a panoramic view of the degree of use of statistical methodology and its level of diversity and - complexity. Finally, a suggestion of the application of statistical models that are currently not present, but which may be very useful for research in Clinical and Health Psychology, is made. This information is most relevant for improving the quality of current research and education of new researchers.


The consensus on the influence that the Pacific plate has on the northeast of China has not yet been built. One of these disputes focuses on whether the Pacific plate crosses the Songliao Basin and affects the extensive Late Mesozoic volcanomagmatic activities of the Great Xing'an range(GXAR). The Shaxilate area is located in the southern part of the GXAR, which is on the western margin of the Songliao Basin. The geographic position makes the area a superior example to discuss the above-mentioned issue. Therefore, we report the geochronologic and geochemical results of the granite porphyry which is outcropped in this area and identified as Late Jurassic, and aim to provide the insight of the effects of the Pacific plate on the southern GXAR, based on these results. The zircons in the granite porphyry of the Shaxilate area are euhedral prismatic and present clear oscillatory zoning (fig. 1a), with high Th/U ratios (0.36–0.95). These characteristics indicate the zircons are from a Effects of Subduction of Pacific Plate on the Great Xing'an Range: Constriants from Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Shaxilate Granite Porphyry WANG Changqing, YANG Yanchen*, HAN Shijiong and ZhANG Meng College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061 Citation: Wang et al., 2019. Effects of Subduction of Pacific Plate on the Great Xing'an Range: Constriants from Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Shaxilate Granite Porphyry. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 93(supp.2): 51–52. * Corresponding author. E-mail: email@example.com Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 2019, 93(supp.2): 51–52 © 2019 Geological Society of China http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxbcn/ch/index.aspx; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17556724 Fig. 1. Relevant diagrams of the granite porphyry in the Shaxilate area (after Whalen et al. (1987), Pearce and Harris. (1984), Batchelor and Bowden. (1985)). (a) Partial CL images of Zircons and U-Pb concordant diagram of Zircons; (b) Discrimination diagrams; (c)Y + Nb–Rb diagram; (d) R1–R2 diagram. A, A-type granite; I&S, I-type granite and S-type granite; Syn-COlG, syn-collisional granite; VAG, volcano arc granite; WPG, intraplate granite; ORG, Oceanridge granite; Post-COLG, post-collisional granite; 1, mantle fractionates; 2, pre-plate collision; 3, post-collision uplift; 4, late-orogenic; 5, anorogenic; 6, syn-collision; 7, post-orogenic. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 2019, 93(supp.2): 51–52 52 magmatic origin. 20 analyses of LA–ICP–MS Zircon U–Pb dating yield a weighted mean Pb/Pb age of 136.14 ± 0.99 Ma (MSWD=0.24; fig. 1a), which manifest the granite porphyry belongs to Early Cretaceous, not Late Jurassic. The age conforms to the peak period of magmatism of the southern GXAR. Geochemically, the rock is characterized by high contents of SiO2 (74.79–77.14% ), Al2O3 (12.28–13.35% ) and alkalis (K2O+Na2O=7.50–8.33%), and by low contents of CaO (0.18– 0.55%), MgO (0.10–0.11%) and P2O5 (0.01–0.02%). The total REE concentrations are relatively low (112.60–126.80 ppm), with low LREE/HREE ratios (10.35–10.93) and typical negative Eu anomalies (δEu=0.34–0.36). The rock has high concentrations of U, Th, Rb, Ba, K, and low concentrations of Nb, Ta, Sr, P, Ti, with low 10000Ga/Al ratios (2.05–2.27) and low Zr + Nb + Ce + Y contents (210.10–229.40 ppm). The geochemical characteristics and the diagram result (fig. 1b) suggest the granite porphyry is I-type granite. According to the regional researches and the diagram results (fig. 1c, 1d), the Shaxilate granite porphyry was formed in an extensional setting. However, there are different viewpoints on the formation mechanism of the extensional setting of the southern GXAR. The dominant views are that the extensional setting is controlled by the back-arc extension caused by Pacific plate compressing subduction or the post-orogeny after the closure of Mongol– Okhotsk Ocean, respectively. We believe the formation of the granite porphyry is affected by the Mongol–Okhotsk tectonic regime, based on the following evidence. (1) Spatially, the distance between the southern GXAR and Paleo-Pacific subduction zone surpasses 1500km. In terms of subductingdirection (NNW–NWW) and velocity (40–200mm/a), the Pacific plate scarcely had an influence on the Late Mesozoic volcanism and magmatism. (2) The research on direction and velocity of the Pacific plate subduction since Middle Jurassic suggests that the impact of the Pacific plate to eastern China converted from a compress-torsional effect to an extensional effect at Early Cretaceous (~95Ma;)(Bao et al., 2013). (3) Tian et al. (2019) elaborated the subtle mantle structure from Japan islands to NE China, using seismic data, and found that the subducting Pacific slab has just reached the underneath of the GXAR for now. Key word: I-type granite, Pacific plate, Northeast China, southern Great Xing'an Range, Mongol-Okhotsk plate Acknowledgement: This research was financially supported by Chinese Geological Survey Programme (Grant No.1212011


The first of eight regional conferences on the theme 'The Development of the Career Teacher: Professional Responsibility for Continuing Education' was held in Washington, D. C., December 13–14, 1963. The AGU Executive Secretary attended as a representative from the American Geophysical Union. About 300 gathered at the opening general session where Don Davies, Executive Secretary of TEPS, presented an address entitled The 'TEPS Program,' followed by an address by Roy A. Edelfelt, Associate Secretary, on the subject 'The Conference Task.' The Conference then divided into fifteen study groups whose purpose was to develop ideas, identify problems, and suggest solutions.

