In an environment wherein the public address system is used to address the general public, acoustic feedback occurs unpredictably which significantly degrades the acoustic quality of the information signal. An adaptive filter is then employed, with the objective that is to reduce the effect of acoustic feedback of the public address system that might occur at any point within the area. However, it is been debated what would be the filter length and adaption constant for its optimum performance. Furthermore, few studies suggest the filter length and adaptation constant for such application. In this paper, the performance of the adaptive filter implemented in FPGA with the least mean square (LMS) adaptive algorithm was evaluated and examine the effects of the filter length adaptation constant. A speaker, microphone, and audio amplifier were positioned to which acoustic feedback will occur. The amplifier's gain was regularly varied at different adaptation constant and filter length and the acoustic activity of the environment was then observed by a spectrum analyzer and spectrograph. Results show that with a large adaptation constant µ, the adaptive filter was able to quickly reduce the howling signal before the system exhibit unstable behavior. However, results also show that the magnitude of the output information signal of the public address system with large µ is lesser compared to a smaller µ. This shows that the adaptation constant µ does not only eliminate the acoustic feedback but also reduces the amplification capability of the public address system with an acoustic feedback controller. Furthermore, there is no significant difference observed on the effect of the length of the adaptive filter


The completion of the sequencing of the human genome in 2000 has been followed by an exciting period with a large number of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that aimed to identify genetic loci, which confer risk for common diseases, such as heart attacks, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disorders, and many others. The results of the first comprehensive GWAS, which was performed by about 200 scientists of the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC), were reported in 2007 [1]. For the WTCCC GWAS the genomes of 14 000 NHS patients (2000 per disease) and 3000 healthy controls were scanned for 500 000 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the statistical analysis identified 24 loci associated with the risk of disease. Four years later in excess of 460 GWAS have been completed for diseases and quantitative traits relevant to clinical disorders, e.g. lipid levels in heart attacks (http://www.genome.gov/gwastudies). We applied the latter type of analytical approach to the count and volume of platelets. Both parameters vary widely in the healthy population are negatively correlated and there is ample evidence that both are highly heritable. Using about 3000 samples from the UK Blood Services Common Control collection, which was established for use as shared controls in the WTCCC study, we identified the first locus on chromosome 7q22Æ3 that regulates the volume of platelets [3]. A follow-up meta-analysis of GWAS results in 68 000 DNA samples from healthy individuals increased the number of genetic loci that exert an effect on the volume and count of platelets to 68 [2,4]. This discovery of a plethora of genetic loci for platelet count and volume gives an unprecedented insight in novel and important regulators of the processes of megakaryopoiesis and the formation and survival of platelets. Functional studies in zebrafish and in genotyped blood donors from the Cambridge BioResource are used to identify the mechanisms by which common sequence variants in platelet loci modify the volume and count of platelets. This knowledge is relevant for our long-term aim to generate platelets from pluripotent stem cells in the laboratory. The question may be asked what the relevance of GWAS and other genomics studies is for transfusion medicine. In the first instance the effects on our specialty will be indirect, but in the longer term it will have important repercussions for the world of transfusion. As a direct consequence of the GWAS revolution the cost for genotyping of SNPs has reduced dramatically and about 500 000 SNPs can be typed for a mere 150 euro per sample. First, this will bring the introduction of routine genotyping for the minor red cell groups, other than ABO and RhD a step closer and NHS Blood and Transplant has commenced a large scale validation project to determine the cost-benefit of genotyping versus phenotyping by haemagglutination. Second, the sequencing of the entire coding fraction of the genome, also called the exome, has now become affordable. This should allow in the future the identification of rare sequence variants, which are causative of severe hazards of transfusion such as transfusion-related acute lung injury and post-transfusion purpura. Third, the sequencing of exomes should help with the identification of the causative sequence variants underlying rare blood groups for which the genetic basis has so far not yet been resolved. Finally with the introduction of next generation sequencing the costs of reading the DNA code is getting so low that it becomes financially attractive to type donors and recipients of hematopoietic stem cells and of solid organs for their HLA alleles by sequencing in stead by other genetic tests. In conclusion, transfusion medicine experts have been into genetics since Landsteiner's discovery of the ABO groups. Generally we have ascertained DNA polymorphisms in an indirect manner by studying the blood groups at the phenotype level by haemagglutination. The genomics revolution will have a profound effect on the delivery of future health care and this revolution will also have its bearing on the routine activities of blood services worldwide. It is therefore important that scientist, doctors and those in management of blood services remain appraised about the technological platforms and the bioinformatical and statistical methods that underlie the current research and service development in medical genomics. Correspondence: Willem H Ouwehand MD PhD FRCPath, Professor of Experimental Haematology, Long Road, CB2 OPT, Cambridge, UK E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com ISBT Science Series (2011) 6, 105–106


The fatigue limit of a plain specimen of a tool steel JIS SK85 was investigated. The initial crack length in the fatigue process is related to the size of a single crystal in the case of low carbon steel. However, that is independent of the crystal size in the case of pure aluminum, a lamellar pearlitic steel, etc. In this study, the relationship between the initial crack length and the fatigue limit was investigated. The original microstructure of this material includes a spherical microstructure. However, after heat treatment under some conditions, that microstructure changed to a lamellar microstructure. The fatigue limit of heat-treated SK85 could be evaluated by an equation in which the parameters are the hardness and initial crack length. Finally, this result was discussed based on the observations of crack growth behavior and fracture surface.


Introduction: Killing of a baby by its own mother is known from biblical times to the modern era. Challenges faced by the forensic pathologist in an investigation of a case of infanticide include proof of live birth, age of the baby, link between the mother and the baby, and the commission or omission of an act causing the death of the baby by its own mother. The case under discussion illustrates how these challenges were met. Case report: Thefresh body of an infant was found in the deep freezer compartment of a refrigerator in a house. Autopsy examination revealed a mature baby boy with multiple cut injuries in the neck. Lungs were fully expanded and there was aspirated blood in the distal air passage indicating signs of live birth. Medico-legal examination of the mother revealed breast engorgement and recent vaginal delivery including the presence of placenta. Psychiatric referral revealed moderate depression of the mother. Conclusion: The case was an unusual case of infanticide where the mother killed her baby using a drastic method and concealed the body. Forensic investigations assisted in establishing live birth and maternal depression possibly associated with puerperal psychosis. Medico-Legal Journal of Sri Lanka 2013; 1(2) : 56-59


The blasting method is one of the best hard rock excavation methods in mining activities. This method has negative impacts, one of which is the vibrations generated by the residual energy of the explosion. This impact will affect the environment around the blasting area, both slope stability, tunnels, infrastructure, and human settlements if it is close to the blasting site. Therefore, it needs initial planning and prediction to anticipate the blasting vibration that occurs. In general, the blast vibration can be predicted using the scale distance method which uses two parameters, namely the maximum amount of explosive material per time delay and the distance of measurement from the location of the explosion. This method has been widely researched to produce several empirical equations from each explosion location studied. However, as technology develops, several studies have tried to use artificial intelligence technology, one of which is the artificial neural network algorithm as a new approach for predicting detonation vibrations. In this method, the development of the parameters used in predicting the weighting of the most influential parameters from the formation of detonation vibrations can be carried out. This study will review several studies related to the use of artificial neural networks in predicting blasting vibrations in the studies that have been carried out and also compare with prediction methods using several empirical equations.


'In the beginning … Myth and meaning in world music' looks at world music's real and imagined beginnings. These origins are documented in European missionaries' observations of indigenous peoples and represented by the first musicians in religious and philosophical writings. Ideas about music in different cultures may be irreconcilable, and some have no word for music at all. Ethnomusicologists like Charles Seeger explored the problem of using words to describe music, although words may not properly convey it. Today's world music stars bring the past into the present through performance, reliving the moment of encounter and discovery in collaborations spanning the globe.


Mixed reality (MR) has proven to be an efficient tool for finding solutions to problems in different areas. This paper presents the implementation of an interactive application with Microsoft HoloLens head mounted display, which enables spatial interaction with synthetically generated 3D objects. 3D manipulations, such as positioning, scaling and rotating are also included in the functionality. The application discussed here works with 3D rigid objects that physically behave properly within the VR environment. The study discusses the methods used to build a userfriendly application and the main steps for its creation.


Axford N. Children and global social policy: exploring the impact of international governmental organisations

International governmental organisations (IGOs) seek to influence child welfare policy and practice in individual sovereign states. But do they succeed and, if so, in what way? This article outlines the nature of selected IGOs' work, explores the nature of their impact and seeks to explain the pattern that emerges. It also notes areas for further research.


