Background: Flexibility is a component or circuit in everyday activities. Flexibility is joint mobility and muscle elasticity which can reach a maximum of movement of the joints of the various positions Many ways or methods of doing techniques, stretching one of them is contract relax stretching. Contract relax stretching is one of the stretching techniques Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF). So a technique that begins with exercise therapy contraction resisted isotonic of the muscle spasms followed by relaxation.
Methods: The study was conducted with the approach of the kinds of experiments with the approach of pre and post test design profit determine the effect of contractstretchingrelax, themuscles hamstring with a total sample of 27 respondents to the method of taking a purposive sampling of futsal players in SMK 1 Jenangan Ponorogo.
Results: The normality test Shapiro-Wilk for the measurement ofdenag the sit and reach get results p> 0.05, which means the data were normally distributed, then tested further analysis of data using paired t test with results tailed sig.2 0000
Conclusion: The test results showed the effect of contract relax stretching to the flexibility ofmuscles the hamstring in futsal players SMK 1 Jenangan Ponorogo.


The ordinary aura speculum of either the round or the oval type has a sharp edge at its distal end, and unless used carefully may be painful on introduction into the canal. It tends also with time to become distorted in shape, while the Aural specula. thin edge necessary to a maximum lumen becomes still sharper. To make the speculum more comfortable for the patient, without at the same time lessening the visual field, I have modified both the round and the oval forms by the addition of an elliptic shoulder of spun brass flush with the distal end, applied with such a flat curve as to increase but little the outside diameter, and to avoid any liplike projection. Hence practically the same internal lumen is available as in the ordinary speculum, with more comfortable introduction and an added facility in pushing to one side cerumen and epithelial debris clinging


We study developments in reserve balances and the federal funds market in the context of two banking regulatory changes: the widening of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) assessment base and the introduction of the Basel III leverage ratio. Using a novel data set that includes FDIC fees and balance sheet data for depository institutions, we find that, as most foreign banks were not subject to the FDIC fee, they absorbed increasing amounts of reserve balances. Furthermore, foreign banks experienced positive and improving conditions for arbitraging between borrowing reserve balances in the federal funds market and earning interest on excess reserves by holding those reserves at the Federal Reserve Banks, contributing to an increase in federal funds borrowing by foreign banks relative to domestic banks. However, the implementation of the Basel III leverage ratio was associated with temporary declines in foreign bank federal funds borrowing at reporting dates.


The performance of a low energy neutral source formed by negatively biased plates inserted in the edge plasma of the central cell of the Tandem Mirror Experiment-Upgrade (TMX-U) is described. This technique promises to be capable of fueling the high density thermal barrier plasmas. We have found that annular ring electrodes mounted on the sides of the central cell gas box and inclined 45/sup 0/ to the plasma axis can produce about 80 A of inward-directed D/sup 0/ with an average energy E/sub 0/ approx. = 250 eV (where the plate bias = -400 V). This example was calculated for a peak plasma density n/sub e/(0) = 10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/ and an edge plasma density n/sub L/ = 10/sup 12/ cm/sup -3/ at the limiter edge defined by the biased plates. The energetic neutrals, attenuated by about an e-fold in reaching the plasma center, are thus much more efficient in fueling the core plasma than Frank-Condon atoms, which are attenuated by greater than a factor of 100. In addition, because their energy is greater than Frank-Condon atoms their initial collisional trapping rate in the thermal barrier is reduced by a factor of approximately (100)/sup 3/2/ = 1000.


The ongoing efforts for ever increasing automation of the contemporary production and service systems are usually challenged by the lack of a well-developed formal theory for managing the representational and computational complexities that result from the large-scale nature and the operational complexity of the corresponding applications. Currently, these complexities are addressed by further structural and behavioral restrictions imposed at the design level, which simplify the design process but also render the final system quite rigid, and therefore, inflexible and inefficient. The presented research program seeks to address these limitations by (i) abstracting the considered systems to a class of resource allocation systems (RAS), and (ii) developing effective and efficient control policies for these RAS through the employment of qualitative and quantitative Discrete Event System (DES) theory. The derived results are applied to the scheduling of capacitated re-entrant lines, i.e., re-entrant production lines with finite buffers at their workstations. 1 CONTEXT AND MOTIVATION OF THE PRESENTED RESEARCH The quest for an ever increasing level of automation is a prevailing trend in many sectors of the modern economy, ranging from the contemporary production systems and their supporting material handling systems, to the various "intelligent" transportation systems that are currently employed or contemplated for the future transport needs, to the internet-based workflow management systems that have been proposed for the mechanization of various routine operations taking place in service sectors like banking, insurance claiming, and the backend transactions of contemporary logistics systems. However, the existing theory for supporting the deployment and the real-time management of such automated operations is challenged by the operational complexity and the large-scale nature of the corresponding applications. In this presentation, we shall outline an ongoing research program that seeks to develop a novel methodological framework for supporting the effective deployment and the real-time management of the operations that take place in the aforementioned contexts. The successful completion of the considered program will enable a streamlined and a more robust deployment of the automated operational modes that are sought for these applications, and it will help materialize the operational flexibility and efficiency that have been contemplated for them. 2 OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTED RESEARCH PROGRAM AND ITS METHODOLOGICAL BASE From a methodological standpoint, the considered research program abstracts the aforementioned operations as a class of resource allocation systems (RAS) that must be controlled for (i) the typical time-based performance indices that are sought from the considered environments, like the maximization of their throughput and the minimization of the latencies experienced by the underlying processes, but also for (ii) the operational safety, behavioral correctness and logical consistency that are necessary for guaranteeing the effective autonomous operation of the underlying applications. To this end, the presented research 4053 978-1-4799-7486-3/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE


The intravenous injection of thyroxine (about 15 μg/kg b. wt.) was found to have blocked completely the thyroidal response to local cooling of the"heat loss center" after 2 hours in the goat. However, 15 to 20 min after the administration of thyroxine this blockage was still largely incomplete, suggesting that an accumulation of thyroxine has to occur at some site before a full inhibition of TSH release is obtained. The results are discussed in the light of Brown-Grant's (1957)"feed-back" hypothesis of the control of thyroid function.


Abstract We report the public health response to a COVID-19 outbreak in a San Francisco shelter where 67% of residents and 17% of staff tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. We describe the limited utility of case investigation, person-based contact tracing and symptom screening, and the benefits of mass testing in outbreak response.


Summary The Winter Park Public Library began Chat Live/Ask a Librarian (Chat Live), a live online reference service, on February 1, 2002. We first chose LiveAssistance as our library's service provider but later switched to QuestionPoint, sponsored by OCLC. This paper outlines our experiences with both chat services and includes the following: our reasoning behind initiating a chat reference service; the selection process; how we trained and implemented the service into our daily routine; marketing the service to patrons; our day-to-day experiences (including a chat session transcript); the importance of script writing; some brief statistics on usage; and our overall thoughts on the process.


Dodecadien-1-ols, tetradecadien-1-ols and hexadecadien-1-ols with a conjugated (E, E)- or (E)-diene system between the ω1, ω3- and ω5, ω7-positions, their acetates, and aldehyde derivatives (lepidopterous sex pheromones and candidates) were analyzed by electron impact mass spectrometry, which was operated at 70 eV ionization voltage. Three functional derivatives with a same diene system presented a similar spectral pattern, except for the molecular ions (M+), [M-H2O]+ of the alcohols and [M-CH3CO2H]+ of the acetates. Each isomer showed a characteristic fragment ion series of CnH2n-2+-CnH2n-5+ (C4-C9), which reflected the double-bond position in the molecule, indicating a method for determining the position of a natural diene pheromone by comparing its mass spectrum with those of the synthetic dienes. By this method, the natural pheromone of Hellula undalis was confirmed to be a ω3, ω5-diene. Furthermore, the fitness indexes proposed by Kuwahara et al. were calculated for some pheromone components, using the mass spectra of synthetic dienes, in order to examine the possibility and limitation for applications of those mass spectra to natural pheromone studies.


Predicts that several technological developments (e.g. measurement-while-drilling tools, computer data-gathering systems, improved drill bits, muds, downhole mud motors, and more efficient rigs) will have a major effect on drilling operations in the not-too-distant future. While several companies manufacture MWD systems and most can boast of successful runs, the major problem with the MWD system is cost. Manufacturers continue to make advances in both turbine and positive displacement mud motors. As the life span of downhole mud motors improves, these motors can economically compete with a rotary rig in drilling certain straight-hole intervals. Prototype bit designs include the use of lasers, electronic beams, flames, sparks, explosives, rocket exhaust, chains, projectiles, abrasive jets, and high-pressure erosion. Because drilling fluids are taking a large share of the drilling budget, mud engineers are trying to optimize costs, while maintaining well bore stability and increasing penetration rates. Many companies are taking the strategy of designing the simplest mud program possible and increasing additives only as needed. Air and foam drilling techniques are gaining attention. Concludes that as crude oil prices increase and the rig count begins to rebound, attention will once again turn to drilling technology and methodology.


Localization in indoor environment poses a fundamental challenge in ubiquitous computing compared to its well-established GPS-based outdoor environment counterpart. This study investigated the feasibility of a WiFi-based indoor positioning system to localize elderly in an elderly center focusing on their orientation. The fingerprinting method of Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) from WiFi Access Points (AP) has been employed to discriminate and uniquely identify a position. The discrimination process of the reference points with its orientation have been analyzed with 0.9, 1.8, and 2.7 meter resolution. The experimental result shows that the WiFi-based RSSI fingerprinting method can discriminate the location and orientation of a user within 1.8 meter resolution.


Underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) has a number of potential applications ranging from deep oceans to coastal waters. However, the greatest challenge for UOWC originates from the fundamental characteristics of sea water or ocean; tackling these challenges requires a detailed understanding of complex physio-chemical biological systems. There are numerous similarities between UOWC and free space optical (FSO) communications, mainly because both are using optical wavelengths to transfer secure information between dedicated point-to point connections. The aim of this paper is to provide detailed analysis of the line-of-sight LOS link, including the effect of the coefficients of absorption, scattering, and extinction on the received signal (Pr) for three types of water, clean ocean water, coastal ocean water and turbid harbor water. A numerical underwater channel model developed in MATLAB software is provided for estimating the (Pr) under various link conditions. It illustrates the effect of different parameters such as the perpendicular distance between the transmitter and the receiver plane (d), and the angle between the perpendicular to the receiver plane and the transmitter-receiver trajectory (θ) on the (Pr). the provided results indicate that as the value of the θ increased (Pr) decreased, and. (Pr) also decreased by increasing (d). It is obvious that the maximum range is provided by a line of sight using a narrow beam divergence; however, in this case, a precise positioning of the two platforms is required.


Extract: The effect of catheter placement in the abdominal aorta on the blood flow and oxygenation of lower extremities was evaluated in 30 New Zealand rabbits, weighing 0.55–3.5 kg, by inserting 3.5 and 5.0 French polyvinyl chloride catheters, of the type commonly used for umbilical artery catheterization, through the femoral artery, advancing 15–20 cm, and leaving in place for 10–30 min. Arterial blood pressure (BP), common iliac artery blood flow (BF), gracilis muscle tissue oxygen availability (O2a), and subcutaneous temperature (T) in the foot were continuously monitored before and during catheter placement and after withdrawal. There were no changes in the physiologic variables measured in the contralateral leg when the catheter remained below the aortic bifurcation; however, when the catheter was advanced 15–20 cm into the abdominal aorta, a decrease in lower extremity BF, O2a, and T occurred. Because the length of catheter insertion was maintained constant in each animal, the decreases in BF, O2a, and T are related to the relative dimensions of the vessel and the catheter. The ratio of catheter to vessel diameter, in addition to the site of catheter placement, should be considered during the clinical application of arterial catheters. Reduction in blood flow could be detected by continuous differential monitoring of core and extremity temperature or extremity muscle oxygen availability.Speculation: Placement of catheters in the aortas of animals of physical sizes comparable to those of newborn infants may produce an appreciable obstruction to aortic flow. Until a suitable noninvasive method of assessing oxygenation in newborns is available, umbilical artery catheters should be of the smallest possible outside diameter and placed below the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta.


In this final chapter we will raise a number of issues that we have encountered as we have put this collection of papers together. In doing this, we also reflect upon the seven challenges for video game theory that Bernard Perron and Mark Wolf(2009)put forward in the introduction to the second video game theory reader given it is probably one of the most recent assessments in the area at the time of
writing. These challenges are concerned with Terminology and Accuracy, History, Methodology, Technology, Interactivity, Play and the Integration of Interdisciplinary Approaches. These issues will be brought up throughout this chapter, but not necessarily in mutually exclusive fashion...


Pakistan is situated from Latitude 24° N to 37° N and from Longitude 60° E to 75° E. Pakistan is an earthquake prone country. A number of earthquakes have hit Pakistan resulting in huge losses of life and property. Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) presently has a small but efficient network of six seismic stations. Seismicity and Seismic-Zoning maps of Pakistan have recently been developed by Pakistan Meteorological Department with the help of available seismic data. After one of the greatest earthquake of 8 th October, 2005, the Government of Pakistan has given more importance for the up-gradation & Strengthening of National Seismological Network. Some of the major tectonic features have been discussed in this report, besides the project "Up-gradation and Strengthening of Seismological Network of Pakistan including proposals of the establishment for the new seismic observatories.


(57) Abstract: glucosamine sulfate, metal chloride (here, metal, i.e. cation, potassium, sodium, magnesium, zinc, lithium or manganese). This compound, with a purity level of at least about 97%, and has a water present in an amount up to about 10% by weight relative to the weight of the composition. This compound, the glucosamine hydrochloride and metal sulphate salts are contacted in the presence of water to produce an aqueous solution of glucosamine sulfate, metal chloride, then at least about 90% by weight of water was removed under a certain temperature vacuum and degradation of glucosamine sulfate, metal chloride compound is produced by freeze-drying time such is limited to a maximum of about 3%.


Abstract 1039 Background Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) have divergent effects over the production of anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines in Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs). We have previously shown that modulation of specific HDACs can alter the immunogenicity of APCs, either to an activating or tolerogenic phenotype. We recently identified HDAC6 to positively regulate IL-10 production. However, the participation of this HDAC in other immune related cellular processes remains unknown. In this work we are presenting evidence of the important role of HDAC6 in the regulation of IL-6 via activation of the JAK/STAT3 pathway. Methods Stable knockdown clones of HDAC6 (KDHDAC6) and Non-target (NT) cells were generated in RAW264.7 murine macrophages using lentiviral shRNA for HDAC6 or non-target (NT) respectively. Two KDHADC6 and two NT clones were treated with LPS or untreated and then analyzed by microarray using the Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse 430 2.0. Significantly down- or up-regulated genes were analyzed by their ontology distribution and selected genes were validated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, ELISA, or immunoblots. Additionally, changes in the expression of these selected genes were tested in cells treated with selective HDAC6 inhibitors. Results 1542 genes were down-regulated and 775 up-regulated in KDHDAC6 cells. Their ontology distribution revealed significant changes in immune-related (632) and apoptosis/cell cycle control (47) genes. Importantly, IL-6 was one of the most highly down-regulated genes in KDHDAC6 cells. Therefore, we next analyzed the relevance of these findings by studying the tolerogenic JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway which is known to be activated by IL-6 and critical in the final outcome of APCs in response to stimuli. We observed a complete abrogation in the phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 proteins in KDHDAC6 cells in response to LPS, which was reverted when these cells were treated with exogenous IL-6. Conclusions These results demonstrate the requirement of HDAC6 in the production of IL-6 in response to LPS, and therefore positions this deacetylase as an important regulator of the JAK/STAT3 pathway. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms controlling the immunogenicity of APCs, supporting the use of HDAC6 inhibitors to enhance immune activation. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Department of Child Health, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, St. Michael's Hill, Bristol BS2 8BJ, England. * Lecturer. Present address: Childrens Hospital, Stanford, 520 Willow Road, Palo Alto, Calif. † Research Fellow, in receipt of a grant from the Leukemia Research Fund. * Mizzy Inc., 22 East 72nd Street, New York 21, N.Y. CURATIVE APPROACH to childhood acute leukemia necessitates periodic confirmation of continuing remission status by bone marrow aspiration and lumbar punc-


Edited by M.B. KIRKHAM. Food Products Press, 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580. Hard cover, $89.95. ISBN: 1560220686. Soft cover, $49.95, ISBN: 1560220694.

Co-published as Journal of Crop Production , Vol. 2, No. 2, 1999, this book comprises 16 chapters on the state of research on water


PurposeThis study aims to examine how perceived supervisor support for strengths use (PSSSU) directly and indirectly facilitates career satisfaction and perceived employability as mediated by strengths use behavior.Design/methodology/approachA two-wave questionnaire survey was administered to nurses (n = 221) and analyzed using structural equation modeling.FindingsResults indicated that PSSSU directly enhanced career satisfaction and indirectly enhanced perceived employability through strengths use behavior.Research limitations/implicationsAs the sample was limited to nurses in a Japanese hospital, it is possible that the characteristics of the national culture and occupation affected the results.Practical implicationsSupport for strengths use is important especially in stressful work environments in order to retain professional employees by enhancing their employability and career satisfaction.Originality/valueThis study extends the literature by identifying the different effects of PSSSU on the two types of career-related well-being. The present research is the first study to show the mediating role played by strengths use behavior in linking PSSSU to perceived employability.


frequently found among those with positive correlation whereas upregulated genes were more frequent among those with negative expression correlation. Table SI. Biological features of the 85 CLL cases from CRO (Italy). Table SII. Baseline characteristics of the 296 CLL cases (ICGC series). Table SIII. Summary of probes for transcripts overlapping UCR loci found significantly differentially expressed by CpGODN in the discovery CLL series. Table SIV. Univariate Cox regression analyses of TTT in the 67 CLL series. Table SV. Multivariate Cox regression analyses of TTT in the 67 CLL series. Table SVI. Statistical analyses of uc.70-related transcripts impact on TTT in the 296 CLL ICGC series. Table SVII. Pearson correlation of ICGC CLL gene expression in reference to the transcript AC092652.2-202 (5th percentile). Data S1. Supplementary methods.


The author has studied on solvent extraction separation of metal ions, focusing on development and separation ability analysis of various polydentate ligands as extractants, and functional analysis of ionic liquids (ILs) as novel extraction solvents. This paper presents an outline of the authors' fruits of research on separation ability of pendant-arm-type polydentate ligands and sulfonamide-type polydentate ligands, evaluation of charge of extracted species in IL chelate extraction, development of IL triphasic extraction system, and possible use of hydrophilic ILs as salting-out phase separation agent.