On the evening of December 13 there was a panel discussion on the subject 'Continuing Education—A Look at the Conant and NCTEPS Recommendations.' The science aspects were discussed by Wallace R. Brode, who suggested that 'professional improvement' might be a more acceptable term than 'continuing education.' There seemed to be general acceptance among the four panelists of the Conant recommendations rather than the TEPS recommendations. Following the discussion the Chairman, a former Executive Secretary of TEPS, took the opportunity to defend the TEPS paper.


Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting is key in attaining perpetual lifetime for time-critical wireless powered communication networks due to full control on energy transfer, far field region, small and low-cost circuitry. In this study, we formulate a novel minimum length scheduling problem to determine the optimal beam-forming weights, power control and time allocation to minimize the schedule length. We consider the traffic demand, maximum transmit power, scheduling and energy causality constraints for a full-duplex wireless powered communication network. The formulated optimization problem is a mixed integer non-linear optimization problem therefore, difficult to solve for global optimum. As a future work, we present an efficient solution strategy based on the decomposition of the problem into power control problem and scheduling problem.


After revisiting the well-known relationship with the minimax theory, some duality results for constrained extremum problems are related to variational inequalities. In particular, the connection with saddle point conditions and gap functions associated to the variational inequality are analysed.


Due to the unusual results of the class officer election for the Saint Mary's class of 1997 last month, seven tickets will be on today's ballot for the second election. During the initial election, the only ticket on the ballot did not receive the offices due to a substantial number of abstaining votes. T he t ic k e t of Kelly D u n n / S te p h a n ie Wilberding/ Mia Pavlik/ Brigid Keyers proposes an open class forum, a junior class spirit week, intra-class activities, and a Saint Mary's/Notre Dame Dance-a-thon on the ir platform. They also suggest a welcome back bash, tailgaters, a class trip, study breaks and an adopt-a-neighhorhood program. The re tu rn in g ticket of Leslie Field/ Emily Huffner/ Rebecca Kellogg/ Rebecca Korte aims to keep the same campaign platform as in the inilial election. They focus on initiating a junior jazz festival, a junior class tutoring team, a ser vice project of delivering balloons to hospitalized children, and the continuation of the junior class mass. In ad d i t io n , the Field t ick e t p ro p o s e s an increase in w omen's health issues, forums on Saint Mary's/Notre Dame re la tions , a jun io r class video yearbook and a pre-tailgate party in front of the residence halls. Leigh Anne Hutch inson/ Anna Raf'aj/ Kelly Zermeno/ Laura Loh are running on a platform based on a class talent show, a jog-a-thon to benefit a local charity and a junior concert with the band "Mango Jam. " Other ideas presented on the Hutchinson ticket are a class ski trip, bonfire, spirit week, and a mass at the Basilica of the Sacred Heart with both the Saint Mary's and Notre Dame classes of 1997. The ticket of S am an th a M angiaforte / Rose Maciejewski/ Megan Borchers/ Carrie Uhl p re  sents the idea of a year long them e—Women. This theme would be incorporated through trips Campus Life Council


Underwater glider is the new generation of autonomous underwater glider which has been used for ocean observation and wide range of marine environment monitoring. It glides through seawater horizontally and vertically by carried additional wings. This paper presents the investigation of hydrodynamic characteristics of the shallow underwater glider by using Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, FLUENT 6.3.26. A 3-dimensional Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model is used to estimate hydrodynamic performance of the glider. The effect of angle of attack (varied from -8o to +8o) at various Reynolds numbers and the flow behavior of underwater glider at different flow conditions are studied. The characteristics such as lift and drag forces, lift and drag coefficients and pressure distribution over fixed wings are evaluated in a flow field with Reynolds number ranging from 10 to 10. Lift and drag coefficients are observed to rise as function of angle of attack. Wake formation occurs at the tail and the junction of main wing and fuselage body, and the nose is exerted to highest pressure force compared with the other parts.


Our haptic sense comprises both taction or cutaneous information obtained through receptors in the skin, and kinesthetic awareness of body forces and motions. Broadly speaking, haptic interfaces to computing systems are anything a user touches or is touched by, to control, experience, or receive information from something with a computer in it. Keyboard and mouse, a physical button on a kitchen blender, and the glass touchscreen on your smartphone are energetically passive haptic interfaces: no external energy is pumped into the users' body from a powered actuator. Most readers will have encountered energetically active haptic feedback as a vibrotactile (VT) buzz or forces in a gaming joystick, a force feedback device in a research lab, or a physically interactive robot. Much more is possible.

When we bring touch into an interaction, we invoke characteristics that are unique or accentuated relative to other modalities. Like most powerful design resources, these traits also impose constraints. The job of a haptic designer is to understand these "superpowers" and their costs and limits, and then to deploy them for an optimally enriched experience.

