The individual sensor system design elements which are the priori components in the registration and rectification process, and the potential impact of error budgets on multitemporal registration and side-lap registration are analyzed. The properties of scanner, MLA, and SAR imaging systems are reviewed. Each sensor displays internal distortion properties which to varying degrees make it difficult to generate on orthophoto projection of the data acceptable for multiple pass registration or meeting national map accuracy standards and is also affected to varying degrees by relief displacements in moderate to hilly terrain. Nonsensor related distortions, associated with the accuracy of ephemeris determination and platform stability, have a major impact on local geometric distortions. Platform stability improvements expected from the new multi mission spacecraft series and improved ephemeris and ground control point determination from the NAVSTAR/global positioning satellite systems are reviewed.


Although two centuries of anecdotal clinical evidence support the use of cardiac glycosides for the treatment of heart failure, controversy has surrounded their efficacy and appropriate indications. Early in this century, two of the founders of the clinical discipline of cardiology, Sir James Mackenzie in London and Henry Christian in Boston, had sharply differing views that have tended to persist in the United Kingdom and the United States, respectively. Mackenzie advocated the use of digitalis only in patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation, whereas Christian believed that "digitalis . . . has a striking effect on those changes . . .


This research aims to investigate the influence of project based learning (PjBL) learning that integrates with science, technology, engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) on optical concepts with improved student science process skills. The method of study used is a descriptive method. Data is obtained from a learning observation sheet to determine the skills of the science process developed by students and polls used to capture student responses to learning. The instrument in this study uses a science process skills test in the form of an observation sheet and a subjective test. The science process skills tests used in this study include asking questions, observing, hypothesized, planning experiments, interpretation, and communicating. The Data that has been obtained is then analyzed descriptively. The results of this study show that students have all indicators of the science process skills that belong to the good category (average rating 79.33). Students give a positive response to learning, because they feel more understanding, improving motivation and learning interests.


Aims. We investigate the atmospheric response to coronal heating driven by random velocity fields with di ff erent characteristic time scales and amplitudes. Methods. We conducted a series of three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations of random driving imposed on a gravita- tionally stratified model of the solar atmosphere. In order to understand di ff erences between alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) heating, we considered the e ff ects of changing the characteristic time scales of the imposed velocities. We also investigated the e ff ects of the magnitude of the velocity driving. Results. In all cases, complex foot point motions lead to a proliferation of current sheets and energy dissipation throughout the coronal volume. For a given driving amplitude, DC driving typically leads to a greater rate of energy injection when compared to AC driving. This ultimately leads to the formation of larger currents, increased heating rates and higher coronal temperatures in DC simulations. There is no di ff erence in the spatial distribution of energy dissipation across simulations, however, energy release events in AC cases tend to be more frequent and last for less time than in DC cases. This results in more asymmetric temperature profiles for field lines heated by AC drivers. Higher velocity driving is associated with larger currents, higher temperatures and the corona occupying a larger fraction of the simulation volume. In all cases, the majority of heating is associated with small energy release events, which occur much more frequently than larger events. Conclusions. When combined with observational results that highlight a greater abundance of oscillatory power in lower frequency modes, these findings suggest that energy release in the corona is more likely to be driven by longer time scale motions. In the corona, AC and DC driving will occur concurrently and their e ff ects remain di ffi cult to isolate. The distribution of field line temperatures and the asymmetry of temperature profiles may reveal the frequency and longevity of energy release events and therefore the relative importance of AC and DC heating.


Background:
 While optimizing medical treatment contributed to the low recurrence risk seen in SAMMPRIS medical arm, other factors such as delayed enrollment may have contributed to this low event rate. In this study, we aim to determine the 30-day recurrence risk in a real-world setting in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis.

 Methods:
 We used a stroke registry of a comprehensive stroke center to identify hospitalized patients with acute ischemic stroke in the setting of symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis of the ICA, M1, vertebral, or basilar with 50-99% luminal narrowing. We excluded patients with a clear indication for anticoagulation and those who received endovascular treatment. The outcome was recurrent stroke attributed to the affected artery within 30-days. We used adjusted Cox regression models to identify factors associated with increased recurrence risk.

 Results:
 Among 131 symptomatic 50-99% intracranial stenosis hospitalizations over 3 years, 66 patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 71.9 years and 51.5% were men; 75.8% were treated with best medical management (dual antiplatelet therapy/high intensity stain therapy). Over 30-day follow-up, 21.2 % had recurrent stroke, 57.1% (8/14) occurred within first 7 days. The recurrence risk was similar to another real world ICAD cohort, and higher than that seen in SAMMPRIS (Figure). While maximal medical treatment was the only factor associated with a lower rate of recurrence (OR 0.32 95% CI 0.09-1.12, p = 0.075), the recurrence rate in patients treated with maximal medical therapy (16.0%, 95% CI 8.1-29.3%) and those SAMMPRIS eligible (17.6%, 95% CI 7.9-34.9%) remained elevated.

 Conclusions:
 In patients with symptomatic ICAS, the real-world recurrence is higher than that seen in clinical trials, despite optimally using the same medical treatment strategies. This may suggest that the low risk of recurrence achieved in clinical trials may not apply to real world practice.


This paper proposes a numerical simulation method for analyzing Mindlin-Reissner shell structure using GFEM (Generalized FEM). GFEM can be considered as the generalization of FEM by making the node displacement not constant value but the function. The formulation of GFEM applied to Mindlin-Reissner shell element is shown, and coordinate transformation for GFEM is presented. Several examples are shown to show the validity and accuracy of this method. It was shown that GFEM is effective against the distortion of the element shape compared with traditional FEM, especially in-plane deformation. It was also shown that by changing the degree of polynomial locally, it is possible to control the accuracy locally.


The presence of dental metals creates radiation dose perturbation due to scattered radiation during radiation therapy for the head and neck region. The purpose of our study was to compare the scatter doses resulting from various dental metals in the direction of the buccal mucosa among a single‐field technique, three‐dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D CRT), and intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) during radiation therapy for the head and neck region. We used nine metal cubes with 10 mm sides, which were placed inside a water phantom. The scatter doses from the cubes in the direction of the buccal mucosa were measured using radiochromic films. The films were placed perpendicularly to the surface of the cubes. The phantom was irradiated with a 4 MV photon energy by a linear accelerator for all techniques. In the single‐field technique, the scatter doses from dental metals showed 3.7%–19.3% dose increases, and gold showed the largest dose increase. In 3D CRT, the scatter doses from dental metals showed 1.4%–6.9% dose increases, which were within the measurement uncertainty (except for gold). In IMRT, the scatter doses from dental metals showed only 1.4%–4.3% dose increases, which were all within the measurement uncertainty. During radiation therapy for the head and neck region, the scatter doses from the tested dental metals in the direction of the buccal mucosa in 3D CRT or IMRT were lower than those using the single‐field technique. However, there were no differences between the scatter doses resulting from particular dental metals in the direction of the buccal mucosa in 3D CRT and those in IMRT, except for gold. PACS number: 87


Adiabatic state conversion in optomechanical systems requires the evolution process to be very slow, which limits its application in quantum information processing. In this paper, we explicitly show that speeding up adiabatic state conversion in optomechanical systems can be implemented. For the case that each cavity is driven far from the red-detuned mechanical sideband, the high-efficiency population transfer between cavity modes is achieved via an additional Hamiltonian  a ( t ) , whereas the population of the mechanical resonator can be effectively inhibited. In the meanwhile, in the case of each cavity driven near the red-detuned mechanical sideband, the population transfers can be realized by varying the modified optomechanical couplings without an additional Hamiltonian. Numerical simulation demonstrates that the transfer is robust to the system decays.


Obstetrical patients are not immune from the rampant epidemic of substance abuse of both legal and illegal substances with no medical usage. Substance abuse in pregnancy has increased over the past 3 decades, resulting in approximately 225,000 infants yearly with prenatal exposure. Totally one half of all pregnant patients admitted to abusing alcohol or other substances including tobacco during their pregnancy in 1 study. Poor obstetric outcomes can be up to 6 times higher in patients using opiates and neonatal care must be specialized to treat symptoms of withdrawal in mother and baby. The incidence of preterm labor, placental abruption, spontaneous abortion, and congenital anomalies are all increased. The anesthesiologist will invariably deal with the substance addicted or abusing parturient during his or her career.


Abstract An investigation is made of Cartesian closedness of monotopological categories A which are not necessarily c-categories. Results include: a description of the underlying sets of the power-objects in terms of the horn-sets of a certain monotopological subcategory of A; the fact that if A is Cartesian closed then it is subconcretely so; and the fact that if A is not topological and contains an initial source which is not a mono-source then A cannot be Cartesian closed. Various criteria concerning the existence of splitting objects in A are given, as well as the proofs of the exponential, distributive and other laws when A is Cartesian closed.


We report a rare percutaneous intervention to the Left Anterior Descending (LAD) and Right Coronary Artery (RCA) bifurcation in a 77 year old with anomalous origin of the RCA from mid LAD and Medina 1,1,1 bifurcation disease. The LAD/RCA bifurcation lesion was successfully treated using Mini crush technique.


