The CSF changes in neurocysticercosis have been extensively studied in view of their diagnostic importance. The CSF changes in 62 human cases of neurocysticercosis are presented. In all cases the diagnosis of cysticercosis was ascertained either by surgical procedure or by autopsy. The following observations are made from the study of this material, and from the pertinent literature: 1 - More cases had their diagnosis made during life by the CSF examination alone than by any other procedure. The demonstration of specific antibodies in the CSF is the main diagnostic element. The presence of eosinophile cells is only suggestive of the diagnosis, and is complementary to the immunologic data. 2 - The occurrence eosinophile in the CSF is more pronounced in cases of higher total cell count. The presence of eosinophiles in the CSF may be secondary to other causes, and its absence does not invalidate the diagnosis of cysticercosis. The hyperergic reaction to the parasite can be evaluated through the eosinophile count, which contributes to the diagnosis in doubtful cases. 3 - Specific antibodies are present in the CSF in human cysticercosis, demonstrated by complement fixation and precipitation tests, the former being used more often. The antibodies appearing in cestoid parasitism are similar as a general rule. The immune reaction to the Cysticercus cellulosae in the CNS is greater in frequency and intensity, as compared to the other cestoids. 4 - The CSF changes are variable and do not always follow the clinical progress. The improvement in the clinical picture usually is followed by progressive disappearence of the CSF changes. The prognosis is worse with persistence of the CSF changes, particularly with a low sugar content. After surgical excision of cysticerci the CSF changes occasionally disappear, probably due to a small degree of parasitism, totally removed by surgery. Extravasation of the vesicular fluid of a cysticercus during an operation induces transient increase in the CSF changes. 5 - The CSF protein electrophoresis pattern in neurocysticercosis is similar to the pattern observed in sub-chronic or chronic inflammatory processes of the CNS and its coverings. An increase in the γ-globulin fraction is found and it is related to the intensity of the immune reaction. This globulin fraction probably contains the specific antibodies and the possibility of local production of this globulin is to be considered. The rise in γ-globulin appears early in the disease, and may precede the formation of specific antibodies. It regresses slowly when the clinical progress is good. There is a progressive increase in cases of poor evolution.


This paper introduces the general situation of the construction of the rural drinking-water project in Fangshan County,and puts forward some paths for realizing the sustainable development of the drinking-water project.


The present invention provides a 1,1,3,3-tetrachloro-1-fluoro-propane (HCFC-241fa) and hydrogen fluoride azeotropic or azeotrope-like mixture. Such compositions are useful as intermediates in the preparation of HFC-245fa, and HCFO-1233zd in.


To analyze the thermal behavior of lightweight concrete blocks, two models (test cells) were built with the same dimensions, one of them with cement blocks, and the other with lightweight concrete blocks (blocks with sandwich section constituted by three layers: cement + sand + EPS / plate of EPS / cement + sand + EPS). Each test cell had external dimensions of 1,80 m of height, 1,80 m of length and 1,60 m of width and they were mounted in open field (to outdoor tests), without obstacles to the wind nor to the sun. Sensors of temperature were fixed in the external faces eastward and westward directions, in the internal face of the East wall and inside the cells. A data acquisition system was used to register the temperature of the cells during ten days. Data of thermal properties of samples of the lightweight concrete blocks were collected and used to support the analysis of the results of the experiments with the test cells. The analysis of the temperature profiles allowed us to evaluate the thermal performance of the two construction types comparatively.


Along with the positioning of immunotherapy as a preferential treatment for a wide variety of neoplasms, a new pattern of response consisting in a sudden acceleration of tumor growth has been described. This phenomenon has received the name of "hyperprogressive disease", and several definitions have been proposed for its identification, most of them relying on radiological criteria. However, due to the fact that the cellular and molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated yet, there is still some debate regarding whether this fast progression is induced by immunotherapy or only reflects the natural course of some highly aggressive neoplasms. Moreover, contradictory results of trials including patients with different cancer types suggest that both the incidence, the associated factors and the implications regarding prognosis might differ depending on tumor histology. This article intends to review the main publications regarding this matter and critically approach the most controversial aspects.


The newly inaugurated Graduate Program in Information Technology (GPIT) at Virginia Tech is described. The program is designed for practicing professionals seeking the retraining necessary to effectively participate in the rapidly expanding area of information technology. The GPIT program is a combined degree and certificate program offered collaboratively by Virginia Tech's College of Engineering, College of Arts and Sciences and Pamplin College of Business. The program offers a blend of coursework spanning communications, networking, computer engineering, software development, business, information systems and decision support systems.


We propose round-corner octagonal micropillar resonator channel add-drop filters. Our two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations reveal whispering-gallery-like modes traveling near the round-corner octagonal microresonator circumference. By cascading two octagonal microresonators, we demonstrate second-order filter characteristics.


Malaria remains a global problem on a huge scale, with approximately 300-500 million cases and up to 3 million deaths annually. 1 In Australia, malaria is uncommon, with approximately 600-900 cases per year notified between 1991 and 1997. Victoria contributes approximately 80-130 notifications per year, making it the third most common State or Territory for malaria cases in Australia after Queensland and New South Wales. 2 Trends across this time period have appeared relatively stable. 2 Cases are imported and most often occur in young male travellers. 2 Deaths are infrequent. 3 Only 2 locally acquired cases of malaria have occurred in Australia since 1962; both in Queensland. 4,5


A stable 40-GHz pulse train was successfully generated from a regeneratively mode-locked fiber laser. The laser was locked to an external signal by a phase-locked loop (PLL) technique. The output pulsewidth was as short as 0.9 ps using a soliton effect in the fiber cavity and the wavelength was tunable between 1530 and 1560 nm.


spective, foreign language pedagogy has shown amazing consistency over the last thirty years, with every major development favoring the promotion of speaking ability and listening comprehension to a level at least equal with that of writing and reading. This evolution is tied to broader sociological changes in the American educational system: concern with following a traditional curriculum and insuring that graduates exhibit the hallmarks of accession to a higher social class have given way to a new pragmatism and a sensitivity to other cultures. As opportunities for travel have spread from the upper to the middle classes, the notion that language study might allow students to interact face-to-face with members of a foreign culture a kind of interaction primarily dependent upon spoken, not written, language abilityhas become commonplace. Furthermore, it is widely held in pedagogical circles that, while second-language acquisition cannot directly reproduce the ideal patterns of first-language acquisition, neither should it run counter to them. From the most primitive audiolingual methodology through the "Natural" approach of Krashen, Terrell, et al., there is underlying faith in a sequence which lets the learner acquire spoken language structures before transferring them to writing, just as the native-speaking child does. But increased emphasis on spoken language has involved more than disengaging the hand and eye in favor of the mouth and ear. Written and spoken languages themselves are never identical. The nature of written language is to be conservative, since one of the functions of writing is transmission across time (see Joseph, 10 ?2.1). In extreme circumstances, a single society may employ separate languages in writing and speaking. This condition is known as diglossia; it existed throughout Europe during the Middle Ages, when written Latin coexisted with spoken vernaculars, some closely related to it (e.g. French), some distantly related (e.g. German), some unrelated (e.g. Hungarian) (see Ferguson, Britto). Diglossia continues to exist in much of the world. In Haiti, for example, French is the normal language of writing and formal functions. Haitian Creole, the normal spoken vernacular, is by every measure a distinct language. Creole is progressively usurping functional spheres from French, just as French usurped them centuries ago from Latin. Diglossias are thus "nativized" and undone. In every country of the Francophone world Standard French is in competition for functional spheres, either with indigenous languages (Wolof in Senegal, Basque in southwestern France), with other ex-colonial languages (English in Quebec, English and Arabic in Lebanon), or with French dialects other than the Metropolitan Standard (quidbcois in Quebec, jerriais in Jersey).' Falling into the last category is the current linguistic situation of France itself. Consider the following pairs of questions:


In manufacturing, it is impossible to produce a part with ideal features. Manufactured features always exhibit geometric deviations from their nominal geometrical properties both for systematic and random reasons. Part inspection is therefore crucial to verify that the geometric deviations of the machined features remain within the tolerance limits. This research focuses on developing a three-dimensional (3D) machine vision system for inspecting the compliance of circular machine features to 3D geometric tolerances.
Characterizing the compliance of a machined part to 3D geometric tolerances from its image involves the following basic issues: image feature extraction, 3D feature re-construction, error propagation, and tolerance inference. Feature extraction involves detecting two-dimensional (2D) geometric features from the part image. The detected features are used for measurement and camera calibration. Through this research, we have developed statistical techniques for extracting 2D features like corners, lines, and ellipses. Three-dimensional feature reconstruction is concerned with reconstructing the corresponding 3D features from the detected 2D features. This is necessary since dimensioning based on the 2D features may produce significant measurement errors due to geometrical distortion caused by the perspective projection. For 3D feature reconstruction, we have developed several techniques, including: an integrated technique for camera calibration, a constraint-based technique for 3D reconstruction from monocular images, an efficient and accurate technique for point matching, and an improved Bayesian triangulation technique for 3D reconstruction from multiple images.
Since an image is never noise free, tolerance measurements are subject to image errors. We have developed techniques for analytically studying the impact of image errors on the estimated camera parameters, the reconstructed 3D points, and on that estimated tolerance measurements. Finally, given the reconstructed 3D features, we introduce a statistical framework for modeling image and manufacturing errors and for statistically inferring the geometric tolerances.
We have demonstrated using two images for each part with a resolution of 512 x 384 over a field of width of 3 inch. the shape and size tolerances can be determined to within an average of 0.8 mm respectively, and the position tolerance to within an average of 1.5 mm.