Both jobs are relatively uncharted, even though engineers have been building devices with the explicit intention of haptic display for over 25 years, and psychophysicists have been studying this rich, complex sense for as many decades. What makes it so difficult? Our haptic sense is reallymanydifferent senses, neurally integrated; meanwhile, the technology of haptic display is anything but stable, with engineering challenges of a different nature than those for graphics and sound. In the last few years, technological advances from materials to robotics have opened new possibilities for the use of energetically active haptics in user interfaces, our primary focus here. Needs are exposed at a large scale by newly ubiquitous technology like "touch" screens crying out for physical feedback, and high-fidelity virtual reality visuals that are stalled in effectiveness without force display.


The invention relates to a modular-constructed seat crossbeam (4) for use in a motor vehicle. In such a modular-constructed seat crossbeam, at least one bearing part (6) of the modular-constructed seat crossbeam (4) is designed as an extruded profile and at least another bearing part (5) of the modular-constructed seat crossbeam (4) having a passage (14) for at least one air line (15).


Induction motor speed control was relatively difficult, because the generated torque and flux are related or not free. In addition to adjusting the speed, it required inverter control. The inverter output was not a pure sinusoidal signal but it is the result of the switching. Therefore, it was necessary to be able to fix the method of switching the inverter output signal that can adjust induction motor speed with load changes. This study applied the indirect method of vector control for setting the speed and incorporates methods of SVPWM (space vector pulse width modulation) with hysteresis then became hysteresis space vector pulse width modulation (HSVPWM) on the inverter. This study also reconstructed current signal. The setting speed three phase induction motor vector control using indirect methods were successfully applied. A change of pace on HSVPWM method successfully achieves the set point of 600 rpm with a rise time of 0.5267 seconds, 0.723 second steady state and has over shoot of 0.8%.


Recent advances in genomics and linguistics have generated vast data that provide a useful benchmark to study micro- and macro- evolutionary processes. Several evolutionary process such as recombination, hybridization, genome fusions and lateral gene transfer/horizontal gene transfer (LGT or HGT) in genome evolution are fundamentally non-treelike in nature. Analogies for all major evolutionary processes in genome evolution are also recognized in language evolution. Consequently, networks, in addition to bifurcating trees, become an essential tool for modeling conflicting signals and evolutionary complexity in genomic and linguistic research. Studying genome and language evolution using phylogenetic networks traces both vertical as well as lateral component during their evolution. Because similar evolutionary processes shaped both genome and language evolution into contemporary forms, it is also possible to use methods that are developed to study genome evolution to study language evolution. In the course of this thesis the frequency and impact of lateral transfers during the evolution of genomes (Haloarchaea) and languages (Indo-European and Polynesian) were investigated. Phylogenomic networks were reconstructed using genomes or languages as nodes and their evolutionary relationships as edges. The evolution of ten halorarchaeal genomes using a phylogenomic network approach with respect to 1,143 eubacterial reference genomes identified extensive inter domain LGT during haloarchaeal genome evolution. The results exemplify the role of LGT in transforming a strictly anaerobic, chemolithoautotropic methanogen into a heterotrophic, oxygen-respiring and bacteriorhodopsin-photosythetic organism. In the second and third studies presented here, the evolutionary history of 84 Indo-European and 33 Polynesian languages were examined. In both cases reconstructed phylogenomic networks identified a higher frequency of lexical borrowings than previously thought. Modeling genome and language evolution using phylogenomic networks opens up new insights and provides more precise quantitative inferences about both vertical and lateral components during evolution.


In buffer stocks established by International Commodity Agreements, typically the buffer stock manager (BSM) is given: (i) inadequate resources to defend the price floor on her own; (ii) considerable discretion in day-to-day operations. These two features are shown to imply that the buffer stock can as easily add volatility to the market as remove it. Fact (i) implies that the BSM needs to use speculators: the floor will be defended only if speculators "bet" on the buffer stock's success. Fact (ii) implies that their expectations about the buffer stock's success can become self-fulfilling prophecies. This opens the way for the price to fluctuate in response to "sunspots", or intrinsically irrelevant phenomena, which would have been impossible without the buffer stock. The theory is given anecdotal support from the markets for tin and natural rubber.


Original Research Article Aims: 1) To investigate nurses' knowledge about nosocomial infections. 2) To evaluate the effectiveness of the educational program regarding nosocomial infections on nurses. Methodology: An educational program was carried out on a simple random sample of (50) nurses (from different educational levels) who work in different wards at AlBasra Teaching Hospital. The project's instrument was a questionnaire including information about both demographic characteristics and nosocomial infection. The sample was involved in pre-and post-test on the program which lasted eight days. Results: The results show that the highest percentage (36%) of sample were aging nurses group (20-29) years, the lowest percentage (10%) of the sample were aged less than (20) years old. The highest percentage (54%) female, the lowest percentage (46%) was male. According to educational level the highest percentage (36%) were secondary school graduate, while the lowest percentage (8%) were college education. The highest percentage (30%) was grouped (1-5) years, while the lowest percentage (10%) of the sample was of the group more than (16) number years' work. The majority of nurses have deficit knowledge about etiology modes of transmission, spread nosocomial infections and symptoms. There was a high difference regarding knowledge between pre-test and post-test. Conclusions: The present findings show the effectiveness of the program through the highest percent of excellent for nurses' responses concerning nosocomial infection knowledge between preand postprogram for the case group, and the majority of nurses' responses to the case group at post program had good knowledge concerning nosocomial infection than program. The majority of nurses have deficit knowledge about etiology modes of transmission, spread nosocomial infections and symptoms. There was a high difference regarding knowledge between pre-test and post-test. Recommendations: Majority nurses have deficit knowledge about nosocomial infection indicate the need to establish a national educational program to all health workers in Iraqi hospitals.


