Strategies for cool-season turfgrasses Late-summer to mid-fall is the best time to establish cool-season turfgrass. Warm days and cool nights provide ideal conditions for seed germination and establishment of tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, fine-leaf fescues, and perennial ryegrass. Sod establishment is also favored at this time of year. Understanding why renovation is necessary can help you to avoid the same pitfalls in the future. Is sparse and weedy turf the result of neglect, inappropriate mowing heights, environmental limitations caused by too much or too little rain, etc.? Is there possibly a soil problem such as a nutrient deficiency, an improper pH, poor drainage, or compaction? Might the turfgrass species simply be a poor choice for the site, the climate, or the anticipated use of the turf?


We provide a complete characterization of theories of tracial von Neumann algebras that admit quantifier elimination. We also show that the theory of a separable tracial von Neumann algebra $\mathcal{N}$ is never model complete if its direct integral decomposition contains $\mathrm{II}_1$ factors $\mathcal{M}$ such that $M_2(\mathcal{M})$ embeds into an ultrapower of $\mathcal{M}$. The proof in the case of $\mathrm{II}_1$ factors uses an explicit construction based on random matrices and quantum expanders.


To the Editor: I am concerned by the message that appears to be conveyed in an article by Dr. Kawamura et al.' It reports "remarkable wall thickening that measured 7 mm in the maximum dimension." It also reports "retention of secretions and delayed emptying of gastric contents." Review of Figure 1 demonstrates a stomach that I would be happy to pass as normal in any upper abdominal ultrasound examination. While 5 mm is usually taken as the upper limit of normal for intestinal thickness, in the nondistended stomach, thicknesses of up to 6 mm can be commonly seen. If this stomach wall was indeed 7 mm thick, this hardly represents remarkable thickening. Layers of the gastric wall are well demonstrated, and I do not believe it is infrequent to see this amount of resting juice even within the fasting stomach. By contrast, Figure 2, which again to my view shows normal gastric wall, shows considerably more fluid within the stomach. Finally, Figure 3B is a double-contrast barium meal examination of the stomach demonstrating normal ariae gastricae. I am concerned that we mislead our readers if we take these features to be evidence of gastric disease!


A thread delivery device (1) according to the invention for feeding a thread to a textile machine is provided with a thread delivery wheel (3), with a drive shaft (4), the axis of rotation of which extends vertically in operation and on which the thread delivery wheel (3) is disposed, and with a beam (5) for supporting the drive shaft (4). The thread delivery device (1) has at least one thread sensor (11, 12), a first and at least one second thread brake (16, 40, 17, 30, 41) in the thread path before the thread delivery wheel (3) and a knot catcher (18). According to the invention a knot catcher (18) is disposed between the two thread brakes (16, 40, 17, 30, 41).


This paper discusses the technology of adhesives employed in printed circuitry. The chemical types of adhesives are described and their general characteristics are given. Typical printed circuit processes are used to spotlight the demands placed on the adhesives. Test methods and requirements peculiar to printed circuitry are discussed in detail, and particular emphasis is placed on those properties which will not be too obvious to the adhesives technologist unfamiliar with circuitry. Secondary applications of adhesives in printed circuitry are touched on briefly, and mention is made of bonding methods in use or under development which do not employ adhesives. Numerous literature references are given.


The Brady Plan provided a partial solution to the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s. This article revisits and analyses the Plan in considerable detail and explores the potential application in East Asia today of the ideas behind the Plan, and of the lessons that can be drawn from it. Seven lessons are identified. The Brady Plan was conceived and developed in Latin America and the principal lesson is that although it may not be replicated, developing nations may learn from it. Innovative domestic solutions are recommended for the resolution of financial problems and debt crisis.


There are currently no treatments available that restore dynamic laryngeal function after hemilaryngectomy. We have shown that dynamic function can be restored post hemilaryngectomy in a rat model. Here, we report in a first of its kind, proof of concept study that this previously published technique is scalable to a porcine model.


Curcumin has been shown to have activity as an anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-oxidizing and anti-HIV. The use of curcumin in a long-term treatment process provides a low toxicity so it is clinically very beneficial to develop. The active ingredient of curcumin derived from curcuma longa plant extract has a very low bioavaiblity. This is due to the poor solubility of curcumin in water (11 ng / ml, pH 5.0) so that it is slightly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. This problem can be overcome by making the preparation of curcumin in the form of Self Microemulsion Drug Delivery System (SMEDDS).
Initial studies were screened for the solubility of curcumin with carriers of various types of oils, surfactants and cosurfactants. The screening results continued with the selection of optimum formula SMEDDS kurkumin using Simpelx Lattice Design (SLD) method. Three variables will give 14 SMEDDS curcumin formulas each of which the formula is tested for its characteristics as a critical point include:% transmittance, emulsification time and drug loading. The results of each test were analyzed with Exspert version 7 and continued validation of optimum formula with T test with 95% confidence level.
The results showed that the initial screening of curcumin was found to be the highest solubility in olive oil, Tween 80 surfactant and PEG 400 cosurfactant. The three types of materials were optimized with SLD giving optimum formula of SMEDDS curcumin composition with 0,026 olive oil composition; 0.0913 Tween 80 and 0.061 PEG 400.


Introduction: Studies have reported associations between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. Proposed mechanisms include endothelial dysfunction and increased a...


Results are presented of an experimental program to measure the effect of radiative cooling on the enthalpy distribution behind incident shock waves traveling in air. The shock velocity was nominally 16 km/sec and the preshock ambient pressure was varied from 0.4 to 1.6 Torr. Shock‐tube diameters of 4.7 and 9.4 cm were used to investigate the effects of varying optical depths. Radiative cooling rates were determined from spatially resolved measurements of the profile of the Hα line and from absolute measurements of the continuum radiation. The measured enthalpy profiles are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions of Chien and Compton which account for both nongrey and multidimensional aspects of the radiative transport in the shock tube.


Developing a structured catalyst was performed successfully and ruthenium catalysts supported by carbon-coated aluminum foams were prepared. Seven different characterization techniques such as SEM,...


This article offers a framework and toolkit for the design of 'IT Capability' studies, with a particular focus to the causal links between information technology and firm performance. A relevant sample of empirical studies is systematically assessed and discussed to illustrate the application of the research design toolkit. This toolkit provides a concrete set of research design principles and criteria to help researchers build more complex, robust, valid and generalizable studies in this still maturing area of IT-Strategy research.


The conclusion offers some final thoughts on the question pursued in this monograph, namely the Greek novelists' engagement with Latin poetry, and what this means for how we model Graeco-Roman relations in the imperial period. It summarizes the findings of Chapters 1–7 and places them side by side in a way that clarifies how the different novelists approach the institution of Latin literature. At least for the three authors in question (Chariton, Achilles Tatius, Longus), the approach to Latin poetry is systematic rather than piecemeal. Allusion to Latin poetry is often playful, and occasionally ideological and potentially subversive (for example, Longus and the Aeneid). The conclusion also addresses the sociological problem of Greek imperial engagement with Latin literature: Greek literary men of the first two centuries CE were, it is suggested, habituated to practices that ensured the preservation of the Greek literary system as it stood. Failure to acknowledge the existence of a Latin poetic tradition in an overt manner served as one way of controlling the literary system.


Abstract Iranian rural and nomadic communities living in drought-prone marginal areas with subsistence economy, seem to be most vulnerable during the occurrence of drought crisis. Various communities have their own different approaches to manage risk and crisis, including drought and other natural disasters. In the past, however, traditional communities in dry lands typically managed and protected their resources communally using their own indigenous knowledge. Under the current situation, development of various mitigation mechanisms and crisis management systems have led to optimistic visions for controlling drought and revitalizing livelihood systems of rural and nomadic communities affected by drought. A survey research was conducted to identify and analyze the causes, impacts and management mechanisms of drought crisis in rural and nomadic communities in Southeastern Iran which have severely been affected by drought during the last decade. The sample of the study encompassed 220 managers and specialists of various rural and agricultural related governmental departments, who have been extensively participated in management and mitigation of drought crisis. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire which was validated by a panel of experts and the reliability index was established by Cronbach's coefficient. The collected data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Software. Major findings included: five components were extracted for the causes of drought vulnerability, including: socio-economic, livelihood, hydrological, agricultural, and metrological drought. Management mechanisms of drought crisis summarized in five factors, namely as: integrated water resources management, institutional capacity building, targeted supporting, systemic planning and sustainable development of agricultural and livelihood. Based on the findings and conclusions of this study, specific recommendations were made to reduce effects of drought crisis.


AbstractThe fifth season of University of Edinburgh/British Institute at Amman for Archaeology and History-sponsored excavations at Jerablus–Tahtani in the neighbourhood of Carchemish, north Syria, was devoted to investigations of its Early Bronze Age occupation, Period 2 of the site's history. In order to evaluate occupation between the Uruk retraction and the construction of the fort initially reported in Levant 28, 1996, 7–9, in situ pre-fort deposits were explored in Area III. They indicate that the fort was built in the mid-third millennium B.C. The discovery of the south-east corner of the fort suggests that the high status Tomb 302 lies outside and at the foot of its walls. Several later levels of the sequence of intercalated buildings and well-furnished graves first tested last season were excavated in 1996. Results will eventually permit closer dating of the temporary abandonment of the site in the later third millennium B.C. and assessment of this event in relation to widespread settlement dislo...