Social adaptation of foreign students in Russian high schools is a process of active adaptation to the conditions of a new socio-cultural and educational environment. The article is directed on the development of pedagogical support, contributing to the efficiency of this process. The following leading methods for the mentioned problem's solving are chosen:  modeling, survey, interview, test, ranking, observation, mathematical processing of experimental data. The experiment involves foreign students of the 1st and 2 nd courses. The article deals with the specifics of foreign students' social adaptation in Russian universities, including socio-cultural, socio-psychological, pedagogical aspects; presents the internal and external factors that influence the process of social adaptation of foreign students studying in Russian universities; represents the developed model of pedagogical support of foreign students' social adaptation in Russian universities, including conceptual, target, process, evaluation-criteria parts; reveals the necessary and sufficient organizational and pedagogical conditions of pedagogical support of foreign students' social adaptation in Russian universities. Comparison of experimental work results proves the effectiveness of pedagogical support of foreign students' social adaptation in Russian universities if the necessary and sufficient organizational and pedagogical conditions are created (initiation of foreign students to the traditions and values of the multinational Russian culture, organization of intercultural communication of foreign students with each other and with Russian students; adaptive works organization to form and develop foreign students' general educational abilities and skills necessary to adapt to the educational process, development of sustained interest and motivation for the future professional activities). Keywords: Social Adaptation, Foreign Students, Pedagogical Support, Russian University. JEL Classifications: A23, I23, I26


The key to preparing nano-films by DC (Direct Current) sputtering is to prepare the film materials into targets. Organic small molecule fluorescent materials (such as 1, 4-Bis(2-cyanostyryl) benzene, to be noted as ER-I) are usually not conductive, and it is not possible to make the elements as targets. Therefore, there are some difficulties in preparing the organic materials into films by DC sputtering. In this paper, we fabricated ER-I nano-films by using the DC sputtering method, and their fluorescence properties are significantly different from those of powder materials. The fluorescence emission spectra of the films prepared by the DC sputtering method have an apparent bimodal morphology. Compared with the ER-I powder material, the fluorescence emission peak has a blue shift of 5 nm and 22 nm. To study the luminescence mechanism of the films, we further investigated the fluorescence properties of the films after thermal treatment and analyzed the structure and surface morphology of the films by XRD and SEM. This paper provides a new idea and method for the preparation of organic nano-films and has a potential application value in the preparation of organic light-emitting films and soft optics devices.


The role of working women has changed throughout the world due to economic conditions and social demands. This has resulted in a scenario in which working women have tremendous pressure to develop a career as robust as their male counterparts while sustaining active engagement in personal life. Work life balance refers to maintaining the balance between responsibilities at work and at home. Work life balance is one of the most challenging issues being faced by the women employees in the 21st century because of the type of roles they play ay at home and the spill over of personal life over work life. This affects the person's physical, emotional and social well-being. Thus, achieving work life balance is a necessity for working women to have a good quality of life. This paper is an attempt to explore the tough challenges faced by working women in maintaining a balance between their personal and professional life.


CONTEXT
Nordic hamstring strength (NH strength) and single leg bridge test (SLBT) scores are used to predict the risk of hamstring strain injury. Although NH strength and SLBT scores may be related, the relationship between NH strength and SLBT score remains unknown.

OBJECTIVES
This study investigated the relationship between NH strength and SLBT scores in university soccer players.

DESIGN
Cross-sectional study.

SETTING
Research laboratory.

PARTICIPANTS
38 male university soccer players.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
NH strength and SLBT scores.

INTERVENTIONS
A participant was instructed to lean forward gradually at the slowest possible speed from a kneeling posture with the knee joint flexed 90° for the NH strength measurement. Participants in the SLBT crossed their arms over their chests, pushed down from their heels, and lifted their hips off the ground as many times as they could until they failed. We investigated the relationship between NH strength and SLBT scores in the left and right sides using Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Additionally, we calculated the percentage of left-right asymmetry in NH strength and SLBT scores and investigated the relationship between these variables using Pearson correlation coefficient.

RESULTS
There were no significant correlations between NH strength and SLBT scores in the right (rs = .239, P = .16) and left (rs = .311, P = .065) legs. Furthermore, there was no significant relationship between NH strength and SLBT between-limb asymmetry (r = .073, P = .671).

CONCLUSIONS
NH strength and SLBT scores could be different indexes, indicating either maximal muscle strength or muscle endurance. Thus, the findings suggested that when assessing risk factors for hamstring strain injury, both NH strength and SLBT scores should be measured.


The Steering Knuckle component is the most important part of vehicle which is connected to front wheel with the help of suspension system, wheel hub and these are also connected to steering system and brake to the chassis. The Steering Knuckle component provides motion to desire directions with the help of steering system. It undergoes various types of varying load under different conditions. In Automobile industry low fuel consumption and light weight are the two main demands for the vehicle because the lighter steering knuckle resulting greater power and less vibration because of inertia is less. In this Paper we have done static analysis of steering knuckle component. The design of Steering Knuckle component is done with the help of Computer Aided Engineering (CAE). Steering Knuckle model is prepare in Creo(Pro-E) 2.0 and the static analysis is done in ANSYS WORKBENCH15.0 by constraining the steering knuckle and applying load on steering knuckle due to caliper mounting, longitudinal reaction, vertical reaction, vehicle weight and steering reaction. In this we have focused on optimizing the best use of material for the steering knuckle component and compare it, made from two material i.e. Cast Iron and Mild Steel which is recently using, and Forge Steel EN 47 which is suggested material. This result is verified by comparing with analytical calculations. Considering these results, model is modified.


You might find this additional information useful... This article cites 53 articles, 23 of which you can access free at: http://ajprenal.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/295/5/F1431#BIBL Updated information and services including high-resolution figures, can be found at: http://ajprenal.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/295/5/F1431 Additional material and information about AJP - Renal Physiology can be found at: http://www.the-aps.org/publications/ajprenal This information is current as of November 6, 2008 . € American Physiological Society. ISSN: 0363-6127, ESSN: 1522-1466. Visit our website at http://www.the-aps.org/.


Mature Angus-cross (n = 180) beef cows (initial body weight = 573 ± 5 kg) were used to determine the effects of late gestation dietary energy source on preand post-partum cow performance. Cows were blocked by location (n = 3) and stratified by body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS) and age (5 pens/treatment). Cows were adapted to diets starting at approximately 200 d of gestation and fed until 1 wk prior to expected calving date. Cows were fed 1 of 3 energy sources: hay (HAY); corn (LFC); and dried distiller grains (DDGS). Cows allotted to HAY were allowed ad libitum access to round-bale grass hay and averaged 12.2 kg DMI/d. Limit-fed corn and DDGS diets provided 4.8 kg whole corn or 4.0 kg DDGS, plus 2.2 kg hay, and 1.0 kg supplement to meet nutritional needs during late gestation. Following parturition, cows were fed a common diet and managed as one group per location. Milk production was measure by weigh-suckle-weigh at an average of 31, 100, and 164 d postpartum. At 2 locations, cows were synchronized for estrus and bred 81 ± 4 d postpartum. Cows fed DDGS gained more BW than either HAY or LFC (1.6, 1.1, and 1.1 ± 0.8 kg/d, respectively; P < 0.01) and had improved (P = 0.02) BCS as compared to HAY at the end of gestation. However, at the end of lactation (164 &polusmn; 7 d) BW (P = 0.23) and BCS (P = 0.13) were not different between treatments. Prepartum energy source did not affect first service conception rates (P = 0.31) or overall pregnancy rates (P = 0.79) postpartum. Milk production and composition were not different (P > 0.2) among treatments. Daily feed costs during late gestation were less for DDGS as compared to LFC and HAY. Limit-feeding DDGS as an alternative energy source in late gestation diets can improve cow BCS and BW gain and reduce daily feed costs; however these differences in weight gain and BCS at the end of gestation did not impact postpartum reproduction performance, milk production, or cow performance. Calf data are presented in a companion abstract.


This article proposes Young's double slit method-based high gain broadband higher order mode spoof surface plasmon leaky wave antenna sensor (SSPLWA) for dual beam and sensing applications. Following and mimicking the double slit principle in microwave frequencies, the proposed surface plasmon leaky wave antenna sensor operating on higher order modes has been successfully measured to obtain a wideband of more than 15 GHz (88.5%) and generate two simultaneous radiating beams toward the endfire direction with a peak gain of 16.6 dBi. The proposed antenna sensor operates in a broad frequency range from 10–25 GHz and maintains a minimum gain of >10 dBi in the whole operating band. The SSPLWA has been tested by designing two prototypes without and with additional horizontal conducting strips so as to improve the overall gain, reflection, and efficiency. The prototype with horizontal strips has been further tested for sensing application, i.e., aqueous glucose solutions and it is found that the proposed dual beam sensor is providing high sensitivity and very stable measurement results in terms of resonance frequency shifts or magnitude variations. The proposed antenna sensor has achieved a high peak efficiency of 95% and can be very useful for dual beam applications and wireless sensing measurements.


Cardiac tissue loss is one of the most important factors leading to the unsatisfactory recovery even after treatment of ischemic heart disease. Melatonin, a circadian molecule with marked antioxidant properties, protects against ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury. In particular, the myocardial protection of melatonin is substantial. We initially focus on the cardioprotective effects of melatonin in myocardial IR. These studies showed how melatonin preserves the microstructure of the cardiomyocyte and reduces myocardial IR injury. Thereafter, downstream signaling pathways of melatonin were summarized including Janus kinase 2/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3, nitric oxide‐synthase, and nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2. Herein, we propose the clinical applications of melatonin in several ischemic heart diseases. Collectively, the information summarized in this review (based on in vitro, animal, and human studies) should serve as a comprehensive reference for the action of melatonin in cardioprotection and hopefully will contribute to the design of future experimental research.