Background, objectives and aims: Shared Decision Making (SDM) enables clinicians to promote self-management and to empower patients with long-term health conditions. While it has been reported in other health conditions, there is little empirical research on the nature and practice of SDM in HIV care. This project aimed to explore current views and practices among UK HIV nurses regarding SDM. Methods: A mixed methods study utilised focus groups and an online survey to identify opportunities, challenges and training needs. Results: Nurses are supportive of SDM but face patient-related, organisation and health system challenges to implement it, especially in supporting complex patients. SDM is an important aspect of nursing care for people living with HIV. Conclusions: Nurses need more training and resources to implement SDM effectively. In order to develop such training and resources to better understand SDM in relation to HIV care, there is a need for research on patient perspectives and experiences in this area.


Different approaches to the image feature selection were summarized. In view of the image global features are more likely to be detected and not liable to be disturbed by noise and local distortion, an approach to the image feature selection and extraction based on the global feature was proposed. The mean gray-scale of the image was taken as the major feature value. The image was divided into several blocks, the feature values expressed by 10 numbers were obtained by means of horizontal and vertical projection. To realize the quick real-time recognition of the number, the values of the feature numbers after projection were processed in accordance with the original projective direction. The experimental results show that the numbers in an image with moderate noise can be accurately and quickly recognized by the statistical approach which has a good anti-jamming ability.


WHILE multiple diverticula of the colon are so common as to be frequently noted on gastro-intestinal examinations, and duodenal diverticula are occasionally seen, diverticula of the jejunum would seem to be a rare condition, if one may judge from the number of cases of this condition reported in the literature. Helvestine (8), in 1923, was able to find only 27 cases of these diverticula which had been reported. Gisbertz (5) was able to find only a total of 50 cases of diverticula of the jejunum or ileum for his compilation of the literature in 1930. Stiven (12), in 1934, stated that diverticula of the jejunum and ileum were very rare and expressed the opinion that there were only about 60 such cases on record. Schmidt and Guttman (11) reported a single case of multiple diverticula of the jejunum and duodenum in 1934. Case (3), in 1920, in an analysis of 6,847 gastro-intestinal examinations, was able to find only five cases of jejunal or ileal diverticula. In this same series, he reported 85 cases of duode...


The complete genomic sequences of three CAV strains and twelve clinical isolates were determined. The genome contained 2 298 nucleotides and three overlapping ORFs that have been identified in other CAV isolates. Sequence comparion revealed 95.2 %-99.5 % nucleotide similarities among the fifteen strains and other thirteen CAV genomic sequences from GenBank. Two highly variable regions (HRV) were identified in ORF3, one located in position 1 033 nt-1 470 nt at the 5' terminus and the other in 1 858 nt-2 193 nt at the 3' terminus. ORF1 was relatively more conservative than ORF2 and ORF3. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that all CAV isolates could be classified into two distinct genetic subgroups. Most of the CAV isolates from China were genetically close to Cux-1 isolated from German and could be classified as subgroupⅠ; the other isolates were closer with Japanese G6 and TR20 isolates , which were classified as subgroupⅡ.


OBJECTIVE: We report a rare case of ectopic unerupted tooth in maxillary sinus. CASE REPORT: A 23 year old female presented with oroantral fistula distal to right upper second molar. On radiography, there was an ectopic unerupted tooth in maxillary sinus, removed via sublabial approach with sinuscope. CONCLUSION: This is a rare case of unerupted ectopic tooth in maxillary sinus that presented with oroantral fistula. Opacity in maxillary sinus may be due to unerupted ectopic tooth. Complete removal of tooth along with associated mucosal disease of sinus by INTRODUCTION: Tooth development results from a complicated multi-step interaction between the oral epithelium and the underlying mesenchymal tissue. A series of complex tissue interactions result in the formation of mature teeth. Abnormal tissue interaction during development may potentially result in ectopic tooth development and eruption. Ectopic eruption of a tooth into the dental environment is common, whereas ectopic eruption of a tooth in other sites is rare. Diverse oral anatomical locations can infrequently be the site of an ectopic tooth eruption. Such locations include the nasal cavity, chin, mandibular condyle, coronoid process. One of the sites for an ectopic tooth in a no dental location is the maxillary sinus. Tooth in the maxillary sinus is rare. Due to its rarity, the literature that deals with this is sparse. Ectopic eruption may be associated with one of three distinct processes, Developmental disturbances, pathological processes and iatrogenic activity. The etiology of ectopic teeth is not always known. Impaction of a tooth in the maxillary sinus can be asymptomatic. Such teeth are often discovered serendipitously on radiographs of the skull or teeth. In some cases, patients experience significant symptoms like sinonasal symptoms, oroantral fistula etc. Tooth eruption in the maxillary sinus may cause sinusitis. The treatment of an ectopic maxillary tooth is surgical removal. We present a case of an ectopic third molar which presented in the maxillary sinus presented as oro antral fistula and was removed via endoscopic surgery. CASE REPORT: A 23 years old healthy female was presented for evaluation of pus discharging oro antral fistula distal to right upper second molar. The intra oral examination revealed the right upper third molar was absent. Purulent material from the oro antral fistula was observed. The extra oral examination revealed no signs or symptoms. The patient complained of a headache on the right side of his face for approximately 3 - 4 years. The Xray PNS water's view (figure 1) and lateral view of face (figure 2), and orthopentogram (figure 3) showed a well - defined circular opacity surrounded by a soft tissue mass in the right maxillary sinus. Computed tomography (CT) of


The high jewelry industry, and its supply chain, are considered complex systems that have positively affected the global economy as well as potentially harmed the environment and society due to its resources exploitation. As a consequence, consumers are increasingly demanding for sustainable processes that guarantee traceability through the extraction and manufacturing phases. The aim of this paper is to present and evaluate potential solutions for the traceability of high jewelry raw materials. First of all, this paper is intended to analyze how recent initiatives have demonstrated that the mining process is the most challenging one in terms of sustainability. Secondly, the paper focuses on Information technologies, including Blockchain-based technologies such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Non-Fungible Token (NFT) and Near Field Communication (NFC). To address this issue, high jewelry companies and organizations have started integrating these technologies providing superior alternative in terms of verifiability, traceability, and security in comparison to paper-based methods. To this end, this paper offers a detailed overview of current methods of traceability for precious high jewelry raw materials, including gold, diamonds, and colored gemstones. In conclusion, the paper presents a comparison of different methods of traceability available, considering and evaluating opportunities and challenges for existing methods as well as potential new initiatives.


Five compounds were isolated from the N-butyl alcohol extract of Chinese Vibrunum leaves,and the structures were identified by physicochemical analysis and spectral analysis technology.Results showed that,the five compounds were lanosterol(Ⅰ),kaempferol(Ⅱ),hydrangenol 8-O-glucoside(Ⅲ),is-orhamnetin(Ⅳ),quercetin(Ⅴ),among which,lanosterol,kaempferol and quercetin were firstly isolated from Chinese Vibrunum.


This paper analyses the distributed characteristics of zero-sequence current of fault line and normal line in power network with arc suppression coil grounding when single phase ground fault happens.A microcomputer fault line selection device using Intel 80296 and CPLD is designed.Fused current method is adopted in the device for fault feeder detection.This method uses vector sum of compensated current and zero-sequence current and selects fault line according to different distribution of the sum.Field operation shows that this device has high accuracy of earthed fault feeder detection especially for single phase ground fault through high-impedance.


This forum examines issues of intercultural competence and language education, discussing the extent to which language courses provide students with intercultural competence and the extent to which...


A comparison of results obtained on blank and coated specimens shows that ceria coatings strongly modify the microstructure and texture of the wustite scale formed during low pressure oxidation of pure iron. On coated specimens, all the scale is composed of fast growing (200) oriented wustite grains ; crystallographic orientations (different from (200)) are no longer present in the wustite scale. The linear oxidation rates are always higher in the case of surface coated specimens due to the lack of epitaxial relationships with the metallic substrate. Cerium is located in the wustite matrix as a CeFeO 3 phase which dissolves in FeO in time. Carbon and manganese, present as major impurities in an Extra Low Carbon Steel, have a strong influence on oxidation kinetics and on the rare-earth element location in oxide scales. Carbon, diffusing slowly from the matrix bulk to the metal-scale interface, promotes spallation of the wustite scale, but carbon does not hinder CeFeO 3 formation. On the other hand, the manganese impurity prevents the formation of CeFeO 3 due to the lack of contact between the reducing FeO germs and the oxidant CeO 2 . This lack of contact is due to the high vapour pressure of manganese oxides, which evaporate at the beginning of the reaction, and promotes immediate CeO 2 coating spallation.