Objective The present study was conducted to find out the status of immunity against diphtheria after DPT(diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine)vaccination in children aged from 1 to 7 in Yuxi City of Yunnan Province to provide a scientific basis for the development of strategies for anti-diphtheria immunization.Methods Indirect hemagglutination assay(IHA)was used to detect the antitoxins in the serum samples collected from 1937 children aged 1-7 who had had DPT vaccination from 2003 to 2005.Results The overall positive rate of diphtheria immune antibodies was 94.84% with the protection rate being 90.76%,the geometric mean titer(GMT)1∶52.23,and the mean antitoxin content(ATC)0.15IU/ml.There was no significant difference found in the positive rate of diphtheria immune antibodies between the boys and the girls(X2=2,P0.05),while their difference in the mean titer and protection rate were statistically significant(u=3.3,X2=7.87,both P0.05).There were statistically significant difference in the positive rate,protection rate and GMT between different areas(X2=7.75,X22=14.1,F=43.2,both P0.05),age groups(X12=21.59,X22=27.1,F=7.32,both P0.05)and years(X12=9,X22=37.1,F=22.21,both P0.05).Conclusion The quality of DPT vaccination is well controlled in Yuxi city,and a high immune antibody status in children aged 1-7 and a solid immune barrier have been maintained.It's predicted that a diphtheria epidemic is not likely to occur in the city in coming years.


The notion of habit has acquired an important role within studies of drug addiction and dependence. In general, classical models of addiction conceive of learned compulsive behaviors in terms of a unidirectional stimulus-response model, for which habits are behavior patterns based on studies of animals and are considered to be purely automated—that is, inflexible, highly stimulus bound and insensitive to associated outcomes (Tiffany, 1990; Miles et al., 2003; Everitt and Robbins, 2005). For this approach, learning converts behavior into an automatism, or what some have termed an addictive habit (for example, Hogarth et al., 2013; Sjoerds et al., 2013). Some of these models have been expanded to incorporate motivational aspects of addiction. Such models regard reinforcement (positive or negative) as the initial and central drive for drug abuse (Robinson and Berridge, 1993; Baker et al., 2004) and are situated in a context of a larger, goal-directed, decision-making framework (Cox and Klinger, 1988; Siegel, 2005; Wes, 2006).

Within this overall picture, Sjoerds's team has proposed to expand the habit formation model by distinguishing between motor habits and motivational habits (Sjoerds et al., 2014). In the case of motor habits, behavior is based on a stimulus-response model, while motivational habits refer to compulsive behavior that is controlled by an emotional/motivational state and seems to be at least partially goal-directed. Sjoerds's proposal is a marked improvement over a strictly motor-habit notion of addiction, but we believe that it still falls short of the full context in which the notion of habit acquires its full significance. Let us examine this context more closely.

To be sure, all existing theoretical models have contributed to the understanding of drug consumption, abuse, and addiction. Generally, they affirm that habitual addictive behaviors are related to reinforcement and are conditioned by the presence of diverse environmental and motivational factors associated with the moment of consumption. With continuous consumption, the subject gradually consolidates a behavior associated with the results of consuming and, with time (a period which some designate as the appearance of substance dependency; Peer et al., 2013), the behavior becomes more and more compulsive and less flexible. Studies point out that the routine behavior responsible for addiction leads to the appearance of a state of allostasis wherein individuals take drugs no longer to feel "high," but just to feel "right" (Koob and Le Moal, 1997, 2001, 2005; Piazza and Deroche-Gamonet, 2013).

We find it interesting to note how habits are understood within this context. In studies of addiction, "habits" typically refer only to acquired behaviors that incite the subject to consume. That is, regardless of their flexibility and their relation to motivational states, habits acquired by drug addicts are considered to be those specific pathological behaviors that must be eliminated or counteracted. However, within a therapeutic framework, we find a much richer picture of habit.

Basically, such therapies pursue a modification of all the behaviors that are responsible for the consumption of drugs. The principal objective of many approaches is to fight addiction by means of learned techniques for avoiding stimuli associated with the substance (e.g., substance availability, conditioning social and living places, social groups, etc.; Tucker et al., 1990-1991). The problem is that techniques that focus on the elimination of addictive habits do not reinforce the essential supports for what is referred to as personal re-education. In the therapeutic-educative context, it is evident that one of the central consequences of addiction is the loss of habits that are necessary for personal and social realization and which are normally acquired over the course of a healthy life. Of course, if the only objective of the consumer is to obtain the substance so as to avoid the symptoms of withdrawal, any routine behavior that does not have this objective will be useless. But the problem—and here is the crux of the question—is not that addicts have lost or forgotten their daily routines. From a neuropsychological perspective (Robinson and Berridge, 2003; Verdejo-Garcia and Bechara, 2009; Garcia et al., 2011), it has been shown that continuous consumption of drugs deteriorates certain executive functions such that, even after abstinence has begun, cognitive flexibility in the motorization of strategies is reduced and, as a result, the capacity to organize, plan and supervise one's own daily behavior is diminished (Verdejo-Garcia et al., 2004; Verdejo-Garcia, 2005). The addict cannot effectively confront his addiction until this capacity is restored.

Because in-treatment therapeutic communities (such as "Proyecto Hombre") provide a controlled environment that helps addicts to "kick the habit" and offers treatment for drug abuse, they are an ideal context for scientific research (for example, Verdejo-Garcia, 2007). A quick look at these communities shows that one of the principal problems of drug addicts during the initial and voluntary rehabilitation process is the difficulty in acquiring daily basic routines (Daley, 1989; Verdejo-Garcia, 2005; Garcia et al., 2011). In the scientific literature, there are studies that suggest that rapid recovery of cognitive function during abstinence seems possible (Bates et al., 2005; Rapeli et al., 2006; Schrimsher and Parker, 2008). Anyway, in those therapeutic communities it is well know that It takes months before drug addicts are able to have a natural and reasonable daily routine and to freely assume everyday life activities—and this is only the basis for confronting addiction.

Accordingly, the following paradox arises: while most models of addiction tend to consider habits only as pathological behaviors that push the patient toward continued consumption, many therapies aim precisely at recovering the capacity to acquire habits, which has been damaged by continued drug use. In short, from the addiction standpoint, habit is something that needs to be eliminated, and from a therapeutic point of view, it is something that needs to be re-established. In reality, treatment consists in a mixture of both elimination and reestablishment, and both elements are considered to be of equal importance in addiction treatment for the addict, his family and his friends (Thurgood et al., 2014).

In light of this wider therapeutic context, it is evident that habits encompass much more than what is normally defined as the "habit" of drug addiction. Granted, to group all relevant behaviors under the rubric of habit does not correspond with the rigor usually demanded by science. Also, we recognize that scientific understanding of the biological basis of addiction has been advanced by simplified stimulus-response models based on tests with animals, and that the current use of terms like habit, grounded in this experimental context, has proved useful up to a point. However, as has been shown here, it is the actual scientific community that is beginning to notice the limitations of this notion of habit within more complex contexts relevant to human behavior.

Moreover, while the motivational dimension proposed by Sjoerds constitutes a significant improvement over the notion of habit as merely stimulus-response conditioning, this expanded notion of habit could still be interpreted as merely a conditioned response to a stimulus that incorporates a motivational dimension. Our suggestion is that only by taking into account the fuller, the liberating dimension of habit that is revealed in the therapeutic context can we break free from the stimulus-response model. We believe that this liberating dimension, which regulate the disposition of the subject to facilitate certain daily routines and thereby enable the subject to take on other tasks (Guell, 2014), should be acknowledged in the study of drug dependencies as the characteristic and distinctive dimension of human habits.


Objective: To evaluate the effect of flotation therapy on the attention of undergraduates. Method: Subjects were 53 undergraduates (26 male, 27 female). They were randomly divided into 5 groups. Group 1,2,3 and group 4 were flotation groups and group 5 was control group. Each subject finished four therapies. Visual attention attribution and diversion (T5) and bilateral two- choice reaction time (T8) were used as the indexes. Result: As a whole, the T5 and T8 times of the subjects in the flotation groups were shortened in the course of the therapy. The promotion of attention in the male subjects was better than that in the female subjects. There was no significant difference between the changes of bilateral two-choice reaction time. The promotion in the flotation subjects was significantly better than that in the control subjects and it could not be explained totally by practice effect. Conclusion: The attention of the subjects can be promoted by flotation therapy. This study could not support the assumption that flotation therapy could promote the function of right brain as some prior studies declared.


go to form this plant organism. whose origin is in no way apparent to the ob~erver. The film showing the transformation of life begins, Enter first DictY08teli1./.'l1t 71!·/tcoToide.s, the complete slime mold. From its sporangium, spores are just being discharged. Th(}y are placed Oll the nutrient medium, a surface covered with fodder bacteria. Upon touching the Ilutrient medium, t,he spores flow apart and ilistribute themselves c4uaUy over the entire surface. And now a strange thing happens: tl)e many thollsaD(~s. of spores begin to swell up. They vi;;lbly change their shape. Their breadth increases in comparison to their length. A !hythmical movement becomes apparent III the bodies of the spores. Gradually the contents of the spores become Lighter in color. At one of their poles, a narrow slit opens, and-this is a breathtaking Right-a tiny animal, an amoeba, quickly ~igglesout of it.


The paper describes a distributed energy-conserving multicast routing protocol, termed ECMANSI, which makes use of the biological metaphor of swarm intelligence to create the multicast structure. ECMANSI adopts a core-based approach by establishing connectivity among the group members through a designated core node. Each node explores a better path with lesser transmission power to the core, which results in an energy efficient multicast structure. Results from extensive simulations have validated the efficiency of the protocol


This paper reviews the different methods that have been used for measuring health costs. Since the cost of illness method captures only the "social cost" (medical expenses and loss of income), we recommend that it be used in conjunction with contingent valuation because the latter yields the "private cost" (suffering, inconvenience, restricted activity). We illustrate this point by carrying out a case study on the valuation of minor illness due to air pollution in Strasbourg, France. We find that the private cost represents on average about 50% (between 15 and 150%) of the total cost: the private cost is an important component and must not be overlooked in the allocation of public resources for the protection of health.