The article examines the current trend within international development agencies towards adopting participatory approaches to governance evaluation (GE). It argues that, while this trend is to be welcomed, there are important political, institutional and methodological implications and constraints worth considering. Donors appear not to have addressed as yet such questions as the institutional changes required for participatory GEs to be meaningful, the relationship between conventional and participatory GEs, issues of quality and power in participatory GEs, and relationships to broader governance structures in developing countries. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Simple Summary Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been carried out within a variety of cattle breeds, they are mainly based on the accumulated 305-day lactation yield traits estimated by summing the test-day recorded every day during the lactation period, or combining the weekly or monthly test-day records by linear interpolation. Since the additive genetic variance for milk yield and composition changes during lactation, the genetic effects of QTL related to these traits are not constant during the lactation period. Therefore, a better understanding of the genetic architecture of milk production traits in different lactation stages (e.g., beginning, peak, and end stages of lactation) is needed. The aim of this study was to detect genomic loci associated with lactation performance during 9 to 50 days in milk (DIM) in Holstein dairy cows. Candidate genes identified for milk production traits showed contrasting results between the EARLY and PEAK stages of lactation. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that in any genomic study it should be taken into account that the genetic effects of genes related to the lactation performance are not constant during the lactation period. Abstract This study aimed to detect genomic loci associated with the lactation performance during 9 to 50 days in milk (DIM) in Holstein dairy cows. Daily milk yield (MY), fat yield (FY), and protein yield (PY) during 9 to 50 DIM were recorded on 134 multiparous Holstein dairy cows distributed in four research herds. Fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM), fat-corrected milk (FCM), and energy-corrected milk (ECM) were predicted. The records collected during 9 to 25 DIM were put into the early stage of lactation (EARLY) and those collected during 26 to 50 DIM were put into the peak stage of lactation (PEAK). Then, the mean of traits in each cow included in each lactation stage (EARLY and PEAK) were estimated and used as phenotypic observations for the genome-wide association study. The included animals were genotyped with the Illumina BovineHD Genotyping BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) for a total of 777,962 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). After quality control, 585,109 variants were analyzed using GEMMA software in a mixed linear model. Although there was no SNP associated with traits included at the 5% genome-wide significance threshold, 18 SNPs were identified to be associated with milk yield and composition at the suggestive genome-wide significance threshold. Candidate genes identified for milk production traits showed contrasting results between the EARLY and PEAK stages of lactation. This suggests that differential sets of candidate genes underlie the phenotypic expression of the considered traits in the EARLY and PEAK stages of lactation. Although further functional studies are needed to validate our findings in independent populations, it can be concluded that in any genomic study it should be taken into account that the genetic effects of genes related to the lactation performance are not constant during the lactation period.


Mica substrates decorated with a periodic array of gold squares are used to guide the growth of two-dimensional colloidal crystals of charged polystyrene particles. For polystyrene spheres (500 nm in diameter) suspended water, with a dilute surfactant (5 mM sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS)) in the colloidal suspension, the self-assembly process leads to the formation of ordered colloidal monolayers nearly exclusively on gold, confined laterally by the boundaries of the prefabricated gold terraces. This method provides an efficient route to guided growth of novel colloidal monolayers, with potential applications in, e.g., bio-sensing and photonics.


Testing the equal means hypothesis of a bivariate normal distribution with homoscedastic varlates when the data are incomplete is considered. If the correlational parameter, ρ, is known, the well-known theory of the general linear model is easily employed to construct the likelihood ratio test for the two sided alternative. A statistic, T, for the case of ρ unknown is proposed by direct analogy to the likelihood ratio statistic when ρ is known. The null and nonnull distribution of T is investigated by Monte Carlo techniques. It is concluded that T may be compared to the conventional t distribution for testing the null hypothesis and that this procedure results in a substantial increase in power-efficiency over the procedure based on the paired t test which ignores the incomplete data. A Monte Carlo comparison to two statistics proposed by Lin and Stivers (1974) suggests that the test based on T is more conservative than either of their statistics.


An algorithm for mapping every possible input pattern of a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) gate to an equivalent set of normalised inputs (inputs which have the same starting point and transition time) is presented. Such an algorithm is required in order to perform analytical modelling of CMOS gates, and the results obtained are very accurate compared to SPICE simulations.


Objective
To explore the influence of disability acceptance and resilience on stigma in laryngeal carcinoma patients with permanent tracheostomy and analyze the impact path.

Methods
From June 2016 to August 2018, this study selected 264 laryngeal carcinoma patients with permanent tracheostomy of Inpatient and Outpatient Department in Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital as subjects by convenience sampling. All patients were investigated with the Social Impact Scale (SIS) , Acceptance of Disability Scale (AODS) and the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC10) . The correlations were analyzed and structure equation model was used to path analysis. A total of 264 questionnaire were sent out and 256 valid questionnaires were collected.

Results
Among those patients with permanent tracheostomy, the total scores of stigma, disability acceptance and resilience were (61.50±9.27) , (76.88±9.34) and (26.49±4.05) respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the scores of disability acceptance and resilience had negative correlations with stigma with statistical differences (P<0.01) . Structure equation model analysis showed that disability acceptance and resilience of laryngeal carcinoma patients with permanenttracheostomy had direct effect on stigma (β=-0.43, -0.28) , the indirect effect of disability acceptance on stigma by resilience was -0.06.

Conclusions
Laryngeal carcinoma patients with permanenttracheostomy have a high level of stigma, the disability acceptance and resilience has significant roles on stigma.

Key words:
Laryngeal carcinoma; Tracheal cannula; Stigma; Acceptance of disability; Resilience, psychological


It is said that we die from a life, not a disease. Death dying and suffering are first of all social phenomena involving individuals and communities. At a time, when practice risks becoming process and members of multidisciplinary teams may be forgiven for hunkering down in their respective boxes, we must be grateful to Alan Kellehear1 for returning to mind the challenge and complexities central to our practice, the matter of suffering. Integrated Care pathways, Advanced Care Plans and other process templates may feel like ends, but they are not; they may be means to achieve an end, but the danger is that they supplant the goals of care. Our end must be to facilitate and promote our patients' success in engaging their 'sheer bloody agonies of existence'. Neither should we see symptom control or any other of our supportive therapeutic, practical, psychological and existential armaments, as primary ends either. For example, the increasingly common use of sedation to ablate, without exploration, evident suffering or distress arguably may do nothing more to mitigate it than ensure that it is not witnessed or authenticated. Our diverse interventions are there to create and open what I have called elsewhere, 'Decision Space', within which a person and his or her carers may pause in their journey, take stock and implement change, gain a new perspective or reframe the meaning of their suffering.2 Our end is to give our patients, whatever their circumstances, the best chance to die in comfort and with a sense of completion: to have gained some meaning from their life's journey, healing and being healed where they may; to have said their goodbyes, sorries and thank yous, and to let go in peace. But we too feel our own pains and walk our own journey with its changes and problems. They are what make us human. Suffering's acolytes – pain, indignity, hopelessness and agony – are all deeply embedded components of human experience that evoke diverse feelings and emotions, outrages and tears according to how another's story resonates with one's own. The English language, at least, is littered with evidence of the fundamental nature of suffering throughout history. We encounter this history in words such as sympathy, empathy and compassion, all derived from the root pascho in Classical Greek. Pascho, usually translated suffering, denotes the effects of external forces, bearing burden, the undergoing of something and in some situations one's response to it, hence the Catholic reference to the Passion of the Christ for Jesus' suffering. These words evoke the need to respond, support, affirm and explicitly to bear with another, at some level, their suffering. Even pathology comes from a more forceful version: patho (plus logos) is the understanding or knowledge of what is happening to someone, their suffering or grief. Further, through Latin's transliteration patior, becomes pœna, the root of words such as pain, penalty and punishment. Even our term patient now makes more sense as the eponym of bygone paternalism: someone who 'has things done to them' or 'the one who suffers'. The alternative Latin, suffire, is also passive – to undergo, even to allow. Agony matches these essentially passive words in an active equivalent, as it finds its root in the agon or struggle of Olympians as they battled to overcome and win the games.3 Medieval scholars like Chaucer and Wycliffe introduced such vocabulary, as they explored the human condition or translated religious texts.4 Similarly, healing has its own rich etymology from Old Teutonic/Gothic words like heilaz, to be whole, complete, in order – but echoes of the Greek holos, with its similar meanings, are doubtless there too. It was only in the 17th century that agony moved in English from being purely the mental and spiritual to a physical engagement with suffering, perhaps because people still remembered what it meant: that something was being engaged and that there was a mor(t)al, existential encounter or transaction taking place. Traditionally, when life was seen in the context of an eternity, suffering was seen as natural and preparatory, a test of endurance and/or conquest and pain as an entailment or some sort of dessert or purge. It was part of life in its fullness. To transcend was the normative end and to suffer was the evaluative means, a symptom. Then, it was lack of resolution or healing that was to be avoided. In contrast, suffering as suffering is the unacceptability that the contemporary mind rejects. In our modern, Anglo-Saxon paradigm, it is rejected as symptomatic and it is an unacceptable end in itself; it is preternatural: an intrusion or violation of self, unwelcome and unwarranted: something to be removed by medical treatment, a malignancy (L. mal igne: source of evil) in its own right as it challenges the construction of self – postmodernity's inviolable end. However, taking a step back from one's


Social Networking Sites (SNS), such as Facebook and LinkedIn, have become the established place for keeping contact with old friends and meeting new acquaintances. As a result, a user leaves a big trail of personal information about him and his friends on the SNS, sometimes even without being aware of it. This information can lead to privacy drifts such as damaging his reputation and credibility, security risks (for instance identity theft) and profiling risks. In this paper, we first highlight some privacy issues raised by the growing development of SNS and identify clearly three privacy risks. While it may seem a priori that privacy and SNS are two antagonist concepts, we also identified some privacy criteria that SNS could fulfill in order to be more respectful of the privacy of their users. Finally, we introduce the concept of a Privacy-enhanced Social Networking Site (PSNS) and we describe Privacy Watch, our first implementation of a PSNS.