In the eprint by Jean Alexandre [arXiv:1009.5834], a minimal extension of (3+1)-dimensional quantum electrodynamics has been proposed, which includes Lorentz violation (LV) in the form of higher-(spatial)-derivative isotropic terms in the gauge sector, suppressed by a mass scale M. The model can lead to dynamical mass generation for charged fermions. In this article, I elaborate further on this idea and I attempt to connect it to specific quantum-gravity models, inspired from string/brane theory. Specifically, in the first part of the article, I comment briefly on the gauge dependence of the dynamical mass generation in the approximations of J. Alexandre [arXiv:1009.5834.], and I propose a possible avenue for obtaining the true gauge-parameter-independent value of the mass by means of pinch technique argumentations. In the second part of the work, I embed the LV QED model into multibrane world scenarios with a view to provide a geometrical way of enhancing the dynamical mass to phenomenologically realistic values by means of bulk warp metric factors, in an (inverse) Randall-Sundrum hierarchy. Finally, in the third part of this paper, I demonstrate that such Lorentz-violating QED models may represent parts of a low-energy effective action (of Finsler-Born-Infeld type) of open strings propagating in quantum D0-particlemore » stochastic space-time foam backgrounds, which are viewed as consistent quantum-gravity configurations. To capture correctly the quantum-fluctuating nature of the foam background, I replace the D0-recoil-velocity parts of this action by appropriate gradient operators in three-space, keeping the photon field part intact. This is consistent with the summation over world-sheet genera in the first-quantized string approach. I identify a class of quantum orderings which leads to the LV QED action of J. Alexandre, arXiv:1009.5834. In this way I argue, following the logic in that work, that the D-foam can lead to dynamically generated masses for charged-matter (fermionic) excitations interacting with it.« less


The Fabric Touch Tester (FTT) is a relatively new instrument that simultaneously measures several fabric indices and subsequently compute from them primary and global comfort indices (fabric total touch and total feel). The main aim of this research was to investigate the ability of the FTT to discriminate between primary comfort indices of fabrics differentiated by yarn type (i.e. ring-spun yarns and air-jet yarns) and finishing treatments. Polyester-cotton knitted fabrics were produced and their FTT-predicted primary comfort indices (i.e. smoothness, softness and warmth) were compared with those of the finished knits (i.e. dyed and dyed with softening treatments). For the considered fabrics, it was fond that the type of yarn did not lead to statistically significant different comfort indices. Nevertheless, significant differences were found between the comfort indices of the untreated fabrics and the fabrics dyed and treated with a softener regardless the type of yarn. The findings are in line with similar findings from literature where other instruments were used. These first results suggest that FTT is a promising tool that is able to distinguish between samples with small differences induced by finishing treatments.


Sobre Furstenau, Marc, (Coord.), The Film Theory Reader. Debates and Arguments . New York, Routledge, 2010, 304 pp. ISBN 10-0415-49322-6 Palabras clave : resena, Marc Furstenau, The Film Theory Reader. Debates and Arguments


The state of the art for signal processor hardware has far out-paced the development tools for placing applications on that hardware. In addition, signal processors are available in a variety of architectures, each uniquely capable of handling specific types of signal processing efficiently. With these processors becoming smaller and demanding less power, it has become possible to group multiple processors, a heterogeneous set of processors, into single systems. Different portions of the desired problem set can be assigned to different processor types as appropriate. As software development tools do not keep pace with these processors, especially when multiple processors of different types are used, a method is needed to enable software code portability among multiple processors and multiple types of processors along with their respective software environments. Sundance DSP, Inc. has developed a software toolkit called "PARS", whose objective is to provide a framework that uses suites of tools provided by different vendors, along with modeling tools and a real time operating system, to build an application that spans different processor types. The software language used to express the behavior of the system is a very high level modeling language, "Simulink", a MathWorks product. ORNL has used this toolkit tomore » effectively implement several deliverables. This CRADA describes this collaboration between ORNL and Sundance DSP, Inc.« less


In this study the behavior of a linear, intermediate model of ENSO is examined under stochastic forcing. The model was developed in a companion paper (Part I) and is derived from the Zebiak‐Cane ENSO model. Four variants of the model are used whose stabilities range from slightly damped to moderately damped. Each model is run as a simulation while being perturbed by noise that is uncorrelated (white) in space and time. The statistics of the model output show the moderately damped models to be more realistic than the slightly damped models. The moderately damped models have power spectra that are quantitatively quite similar to observations, and a seasonal pattern of variance that is qualitatively similar to observations. All models produce ENSOs that are phase locked to the annual cycle, and all display the ''spring barrier'' characteristic in their autocorrelation patterns, though in the models this ''barrier'' occurs during the summer and is less intense than in the observations (inclusion of nonlinear effects is shown to partially remedy this deficiency). The more realistic models also show a decadal variability in the lagged autocorrelation pattern that is qualitatively similar to observations. Analysis of the models shows that the greatest part of the variability comes from perturbations that project onto the first singular vector, which then grow rapidly into the ENSO mode. Essentially, the model output represents many instances of the ENSO mode, with random phase and amplitude, stimulated by the noise through the optimal transient growth of the singular vectors. The limit of predictability for each model is calculated and it is shown that the more realistic (moderately damped) models have worse potential predictability (9‐15 months) than the deterministic chaotic models that have been studied widely in the literature. The predictability limits are strongly correlated with the stability of the models' ENSO mode—the more highly damped models having much shorter limits of predictability. A comparison of the two most realistic models shows that even though these models have similar statistics, they have very different predictability limits. The models have a strong seasonal dependence to their predictability limits. The results of this study (with the companion paper) suggest that the linear, stable dynamical model of ENSO is indeed a plausible hypothesis for the observed ENSO. With very reasonable levels of stochastic forcing, the model produces realistic levels of variance, has a realistic spectrum, and qualitatively reproduces the observed seasonal pattern of variance, the autocorrelation pattern, and the ENSO-like decadal variability.


Monte Carlo simulations of a lattice polymer system of chains of N=20 segments each, comprising a total of 21 chains on a 21×21 square lattice, are carried out in order to clarify recent controversies concerning statistical thermodynamics of lattice models of polymers. Assuming an energy e≳0 for every right‐angle step, we find a first‐order phase transition of disordered phase to an ordered state at kBTc/e≊0.93, as demonstrated by discontinuities in the internal energy (conformational order) and the orientational order parameter. Comparison of our results with the predictions of the mean‐field lattice theory of Flory and the implications of these findings on phase transitions of real polymer systems are discussed.


Curriculum learning is a machine learning technique inspired by the way humans acquire knowledge and skills: by mastering simple concepts first, and progressing through information with increasing ...


The reflected radiation and the emitted radiation from buildings have important influence on the characteristics of infrared remote sensing of the urban street in the urban environment. Firstly, an analyzing of the transmission process of the infrared radiation in the urban canyon was done based on the thermal infrared radiance simulation with aggregation modeling (TITAN) model. Secondy, based on the Cook-Torrance model, a theoretical analysis was conducted to calculate and analysis the contribution of the reflected radiation and the emitted radiation from adjacent walls and windows to the infrared remote sensing characteristics of the urban street. The main factors that affected the radiation form the adjacent buildings were discussed. It can provide theoretical basis for the research of the infrared characteristics and the research of the infrared remote sensing characteristics in the urban environment. It can be applied to the fields of infrared dynamic scenes simulation and urban remote sensing efficiently.


Purpose – Although the use of data from different levels is very common in international marketing research, the practice of employing multi‐level analysis techniques is relatively new. The paper aims to provide an application of a specific case of multi‐level modelling – where the dependent variable is dichotomous, which is often the case in marketing research (e.g. whether a consumer buys the brand or not, whether he/she is aware of the brand or not, etc.)Design/methodology/approach – A hierarchical generalized linear model is employed.Findings – Since this is a technical paper, the authors would like to emphasize the process rather than the empirical findings. In summary, the paper: provides a brief theoretical overview of Hierarchical Linear Modeling and Hierarchical Generalized Linear Modeling; illustrates the application of the method using the domains of consumers within countries and a dichotomous dependent variable; focuses on interpretation of log‐odds results; and concludes with practical issue...


Functional polymer nanocomposites have the potential to improve the performance of both active and passive components in advanced electrical devices. Electrically conducting nanocomposites are a growing research focus for such applications in light weight flexible electronics particularly in strategic infrastructure. Such materials also open up a broad range of fabrication techniques which can be easily used in mass manufacturing via imprinting to yield low-cost devices. Here, the mechanisms of electron transport in these polymer nanocomposites are addressed in terms of modifications to existing theories of variable range electron hopping and fluctuation induced tunnelling originally applied to heavily doped semiconductors and granular metal composites. The fabrication and behaviour of two types of nanocomposites that involve dispersed carbon nanoparticles in a polymide medium and carbon nanocluser composites formed by ion irradiation of polyimide are compared through their conduction mechanisms and sensing performance.