The information on 237Np in the environment is almost lacking in the literature because of the extremely low concentration and the technical difficulty in the analysis. The usual method for the determination of 237Np is the a-spectrometry. Neutron activa tion analysis (NAA) for 237Np has previously been applied to relatively high concentration of this element in nuclear materials' and marine samples from the highly contaminated area2~. The determination of 237Np using NAA in soil samples is not yet published. Hence, the radiochemical NAA method for low level 237Np in some soil samples is discussed in this


This paper presents theoretical and experimental analyses of turbulent boundary layer velocity profiles and the boundary layer parameters. This work clarifies the influence of adverse pressure gradients and the effect of the boundary layer control by uniform suction on the boundary layer. A continuous velocity profile from a sublayer to an inner layer is obtained by developing the damping factor of a mixing length to the boundary layer with suction. The velocity profile in an outer layer is determined theoretically by extending a theory on the assumption of intermittency phenomena at the outer layer with adverse pressure gradient and uniform suction. The results of theoretical calculation are in good agreement with the experimental data.


The phase behavior of the supercritical CO2 + 1-alcohol homologous series for 1-octanol and higher alcohols is investigated. A literature survey revealed that sufficient data are available lower alcohols (1-decanol and lower) but data are limited for higher 1-alcohols. Data for CO2 + 1-dodecanol, CO2 + 1-tetradecanol, and CO2+1-hexadecanol were thus measured using a visual static synthetic method for T = 313–353 K. Measured and literature data indicated that the phase transition pressures are very high (>28 MPa) for CO2 + 1-decanol and higher alcohols in the mixture critical region. Additionally, a temperature inversion (increasing temperature leading to decreasing phase transition pressure) is present in the mixture critical region and is more pronounced in systems containing higher 1-alcohols. The temperature inversion is postulated to result from the formation of alcohol multimers due to hydrogen bonding between alcohol molecules. From the phase behavior data as well as published upper critical end poi...


Strategy for growth was built on a refined and focused portfolio of 400 brands (reduced from more than 1,600) supported by an equally targeted procurement and manufacturing base. Niall FitzGerald, cochairman of Unilever Group, declared: "We are determined to deliver a step-change in Unilever's growth rate and further improve its operating performance. We are pursuing changes that mobilise the entire organisation behind our brands to drive growth and margin improvement".


Mathematics is regarded by most people as an essential subject in the curriculum. Its usefulness range from social, aesthetic, utility and communication. Mathematics plays a pivotal role in providing means of studying other disciplines and is designed to enable the learners to acquire attitudes and knowledge that will be relevant to their life after school.  Great emphasis is thus placed on the application to real life situations and practical approaches to the teaching and learning of the subject. However, the formidable problem currently facing mathematics education in Kenya is the need to improve the student's performance in mathematics.  The literature is replete with studies indicating that Computer Based Instructional programs enhance students learning outcomes.  With the introduction of e-learning in Kenyan schools, there is need to develop and explore the effects of computer-based programs in the area of mathematics for instructional purposes.  This paper examines a Computer Based Instructional program that can be used to enhance students learning of mathematical probability concepts in secondary schools in Kenya.


Forty five components were identified in the oil, among them, germacrene D (18.1±0.1%), bicyclogermacrene (1.4±0.0%), and spathunelnol (2.7±0.0%) were the major sesquiterpenoids, n-tetradecanol (4.9±0.0%) was the most abundant fatty alcohol and diisobuthyl phthalate (43.9±0.2%) was the most abundant constituent. The extracts of aerial parts of Sc. nodosa were prepared using different solvents; dichloromethane (DCM), methanol (MeOH) and MeOH: H2O (80:20). Antibacterial activity of the oil and each solvent extract was tested against three Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacteria by nutrient broth micro dilution method. Among the tested microorganisms, Staphylococcus epidermidis (IC50 1.25-5mg/ml), Bacillus subtilis (IC50 1.25mg/ml) and Escherichia coli (IC50 1.25mg/ml) were the most susceptible to the applied oils and the extracts. The antioxidant potential and total phenol contents of the extracts were assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and FolinCiocalteu reagent, respectively. Methanol and 80% methanol extracts of the plant showed relatively weak DPPH radical scavenging activity and low amounts of total phenol contents.


Codex Alimentarius is a collection of international food standards aimed at
 protecting human health and removing barriers to international trade. The Codex
 Committee on Fats and Oils (CCFO) is responsible for the development of world-wide
 standards for fats and oils of animal, vegetable, and marine origin. With the rapid
 increase in the production, international trade, and value of avocado oil, an
 international standard is needed to ensure the authenticity and purity of avocado oil.
 The CCFO has undertaken work on a revision to the Codex Standard for Named Vegetable
 Oils to include a definition and provisions for the chemical and physical
 characteristics of avocado oil. This includes provisions for fatty acid composition,
 chemical and physical characteristics, sterol content and composition, as well as
 tocopherol and tocotrienol content and composition. This will be an overview of the
 progress of the committee,  the current draft provisions, and the upcoming work and
 data that are needed in order to finalize and adopt avocado oil into the Standard for
 Named Vegetable Oils.


The analysis of the I-V characteristics of a CdS/CdTe heterojunction shows the strong influence of the time of deposition of CdTe on the photo-electrical parameters. The best parameters with no antireflection coating, J/sub sc/=24.8 mA/cm/sup 2/, V/sub oc/=0.82 V, FF=0.48, /spl eta/=9.76% are obtained in the case when time of deposition of CdTe is 3.5 min. The photoresponse decreases with increasing CdTe thickness. The photosensitivity covers the wavelength range from 0.50 /spl mu/m to 0.86 /spl mu/m for all cells. The most efficient carrier generation and collection is for the structure with the time of the CdTe layer deposition of 3.5 min.


This book is pocket-sized, with a soft but sturdy cover and clearly identified titles on the front cover and spine. The inside cover contains a description of the book, highlighting the functional approach to the contents.

There are five parts covering organisation of individual cranial nerves and four functionally based topics focusing on the role of cranial nerves during the passage of food through the head and neck. The author has made it clear that the drive for the book is on the clinically useful rather than academic completeness. A note to the reader warns that previous knowledge is needed and also targets undergraduate students in dentistry, medicine and speech therapy, while offering support for postgraduate physicians and healthcare practitioners interested in head and neck medicine.

Part I describes the organisation of cranial nerves. The style of the text is conversational, which helps to remove the daunting formality usually associated with the topic. Essential definitions are addressed before explaining cranial nerve motor and sensory nuclei, tracts and brain stem relationships. The style is relaxed, so much so that for the first time this reviewer has encountered the term 'etc' used in an anatomical text! Figures add supporting information for the more difficult concepts, focusing on the schematic in favour of the anatomically accurate. Overall, the aims are achieved and the reader advances onto the next parts with a sound basis.

Part II commences with a general description of cranial nerves, designed around their role in key functions involved in the eating and swallowing of food. Starting with cutaneous sensation and chewing, the text describes the Vth, VIIth and XIIth cranial nerves. While the detail is broad, the depth does at times fall short of that expected in the more specialist practices such as dentistry and head and neck surgery. Issues such as the sensory nerves involved in supplying maxillary teeth, description of the muscles of mastication and the area of tongue sensation detected by trigeminal nerve branches are the most notable omissions. The facial and hypoglossal nerves are covered accurately and succinctly but surgeons with an interest in parotid gland surgery will be surprised to hear that facial nerve injuries incurred during surgery rarely recover!

Part III deals mainly with swallowing and speech, focusing on the role of the IXth, Xth and XIth cranial nerves. The topics covered are wide, informative and well written but the depth at times does fall short of the level expected in most postgraduate specialist examinations.

Part IV deals with taste and smell, with very good illustrations of the parasympathetic pathways in the head and neck. The sympathetic system is also well described but suffers from the lack of a suitable illustration.

Part V finishes the book by looking at vision and balance. The intricacies of various reflexes are very well covered and the supporting diagrams are an essential adjunct. The role of the IIIrd, IVth and VIth cranial nerves in extra-ocular function is not covered although the various reflexes of the pupil are worthy entries. Balance and hearing, a traditionally complicated topic, is well addressed and presented in an understandable fashion.

Each chapter finishes by giving excellent examples of the clinical impact of some of the nerves covered at each stage. This is valuable for the newer student and those still confused by the impact of the information provided. The reading lists provided are reasonable but it does seem strange that no mention is made of Last's Anatomy, which has provided the bulk of the information in the field to the majority of those entering a surgical career.

So to whom would this book appeal? For the candidate revising for examinations who had reached a point where larger texts had lost their appeal, this text would allow for a review of facts fast fading and serve to refocus the mind on the important issues. However, the reader would need to be aware that of necessity for a book of this size the depth falls short in some crucial areas. For this reason, it could not be a first choice for those beginning their studies, as candidates may find themselves short of the required knowledge level, especially dental students. Its content and size does make it a worthy companion for preexamination revision but the warning that some prior knowledge is a benefit is something of which the reader should take note.