A new rhizocephalan parasite which infests the barnacles Chthamalus challengeri and Balanus amphitrite amphitrite is described. It is known only from the type locality, Aburatsubo, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Its position in the family Chthamalophilidae is assured by the cyprids lacking a thorax, by the position of the mesenteric canal opposite to the stalk, and by its host being a balanomorph barnacle. Among the three previously described species of the Chthamalophilidae, the new species most closely resembles Boschmaella balani, but it differs in details of the internal root system and in the externa being found both on the host body and on the inner mantle. About two-thirds of the infested hosts carry more than one externa.


The gas sensors based on polypyrrole(PPy) have been widely used in detecting various inorganic gases or volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The preparation, gas-sensing mechanism and application of the PPy-based gas sensors are reviewed. Doping, especially protonic acid doping, is an important factor influencing the gas sensing property of the materials. Furthermore, the composition or loading and preparation process of PPy, the nature of gas or vapor detected and environmental conditions remarkably affect the gas-sensing property of the materials. Finally, the new development trends of the PPy gas sensors are discussed.


There is no specific information on students' perception of engagement with environmental activities in campus, in the Malaysian context. Hence, this study addresses this discrepancy by establishing knowledge of the students' perception of engagement with environmental activities in campus. The subjects were 374 students in a public university in Sabah, Malaysia. Statistical techniques were used to process the data using descriptive statistics via the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer program version 21. Based on the descriptive statistics, the results revealed that most of the respondents had a positive perception and behaviour towards engagement with environmental activities in campus. Three-quarter of the respondents stated that engaging in environmental activities is beneficial and offered indication that they intend to engage in environmental activities in the next six months. The research makes a significant contribution to a better understanding of the students' perception of engagement with environmental activities in campus, which is marginally touched on in the literature in the Malaysian context. The dimension developed can also be utilized as an instrument for further investigative research. Direction for future research is also presented.


In China Experimental Fast Reactor(CEFR),the core reactivity will change when pressure of the main container covering gas and coolant flow rate of the first circuit change,which are so-called pressure reactivity and coolant flow rate reactivity effect.The measurement of these two reactivity effects and preliminary error analysis were carried out in CEFR physic startup experiment.The classical period method and inverse kinetic method were used to measure reactivity.The results show that about +20 pcm reactivity will be introduced when the pressure of main container covering gas increases from 5 kPa to 50 kPa,which means the CEFR pressure reactivity is positive,and about-49 pcm reactivity will be introduced when the main pump speed increases from 150 r/min to 989 r/min,which means the CEFR coolant flow rate reactivity is negative.The results from period method agree well with that from inverse kinetic method.According to the preliminary error analysis,the error of test result is dominated by measuring error of coolant temperature.


Background: Amniocentesis (AC) is the most commonly used invasive prenatal test. The aim of this study was to determine which were the most common indications for AC, chromosomal abnormalities in relation to the age of the mother and complications as a result of AC. Methods: This is a retrospective thirteen-year cohort study including pregnant women who underwent AC in the period from 2008 to 2020. Patients were divided into two groups: below and above 35 years of age of mother at the time of AC. Results: During study period 2213 AC were performed, out of which 759 (34.29%) were in mother below, and 1454 (65.70%) above 35 years of age (p < 0.00001). The most common indication for AC in group above 35 years of age was advanced maternal age (93.9%), in group below 35 years of age was familial chromosomal diseases (29.91%). In all indications there is a statistically significant difference between the two age groups of pregnant women, all these indications are more prevalent in the group of pregnant women younger than 35 years (p < 0.00001). The most common chromosomal abnormalities in both groups was Down syndrome from numerical aberrations, and from structural inversion of chromosome 9. Short term complications were spontaneous abortion in 26 (1.17%), missed abortion in 4 (0.18%) and premature rupture of membranes in 4 (0.18%) cases. Conclusion: Advanced maternal age, demonstrated the strongest association with the uptake of AC, trisomy 21 was the most prevalent abnormal finding. Complications of AC are not significant compared to the general population of pregnant women.


This paper, taking a continuous heat recovery adsorption refrigeration system as study object, through dynamic simulation on the system driven by intermittent heat source, influence of intermittent heat source and the heat storage capacity of heat source on desorption capacity is analyzed. How to judge the variation of heat source is discussed. The control method of the system driven by intermittent heat source is obtained.


Government policy has responded to concerns over declining levels of biodiversity on UK farmland by introducing a range of agri-environmental measures. Costs for such measures are relatively easy to establish, but benefits are less easily estimated. Economics can also help guide the design of biodiversity policy, by eliciting information on different attributes of biodiversity. In this paper we report on a research project funded by DEFRA which applied the contingent valuation and choice experiment methods to valuing biodiversity on farmland, and its attributes. Focus groups were used to identify relevant attributes (such as rarity, endangered status, and familiarity), and to discover how best to overcome the lack of knowledge which most people have regarding what biodiversity is and why it matters. Results from both contingent valuation and choice experiments are them presented, comparing samples for Cambridgeshire and Northumberland. The choice experiment uses a fractional factorial design to combine characteristics of familiar species, endangered status, ecosystem functioning and cost. The contingent valuation study looks at habitat recreation and habitat improvement. We also investigate the extent to which workshop approaches to data collection can overcome some of the possible information problems in this instance, by testing out the effects of allowing for information exchange and group discussion on peoples' choices over biodiversity policy options. The aims of this paper are to identify problems surrounding the economic valuation of "biodiversity", and then to present results from a recent stated preference study on changes in biodiversity on UK farmland which attempts to get around one major problem, namely the information deficit which typifies the knowledge level of most members of the general public regarding biodiversity. We also provide a first choice experiment estimation of the attributes of biodiversity, an approach which may prove useful in developing policy on biodiversity protection and enhancement; obtain contingent valuation estimates for different policies which would increase biodiversity on farmland; and compare values obtained using standard survey procedures with those obtained using the "valuation workshop" technique (MacMillan et al, 2003). Finally, we test for benefits transfer in both values and valuation functions across geographic areas. In what follows, section two of the paper discusses motivations for estimating biodiversity values and problems encountered, whilst section three presents a brief review of the literature. Our study design is explained in section four, with results presented in section five. A discussion concludes the paper.


Empirical data are presented showing that the effect of aluminum in the annealing of fast states in MOS structures is dependent on the linewidth of the aluminum. The density of fast states under 0.2-mil-wide aluminum is found to be essentially the same as that in regions not covered by aluminum.


Introduction The diagnosis of bile acid diarrhoea (BAD) is often missed or misdiagnosed for irritable bowel syndrome – diarrhoea predominant (IBS-D) as these conditions have a similar clinical presentation. The principal hindrance to diagnosis of BAD is limited access to the diagnostic SeHCAT scan. Mechanisms of aetiology underlying BAD have not been fully elucidated but it has been accepted that bile acids (BAs) are metabolised by the gut microbiota, therefore their role as signalling molecules in regulating intestinal homeostasis is influenced primarily by the gut commensals. The aim was to profile the gut microbiome in BAD and investigate the mechanisms of how bacterial metabolic products may influence the development of disease. Methods 157 patients participated in the study after having a SeHCAT scan to either diagnose BAD or IBS-D (the latter with a negative scan). Exclusion criteria included recent use of antibiotics/probiotics and the diagnoses of coeliac disease, colorectal cancer and active inflammatory bowel disease (unremarkable levels of C-reactive protein and/or faecal calprotectin were required) in type 1 BAD patients. To examine the gut microbiome, 16S ribosomal RNA gene analysis was undertaken. Bacterial metabolites (short chain fatty acids-SCFAs and volatile organic compounds-VOCs) and BAs were measured using gas and liquid chromatography, mass and ion mobility spectrometry. Results Intestinal dysbiosis with reduced bacterial diversity was observed in patients with BAD compared with IBS-D (p=0.01). A greater total concentration of SCFAs (p=0.17) with increases in the concentrations of acetate (p=0.14) and propionate (p=0.08) were observed in BAD compared to IBS-D. An increase in the concentrations of faecal primary BAs (p=0.05) and serum CDCA (p=0.05) was observed in BAD compared to IBS-D. Conclusions Intestinal dysbiosis with altered fermentation and resultant BA dysmetabolism were observed in BAD. The metabolic output of the microbiota rather than abundance of specific bacterial taxa appears to be more important in the aetiology of BAD.


In this paper, we present a pair of new unitary transforms that were derived from the symmetric and antisymmetric orthonormal multiwavelet transform and the discrete cosine transform (DCT). This is motivated by the fact that the current international image compression standard, JPEG, is using DCT, whereas the proposed new standard, JPEG 2000, is using the 9/7 biorthogonal wavelet transforms as the default transform. Yet, recent research has reported that the Lapped transform which uses DCT as building blocks can obtain better performance than the 9/7 biorthogonal wavelet transform. ON the other hand, the relationship between the wavelet transform and DCT is not well known because of completely different paths of evolution. In this paper we explore the connection between the symmetric and antisymmetric orthonormal multiwavelet transform and the DCT. The known multiwavelet transforms today have been limited to the types consisting of only two scaling (dilation) functions and two wavelet functions. Based on the multiwavelet concept a pair of new block transforms, similar to the DCT, can be generated. Through extensive simulations we can show that both of the new unitary transforms perform better than the ordinary DCT. One of the new unitary transforms is preferred not only for its better performance but also fir its nice data-flow architecture. This new unitary transform also leads to a new MWT with four scaling functions and four wavelet functions.