In Vitro Haploid Production in Higher PlantsIn Vitro Application in Crop ImprovementCrop Improvement Under Adverse ConditionsHaploids in Crop Improvement IGenetic Manipulation in Plant BreedingIn Vitro Haploid Production in Higher Plants: CerealsDoubled Haploidy in Model and Recalcitrant SpeciesProgress and Opportunities of Doubled Haploid ProductionPlant Tissue Culture: An Introductory TextIn Vitro Haploid Production in Higher PlantsIn Vitro Haploid Production in Higher PlantsDoubled Haploid Production in Crop PlantsIn Vitro Haploid Production in Higher PlantsIntroduction to Plant Tissue CulturePlant Cell, Tissue and Organ CultureAdvances in Haploid Production in Higher PlantsIn Vitro Haploid Production in Higher Plants: Important selected plantsIn Vitro Haploid Production in Higher PlantsAndrogenesis and Haploid PlantsIn vitro Haploid Production in Higher PlantsIn Vitro Plant BreedingPlant Mutation Breeding and BiotechnologyHaploids in Crop Improvement IIn Vitro Haploid Production in Higher Plants: Fundamental aspects and methodsWheat BiotechnologyA Review of in Vitro Haploid Plant Production SystemsBiotechnology and Plant BreedingApplied and Fundamental Aspects of Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ CultureIn Vitro Haploid Production in Higher PlantsDoubled haploid technology in maize breeding: theory and practiceIn Vitro Haploid Production in Higher PlantsMulberryHaploids in


In this paper, we deal with stabilizability problems of linear discrete time-invariant MIMO systems with unknown plants under communication constraints between plants and controllers. The plants are assumed to include uncertainties not only in the initial state vector but also in system parameters. We show that the tight lower bound of the necessary capacity of the communication channel for the stabilizability is given only by unstable poles of the plants. We also introduce a set of a coder, a decoder, and a controller which is allowed to exchange information not only on the uncertain state vector but also on the uncertain system parameters and satisfies the stability of the closed loop systems when the condition is satisfied.


In this paper, the authors examine the illegal insider trading volume and cumulative abnormal return by the relative variables of the amendment, the change of the securities price, the number of defendants, the penalty and the fine for insider who committed a crime, and the quality of concealed important information. Illegal insider trading is prohibited by the article 157-1 of Securities and Exchange Act in Taiwan. It has been amended three times to provide a sound and rigorous law and completely protect investors. The authors examine the illegal insider trading volume after the amendment to explore whether the Securities and Exchange Act is efficient enough to lower illegal insider trading. The authors find that the change of the securities price and the quality of concealed important information are the critical factors which affect the illegal insider trading volume and cumulative abnormal returns. Nevertheless, the relative variables of the amendment do not show significant effects.


Sugarcane bagasses composted respectively by poultry manure,cattle manure,rice straw,goat manure and no adding material were used as the testing substrates when mixed with garden mould equally in volume.Under the control of substrate of cassava peeling,garden mould and sugarcane ash mixed by volume ratio 2:1:1,pot trials were carried out to study the effects of sugarcane bagasses composted by different materials on the growth of potted Chrysalidocarpus lutescens.The results showed that the best growth performance of C.lutescens as well as the highest comprehensive evaluation score were attained in the substrate mixed with sugarcane bagasse composted by cattle manure,in which plant height,top width,basal diameter,leaflet length,dry and fresh weight of aboveground part individually averaged 22.09%,16.84%,14.28%,13.64%,59.34% and 59.06% higher than other treatments.Composting by cattle manure could be considered as a top priority before using sugarcane bagasse as substrate material for potted C.lutescens.


ECOS III The slender, spine-shaped, apatitic protoconodonts appear in the fossil record near the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary and persist through the Cambrian . Recent work (Szaniawski 1 982, J. Paleont. 56) suggests that protoconodont elements were homologous to the grasping spines of modern chaetognaths . Paraconodonts are similar to protoconodonts in their mode of growth by basal accretion . However, paraconodonts were more deeply invested in the secreting epithelium, and there are no known transitional forms between the two types. Other Cam brian conodont-like fossils have been investigated to examine the possibility that they may be homologous with paraconodonts. Some of them, such as the funnel-shapcd cones of Fomitehella, have an internal structure which precludes homology with paraconodonts . Others, such as the cone-shaped sclerites of Lapworthella, might have taken on the morphological and structural characteristics ofparaconodonts ifthey became adapted to a tooth or claw function, but there is no direct evidence to support such an interpretation . Morphological, histological and stratigraphi cal data indicate that euconodonts evolved from paraconodonts during the late Cambrian by acquiring a crown, a dense apatitic tissue secret ed over the outer surface of the paraconodont cusp. If the paraconodont and protoconodont animals are closely related, as has been suggested earlier, the paraconodont and euconodont animals may represent a branch of the chaetognaths that had developed pharyngeal denticulation . This concept of conodont origin and early evolution fits well with the recently discovered euconodont animal in the Scottish Carboniferous (Briggs, Clarkson & Aldridge 1 983, Lethaia 16) . O Conodonta, Chaetognatha" protoeonodonts, Rhombocorniculum, Fomitchella, Lapworthella, mierostrueture, funetional morphology, evolution, Cambrian.


The present Focal Plane Characterization Chamber (FPCC), which is a cryogenic low-IR background chamber, has been the subject of a spectral band measurement capability's implementation in order to allow IR focal-plane array (FPA) output signal and noise values to be directly measured within spectral bands of interest. Attention is given to recent FPA radiometric characterization results. A comparison is conducted between measured and calculated noise-equivalent output.


In this experiment,a semi RT-PCR system was established to detect the gene expression of PM H+-ATPase in soybean root under phosphorus deficiency quickly and conveniently,in which β-tubulin gene was used as reference gene.The results showed that the gene of PM H+-ATPase was up-regulated under low P environment for 2 h and increased gradually until 4 h,but the gene expression decreased a little as the time delayed to 6 h.It was shown that gene expression changes of PM H+-ATPase may be related to the adaptation of the phosphorus deficiency stress,furthermore,the semi-quantitative RT-PCR system could be used to detect gene expression under different conditions successfully.


We report an observation of a scrolled graphene nanoribbon (sGNR) produced via a chemical vapor deposition. The sandwiched sGNR between Au nanoparticle and Au thin film system can be identified by the remarkable enhancement of G peak accompanied with a subsequent splitting (G+ and G−) with strong Radial Breading Like Mode enhancement. Because the weak adhesion force between graphene monolayer and target Au substrate during transfer maybe result in a sparse distribution of sGNR with a z-directional curvature-induced G peak splitting. Reproducibility and mass production with a nanometer scale circuit devices may be anticipated from this work.


We focused on multi-dimensional dataset where each data point has set of keywords in feature space allows for the development of new tools to query and explore these multidimensional dataset It is hard to investigate the huge dataset for a given query as well as to accomplish more accuracy on user query. Frequently query will search on dataset for accurate keyword match and it does not discover the nearest keyword set for accuracy. Vishwa karma et.al. Proposed a strategy called ProMiSH (Projection and Multi Scale Hashing) that utilizes random projection and hash based index structures to accomplish high scalability and speedup. However, the memory usage of Random projection and multi scale hashing increases when the number of dimensions of data points increases. So, there is a require to assign some weights to the keywords to find the nearest keyword set for accuracy. The Term Frequency (TF) and Inverse Document Frequency (IDF) weighting technique are utilized to discover the efficient nearest keyword set search. Performance of those techniques provide better performance in terms of accuracy, dimension reduction rate and response time.


Moynihan and colleagues propose ways to produce trustworthy evidence without industry influence.1 The evidence is clear—exposure to the marketing tactics of drug companies negatively affects healthcare professionals' prescribing and treatment habits.2 Not enough is being done to tackle harmful marketing practices, and more attention must be given to the commercial influences targeting medical students …


An organic EL panel 114, and includes a transparent conductive anode 144, cathode 134 and interposed between the anode 144 and the cathode 134 of the organic EL multilayer film 124, which has an interface with the cathode 134 of the organic EL multilayer film 124 the interface comprises a black material. An EL display device comprising such an organic EL element.


Resistance against first-line drugs for treating tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major public health challenge that hampers the World Health Organization (WHO)'s End TB strategy [1]. The End TB strategy aims to reduce TB deaths by 95% and new TB cases by 90% between 2015 and 2035. In 2017, the WHO recorded 558 000 cases (range 483 000–639 000) of TB not treatable with rifampicin, the most effective first-line anti-TB drug. Of these, 82% cases were of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) [2]. In patients with isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis, administering fluorochinolones may not be required if the duration of (H)RZE treatment is long enough (12 months), even with relatively short durations of Z in the initiation phase http://bit.ly/2NjsCEQ


A method to DBF of SMI algorithm based on array antenna to lower the height of sidelobe is proposed.There are two problems:the performance degradation caused by the existence of errors in covariance,and the appearance of high sidelobes with the increase of small eigenvalues of clutter.A method to effectively control the height of sidelobe through amending the estimated covariance of clutter is proposed through analysis of the reason of beam-aberrance.The simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method to suppress the sidelobe height in adaptive pattern without influences on the nulling depth of the interference when iteration times iteration gain are proper.


Objective To observe application of permanent pacemaker implantation in children with atrial ven- tricular block. Methods From november 1981 to may 2000, 14 children were implanted with permanent pacemak- ers, including 12 boys and 4 girls, aged 2.5 to 12.0 (8.4 ± 4.0) years old. Complete AVB caused by cardiac surgery in 12 children and non-cardiac surgery in 2 children were the pacemaker implantation indication. Lead place- ments were via internal jugular vein in 7cases, cephalic vein in 3 cases, subclavian vein in 3 cases, and open heart operation in 1 case. Result Cardiac function was improved in all of them after pacemaker implantation. Conclu- sion Permanent pacemaker implantation in children is safe and reliable. Leads insertion by venous cut down method in infant is more safe than venipuncture. It is crucial for children to choose proper pacemaker, implantation path and reserve enough lead length in right atrium.


In order to match the focal zone of the transducer with the depth of the organ, skin to pancreas distances were measured in 58 patients undergoing ultrasound studies. The measurements showed that a dynamically focused transducer would be most useful. In other cases the results of such measuring would help determine the selection of an appropriate transduction device.