Place and duration where the person lives influenced how he/she thinks and behaves. How the person thinks or evaluates about his/her life known as subjective wellbeing (Diener,2009). Problem of this research is how is the wellbeing of elderly (age 60 and over) who live in Surabaya-Indonesia and in Hangzhou-China. Is there any significant difference of wellbeing among elderly in Indonesia and China? In this research, Psychological Wellbeing (PWB) scale used for measuring wellbeing of elderly (Diener et al., 2009). Results indicated that mean of age of elderly in Indonesia=68,66 years; SD=6,497 (N=101). In China mean of age of elderly=70,75 years; SD=7,658 (N=92). Statistical analysis with independent samples t-test showed there is significant differencebetween wellbeing elderly in Indonesia and China. Wellbeing elderly in China (mean=41,110; SD=4.710) is higher than Indonesia (mean=23,95; SD=3,822). Context where individual lives makes a different life ssryle, also different way of thinking andfeeling about himself or his environmentFinally the way of life influenced elderly wellbeing.


The microclimate of the Horotane Valley is characterised to enable an assessment of land-use potential in the valley. Crops that are traditionally thought of as marginal or unsuitable for commercial growth on the Canterbury Plains, can be grown successfully in the valley. While the residents of the valley have a qualitative appreciation of the climate, no quantitative data had previously been collected to characterise the microclimate. Data collection took place over a five month period from 14th February 1995 to 31 July, 1995. Field observations of maximum and minimum temperature and short-wave radiation are augmented by modelling. Temperature data are used to determine the Growing Degree Day, chill unit and frost distribution. Continuous monitoring of the wind in the upper valley allows analysis of the diurnal and seasonal variation in the wind regime. Radiation receipt varies with slope angle and aspect. Radiation modelling using the "Cosine Law of Illumination" produces comparatively high results as cloud cover, air pollution levels and sky view factors are not taken into account. Albedo varies with the surface colour, roughness and moisture level. Growing degree days initially increase with elevation, until the lower maximum temperatures in the thermal belt counteract the higher minimum temperatures. Chill units decrease with elevation in the thermal belt and then increase again. Frosts are most common on the valley floor and decrease in frequency and severity with elevation up the valley slopes. A temperature inversion is most likely to develop under anticyclone conditions when the nocturnal long-wave emission is at a maximum. Nocturnal temperatures follow the normal lapse rate when the atmosphere is well-mixed. Diurnal temperatures tend to follow the normal lapse rate. Thermotopographically generated winds are prominent m the valley wind regime. The northerly anabatic wind develops in the valley following sumise. It


In this work are presented detailed experimental energy consumption measurements of NB-IoT and GPS modules, aimed at implementing a cattle geolocation device. The objective is to combine modern low-power Internet of Things (IoT) protocols with IoT-assisted GPS location modes to allow implementing a cattle location device powered for years using a single primary battery. A data transmission energy consumption comparison is presented for NB-IoT with LoRa, as another state of the art low-power wide-area network protocol, and with GPRS, as a legacy network used for the Internet of Things, making it possible to observe the evolution of IoT networks for the agribusiness. Finally, a preliminary battery life estimation is presented.


In addition to the orthodox means a 35 m.m. camera has been used for photographing finger imprints at scenes of crime by the Photography Department of the Royal Ulster Constabulary for the past 15 months. All black powdered marks on portable articles brought to headquarters are also photographed by this method. The camera used is a Nikon "F" 35 m.m. single lens reflex fitted with a standard 50 m.m. f.2lens (see Plate I). Viewing is through the lens via an eye-level pentaprism with split-image and ground glass focusing. The pentaprism can be interchanged with a waist-level finder. This camera, together with wide angle and long focus lenses is used for all kinds of police photography-from copying to murder scenes. Before being brought into general use various close-up lenses and film-developer combinations were tested and a final selection made. Extension tubes were not considered as the auto-iris facility would have been lost. All that is required for fingerprint use is the addition of the close-up lens.


Ten healthy infants were examined by polygraph at 2, 6, 12 and 20 weeks of life during night sleep. Significant changes in the pattern of respiration and EEG in the course of quiet sleep have been des


Bacillus megaterium IAM 1030 (Bacillus sp. JCM 20016) possesses four d‐glucose 1‐dehydrogenase isozymes (BmGlcDH‐I, ‐II, ‐III and ‐IV) that belong to the short‐chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. The BmGlcDHs are currently used for a clinical assay to examine blood glucose levels. Of these four isozymes, BmGlcDH‐IV has relatively high thermostability and catalytic activity, but the disadvantage of its broad substrate specificity remains to be overcome. Here, we describe the crystal structures of BmGlcDH‐IV in ligand‐free, NADH‐bound and β‐d‐glucose‐bound forms to a resolution of 2.0 Å. No major conformational differences were found among these structures. The structure of BmGlcDH‐IV in complex with β‐d‐glucose revealed that the carboxyl group at the C‐terminus, derived from a neighboring subunit, is inserted into the active‐site pocket and directly interacts with β‐d‐glucose. A site‐directed mutagenic study showed that destabilization of the BmGlcDH‐IV C‐terminal region by substitution with more bulky and hydrophobic amino acid residues greatly affects the activity of the enzyme, as well as its thermostability and substrate specificity. Of the six mutants created, the G259A variant exhibited the narrowest substrate specificity, whilst retaining comparable catalytic activity and thermostability to the wild‐type enzyme.


Background and Objectives: Loss to follow-up is a common problem of most patients on antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia. Second-line antiretroviral therapy is the drug that would be used when the first-line therapy fails.  Thus this study intends to determine the incidence and risk factors of time to losses to follow up among  Human  Immunodeficiency  Virus (HIV) patients on second line regimens of  Antiretroviral Therapy(ART) in Amhara region Hospitals, Ethiopia.
Methods: Institutional based retrospective cohort study was conducted in the Amhara region hospitals from February to March 2016. A total of 1246 patient from eight hospitals in Amhara region were selected using simple random sampling method and data were extracted from patient charts.  The log rank test was used to assess presence of significant difference in time to losses to follow among levels of categorical variables. Both bi-variiable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify factors that affect the time to losses to follow up.
Results: The cumulative incidence of loss to follow up was 5.41% over the entire (eight) years of follow-up. The cumulative incidence rates of death and transfer out were 10.99%,10.02 %, respectively. In multivariable Cox regression analysis, ambulatory functional status (AHR=0.1967, 95% CI: 0.049- 0 .794), male gender (AHR=2.135, 95% CI: 1.053- 4.330),  adherence to ART (AHR=0.442, 95% CI: 0.198- 0.989) were significant predictors of time to losses to follow up. The use of 2a, 2e and 2g types of second line regimen reduced the risk of  loss to follow up.
Interpretations and Conclusions: The incidence of loss to follow up in Amhara region hospitals was low. Loss to folow up was negatively  associated with female gender, ambulatory  baseline functional status, adherence, & types of second line regimen types. Further research on the effect of  types of drug is recommended by acertaining whether the reduction in loss to follow up  for patients who took drug types of 2a, 2e, and 2g is associaed with improved or worsened health outcomes by trafcking lost patients closely.


Groundwater ages estimated from environmental tracers can help calibrate groundwater flow models. Groundwater age represents a mixture of traveltimes, with the distribution of ages determined by the detailed structure of the flow field, which can be prone to significant transient variability. Effects of pumping on age distribution were assessed using direct age simulation in a hypothetical layered aquifer system. A steady state predevelopment age distribution was computed first. A well field was then introduced, and pumpage caused leakage into the confined aquifer of older water from an overlying confining unit. Large changes in simulated groundwater ages occurred in both the aquifer and the confining unit at high pumping rates, and the effects propagated a substantial distance downgradient from the wells. The range and variance of ages contributing to the well increased substantially during pumping. The results suggest that the groundwater age distribution in developed aquifers may be affected by transient leakage from low‐permeability material, such as confining units, under certain hydrogeologic conditions.


Given the recent influx of prices in the housing market, determining a fair housing price has been of high interest for many homebuyers and sellers alike. In this project, various machine learning models are used to predict the price of a house based on physical features and characteristics such as lot size and neighborhood. Extensive data preprocessing and feature engineering were employed to aid the models' performance compared to other models in the market. The best models have been able to predict U.S houses' prices within a RMSE value of $23,000 when the mean price of a house in the dataset is $180,000. In future research, this model can be implemented in various other places within the U.S and additional features can improve performance further.


This chapter details what transpired in Mississippi between the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954, the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964, and the Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education ruling in 1969, as local blacks fought to hold their school districts accountable to the principles of Brown, and whites devised a host of ever-changing ways to delay or impede desegregation efforts. Despite the success of the Citizens' Council in stopping blacks from filing desegregation petitions with their local school boards, many blacks in the South continued to hold onto at least a modicum of optimism that the law of the land would ultimately prevail. In October 1969, the Alexander v. Holmes Board of Education ruling finally forced school districts in Mississippi to end their dual system of segregated schooling.


Objective To study the delayed protective effects of norepinephrine preconditioning by express-ing heat shock protein70(HSP70)on reperfused myocardium in isolated rat heart.Methods The study consisted of24Sprague-Dawley rats,which were randomly divided into3groups:control group,E 12h and E 24h group(n=8,respectively).According to the time of norepinephrine(NE)being injected into the belly cavity of the rats,the ex-periment group was divided into2groups:E 12h and E24h group.The levels of CK,LDH and ATP,which indi-cated myocardium injury,and the cardiac function(LVSP and±dp/dt max)were observed in this study.The ex-pression of HSP70was estimated by Western Blot method.Results The expression of HSP70in E 12h group was a little higher than that in control group(P0.05),while that in E 24h group was highest(P0.01).Compared with control group,the levels of LDH and CK in E 24h group were reduced,the ATP content was increased,the cardiac function was improved(P0.01,respectively).Conclusions Norepinephrine preconditioning by highly expressing HSP70has delayed protective effect on reperfused myocardium in isolated rat hearts.