Abstract The preset study was undertaken to determine solubility and solution thermodynamics of a novel anticancer drug baricitinib in some pharmaceutically used mono/pure solvents including "water, ethanol, polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400), ethyl acetate (EA), dichloromethane (DCM) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)" at "T = 298.2 K to 323.2 K" and "p = 0.1 MPa". The solubility of baricitinib after equilibrium (saturation state) was analyzed spectrophotometrically by applying an isothermal technique. Characterization of solid phases of initial and equilibrated baricitinib was confirmed with the help of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Measured solubilities of baricitinib were regressed using "van't Hoff and Apelblat models". DSC spectra of baricitinib showed no change in physical state of baricitinib after equilibrium. Solubilities of baricitinib (as mole fraction) were estimated highest in DMSO (1.65 × 10−1) followed by PEG-400 (1.42 × 10−1), DCM (1.29 × 10−3), ethanol (7.41 × 10−4), EA (4.74 × 10−4) and water (1.76 × 10−4) at "T = 323.2 K" and same tendencies were also noted at other temperatures studied. With the help of theoretical solubilities of baricitinib, activity coefficients were estimated. The estimated data of activity coefficients indicated higher molecular interactions in baricitinib-DMSO and baricitinib-PEG-400 as compared with baricitinib-water, baricitinib-EA, baricitinib-DCM and baricitinib-ethanol. Thermodynamic treatment of solubility values of baricitinib showed "endothermic and entropy-driven dissolution" of baricitinib in all pharmaceutically used solvents evaluated.


Many earthquakes that happened in the past taught us lessons, which are very essential when it comes to planning urban development and essential infrastructure as well as mitigating the effects of such calamities in future. The hazards associated with earthquakes are referred to as seismic hazards. The general goal of earthquake engineering is identification and mitigation of seismic hazards. Microzonation has generally been recognized as the most effective tool in seismic hazard assessment and risk evaluation and it is defined as the zonation with respect to ground motion characteristics taking into account source and site conditions. This exercise is similar to the macro level hazard evaluation but requires more rigorous input about the site specific geological conditions, geotechnical characteristics of site, ground responses of soil column to earthquake motions and their effects, ground conditions which would enhance the earthquake effects like the liquefaction of soil, the ground water conditions and the static and dynamic characteristics of foundations or of the stability of slopes in the hilly terrain. For the estimation of site effects (local soil and topographical effects) and induced effects (land instability and liquefaction) the knowledge on the bed rock where ground motion is being applied is required.


This paper introduces a system of the microwave radiometer data acquisition,the system is mainly made up of PC104 based on the Linux operating system and the microcontroller based on MCS-51.In the hardware the vital part of PC104 is SB-810 which is a main board used in industry control and the vital part of MCS-51 microcontroller is the logic control part.With the proper memory device and other peripheral circuit,the data acquisition system has come true.In the software PC104 is programmed in serial communication under Linux operating system mainly.Via this method,the serial communication between PC104 and MCS-51 microcontroller has been successfully realized.The small system can gather the data that the microwave radiometer has transmitted. This system has been proved to reach the measure standard and to work steadily. The system displays good performance under the badly environment.


Unstable crude oil derivatives are among the main substances added to the mineral-based lubricants (MBL). However, the high purification and disposal costs of such lubricants and consequent environmental difficulties are the major drawbacks of cutting fluid consumption. The lower use of MBL or replacing them with less harmful ones, in principle, vegetable-based lubricants (VBL) are the prime importance of achieving less operating costs and pollution. Furthermore, the use of VBLs is much more recommended if machinability aspects, including tool life, surface, and edge quality, would also be improved. Therefore, in the present study, cutting parameters and lubricant types were used as the experimental variables in the MQL-turning of A286 superalloy. A286 is classified as a difficult-to-cut material with a wide range of applications in the energy and turbine industries. No experimental study was found on the machining of A286 under separate cooling and lubrication with two MQL systems simultaneously. The effects of cutting parameters on both average surface roughness Ra and tool wear morphology were evaluated. Experimental results denoted that the use of VBLs led to better surface topology. On the other hand, the tendency of the built-up layer (BUL) and built-up edge (BUE) phenomenon were intensified when MBL was used. On the word, better tool life is also expected when using VBL. This observation revealed that the use of VBL not only tends to improve productivity and environmental safety aspects but also machinability aspects; in principle, better surface topology and longer tool life are also expected.


The inclusion of Banks and Dinges's manuscript, entitled "Behavioral and Physiological Consequences of Sleep Restriction," in the 15-year anniversary collection of the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine's most important work is well deserved. This manuscript crystallized the problem of short sleep from basic science to epidemiology for a generation of sleep specialists and sleep and circadian scientists. Indeed, PubMed shows that annual research articles focused on "sleep restriction" have increased nearly 3-fold since the publication of this landmark work. Upon re-examination of the manuscript through the lens of time, the current authors find it clear that many important questions emanated from this work. Perhaps the body of science over the ensuing 13 years can reveal the long-sought answers. First, how much sleep is enough? Of course, this depends on the outcome of interest, and thereby the question quickly becomes unwieldy—the number of meaningful outcomes, from molecular "-omics" to human behavior, health, and well-being, is potentially limitless. But ifwewere topickone,mortalitywould be the most encompassing. However, the intervening years since the article was published have brought more questions than answers; variability in sleep duration measurement, the impacts of sociodemographic and health-related factors, and the influence of sleepquality, timing, regularity, andpotential sleepdisorderscloud the picture to the point that the truth becomes elusive. Epidemiology suggests that both short and long sleep are problematic and associated with increased mortality, but although basic science research has established causal mechanisms for the untoward impact of short sleep on health, we still await studies showing that sleep extension in animal models or healthy individuals impairs physiology or performance. That said, emerging evidence suggests that sleep extension reduces blood pressure and improves neurobehavioral function. As we continue to seek answers to the question of sleep need, the rise of consumer sleep technologies affords new opportunities to obtain population-based, longitudinal, ecologically valid sleep duration measurements, which should help advance this research agenda going forward. Second, how long does it take to recover from sleep restriction? In most laboratory studies, 2–3 days are allocated to recovery and would seem to be adequate. However, if restricted individuals are then redeprived of sleep to a degree, then they are much more vulnerable to impairment than if they had never undergone the restriction to begin with. Therefore, the sleep homeostat recovers fairly quickly, but the vulnerability lingers. Allostatic changes in sleep regulation are influenced by prior sleep history and together with genetics and environmental factors define individual differences in physiological and behavioral responses to sleep restriction.Unfortunately, although humans generally have good self-awareness of impairment because of acute sleep deprivation, they lack this insight in the face of chronic sleep restriction; no doubt this dearth of knowledge is a contributing factor to motor vehicle and industrial accidents resulting from sleep restriction. However, sleep load beforehand reduces impairment to future sleep restriction, a useful fact for frontline workers whose jobs require intermittent periods of sleep restriction. Last, why do we sleep? Although the work of Banks and Dinges also inspired attempts to answer that question, we ran out of room to answer it here. We may have to wait until the 30-year anniversary of the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine to rejoin that query in the likely circumstance that Banks and Dinges have a manuscript honored in that edition as well.


IX 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1 . 1 Objectives 5 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1 Int roduct ion 7 2.2 Eluviation 7 2.3 IIluviat ion 1 2 7.4 Mineralogy 14 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 16 3.1 Field work and sampling 16 3.2 Laboratory analysis 17 4.0 RESULTS 21 4.1 Soils of transect A n ••.2 Soils of transect B 29 4.3 Soils of transect C 35 5.0 DISCUSSION 42 5.1 Soil classification and development 42 5.1.1 Role of clima:e 43 TABLE OF CONTENTS


This paper aims to provide a framework for modeling and estimating the implied volatilities of stock prices using stochastic processes. The CIR (Cox-Ingersoll-Ross) model is proposed to capture the mean reversion characteristic as shown in the movement of the daily implied volatilities of the S$\&$P 500 Index and Nikkei 225 Index. The maximum likelihood procedure is applied to estimate the parameters appearing in the model, where both analytical and approximation techniques are sought to handle the difficulties arising from the corresponding optimization problem. The procedure is validated with varying sampling methods by setting different time horizons and observation intervals. Results from numerical experiments show that the stochastic volatility model proposed in this paper functions well in both the US and Japan markets. As one of the applications, our approach is tested to be effective in detecting jumps in likelihood ratios, hence useful for forecasting stock market shocks and crisis.


The incinerator at a factory explodes. Workers close by perish. When news breaks, fear creeps in. The factory owners try their best to contain the crisis, but all around them, people are distraught. Top managers are sad, fellow workers are anxious, family members of the deceased are angry, the community is frightened that the explosion may have untold repercussions. The owners do the next best thing they know how: call in crisis consultants to devise the most appropriate strategies to deal with these primary publics. Yet, they cannot quite get through to them. Why? One possible reason is that these strategies do not take into account the emotional upheavals these publics face.


The period of Soviet-American confrontation in the early 1950s viewed in the article. Devoted to the actions of Moscow and Washington toward the military and political strengthening of their allies in the Balkans and estimating the offensive capabilities of potential armed conflict in the region. The emphasis is on the place of Bulgaria in those situation.