In this work a generator is assigned to each strongly continuous one parameter semigroup of transformations on a subset of a Danach space. The semigroup is recovered from the generator by means of an exponential formula. Most of the analysis is carried out for still more general semigroups sincethiscan bedonejust s conveniently. Thegreater generality permits applications to the study of semi-dynamical Systems on a topological space. The generator used here is suggested by the work of Sophus Lie (cf. [3], [6]). It will be noted that this generator differs from those used previously in the study of one parameter semigroups of nonlinear transformations on a Danach space (cf. [1]). Denote by H a Danach space. Denote by C a set. Suppose Γ is a function with domain [Ο, σο) so that (a) If t ig 0, then T (t) is a transformation from C to C.


Objective: To describe the epidemiology of major head injuries among those aged 16 and over in Nova Scotia and to examine head injury patterns specific to motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) and falls. Method: The Nova Scotia Trauma Registry (NSTR) was the main data source for this study. Data from April 1 st , 2000 to March 31 st , 2007, from blunt and penetrating head injured patients aged 16 years and older were included. Major head injuries were determined using an abbreviated injury score (AIS) of 3 or greater (isolated for head injuries only). Demographic variables (age, gender), injury and collision-related variables (day and time of injury, location of injury, position in vehicle, type of impact) and behavioural variables (restraint use, alcohol use, drug use) were evaluated. Results: A total of 1798 patients experienced a major head injury during the study period. Men accounted for 74% of major head injuries, exceeding females for head trauma in all age groups. An overall annual incidence of major head trauma was found to be 33 per 100,000 population in Nova Scotia. Males experienced an annual incidence rate of major head injury that was approximately three times that of females (51 per 100,000 versus 17 per 100,000 respectively). The major external mechanisms of injury were MVCs (40%) and falls (38%). High rates of MVC-related head injury were found among males in all age groups particularly for those aged 16 to 24 years. Falls-related head


1. Means for lightening keratin fibers, characterized in that it contains in a cosmetic carrier: (I) at least one cationic atsilpiridina derivative of general formula (I) !! wherein ! R represents an alkyl group having a carbon number of 1 to 6, an alkenyl group having a carbon number of 2 to 6, a hydroxyalkyl group having a carbon number of 2 to 6, an alkoxyalkyl group having carbon atoms in the alkoxy radical of from 1 to 6; and alkyl of 2 to 6, a carboxyalkyl group having a carbon number in the alkyl is 1 to 6, an arylalkyl group with the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl from 1 to 6, a heteroarylalkyl group having a carbon number in the alkyl is 1 to 6, mono- or di-C1 -C6 -alkylamino-C2 -C6 alkyl group, a 3-oksobu threshing group, a 2-oksopropilnuyu group, an aryl group or heteroaryl group! R 'is an alkyl group with carbon atoms of 1 to 4, a hydroxyalkyl group having a carbon number of 2 to 6 or an alkoxyalkyl group with the number of carbon atoms in the alkoxy radical of from 1 to 6, and in the alkyl from 2 to 6,! X- represents a physiologically acceptable anion,! (Ii) at least one toxicologically safe additional activator lightening action and / or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof! and ! (Iii) hydrogen peroxide. ! 2. A compound according to claim 1, characterized in that in Formula (I) R represents an alkyl group having a carbon number of 1 to 6, an alkenyl group having a carbon number of 2 to 6, a hydroxyalkyl group having a carbon number of 2 until 6. ! 3. A compound according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises at least one compound of formula (I), Which a


Although roughly 40% of pharmaceuticals being developed are poorly water soluble, this class of drugs lacks a formulation strategy capable of producing high loads, fast dissolution kinetics, and low energy input. In this work, a novel bottom‐up approach is developed for producing and formulating nanocrystals of poorly water‐soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using core–shell composite hydrogel beads. Organic phase nanoemulsion droplets stabilized by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and containing a model hydrophobic API (fenofibrate) are embedded in the alginate hydrogel matrix and subsequently act as crystallization reactors. Controlled evaporation of this composite material produces core–shell structured alginate‐PVA hydrogels with drug nanocrystals (500–650 nm) embedded within the core. Adjustable loading of API nanocrystals up to 83% by weight is achieved with dissolution (of 80% of the drug) occurring in as little as 30 min. A quantitative model is also developed and experimentally validated that the drug release patterns of the fenofibrate nanocrystals can be modulated by controlling the thickness of the PVA shell and drug loading. Thus, these composite materials offer a "designer" drug delivery system. Overall, our approach enables a novel means of simultaneous controlled crystallization and formulation of hydrophobic drugs that circumvents energy intensive top–down processes in traditional manufacturing.


Abstract In 1983, Pietsch asked if, for n ≥ 3 and all Hilbert spaces E1,…,En, the vector space of the scalar valued absolutely (r; r1,…,rn)-summing multilinear mappings on E1 × ··· × En coincides with the vector space of the n-linear Hilbert–Schmidt functionals on E1 × ··· × En, for some choice of r, r1,…,rn ∈ ]0, +∞], satisfying 1/r ≤ 1/r1 + ··· + 1/rn. We show that the answer to this question is no. Moreover, we show that the same question, for n ≥ 2 and mappings with values in infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces, has the answer no.


This study aims to forecast the regional wind pattern and air temperature using Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) Model and Automatic Weather Station(AWS) data. Ultimately, the purpose of this study is to supply basic data for urban planning and development to make more comfortable urban environment by mapping urban climate atlas. The result of this study is used in the following parts is effected to be available. The construction of urban environmental management system, the maintenance of planning guidelines for urban planning, pre-primary review environment, environmental impact assessment and environmental and master plan for nature conservation.


A method is presented for finding estimable functions in a row-column design. It can easily be applied because the method consists of solving equations derived from the design eithout using the design matrix. It determines not only the estimability of treatment effects but also between row(or column)and treatment effects.


Electrolytic capacitors may experience a gradual deterioration that results in an increase in the equivalent series resistance (ESR) and a decrease in capacitance over time. An indication of the condition of a capacitor may be obtained by the on-line monitoring of these two electrical properties. In this paper, an on-line capacitor parameter estimation scheme that can be used for degradation monitoring is proposed. The approach involves the recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm with forgetting factor and robust exact differentiators based on sliding mode concepts. This scheme allows for on-line estimation of the ESR and capacitance under noisy conditions. Computer simulation results involving a DC-DC converter, provide evidence of the effectiveness of the scheme proposed in this paper.


Power is becoming a precious resource in modern VLSI design, even more than area. With large number of Applications requiring support of functional units like squares, cubes and other higher order units, it becomes imperative that such functions be implemented in hardware. This paper proposes a novel architecture for modular, scalable &reusable hybrid squaring circuit. Comparison is made between different implementationof squaring circuit. The implementation results show a significant improvement in performance in terms of area, power & timing Keywords—Squarer,SquaringCircuit,Multiplier,Low Power etc.


new styptic,) the real principles to which Mr. Hawkins thought the cessation of the hemorrhage ought to be ascribed. In some experiments, Mr. Hawkins used small compresses in the manner that the new styptic is used by MM. T. and H., but dipped in other liquids, decoction of galls, Ruspini's styptic, and plain water. Some other experiments were made like those of Dr. Jones, by merely closing the skin and allowing the blood to form a diffused aneurism. The result was, that, in some of the experiments, the hemorrhage was stopped permanently; in two others, secondary hemorrhage took place on the second aud third days, and the animals died from repeated loss of blood, no sufficient coagulum having formed in the arteries. In one of the successful experiments, the artery was pervious, the wound having completely healed; in the others, the arteries were tilled with coagula; and preparations of the vessels were shewn to the society. The conclusions to which Mr. Hawkins came were, that simple pressure for ten minutes in an open wound would check hemorrhage as effectually as Dr. Jones had shewu it could be stopped when the wound in the skin was closed, without any direct pressure on the artery; that the hemorrhage was stopped by the same means as in Dr. Jones's experiment, by the formation of coagula and the effusion of lymph ; that natural means alone would stop the bleeding from an artery, out of which a piece had been cut, as completely as Dr. Jones had shewn it could be


The term differentiation has been widely used within education. This study makes use of the author's professional experience and a literature review to present a model of differentiation in practice; it seeks to suggest ways in which teachers' skills can be enhanced.

The study aims to give an understanding of how teachers differentiate; what that say they do; and what can be described as good practice.

Together with the wide ranging review of the literature, it draws upon field research, interviews, questionnaires, an analysis of OfSTED inspection reports and the author's experiences of running staff development courses on differentiation. It also includes work published by the author.

The study is an original presentation of a comprehensive review about differentiation from the perspectives of the literature and serving teachers and contributes to the debate upon the methodological approaches to the study of the development of teaching skills.

Conclusions are offered based upon an analysis and a discussion of these sources.


This paper introduces the basic thought of ERP,analyzes the obstacles appearing in the ERP implementation in small and medium-sized enterprises,and expounds the ERP implementation scheme of small and medium-sized enterprises.