In systems engineering, reuse is defined as the utilization of previously developed systems engineering products or artifacts such as architectures and requirements. Previously, we proposed an approach named AspeCiS to develop a Cooperative IS (CIS) from existing ISs by using their artifacts such as requirements, and design. This approach can be justified by the fact that it is frequently not easy for a sole Information System (IS) to achieve a new emerging complex task. One solution is to make existing ISs collaborate to realize this task. So, AspeCiS is structured in three phases, which are: (i) discovery and analysis of Cooperative Requirements, (ii) development of Cooperative Requirements models, and (iii) preparation of the implementation phase. The main issue of AspeCIS is the definition of Cooperative Requirements using the Existing and Additional Requirements, which should be composed with the Aspectual Requirements. We earlier studied how to elicit the Cooperative Requirements in AspeCiS. In the present work, we propose to combine Model-driven engineering (MDE) approach with the Aspect paradigm to define Cooperative Requirements Models. For this, we propose an UML profile which allows designer to model AspeCiS's aspects to produce cooperative requirements models. This profile is a response to the following question: How to model Aspects in AspeCiS?


. It is shown that the set of initial conditions leading to collision in the inverse square force law has measure zero. I-"or the inverse q force law the behavior of binary collisions for 1 < q < 3 and the behavior of any collision for q - 1 is developed. This information is used to show that collisions are improbable in the inverse q force law where q < 17/7 and that binary collisions .are improbable for q < 3.


Master's thesis, submitted spring 2014 The primary aim of this thesis has been to investigate the development of unstressed vowels from early Old English and into the late Old English period, and to tie the observed changes to the later merger of unstressed vowels in English to [@]. Texts from the four principal dialect areas of Old English are examined and compared, drawing where possible on previous scholarship. Although it must be noted that the process of reduction in unstressed syllables is an inherited linguistic trait observable in cognate languages, two intralinguistic explanations for the phonological changes seen in Old English are o ered in addition to a discussion on the e ects of language contact. The thesis nds that unstressed vowels in some pretonic sufxes behave di erently from vowels in grammatical endings, and that while front vowels underwent an earlier merger in the northern dialects, the back vowels appear to have merged earlier in the southern areas.


Camera systems with automated zoom lenses are inherently more useful than those with xed-parameter lenses. Variable-parameter lenses enable us to produce better images by matching the camera's sensing characteristics to the conditions in a scene. They also allow us to make measurements by noting how the scene's image changes as the lens settings are varied. The reason variable-parameter lenses are not more commonly used in machine vision is that they are diicult to model for continuous ranges of lens settings. In this paper we present a methodology for producing accurate camera models for systems with automated, variable-parameter lenses. To demonstrate our methodology's eeectiveness we applied it to produce an \adjustable," perspective-projection camera model based on Tsai's xed camera model. Our model was calibrated and tested on an automated zoom lens where it operated across continuous ranges of focus and zoom with an average error of less than 0.11 pixels between the predicted and measured positions of features in the image plane. 1 FIXED VERSUS ADJUSTABLE CAMERA MODELS Conventionally camera models have been used to capture the imaging properties of xed-parameter lenses. For xed lenses the image-formation process is static, and thus the camera model's terms are constants. In variable-parameter lenses the image-formation process is an adjustable function of the lens control settings, and thus the terms in the camera models must also be variable. The question is, \How do the terms in the camera models vary with the lens settings?" This question is diicult to answer for two reasons: First, the two traditional models of the image-formation process | the pinhole camera and the thin lens | are idealized, high-level abstractions of the real image-formation process, and the connection between the model terms and the lens's physical connguration is not direct. Second, the relationship between the lens's physical connguration and the control settings is complex and typically we have very little a priori knowledge about the underlying mechanisms involved. We have no good theoretical basis for these relationships. Since every model term is potentially a function of every lens control, the actual relationships between the model terms and the lens controls must be determined empirically. Unlike the calibration of xed-parameter lenses, the calibration of variable-parameter lenses requires measurements over ranges of lens settings. This raises several challenges. First, the dimensionality of the data is the same as the number of controls that are to be concurrently modeled. Even if we …


The article analyzes the problem of the United States immigration policy in the second half of the 19th century. On the wide documentary base the author singles out the stages in solution of immigrant problem by President and legislative power and the specific features of the US Congress discussion. The special attention is paid to the US President's role in formation of immigration policy.


Abstract Purpose This review was conducted to investigate the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on spasticity post-stroke. Materials and methods PubMed, SCOPUS, PEDro, CINAHL, MEDLINE, REHABDATA, and Web of Science databases were searched until May 2020. The methodological quality was evaluated using the physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale. Many inclusion and exclusion criteria of the studies were determined. Results Six studies were included in this systematic review. Three were pilot studies, clinical controlled trials (n = 2), and randomized controlled trials (n = 1). The scores on the PEDro scale ranged from two to five, with a median score of three. The findings of this study showed heterogeneous evidence on the benefits of the PNF intervention on spasticity post-stroke. Conclusion The evidence for the effect of the PNF on spasticity in patients with stroke was limited. Further strong clinical trials with long-term follow-up are needed.


The 1.57 μm signal output from a NCPM KTP OPO with gradient reflectivity mirror was used to pump a AgGaSe2 OPO. Continuous idler wavelength tuning was demonstrated from 6 to 14 μm, with energies up to 1 mJ/pulse and with a bandwidth of ~ 5 cm−1 FWHM.


This paper addresses the strictly dissipative control problem for continuous-time stochastic Markov jump systems with input saturation and quantized measurements. A modified sector condition is used to deal with the input saturation. By using a mode-dependent Lyapunov function, new results on the synthesis are proposed with satisfied dissipative performance under a unified convex optimization framework. Finally, simulation studies are conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.


Abstract A variety of experimental test procedures are being used to determine the susceptibility of high strength materials to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Much controversy exists over the int...


Social media is a group of applications that allow people to give their opinion about interesting things to the public. The advantage of social media is the enormous amount of opinions that can be collected in a short time. For example, how people react to a certain issue and their loyalty to a certain side of that issue can lead the related parties to take the best strategy to respond. In addition, grouping people and their sentiments toward a party is the topic that will be explored in this study. The case study that is used is the rivalry between KPK and POLRI in early 2015. Before data mining was done, the researcher did some pre-processing phases and feature extraction. These phases translated raw data (tweets) to numerical data. Besides, support vector machine is used in this research to handle many data with many attribute. It was proved by the result of cross-validation that provides accuracy of 86,124%. Data visualization provides information about people tendency to side one or both parties and their sentiment that classified as positive or negative


Objective To understand the hygiemic condition in sterilization of tableware and provide basis for making effective measures. Methods Tableware in Bao'an District in 2000~2003 were detected,according to sanitary standard of kitchenware and the results were analyzed. Results The average qualification rate in 2000~2003 is 80.3%, and the qualification rate is rising every year. The qualification rates of tableware in big, medium and small restaurants were 95.3%,82.0% and 65.5% respectively. Conclusion Health inspection department should enhance the management and monitoring of sterilization of tableware, especially to middle and little restaurants.


MONOSYNAPTIC REFLEX EXCITATION Of the triceps surae muscles ( gastrocnemius-soleus) can be studied by synchronously stimulating or activating group l a afferent fibers by mechanical distortion of their muscle spindle receptors or by electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa. In 1950, Magladery and McDougal' named this electrically induced reflex the "H-reflex," in honor of Hofhann, who first described it in 1919.2 In contrast to the direct muscle or M-response elicited by the electrical stimulation of the alpha efferent motor fibers, the latency of the H-reflex increases as the point of stimulation is moved distally and decreases when moved proximally over the nerve.l.3 Usually, the strength of the percutaneous electrical stimulus necessary to elicit the H-reflex is subthreshold for the M-response. Since stimulating needle electrode studies indicate similar thresholds in group 1 afferent and alpha efferent fibers,4J the more superficial location of group l a afferentse may account for the apparent threshold differences. Furthermore, the M-response can be elicited at a stimulus strenqth which is subthreshold for the H-reflex when the point of percutaneous electrical stimulation approaches the motor point for the gastrocnemius muscle.7 For reasons still not adequately explained, the H-reflex gradually diminishes and disappears as the strength of stimulus is increased. There have been many attempts to use the H-reflex as a diagnostic too1,8-12 but variations in technique and the lack of control studies prevent any substantial conclusions. I t is the purpose of this paper to define a standard procedure and to study the H-reflex in normal adult subjects. METHOD


This study determined the effectiveness of stress management teaching skills in order to reduce student's avoidance coping style and negative attribution, as well as promotion of mental health among female students in Arak city during 2011-2012school years. This research applied quasi-experimental– descriptive method and a pre-test - post-test with control group. Statistics population included high school girls in Arak city. Among them, 16 students who obtained optimum score from general health questionnaire(GHQ 28) were selected as the sample and then they were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups with 8students.Experimental group learnt skills of stress management during 10 sessions (90 minutes for each session) and at the end of the sessions, the post-test was conducted on both groups. Results were analyzed by ANCOVA and it showed that skills of stress management teaching could be effective in reducing the students' avoidance coping styles and negative attribution, as well as promotion of mental health among female students.