Amidst the backdrop of communication between Chinese and foreign people in the 19th and 20th century,those who could speak both Chinese and English languages rose as comprador classes. With He Dong as the representative figure,they took advantage of marriage alliance and education background,making their ethnic group particularly powerful in Hong Kong society.


Following recent advances in GPU hardware development and newly introduced rendering pipeline extensions, the segmentation of input geometry into small geometry clusters—so‐called meshlets—has emerged as an important practice for efficient rendering of complex 3D models. Meshlets can be processed efficiently using mesh shaders on modern graphics processing units, in order to achieve streamlined geometry processing in just two tightly coupled shader stages that allow for dynamic workload manipulation in‐between. The additional granularity layer between entire models and individual triangles enables new opportunities for fine‐grained visibility culling methods. However, in contrast to static models, view frustum and backface culling on a per‐meshlet basis for skinned, animated models are difficult to achieve while respecting the conservative spatio‐temporal bounds that are required for robust rendering results. In this paper, we describe a solution for computing and exploiting relevant conservative bounds for culling meshlets of models that are animated using linear blend skinning. By enabling visibility culling for animated meshlets, our approach can help to improve rendering performance and alleviate bottlenecks in the notoriously performance‐ and memory‐intensive skeletal animation pipelines of modern real‐time graphics applications.


Through an analysis on the background and the reason for the appearance of the unisex clothing design, this paper discusses the styles and the features of the unisex menswear design, and summarizes the multi-angle application of the unisex elements and the regular rules and trends of the development in the unisex menswear design, aiming to provide theoretical basis for the mens clothing design to develop in a wider and deeper direction.


One of the major challenges facing Ethiopia in striving for development is environmental degradation, manifested in the degradation of land and water resources as well as loss of biodiversity. Land degradation is expressed in terms of soil erosion and loss of soil fertility. Deforestation/devegetation is one of the major factors contributing to land degradation by exposing the soil to various agents of erosion. With high-intensity rainstorms and extensive steep slopes, Ethiopia is highly susceptible to soil erosion, especially in the highlands. The organic content of soils is often low due to the widespread use of dung and crop residues for energy.   Land degradation in turn greatly affects agricultural productivity and production. In 1990 alone, for instance, reduced soil depth caused by erosion resulted in a grain production loss of 57,000 (at 3.5 mm soil loss) to 128,000 tons (at 8 mm soil depth). It has been estimated that the grain production lost due to land degradation in 1990 would have been sufficient to feed more than four million people. The availability of land suitable for agriculture is shrinking, while at the same time the amount of land required to feed the growing population is steadily increasing.   With agricultural productivity increases lagging behind population growth rates, the gap between availability and demand for agricultural land continues to grow, resulting in severe land-use conflicts between crop farming, animal grazing, and forestry. Natural high forests and plantations are encroached upon and cleared for cultivation or grazing by local people. State and community forest interests collide with local grazing interests on hillside land, and grazing and fuel wood/charcoal interests confront each other in the woodlands and bushlands.   Forestry can play a role in reducing land pressure and land degradation, but forestry alone cannot solve the problem. Even if the management of existing forest resources is improved and new trees and forests are established, this may well prove futile if high population growth rates continue to increase the need for crop and grazing land. Using the land for forestry to improve soil fertility or to rehabilitate and conserve the environment will be viewed as secondary to using the land for cropping and grazing to meet immediate survival needs. Attempts to alleviate land degradation are therefore critically dependent on efforts to deal with the three main underlying causes of land degradation, namely population growth, low agricultural productivity, and high dependence on fuel wood, dung, and crop residue as sources of household energy.   Considering the magnitude of the land degradation problem, conservation programs implemented so far are inadequate. The policy, institutional, planning, and technical constraints responsible for the inadequacy of past conservation efforts are presented, and any future initiatives to overcome the escalating land degradation problem in Ethiopia should first address these constraints realistically. There are no universal formulae or solutions that can work across the board; rather, solutions should be locality-specific and closely tied to the socioeconomic setup of the communities. In this regard, forestry can play a significant role in either preventing or arresting land degradation by avoiding or reducing soil erosion through reduced surface runoff and maintenance of organic matter and soil fertility. It can help not only in addressing off-farm and on-farm dimensions of soil erosion but also in maintaining the fertility of the soil, thereby alleviating land degradation and the destruction of natural resources. The various means by which forestry can be used to address problems of land degradation are discussed as outlined in the Ethiopian Forestry Action Program.