The present invention is to provide a device capable of having an easy production process and achieving a long lifetime. A device comprising a substrate, two or more electrodes facing each other disposed on the substrate and a positive hole injection transport layer disposed between two electrodes among the two or more electrodes, wherein the positive hole injection transport layer contains a transition metal compound-containing nanoparticle comprising a transition metal compound containing one or more kinds selected from the group consisting of a transition metal carbide oxide, transition metal nitride oxide and transition metal sulfide oxide, wherein a protecting agent having a linking group and a hydrophobic organic group is connected to the transition metal compound by the linking group.


43 Sokrates und die deliberative Demokratie tion of how political power should be distributed. Socrates' political outlook is echoed in several Hellenistic philosophical schools, the Stoics


This important contribution to the study of early modern Chinese fiction and representation of gender relations focuses on literary representations of the prostitute produced in the Ming and Qing periods.


The slow wind anisotropy is observed by Dasso et al. as elongation along the magnetic field direction in the magnetic self-correlation contours calculated from data sets of two-day-long data and averaged for five years in 1998–2002, which is consistent with prediction by the "critical balance cascade theory." More pronounced elongation at smaller scales than at larger scales has also been predicted by this theory. However, this prediction has not yet been checked by observations. Here, we present a check of the variation trend of the anisotropy with scales by presenting level contours of magnetic field and velocity self-correlations using intervals with durations varying from two days to one hour as observed by the Advanced Composition Explorer during 1998–2002 in the slow wind. We find that the level contours elongate along the magnetic field direction at durations of two days and one day. But they become isotropic for shorter intervals from about 10 hours to 1 hour. We also find that in the fast wind, the variation of the anisotropy with the scale has the same trend as in the slow wind. The 2D isotropic feature of the solar wind fluctuations shown by these statistical results is not consistent with the existing theory and will open a new avenue for studying solar wind turbulence.


A theoretical model is developed which illustrates the dynamics of layering instability, frequently realized in ocean regions with active fingering convection. Thermohaline layering is driven by the interplay between large-scale stratification and primary double-diffusive instabilities operating at the microscale – temporal and spatial scales set by molecular dissipation. This interaction is described by a combination of direct numerical simulations and an asymptotic multiscale model. The multiscale theory is used to formulate explicit and dynamically consistent flux laws, which can be readily implemented in large-scale analytical and numerical models. Most previous theoretical investigations of thermohaline layering were based on the flux-gradient model, which assumes that the vertical transport of density components is uniquely determined by their local background gradients. The key deficiency of this approach is that layering instabilities predicted by the flux-gradient model have unbounded growth rates at high wavenumbers. The resulting ultraviolet catastrophe precludes the analysis of such basic properties of layering instability as its preferred wavelength or the maximal growth rate. The multiscale model, on the other hand, incorporates hyperdiffusion terms that stabilize short layering modes. Overall, the presented theory carries the triple advantage of (i) offering an explicit description of the interaction between microstructure and layering modes, (ii) taking into account the influence of non-uniform stratification on microstructure-driven mixing, and (iii) avoiding unphysical behaviour of the flux-gradient laws at small scales. While the multiscale approach to the parametrization of time-dependent small-scale processes is illustrated here on the example of fingering convection, we expect the proposed technique to be readily adaptable to a wide range of applications.


Abstract : The objective of vehicle aerodynamic design is on the fuel economy, reduction of the harmful emission, minimizing the vibration and noise and the driving stability of the vehicle. Especially for a sedan, the driving stability of the vehicle is the main concern of the aerodynamic design of the vehicle indeed. In this theoretical study, an evaluation algorithm of aerodynamic driving stability of a vehicle was made to estimate the dynamic stability of a vehicle at the given driving condition on a road. For the stability evaluation of a driving vehicle, CFD simulation was conducted to have the rolling, pitching and yawing moments of a model vehicle and compared the values of the moments to the resistance moments. From the case study, it is found that a model sedan running at 100 km/h in speed on a straight level road is stable under the side wind with 45 m/s in speed. But the different results may be obtained on the buses and trucks because those vehicles have the wide side area. From the case study of the model vehicle moving on 100 km/h speed with 15 m/s side wind is evaluated using the numerical algorithm drawn from the study, the value of yawing moment is 608.6 N・m, rolling moment -641 N・m and pitching moment 3.9 N・m. These values are smaller than each value of rotational resistance moment the model vehicle has, and therefore, the model vehicle's driving stability is guaranteed when driving 100 km/h with 15 m/s side wind.


The study ai^raiscd the eomiminication strategies adopted by the mass media in their campaign on the outbreak of the Lbola Vinis Disease. The objectives ofthe study were to Hnd out the perception ofmedia audience on the etTectiveness of mass media awareness campaign on the Ebola Virus Disease, the communication strategies used by the mass media in carrymg out their campaign, and the effect ofcampaign on (he attitude ofthe audience. The de<;eriptive survey dcsimi was adopted with asample of200. Quantitative method ofdata analysis was used to analyse the data. Results indicated that the etkctivcne.s.s ofmass media awareness campaign on the outbreak ofthe Ebola Virus Disease was excellent and good, bindings also reveal that anumber ofcommunication strategies were adopted by the mass media in their campaign approach. These includes; jingles on radio and television, interviews, print media articles, and the social media we're used to communicate me.ssage.s on Ebola to the populace. Thus the effect ofmass media campaign on the audience was positive and effective as majority ofthe public acted on the information they heard in the media. Based on the flndincs, the study recommended that the mass media should continue to be use to mitigate the outbreak ofdeadly diseases in the


The collision between climate science and climate policy was strikingly manifested during the Bush–Cheney Administration. Based on both the documentary record and direct observation, this chapter reviews multiple means by which the Administration controlled the flow of climate science communication from federal scientists and research programs when Administration officials saw a need to conform science communication with Administration politics. Government secrecy imposed via information control was evident, for example, in the editing of climate program reports; the suppression of official reference to an existing major climate impacts assessment; selective application of control over contacts between government scientists and the media; alteration of congressional testimony; shutting down of government Web sites; "stealth" release of reports to minimize public attention; and concealing a Supreme Court-mandated scientifically based draft document that would have triggered regulation of greenhouse gases to protect public welfare. With these political interventions, the response from the ranks of federal career science managers and research scientists varied, ranging from open criticism, anonymous leaks, and whistleblowing to silence, self-censorship, and active complicity.


and Summary

The significance of a one-male troop organization in determining the reproductive success of adult male guenons is called into question by the observations reported here. A previously habituated blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni) troop was observed for 6 months during which time 16 adult males associated with the troop and 9 were seen to copulate with about 6 of its 18 adult females which became receptive during the observations. For two years before the study there was only one adult male in the troop and the same male was again the only one present for several months afterwards. During the study this male ranked above all the others in terms of agonistic interactions, and copulated least frequently. The simple dichotomy between harem male and solitary male could not be applied in this population, and adult males were seen to maintain varied social relationships with each other and with the females of several adjacent troops.

Zusammenfassung

Unsere Beobachtungen werfen Zweifel auf die Bedeutung der "Ein-Mannchen-Gruppe" fur den Fortpflanzungserfolg mannlicher Meerkatzen. Eine Gruppe von Diadem-Meerkatzen (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni) wurde 6 Monate lang beobachtet: wahrend dieser Zeit gehorten 16 erwachsene Mannchen zur Gruppe, und 9 von ihnen kopulierten mit etwa 6 der erwachsenen Weibchen. Wahrend der vorhergehenden zwei Jahre war nur ein erwachsenes Mannchen in dieser Gruppe, und dasselbe Mannchen war das einzige wahrend einiger Monate danach. Wahrend der Beobachtungszeit hatte dieses Mannchen die meisten agonistischen Interaktionen und kopulierte am seltensten. In dieser Population zeigt sich kein Unterschied zwischen Harems-Mannchen und Einzelgangern. Erwachsene Mannchen hatten verschiedene soziale Beziehungen miteinander und zu Weibchen mehrerer benachbarter Gruppen.


Flexible software libraries software module is defined as an abstract intermediate representation. The flexible library security conversion and performance attributes selection is to be performed by the end user rather than the library creator. Moreover, the corresponding flexible library because it contains an abstract representation of the software modules, said library also that any number of the specified instance representing a particular set of numbers for security and optimization transformation were obtained from these determined it can be also configured with native object code, including the. Thus, fully distribute the software module independent of the platform, also including a source file, it is possible to avoid the disclosure of owner information.


AbstractEITccts of rapid changes of temperature of about 10o C on the mechanical response of electrically driven guinea-pig left atria suspended in a special chamber (Fig. 1) in Krebs-Henseleit medium have been studied.A simple step change to a higher temperature causes a typical immediate biphasic reaction of the amplitude followed by a progressive transition to a lower level steady state activity. A similar rapid cooling causes a less marked initial biphasic reaction followed by an ascending staircase to the higher steady state level (Fig. 2).In a quiet preparation cooling causes a slight increase of its resting length, warming a slight shortening, both often preceded by an initial deflection in the opposite direction.A short exposure (2 sec.) to a lower or a higher temperature causes besides the modification of the concomitant contraction a disturbance of the steady state dynamic equilibrium which needs several contraction cycles to be repaired.The staircase-like transitions are in fact a third kind of...


This paper revisits Political Budget Cycles (PBCs) in the enlarged European Union (EU). Based on a panel of 25 current EU member states from 1996 to 2012, we show that governments frequently fiscally stimulate the economy prior to elections; a phenomenon that is seemingly not only an 'Eastern problem' of the EU's new members, as has been suggested in the literature. We argue that fiscal institutions are apt to reduce the extent of opportunistic fiscal behaviour both in these younger democracies as well as in other EU member states that lack a strong press to hold governments accountable. Yet, we conclude that in order to eradicate PBCs in the enlarged EU, a powerful press remains key.