Objective To investigate anatomic relationship between abductor digiti minimi nerve(ADMN) and neurogenic painful heel syndrome(NPHS) for clinical diagnosis and therapy.Methods 32 fixed adult lower limb specimens were used in the study.The ADMN was dissected for observing it's origin,course,branches and distribution.Results For cases of 81.25%,ADMN originated from the lateral plantar nerve,which consisted of 19 trunks(59.38%) located in the posterosuperior quadrant.The vertical depth of the origin site to the reference line was(10.81±0.96)mm and(10.24±1.10) mm at left and right sides respectively.ADMN firstly issued 1~3 periosteum branches,which arrived the periosteum of medial process of calcaneal tuberosity.The horizontal distances from the site of medial process of calcaneal tuberosity to the left or right tuberosities were(19.95±1.82) mm and(20.89±2.48)mm,seperately.Conclusions ADMN is probably stamped when it goes through the abductor hallucis,the medial head of quadratus plantae and the medial process of calcaneal tuberosity.The stamp or lesion of ADMN(especially periosteum branch) is probably related to the occurrence of the plantar fasciitis.The calcaneus spur doesn't always cause the NPHS.


In [1,2,3], D.H. Gottlieb introduced and studied the evaluation subgroups (or Gottlieb groups) G ( X ) of n "( X ) . He used the concept of cyclic homotopies in the definition of Gottlieb groups. Varadarajian [12] transfered the epithet "cyclic" to the maps rather than homotopies and used the concept of cyclic maps to define a subset G(A, X ) o f Fl(A, X ) the set o f hom otopy c la ss o f m a p s f ro m A to X . Furthermore, he used the subset G(A, X ) to study the role of cyclic map and cocyclic map in the set-up of Eckmann-Hilton duality. Since then, many authors have studied and generalized G"(X ), for instance, G.E. Lang [6 ], K .L . L im [8 ], N . O d a [9 ] , J . Siegel [11], J . Kim and the authors [5 , 7 , 1 0 , 1 3 ]. In [5], the second author and J. Kim have generalized G ( X ) to G"(X, A) for a CW-pair (X, A). In [7], the authors introduced the subgroups G"R el(X, A) of the relative homotopy groups n"(X, A ) and showed that for a CW-pair (X ,A), G(A ), G"(X , A ) and G"R el(X, A ) make a sequence


␣ 2 Adrenoceptor activity is involved in the mechanism of anesthesia. Clonidine, a ␣ 2 adrenoceptor agonist, and yo-himbine, a ␣ 2 adrenoceptor antagonist, increase and decrease barbiturate-induced sleep times. In this study, we examined the effects of these drugs on propofol-induced sleep time. One-hundred-eighteen male Wistar rats weighing 320 – 400 g were used. Rats received saline, yo-himbine (1, 0.1, or 0 mg/kg), or clonidine (300, 30, 3, or 0 ␮g/kg) intraperitoneally followed by 60 mg/kg of propo-fol in various combinations. In two series of experiments, either sleep time or prefrontal cortex norepinephrine release (microdialysis) was measured. One milligram/ kilogram of yohimbine decreased propofol-induced sleep time to approximately 70% of control, and this was accompanied by an increase in perfusate norepineph-rine of approximately 240% of control. Clonidine increased sleep time approximately 260% (300 ␮g/kg) and approximately 170% (30 ␮g/kg), and this was accompanied by a decrease (approximately 60% in both doses) in perfusate norepinephrine. In the present study, we show that the ␣ 2 antagonist, yo-himbine, decreased and the ␣ 2 agonist, clonidine, increased propofol-induced sleep times. These changes were essentially mirrored in both groups by changes in norepinephrine release in the prefrontal cortex. S everal lines of evidence suggest that ␣ 2 adre-noceptor activity is involved in the mechanism of anesthesia-induced sleep time. For example, the ␣ 2 adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine, increased and the ␣ 2 adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine, decreased barbiturate-induced sleep times (1). Moreover , depletion of brain norepinephrinergic neurons with 6-hydroxydopamine increases sleep time (2). In addition, modulation of central nervous system (CNS) norepinephrinergic activity by several anti-depressants also affects sleep times (3). Using microdialysis, we previously reported that several general anesthetics modulate brain norepi-nephrine release in rats. For example, ketamine increased norepinephrine release from the prefrontal cortex, whereas pentobarbital and midazolam produced a decrease (4 – 6). In addition, norepinephrine release is increased in the posterior hypothalamus during emergence from sevoflurane or halothane anesthesia (7). Collectively, these data indicate that changes in brain norepinephrinergic neuronal activity may be of importance in the process of general anesthesia. Alpha-2 adrenoceptor control of norepinephri-nergic neuronal activity may also be involved in the modulation of sleep (1,8). The often used general anesthetic, propofol, decreases norepinephrine release from the prefrontal cortex of the rat (5), and 6-hydroxydopamine depletion also prolongs propofol-induced sleep time (9). Therefore, we hypothesized that ␣ 2 adrenoceptor activity may also contribute to propofol-induced sleep time. In …


Objective To observe the changes of CD4 + and CD8 +T cell in peripheral blood,and to explore the immune response in patients with SARS.Methods Consecutive blood samples from 13 patients with SARS and 10 healthy volunteers (serving as control group were collected.The CD4 + and CD8 + in T cell in peripheral blood were determined by flow cytometry.Results Compared with control group,the CD4 +and CD8 + in T cell in patients with SARS significantly decreased from one to four weeks,especially the second week.Conclusion There is an abnormal immune response in patients with SARS.The CD4 + and CD8 + in T cell in peripheral blood decrease. [


Strongly non-linear vibrations of an axially forcing beam under transverse dynamic loads were investigated. The Duffing equation, the equation of strongly non-linear and non-autonomous oscillation system of the beam were set up. The energy-iteration method for strongly non-linear autonomous system was modified to deal with strongly non-linear non-autonomous system, and the modified new method was developed, the analytic expressions of solution of primary resonance and superharmonic and subharmonic resonance by the energy method were obtained, and the higher order analytic expression of solution was gotten by means of Newton iteration idea and least square technique principle.The results show that the modified energy iterative method for strongly non-linear and non-autonomous system is both effective and accurate, and that not only the primary resonance but also the superharmonic and subharmonic resonance must be considered in this sort of strongly non-linear beams.


An 8000 kW class hybrid gas turbine (HGT) project, administered by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) and sponsored by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), has been started in July 1999 in Japan[1]. The target of this project is improvement in thermal efficiency and output power by using ceramic components, and earlier commercialization of the gas turbine system. Ceramic components are used for stationary parts subjected to high temperature, such as combustor liners, transition ducts, and first stage turbine nozzles. The gas turbine development was conducted in cooperation with Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. (KHI).Kyocera started a study on fabricating the ceramic HGT components after evaluating their shape, placement, and fabrication methods. For these ceramic components, we are using the SN282 silicon nitride material developed and used for ceramic gas turbine components in the previous ceramic gas turbine project (300kW CGT)[2-4]. We have started to accumulate the strength evaluation data, using test bars cut from the aforementioned components, and begun long term tensile creep testing to confirm the reliability of the ceramic components.Copyright © 2001 by ASME


Abstract John Maynard Keynes held that the central bank's actions mainly determine long-term interest rates through short-term interest rates and various monetary policy measures. His conjectures about the determinants of long-term interest rates were made in the context of advanced capitalist economies and were based on his views on liquidity preference, ontological uncertainty, and the formation of investors' expectations. Is Keynes's conjecture that the central bank's action is the main driver of long-term interest rates valid in emerging markets, such as India? This paper empirically investigates the determinants of changes in Indian government bonds' nominal yields. Changes in short-term interest rates, after controlling for other crucial variables, such as changes in the rate of inflation and the rate of economic activity, take a lead role in driving the changes of the nominal yields of Indian government bonds. This suggests that Keynes's views on long-term interest rates can also be applicable to emerging markets. The empirical findings reveal that higher fiscal deficits do not appear to exert upward pressures on government bond yields in India.


The healthy development of enterprise needs balance which is the essence of China's management culture.There are many balance theories in china's history such as Confucius' ideas on Li(Rites)and he attributes the main cause of "the destruction of rite system of Zhou" to imbalance of rite;Laozi regards "The Tao of Heaven" as balance;Karma is a typical balance of psychology;The Art of War,a Chinese military treatise,holds the view that staying invincible is way of keeping balance with the enemy;the theory of yin-yang and five elements is that of balance too.Some ancient governmental systems also play a certain role in balancing the emperor's power,for instance,emperorminister-discussing-state-affair system,supervision system of decision-making and legislation and expostulation system.Under these systems of checks and balances,God's will,rites,and the powerful examples of previous monarchies and widely respected people,were used by ancient courtiers to contain and modify the power of their monarchies.Today,balance also exists outside and inside of enterprises;therefore,it should be taken into account when making development strategies and incentive policies and using human resource effectively.