This article highlights the importance of considering the proper level of aggregation when estimating neighborhood effects. Using a unique nonrural subsample from a large national survey (the American Housing Survey) at three time points that allows placing respondents in blocks and census tracts, this study tests the appropriate level of aggregation of the structural characteristics hypothesized to affect block-level perceptions of crime and disorder. I find that structural characteristics differ in their effects based on the level of aggregation employed. While the effects of racial/ethnic heterogeneity are fairly robust to the geographical level of aggregation, the stronger effects, when measured at the level of the surrounding census tract, suggest more dispersed networks are important for perceived crime and disorder. In contrast, economic resources only show a localized effect when aggregating to the block-level and differ based on the outcome; higher average income reduces disorder but increases crime, most likely by increasing the number of attractive targets. Additionally, the presence of broken households has a localized effect for social disorder but a more diffuse effect for perceived crime. These findings suggest the need for neighborhood studies of crime rates, as well as the broader neighborhood effects literature, to consider the mechanisms involved when aggregating various structural characteristics.


In the beginning, D. is reviewing the results of studies by Burguburu, Williams, and Burckhardt. These results are quite similar to those presented by the author in his monograph Vaginal secretion and its significance in the development of puerperal fever. Then D. proceeds to the analysis of the above article by Krnig. The last day about the constant acidity of the vaginal secretion (which does not agree with the research of Dderlin and others) he explains by the property of the applied sensitive reactive papers, as well as by the amphoteric reaction.


Compressor unit (14), in the combustor (16) and a turbine section gas turbine engine including a (18) (10), said engine space of the turbine in the highest position of the walls (121) of the casing (137) in in an arranged gas relief valve (136), having an operable valve so as to suppress damage due to soak back to open the valve when the engine is not working after shutdown. When open valve (136) is, the hot gases of the engine and flows to the outside from the casing cooling is promoted. Relief valve (136) is preferably a passive one-way check valve is configured to open when the pressure in the internal passage (137) in drops. Alternatively, the valve (136) is an active valve, to be opened and closed by activation means, such as a solenoid that is used in conjunction with a sensor for detecting the pressure and temperature values of the internal passage (137) in it is operable.


With the coming of the experiencing economy era,the new surroundings need a suitable model of management and operation.It means the tourist company must build the brand,the loyalty of the tourists,meet the need of tourists and offer the new experience for them.


The question is in many parts, yet it comes to this: can we perceive a new phenomenon in contemporary culture generally, and in contemporary literature particularly, that deserves a name? If so, will the provisional rubric "postmodernism" serve? How does this phenomenon-let us call it postmodernism-relate itself to other concepts, such as modernism or the avant-garde? And what theoretical and historical difficulties does it conceal?


The design is the completion of the design and implementation of the monitoring database based on "Quasi-Real-Time Integrated Monitoring System of Marine Environment of the Bohai Sea", prepared a special security configuration script, realized the two data server to back up each other, served continually after only a few seconds and switched automatically when failure occurred, avoided single point of failure and allowed monitoring after a single failure of the marine environment in real-time database system.


The author asserts that adherence to the rule of law, including property law, is a necessary condition to economic development and human freedom. United States governmental agencies and private institutes have attempted to convey this message to Russia, other states of the former Soviet Union, and former Soviet satellite states, with some success. Finally, and unfortunately, the United States has veered away from the very adherence to the rule of law respecting property which it espouses abroad.


Submitted for the DFD10 Meeting of The American Physical Society Effects of turbulence intensity and gravity on transport of inertial particles across a shearless turbulence interface GARRETT GOOD, SERGIY GERASHCHENKO, ZELLMAN WARHAFT, Cornell University — Water droplets of sub-Kolmogorov size are sprayed into the turbulence side of a shearless turbulentnon-turbulent interface (TNI) as well as a turbulent-turbulent interface (TTI). An active grid is used to form the mixing layer and a splitter plate separates the dropletnon droplet interface near the origin. Particle concentration, size and velocity are determined by Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer, the velocity field by hot wires, and the droplet accelerations by particle tracking. As for a passive scalar, for the TTI, the concentration profiles are described by an error function. For the TNI, the concentration profiles fall off more rapidly than for the TTI due to the large-scale intermittency. The profile evolution and effects of initial conditions are discussed, as are the relative importance of the large and small scales in the transport process. It is shown that the concentration statistics are better described in terms of the Stokes number based on the large scales than the small, but some features of the mixing are determined by the small scales, and these will be discussed. Sponsored by the U.S. NSF. Garrett Good Cornell University Date submitted: 02 Aug 2010 Electronic form version 1.4


The objective of the research is to investigate the role of investor sentiment in Malaysia's stock returns. The state of investor rationality and efficiency of the stock market is debated in theoretical lenses of the behavioural finance paradigm. The behavioural factor, namely, closed-end fund discount, advance-decline ratio, trading volume/turnover, consumer sentiment index (CSI) and business condition index (BCI) that act as the sentiment proxies. These variables are utilized to analyse the relationship with stock returns by implementing a statistical method including Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression model. The research findings are suggested consistently with theoretical perspectives on the view of behavioural finance and existing evidence on revealing the relationship between sentiment and stock market return index that is statistically significant. However, the risk proxies' relationship with the stock market is heterogeneous that is in line with the view of the stock market in a complex state. In summary, this study offers important finance body of knowledge (academic), practice (investor) and policy implications through a new insight of theoretical and empirical evidence on the role of sentiment towards the stock market in Malaysia. Briefly, behavioural factors in particular sentiments can be taken into consideration instead only relying on a fundamental factor for stock investment decision making.