The steroidal 1,4-diphosphines 3α- and 3β-diphenylphosphino-2a-(2'-diphenylphosphinoethyl)-5α-cholestanes and their 5H-benzo[b] phosphindole derivatives have been prepared and shown to be useful ligands in asymmetric hydrogenation reactions. Interestingly the 3α- and 3β-derivatives lead to opposing enantioselection preferences when used in these reactions. A steroidal 1,3-diphosphine, 3α-diphenylphosphino-2α-diphenylphosphinomethyl-5α-cholestane, has been prepared as a mixture containing some of the 3β-epimer. The 3α-1,3-diphosphine led to similar enantioselection in hydrogenation reactions as the 3α-1,4-diphosphine, and a model is proposed to explain the sense of the enantioselectivity in the 1,4- and 1,3-diphosphines. A steroidal 1,6-diphosphine has also been prepared but leads to lower optical yields in the hydrogenation reactions. These ligands have been shown to lead to only poor to moderate optical yields when used in asymmetric carbon-carbon bond forming reactions.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show how simulation of the flow of particulates and fluids using discrete element modelling (DEM) and smoothed particle dynamics (SPH) particle methods, offer opportunities for better understanding the dynamics of flow processes.Design/methodology/approach – DEM and SPH methods are demonstrated in a broad range of computationally‐demanding applications including comminution, biomedical, geophysical extreme flow events (risk/disaster modelling), eating of food by humans and elite water‐based sports.Findings – DEM is ideally suited to predicting industrial and geophysical applications where collisions between particles are the dominant physics. SPH is highly suited to multi‐physics fluid flow applications in industrial, biophysical and geophysical applications. The advantages and disadvantages of these particle methods are discussed.Research limitations/implications – Research results are limited by the numerical resolution that can currently be afforded.Practical i...


This book fulfills admirably its intended purpose of furnishing to students and practitioners of medicine a textbook covering briefly the general essentials of dermatology with special reference to conditions prevailing in India. Particular attention is given to details concerning leprosy, leishmaniasis, yaws, and infestations with animal parasites. The illustrations are all grouped at the back of the book, to allow the text to be printed on less expensive paper, obviously to reduce the cost and allow wider distribution. It is well written, concise, free from confusing nomenclature, and presents exceptionally few typographical errors.


In this letter, a novel method is proposed to analyze the power/ground bounces in a high-speed MCM layout system, which is based on the partial element equivalent circuit method combined with the block reduction algorithm and recursive convolution time-domain macromodel. It has the advantage of simple parameter extraction, high efficiency and high precision.


Background:  Lung cancer in elderly patients poses an increasingly challenge for oncologists. The optimal treatment needs to be explored. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the novel form of paclitaxel liposome for elderly patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).


Six different fats and oils were analyzed for physical characteristics. All the six fats and oils differed widely in their physicochemical characteristics. The results showed that fats and oils physical properties had appreciable effects on the spread ratio and breaking strength. Slip melting point (r= -0.990**), creaming power (r= 0.901**), yield value (r= -0.760**), viscosity (r= -0.729**), and hardness (r= -0.628*) contributed significantly negatively to cookie spread ratio. These are the factors responsible for superior cookie spread ratio produced by sunflower oil and groundnut oil. Statistical analysis showed that breaking strength was strongly positively and negatively correlated to refractive index (r= 0.766**), and slip melting point, creaming power (r= -0. 954**, r= 0.870**, respectively). Fats and oils with lower slip melting point and creaming power were not desirable for cookies as they resulted in a stiffer cookie.


In order to quantitatively describe the toughness and stability of a semi-infinite transversely isotropic medium including multiple rectangular cracks,the interaction between two coplanar or parallel rectangular cracks under a uniform distributed normal or tangential load is analyzed;and the corresponding stress intensity factor(SIF) is calculated.By employing dual boundary element method and based on the fundamental solutions for two joined transversely isotropic solids,the variation of the SIF with the distance between free surface and crack surface is investigated.And the influence of the side ratio of the rectangular crack,the free surface and the distance between two cracks on the interaction between two coplanar or parallel cracks is studied.Results show that the existence of the free surface causing the SIF of rectangular crack in semi-infinite extent is bigger than those in infinite medium.The side ratio and distance between two cracks exert an obvious influence on the interaction between two coplanar or parallel cracks,but the free surface has little influence on the interaction between two coplanar or parallel cracks.


Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the most prevalent phytopathogen, causing anthracnose disease that severely affects the production of various fruit trees, including walnut and jujube. In this study, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Bacillus velezensis CE 100 disrupted the cell membrane integrity of C. gloeosporioides and reduced the spore germination by 36.4% and mycelial growth by 20.0% at a bacterial broth concentration of 10%, while the control group showed no antifungal effect. Based on the headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) analysis, seven VOCs were identified from the headspace of B. velezensis CE 100. Out of the seven VOCs, 5-nonylamine and 3-methylbutanoic acid were only detected in the headspace of B. velezensis CE 100 but not in the control group. Both 5-nonylamine and 3-methylbutanoic acid showed significant antifungal activity against the spore germination and mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides. Treatment with 100 µL/mL of 5-nonylamine and 3-methylbutanoic acid suppressed the spore germination of C. gloeosporioides by 10.9% and 30.4% and reduced mycelial growth by 14.0% and 22.6%, respectively. Therefore, 5-nonylamine and 3-methylbutanoic acid are the potential antifungal VOCs emitted by B. velezensis CE 100, and this is the first report about the antifungal activity of 5-nonylamine against C. gloeosporioides.


PURPOSE: An electrical connector assembly having a cable connector and a receptacle connector is provided to receive the power which the electrical connector assembly which does not indulge from the receptacle connector is offered. CONSTITUTION: A lock projection(21) is formed in the rear location. A holder(22) is formed in the front part of a lower sub site. A protrusion is formed within a groove unit. A cable connector fits in a receptacle connector as the mating connector.


a suggestion made by him with the specific statement that further work would be required to prove it. We shall make reference to this matter again later. This situation was one of the impelling influences that led to our own studies, for the demonstration by Halsted of at least a measure of success in autotransplantation of parathyroids encouraged hope, and we were impressed by two further considerations. One of these was the importance of the fact noted above that survival of even fragments of glands would be adequate and the other was the help that might be gained from the teachings and experiences of those who have cultured tissues for long periods of time in vitro. As we interpreted these teachings, it seemed that the essential conditions were as follows: the tissue must be surrounded by a particularly suitable nutrient medium; it must be maintained in such small fragments that most of the cells can come into direct and intimate contact with this medium, for here there is no circulation; and finally, the fragments must be free from pressure and protected from infection. (To be concluded)


In a decision issued on 27 June 2002, the Federal Court of Canada ruled that the medical inadmissibility provision of the Immigration Act did not infringe sections 7 or 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Although the Immigration Act was repealed effective 28 June 2002 with the coming into force of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA), the court's reasons are relevant to some HIV-positive people seeking admission to Canada under the new legislation.


Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive neuroendocrine tumor that has a high propensity for early metastases and high rates of local recurrence after surgical excision. Most cases of MCC are associated with human polyomavirus (HPyV) infection, and immunosuppression is a known risk factor [1,2]. Indeed, the risk of developing MCC is 13 times greater in HIV patients compared with the general population [1–3]. We evaluated the demographic and clinical aspects of HIV-associated MCC (HIV-MCC) in three patients seen at a tertiary care specialty hospital and 11 other patients previously described in the medical literature, and compared these with the clinical aspects of MCC in immunocompetent patients (IC-MCC). All methods were previously approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC). A total of 14 HIV-MCC patients were identified for review, including 11 patients from the English language literature (references [4–14]) and three patients from the FHCRC database 'Repository of Data and Specimens for MCC' (W10, W137, and W162). We analyzed the average age at diagnosis, lesion location, duration of HIV diagnosis prior to MCC diagnosis, the relationship between CD4 cell counts and MCC diagnosis, and the average duration of survival after MCC diagnosis. The demographic and clinical characteristics of 14 patients with HIV-MCC are summarized in Table 1. This group comprises 11 men and three women. The average age at the time of diagnosis was 49 years. Five patients had head and neck lesions, whereas the remaining nine patients had lesions on other sites. In the six patients whose HIV was clearly diagnosed prior to their MCC diagnosis, the average duration from the time of HIV diagnosis to MCC diagnosis was 9.5 years. The average CD4 cell count was 256 cells/μl (normal range 500– 1500 cells/μl) in nine patients at the time of MCC diagnosis. Ten patients with HIV-MCC were treated with wide local excision (WLE), and six of these also received additional radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Chemotherapeutic agents included etoposide, cisplatinum, adriamycin, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin. Two patients were treated with Mohs surgery, and one of these received additional radiation therapy. Two patients were treated with radiation therapy or chemotherapy alone. Five of the ten patients treated with WLE or Mohs surgery, either alone or in combination with radiation, survived for longer than 23 months. Two patients treated with chemotherapy or radiation alone had survival of at least 9 and 11 months, respectively.


Stammering is a cause of low self-esteem for children. Two speech and language therapists examine the use of a new type of therapy.


Cyber-physical systems are subject to natural uncertainties and sensor noise that can be amplified/attenuated due to feedback. In this work, we want to leverage these properties in order to define the inherent differential privacy of feedback-control systems without the addition of an external differential privacy noise. If larger levels of privacy are required, we introduce a methodology to add an external differential privacy mechanism that injects the minimum amount of noise that is needed. On the other hand, we show how the combination of inherent and external noise affects system security in terms of the impact that integrity attacks can impose over the system while remaining undetected. We formulate a bilevel optimization problem to redesign the control parameters in order to minimize the attack impact for a desired level of inherent privacy.


Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are affected by sulfur compounds contained in almost all available fuels. Even small amounts of sulfur in the ppm range can decrease the performance of SOFCs. In this contribution the impact of sulfur on the durability of Ni-based cermet anodes will be discussed. Different Ni/ceria cermet anodes were tested with respect to their sulfur tolerance. Impedance analysis of single cells exhibiting such anodes revealed a significantly improved sulfur tolerance. The best performance with an initial polarization resistance below 200 mW×cm² was achieved by infiltrating a Ni/CeO2 coating. The high sulfur tolerance of such anodes seems to be attributed to the large amount of Ni/ceria triple phase boundaries. A durability test of an anode supported cell with Ni/zirconia cermet anode and Ni/CeO2 coating was performed. The test revealed a good initial performance but a strong degradation of the polarization resistance.


Land resource is the base of leisure agriculture,whose diversity decides the richness of recreational activities.Generally speaking,land resource consists of environmental landscape,farmland,forest,animal husbandry,fishery and intangible cultural resource,while tourism experience develops gradually from sensory and activity experience to life and emotion experience.According to the breadth of land resources,the depth of tourism experiences and the dimension of land types,a designing model of leisure agriculture recreation activities was set up.Hebei Yaoxiang Tropical Botanical Garden was designed by this model.