The current study was conducted to identify ectoparasites, infected organs, prevalence and intensity of ectoparasites in cultured common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.). Experimental animals were collected from ponds in 9 villages in 3 subdistricts in Sigi District. It was found that generally the common carp was infected by Dactylogyrus sp., Trichodina sp., Argulus sp., Epistylis sp., Chilodonella sp. and Ichthyophthirius multifilis . Infected organs consist of skin, fins and gills. The prevalence of ectoparasites per subdistrict was between 0.0 and 66.7 % and the intensity ranged from 0.0 to 3.0 individuals/fish.  Key words : common carp, ectoparasites, prevalence, intensity.


The transmission tower is an important infrastructure for transmission lines. To secure the operation of the power grid, it is particularly important to evaluate the safety of the in-service transmission tower under the action of random wind loads throughout their entire life cycle. Thus, this paper firstly establishes the time-varying equivalent performance function of the in-service transmission tower under the action of random wind loads. Then, in order to address the shortcomings of the traditional maximum entropy method, the high-order moments-based improved maximum entropy method (HM-IMEM) is proposed and extended to assess the wind resistance global reliability of the in-service transmission tower. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated evaluating the wind resistance global reliability of an in-service transmission tower in an engineering setting. Analytic results indicate that: (1) The proposed method can ensure a balance between calculation accuracy and efficiency. Compared with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method, the relative error is only 0.11% and the computational cost is much lower than that of the MCS method. (2) The reliability of the in-service transmission tower significantly decreased over time. In order to guide maintenance and reinforcement by predicting the time-varying performance of in-service transmission towers, it is of great engineering value to evaluate the wind resistance global reliability of the in-service transmission tower.


The invention discloses an alcoholysis resistant PA66 composite material used for automobiles and a preparation method thereof. The method comprises the following steps: adding PA66 except for glass fiber and carbodiimide in a formula into a high-speed mixer for mixing evenly; taking out the mixture from the high-speed mixer after the above materials are mixed evenly; adding the materials mixed through the high-speed mixer into a double-screw extruder from a main feeding opening thereof; adding the glass fiber into the double-screw extruder from a secondary feeding opening thereof in metering; evenly mixing the materials in the formula in the double-screw extruder; controlling the temperature of the double-screw extruder at 240-270 DEG C; and then extruding cutting grains to obtain the PA66 composite material. The invention provides a special material used for auto water tank parts, which has low cost, high performance, raw white (high degree of freedom for color blending) and high resistance to ethylene glycol.


Within fractured rock, the irregular and often unpredictable distribution and geometry of hydraulically conductive fractures produces large spatial variations in bore yield and groundwater quality. As fractures act as conduits for flow of both groundwater and electrical charge, methods that can efficiently detect the distribution of electrical pathways can be used to infer characteristics of significant hydrological parameters. This study compares the capabilities and limitations of electrical data obtained from direct current (DC) and electromagnetic (EM) surface azimuthal measurements, and from DC borehole-to-surface and cross-borehole measurements, for the interpretation of major hydrological structures. Data obtained from surface methods, while limited by poor depth sensitivity and overburden provides a useful tool for determining variations in directional conductivity at sites free of bedrock exposure and boreholes. Application of borehole-to-surface methods yielded a better resolved interpretation of sub-vertical fracture strike and was useful in identifying lateral variations in bedrock heterogeneity. Improved flexibility and sensitivity to measurements at depth permitted cross-borehole electrical tomography data to be used in accurately reconstructing the spatial distribution of sub-horizontal, laterally extensive, electrically conductive zones. While the technique was restricted to sites with multiple boreholes, the data obtained was used to constrain specific flow paths over a regional scale.


There are numerous problems with the concept behind iwantgreatcare.org, andmany have already been highlighted by Cohen's blog. With regard to the website, it is claimed that there are measures in place to identify abuse such as multiple posts by a single person. However, what is to stop a grudge bearing patient or an overly tempted doctor from logging in as different users and swaying the overall reviews to one side? As a public health professor frommy epidemiology module would say, the results and reviews for each doctor will be greatly biased in that only patients who are proficient in using the internet will be able to contribute. Perhaps the computer literate population has different expectations of a doctor than people not trained in information technology—notably, elderly patients. Although 96% of the reviews on the website were positive in the first week, I still believe that the website will attract a greater number of negative reviews in the long run. I certainly have a tendency to make greater effort when criticising something rather than commending it (as evidenced by this letter), and I believe the patient population contributing to the reviews will have similar priorities. Logically this may lead doctors to ask their patients to post good reviews for them—in effect, marketing their skills to the wider (internet) patient population. I think I prefer the old, modest practitioner.


Extracurricular activities are educational activities outside the subject and counseling services to help the development of students according to their needs, potential, talents, and interests. Through extracurricular activities, it is expected to help in the process of moral formation of students, as well as its application in SMP N 1 Diwek and SMPN 2 Jombang. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Results of the study: (1) The morality of students in SMP N 1 Diwek and SMP N 2 Jombang, namely spiritual, honest, responsibility, discipline, mutual cooperation, tolerance, self-confidence, and courtesy. (2) The implementation of extracurricular activities in the form of reading the Qur'an, praying in congregation, recitation and sadaqah routinely every day and adjusted to the activity schedule itself with structured; (3) Similarities and differences in extracurricular activities at SMP N 1 Diwek and SMP N 2 Jombang are that each school has a program that is in accordance with the government's stipulation, except for additional programs according to school needs. The difference from the location or environment around each school is in the city center and the community environment.


Background: Autism is a very complex disorder of neurobiological development, which includes disturbances in aspects of behavior, social interaction, communication and language Wulandari et al (2018). Children with good cognitive function tend to speak and speak well. People with good cognitive ability have good language skills and vice versa (Aniswita & Neviyarni, 2020).
Purpose: This study aims to determine the relationship between cognitive abilities and verbal communication in autistic children at UPT Center for Disability and Inclusive Education (PLDPI) Surakarta.
Methods: This research is a quantitative research with a correlational descriptive research design and cross-sectional data collection. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling with a sample size of 30 autistic children at the Surakarta Disability and Inclusive Education Service Center (PLDPI). The collected data will be analyzed univariately and bivariately. The data analysis technique in this study uses the Spearman rank.
Research Results: The results of the data analysis showed that the cognitive abilities of autistic children at PLDPI were below the average (83.3%). Receptive language data for autistic children at PLDPI is below the average (73.3%). The relationship between cognitive abilities and receptive language with a value of p = 0.000 where ρ <0.05 indicates a significant relationship between the two variables. The strength of the correlation shows the value of r = 0.763, which means it has a strong category of correlation strength.
Conclusion: There is a positive and strong correlation or relationship between cognitive abilities and receptive language in children with autism at the Surakarta Disability and Inclusive Education Service Center (PLDPI).


The study looked specifically at household food security, factors influencing people's decisions to participate in productive safety net programs, and the impact of production safety net programs on rural household food security, as measured by calorie intake. Primary data were collected from 334 households in four kebeles samples in Kebri Dehar, the district, using a multistage sampling technique. A binary logit model and a propensity score matching model were used to investigate the factors influencing the decision to participate and their impact on food security, respectively. The age of the household head and the size of the family have a positive effect on the decision to join the household. However, extended contact and distance from the property market had a negative impact on the decision to join. In this study, the nearest neighbor match method (5) was used to estimate the mean treatment effect for those treated. The propensity score matching results also show that the production safety net program has a positive and significant impact on household food security. Households participating in the production safety net program have 214.5 kcal/adult/day more than households not participating. The study concluded that there was a significant difference in household calorie intake between participants and nonparticipants.


The torsion dystonia is a rare disorder resembling athetosis characterized by abnormal involuntary movements and postures produced by muscle spasm. In patients with athetosis, cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy often occurs during adult life. However, we experienced a patient who had cervical radiculomyelopathy associated with torsion dystonia. In 1996, a 54 years old female visited our hospital due to gait disturbance and pain in the right upper extremity associated with involuntary movements of her head and neck. Her symptoms first appeared at the age of four, which gradually aggravated and she was diagnosed as idiopathic torsion dystonia by neurologist.Neurological examination showed cervical radiculomyelopathy. Radiographs and imaging investigations revealed instability, degenerative changes and compression of spinal cord at the C3/4 level. Initially, we followed Matsuo's method by releasing selective muscles to minimize the involuntary movements. As a second step, two months later, anterior body fusion at C3/4 level was carried out. Her cervical spine was immobilized with halo vest for 6 weeks without any inconvenience. Bone union was achieved by 6 months postoperatively and her symptoms were decreased.In cervical radiculomyelopathy associated with abnormal involuntary movement, cervical fusion operation following selective muscle release is an effective surgical option.