This study proposes a comprehensive decision-making method considering voltage risk to coordinate preventive and corrective control for voltage stability of power system. The voltage risk is quantified in the form of economic index with considering the uncertainty of postulated contingencies. Then, a non-linear optimisation model with the objective of minimising voltage risk is performed to coordinate the preventive and corrective control. The positive constraint relaxation algorithm (PCRA) is presented to determine the integrated countermeasures. Based on the principle of PCRA, the failure with the smallest severity factor in the set of preventive fault is selected as an emergency fault. With the changes of the fault sets, the voltage risk and the countermeasures are recalculated until that the risk is no longer reduced for the expected contingencies. The proposed method is significant not only to achieve the optimum balance between the security and economy of stability control, but also improve the decision efficiency. Finally, the proposed method is demonstrated on the New-England 39-bus system, and the results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


The article reviews the book "American Citizens, British Slaves: Yankee Political Prisoners in an Australian Penal Colony 1839-1850," by Cassandra Pybus and Hamish Maxwell-Stewart.


The ability to work with information computer technologies (ICT) has
been determined to become a prerequisite for educational and professional
activities of masters of Philology in the field of Applied Linguistics. The
main problems the introduction of ICT in the educational process are
revealed to be as follows: unpreparedness of teachers and students to use
ICT lack of an interdisciplinary approach in the formation of the content of
academic subjects


OBJECTIVE To study the relative bioavailability of fleroxacin tablets in healthy volunteers and to evaluate the bioequivalence between the reference and the test preparations.METHODS A single oral dose of 400 mg fleroxacin tablets of reference or test preparations was given to each volunteer according to an open randomized cross-over study.The concentrations of fleroxacin in plasma were determined by HPLC.The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and the bioequivalence were evaluated by DAS 1.0 program.RESULTS After a single oral admistration of 400 mg test or reference tablets,the main pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows:AUC_(0→t) were((76 245.4)±(9 991.0))μg·h·L~(-1) and((78 295.9)±(10 566.8)) μg·h·L~(-1) respectively,AUC_(0→)∞ were((79 792.1)±(10 599.3))μg·h·L~(-1) and((81 037.9)±(10 807.6)) μg·h·L~(-1) respectively;C_(max) were((5 218.8)±(1 493.8))μg·L~(-1) and((4 983.9)±(910.7))μg·L~(-1) respectively;t_(max) were((1.8)±(1.0)) h and((2.0)±(1.0))h respectively.Analysis of variance and t-test for AUC_(0→t)、AUC_(0→)∞ and C_(max),rand sum test for t_(max) showed that there was no significant difference between the two preparations.CONCLUSION The two preparations are bioequivalent,the relative bioavailability of the test tablets is((98.4)±(13.4))% calculated according to AUC_(0→t).


Ricin and saxitoxin are highly toxic natural products that have been weaponized and are included in Schedule 1 of the Chemical Weapons Convention. Both toxins are available from natural sources, an...


Abstract The strength of model adhesive joints composed of different thicknesses of low (10,300 narrow distribution) molecular weight polystyrene sandwiched between high molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate) has been studied. The joints model a polymer-to-polymer adhesive bond across a low-strength boundary layer. As an appraisal of strength, the fracture toughness was measured by driving a cleavage wedge into the specimens along the polystyrene layer and analyzing the results with Kanninen's equation. The fracture toughness for both crack growth initiation K Ic and arrest K Ia was essentially that for bulk poly(methyl methacrylate) until the polystyrene layer exceeded 1 μm, at which K Ic and K Ia fell by approximately 85%. Examination of the fracture surfaces of specimens with polystyrene layers less than 1 μm thick revealed that the fracture path was predominantly in the poly(methyl methacrylate). Possible reasons for this are discussed.


For the purpose of agro-ecological regulation and safe and efficient utilization of cadmium-polluted farmlands, a 7-year micro-plot experiment was conducted to evaluate the Cd tolerance of several main cultivated plants in Southern China. The study revealed that cereals such as Oryza saliva and Zea mays had a strong physiological tolerance of Cd toxicity. Nevertheless, their products (grains) are easily polluted and hence lose their edible value. As a consequence, they are inappropriate to be planted in the polluted soils. Other plants such as Brassica napus, Arachis hypogaea and Saccharum officinarum also had a strong physiological tolerance to Cd pollution. Meanwhile, Cd stocks in their products were very small. When soil Cd content was less than 50 mg/kg, Cd concentrations in vegetable oils and cane juice were less than 0.05 mg/kg and 0.15 mg/kg, respectively. This should have little effects on the edible quality. Therefore, these crops could be cultivated in some slightly Cd polluted farmlands, but the straw and dregs of oil crops, and sugarcane bagasse are not suitable to be used as manure or stock food as a result of their high Cd contents and should be properly treated as pollutants. Fibre crops like Gossypium hirsutum, Hibiscus cannabinus, Boehmeria nivea and Morus alba are tolerant towards soil Cd pollution to different degrees. Basically, soil Cd pollution has no unfavourable effects on the products of fibre crops. Moreover, there was scarcely any Cd entering the human food chain through these crops. Therefore, these fibre crops would be a good replacement for those sensitive crops in the polluted region.


The rapid advancement of the technology has induced changes in education, where teachers and students integrate the information technology and communication (TIC) in the teaching-learning process. This problem was evident in the development of extracurricular activities, where most of the first semester students of industrial engineering at the University Corporation of Huila Corhuila have grades lower than 3.5. A sample of 77 students was taken, divided into three groups organized for the University previously. Each group was randomly assigned an experimental condition: a) b -learning environment without teaching strategy and without self-regulated learning objects; b) b -learning environment and self-regulated teaching strategy for conceptual learning objects; c ) b -learning environment with self-regulated teaching strategy and procedural objects for learning. The interaction time was three weeks, consolidated by activities, through a pretest and a postest academic achievement level is graded, finding no significant differences in the construction of decision structures from a self-regulated teaching strategy in university students interacting in b -learning environment based on objects for conceptual learning in contrast to the procedural learning objects; but an increase in the mean values is observed, showing an increase in learning, situation that fosters and suggests the need of continued research over self regulation strategies and TIC applications in the area of computer programming.


We calculate the electromagnetic properties of the deformed one-neutron halo candidate 31-Ne using Halo Effective Field Theory (Halo EFT). In this framework, 31-Ne is bound via a resonant P-wave interaction between the 30-Ne core and the valence neutron. We set up a spherical formalism for 31-Ne in order to calculate the electromagnetic form factors and the E1-breakup strength distribution into the 30-Ne-neutron continuum at leading order in Halo EFT. The associated uncertainties are estimated according to our power counting. In particular, we assume that the deformation of the 30-Ne core enters at next-to-leading order. It can be accounted for by including the J^P=2^+ excited state of 30-Ne as an explicit field in the effective Lagrangian.


The interest to all actors and observers within educational arena denotes a long-term trend of expansion of educational professionalism accompanied by a continuous debate about its desirability, and a perennial instability or dynamic of the structures within education systems. Over the years, however, the emphasis placed on shape of professionalism in education systems has varied substantially to reflect the complexity contained therein from a purely managerial and leadership perspective. Moreover, we observe considerable changes of ''views and controversies'' concerning the most desirable quality and structure of teacher interaction and professionalism in educational institutions. This chapter explores the state of teacher interaction and collaboration in educational institutions as well as dissecting implications of same for management and leadership in schools. The study is deemed an eye opener to managers, leaders in schools to 'mind the gap' that is teacher insularity if they are to effectively achieve the very best out of them. Ssali Muhammadi Bisaso Islamic University in Uganda, Uganda & Hacettepe University, Turkey Complexity of School Leadership in the Wake of Teacher Insularity 136 are considered to be in the center of education and training, then the fact that one of the occupational groups affected most by those developments is the teaching profession becomes an undeniable fact. Therefore in this profession, detection of problems and seeking of solutions continue to be very important phenomena not to be neglected. Dwelling on the problems especially starting from the training process of teachers will have a positive impact on the success of education which is a long-term investment (Demir, 2013). The training should prepare teachers for the daunting and challenging task ahead of them when they become fully fledged teachers within the classroom. Trygestad (1997) indicates that classes are non-linear systems, chaotic and having unpredictable processes. Teachers respond to chaos with classification method in order to reduce instability and undesired behaviors and to increase stability and rate of behavior. Educators usually indicate that order exists and they deny or underestimate disorder and the errors. They also acknowledge the fact that those errors and disorders are a coincidence. But errors are factors requiring investigation for proper analysis of the system. Errors that we accept as a coincidence in education include information needed for restructuring the system (Radford, 2006). Today there are many roles and duties which are expected of teachers. These roles are important today as they were in the past and expected to maintain their relevance in the future. Radford (2006) asserts that although duties and responsibilities of teachers are basically the same and indeed form the basis of teaching, changes may occur in some responsibilities due to some details and developments emerging over time. Indeed today's schools are more ''complex systems than the one-room schools'' of the past (Cahill, 2010; Cunnigham, 2000; Kara, 2008). However, not much has changed about beliefs, perceptions and expectations about schools today once compared with the situation in the olden days. In the one-room schools of old times, the teacher was responsible for all the instruction of all the students, the maintenance of the building, keeping the stove filled with wood and cleaning the floors (Kara, 2008; Lortie, 1975). In a one-room school, ''the teacher was responsible for all that transpired within its four walls. This legacy of independence and isolation remains alive and well in many schools today'' (Cunningham, 2000; Glickman, 2001). Although the old ''one-room school'' is physically gone, it still pervades the minds and actions of many teachers and administrators of today. Accordingly, although teachers were regarded as people transferring information to students in the past, today teaching is no longer found adequate, instead they need to participate in efforts regarding guiding, predicting future results concerning decisions, engaging social processes and protecting nature (McNeil, 1996) Issuing from the above premise therefore, with all the pressures they face in the classroom, one might think that teachers would work together to establish strong 14 more pages are available in the full version of this document, which may be purchased using the "Add to Cart" button on the product's webpage: www.igi-global.com/chapter/complexity-of-school-leadershipin-the-wake-of-teacher-insularity/153714?camid=4v1 This title is available in Advances in Educational Marketing, Administration, and Leadership, InfoSci-Books, InfoSciEducation, Library Science, Information Studies, and Education, InfoSci-Education and Leadership Collection, InfoSci-Select, InfoSci-Select, InfoSci-Select. Recommend this product to your librarian: www.igi-global.com/e-resources/libraryrecommendation/?id=83