In order to explore the effect of waste plastics recycling products on the activity of soil enzymes, activities of catalase and urease in soil exposed to waste plastics recycling products(250mg·kg-1, 1250mg·kg-1 and 7250mg·kg-1)were determined with indoor culture experiment. Results showed that waste plastics recycling products had significant effect on the activity of soil enzymes. The activity of catalase in three exposure groups was significantly lower than that in the control during incubation for 1~5d. The inhibition rate was increased with the increase of concentrations of waste plastics recycling products. During incubation for 5~35d, low concentration group (250mg·kg-1)exhibited activation effect on the activity of catalase, while high concentration groups (1250mg·kg-1 and 7250mg·kg-1)exhibited activation-inhibition-activation effect on the activity of catalase and the degree of inhibition-activation had a positive relationship with the exposure concentration. During incubation for 1 ~28d, three exposure groups exhibited activation effect on the activity of urease, and the activation rate was increased with the increase of concentrations of waste plastics recycling products. During incubation for 28~35d, three exposure groups exhibited inhibition effect on the activity of urease.


The feasibility of using a magnetoresistive magnetic head to determine the flash temperature of intermittent magnetic head/disk contacts is investigated. A finite difference model is developed to study the effects of the magnetoresistive sensor height, the contact power intensity and the contact duration on the temperature response characteristics of the magnetoresistive sensor. A pulsed neody-minum:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser is used as the heat source to simulate the contact and verify the model. The simulation results agree well with the theoretical model. Based on the theoretical model and laser simulation, a temperature sensitivity coefficient ζ is proposed to determine the surface temperature rise.


We present a straightforward method for estimating the parameters of a physical mass-spring model of the vocal folds using a glottal flow signal. Initial experiments show that the method can successfully be used to model the glottal flow waveform. Parameters obtained can be used to characterise the underlying physical system in, for example, when used as features for speech recognition applications.


Abstract In 1996 George Soros launched his translation project — an ambitious, massive scheme to translate some five hundred monographs reflecting fundamental research in the human and social sciences. Advice sought from leading scholars and intellectuals determined its scope and design. The project itself was carried out thanks to a network of hundreds of translators, academic editors and publishers. During its first four years of existence, 130 books have been published, and another three hundred or more are in the final stages of preparation.


A 82-year-old man was presented with a 0.7 by 0.5 cm sized, atrophic, mild erythematous macule on the left temple for 4 months. There was no history of verruca on the lesion or taking arsenic. Histopathologically, there were suprabasal acantholysis, lacunaes, vesicles with a few corps ronds and grains in the suprabasal layer and granular layer. Atypical cells and dyskeratotic cells were, in groups, seen in the entire epidermis and its appendages. But, glandular structures were not found. We report a rare case of actinic keratosis showing Darier-like features.


In order to understand the causes of 1/f noise in MOS transistors physical theories describing its physical origin, such as the McWhorter theory and the Hooge theory, are reviewed in this paper. Analytical 1/f noise models correlating experimental results based on a longcanal approach have been reviewed as well. Spice simulation models are also described, concluding that these models are also based on the long-canal devices theory. Therefore, it the length of the transistor as to be increased to reduce 1/f noise, it is significant to find out what other parameters are under the control of the designer, and which technique can contribute to reducing the level of spectral power of the noise. Simulation results showing the noise performance when the canal length is changed, L, and the frequency power is changed, b.


The focus of this chapter is on issues surrounding the development and applications of large-scale agent-based traffic models. Following a brief overview of Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation (ABMS) applications in transportation modeling, the chapter proceeds to describe the authors' continued efforts and experiences with the development, calibration, validation, and application of a regional agent-based traffic model of the Buffalo-Niagara metropolitan area. The model is developed using the TRansportation ANalysis SIMulation System (TRANSIMS), an open-source, agent-based suite of transportation models. A unique feature of the chapter is its focus on unplanned or extreme events, such as severe snowstorms and major incidents on the freeways, and how the models may be calibrated and applied under such situations. The chapter concludes by summarizing the main lessons learned from the Buffalo case study and providing suggestions for future research.


e19661 Background: Breakthrough cancer pain (BTcP) is frequent in cancer patients (75%) and is still underrecognized and undertreated. This survey was aimed to evaluate BTcP prevalence and treatment 10 years after the initial survey published by Di Palma and coll (Di Palma M., Poulain P., Filbet M. and coll. ASCO 2000 [abstract 2406] and Douleurs, 2005; [6, 2]: 75-80.).

METHODS
This prospective, national, multicenter survey was conducted from march to september 2010 in 45 centers treating painful cancer patients: Oncology, palliative care and pain centers, public or private. Practitioners evaluated during 1 week all patients with severe cancer pain requiring opioids, using patient and observer-rated measures.

RESULTS
512 patients, aged 62.1±13.3 (mean ± SD) were evaluated. Patients were male (52.2%), hospitalized (48.2%), in day care (18.1%) or ambulatory (33.7%). Primary cancer was lung (26.9%), digestive (17.5%) and breast (16.5%). Cancer was metastatic for 83.3% of patients. Around the clock medication was morphine (26.2%), fentanyl (38.7%) or oxycodone (33.0%), and pain was adequately controlled for 64.3% of patients. Over a period of 7 days, BTcP were observed in 85.3% of patients. 77.7% presented 1 to 4 BTcP per day and 22.3% more than 4 BTcP per day. Pain duration was less than 15 min (24.3%), from 15 to 30 minutes (40.5%), and more than 30 min (35.1%). Mean (SD) intensity of BTcP episodes was 7.1±1.7 (VAS). Only 24.5% of patients treated BTcP with transmucosal opioids. Other BTcP treatments were oxycodone (35.0%) and morphine (37.3%). Adequate and quick pain relief was achieved within 15 min for 60.8% (fentanyl 68.9%, oxycodone 57.2%, morphine 59.6%). 63.6% of patients reported important impairment in daily life, the mean number of days with BTcP occurrence during the week was 4.8±2.8.

CONCLUSIONS
This study confirm the impact of BTcP not only due to the pain characteristics but also in terms of the interference with the activities of daily living. The management of BTcP remains inadequate and pain relief is still not achieved after 15 min for 40% of patients. Use of Rapid Onset Opioïds (ROO) and both patient and practitioners education are needed.


mental health problems. It can be severely detrimental to quality of life, with far-reaching consequences for education, employment and relationships. Only a minority of people with social anxiety disorder receive help, but this guideline demonstrates that effective treatments exist and it aims to increase identification and assessment so that people can access interventions to help them overcome this disabling condition.


This keynote address does not detail a "wish list"; it is not an ideology. Rather, it is a grounded analysis of data from the author's travels that indicates what the future of grounded theory is likely to be. The author discusses in whose hands the future of grounded theory appears to be as well as what accounts for its spread, its use, and its misuse.


The Birnbaum–Saunders (BS) distribution is a positively skewed distribution, frequently used for analysing lifetime data. In this paper, we propose a simple method of estimation for the parameters of the two-parameter BS distribution by making use of some key properties of the distribution. Compared with the maximum likelihood estimators and the modified moment estimators, the proposed method has smaller bias, but having the same mean square errors as these two estimators. We also discuss some methods of construction of confidence intervals. The performance of the estimators is then assessed by means of Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, an example is used to illustrate the method of estimation developed here.