Measuring structural vibrations with a large sensor network results in lots of data in structural health monitoring applications. A large number of sensors is advantageous for damage detection and localization. By storing only a few selected Bayesian virtual sensors it is possible to decrease the amount of data and reconstruct the discarded sensor data even with higher accuracy than the original measurements. A method is proposed, in which the stored and reconstructed data are used for damage detection and localization in the time domain. A numerical experiment was performed with a structure having a large number of sensors. The excitation and environmental conditions were variable and unknown. An optimal sensor placement algorithm was applied individually to each measurement to select the appropriate virtual sensors for storage. Less than ten percent of the data were stored, and the signals of all the reconstructed sensors were still more accurate than the actual measurements. The stored and reconstructed data outperformed the actual measurement data in damage detection and localization. Surprisingly, damage detection was also more successful with the stored and reconstructed data than with the full set of virtual sensors.


We consider collective excitations in the superfluid state of Fermi condensed charged gases. The dispersion and damping of collective excitations at nonzero temperatures are examined, and the coexistence and interaction of different branches of collective excitations: plasma oscillations, pair-breaking Higgs modes, and Carlson–Goldman phonon-like excitations are taken into account. The path integral methods for superfluid Fermi gases and for Coulomb gas are combined into a unified formalism that extends the Gaussian fluctuation approximation to account for plasmonic modes. This approximation of Gaussian pair and density fluctuations is able to describe all branches of collective excitations existing in a charged superfluid. The spectra of collective excitations are determined in two ways: from the spectral functions and from the complex poles of the fluctuation propagator. A resonant avoided crossing of different modes is shown. It is accompanied by resonant enhancement of the response provided by the pair-breaking modes due to their interaction with plasma oscillations. This may facilitate the experimental observation of the pair-breaking modes.


Using solar power in the process industry can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and make the production process more sustainable. However, the intermittent nature of solar power renders its usage challenging. Building a model to predict photovoltaic (PV) power generation allows decision-makers to hedge energy shortages and further design proper operations. The solar power output is time-series data dependent on many factors, such as irradiance and weather. A machine learning framework for 1-hour ahead solar power prediction is developed in this paper based on the historical data. Our method extends the input dataset into higher dimensional Chebyshev polynomial space. Then, a feature selection scheme is developed with constrained linear regression to construct the predictor for different weather types. Several tests show that the proposed approach yields lower mean squared error than classical machine learning methods, such as support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT).


Standard presentations of type class translation schemes exhibit some surprising problems when translating Haskell 98 programs. We suggests ways how to fix these problems based on a formal framework for extracting programs from type class proofs. Our description includes type improvement and recursive dictionaries -- something which has not been formally studied before. Thus, we are able to advance the state of art of translating type classes and open up the possibility for new type class applications.


Treatment of chronic homologous disease, induced in young adult (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 mice by injections of C57BL/6 spleen cells, was attempted with four agents: 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), prednisone, methotrexate and total body X-radiation. 6-MP caused acceleration of the disease, regardless of dosage or timing of administration. Prednisone ameliorated homologous disease only when given at the same time as the parental cells. Methotrexate treatment suppressed the disease only when given after the parental cells, at a time when active disease is ordinarily expected. Total body X-radiation (400 r) led to extreme susceptibility to the graft-versus-host reaction, even if given 2 weeks before or 60 days after the parental cells. However, a period approximately 3 weeks after administration of parental cells was radioresistant in that no acceleration of the disease occurred. The accelerating effect of 6-mercaptopurine could not be reversed by administering isologous spleen cells. Amelioration of homologous disease by methotrexate was associated with the acquisition of durable specific immunological tolerance of host antigens by the injected parental cells.


The information offered by environmental accounting can be used as a tool for taking decisions that will impact both financial performance and the environment. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the function of environmental accounting within an economic entity.


Steam reforming of n-heptane was investigated using rhodium catalysts supported on magnesia and magnesia-containing alumina at 550°C. In spite of the addition of magnesia to alumina support, the specific activity of rhodium for steam reforming and that for aromatization were expressed as a function of degree of dispersion of rhodium rather than as a function of the content of magnesia in the support (Figs. 1 and 2). The product gas composition, however, changed considerably by addition of magnesia. The composition of gases produced on rhodium catalysts supported on magnesia-alumina was close to that of equilibrium but it was considerably different from that produced on rhodium-alumina catalysts (compare Figs. 3 and 4). Effects of magnesia on catalysis by rhodium were discussed from the viewpoint of CO chemisorption and reaction kinetics.


This study investigates the effectiveness of combining walking and sketching exercises to develop a cohesive tool for architectural design. Prescriptive walking exercises guide how to walk to gain insight into the surrounding environment, which is particularly valuable for preliminary site analysis in architectural design. Sketching exercises complement the walking experience by prompting questions about composition, scale, and technique. Sketching requires interpretation of the environment to reveal new patterns and intricacies. Additionally, sketches serve as a tangible memory to reflect on during the design process. This study focuses on four primary walking exercises: Dérive, Synesthesia Walk, Radius Walk, and Traced Cup Walk. Author 1 followed by Design 6 students, tested and evaluated these exercises and found them helpful in grounding the rendering and narrative of studio projects in the urban context. This research is part of Author 2's broader study, culminating in a guidebook outlining applicable walking and complementary visual exercises for the architectural design process.


Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) [1, 2], promises a bright prospect for future cancer treatment, in terms of effectiveness, safety and less expanse. The PKU RFQ group proposes an RFQ based neutron source for BNCT. A unique beam dynamics design of 162.5 MHz BNCTRFQ, which accelerates 20 mA of H+ from 30 keV to 2.5 MeV in CW operation, has been performed in this study. The Proton current will be about 20 mA. The source will deliver a neutron yield of 1.76 × 10 / / in the , reaction. Detailed 3D electromagnetic (EM) simulations of all components, including crosssection, tuners, pi-rods, and cut-backs, of the resonant structure are performed. The design of a coaxial type coupler is developed. Two identical RF couplers will deliver approximately 153 kW CW RF power to the RFQ cavity. RF property optimizations of the RF structures are performed with the utilization of the CST MICROWAVE STUDIO [3].


Personalized health care has been anticipated for decades. Yet in its breadth and in the way we would like it to be practiced, it is still in its infancy.


Current optical networks are operating at 10 Gb/s channel rate; however, future network traffic demand will require a new technology to meet the additional performance requirement. The issue of achieving long-distance dense wavelength division multiplex (DWDM) transmission at bit-rates of 40 Gb/s and above per channel is vital for reducing size, power requirements and cost in future optical communication networks. We propose here an integrated fast recovery ion-implanted multiple quantum well saturable absorber with semiconductor laser amplifiers to realise all optical 2R regenerators for such systems.


A spring arm (1) for a camera-body support is provided with a parallelogram guide (3, 5) consisting of two opposite, mutually parallel legs (10, 11) and two likewise opposing connecting elements (12, 13) is formed, which is mounted the respective ends of the legs (10, 11) to each other, and an energy storage (15), the two articulation points (17, 19) on the parallelogram guide (3, 5) to one (on the parallelogram 3, 5 ) load applied to compensate. At least one (19) of said pivot points (17, 19) with respect to the Prallelogrammfuhrung (3, 5) adjustable such that both the bias and the force action direction of the energy store (15) is changed.


Dystopia is an unfolding of the literary utopia that gained strength especially in the early twentieth century, demonstrating a unique ability to discuss current socio-political issues through a "stained mirror of the future". The dystopian text has a predisposition for the narrative that brings it closer to different artistic and discursive genres when telling the experience of one or more people in the near future or not, in which the proposed social order is considered worse than what exists in the reality. From the 1980s, critics and theorists who study the theme signaled a "dystopian turn", in which narratives of this nature began to show glimpses of hope amid the characteristic chaos of the theme with the advent of the so-called critical dystopias. Taking the above considerations, the present work analyzes the recent feature film by Brazilian directors Kleber Mendonca Filho and Juliano Dornelles, Bacurau (2019) as a critical dystopia. The film, which places its narrative in the Pernambuco backwoods "in a few years", presents the union of a community against the constant tension of external forces that worked for its destruction, leaving them with only the sense of resistance already rooted in its history. Thus, we seek to discuss this specific type of dystopia and how it is present within the narrative of the film, transforming it into a material of acute social and political criticism. The present research is bibliographic and exploratory, based theoretically on names as Sargent (1994), Baccolini (2003), Cavalcanti (2011) and Moylan (2016).