An efficient electrochemical oxidation strategy for the total synthesis of a dimeric hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole alkaloid, (±)-folicanthine (1b), has been envisioned. Control experiments suggest that a PCET pathway involving stepwise electron transfer followed by proton transfer (ET-PT) was involved in the key oxidative dimerization process.


nearly $1 billion in compensation for the lands lost to them and their ancestors by white occupation and settlement. The Act called for gradual conveyance of the land and money and set up 13 regional Native corporations to manage the transfer and invest the money. Natives were to be enrolled in one or other of the corporations. In the decade since the historic bill became law, some of the corporations have grown into the giants of Alaskan business and some have slid to near bankruptcy. The claims settlement, while 'bold,' has been something less than a total success.


The Who-Are-You-Time-Extension (WAYTE) method was administered twice to 68 introductory psychology students. The split-half reliability estimates were low and the retest estimates variable and satisfactory only for the combined categories. The interscorer consistency among three judges was in the high .80s and the .90s for four categories and generally moderate to high for the remainder.


The Artemisia capillaris THUNB is a perennial herb that belongs to the family Compositae spp. and probably the most common plant among the various herbal folk remedies being used in the treatment of abdominal pain, hepatitis, chronic liver disease, jaundice and coughing in Korea. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Artemisia capillaris extracts on the amounts of splenocytes-derived cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10). In in vivo experimental tests using 210 ICR mice with Hepa-1c1c7 or sarcoma 180 cancer line, splenocytes derived cytokine contents were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the Hepa-1c1c7 and Sarcoma 180 inoculated vehicle controls, HP and SP, compared to those of the intact vehicle control on both the 28 th day and the 42 nd day, respectively. However, these decreases of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 levels induced by tumor inoculations were significantly (p < 0.01, p < 0.05) inhibited by mACH (Artemisia capillaris methanol extracts) treatment regardless of the type of experiments and tumor cells inoculated. The results suggest that Artemisia capillaris methanol extracts have prominent anti-inflammation effects on the cancer cell lines Hepa-1c1c7 and Sarcoma 180.


Serious doubts have been raised about the coherence of theories of the sublime and the usefulness of the concept. By contrast, the sublime is increasingly studied as a key function in Kant's moral psychology and in his ethics. This article combines methodological conservatism, approaching the topic from within Kant's discussion of aesthetic judgment, with reconstruction of a conception of human agency that is tenable on Kantian grounds. I argue that a coherent theory of the sublime is possible and useful, and the experience of the sublime is significant for our self-conception as agents. However, the chief interest in the sublime is not moral.


Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth is a tree species native to the Brazilian Cerrado that has been listed as an endangered species due to its overexploitation in the last decades. Given its slow and difficult propagation in natural environments, propagation in plant nurseries appears as an interesting strategy to preserve this endangered species. Therefore, in this study we employed a wide range of temperatures (i.e. from -25°C to -196°C) to store seeds of B. virgilioides in the short-term, and evaluated its efficiency by assessing seed germination rate, speed index, time and synchrony, as well as seedling growth and quality. Germination percentage was only slightly negatively affected by storage time (up to 32 weeks) at 25°C. Despite that, after 32 weeks of storage, all storage temperatures resulted in similar seed germination parameters and seedling growth and quality. Overall, our results highlight that the seeds of this species can be stored in the short-term at a wide range of temperatures, facilitating large-scale propagation in plant nurseries.


In teaching Wordsworth's Preface with the appropriate chapters from Biographia Literaria, we face a familiar tangle of problems. Some students will always be among those readers of Coleridge who find his critique both ill tempered and wrongheaded. Coleridge's evaluation of the Preface and his commentary on the poetry can seem only tangentially related. And there is the overall problem of integrating the study of these texts into a course concerned primarily with poetry rather than the intricacies of critical theory.


I offer a new argument for the elimination of 'beliefs' from cognitive science based on Wimsatt's ([1981]) concept of robustness and a related concept of fragility. Theoretical entities are robust if multiple independent means of measurement produce invariant results in detecting them. Theoretical entities are fragile when multiple independent means of detecting them produce highly variant results. I argue that sufficiently fragile theoretical entities do not exist. Recent studies in psychology show radical variance between what self-report and non-verbal behaviour indicate about participants' beliefs. This is evidence that 'belief' is fragile, and is thus a strong candidate for elimination. 1. Introduction2. Robustness and Fragility2.1. A historical example of robustness2.2. Fragility and elimination3. The Received View4. Evidence for the Fragility of Belief4.1. Contamination and fragility4.2. Implicit association tests and fragility5. Attempts to Preserve the Belief Category for Cognitive Science5.1. Beliefs and aliefs5.2. Contradictory beliefs5.3. In-between beliefs and the unity assumption5.4. Belief sub-classes5.5. Self-deception6. Alternative Mental States7. Conclusion Introduction Robustness and Fragility2.1. A historical example of robustness2.2. Fragility and elimination A historical example of robustness Fragility and elimination The Received View Evidence for the Fragility of Belief4.1. Contamination and fragility4.2. Implicit association tests and fragility Contamination and fragility Implicit association tests and fragility Attempts to Preserve the Belief Category for Cognitive Science5.1. Beliefs and aliefs5.2. Contradictory beliefs5.3. In-between beliefs and the unity assumption5.4. Belief sub-classes5.5. Self-deception Beliefs and aliefs Contradictory beliefs In-between beliefs and the unity assumption Belief sub-classes Self-deception Alternative Mental States Conclusion


Power management units are essential parts in almost every electronic system. PMUs have distinct test and calibration schemes compared to other regular analog circuits since they operate in the large signal mode and the operation heavily depends on the nature of the load. Built-in test and calibration for PMUs is becoming increasingly more common-place due to the challenges posed by increasing process variations, decreasing form factor, and increasingly diverse load conditions. This panel will discuss the challenges related to testing of power management circuits, calibration and built-in test approaches that are currently in place and the way to move forward.


Adaptive software development process is a set of activities to build adaptive softwares. Adaptive software is able to itself change its architecture or behavior at runtime without stopping whole system through an adaptation process. In architecture based adaptive software, an adaptation process includes some actions to change/replace components and their connectors. A challenge when replacing components at runtime is to maintain the state of the system such the value stored in variables, communication messages, etc. To cope with this issue, some approaches use state transfer functions which are manually implemented in the implementation phase of the development process. These are ad-hoc approaches. They do not define a general solution to manage state in the development process. Therefore, we propose an approach to manage state applied in adaptive software development process. This approach is interested in specifying the state in software architecture model at design time and be applied at runtime to automatically generate a state transfer model. This model is used during adaptation process for transferring state.


The present paper explains about UGC-Infonet Consortium of the INFLIBNET and examined use of the Consortium by the Faculty Members and Research Scholars. Further, the data is collected through a questionnaire to study the information needs of the Faculty Members and Researchers in Chemistry and Use of UGC-Infonet Consortium by the Faculty Members and Research Scholars in the Dept of Chemistry, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga. The paper revealed that UGC Infonet Consortium is much helpful in fulfilling their information needs. There is need to train the faculty members and research scholars in using the UGC-Infonet Journals. Further, there is need to include more number of Journals in the Consortium.


We describe a new species of Scincella based on a single specimen from Dien Bien Province, northern Vietnam. Scincella darevskii sp. nov. is distinguished from its congeners by the following character combination: size large (SVL 88.6 mm); prefrontals separated; supraoculars 5; primary temporal single; external ear opening present, with 3 lobules on anterior margin; midbody scales in 28 rows; dorsal scales smooth, in 6 rows across the back; paravertebral scales 62, not widened; dorsum and tail base bronze with a light dorsolateral stripe from neck to hindlimb; upper lateral zone with dark brown stripe from nostril to anterior corner of eye and from posterior corner of eye to tail base; another light stripe running from nostril below the eye to tympanum and continuous to anterior groin. In addition, we discuss the validity of S. ochracea based on examination of type material, and we comment on the diversity of Vietnamese Scincella , the species number of which increased from four to currently nine within one year only.


This essay is about the realization of power's proximity, and about how, once taken seriously, power forces us (1) to disband the outmoded notion of representing a generalized Other, and (2) abandon the Other's co-ordinate, subjective political agency. A tentative premise describes how the proximity of power -- its stickiness -- forces us to seek more politically informed notions about otherness and identity than could previously be thought. Upon that basis, an argument is built on behalf of a politics that attempts to exceed subjective agency by abandoning identity to politics, rather than abandoning politics to identity. Althusser, Foucault, West, Mudimbe, and Trin Minh-ha are brought into the discussion.


In general industry of leather bag handmade in Denpasar have several constraints as follows the similiar industries that have strong capital still dominate in the processof marketing and production process, intense competition, and the un-optimal usage of labor, and it ishave effect on production.This study aimed tofind out the effect of funds and labors both in simultaneous and partial towards the industrial productions of leather bag handmade in Denpasar, and to describe the economic of scale and production characteristic of leather bag handmade industry in Denpasar, with multiple linear regression analysis technique then transformed into Cobb-Douglass model. The sample was 67 businessman as respondents. The result showed that the fund and the labors washave significant effect towards the industry of leather bag handmade both simultaneous and partial (p<0,05). The economic of scale the leather bag handmade industry in Denpasar in category ofincreasing return to scale because the total of regression coefficients was 1,484. The character of leather bag industry in Denpasar was the labor intensive its shown by regression coefficients of the labors was higher than the fund.


In this paper we present a system to build synthetic graphic documents for performance evaluation using two main components. The first one performs a vectorial distortion on the objects without using any prior knowledge. The other position the objects in the documents using four filling algorithms allowing to preserve a partitioning between the objects and the document background. Experiments done on more of 300 000 symbols show that our system distort and fill in a logarithmic and gaussian way.