The process for recovery of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole(M) from ceftriaxone mother liquor was studied by experiment.Evaporation crystallization-alkaline treatment combined process was proposed.Weight loss method was used to determine the solubility of M in different solvent systems and the purity of M recovered from evaporation crystallization process and alkali treatment process was determined by HPLC.The solubility of M in acetone was 15 g/100 g(room temperature),in ethanol was 2.5 g/100 g(room temperature),but with the presence of water the solubility of M was significantly reduced,which is only 1.3 g/100 g in ethanol-water(mass ratio of 0.4∶0.6) at 75 ℃.When mother liquor was evaporated to 85%,the yield of M was 98.6% and the purity of M recovered from evaporation crystallization process and alkali treatment process were 98.2% and 98.7%,respectively.With advantages such as no requiring of water added which reduced the energy consumption of the solvent recovery system,less alkaline consumption,no secondary pollution and no pluging the pipe,the new process had already been successfully used in industrial production.


Traditionally, the food service system at The Citadel has been subservient to the fourth class or plebe system. Dining has been used as one of the primary vehicles for enforcement of a class system whose hierarcy is determined first by the length of time an individual has been a member of the system, and second by individual merit within an established class. The broad spectrum of economic aspects associated with the present system of family-style dining have created problems which indicate the need for a future plan of change which can be accomodated within Citadel tradition. Through meetings with members of the food service staff, faculty, administration, alumni, and cadets, the basis for evaluating the existing system and for proposing a revised system cognizant of estab1 ished traditions was developed. IJ[l!MSON UNIVERSITY LlBRARl The proposed architectual response allows the food service facility to function as such, not as a subordinate extension of a military system, while positively effecting the class system , through making dining a social event among classmates and friends, rather than a training experience for fourth classmen.


TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE DEDICATION 1. The Study of Top Executives 2. Do Top Executives Matter? 3. How Individual Differences Affect Executive Action 4. Executive Experiences and Organizational Outcomes 5. Top Management Teams 6. Changes at the Top: The Antecedents of Executive Turnover and Succession 7. Changes at the Top: The Consequences of Executive Turnover and Succession 8. Understanding Board Structure, Composition, and Vigilance 9. The Consequences of Board Involvement and Vigilance 10. The Determinants of Executive Compensation 11. Executive Compensation: Consequences and Distributions REFERENCES LIST OF TABLES ENDNOTES


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an industrially advantageous method for producing 3,3-dimethylcyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride. SOLUTION: The method for producing 3,3-dimethylcyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride represented by formula (2) comprises reacting 3,3-dimethylcyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid represented by formula (1) (wherein the wavy line indicates that the compound is a trans isomer or a mixture of a trans isomer and a cis isomer) with acetic anhydride in the presence of an acid catalyst in an amide solvent. COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO&NCIPI


Development of rural market is a meaningful way to resolve problems in agriculture,farmers and rural areas,and farmers are the most important subjects of the rural market.According to General Principles of Civil Law and Rural Land Contracting Law,farmers are a kind of civil subjects as the members of rural collective economic organizations under the system of household contract.In commercial laws established in conditions of our marketing economy,the designs of system of commercial subjects in rural market for farmers and farmer households are little and limit the farmers' market action in some measures.It is necessary to improve the law system of commercial subject of peasant household for activating farmers to participate to construct and develop rural market adequately.


In a just and well-ordered world, it would be unthinkable for a government that was elected in this way to be disqualified because Israel does not like the choice of the electorate in question. But in a world in which the U.S. rules, might is right, and might can define democracy as it chooses. Thus it was announced that the outcome of the Palestinian elections would not be recognized until the three "mantras" were fulfilled: Hamas must renounce terror, honour previous accords, and recognize the State of Israel. Meanwhile the Palestinian people would be punished and starved through an economic boycott, in the hope that this will lead to the collapse of the elected government.


Crucian carp (Carassius carassius) develop a deeper body in the presence of northern pike (Esox lucius) and this has been suggested to be a predator-induced morphological defense. The evolution of inducible defenses requires that prey have reliable cues of detecting the predator. Here we investigate the nature of the cues used by crucian carp in a series of laboratory experiments. We monitored the change in body depth of crucian carp when exposed to visual and chemical cues from predators and to alarm substances from conspecifics. Results show that chemical cues are sufficient to induce an increase in body depth of crucian carp. Alarm substances released by injured crucians had no effect on body depth, whereas pike, even when not feeding in the experimental aquaria, induced an increase in body depth


On 15 June 2005, the President of India, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, gave his assent to a bill, which the Parliament of India had passed a few weeks before. His signature gave the country its national Right to Information (RTI) Act which had been enacted "to provide for setting out the practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority" 3 .


This study demonstrates a dispatching scheme of solar PV power utilizing two different types of energy storage components, namely, lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery and supercapacitors (SC). The cost optimization of the energy storage system, considering both cycling and calendar aging expenses, is assessed based on its usage of depth of discharge. It is found that the Li-ion battery is a better solution than the SC in terms of economic assessment for hourly dispatching PV power. Also, multilevel inverters, T-type and I-type neutral point clamped (NPC) inverters, are investigated due to their superior attributes: high efficiency, low total harmonic distortion, and reduced common-mode voltage. The power losses between the three-level T-type and I-type NPC inverters are compared, to identify the superior grid inverter topology for this application. The inverter loss analysis is conducted using the parameter values of the switching devices in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment, and the T-type NPC inverter was found to exhibit better performance than the I-type NPC inverter for megawatt-scale grid connected PV arrays. Furthermore, an LCL filter has been designed for higher efficiency and better harmonic attenuation to interface the inverter with the utility grid.


We demonstrate a new artificial fracture source for quantitative acoustic emission (AE) characterization. The source utilizes the break-down of silicone oil (or other liquids) placed inside a crack (or a slit). This is a dipole source with a rise time under 0.1 μs. It is much faster than a pencil-lead-break source and allows the calibration of a sensor-structure system to 7–10 MHz. We irradiated a focused Q-switched Nd-YAG laser beam (15 to 90 mJ energy) on silicon placed in a slit on a cylindrical block. The out-of-plane displacement produced by the resultant bulk waves was monitored on the outside surface using a heterodyne-type laser interferometer. This break-down source was employed to determine the transfer functions of an AE transducer and propagation medium. Finally, we studied AE signals due to the delayed fracture of a butt-welded dual-phase stainless steel, using the break-down source for calibration. Brittle-fracture events were successfully characterized.


Background: Children with movement skill difficulties that have not been diagnosed with a general medical condition. This difficulty in motor skill competence, observed in children who are developing well intellectually, is termed 'developmental coordination disorder' (DCD). DCD is a highly prevalent disorder (5-6% of school-aged children) so it is likely that there is at least one child with DCD in most classrooms. The early diagnosis of DCD can be helpful to prevent the future secondary complications. Aim: So purpose of this study is to find out age wise prevalence DCD in school going children in West India. Materials and methods: It was a cross-sectional analytical study conducted in PCMC area schools Multistage stratified sampling done to assessing 516 children's by Using The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2). Statistical analysis used was Mean and Standard Deviation (SD) and Chi-square test was used to analysis. Results: Age 8 and 9 year showed highest prevalence of DCD (3.16%). This difference in various age group was not statically significant as P=0.219 by chi-square test. Conclusion: Age 8 and 9 year showed more prevalence of Developmental coordination disorder than other age. N Sanjivani Dhote, J Palekar Tushar, Suvarna Ganvir. Age wise prevalence of developmental coordination disorder in school going children in west India. IAIM, 2017; 4(4): 1-7.


Records of radiation exposure with fluoroscopic guided interventional (FGI) exposures commonly include fluoroscopy duration, KAP, cumulative AK at the RP but may or may not include fluoroscopic exposure location information. Newer equipment use DICOM Radiation Dose SR (RDSR) which if coupled with simulation tools can re‐create an entire exposure history to calculate patient skin dose distributions and locate the regions of peak skin dose (PSD). A software tool will be described that automatically captures RDSR data to a database. A separate physicist screen (web enabled or laptop) provides prompts to set up a new or upgraded FGI lab. This task would be similair to acceptance testing a complex imaging device. This activity permits corrections for vendor specified AK at the RP, inclusion of backscatter factors, table and pad attenuation, specifying distance from the x‐ray tube, field size corrections, patient positioning (supine or prone, left or right sided, head or feet first), table movement, patient location on the table and field shape. Other fields that address QA are set by the physicist and include the list of authorized users, email alerts and action levels. A separate technologist web screen is used for each patient to choose a correct simulated patient size, positioning on the table and the individuals performing the procedure. At the end of the procedure the technologist receives a record of skin dose mapping, including an Alert if the reference values are exceeded. As the data are stored in the DICOM Tracker database, a number of QA tools can be applied including the ability monitor individual types of procedures and fluoroscopists comparative values. For legacy FGI equipment (having some, but not all of the required DICOM fields) it is possible to estimate PSD by making assumptions about the proportion of fluoroscopic exposure relative to acquistions (digital spots and cine).


Recent advances of loop interference cancellation techniques enable full-duplex relaying (FDR) systems, which transmit and receive simultaneously in the same band with high spectrum efficiency. Unlike the existing works, in this paper, we study the energy efficiency aspect of resource allocation in FDR systems. We consider a OFDMA cellular network, where a shared FDR is deployed at the intersection of three sectors in a cell. Firstly, the problem of energy-efficient joint bandwidth sharing and power allocation is formulated as a three-stage Stackelberg game. Secondly, the subgame perfect equilibrium for each stage is analyzed. Then, the interplays of the three-stage game are discussed and an iterative algorithm is proposed to obtain the Stackelberg equilibrium solution. At last, simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed game.