Even though the dystopian genre, when it comes to literature, is mostly related to prose, it occasionally also appears in drama. We have witnessed such an example within the dramatic work of Croatian, that is, then Yugoslav, literary expressionism. In the early 1920s, Josip Kulundžić wrote two, from today's perspective diachronically, interesting, ideologically-thematically-motivically heterogeneous and stylistically and compositionally divergent, but ingenious dramatic texts; pyrandelistic conceptual play Kako će sa Zemlje nestati zlato and the unpublished, a kind of deconstructivist play Dr. Elektar. In those plays, both at the expressive and content level, in the manner of original, naked expressionism with hints of futurism and strongly influenced by pyrandelist dramatic poetics, the author will present a dystopian-science fiction concept of the (dramatic) world that will symbolically refer to socio-historical and the cultural-ideological context of the time. Strong dystopian signals of the mentioned plays will mark them as one of the first dramatic, but also literary texts in general in Croatian and then Yugoslav literature, but also as texts that even today, in the diachronic cross-section of literary historiography, with their symbolic context, can illuminate some social, cultural and literary-dramatic phenomena of that, as well as of this time.


Abstract A novel, breast‐specific stereotactic radiotherapy device has been developed for delivery of highly conformal, accelerated partial breast irradiation. This device employs a unique, vacuum‐assisted, breast cup immobilization system that applies a gentle, negative pressure to the target breast with the patient in the prone position. A device‐specific patient loader is utilized for simulation scanning and device docking. Prior to clinical activation, a prospective protocol enrolled 25 patients who had been or were to be treated with breast conservation surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy for localized breast cancer. The patients underwent breast cup placement and two separate CT simulation scans. Surgical clips within the breast were mapped and positions measured against the device's integrated stereotactic fiducial/coordinate system to confirm reproducible and durable immobilization during the simulation, treatment planning, and delivery process for the device. Of the enrolled 25 patients, 16 were deemed eligible for analysis. Seventy‐three clips (median, 4; mean, 4.6; range, 1–8 per patient) were mapped in these selected patients on both the first and second CT scans. X, Y, and Z coordinates were determined for the center point of each clip. Length of vector change in position was determined for each clip between the two scans. The mean displacement of implanted clips was 1.90 mm (median, 1.47 mm; range, 0.44–6.52 mm) (95% CI, 1.6–2.20 mm). Additional analyses stratified clips by position within the breast and depth into the immobilization cup. Overall, this effort validated the clinically utilized 3‐mm planning target volume margin for accurate, reliable, and precise employment of the device.


Awareness of the harmful effects of radiation has increased interest in finding the mechanisms of DNA damage. Radical and anion formation among the DNA base pairs are thought to be important steps in such damage [Collins, G. P. (2003) Sci. Am. 289 (3), 26–27]. Energetic properties and optimized geometries of 10 radicals and their respective anions derived through hydrogen abstraction from the Watson-Crick guanine–cytosine (G-C) base pair have been studied using reliable theoretical methods. The most favorable deprotonated structure (dissociation energy 42 kcal·mol−1, vertical detachment energy 3.79 eV) ejects the proton analogous to the cytosine glycosidic bond in DNA. This structure is a surprisingly large 12 kcal·mol−1 lower in energy than any of the other nine deprotonated G-C structures. This system retains the qualitative G-C structure but with the H···O2 distance dramatically reduced from 1.88 to 1.58 Å, an extremely short hydrogen bond. The most interesting deprotonated G-C structure is a "reverse wobble" incorporating two N-H···N hydrogen bonds. Three different types of relaxation energies (4.3–54 kcal·mol−1) are defined and reported to evaluate the energy released via different mechanisms for the preparation of the deprotonated species. Relative energies, adiabatic electron affinities (ranging from 1.93 to 3.65 eV), and pairing energies are determined to discern which radical will most alter the G-C properties. The most stable deprotonated base pair corresponds to the radical with the largest adiabatic electron affinity, 3.65 eV. This value is an enormous increase over the electron affinity (0.60 eV) of the closed-shell G-C base pair.


We construct a class of representations of the quadratic R-matrix algebra given by the reflection equation with the spectral parameter, R (u− v)T (u)R (u+ v)T (v) = T (v)R (u+ v)T (u)R (u− v), in terms of certain ordinary difference operators. These operators turn out to act as parameter shifting operators on the 3F 2(1) hypergeometric function and its limit cases and on classical orthogonal polynomials. The relationship with the factorisation method will be discussed. Mathematical preprint series, University of Amsterdam, Report 94-21, October 11, 1994 hep-th/9410146


A first person account of a motorcycle crash resulting in loss of a leg. Included is a discussion of the cost of care, rehabilitation, and prosthesis. Language: en


The spatially homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi type‐VI0 cosmological dust solution for the modified Brans–Dicke theory is presented. Some properties of the model are discussed.


This paper describes the design of a grid-enabled version of Montage, an astronomical image mosaic service, suitable for large scale processing of the sky. All the re-projection jobs can be added to a pool of tasks and performed by as many processors as are available, exploiting the parallelization inherent in the Montage architecture. We show how we can describe the Montage application in terms of an abstract workflow so that a planning tool such as Pegasus can derive an executable workflow that can be run in the Grid environment. The execution of the workflow is performed by the workflow manager DAGMan and the associated Condor-G. The grid processing will support tiling of images to a manageable size when the input images can no longer be held in memory. Montage will ultimately run operationally on the Teragrid. We describe science applications of Montage, including its application to science product generation by Spitzer Legacy Program teams and large-scale, all-sky image processing projects.