This paper deals with the various sources of heavy metals and the reduction of heavy metals from the effluent water discharged from electroplating industries. The various metals present in the waste water are found to be lead, chromium, zinc, copper, cadmium, mercury etc., The various methods that are available to remove the heavy metals are adsorption, chemical precipitation, sedimentation filtration etc. Here precipitation method experimental work has been carried out for the removal of some heavy metals from the waste water. The present study deals with the determination of physicochemical parameters of electroplating effluents collected from a local industry. Treatment of chrome plating effluent water was carried out using the Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) and polyelectrolyte were selected as coagulant and settling agent respectively at appropriate pH conditions. The efficiency of the performance of Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) and polyelectrolyte was estimated and the optimum conditions were found to be pH 9 at room temperature. The treatment efficiency of the chrome plating waste water was also carried out. The result shows the performance of Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) in treating chrome plating effluent water effectively. This study is intended to provide, in layman's terms, a better understanding of the precipitation and coagulation process as applied to industrial wastewater treatment.


Commercial (uncoated) Fabry-Perot laser diodes are converted to single-frequency spectroscopy sources by passively locking the laser frequency to the band edge of a fiber Bragg grating, which phase-locks the laser oscillations through self-injection seeding. The wide bandwidth characteristic of the gain media of diode


The research was motivated by the emergence of new phenomen4 especially
the various brand of instant noodle products in Indonesia more intense. The producers
of instant noodles in Indonesia are competing to create the instant noodle product
quality and popular society. lndomie, as tle market leader in instant noodles in
Indonesia face the arival of a competitor who is not less great is Mi Tuberose.
lndomie has taken action in order to keep consumers make purchases of Indomie
instant noodle.
The purpose of this study was conducted to analyze the influence of brand
awareness, brand Association and the perceived quality of the buying interest in the
Village Gisikdrono indomie Semarang. The research was conducted on consumers
who buy at the village Gisikdrono indomie Semarang, and the number of samples is
detennined using the 100 respondents with non probality sampling method. The
method of analysis used is quantitative analysis. Data that meets the test of validity,
reliability testing, and test the classic assumption made by multiple regression
analysis and hypothesis testing
Based on the results ofthe analysis it can be concluded: brand awareness have
a positive inlluence on the buying interest, brand association have a positive influence
on the buying interes! there is a positive influence on perceived quality of the buying
interes! there is a positive influence of brand awareness, brand association and
perceived quality of the buying interest. Value of coefficient of determination
(Adjusted R Square) is equal to 0.765 or 76.5Vo mean variation can be explained by
the interest in brand awareness, brand association and perceived quality of the
remaining 76.50/o and 35.5Yo influenced by other factors.


The composite materials are more demand in industrial and aerospace sectors having very good passive damping in order to mitigate the amplitude of vibrations caused during dynamic service conditions. Hybrid composites are widely used in the structural applications like aircraft, automotive, marine, and machine tool structures owing to their excellent strength to weight ratio, cost effectiveness and nowadays they replace metallic materials predominantly. The recent fabrication of structures in hybrid composites contains reinforcing organic and inorganic nature. The wastage particles such as RHA and fly ash are interlaced in two mutually orthogonal directions to one another which promote excellent integrity and conformability and balanced mechanical properties within the fabric plane. Because of these advantages hybrid composites become popular in all such mentioned structural applications. The investigation mainly focus on fatigue life influenced by organic and inorganic particles with different weight fraction measured at different stress levels over a wide range spectrum of three different materials are evaluated and compared. The mechanical properties such as fatique strength, hardness and compressive strength were studied for all specimens. The micro/macro cracks and fracture surface are revealed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Optical microscope (OM) analysis is used to find out the difference at different stress level conditions to determine the safe stress level.


A description is presented of the design and performance of several large-area CCD imagers, including large 1-in. TV imagers, and very large multi-output buttable devices. A photocomposition technique is described which permits the area limitations of the wafer stepper to be surmounted, thus allowing the manufacture of very large devices. The design and performance of a 1-in. format 875-line CCD are reported, as well as the 525- and 625-line variants. A series schematic and design specifications are given for a three-phase, nonantibloomed, buried channel frame transfer CCD. The incorporation of the photocomposition technique, called stitching, in CCD devices is explained. Performance testing results and previous applications are mentioned. The CCDs show low readout noise and may be butted into large arrays, and can handle high amounts of charge at high speed. The products are shown to achieve their design targets, and an extra degree of freedom in image-area limitations is created by applying the autoalign capability of the wafer stepper.


The invention relates to a floating pontoon type sea wave generating set which comprises power generation boxes, cylindrical floating pontoons for providing the buoyancy and rigid connecting rods. A plurality of power generation boxes are provided; the specific number of the power generation boxes is determined according to the scale of the generating set; and the number of the power generation boxes needs to be a multiple of four. The numbers of the floating pontoons and the connecting rods are consistent with that of the power generation boxes. A power generating unit is formed by four power generation boxes and four floating pontoons and four connecting rods, which are matched with the four power generation boxes. Each power generation box comprises a box body and a double output shaft low-speed rare earth permanent magnet generator, an energy storage flywheel, a first bidirectional driving gear accelerator and a second bidirectional driving gear accelerator which are positioned in the box body. According to the invention, rotational kinetic energy in two directions which are respectively along a rotor shaft of the double output shaft low-speed rare earth permanent magnet generator and vertical to the rotor shaft can be converted into electric energy and the small fluctuation generated by small waves can be amplified without being limited by the wave height. The floating pontoon type sea wave generating set has the characteristics of short transmission chain, high efficiency, simple structure and low cost and is suitable for generating power for small and medium-sized ships and supplying power to island watch men.


Background: Multiplexed imaging is a rapidly growing field that promises to substantially increase the number of proteins that can be imaged simultaneously.
We have developed Multiplexed Ion Beam Imaging by Time of Flight
(MIBI-TOF), which uses elemental reporters conjugated to primary antibodies
that are then quantified using a time of flight mass-spectrometer.
This technique allows for more than 40 distinct proteins to visualized at
once in the same clinical samples. This has already yielded significant insights
into the interactions and relationships between the many different
immune cell populations present in the tumor microenvironment. However,
one of the remaining challenges in analyzing such data is accurately
determining target protein expression values for each cell in the image.
This requires the precise delineation of boundaries between cells that are
often tightly packed next to one another. Current methods to address
this challenge largely rely on DNA intensity to make these splits, and are
thus mostly limited to nuclear segmentation.
Methods:
We have developed a novel convolutional neural network to perform
whole-cell segmentation from multiplexed imaging data. Rather than
relying only on DNA signal, we use a panel of morphological
markers. Our method integrates the information from these distinct
proteins, allowing it to segment large cancer cells, small lymphocytes,
and normal epithelium at the same time without requiring
fine-tuning or manual adjustment.
Results:
By combining our novel imaging platform with new computational
tools, we are able to achieve extremely accurate segmentation of
whole cells in tissue. Our approach compares favorably with many of
the currently used tools for segmentation. We show that our improvements
in accuracy come both from our novel imaging approach as well
as algorithmic advances. We perform significantly better than traditional
machine learning algorithms trained on the same dataset. Additionally,
we show that our algorithm can be trained to identify cells
across a range of cancer histologies and disease grades.
Conclusions:
We have developed a robust and accurate approach to whole-cell
segmentation in human tissues. We show the superiority over this
method over current state of the art algorithms. The accurate segmentation
generated by our approach will enable the analysis of
complex tissue architectures with highly overlapping cell types, and
will help to advance our understanding of the interactions between
cell types in the diseased state.


Objective To investigate the role of detection of circulation alpha-fetoprotein(AFP) mRNA and telomerase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC) of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Methods In patients with HCC,benign liver tumors,chronic liver diseases,and healthy volunteers,expression of circulation AFPmRNA and telomerase activity in PBMC were detected using nest reverse transcriptase-PCR(Nest RT-PCR) or PCR-ELISA respectively.Results(1) All the patients with benign liver tumors(n=10),chronic liver diseases(n=30),and healthy volunteers(n=30) had negative expression of circulation AFPmRNA,and the positive rate of circulation AFPmRNA in patients with HCC(73.3%,22/30)(all P0.001).(2) In patients with HCC,the positive rate of telomerase activity in PBMC(93.3%,28/30) was significantly higher than those in patients with benign liver tumors(40.0%,4/10),chronic liver diseases(6.7%,2/30),and healthy volunteers(0)(P0.01,0.001 and 0.001,respectively).(3) In patients with HCC,circulation AFPmRNA was significantly positively correlated to telomerase activity in PBMC(r=0.6742,P0.05).Conclusions AFPmRNA represents a specific indicator of circulation HCC cells.However,detection of telomerase activity appears to be more sensitive.Combined detection of AFPmRNA and telomerase activity can have important clinical significance.