Photoshop Creative Suite 2 is the latest version of Adobe Photoshop. This software is the best image editor and became the standard for professionals in the design world. Photoshop has extraordinary skills in digital image processing, image manipulation and also create the design effects. This website is designed to provide information that is addressed to people who want to learn, process and manipulate the images / photos for the better use Aphotoshop Adobe CS2 software. Inside there are the functions of the use of tools, tips and tricks image processing techniques and also provided a forum for communication between a website visitor and also can send e-mail through this website. In this paper will discuss how to make a website interactive, dynamic and interesting. Making this website using Macromedia MX 2004 applications are Dreamweaver, Fireworks and Flash and PHP and MySQL


Multiple distortion coding (MDC) is a promising solution for video transmission over lossy channels. In MDC, multiple descriptions of a source are generated which are dependently decodable and mutually refinable. When all descriptions are available, the corresponding quality is called central quality; otherwise it is called side quality. Generally, there exists a trade-off between side and central quality in all MDC schemes. MDC methods which provide better central-side quality trade-off are of more interest to designers.


Variable precision rough set theory (VPRS) is an important extension of rough set theory; it incorporates the use of indiscernibility relation (equivalence relation) to approximate sets of objects by /spl beta/-lower and /spl beta/-upper approximation. This paper extends the concepts to the case of more general relation - similarity relation. /spl beta/-lower and /spl beta/-upper approximation are proposed, which are extensional definitions of the classical concepts /spl beta/-lower and /spl beta/-upper approximation.


With the method of the substitution of space for time of community succession,several representative mine slopes of different restoration processes in Zhoushan island were selceted as research plots,composition characteristics of plant species were studied,and according to plant community characteristics and different recovery period within the sample plots,they were divided into four different community succession of plant communities(bushes,grass and shrubs,bushes,shrubs and joes).After the plant diversity changes in revegetation and the law of community succession were comparatively analyzed.The results showed that with the increase in recovery period,diversity index showed an upward trend,while evenness was slightly downward trend,in addition,the development of the overall trend of plant community succession was positive.Rock slope revegetation research provided theoretical guidance for plant configuration,conservation and management in the process of rock slope revegetation in the island habitat conditions in the area of Zhoushan and other islands.


Information literacy is everyone's lifelong goal and the basic ability in big data era. The trainers' Education-provision Orientation can be classified into five categories that are the academic rationalism, the cognitive process, the social reconstruction, the humanism and the scientific and technological development orientations. The classification has important significance to theoretical workers, trainers and learners to understand and analyze information literacy.


Human beings and other dynamic living organisms have intrinsic characteristics to migrate in search of better opportunities and continuing survival. This resulted in the initial human settlements on riverbanks or around lakes and at places with adequate water resources. The advent of industrialization has set up a new mechanism in the human migration and settlements. The economy of large-scale production has resulted in the creation of big industries, which often required increased manpower and this option has also caused the centralization of industrial units. The availability of the productive resources and consequently the uneven as well as skewed distribution of industries within a region have destabilized the population equilibrium. It is postulated that, in this manner the rural and urban divide has come into existence and became intense. The continuous movement of human beings into cities from relatively less developed smaller towns and villages, in search of better prospects has been instrumental in the process of urbanization. The spatially non-uniform economic development prevalent in most of the countries of the world has created additional pressure on some selected places having relatively higher economic activities, since these places are capable of providing better job opportunities to the people.


In this proposal we have described the basic knowledge to understand What is it? And how does it work? A care station using Arduino's free hardware, implementing technology that allows to innovate and design a model that generates a suitable environment for germination and growth inside a small greenhouse destined to "Asthophytum Asterias" providing the automated control of crops for these cactus plants and thus contribute to the preservation of their species. This system will contain humidity and temperature sensors that will communicate to a micro-controller plate "Arduino ONE" where the data obtained by the sensors are manipulated by the real-time operating system FreeRTOS, this determines the activity that should perform the actuating elements (irrigation system, lighting and ventilation). In this section we will describe the main elements that make up an (arduino kit) and the development environment in which the code is programmed, that is to say, the hardware and software part that act on Arduino. The necessary information will be given to understand the process of creating a greenhouse, which has been reinforced with images to visually know each of the elements that make up the proper functioning of this greenhouse.


Introduction. Cerebrovascular accident is defined as rapidly developing symptoms or signs of focal and global loss of cerebral function lasting for 24 hours or more with no apparent cause other than that of vascular origin. Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and it is one of the most disabling cause of neurological disorders. The attack of cerebrovascular accident begins abruptly, the focal neurologic deficit either fully evolved at the onset or it progress over minutes to hours or within days. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is used to detect electrical activity in the brain for various neurologic disorders like epilepsy, encephalopathy, prion diseases (CJD), Alzheimer disease and also stroke. Objective. To determine the frequency of abnormal EEG for detecting acute ischemic stroke. Methods. This was a cross sectional study conducted at Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi OJHA Campus, Dow International Medical College (DIMC), and Duration of study was 06 month from 1st October 2020 to 30th March 2021. Non-probability consecutive sampling technique was used. A total of 460 patients of acute ischemic stroke were included in this study. Patients were diagnosed on the basis of CT scan brain or diffusion weighted imaging. Within 24 hours the EEG was done in all admitted patients. The potentials recorded by EEG were cumulated excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in neuronal dendrites, usually in most superficial regions of cerebral cortex. All data was entered and analyzed using SPSS v25.0. Data were stratified for age, gender, BMI and duration of stroke to address the effect modifiers. Post-stratification, Chi-square test was used by taking p-value ≤0.05 as significant. Results. 460 patients were selected for this study. Mean age was 40.04±9.1 years. Among cases, there were 276 (60%) males and 184 (40%) females. 235 patients (51.08%) had abnormal EEG. By stratification of abnormal EEG, it was found that duration of acute stroke had significant effect having abnormal EEG (p = 0.000001). Conclusions. The role of complexity of abnormal Electro Encephalogram is useful following acute ischemic stroke. The various parameters of EEG help to evaluate the large ischemic stroke.


Specimens of a Stenodiplosis were received early in 1942 from Mr. A. Moutia labelled "no. 73, ex inflorescence of Stenotaphrum dimidiatum, Mauritius (Reduit), xii.1940." In a subsequent letter, dated 25th May, 1942, Mr. Moutia stated that the midges were reared in the laboratory from material collected in the fields. He also gave the information that the grass, S. dimidiatum, forms about 40–50 per cent. of the pastures in Mauritius and, though its main mode of reproduction is by its root stock and cuttings, the dispersion of its seeds may to some extent help in bringing a profuse and thick layer of growth.


The aim of this study was analyzing the influence of bibliotherapy on verbal enhancement in school-aged children.The design of this research is quasi-experimental research with one group pre test-post test design. The population in this study are all students of grade 4.5 and 6 SD Negeri Bangunsari 02 Mejayan with the number of samples of 34 respondents. Sampling technique in this research is probability sampling with proportionate stratified random sampling. Data collection by giving questionnaires before and after given bibliotherapy. Data processing with editing, coding, scoring and tabulating. Analysis using  two t sample statistic test paired with error rate 5% (0,05).The results showed that before given bibliotherapy the average score for verbal creativity was 94.08 with a standard deviation of 9.80. After being given bibliotherapy the average score for verbal creativity was 99.88 with a standard deviation of 8.80. The result of the analysis showed p value (0,001) and this is smaller than alpha 0,05 so H1 accepted.The conclusion in this study is that there is an influence of bibliotherapy to increase verbal creativity in school age children. Keywords:bibliotherapy, verbal creativity, school-age


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There is no question that there is a low incidence of coronary heart disease among people who live close to the Mediterranean, and obviously eating is an essential part of living. Unfortunately, there is within society at large and scientific medicine also, a tendency to jump to the conclusion that an association inevitably involves causation. For a number of years, we have therefore had a strong view expressed and indeed an assumption made that coronary heart disease is basically dietary, and that …


Should physicists deal with the question of the reality of spacetime? It is argued that they should since this is a question about the dimensionality of the world and it is physics that should answer it.


As number of the buildings increases, it shows new trends such as twisted, tilted, taperer shape. As a structural solution for the new trend buildings, diagonal grid (Diagrid) structure was developed. Though a few buildings was built using diagird system, the structural performance of the corresponding node was not clearly identified. Therefore, experimental evaluation is needed to apply diagrid for higher buildings. In this study, the node was tested depending on the amounts of welding materials. As a result, the partial welding can provide enough strength for the node as required in the full penetration welding under monotonin compressive loadings.