A clinical meeting of the New South Wales Branch was held at the B.M.A. Building, 30-34 Elizabeth Street, Sydney, on September 8, 1916, Dr. Sinclair GillieR, the President, in the chair. Dr. Ralph Worrall read the notes of a case of multiple abscesses of the kidney originating in obstetric trauma, and exhibited the pathological specimens. The notes of this case are published on page 317. Dr. R. Gordon Craig congratulated Dr. Worrall on the excellent result which he had obtained. Dr. J. G. Edwards exhibited some sklagrams taken from some cases of syndactyltsm, Three of these skiagrams. and the remarks made by Dr. Edwards, are reproduced on page 319. Dr. W. F. Litchfield spoke of a series of cases of polydactylism which had occurred in a family under his care. All the patients affected with this condition were boys, and although the deformity is frequently regarded as congenital, no similar defects had occurred in this family, as far as he had been able to trace. The first baby had been born with six fingers on each hand. The second also had six fingers on each hand, while the third had six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot, as well as an additional rudimentary finger. The defect was associated with a general slackness of the muscular system, Dr. S. Harry Harris read the notes of a case of early renal tuberculosis, in which nephrectomy had been performed. Bacilln« coli ('OIlWII/IIiR was found in the urine, but no tubercle bacilli. He exhibited the removed organ and the pyelogram. The report of this case will be published In a subsequent Issue. Dr. C. Norman Paul read the notes of a case of ranthomn fliabeti('um (see page 320). Dr. S. Sheldon demonstrated a specimen of the brain of a young woman, aged 23 years, who had died of cerebr-al hsemorrhage, He also referred to two other cases In whtr-n the same condition occurred in young women. The pai ient, A.E.O., was said to have fallen in a skating-rink thr ee years previously. There were no symptoms referable to this accident for a year. At that time she became paralysed on the left side. She came to Sydney for treatment, but the paralysis of the left arm did not dirntutsh. Hhe died suddenly on August 26, 1916. The post-mortem examination revealed a heemorrhage of the capacf tv of about three ounces in the right lenticulo-striate region. The blood had not escaped to the surface. The covering of the ventricle was practically intact. The specimen was I'.ent to the Microbiological Department for microscopical exarutnation, but no traces of a new growth were discovered. The only record at the Lewisham Hospital regarding this patient was that she had attended at the Out-Patient Department, and that the condition had been diagnosed as hysteria and treated accordingly. This case had recalled to Dr. Sheldon's memory two others which had occurred within a few days of one another. E.W., aged 24 years, a domestic servant from the Solomon Islands, was of mixed blood, probably a half-caste. She complained on January 15, 1910, of the heat, and appeared to become very distressed in her breathing. She died within a short time. Post-mortem, a hrernorrhage, containing about 1 J,J ounces of blood, was discovered in the lenticulo-striate region. The blood had ploughed its way through the brain tissue. No other abnormality was discovered at the examination. B.M.M., aged 21 years, employed in home duties, was apparently In her normal good health on January 18, 1910. She had a hearty meal, vomited about three hours later, and then died suddenly. No further history was obtained of this case, although It was ascertained that the patient had been attending the hospital for some months previously. At the post-mortem examination it was found that the anterior aspect of the frontal lobe of the brain had been ploughed through by about three ounces of blood clot and serum, In the pertcardturn there were stx ounces pf clear fluid. The heart muscle was soft and the cavities somewhat dilated. There were vegetations on the mitral valve. The spleen was three times Its ordinary size, and, on section, a sago-like condition was discerned. She was "irgo in taota.


The rare case of the fast development of amyloid cardiomyopaty in initial amyloidosis is described. The generalized amyloid lesion of vessels (especially the lesion of the heart and lungs), prolonged use of steroid therapy accelerating amyloidogenesis, incompetence of immune reactions promoting amyloid resorption inhibition served the great purpose in the gravity of the disease.


A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE POST GRADUATE SCHOOL,
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER
OF ARTS (M.A.) ENGLISH LITERATURE, FACULTY OF ARTS AND
SOCIAL SCIENCES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA
NOVEMBER, 1992


Present study is based on the examination of gut contents of 422 fishes, collected from Mumbai coast, Maharashtra. Based on index of preponderance values, diatoms (60.97%) and zooplankton (25.79%) were found to be the major components of the food. Month wise gut content showed that among the diatoms Cosinodiscus spp. (17.43%), was most dominant followed by Fragilaria oceanica (14.34%) and Pleurosigma spp.(10.86%), in the zooplankton copepods were the most occurred throughout the year, contributing maximum in the May (15.94%) and least in January (4.79%). Gastro somatic index in males and females ranged from 0.80 to 1.41 and 0.72 to 1.60 respectively with there is no significance difference between males and females (P >0.05). Month wise feeding intensity was observed to be highest, for both sexes during May and length wise in smaller size groups (120-129 mm).