Abstract. Today, reduction of sound emission plays a vital role while designing objects of any kind. Desirable aspects might include decreased radiation in certain directions of such an object. This work shows an approach to iteratively compute the shape of an obstacle which fu lfils best to prescribed design variables using the framework provided by the topological derivative an d the boundary element method (BEM). At the beginning of the process a design space is defined in which in iterativ e steps the shape will be developed. A regular array of points is set over the entire design space . The objective function is given by a set of prescribed pressure values for the scatter pattern on a circ le around this design space. The object, which acts as a scatterer, is considered acoustically rigid. The shap of the object builds up cumulatively, adding in each iterative step a rigid inclusion at the position that th e topological derivative identifies as the most effective to achieve the prescribed design values. T h procedure is repeated until a given stopping criteria is satisfied. The proposed method requires the comp utation of a forward problem and an adjoint problem for each step. The first is solved using a standar d BEM for 2D acoustics, while the latter is solved backwards using the prescribed pressure values. Th e insertion of the rigid inclusions in each step is done by removing points from the design space. The BEM mode l geometry is updated automatically using a weighted Delaunay triangularization algorithm capable of d etecting 'holes' at those positions where the points have been eliminated. The capabilities of the proposed strategy are demonstrated by solving some e xa pl s. Mecánica Computacional Vol XXIX, págs. 2581-2598 (artículo completo) Eduardo Dvorkin, Marcela Goldschmit, Mario Storti (Eds.) Buenos Aires, Argentina, 15-18 Noviembre 2010


Abstract Building on results of an earlier article [6], estimators are suggested for the scale parameter and characteristic exponent of symmetric stable distributions, and Monte Carlo studies of these estimators are reported. The powers of various goodness-of-fit tests of a Gaussian null hypothesis against non-Gaussian stable alternatives are also investigated. Finally, a test of the stability property of symmetric stable variables is suggested and demonstrated.


The community sports facilities insufficiency displays not merely on its lacking,but the excessive increase of facility quantities.Analyzed the existing contradiction and the conflict between our country community sports infrastructure construction and the community sports development,it reflects the traditional construction's malpractice.Based on our country national condition,the community sports infrastructure construction cannot only depend on the increasing investment;it is essential to coordinate enterprises and institutions' sports facilities resources,stress on system management and auxiliary soft environment construction.In addition,combining regional culture with community member's actual demands,with proper disposition infrastructure,is the intrinsic request for its sustainable development in building a "saving society".


Deregulation under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (1940 Act) has been proceeding administratively for the past several years. While the results have not been as dramatic as the SEC's revamping of the disclosure requirements under the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, investment company deregulation has achieved some significant results. Over the past two years, the staff has proposed, and the Commission has adopted, a number of exemptive and other rules under the 1940 Act that have largely codified various interpretive and no-action positions under that act. These new rules, such as rules 3a1 and 3a-2 dealing with the status under the act of prima facie and transient investment companies,1 have provided needed certainty for those seeking guidance on issues arising under the 1940 Act. They also may reduce significantly the number of exemptive applications that are filed with the Commission under the act. The SEC staff also is seriously considering extensive revision of Securities Act disclosure requirements for mutual funds, particularly money market funds. Changes to present disclosure practices are drastically needed. Disclosures in mutual fund prospectuses have too often been used as regulatory devices rather than for the dissemination of facts useful to informed investment decisions. Under regulatory rather than investor-oriented concepts of materiality, disclosure requirements have filled mutual fund prospectuses with details that are relevant primarily to regulatory compliance and obscured the facts that are relevant to investment decisions. Hopefully, the Commission will make much needed progress in the reformation of investment company disclosure in the not too distant future. This discussion focuses on another and perhaps more fundamental area of possible deregulation the corporate accountability requirements of the 1940 Act. The act imposes the corporate paraphernalia of shareholder voting and boards of directors on all registered investment companies, whether they are organized as a corporation, trust, insurance company separate account, or


An attempt has been made to characterize high-cycle fatigue behaviour of high-strength spring steel wire by means of an ultrasonic fatigue test and analytical techniques. Two kinds of induction-tempered ultra-high-strength spring steel wire of 6.5 mm in diameter with a tensile strength of 1800 MPa were used in this investigation. The fatigue strength of the steel wires between 10 6 and 10 9 cycles was determined at a load ratio R = -1. The experimental results show that fatigue rupture can occur beyond 10 7 cycles. For Cr-V spring wire, the stress-life (S-N) curve becomes horizontal at a maximum stress of 800 MPa after 10 6 cycles, but the S-N curve of the Cr-Si steel continues to drop at a high number of cycles (> 10 6 cycles) and does not exhibit a fatigue limit, which is more correctly described by a fatigue strength at a given number of cycles. By using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the crack initiation and propagation behaviour have been examined. Experimental and analytical techniques were developed to better understand and predict high-cycle fatigue life in terms of crack initiation and propagation. The results show that the portion of fatigue life attributed to crack initiation is more than 90% in the high-cycle regime for the steels studied in this investigation.


The temporal persistence of crime hot spots is recognized as a valuable indicator of consistent problem areas. The current literature has not adequately addressed the mechanisms that perpetuate or interrupt persistent crime hot spots. Investigating the persistence of violent crime hot spots in Columbus, Ohio, from 1994 to 2002, this study fills a gap in the literature by identifying neighborhood structural correlates that drive the persistence of hot spots. Specifically, this study identifies yearly crime hot spots, and estimates an ordered probit model to explore the neighborhood structural determinants. The results indicate that socio-economic factors, identified from a synthesis of social disorganization theory and routine activity theory, significantly correlate with persistent patterns of violent crime hot spots. This gives evidence that a combination of the two ruling spatial theories of crime provides an applicable framework for understanding the temporal dimension of violent crime hot spots. By identifying the factors that contribute to the persistence of hot spots of crime, insights gained from the results can help to inform focused crime prevention efforts.


Arbitration of International Business Disputes – Studies in Law and Practice by William W. Park. Published by Oxford University Press, 2012, 2nd Edition, ISBN 978-0199657131 (904 pages)

According to the Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court, 'every lawsuit is a story', suggesting that every book – and perhaps every book review – should also have a narrative through-line.1 Given such august advice, it is perhaps not inappropriate to begin this review essay with a phrase made familiar by the Brothers Grimm: once upon a time … 2

Once upon a time, international commercial arbitration was viewed by the legal and business communities as a brash young upstart, an innovative but somewhat untested 'alternative' to more legitimate forms of dispute resolution: the prince to litigation's king, to coin a Grimmian metaphor. Over the course of several decades, as arbitration's benefits became increasingly well-known and well-respected, courts, commentators and counsel began to change their beliefs about the legitimacy of the procedure. Today, arbitration no longer constitutes an 'alternative' to litigation, but is instead the preferred means by which to resolve legal disputes in cross-border commerce.3

Just because something is popular does not mean that it is also mature, however, as any observer of the music and entertainment world can attest. Therefore, those who wish to determine whether arbitration has evolved into a mature form of dispute resolution must look beyond mere usage levels.

One way to determine the maturity of a particular area of law is to consider the number and quality of judicial decisions rendered in that particular field. Based on this criterion, international commercial arbitration has done very well, since arbitral matters have been considered thousands of times over by courts from around the world, generating a vast body of increasingly sophisticated jurisprudence.4 Arbitral tribunals have generated an even greater number of arbitral awards, which are often made publicly available in denatured (depersonalized) form.5

A second method of gauging the maturity of …


The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of temperature on the mechanical behavior of an amorphous polymer, namely acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), based on a series of uniaxial tensile tests on smooth specimens at different temperatures. The results demonstrate that the behavior of the polymers is strongly dependent on the temperature. Its influence on the physical characteristics during the study of polymer behaviors cannot be denied, particularly when the processes of shaping are investigated, which require significant contributions of heat and mechanical effort. For this reason, this study consists of predicting the evolution of ABS damage in two main zones. The first is the industrial zone, in which the configuration of macromolecular chains is largely immobile, and the temperature is below the glass temperature (Tg = 110°C). In this zone, a damage model based on the obtained experimental results allowed us to determine three stages of damage evolution, and then to specify the critical fraction of life, at which the material becomes unstable and defective, for the purpose of predictive maintenance. The second zone is that of thermoforming, in which the temperature is above the glass temperature, Tg. In this zone, the macromolecular chains tend to move more freely as the temperature increases. The same damage model was adopted to follow the flow process according to the fraction of life that represents the critical material parameter. This study also includes a comparison between the static (experimental) damage models and unified theory (theoretical) damage models.


Application for jobs usually brings much work for both appliers and HR. Appliers want to apply for the jobs which they are most suitable. The number of applications for a particular position can be significant, making the candidates' selection cumbersome for HR. Nowadays, hiring processes are often conducted through the Virtual mode with emails. This creates chances for analyzing the data in the resume. Therefore, to enhance selection problems' efficiency, resume parsing algorithms have been developed in recent years to predict resume-based skills or good jobs quickly. The artificial neural network is a hot spot in the field of artificial intelligence since the 1980s. It abstracts the human brain's neural network from the angle of information processing, establishes some simple models, and forms different networks according to different connection modes. In recent years, neural networks-based algorithms perform high efficiency in processing text classification. This paper put forward some of the efficient algorithms used in text classification, Like BPNN, CNN, BiLSTM, and CRNN, for resume parsing. The original resumes are parsed by splitting them into words, and word base is trained to get the most appropriate word, which has a high score in the resume is resulting suitable job for each resume. The CRNN performs best in resume parsing, which the accuracy can reach 96%. CNN places the lowest accuracy. The BPNN achieves good accuracy but brings inflexible.