A comprehensive report by the US President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research addresses some of the most important and troubling ethical and legal questions in modern medicine for consideration by health care professionals, lawyers, and relatives of patients regarding the sensitive topic of voluntary cessation of life-sustaining therapy for the seriously ill. It was concluded that the cases that involve true ethical difficulties are much fewer than commonly believed and that the perception of difficulties primarily occurs because of misunderstandings about the dictates of law and ethics. It also is concluded that, while competent informed patients have the authority to decline or accept health care, others must act on the behalf of incompetent patients. The report urges that health care institutions develop and use internal review methods that permit exploration of all relevant issues. The 7 report chapters are grouped around 2 themes: the various aspects of making treatment decisions; and patient groups raising special concerns (e.g.: permanently-unconscious patients; seriously-ill newborns. (wz).... Download ebook, read file pdf A Report on the Ethical, Medical, and Legal Issues in Treatment Decisions Improving Quality and Honoring Individual Preferences Near the End of Life For patients and their loved ones, no care decisions are more profound than those made near the end of life. Unfortunately, the experience of dying in the United States is often characterized by fragmented care, inadequate treatment of distressing symptoms, frequent transitions among care settings, and enormous care responsibilities for families. According to this report, the current health care system of rendering more intensive services than are necessary and desired by patients, and the lack of coordination among programs increases risks to patients and creates avoidable burdens on them and their families. Dying in America is a study of the current state of health care for persons of all ages who are nearing the end of life. Death is not a strictly


This study was designed to examine the incorporation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers into lipids of various tissues (liver, adipose tissue, spleen and heart), and the effect of these diets on tissue lipid weights and fatty acid composition. Eight week old, female mice (n=6/group) were fed either a control diet, or diets supplemented with 0.5% of either c9,t11‐ or t10,c12‐CLA isomers for eight weeks. Feeding t10, c12‐CLA, led to a 400% increase in the liver lipid weight, a 75% reduction in adipose tissue lipids, but no change in the lipid weights of spleen or heart. Feeding of c9, t11‐CLA did not alter the lipid weights of tissues examined. Feeding of t10, c12‐CLA increased the wt% concentration of 18:1n‐9 by 20–50% in liver and heart compared to animals fed the control diet; c9, t11‐CLA decreased 18:1n‐9 in liver, adipose, and spleen but not in heart. C9, t11‐CLA increased the wt% concentration of 18:2n‐6 by 20 % in liver and adipose tissue lipids; t10, c12‐CLA decreased 18:2n‐6 by 50% in liver. In the t10,c12‐CLA group, the wt % of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the ratio between n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid decreased by 25% in heart, while DHA increased by >700% and 20:4n‐6 decreased by >95% in the spleen lipids. In contrast, in the c9, t11‐CLA group, 20:4n6 increased by 67% in lipids of the spleen, with no changes in the heart. The potential consequences of such changes in heart and spleen fatty acid composition on immune and cardiovascular health need to be investigated.


CHILDREN'S COPING WITH PEER REJECTION EXPERIENCES: THE REGULATING ROLE OF EMOTION By Kimberly Goodman, B.S. A thesis proposal submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2006 Major Director: Michael Southam-Gerow., Ph.D., Professor, Department of Psychology The primary purpose of this investigation was to examine the role of emotions as predictors of children's coping responses to peer rejection experiences. This study also explored how children's emotional experience and coping behaviors were related to gender, peer socialization (i.e., receiving prosocial acts by peers and previous victimization experiences), and indices of psychopathology. Children ages 7-12 (N=53) completed questionnaires to assess emotional and coping responses to hypothetical peer rejection scenarios, symptoms of depression and anxiety, and peer experiences. Overall, findings suggested that emotion-related factors (emotion states and more stable "emotional tendencies" such as psychological symptoms) and social context (i.e., children's prosocial peer experiences and victimization) are important predictors of children's coping with peer rejection. Children's emotions predicted coping responses after controlling for peer experiences. Discrete emotions were uniquely associated with coping responses, indicating that coping responses are emotionally-driven. Finally, gender emerged as a predictor of children's emotions in response to rejection experiences. Girls were more likely than boys to anticipate feeling sad or worried in response to rejection. These findings provide an empirical foundation for future research and the development of interventions to facilitate adaptive reactions to peer rejection.


In this paper, we make an introduction to the security management in the next generation wireless mobile net- works, including the access security mechanisms in the circuited-switched domain, packet-switched domain and emerging IP multimedia subsystem domain. Several re- search challenges are identified, including security architecture with network heterogeneity, energy-security trade- offs and mobility-security interaction. The identified is- sues can serve as the potential guidance for further study to satisfy higher security requirement and lower introduced overhead.


The CNDO/2 MO method has been used to study gas phase reactions of protonated acetaldehyde with alcohols and protonated acetic acid with alcohols respectively by optimizing state geometries. Results showed that the former is predicted to proceed by alkyl-O cleavage and the latter by acyl-O cleavage. It has also been found using eigenvector properties of reactants that the former should be a charge controlled while the latter an orbital controlled reaction. According to the calculated activation energies assuming the transition states proposed by Caserio et al., the predicted reactivity order for alcohols agreed with the experiments for the latter but the order predicted was the reverse of the experimental one for the former.


To address the problems of low accuracy of artificial hummingbird algorithm (AHA) and its tendency to fall into local optimum, we propose a new artificial hummingbird optimization algorithm (ALAHA) integrating adaptive search and Levy flight. First, we use kent mapping in the initial stage of the algorithm to make the distribution of hummingbird individuals more uniform; then, we introduce Levy flight as an adaptive weight factor to adjust the search step size in the AHA guided foraging and territorial foraging stages to improve the global search ability of the population; finally, we perform adaptive distance search around hummingbird individuals according to the population convergence to improve the search accuracy of the algorithm. In this paper, 10 classical benchmark test functions are selected to experiment the algorithm and compared with other algorithms to test the performance of the algorithm from different perspectives. The results show that the improvement of ALAHA algorithm has improved in the aspects of merit-seeking ability, stability and robustness. The algorithm before and after the improvement is also experimented with the rolling bearing design, and the results are found to be improved compared with the previous algorithm.


An object of the present invention includes an organic EL element electrode structure in which both a light-emitting function and the touch detection function, have a certain control circuitry, can be a small formatting and thinner, simplifying the process to achieve and the organic EL module is to provide a smart device and a lighting device equipped it. The organic EL module of the present invention has a touch detection function, and a light emitting element driving circuit unit having a light emitting element driving circuit unit for driving the touch detection circuit unit and the organic EL panel, the organic EL panel, the internal It has a pair of opposing electrodes in the position of the pair of electrodes is connected to the light emitting element driving circuit unit, and one of the pair of electrodes is a touch detection electrode, the touch detection electrode in the touch detection circuit unit is connected, the touch detection circuit unit and the light-emitting element driving circuit unit, characterized in that it is connected to a respective separate ground.


PURPOSE: A two-segments assembled retaining wall is provided to reduce processing and construction costs and to improving the stability of the retaining wall by assembling a L-shaped retaining wall, a wall and a supporting member, which are manufactured in a factory in advance, and installing them on a construction site. CONSTITUTION: A two-segments assembled retaining wall comprises an L-shaped retaining wall(100), a lower wall(200), a first support member and a connecting member. The L-shaped retaining wall is composed of an upper wall(110) and a base plate(120). The base plate is vertically combined with the lower part of the upper wall. A first projection(130) is formed on the bottom plane.


Recently the steady tendency to increase in volumes of transportation, oil was outlined. Thus, developments new or optimization of the applied technologies of transportation of oil taking into account their rheological properties and operational characteristics of pipelines are necessary for the solution of a task of increase in volume of pumping of crude oil. Because of relevance of a problem, results of the pilot studies mixed crude oil by physical and chemical methods are of a great interest. The researches conducted by us have shown that when mixing crude oil it is necessary to consider a factor of interference of structures crude oil for the purpose of an assessment inadmissible and optimum concentration of separate components.


(Received for publication, August 30, 1952) The production of hyperglycemia and glycosuria following the in jection of adrenaline was demonstrated by Blum1) (1901) and since then the procedure , has been utilized as a test for liver function by many authors at home and abroad.2)-91 In our Clinic also, Sakamaki10) and Okubo11) recognized the value of this procedure in. a biological and a clinical test, respectively. On the other hand, the liver is inseparably linked up with carbo hydrate metabolism, consequently, with diabetes mellitus. The signifi cance of adrenaline response in diabetes mellitus, therefore, is thought to be unusually great. In this paper I attempted to study the blood sugar curves after adrenaline injection in diabetes mellitus.


For the problem of the organization of ophthalmic beds,a series of evaluation indices have been made out according to principles of queuing theory in the study.Through the analysis of 530 cases,an improved model of bed arrangements is established,and then evaluated and compared it with/to the original one by using the application of probabilistic statistical methods and computer simulation.Also we put forward a method of estimating time of patients waiting for admission.And based on given constraints from hospital's new surgical time and bed allocation,optimal results have been obtained through the calculation of the program and non-linear integer programming.


This work was conducted to determine the N-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (EMAn) of different carbohydrate sources for broilers from 1 to 7 days, and to evaluate the utilization of these ingredients in the diet of newly hatched broilers based and on live performance and on the gastrointestinal tract (TGI) development. Total excreta collection method was used in trial one, with 220 male chicks from 4 to 7 days, allocated to batteries in a completely randomized design with five treatments (a reference diet and four diets with inclusion of 20% of the test ingredients) and four replicates of 11 birds. The ingredients evaluated were corn starch (AMI), cassava starch (AMA), glucose (GLI) and sucrose (SAC). In Trial 2, 520 day-old male chicks were allotted to a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates of 26 birds. The birds received the treatments (1 - corn and soybean meal diet, 2 - corn and soybean meal diet + AMI, 3 - corn and soybean meal diet + AMA, 4 - corn and soybean meal diet + GLI, 5 - corn and soybean meal diet + SAC) only from 1 to 7 days. From 8 to 21 days, all the birds received a standard diet. The EMAn values of the ingredients determined for broilers in the first week were 3,269; 3,690; 3,427 and 3,524 kcal/kg for AMI, AMA, GLI and SAC, respectively. In general, the results showed that the treatments did not affect the TGI development, but feed intake was improved by the more available carbohydrate sources in the newly hatched chicks diets, contributing to a higher liveweight of the birds.