Due to extreme weather, record-breaking heavy rainfalls frequently cause severe flood damages. Thus, there is a strong demand for predicting flood scales to mitigate damages. In this paper, we propose a real-time flood inundation prediction system on a shared HPC system. Although the Rainfall-Runoff Inundation (RRI) model has been developed for predicting large-scale flood inundation, it is necessary to improve the performance for real-time prediction. Since the RRI model is highly memory-bound, we port the RRI simulation code to the latest vector computing system, SX-Aurora TSUBASA (SX-AT), which provides high sustained memory bandwidth. We discuss performance optimization of the RRI code at the node level and MPI parallelization strategies. The RRI code also needs to output intermediate results at a high frequency. Thus, the RRI code is split into file I/O operation and kernel computation, which are assigned to different kinds of processors using the heterogeneity of SX-AT. Furthermore, we discuss a resource demand estimation method to minimize the amount of shared computing resources used for prediction in order to reduce the impact on other users sharing the system. In our evaluation, we demonstrate that SX-AT with only 32 cores can meet the real-time simulation requirement of simulating 7-hour flood inundation for the Tohoku region of Japan within 20 minutes. The evaluation results also demonstrate that the proposed method can adaptively adjust the computing resource amount used for the real-time simulation, and thus reduce the computing resource by 75% in comparison with the worst-case scenario of conservative static resource allocation.


We present direct spectroscopic measurements of the broad 2175 Å absorption feature in 505 star-forming main-sequence galaxies at 1.3 ≤ z ≤ 1.8 using individual and stacked spectra from the zCOSMOS-deep survey. Significant 2175 Å excess absorption features of moderate strength are measured, especially in the composite spectra. The excess absorption is well described by a Drude profile. The bump amplitude expressed in units of k(λ) = A(λ)/E(B − V), relative to the featureless Calzetti et al. law, has a range B k ≈ 0.2–0.8. The bump amplitude decreases with the specific star formation rate (sSFR), while it increases moderately with the stellar mass. However, a comparison with local "starburst" galaxies shows that the high-redshift main-sequence galaxies have stronger bump features, despite having a higher sSFR than the local sample. Plotting the bump strength against the ΔlogsSFR≡logSFR/SFRMS relative to the main sequence, however, brings the two samples into much better concordance. This may indicate that it is the recent star formation history of the galaxies that determines the bump strength through the destruction of small carbonaceous grains by supernovae and intense radiation fields coupled with the time delay of ∼1 Gyr in the appearance of carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch stars.


Background: Pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LCC) is multifactorial. Effective post‐operative pain control is necessary in LCC performed as day‐case surgery. We studied the efficacy of paracetamol or valdecoxib with or without dexamethasone after LCC.


The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the influence relationship quality that consists of trust, satisfaction, perception, communication, and social cohesion on customer loyalty Savings Sikoci at Bank Nagari Branch Solok. Type of research is quantitative research. The sample size used was 100 customers Sikoci Savings in Bank Nagari Branch Solok. Data analysis technique used is in the form of research instrument test the validity and reliability test, descriptive analysis, the classical assumption test, multiple linear regression analysis, F test, t test and coefficient of determination. Research conducted generating trust, satisfaction, perception, communication, and social cohesion significant effect on customer loyalty Savings Sikoci at Bank Nagari Branch Solok because t value trust (2,006), satisfaction (2.254), perception (2,308), communications (2,056), and social cohesion (2.030) > t table 1.984. The amount of influence relationship quality variable that consists of trust, satisfaction, perception, communication, and social cohesion describes customer loyalty Savings Sikoci at Bank Nagari Branch Solok was 51.1% and 48.9% explained by other variables such as quality of service, and marketing mix, etc


The purpose of the Smart Nutrition and Conditioning for Kids (SNACK) pilot study was to increase fitness levels and overall health of children aged 7 to 9 years in two elementary schools, one urban and one urban rim. Fundamental Integrative Training (FIT) was incorporated into physical education class and was considered a vital component of SNACK. The FIT intervention was performed twice weekly during physical education class for 8 weeks. Pre- and post-Fitnessgram fitness tests were completed by each child. Fitnessgram fitness test scores improved for all fitness tests for both the experimental and control groups in both schools (P<0.05). Significant differences between groups were found in 4 areas: PACER, push-up, curl-ups, and long jump (P<0.05). FIT is one example of an interdisciplinary (nursing, health and exercise science students and faculty, elementary school administration and staff) collaborative approach to improving fitness levels with limited time and resources.


The concept of the fraction of hexagonal stacking is used to describe the anisotropic thermal expansion coefficients of polytypes of SiC. The single crystal elastic anisotropy for the SiC polytype structures and the temperature dependencies of the anisotropies are examined. The anisotropic thermoelastic stress index for the 3C and 6H SiC polytypes are illustrated graphically. It is shown that this index is useful for predicting the most desirable crystal growth orientations for SiC whisker incorporation into composite matrices.


The present invention relates to a driving apparatus of a plasma display panel, to prevent inversion of the gradation. Drive device of a plasma display panel according to the present invention includes an inverse gamma correction error diffusion unit for diffusing the error of the data inputted by the government, an inverse gamma correction is connected to the state reverse gamma correction with the gray scale value of the data gray level inversion input from government to check whether the phenomenon is the gray level value is generated to produce a control signal for one bit (bit) gray-scale reversal check unit, and a error diffusion unit and the gradation reversal check is provided between the part low-order bit of the data input from the error diffusion unit to using the lower bit output from the adder, an adder for adding the control signal of the first bit (bit) and a dithering unit performs the dithering.