Ti∕Au Ohmic contacts on heavily Al-doped (n∼1019cm−3) n-ZnO produce low specific contact resistivity of 2.4×10−7Ωcm2 in the as-deposited condition and extremely low minimum values of 6×10−8Ωcm2 after annealing at 300°C.The contact resistance is independent of measurement temperature after low temperature anneals, suggesting that tunneling is the dominant transport mechanism in the contacts. The contact morphology roughens after annealing at 150°C and Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiling shows Zn outdiffusion through the metal and intermixing of Au and Ti. However, the morphology does not significantly worsen after anneals at 450°C. This metallization scheme looks very attractive for the n-electrode of ZnO-based light-emitting diode structures.


The following dissertation aims to analyse and explore the significance of consumption and consumerism, from both a personal and global perspective, by viewing society through the prism of what it chooses to eat. It will be argued that food is a powerful tool of communication, as it allows one to assert a sense of individuality and at the same time, integration in the world, with the choice of certain foods, the rejection of others and the specific preparation we choose to impose on our food in order to make it suit our personal and cultural tastes. Appetite is explored insofar as there are many kinds other than the culinary; the sexual, the violent and thus the origins and ramifications of these appetites must be explored in order to better understand why we consume. The choice of American, French and English texts allow for a broader scope of analysis, and what these countries choose to include in their cultural diets allows us to better understand the consumerism within their societies. The significance of using film is that it provides a richly visual impact which one could compare to the surveying of a sumptuous meal. It is said that we eat with our eyes first, and the camera allows us to witness the consumption we see taking place on screen and we are encouraged to consume the films by reflecting on our own consumptive habits and appetites. The theatrical style of Tarantino and Greenaway allows for the intertextuality between film and the stage. The blending of time frames in Jeunet and Caro's work with the use of a retro-style film that actually takes place in the future and Tarantino's use of a non-linear narrative, allows the potency and power of film to emerge; what the camera allows us to see and what it hides from us, especially when expressing the concerns of postmodernism. We are given the opportunity to relate to the characters of these films by viewing what they eat, what appetites they cultivate, the effects of their consumptive habits, and finally, we are encouraged to consider what role we play in the consumer world.


The purpose of this paper is to provide some much needed theoretical grounding and historical-morphological context for the narratives of communal loss that recur in the reportage concerning the British high street. Given the topicality of this issue for policy-makers it is worth enquiring into precisely how far such narratives are in fact supported by a long-term perspective on historical changes in high street land uses in relation to the evolving spatial morphology of small town centres, in order to better distinguish the extent to which a further layer of socio-cultural explanation is required to account for the concern over 'decline'. This research, undertaken as part of the EPSRC Adaptable Suburbs project at UCL, uses fully digitized historical maps, contemporary and historical land use data and space syntax analysis to identify historical-morphological parameters of change and continuity in and around two suburban high streets of Greater London since the nineteenth century: Surbiton and South Norwood. Drawing on Hillier and colleagues' theory of 'movement economy, the contemporary English high street, as it is represented in the case-study areas, emerges as a distinctive and resilient spatial morphology which has supported varied modes of land use over time. It concludes that the narrative of high street decline in part reflects a dominant focus on difficulties facing the UK retail sector and that a broader focus on the high street as a (re)generative social space rather than simply as a 'retail attractor' would allow for a broader appreciation of both its morphological and socio-economic capacities.


Genetic interactions, where the mutation of one gene can be associated with altered sensitivity to the inhibition of another gene, can be exploited for the development of targeted therapies in cancer. Many large-scale genetic perturbation screens in tumour cell lines have been used to identify such genetic interactions, including both synthetic lethal and resistance relationships. Despite these efforts, relatively few of the candidate genetic interactions identified have been reproduced across multiple studies. Here, we develop a computational approach to identify genetic interactions that can be reproduced across independent experiments and across non-overlapping cell line panels. We identified 220 such robust genetic interactions and found that they are enriched for gene pairs whose protein products physically interact. This suggests that protein-protein interaction networks may be used not only to understand the mechanistic basis of genetic interaction effects, but also to prioritise robust candidates for further development.


Do registration campaigns make any difference? The answer is of much theoretical interest to scholars, and of great practical importance to politicians. For this reason the article by Professor Gertzog is a blend of the academic and the practical which we rather seldom see. The conclusion that it is worthwhile for parties to engage in this kind of activity thus suggests a more than scholarly interest.


Purpose To evaluate the characteristics of commonly used graft stent systems. Methods Femoral artery was cut, the sheath with graft stent in it was inserted into the artery line the guide wire to the lilac artery. Then it was sent to the segment where the tear of the dissection located. The stent graft was then deployed with the monitoring under DSA. Results 32 cases of descending thoracic aortic dissections were treated with the method of endoluminal graft exclusion. All the operating procedures were succeeded. Four cases of endoleaks occurred. Extensive stent grafts were added in three cases to seal the endoleaks, while one was left it without management. Three cases of thoracic and back pain occurred, and were dispelled by analgesics. Conclusion There are different classification methods to categorize the graft stent systems to show up the characteristics. The commonly used grafts still need refinement. The desired characteristics of the graft systems are appropriate strength, good flexibility and elasticity.


Exosomes ale small vesicles that form within late endocytic compartments by various cell types.Exosomes from different cellular origins have different properties which ale functionally relevant to their distinct proteins derived from the producing cell and the microenvironment around.Dendritic cell-derived exosomes (Dex) which richly contain various bioactive molecules such as MHC-I/MHC-II and costimulatory molecules were shown to be able to induee immune response or immune tolerance in vivo and in vitro,which is similar to that induced by the parent dendritic cells:The immunogenic potential of Dex as cell-free vaccines has been highlighted widespreadly these years,exceptionally for their immunostimulatory properties in anticancer immunotherapy and their potential tolerogenesis in reducing transplantation rejections and autoimmune diseases.

Key words:
Dendritic cell; Exosome; Tumor immunity; Immunotolerance


Objective: Compare the area of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) remaining in the apical third of curved canals after sonic and ultrasonic activation using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Methodology: Permanent mandibular molars were collected. Were included mesial roots that radiographically presented a curvature between 15° and 30°. 39 mesiolinguales root canal were instrumented rotary ProTaper and filled with Ca(OH)2 mixed with propylene glycol. They were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the type of removal. Group I, three inserts with lime F2 irrigating with 2 mL of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 5.25% for each insertion. Group II, three sonic activations, irrigating with 2 mL 5.25% NaOCl between activations. Group III, three ultrasonic activations irrigating with 2 mL 5.25% NaOCl between activations. were left 3 root canal and other 3, unfilled and with total filling respectively as positive and negative controls. After longitudinally fractured obtaining two sections, the apical third of the root canal of each section is microfotografio SEM and then in an area of 100.000 um2, the surface with Ca(OH)2 remaining in both sections is measured using ImageJ 1.47. Were analyzed with one-way ANOVA using GraphPad Prism 5.01. Results: The percentage of area with Ca(OH)2 remaining in group I was 62.93%. Group II, 51.77%. Group III 58.90%. There was no significant difference between the three groups (P> 0.01) Conclusion: No significant differences in the percentage of area with Ca(OH)2 remaining in the apical third of curved canals, comparing sonic ultrasonic activation using SEM. Keywords: Endodontics, Calcium Hydroxide, Removal, Sonic, Ultrasonics. Activacion sonica versus ultrasonica en remocion de hidroxido de calcio en conductos curvos: estudio in-vitro. Objetivo: Comparar el area de hidroxido de calcio (Ca(OH)2) remanente en el tercio apical de conductos curvos, tras activacion sonica y ultrasonica, utilizando Microscopio Electronico de Barrido (MEB).Metodologia: Se recolectaron molares mandibulares permanentes. Se incluyeron los que en la raiz mesial presentron radiograficamente una curvatura entre 15o y 30°. Se instrumentaron 39 conductos mesiolinguales con ProTaper rotatorio y se rellenaron con Ca(OH)2 mezclado con propilenglicol. Se dividieron aleatoriamente en 3 grupos de acuerdo al tipo de remocion. Grupo I: tres inserciones con lima F2 irrigando con 2 mL de hipoclorito de sodio (NaOCl) 5.25% entre cada insercion. Grupo II: tres activaciones sonicas, irrigando con 2 mL NaOCl 5.25% entre  activaciones. Grupo III: tres activaciones Ultrasonicas irrigando con 2 mL NaOCl 5.25% entre activaciones. Se dejaron 3 conductos sin rellenar y otros 3 con relleno total como controles positivo y negativo respectivamente. Luego se fracturaron longitudinalmente obteniendo 2 secciones, se microfotografio el tercio apical del conducto radicular de cada seccion con MEB y posteriormente en un area de 100.000 um2, se midio la superficie con Ca(OH)2 remanente de ambas secciones usando ImageJ 1.47. Se analizo con ANOVA de una via usando GraphPad-Prism 5.01.Resultados: El porcentaje de area con Ca(OH)2 remanente del grupo I fue 62.93%. Grupo II, 51.77%. Grupo III 58.90%. No hubo diferencia significativa entre los tres grupos (P>0.01)Conclusion: No hay diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de area con Ca(OH)2 remanente del tercio apical de conductos curvos, al comparar la activacion sonica con la ultrasonica, utilizando MEB. Palabras clave: Endodoncia, Hidroxido de Calcio, Remocion, Sonico, Ultrasonico.