This paper presents the extension of the streamline approach to full-field, three-dimensional (3D) compositional simulation. The streamline technique decomposes a heterogeneous 3D domain into a number of one-dimensional (1D) streamlines along which all fluid flow calculations are done. Streamlines represent a natural, dynamically changing grid for modeling fluid flow. We use a 1D compositional finite-difference simulator to move components numerically along streamlines, and then map the 1D solutions back onto an underlying Cartesian grid to obtain a full 3D compositional solution at a new time level. Because of the natural decomposition of the 3D domain into a number of 1D problems, the streamline approach offers substantial computational efficiency and minimizes numerical diffusion compared to traditional finite-difference methods. We compare our three and four component solutions with solutions from two finite difference codes, UTCOMP and Eclipse 300 (E300). These examples show that our streamline solutions are in agreement with the finite-difference solutions, are able to minimize the impact of numerical diffusion, are faster by orders of magnitude. Numerical diffusion in finite-difference formulations can interact with reservoir heterogeneity to substantially mitigate mobility differences and lead to optimistic recovery predictions. We demonstrate the efficiency and usefulness of the streamline-based simulator on a 518,400 gridblock, 3D, heterogeneous, 36-well problem for a condensing-vaporizing gas drive with four components. We can simulate this problem on an average-size workstation in three CPU days. It takes approximately the same amount of time to simulate the upscaled 28,800 gridblock version of the problem using finitedifferences. We conclude with a qualitative discussion explaining the near-linear scaling of the streamline approach with the number of gridblocks and the cubic and higher scaling exhibited by one of the finite-difference codes. Introduction The use of streamlines and streamtubes to model convective displacements in heterogeneous media has been presented repeatedly since the early work by Muskat, 43–45 Fay and Prats, 25 and Higgins and Leighton. 31–33 Important subsequent contributions are due to Parsons, 50 Martin and Wegner, 39 Bommer and Schechter, 9 Lakeet al.,37 Mathewset al.,41 Emanuelet al.,20–22 Renard, 57 and Hewett and Behrens. 30 Recently, streamline methods have received renewed attention by several groups as a viable alternative to traditional finitedifference (FD) methods for large, heterogeneous, multiwell, multiphase simulations, which are particularly difficult for FD simulators to model adequately. 3–6, 8, 10, 11, 51, 52, 59, 64–66Large speed-up factors compared to traditional FD solutions, minimization of numerical diffusion and grid orientation effects, and the inherent simplicity of the approach offer unique opportunities for integration with modern reservoir characterization methods. Examples include ranking of equiprobable earth models, estimation of the uncertainty in production forecasts due to the uncertainty in the geological description, rapid assessment of production strategies such as infill drilling patterns and miscible gas injection. 3, 19, 22, 51, 67In addition, streamlines may offer an attractive alternative to well-known problems with upscaling of absolute and pseudorelative permeabilities by allowing larger geological models and requiring upscaling across a smaller range of scales. 2, 15 Our streamline approach for reservoir simulation hinges on two important extensions to past streamline/streamtube methods: (1) the use of true 3D streamlines 55 and (2) and numerical solutions of the transport equations along periodically changing streamlines. 9, 57 With these extensions we have been able to simulate realistic fluid flow in detailed, heterogeneous, 3D reservoir models much more efficiently than FD methods.3, 4, 6, 64 We emphasize that reservoir simulation using streamlines is not a minor modification of current FD approaches, but instead represents a significant shift in methodology. By transporting fluids along periodically changing streamlines, the streamline 2 3D Field Scale Compositional Simulation Using Streamlines SPE 38889 approach is equivalent to a dynamically adapting grid that is decoupled from the underlying, static, grid used to describe the reservoir geology. The 1D nature of a streamline is translated into a 1D transport problem that can be solved easily and efficiently. This is considerably different from FD methods that use the same grid to solve both for pressure and for saturation/composition, and are forced to move fluids only along grid directions. The implementation of our approach uses five key ideas: Heterogeneity and Well Locations: Streamlines represent the natural grid to capture high and low flow regions due to well placements and reservoir heterogeneity.20, 30, 39, 45, 50 Muskat first used streamline to estimate reservoir drainage volumes resulting from well placements. The use of streamlines to capture the impact of heterogeneity is more recent and is due to the work by Lakeet al37 and by Emanuel and co-workers. 20–22, 30, 41 3D Streamlines: Tracing 3D streamlines using a time-offlight (TOF) approach as presented by Pollock 55 and Datta-Gupta and King. 17 Using a TOF formulation along streamlines is significantly easier than using a volumetric formulation along streamtubes, particularly for true 3D flow. It is straightforward to show that a volumetric coordinate along a streamtube is equivalent to a TOF coordinate along a streamline. 64 1D Numerical Solutions: Moving solutions forward in time numerically along 1D streamlines as proposed by Bommer and Schechter. 9 By using a numerical FD solution along streamlines extends the approach to general initial conditions, changing boundary conditions, and any type of displacement or recovery mechanism which can be formulated in one dimension. Updating Streamlines: Capturing the changing total velocity field due to problem nonlinearities as well as time-varying boundary conditions (wells coming online as well as shutting-in) by periodically recalculating the streamlines. 3–6, 40, 57, 64–66 Because streamlines represent the natural flow grid along which fluids want to move, far fewer streamline updates (global pressure solves) are required to move the fluids forward in time compared to FD methods. This results in a significant computational efficiency. Combining numerical 1D solutions (point 3 above) with periodically updated 3D streamlines is the centerpiece of our approach. It allows to capture nonlinear flow mechanism in 3D while retaining the speed advantages that made approximate 2D streamtube methods attractive in the past. Operator-Splitting: Using operator-splitting to capture flow mechanisms that are not aligned with the total velocity field, such as gravity. 4, 11, 28 The inability of 2D streamtube methods in the past to account for gravity effects has been a long-standing criticism. By using operator splitting and 3D streamlines it is possible to account for any mechanism that is not aligned with the total velocity field, such as transverse diffusion, capillary crossflow, and gravity. Operator splitting is a well established mathematical concept and has been used in the past to solve convective-diffusive transport problems, 24 transport problems on multiple grids, 56 and transport problems with gravity. 4, 11, 29 Compositional Displacements In this paper we consider the extension of the streamline approach to compositional displacements. We have described the application of the method to immiscible and miscible displacements in our previous work, 3–5, 8, 64, 65, 67and the reader is referred to those publications for additional details. Modeling mass transfer effects correctly becomes imperative when designing injection processes that will enhance the recovery of oil compared to traditional waterflooding methods. For example, under the right physical conditions gas or solvent injection can lead to very efficient recovery processes, as capillary forces that cause entrapment in immiscible displacements are reduced leading to much lower residual oil saturations. If the injected solvent is completely miscible, i.e. only a single phase is formed over the range of pressures and temperatures present in the reservoir, then the displacement is said to be first-contact-miscible (FCM) and the residual oil saturation in a swept zone is theoretically zero. In many cases however, miscibility is achieved in-situ after the solvent has contacted the oil repeatedly and mass transfer occurs between the injected solvent and the oil in place. These cases are referred to as multicontact miscibility (MCM). If miscibility is never achieved for the range of pressures and compositions in a particular displacement, then the displacement is referred to as being immiscible, although mass transfer still occurs between the flowing phases. For a general overview on the subject the reader is referred to Stalkup's monograph. 61 Although the residual oil saturations that can be achieved by gas injection processes can be very low, there is an offsetting effect caused by the injected fluids usually being significantly more mobile and of lower density than the resident oil. Higher mobility can lead to channeling and viscous fingering. 63 A significant density contrast can lead to gravity override. These effects have been observed experimentally at the core scale by several investigators 12, 13, 26, 60and have also been confirmed numerically. Experimental work has also underscored the importance of crossflow mechanism due to capillary forces and concentration gradients, but is remains unclear to what extent these mechanisms act at the scale of typical field-scale reservoir simulation gridblock and how they affect the flow between gridblocks at that scale. It is generally agreed though, that successful mode


The challenges and opportunities of the Europe of Knowledge run alongside the competing requirements of peer review and regular 'research assessments' for many academics, not least in the UK. In this personal reflection, Julie Smith considers the impact of the Europe of Knowledge on research for social scientists and how its requirements fit with a need to demonstrate excellence and impact both in academic and practical terms. She notes that there is often a tension between attempts to deliver 'excellence' and 'impact', even within a context where both these concepts and the broader idea of 'knowledge' are difficult to measure. On balance, researchers are increasingly integrated into European networks and aspire to excellence but the constraints of funding, both nationally and at the EU level, mean that blue-skies research is not often possible.


transducing the stress signal and regulating gene expression (transcription factors, kinases, phosphatases). Recently, research activities in the field evolved from the study of single genes directly involved in cellular stress tolerance (functional genes) to the identification and characterization of key regulatory genes involved in stress perception and transduction and able to rapidly and efficiently activate the complex gene network involved in the response to stress. The complexity of the events occurring in response to stress have been recently approached by genomics tools; in fact the analysis of transcriptome, proteome and metabolome of a plant tissue/cell in response to stress al-ready allowed to have a global view of the cellular and molecular events occurring in response to water deficit, by the identification of genes activated and co-regulated by the stress conditions and the characterization of new signalling pathways. Moreover the recent application of forward and reverse genetic approaches, trough mutant col-lection development, screening and characterization, is giving a tremendous impulse to the identification of gene functions with key role in stress tolerance. The integration of data obtained by high-throughput genomic approaches, by means of powerful informatic tools, is allowing nowadays to rapidly identify of major genes/QTLs involved in stress tolerance, and to develop appropriate strategies to obtain, through genetic engineering or Marker Assisted Breeding (MAS) water stress tolerant plants. In the present review we reported the most recent results obtained, in both model and crop species, in the field of the plant genetics of water stress tolerance with special at-tention to new insights into the complex gene networks activated in response to water deficit (ABA-dependent and -indipendent pathways), the innovative genetic approaches to determine key gene functions (forward-reverse ge-netics), and the application of new genetic strategies to obtain tolerant genotypes (genetic QTL-based MAS).


We report a case of ST elevation in right precordial leads compatible with type 1 Brugada syndrome following administration of propafenone in a patient with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome who was receiving lithium at concentrations within therapeutic levels. The mechanism of the electrocardiogram changes was considered to be caused by the two drugs synergistic sodium channel blocking effects.


The finite element model of a noval plate ice storage equipment is presented.It is justified by the current experimental data.The ice storage and melting characteristics of the plate ice storage equipment are simulated with the finite element model.The simulation results show that the ice storage and melting processes proceed within different temperature ranges near 0 ℃,and for elements closer to the plate wall,their temperatures vary faster.The intermittent ice storage method is put forward and compared with the continuous one.The results show that,the intermittent ice storage method can greatly reduce the pure ice storage time,and energy saving can be realized during the pure ice storage process.


Flexible Hybrid Electronics (FHE) is in the limelight for next generation electronics, it has good potential for further development as the priority areas for focused study, not only can it create new products, but also meet the needs of flexible, bendable, and stretchable characteristics. Furthermore, FHE brings new business opportunities to the semiconductor industry, and it has niche growth potential in the fields of healthcare, aviation, soft robotics and Internet of Things (IoT). Fan-out panel-level packaging (FOPLP) technology have the advantages of thinner packaging, good heat dissipation and high electrical performance. In this paper, the RDL-first FOPLP techniques is adopted to develop the FHE systems with ITRI's core technologies, i.e., FlexUPTM and mechanical de-bonding. With ITRI's FlexUPTM and flexible display technology, the related problems can be overcame such as broken circuit and poor electrical performance, which were caused by bending and stretching the circuit of the RDL substrate. The results showed that ITRI's core technology could meet the demand of FHE systems. It also provide a solution to solve the contradiction between the characteristics of the rigid structure and flexible requirements.


Introduction:
 Conduction System (His-Bundle, Left Bundle Branch) Pacing (CSP) for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) provides more physiologic ventricular activation than right ventricular pacing. CSP has demonstrated improved outcomes in patients with cardiomyopathy. The effectiveness of CSP in patients with cancer or prior exposure to cardiotoxic agents is unknown.