Pad design, the design of inputs and outputs of the integrated circuit that interface with the outside world, has increased in complexity multi-fold due to the increased variety of interfaces available today. This paper describes the creation of an I/O structure that is highly flexible in order to meet the needs of multivoltage and multi-swing circuits and which maintains common layouts suitable for gate array, standard cell and mixed signal designs.


Temperature, secchi depth, and chlorophyll-a (in relation to secchi depth) of Zinav Lake in Turkey were modeled and mapped by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS). Temperature ( o C), secchi depth (m), and chlorophyll-a (mg/l) field data were collected from geo-referenced 5 stations on the lake between September2011 and October-2012 in monthly basis. Secchi depth was measured by Hidrobios brand secchi disc with 25 cm diameter. A multi-measuring device (YSI-556MPS) was utilized to determine temperature values. Chlorophyll-a was measured by using Helios-α model UV-Vis spectrophotometer and monochromatic method. Utilizing geo-referenced field data and the digital number (DN) values of thermal (6.1) band of Landsat-7 ETM+ image (date: 27 April 2012 and pat/row: 175/32), temperature raster map of Zinav Lake was created. Relationships between secchi depth and band1/band3 values of Landsat-7 ETM+ image, and between secchi depth and chlorophyll-a were modeled by curve fit analysis. Running the produced models in GIS, secchi depth, temperature and chlorophyll-a raster maps of Zinav Lake were generated. The results showed that the lake has anoxic conditions and it exhibits eutrophic characters.


Two field experiments were carried out at Ismailia Agricultural Research Station in Ismsilia governorate during 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 growing seasons to study the effect of three nitrogen levels (30,45 and 60 Kg N/fed), three seeding rates (1.5,2.5 and 3.5 Kg seeds/fed) and two spacing between rows (25 and 50 cm) on growth, yield and yield components as well as seed oil content of canola (cv Serw 4) (Brassica napus , L.). Results over the two growing seasons revealed that : 1Plant height, number of racemes and siliquas/plant, seed yield /plant, weight of 1000seed, seed and oil yields /fed were significantly increased with increasing nitrogen level up to 60 kg N/fed. The opposite was true for seed oil content in both seasons. 2Increasing seeding rates significantly decreased plant height, number of racemes and sliquas /plant ,seed yield/plant, weight of 1000-seed and seed oil content. Seed and oil yields /fed were maximum at seeding rate of 2.5 Kg/fed, followed by 3.5 Kg/fed. The lowest seed and oil yields/fed were obtained when seeding rate 1.5 Kg /fed in the two seasons. 3Increasing row spacing from 25 to 50 cm resulted in significant increases in all studied characters, except seed oil content in the two seasons. 4In both seasons the interaction effect between nitrogen levels and seeding rates had significant on plant height ,seed yield/fed, seed oil content and oil yield/ fed ,while number of racemes /plant significant in the second season. The interaction effect between nitrogen levels and row spacings had significant on plant height in both seasons and number of racemes/plant in the first season .Also the interaction effects between seeding rates and row spacings had significant on number of racemes/plant in the first season ,seed yield/plant and seed oil content in the second season. The highest values of seed and oil yields/fed were obtained when canola plants grown at 2.5 kg seed/fed in rows 50 cm apart and received 60 kg N/fed. 5Simple correlation among studied characters revealed that seed yield/fed was positively and significantly correlated with plant height , number of racemes and siliquas /plant , seed yield/plant, 1000-seed weight and oil yield /fed in both seasons. Seed yield /fed was significantly and negatively correlated with seed oil content in the two seasons .


The utility model provides a 66KV novel knife-switch button contact mounting device, the structure of which is that: two angular plates with clamp plates are connected with a group rod which fixedly spirals an upper spinner and a lower spinner through a connection plate and a combination fixed screw; a button contact slot is formed between the clamp plate and the angular plate; a clasp angular plate is spirally connected to the upper part of the group rod through a screw rod nut; a fastening screw handle is spirally connected to the clasp angular plate; one side of the clasp angular plate is connected with a screw rod; and the end of the screw rod is provided with a horizontally arranged screw handle. Using the 66KV novel knife-switch button contact mounting device for dismounting and overhauling the knife-switch button contact is time-saving, labor-saving, convenient and rapid, and does not damage the structure and the outer surface of the knife-switch button contact; and the 66KV novel knife-switch button contact mounting device has the advantages of guaranteeing the dismounting quality, reducing the damage of the components, eradicating the risk of security incidents, being suitable for using as a special tool for overhauling the knife-switch button mechanism in the electric power field.


The five important elements that a lawyer has to look into for effectively representing a client at mediation are discussed. The salient components of mediation and its manner of operation and impact are presented.


This study aimed to analyze the plant community on the purple soil in Hengyang Basin,the results show that the main types of vegetation in the Hengyang Basin could be concluded as the tree species are 8 families 10 genera and 12 species,the shrub communities are 20 families 42 genera and 58 species,the herbage are 28 families 58 genera and 78 species in total;and there is an tendency in richness and bio-diversity in Hengyang Basin,i.e.the north-facing slopethe south-facing slope;the lower slopethe upper slope.


Platinum–(phosphinito–phosphinous acid) complex catalyzes the oxidative fragmentation of hindered piperidinols according to a hydrogen transfer induced methodology. This catalyst acts successively as both a hydrogen carrier and soft Lewis acid in a one pot – two steps process. This method can be applied to the synthesis of a wide variety of primary amines in a pure form by a simple acid–base extraction without further purification.


Abstract : The postpartum period is a time of major transition in the life of a family, traditionally families have minimal access to health care providers during this crucial period. Few studies appear in the postpartum literature about the concerns and needs of multiparas as a separate group of childbearing women. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the postpartum concerns and needs of multiparas in the first three weeks after birth. A telephone questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample of eight women five to seven days after birth and again at eighteen to twenty days after birth. Survey questions asked about the womens lived experience, level of postpartum support, specific concerns, postpartum education in the hospital, and sibling reactions. Findings of this pilot study indicated that these healthy women experienced numerous physical and emotional concerns related to changing roles and anxieties about the infant. Limitations of the pilot indicated that these healthy women experienced numerous physical and emotional concerns related to changing roles and anxieties about the infant. Limitations of the pilot study as well as implications for nursing practice and education are described.


Jute fiber reinforced polypropylene composites were manufactured using a single extruder and an injection molding machine. Raw jute fiber was oxidized and manufactured composites were post-treated with urea to increase the compatibility of the jute fiber with the polypropylene matrix. Both raw and oxidized jute fiber was utilized and four levels of fiber loading (20, 25, 30, and 35 wt%) was used during composite manufacturing. Microstructural analysis (scanning electron microscopy) and mechanical tests (tensile, flexural, impact, hardness, and water absorption) were conducted. Post-treated jute fiber reinforced specimens yielded better mechanical properties compared to the oxidized and raw ones. Based on fiber loading, 30% fiber reinforced composites had the optimum set of mechanical properties. Authors propose that the bonding between the polypropylene matrix and urea treated jute fiber must be increased in order to have improved mechanical properties at higher fiber content.


The R«v©nu« Act of 1962 provides for a criwUt against the income tax liability equal to 7 per cent (3 per cent for utilitiee) of the investment made in certain qualified property. Congrees intended the credit to stimulate economic growth by reducing the net cost of certain depreciable assets and thereby increasing the rete of retixrn of these assets over their useful lives. A provision to reduce the basis of the property subject to deitt'eciation by the amount of the investm«it credit was included. The accounting problem involves the timing of the benefit from the credit in the income statement. Three methods have received substantial support. The 100 per cent flow-through method reflects the entire credit in income in the year of acquisition. Because of the reduction in basis subject to depreciation, only 48 per cent of the credit represents a permanent tax savings. The 100 per cent flo%;through method decreases net income over the useful life of the assets acquired by 52 per cmnt of the credit. The deferred tax method recognizes 48 per cent as the permanent tax benefit and increases income in the year of acquisition by 48 per cent of the credit. Income during the useful life of the assets acquired is not affected. The cost-reduction method decreases the cost of the assets by the (mount of the investment credit. Income in the year of acquisition is not affectedr the 48 per cent benefit is spread over the useful life of the assets acquired. The cost-reduction method la the method that moet clearly and accurately reflects the facts underlying the Investment credit transaction. The major argximent is based on the idea that earnings result f rcxn the use of assets* not from their aoquisition. The 100 per cent flow-through and deferred tax methods increase earnings in the year of acquis!ticHH. The cost-reduction method spreads the benefit over the useful life of the assets acq[uired.


Load factors and loading conditions are presented for Germany, England, and the United States. Results of tests are presented and loading conditions are presented under various stress categories like freight, commercial, aerobatics, and training.


Using low voltage energy distribution grids as high-speed communication networks opens up the possibility to utilities to establish widespread local area networks for telecommunication services such as telephony and Internet access without the necessity of additional cabling. Since communication systems, suitable for high-speed transmission over electrical power lines, are not available yet, considerable efforts are currently being spent on designing such systems. Due to the special properties of power distribution grids as communication channels, profound investigations of the channel properties must have been done before a successful development of reliable and efficient systems is possible. At the University of Karlsruhe extensive measurements of typical channel properties are currently under way. Some of the results are presented in this work, giving a first impression of the most important channel properties. However, the main goal of this paper is to investigate and describe suitable strategies for advanced multiple access systems.