The present research aims to gain a better understanding of determinants on the souvenir-purchase behavior of inbound tourists, a vital factor affecting tourists' experience in destinations, yet scant attention has been devoted to this in the literature. Drawing on the OH's travel expenditure model (2007), this study examines the influence of three types of variables: individual traveler characteristics; trip characteristics; and the perceived value of the souvenirs on tourists' spending on shopping. The results obtained, through an analysis of self-administered questionnaires gathered from a sample of 115 inbound tourists in Tehran city, showed that men tent to spend more on souvenir purchase than women; there is not a significant relationship in terms of shopping spending patterns between leisure tourists and business tourists; and design, traditional motifs, quality and portability of souvenirs affect purchase behavior considerably. Further analysis and other findings are also discussed, and recommendations for future research are put forth in this paper.


The invention relates to a method for creating and/or updating a security policy within a computerized system protected by at least one security package, comprising: (a) Providing at least one trusted source within the system, capable of issuing a report detailing the structure and/or attributes of the system and/or security flaws within the system; (b) Periodically operating said at least one trusted source in order to periodically issue said report; (c) Importing each trusted source report into a security correcting unit, and forming one consolidated file containing the details from all said reports; (d) Importing into said security correcting unit the attributes files of all the security packages; (e) Separately comparing the content of said consolidated file with each of the imported attributes files, and updating each attributes file with the security information included within said consolidated file, information which is missing from the said attributes file, and is relevant to said attributes file; and (f) Separately exporting said updated attributes files and effecting each of them as the active attributes file of the corresponding security package, thereby effecting an updated security policy.


Researchers aim to make the strongest possible conclusions from limited amounts of data. To do this, they need to overcome two problems. First, important differences in the findings can be obscured by natural variability and experimental imprecision. Thus, it is difficult to distinguish real differences from random variability. Second, researchers' natural inclination is to conclude that differences are real, and to minimise the contribution of random variability. Statistical probability minimises this from happening.1

Statistical probability or p values reveal whether the findings in a research study are statistically significant, meaning that the findings are unlikely to have occurred by chance. To understand the p value …


In the real application scenario, the time information when a moving target enters/leaves the radar coverage is often unknown, which would lead to severe performance loss for target refocusing, parameter estimation and imaging. We address the refocusing and motion parameters estimation problem for a moving target with unknown entry/departure time, involving range cell migration (RCM) and Doppler frequency migration (DFM) within the coherent refocusing period. A computationally efficient refocusing method based on extended generalized Radon Fourier transform (EGRFT) and window Fractional Fourier transform (WFRFT), i.e., EGRFT-WFRFT, is proposed. By employing the four-dimensional searching in the parameter space, the proposed EGRFT-WFRFT method could extract and match the target signal very well, resulting in good refocusing output, where the target's entry time, radial acceleration, velocity and initial range could be estimated. Then the radar echoes corresponding to the "entry time" are extracted. After quadratic phase term compensation, WFRFT is performed on the extracted echoes to obtain the estimation of target's departure time. Numerical experiments and real radar dataset processing are carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The results show that EGRFT-WFRFT could achieve superior focusing performance.


The multi-valued neuron (MVN) has a strong multi-classification ability. However, the MVN learning algorithms require the complex-valued learning rate and depends on the unknown optimal weights. To address this issue, we introduce a modified MVN that centers the neuron state in each sector. The learning algorithms of the modified MVN are able to reuse the real-valued learning rate and eliminate the dependencies on the optimal weights. We prove the convergence of the modified MVN learning algorithms with real-valued learning rate.


Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics,ischemia, sensitivity and speciality in elderly patients with cerebral infarction by TCD and SPECT examination. Methods 212 patients were divided into silent cerebral infarction (SCI) and cerebral infarction (CI),and compared inside contact between the ischemic positive rate and sever degree on MRI abnormality. Results In two groups,there were more ischemia by TCD than that by SPECT. The ischemic rate in SCI group was higher than that in CI group(P0.05). Only 40% patients in TCD abnormality had ischemia abnormality in SPECT examination. The positive rate of two methods was direct proportion with degree of seriousness of illness founded by MRI. Severity of TCD was higher than that of MRI,but lower speciality than that of MRI. Conclusion Small amount elderly patients with SCI had slight cerebral ischemia on TCD and MRI,but was more severe and more extent in CI patients than that in SCI patients. MRI was appropriate for diagnosis of cerebral infarction. TCD was cheap,convenient and available for initial consult. SPECT may estimate the ischemic degree and range after cerebral infarction.


Fitting in and Rebelling: On the Ambivalence towards Tradition in Modern Swedish Working-Class Literature
This article analyzes the ambivalent attitude of several Swedish working-class writers towards the tradition of working-class literature during the period 1945–2010. To certain extent, this ambivalence is a product of some aspects of the general symbolic economy in the field of literary production. Primarily, however, it is the result of conditions specific to Swedish working-class literature. Working-class writers often motivate their membership to the tradition of workingclass literature in terms of the tradition's legitimizing of radical class discourses both within and beyond the field of literature. At the same time, however, the subaltern status of this tradition often makes its conventions for literary representations of class appear aesthetically and politically unsatisfactory. Furthermore, over time, the general cultural production of class on a societal level necessitates a break with the class-political literary strategies developed within the tradition of working-class literature.


The invention relates to the communication field and discloses a terminal and a software call method on the same. In the invention, specified software for protecting the privacy of specified information on the terminal is run in background, and a running interface of the software is displayed to a user through an input command by means of event triggering when the software is required to be called. As mobile phone software for safety, privacy protection, and the like is run in a background mode, other people cannot discover the run software through a program list, namely other people cannot know whether the software is installed or not, thus the privacy protection and safety are completely realized. Moreover, due to complete background running, the use of other software cannot be affected.


The structure and thermal behavior of new types of bacterial copolyester, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate); P(HB-co-HHx) (HHx=2.5, 3.4, and 12 mol %) have been explored by means of wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The WAXD pattern of P(HB-co-HHx) (HHx=12 mol %) copolymer measured at room temperature has revealed that it has an orthorhombic system (α = β = y =90°) with a5.76 A, b=13.20 A, c=5.96A (fiber repeat), which is identical to that of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). It has been found from the temperature-dependent variations of the WAXD pattern that only the a lattice parameter shows the thermal expansion, while the b lattice parameter changes little with temperature in the crystalline P(HB-co-HHx) (HHx=12 mol %). This observation suggests that there are inter and intramolecular interactions between C=O groups and alkyl groups along the a axis and that interactions are broken little by little with temperature. IR spectra were measured for the four kinds of polymers over a temperature range from 30°C to high temperatures (200°C; PHB, 180°C; P(HB-co-HHx) (HHx=2.5 mol %), 180 °C; P(HB-co-HHx) (HHx=3.4 mol %), 150 °C; P(HB-co-HHx) (HHx=12 mol %)). Temperature-dependent IR spectral variations were analyzed for the CH, C=O, and C-O-C stretching band regions, and bands characteristic of crystalline and amorphous parts were identified in each region. It has been found from the IR study that the strength of interaction between the C=O group and the CH 3 (or CH 2 ) group is similar among the four polymers and that the population of C=O groups that are not involved in the interaction becomes higher with the increase in HHx. Both WAXD and IR studies have revealed that the crystallinity of P(HB-co-HHx) (HHx=12 mol %) decreases gradually starting from relatively low temperature (about 60°C) while that of PHB remains high up to 170 °C.


The present invention relates to a structure of easily detachable adsorption tower and catalytic reactor and, more specifically, to a structure of easily detachable adsorption tower and catalytic reactor which comprises an injection unit, a reaction unit, a discharge unit, and multiple connection members coupled along a first bolt hole, a through hole, and a second bolt hole arranged in line to coupling the injection unit and reaction unit to reduce greenhouse gas contained in air to reduce environmental pollution, while the reaction unit reducing greenhouse gas is composed of a module body to be combined and separated from the apparatus only by disassembly of the connection members to easily manage the apparatus, reduce the managing costs, recycle the reaction unit, and not only easily expand and downsize the reaction unit, but also use different fillers in the reaction unit to be applicable to various greenhouse gases.


This report discusses disaster relief for commercial fishery, which be provided by the federal government to assist the fishing industry when it is affected by a commercial fishery failure.


In this study, a clinoptilolite bed column system was used to remove ammonium from municipal landfill leachate. Laboratory-scale column experiments were conducted in upflow fixed-bed and fluidized-bed modes with different ammonium concentrations. Ammonium removal was managed mainly by Ca2+ and K+ cations of clinoptilolite, and higher treatment performances were obtained at lower flow rates. On the other hand, higher effluent volumes and removal rates were produced by lower ammonium concentrations, and increased expansion ratios in the fluidized-bed column reduced the treatment efficiency. The sum of normalized errors (SNE) procedure was applied using five different error functions to model the experimental data. The Clark and Yoon−Nelson kinetic models were applied to column data to predict the breakthrough data, and the results indicated that the Clark model is better for modeling the experimental data. Ammonia stripping was investigated as a pretreatment step to obtain lower ammonium concentrations in t...


As a feedback to the plan to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 unveiled by the Taiwanese government, this study, the conceptual subsurface carbon storage development plan, was conducted for a selected seashore carbon storage site to blueprint the project and make an initial feasibility assessment. The development plan includes the placement of injection and monitoring wells, conceptual design of injection wells and monitoring wells, and conceptual risk management plan and monitoring planning. In this paper, we describe the conceptual design process, summarizes the key considerations and findings from the work, and provides good references for those CCS projects at the inception stage.