 Methods:
 We retrospectively studied patients with cancer who underwent CSP for CRT from January 2018 to June 2021 at Rush University Medical Center. Changes in QRS duration, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), B natriuretic peptide (BNP), and hospital admission rates pre- and post-initiating CSP were analyzed at baseline compared with one-year post CSP using student's T-Tests.

 Results:
 Sixty-five patients with cancer underwent CSP, of which 11 had cardiomyopathy and underwent CSP for CRT. Five patients (45.5%) were female, 5 (45.5%) Caucasian, with mean age 71.2± 9.0 years. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (3 cases, 27.3%) was the most common cancer. Most (90.1%) patients had non-metastatic disease, 72.7% had prior chemotherapy, 54.5% were treated with cardiotoxic agents. Seven patients (63%) had a baseline left bundle branch block (LBBB). QRS duration shortened (122.3 ± 18.9 ms. vs. 153.7 ± 20.6 ms, p=0.003), LVEF increased (27.0 ± 6.2% vs. 39.0 ± 12.9 %, p=0.007), and BNP decreased (807.6 ± 1709.9 pg/ml vs. 591.4.0 ± 1079.4 pg/ml, p=0.78) (figure1). There was no change in heart failure hospitalizations (0.3 ± 0.48 admissions /person/year), at baseline vs. 1-year post-CSP.

 Conclusion:
 In this small population of patients with cancer and reduced LVEF with indications for CRT, CSP was associated with significant improvement in LVEF and QRS duration; and a non-significant decrease in BNP. The overall hospitalization rate was very low. Future studies in a larger population with a longer follow-up period are paramount to further assess this promising strategy.


Helen Smith, Zbigniew Ulanowski, Warren Stanley, Paul Kaye, Edwin Hirst, 'A Universal Cloud and Aerosol Sounding System (UCASS) based on wide angle light scattering', poster presented at The Aerosol Society Focus Meeting 9: Recent Advances in Aerosol Measurement Technology, London, UK, 5 April, 2016.


1. Site Organisation 2. Contract Planning 3. Work Study 4. Health and Safety 5. Waste Management 6. Stock Control and Management 7. Supply Chain Management 8. Quality Management


The electrochemical storage cells 300 are provided. Cell 300 includes a core 200 having an anode plate 110, cathode plate 105 and the separator 115. Core 200 is positioned to fit within the shell (305) with an open end. End cap assembly 325 is provided to seal the open end. The cathode plate and the anode plate is connected to one terminal of the electrical part thereof extends to the outside from the inner portion of the electrochemical storage cells 300 through the end cap 1605. Second occlusion structure for providing a protective cover (6105) that matches with the outermost portion of the end cap assembly 325 and generally is engaging with the first cover half (6200b) and a first occlusion structure with a first occlusion structure and a second cover half including (6200b) with. The first and the second cover half (6200a, 6200b) is made to engage with each other around the connector.


In the past decade, farmers have increasingly invested in value-added agriculture. Analysis of these investments compared to farm expansion by farmers was conducted from a portfolio optimization standpoint. Farms with similar investment patterns were identified by cluster analysis. When individual farm characteristics were analyzed to determi11e how these attributes affected investment choices, clear influences were found. ln general , va lue-added agricultural investments were fo und to be an efficient investment alternative to fam1 expansion. Because of their larger risk, stock market investments play a smaller role in an optimized producer portfol io. 1.0 INTRODUCTION The Value-Added Business Boom lnvestment in fanner-owned, value-added businesses has skyrocketed since the early 1990s. With this increased interest in investment, research in value-added agriculture has increased dramatically. This shift in farmers' investment preferences has the potential to transform many rural landscapes from endless fi elds to a combination of fields, processing faci lities, and additional animal confinement units. Va lue-added manufacturi ng can be defined as adding value to basic farm commodities through additional processing and marketing (Gale 2004). Historically, farmers have added value to their crops through on-farm livestock production. More recently, frumers have invested in manufacturing facilities to produce bio-fuels, egg proteins, and other products. Examples of off-fam1 value-added manufacturing businesses are listed below. Ethano l production illustrates both a current and future shifl in investment preferences by many Iowan agricultural producers. Currently, 18 Iowa ethanol plants are producing 729 million gallons of ethanol and generating the equivalent of more than 2.29 million tons of dried distiller's grain with so lubles (DOGS). This process uses 270 million bushels of corn annually (Wisner 2005). Of these 18 plants, 12 are organjzed as farmerowned cooperatives (Otto 2003). The average cost to plan and construct an ethanol is approximately $1 per gallon of future plant capacity. The average new plant produces approximately 60 million gallons annually, requiring a significant capital investment. Future investments in ethru1ol wil l be significant. Approx imately 16 adilitional ethru10l plants are currently in construction or in planning stages. This adds an additional 433 mil lion gallons of ethanol for a total of 1.16 bi llion gallons produced in Iowa alone. Long-


We report here an electrochemical reactor that converts 3.0 M KHCO 3 into methane at the cathode, and oxidizes water at the anode. The molar ratio of methane product to unreacted CO 2 gas (defined herein as "methane yield") was measured to be ca . 30% at a partial current density of 120 mA cm -2 . The highest previously reported CO 2 -to-methane yield is 3%. Our reactor achieved this improvement in methane yield because it is fed with 3.0 M KHCO 3 , a type of reactive carbon solution, rather than gaseous CO 2 . The reactor is designed so that H + delivered by the bipolar membrane reacts with HCO 3– at the cathode to form CO 2 . This CO 2 is then reduced to methane. A cationic surfactant added to the catholyte suppressed hydrogen evolution to increase the methane yield. A 1D continuum model confirmed that H + from the membrane promotes the formation of methane over multi-carbon products. These findings present design principles for electrochemical methane synthesis. We report an electrochemical reactor that converts 3.0 M KHCO 3 into methane at the cathode, and oxidizes water at the anode. The molar ratio of methane product to unreacted CO 2 gas (defined herein as "methane yield") was measured to be 34% at a partial current density of 120 mA cm -2 . The highest previously reported CO 2 -to-methane yield is 3%. Our reactor achieved this improvement in methane yield because it is fed with 3.0 M KHCO 3 , a type of reactive carbon solution, rather than gaseous CO 2 . The reactor uses H + delivered by a bipolar membrane to form CO 2 at the cathode. This CO 2 is subsequently reduced into methane. A cationic surfactant added to the catholyte suppressed hydrogen evolution and increased methane formation. A 1D continuum model confirmed that H + from the membrane promotes the formation of methane over multi-carbon products at the cathode. These findings present design principles for electrochemical methane synthesis.


Objective To realize the information of occupational stress and its influential factors in doctors. Methods Occupational Stress Inventory Revised Edition (OSI-R) was used for the survey in present study. The sampled 342 doctors (study group) from hospitals of various class and 356 administrators (control group) in corresponding hospitals in Shenzhen city were tested. Results The scores of ORQ and PRQ in doctor group were significantly higher than that of control group (P0.01). The main occupational stressors were role overload, role insufficiency and responsibility. The stress response of interpersonal relationship in doctors was significantly higher than that of control group (P0.01). The primary influential factors of stress reaction in doctors were role overload, role insufficiency, role boundary, responsibility, work environment, recreation, social support and rational conduct. Conclusions Doctors were exposed in the higher level of occupational stress factors. Improving individual's affair handling ability might reduce the stress reaction of doctors.


Five different methods for computer generation of Dirichlet (multivariate 2-parameter beta) random vectors are studied. The performance of these five methods are compared in terms of Central Processing Unit (CPU) time. For parameter values suspected to be less than 1.0, the modified acceptance-rejection method is preferable and for parameter values greater than 1.0, the beta method is recommended.


1. Starred references are to I to and McKean [3], the terminology of which is used here. Because of the method of time substitution (Chapter 5*), results on the structure of the Brownian path generalise easily to provide analogous results for arbitrary diffusions. The generalisations of the results described here take simple forms in terms of scale function, speed measure and generator. These generalisations and their proofs will appear elsewhere. Notation. A BM° is a (one-dimensional) Brownian motion starting a t 0. By a BES* we mean a '^dimensional' Bessel process starting a t 0, i.e., a continuous random function identical in law to the radial part of a ^-dimensional Brownian motion which starts a t 0, See §2,7*. Introduce the ^-dimensional Bessel bridge BES(è)BR as a random function on the parameter set [0, 1 ] identical in law to trk[(l t)/t] where r* is a BES?. Compare the 'Brownian bridge' in Billingsley [ l ] .


In patients with primary brain tumors, any new enhancement outside of the field of radiation is often assumed to be progressive disease and treated as such without confirmatory tissue. Recently we have encountered 3 cases that demonstrate that this cannot be universally assumed. All 3 patients had pathology proven anaplastic oligodendroglioma at initial resection with 1p19q codeletion. 2 patients were male and one was female, and age at presentation ranged from 39 to 50 years old. All were treated with resection and subsequent chemotherapy and focal radiation either up front or at first recurrence. 2 had recurrent tumors confirmed with resection and pathological diagnosis, which was then re-treated and stabilized for over two years in both cases. Months to years after last treatment, all 3 patients developed new enhancing masses outside the field of initial radiation with at least one lesion in the contralateral hemisphere. 2 out of 3 patients underwent biopsy of these new lesions, one demonstrating gliosis and necrosis, the other demonstrating plasma cell infiltrate. For one of these patients, serial MRI has subsequently demonstrated migrating enhancement but no clear progression. The third patient who did not undergo biopsy has undergone intermittent bevacizumab infusions with again waxing and waning enhancement for the last five years that continue to resolve each time bevacizumab is reinstituted. Clinically, all 3 patients are currently not receiving any treatment for their enhancement other than surveillance MRI and all remain neurologically stable with no new symptoms. While the pathophysiology of this phenomenon is not understood, these three cases demonstrate that new enhancing lesions outside the initial radiation treatment field should not be globally assumed to be new tumor foci or treated as such. In some patients, there may be patterns of enhancement that reflect other processes and do not require aggressive tumor management.