Based on phase randomization theory, a method for manufacturing metasurface with diffuse scatter performance is proposed. By using the line-shaped elements with random rotate angles and random distributing positions, the metasurface can achieve good diffusion scatter performance with polarization independent characteristic. This paper studies the effects of the length of line-shaped elements on the metasurface response frequency and the radar cross section (RCS) reduction bandwidth. The simulated result shows that the wideband properties of metasurface benefit from two different length line-shaped elements. The proposed metasurface can reduce the RCS significantly for both normal and oblique incident waves. The line-shaped element is suitable for all sizes of detected objects and it can be directly sprayed on the detected object surface. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, the metasurface prototype is fabricated and measured. Experimental results show that the fabricated metasurface can effectively reduce RCS, and it has great application prospects in stealth technology.


The methodology for conventional radiofluorography of two‐dimensional gels, followed by rehydration of the gel and subsequent silver staining, is described. The image obtained by radiofluorography is referred to as biosynthetic image, and the image obtained by silver staining as constitutive image. Since the two images are already in close register (the same gel), reliable identification of polypeptides by the two different assays is possible, and the comparison provides valuable information on the catabolism of each entity. The utility of this procedure is illustrated in experiments involving a labeling with L‐[35S] methionine of an entire mouse. Both serum and tissue samples were analyzed by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis with the aim of determining several categories of polypeptides in terms of their biosynthetic rates and their composition.


To assess changes in voiding phase, especially urethral resistance after post‐prostatectomy urinary incontinence (PPI) treatment with the Adjustable TransObturator Male System (ATOMS).


A Symposium on Traffic Safety Program Effectiveness (Impact) Evaluation Projects was held on May 19-21 at Chicago, Illinois. It described traffic safety countermeasure and evaluation project results to decision makers and other users at the state level. Invitees included state governor's highway safety representatives and coordinators, or their designees, and federal and regional administrators from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and the Federal Highway Administration. Presentations were selected from 32 reports submitted by the NHTSA Office of Program and Demonstration Evaluation. These projects were evaluated for the scientific quality of the effectiveness (impact) evaluations conducted and their potential use to the participants. Some 24 participants attended the symposium. They evaluated the event favorably and recommended that it be continued on an annual basis. It was also apparent from the results of surveys conducted before, during, and after the symposium that in selecting projects for presentation at future symposia, more weight should be placed on the criteria of practicality for state use. Also, symposium promotion should be heightened to increase participant attendance. The proceedings were published 3 months following the event.


Chemical constituents of Raphanus sativus Linn. roots were extracted and tested for their toxicity against adults and second instar nymphs of A. gossypii under laboratory conditions. The most effective fraction against both adults and nymphs was methylene chloride fraction with LC50 values of 386.63 and 309.43 ppm, followed by ethyl acetate fraction with LC50 values of 394.9 and 334.37 ppm then petroleum ether fraction with LC50 values of 636.2 and 424.56 ppm, for adults and nymphs, respectively. Also, the volatile components of each fraction were qualitatively and quantitatively identified and characterized by GC/MS technique. Moreover, the impact of the sub-lethal concentrations of R. sativus roots extracts on transaminases and alkaline phosphatase of A. gossypii was studied. Great inhibition of all tested enzymes activity was observed.  This suggested the high potency of R. sativus roots extracts as environmentally friendly alternatives of traditional insecticides. Chemical constituents of Raphanus sativus Linn. roots were extracted and tested for their toxicity against adults and second instar nymphs of A. gossypii under laboratory conditions. The most effective fraction against both adults and nymphs was methylene chloride fraction with LC50 values of 386.63 and 309.43 ppm, followed by ethyl acetate fraction with LC50 values of 394.9 and 334.37 ppm then petroleum ether fraction with LC50 values of 636.2 and 424.56 ppm, for adults and nymphs, respectively. Also, the volatile components of each fraction were qualitatively and quantitatively identified and characterized by GC/MS technique. Moreover, the impact of the sub-lethal concentrations of R. sativus roots extracts on transaminases and alkaline phosphatase of A. gossypii was studied. Great inhibition of all tested enzymes activity was observed.  This suggested the high potency of R. sativus roots extracts as environmentally friendly alternatives of traditional insecticides.


Nowadays Internet of Things and Industry 4.0 devices are often connected wirelessly. Current wireless sensor network (WSN) deployments are relying in most cases on the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands without centralized resource scheduling. Thus, each device is a potential source of interference to other devices, both within its own WSN but also to devices in other collocated WSNs. If the transmission behavior of devices from other WSNs is not random, we are able to find patterns in the time domain in their channel access. This is, for example, possible for periodic channel access, which is quite common for WSNs with demanding low-power and reliability requirements. The main goal of this work is to detect multiple sources of periodic interference in time slotted signal-level measurements and estimate the time windows of future transmissions. This gives a WSN a certain understanding of the radio surrounding and can be used to adapt the transmission behavior to thus avoid collisions. For this, the multihypothesis tracking algorithm is adapted and used together with timeslot-based interference measurements on low-cost sensor nodes. The applicability of the algorithm is shown with extensive simulations and the performance is demonstrated with measurements on a time-division multiple access-based WSN built upon the Bluetooth low-energy physical layer.


Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA) is prevalent in the United States. Each year several hundred thousand people die due to cardiac arrest. The automated external defibrillator (AED) has greatly enhanced survival rates for OOHCA. However, one of the most important factors in successful resuscitation is emergency medical services (EMS) response time. Unmanned aerial vehicles, or drones as they are more commonly called, have routinely been used for remote sensing but there are new opportunities to use drones for medical emergencies due to their high speeds and ease of navigation. While a drone with an on-board AED could potentially reduce response times to OOHCAs, it remains unclear how effective it is compared to ground EMS. It also remains uncertain how a network of AED-enabled drones should be implemented so that it can best serve cardiac arrest patients. This study examines historical out-of-hospital cardiac arrests and develops a new location model, referred to as the backup coverage location problem with complementary coverage (BCLP-CC), to aid in the deployment of a network of AED-enabled medical drones. By explicitly considering overlapping and partial coverage, the BCLP-CC optimally places drones and the corresponding launch sites while significantly improving backup coverage. Results show that 90.4 percent of historical out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Salt Lake County can be responded to within one minute by using seventy-one drones and sixty-eight launch sites. In addition, 58.9 percent of incidents are covered two iv or more times, a significant improvement over existing models. The BCLP-CC was then extended to the backup coverage location problem with complementary coverage and capital improvement (BCLP-CCCI) to minimize implementation costs. Analyses results of the BCLP-CCCI show that by upgrading fortyfour existing EMS facilities, by building twenty-six new launch sites, and by using seventysix drones, 90 percent of the historical incidents could be reached by at least one AEDenabled drone within one minute, 65 percent of the demand could be reached by a secondary drone within one minute, and implementation costs could be reduced by 17 percent as compared to the results of the BCLP-CC. Although there are many concerns and limitations associated with medical drones, this study shows that an optimized network of drones has the potential to significantly reduce live-saving equipment travel times.


This paper proposes an automated system to detect text regions and correct the orientation of textlines in natural images on mobile devices. Text regions are first detected using an image operator called the Stroke Width Transform. Textlines (text blocks) are then extracted from text regions based on a modified minimum spanning tree algorithm. Finally, the orientations of textlines are corrected according to the way users hold the device. The system provides the users with an interactive interface to select the text blocks which catch their attention. Moreover, the interactive interface allows the users to correct the orientation of the selected text blocks if the results of the automatic correction are wrong. With such a design, wrongly detected text regions or an incorrect orientation of textlines would not confuse the users. The system is implemented on the Android platform and the experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed system.


Network forensics is a branch of digital forensics, which applies to network security. It is used to relate monitoring and analysis of the computer network traffic, that helps us in collecting information and digital evidence, for the protection of network that can use as firewall and IDS. Firewalls and IDS can't always prevent and find out the unauthorized access within a network. This paper presents an extensive survey of several forensic frameworks. There is a demand of a system which not only detects the complex attack, but also it should be able to understand what had happened. Here it talks about the concept of the distributed network forensics. The concept of the Distributed network forensics is based on the distributed techniques, which are useful for providing an integrated platform for the automatic forensic evidence gathering and important data storage, valuable support and an attack attribution graph generation mechanism to depict hacking events.


In this work, a complete tree of nonlocally related partial differential equations of Chaplygin gas equations is constructed. This tree includes the systems, which are obtained through local conservation laws and the local symmetry based method. We classify the nonlocal symmetries from potential systems as well as inverse potential systems (IPSs). Furthermore, we propose a systematic algorithm for identification of nonlocal symmetries through IPSs by combining the ideas in the studies of Bluman and Yang [J. Math. Phys. 54, 093504 (2013)] and Yang and Cheviakov [J. Math. Phys. 55, 083514 (2014)]. Finally, we obtain a new exact solution through nonlocal symmetry analysis and physical behavior of solution is presented.In this work, a complete tree of nonlocally related partial differential equations of Chaplygin gas equations is constructed. This tree includes the systems, which are obtained through local conservation laws and the local symmetry based method. We classify the nonlocal symmetries from potential systems as well as inverse potential systems (IPSs). Furthermore, we propose a systematic algorithm for identification of nonlocal symmetries through IPSs by combining the ideas in the studies of Bluman and Yang [J. Math. Phys. 54, 093504 (2013)] and Yang and Cheviakov [J. Math. Phys. 55, 083514 (2014)]. Finally, we obtain a new exact solution through nonlocal symmetry analysis and physical behavior of solution is presented.