A packaging container with a smearing head comprises a container body, the smearing head, a lantern ring and an outer cover. The head of the container body extends to form a supporting structure. The supporting structure comprises a vertical connecting portion, a panel portion and a liquid outlet pipe, wherein the panel portion is located at the upper end of the vertical connecting portion, and the liquid outlet pipe is arranged on the panel portion. The smearing head is arranged on the panel portion of the supporting structure. The lantern ring is in screw connection with the vertical connecting portion of the supporting structure, and the smearing head is locked on the panel portion of the supporting structure through the lantern ring. The outer cover is connected to the head of the container body in a locked mode and can seal the liquid outlet pipe. According to the packaging container with the smearing head, the smearing head is locked on the head of the container body through the detachable lantern ring, the smearing head can be conveniently taken out to be cleaned and replaced, and the using requirements for packaging and smearing of drugs and cosmetics with the cleanliness and sanitary requirements can be met.


In Montaigne's Essays, we find one of the most famous philosophical texts on voluntary death, the third chapter of Book II. Many commentators assess Montaigne's position as similar to Seneca's and to some other ancient authors', that is, a defense of the morality of killing oneself. Other scholars detect an unsolved oscillation of the French author on the subject. However, I try to present arguments showing that Montaigne's final opinion is against suicide. Therefore, it is undertaken a mapping of the multiple occurrences of the issue in the book, which go beyond the said chapter. Moreover, the distinction between the writing layers of the Essais in its various editions is stressed, putting in contrast the novelty of Montaigne's argumentative models to his classical influences.


In this study, fibers were extracted from different parts of the okra plant (Abelmoschus esculentus) via water- and dew-retting methods. The fibers were subjected to physical and thermal analyses. The fibers obtained from the upper part of the okra plant show higher breaking strength and lower linear density. Fibers obtained via water-retting exhibited higher breaking strength, elongation at break rates, and lower linear density values. The paper also presents the results of thermogravimetric analysis of the okra fibers. Tests were carried out in oxygen and inert gas atmospheres. The temperature range of the main thermal decomposition stage was in the 275–400°C for range thermo-oxidation and 300–425°C for pyrolysis investigation. Slight differences were found in the thermal resistances of the tested fibers, which was confirmed by an analysis using the alpha s- alpha r methodology. The calculated activation energy values show a large-spread range.


We propose a low-cost optically-fed architecture capable of increasing the capacity and overall coverage of IEEE 802.11n MIMO WLAN system for in-building networks. A fully functional transmission over GI-MMF was demonstrated employing 2×3 MIMO configuration.


One of the herbs used is herbal binara (Artemisia vulgaris L) which has been studied as a potential immunomodulator with high antioxidant activity. Previous research also stated that red shoots (Syzygium oleana) were studied as potential immunomodulators with high antioxidant activity. Several other species such as Syzygium samarangense have 16 flavonoida compounds which show pharmacological immunological activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites of ethanol extract of herbal binara (Artemisia vulgaris L.) with red shoots (Syzygium oleana) and to determine the best dose of extract from the ethanol extract of herbal binara (Artemisia vulgaris L.) with red shoots (Syzygium oleana) can reduce the volume of swelling of mouse feet. Examination of the chemical content of secondary metabolites from the ethanol extract of herbal binara (Artemisia vulgaris L.) with red shoots (Syzygium oleana) is carried out by chemical screening and characterization of simplicia and extract. The method used is the slow type hypersensitivity method. In this test the independent variable is the secondary metabolite of ethanol extract of herb binara (Artemisia vulgaris L.) with red shoots (Syzygium oleana) with four concentrations (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg / kgBB). The positive control used by Stimuno dose is 32.5 mg / kgBB.


This short paper analyses a simple extension to the model of Galor and Zeira (1993). I show that the result of club convergence holds under a much more continuous and much more realistic assumption of the education function. In order to achieve this result, the hypothesis of a fixed cost in education assumed in the original model has been replaced by the assumption that individuals can choose exactly how much to invest. It is also assumed that this investment positively affects the productivity of the individual which, in turn, influences his salary.


Assessment of groundwater vulnerability is necessary for knowing the characteristics of aquifer.The widely used DRASTIC model is introduced and analyzed,and this method has the shortcoming of neglecting the successive change of variables.Based on fuzzy optimization theory,the modified AHP method for vulnerability assessment of aquifer is proposed.The proposed method is applied in the coastal regions of Quanzhou city,and compared with the results calculated by DRASTIC model and the comprehensive assessment of groundwater quality.The result indicates that the AHP modified ratings and ranks are much closer to the facts.


A report by Bristowe in 1854 of a vegetable fungus growing in a lung cavity and identified as an Aspergillus was almost certainly one of the earliest reports of A fumigatus colonisation.


Martin Eden was Jack London's patently autobiographic novel. In his novel, Jack London wanted to show his individualism, but readers at his period didn't understand his real intention. This paper discusses Jack London's contradictory beliefs and shows that he is both a socialist and an individualist. Through these discusses this paper wants to show Jack London's failed individualism and his contradictory mind.


Cantor conceived set theory in a sequence of six papers published in the Mathematische Annalen during the five year period 1879-1884. In the fifth of these papers, published in 1883,1 he stated as a law of thought (Denkgesetz) that every set can be well-ordered or, more precisely, that it is always possible to bring any well-defined set into the form of a well-ordered set. Now to call it a law of thought was implicitly to claim self-evidence for it, but he must have given up that claim at some point, because in the 1890's he made an unsuccessful attempt at demonstrating the well-ordering principle.2 The first to succeed in doing so was Zermelo,3 although, as a prerequisite of the demonstration, he had to introduce a new principle, which came to be called the principle of choice (Prinzip der Auswahl) respectively the axiom of choice (Axiom der Auswahl) in his two papers from 1908.4,5 His first paper on the subject, published in 1904, consists of merely three pages, excerpted by Hilbert from a letter which he had received from Zermelo. The letter is dated 24 September 1904, and the excerpt begins by saying that the demonstration came out of discussions with Erhard Schmidt during the preceding week, which means that we can safely date the appearance of the axiom of choice and the demonstration of the well-ordering theorem to September 1904. Brief as it was, Zermelo's paper gave rise to what is presumably the most lively discussion among mathematicians on the validity, or acceptability, of a mathematical axiom that has ever taken place. Within a couple of


The Full Multiple Spawning (FMS) method is designed to simulate quantum dynamics in the multi-state electronic problem. The FMS nuclear wavefunction is represented in a basis of coupled, frozen Gaussians, and the spawning procedure prescribes a means of adaptively increasing the size of the basis in order to capture population transfer between electronic states. Parent trajectories create children when passing through regions of significant nonadiabatic coupling. In order to converge branching ratios without allowing the basis to reach an impractical size, population transfer at individual spawning events should be made as effective as possible. Herein we detail a new algorithm for specifying the initial conditions of freshly spawned basis functions, one that minimizes the number of spawns needed for convergence by maximizing the efficiency of individual spawning events. Optimization is achieved by maximizing the coupling between parent and child trajectories, as a function of child position and momentum, at the point of spawning. The method is tested with a two-state, one-mode avoided crossing model and a two-state, two-mode conical intersection model.


A structured, standardized training program for key community professionals developed as part of a planned large scale mental health program, utilized a self-administered set of biographical and problem and complaint materials called the "Personal Data Kit." Training focused upon systematized methods for data gathering, problem identification, and planning for counseling or referral by physicians and ministers. Approximately 75% of ministers and 60% of physicians completed a 12-wk. course. Studies were conducted to determine (a) changes in practices and attitudes among trainees, (b) changes in attitudes among professional and civic leaders, (c) characteristics of persons served by trainees, (d) opinions of trainees about the outcome of their counseling and referral activities.


UP-PCR analysis of Australian isolates of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum. E. COTTRAL, H. RIDGWAY, I. PASCOE, J. EDWARDS and P. TAYLOR. Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture, PO Box 154, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. Agriculture Victoria Knoxfield, Private Bag 15, Scoresby Business Centre, Victoria 3176, Australia. Soil, Plant and Ecological Sciences Division, P.O. Box 84, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. Institute of Land and Food Resources, Melbourne University, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052,


Abstract : Weapon system confidence is being able to predict the system's performance to within a quantified uncertainty (confidence interval). Properly planned test and evaluation of the system allows for models and simulations to be built to predict system performance with confidence. As confidence is important to strategic offensive weapons, it is equally important for defense against strategic warheads. Steps for building in confidence start with specifying the top-level family of systems performance evaluation requirements in terms confidence. These are then 'flowed down' to lower level system/subsystem performance requirements (confidence) using force on force level simulations. Test programs (test size, instrumentation quality) and analysis methodologies are then designed to meet each lower level requirement. Such a process provides for tradeoffs to be made while quantifying the implications of decisions to test more, or less, to instrument different functions or systems, or to changing the quality of the instrumentation. The fundamental feature of this test and evaluation process is to build models with associated confidence for the family of systems from which credible performance predictions can be made with quantified confidence intervals. This will allow for optimum planning for placement and usage of assets before the action commences as well as optimum real-time threat response. However, a number of 'grand' technical challenges must be faced in order to optimally build in confidence to the ballistic missile defense family of systems.