 In 2022, The government of Taiwan announced the goal of "2050 Net-Zero Emissions" to combat climate change, and carbon capture and storage (CCS) is considered a critical part of the overall solution to achieve this goal. Under the mandate of the government, CPC Corporation, Taiwan has set up an ambitious plan to commence commercial carbon capture and storage (CCS) operations in 2030. The goal is to inject 5 million metric tons/yr (MTPA) and gradually build up to 14 MTPA CO2 into the selected seashore site and offshore sites.
 Unlike other large-scale oil and gas field development projects, CCS projects face unique challenges because of the lack of regulations in many places around the world, the long CO2 flow chain from capture, transportation and storage, and relatively high geological and geomechanical risks for long-term containment in the data-scarce saline aquifers. To mitigate these risks, an extensive literature review of the international CCS guidelines and standards and the previous CCS projects were conducted, the relevant guidelines and standards were identified, and lessons learned and best practices from the previous CCS projects were captured. A conceptual subsurface CCS field development plan was conducted by leveraging the enriched knowledge of worldwide CCS regulations and standards, the best practices and lessons learned. The development plan mapped out the timeline, requirements and cost of the key components of the CCS projects, which paves the foundation for the successful execution of the project.


The A to Z of United States-Japan Relations traces this 150 year relationship through a chronology, an introduction, appendixes, a bibliography, and cross-referenced dictionary entries on key persons, places, events, institutions, and organizations. Covering everything from Walt Whitman's poem, "A Broadway Pageant," commemorating the visit of the Shogun's Embassy to the U.S. in 1860, to zaibatsu, this ready reference is an excellent starting point for the study of Japan's dealings with the U.S.


To test if task shifting of intraocular injections to nurses in a real‐world setting can result in similar visual function outcome with equal safety profile.


Introduction: Benign tumors and cysts of jaws comprise a complicated group of lesions characterized by various histologic and clinical manifestations, with odontogenic or non-odontogenic origins. These cysts are more common than other bone cysts and can give rise to pathologic jaw fractures. The aim of this study was to assess prevalence and frequency of benign non-odontogenic and odontogenic cysts and tumors in Isfahan Faculty of Dentistry and Al-Zahra Hospital during the past fifteen years. Materials and Methods: A total of 246 files in relation to odontogenic and non-odontogenic tumors and cysts in the Departments of Surgery and Pathology in the Faculty of Dentistry and those in the Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, were evaluated. Data was analyzed and compared using SPSS software (α=0.05). Results: There were 187 cases of odontogenic and 9 cases of non-odontogenic cysts, and also 47 odontogenic and 3 non-odontogenic tumors. While odontogenic cysts were more prevalent in 16-30 year-old males, non-odontogenic cysts were equally distributed between males and females in all age groups. Non-odontogenic tumors were more prevalent in middle-aged women. Conclusion: Odontogenic cysts were significantly more prevalent compared to odontogenic tumors, with the highest prevalence rate (p value = 0.048).  Odontogenic tumors, non-odontogenic cysts, and non-odontogenic tumors were less common in descending order. There was a significant increase in the number of patient referrals during the third 5-year period evaluated. Key words: Odontogenic cyst; Odontogenic tumor; Non-odontogenic cyst; Non-odontogenic tumor.


Objective To study the morphology of first maxillary molar main mesiobuccal(MB)root canal and to observe the clinical effects of cold lateral condensation(CLC)and continuous wave obturation(CW).Methods 80first maxillary molars were selected in Changchun area;with 8-10# C pioneer file in MB canal,the digital periapical films in buccolingual direction were used to measure the root canal curvature;CT scanning of root canals was performed to measure and calculate the root canal flatness when the root canals were prepared with Mtwo Ni-Ti instruments.The teeth were divided in groups for different curvature and flatness as QWQB type(n=16),QWRB type(n=26),RWQB type(n=14)and RWRB type(n=24).CLC and CW technique were used separately,and CT scanning of the root canal was performed to calculate the percentage of gutta-percha filled area(PGFA).Results In CLC group,the PGFA was decreased as the order:QWQBRWQBQWRBRWRB;there was no significant difference between various groups(P0.05);in CW group,there was no significant difference in PGFA of root canal between four groups(P0.05).The PGFA of QWQB,QWRB and RWQB root canals in CLC group were smaller than those in CW group(P0.05);there was no significant difference in the PGFA of RWRB root canal between CW group and CLC group(P0.05).The whole PGFA in CW group was better than that in CLC group(P0.05).Conclusion The effect of CW technique is better than that of CLC in treatment of first maxillary molar root canal.


Heat flow during fruit or vegetable cooling may be described by Newton's law of cooling (Mohsenin 1980). The relationship between temperature and time is described by the exponential function: Studies have shown that the stored heat (field heat) in fruits and vegetables at harvest is high and if not removed increases the rate of deterioration of these products (Salunkhe et at. 1991; Kays 1991; Schofer et al. 1992). Field heat in fresh produce is removed by cooling, also referred to as precooling. Rohrbach et al. (1984) reported that 37 to 46% less decay could occur in blueberries if the field heat is removed by precooling to 2°C. Vacuum cooling, hydrocooling, forced-air cooling, icing, and room cooling are common methods of precooling used in commercial horticultural operations. Of these methods, forced-air cooling has characteristics best-suited to market gardening. Forced-air cooling cools produce in 25% of the time taken by room cooling (Sargent et at. 1988); does not wet produce as in hydrocooling (Boyette and Rohrbach 1989; Mackinnon and Bilanski 1992) or icing, which is critical for produce such as strawberries; is cost effective (Fraser 1992); and has a potentially wide range of applications (Hackert et al. 1987). Commercial applications and research studies related to forced-air cooling have been limited to vertically-directed air flow through produce packed in bulk bins (Lindsay et at. 1975; Chau et at. 1985; Mackinnon et al. 1991) or horizontally-directed air flow through produce in cartons (Arifin and Chau 1988; Boyette and Rohrbach 1993; Talbot et al. 1993). Few studies, if any, have investigated the effects of directing air vertically through produce packed in cartons or similarsized containers. This study was designed to investigate and compare the possible benefits of precooling by forcing air vertically through carton-sized packing containers over forcing air horizontally through the containers. Room cooling was used as a reference method against which the effects of the forcedair cooling methods could be evaluated. Edeogu, I., Feddes, J. and Leonard, J. 1997. Comparison between vertical and horizontal air flow for fruit and vegetable precooling. Can. Agric. Eng. 39: 107-112. Three methods of precooling fresh fruits and vegetables were tested, a vertically-directed forced-air cooling (VFC) treatment, a horizontally-directed forced-air cooling (HFC) treatment and a control, room cooling (CRC) treatment. Six boxes each, of carrots, lettuce, and strawberries were cooled by the three treatments. Cooling was conducted in a cold room with temperatures varying between OoC and 2°e. The airflow through the produce in the forced-air cooling treatments was adjusted to 2 Les-Iekg-I. Temperatures of the produce and the room were measured, mass losses determined, and quality of the produce evaluated. A modified cooling coefficient, Cern, was used to describe cooling. The rate of cooling under the VFC treatment was generally higher compared to the rate of cooling under the HFC treatment Average half-cooling times of the carrots, lettuce, and strawberries cooled under the VFC treatment were 31.6, 40.9, and 26.0 min, respectively, compared with 33.5, 62.7, and 57 min under the HFC treatment. The results also indicated that the HFC and· VFC treatments cooled the produce in about 25 to 50% less time than the CRC treatment. However, the least moisture loss occurred in the CRC treatment Trois methodes utilisees pour Ie refroidissement des fruits et legumes frais ont ete testees: Ie refroidissement par air pulse dans la direction verticale (RPV), Ie refroidissement par air pulse dans la direction horizontale (RPH), et Ie refroidissement conventionnel (RC). Six bOltes de carottes, de laitues et de fraises ont etc refroidies en utilisant chacune des trois methodes. Le refroidissement a ete fait dans une chambre froide OU la temperature variait entre OoC et 2°e. Le debit d'air utilise pour les methodes aair pulse a etc maintenu a 2 Les-IekgI. On a mesure la temperature du produit et de la piece, determine la perte de poids et evalue la qualite des produits. Un coefficient de refroidissement modifie, Ccm a ete utilise pour decrire Ie refroidissement. Le taux de refroidissement par la methode RPV a generalement ete plus eleve que celui de la methode RPH. Les demi-temps de refroidissement des carottes, de la laitue et des fraises avec la methode RPV ont ete respectivement de 31.6, 40.9 et 26.0 minutes, comparativement a 33.5, 62.7 et 57.0 minutes avec la methode RPH. Les resultats montrent que les temps de refroidissement avec les methodes RPH et RPV sont de 25 a50% inferieurs it ceux de la methode RC. Cependant, les pertes d'humidite avec la methode RC sont les plus faibles.


The availability of wide-band-gap oxides with bipolar conductivity is critical to developing transparent optoelectronic technologies. Unfortunately, most metal oxides show a strong propensity for $n$-type conductivity, while $p$-type doping remains extremely challenging. Focusing on CdO and NiO, which have type-III band offset, this study reveals that their alloy Ni${}_{x}$Cd${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$O${}_{1+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ can exhibit bipolar conductivity. Electronic band structure and native defects are manipulated by varying the oxygen stoichiometry. The results strongly suggest that these alloys have great technological potential for applications requiring transparent conducting oxides.