The analogies used in science teaching are comparisons between two heterogeneous domains, one familiar and the other unfamiliar. Although such analogies are widely used in class, both teachers and students are often confused about their meaning. This because the enunciations are given without any previous planning, evidenced by the fact that teacher education courses do not offer subjects concerning such discussions. Thus, teachers use these resources in the classroom but do not reflect on the subject. To shed light on this issue, this study aims to identify what conceptions students of two biological science programs have about the uses of analogies in teaching. This research is qualitative, and the data collection was carried out through a semi-structured survey with four questions. The questions inquired about students' conceptions regarding the use of analogies to make explanations, when to use analogies, and if analogies and metaphors have the same meaning. The results showed that the students' conceptions were diverse. There was an intimate association between the analogous organs of evolutionary biology with the analogies as a didactic resource, demonstrating confusion between the didactic analogy and the biological analogy. When trying to make differentiations, students confuse them with other types of comparisons such as metaphors, and they use this resource to facilitate their understanding of the topic, when the concept seems abstract or difficult, to introduce a new topic or to explain content. It is necessary for discussions on the subject to begin early in education and for the spontaneous use of analogies to be contemplated in reflective processes.


The paper discusses the application of the ideas and methods of constructing mathematics models in the higher mathematics teaching.It suggests that we should gradually improve the students' interest in learning higher Mathematics by paying enough attention to the contents,the process and the learners of the lesson.Meanwhile,we should try to cultivate the students' ability of constructing mathematics models and develop their skills of analyzing and solving practical problems by using computers.


The Lewis base catalyzed reactions of cyclopropenones with a variety of nucleophiles (alcohols, phenols, or water) were systematically investigated. We demonstrated that this kind of reaction could be used to synthesize allenic esters in moderate to excellent yields. Furthermore, more synthetically interesting axially chiral allenes in moderate to good yields and ee values were obtained in the corresponding asymmetric reaction in the presence of multifunctional chiral phosphine catalyst. The reaction mechanism was disclosed by using NMR tracing experiments, MS, and DFT calculations. Notably, the asymmetric reaction was proved to be a dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation based on the control experiments, and the detailed mechanism of this transformation revealed by theoretical investigations.


A study of turbulent free convection in a vertical channel with isothermal walls using a resistor-network framework is presented. The resistor-network formulation is advantageous in that it leads to a simplified presentation of the solution and reveals more details about the heat transfer phenomenon. The dQdT technique is used to evaluate the paired resistances that characterize the resistor network of a multi-temperature convection problem. This technique entails a baseline solution to the full set of governing equations and subsequent solutions to the energy equation with perturbed boundary conditions. In this paper, dQdT is for the first time applied to a variable-property turbulent convection problem. The low-Reynolds k-ε turbulence model was used to obtain baseline solutions which were validated against experimental data from the literature. dQdT was then applied to obtain the paired resistances. Sample results are presented for different heating scenarios and channel aspect ratios. This work is part of an ongoing research project on the resistor-network formulation of multi-temperature convection problems.


The traditional Chinese theory of Kidney Generating Marrow considers that the basic pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease(AD) is brain disfunction induced by the insufficiency of kidney essence and decreasing of kidney function.Bushen medicine has been widely used to improve symptoms and delay AD progress in clinical practice.Non-invasive brain functional MRI techniques could be used to evaluate the clinical effects of Bushen method and to investigate the mechanism of Bushen method in treating AD.


Under non-stress condition, effects of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in detached leaves and leaf discs of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were surveyed. Results showed that the maximal quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) and the effective quantum efficiency (ΦPSⅡ)of photosystem Ⅱ (PSⅡ) were reduced by exogenous NO under illumination (150μmol.m^-2·s^-1, 25℃). This influence was related not only to the concentration of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor) solution, but also to the active duration of NO on leaf tissue. Results with leaf discs showed that the effects of SNP on ΦPSⅡ could be prevented by bovine hemoglobin (a powerful NO scavenger), while amixture of NO2^- and NO3^-(the decomposition product of NO or its donor SNP) had much less influence on ΦPSⅡ than SNP, indicating that effects of exogenous SNP on PSⅡ photochemical activity was mainly due to NO generation. Under light (150μmol·m^-2·s^-1, 25℃) for 4h or longer period, the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in SNP-soaked leaves was statistically similar to that in H2O-soaked control, but ΦPSⅡ and the proportion of open reaction centers (measured as qP) were lower than control, respectively. After 25min dark-adaptation, the maximal fluorescence (Fm) in SNP treatment (8 and 12h illumination duration) was significantly lower than the control, while the initial fluorescence (Fo) in SNP and H2O-treated leaves had no significant difference. Therefore this indicated that under the present experimental condition, the NO-affected site might not be the PSⅡ reaction centers. On the donor side of PSⅡ, NO putatively influenced the light-harvesting capacity of leaves under light; on the acceptor side, NO-affected sites were some components of electron transport chain after QA, i.e.NO enhanced the reductive degree of reaction centers through blocking the electron transport after QA, thus reducing the photochemical activitv of PSⅡ.


Computer codes for the design and analysis of transonic airfoils are considered. The design code relies on the method of complex characteristics in the hodograph plane to construct shockless airfoil. The analysis code uses artificial viscosity to calculate flows with weak shock waves at off-design conditions. Comparisons with experiments show that an excellent simulation of two dimensional wind tunnel tests is obtained. The codes have been widely adopted by the aircraft industry as a tool for the development of supercritical wing technology.


An extensive body of empirical data emphasizes the numerous benefits of incorporating discussion into the social studies classroom. Therefore, it is necessary to better understand how educators view discussion and what experiences they have with in throughout their college courses. The authors conducted a single-case study at a large southeastern university that sought to explore how 12 preservice social studies teachers experience discussion in their college-level coursework. The study also sought to discover the extent to which the participants valued discussion within their coursework and whether they considered discussion as a practical approach for their own classroom. Findings suggest that the participants mostly experience lecture in their lower-level core curriculum courses as well as their teacher preparation coursework. Additionally, the study demonstrates that the participants valued discussion as a pedagogical approach, but they viewed it as a less practical strategy than more traditional forms of pedagogy such as lecturing.


Non-rigid point set registration is a fundamental problem in many fields related to computer vision, medical image processing, and pattern recognition. In this paper, we develop a new point set registration method by using an adaptive weighted objective function, which formulates the alignment of two point sets as a mixture model estimation problem. The correspondences and the transformation are jointly recovered by using the expectation–maximization algorithm to obtain the promising results. First, the correspondences are established using local feature descriptors, and the adaptation parameters for the mixture model are computed from these correspondences. Then, the underlying transformation is recovered by minimizing the adaptive weighted objective function deduced from the mixture model. We demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method on various types of synthetic and real data and compare the results against those obtained using the state-of-the-art methods. The experimental results show that the proposed method is robust and outperforms the other registration approaches.


This paper deals with the problem of autonomous visual tracking and landing of a quadrotor on a moving platform. The application of this problem can be seen in autonomous landing of UAV on a ship. The solution consists of two parts, a sensor framework to estimate the state of quadrotor using vision based approach and a controller design which generates appropriate actuator commands. A computer vision approach is proposed which tracks the pre-specifled oriented roundel object continuously while maintaining a fixed distance from the roundel and also simultaneously keeping it approximately in the center of the image plane. Quadrotor's relative pose is estimated through dead reckoning and control approach is implemented which seeks for full autonomy of the robot, by considering only internal sensors and processing unit and also, experimental results are presented.


Microwave emission in magnetised vircators is investigated using computer simulation. A hollow electron beam is generated in a foilless diode, the anode tube of which is followed by a wider waveguide where a virtual cathode is formed. The simulation shows an essential beam pumping downstream of the virtual cathode, resulting in excitation of transverse electric TE modes.


Differentially loaded radiostereometric analysis (DLRSA) uses RSA whilst simultaneously applying load to the bones under investigation. This technique allows measurement of interfragmentary translations and rotations under measured amounts of weight bearing. The aim of this paper was to measure the mechanical stiffness of distal femoral fractures during healing. Six patients with a 33A2, 33A3, 33B2 and 33C2 fracture were treated with open reduction, internal fixation using a long bridging plate. All patients had a DLRSA examination at 6, 12, 18 and 26 weeks postoperatively. Each DLRSA examination consisted of RSA radiographs taken without load (pre-load), under different increments of load, and finally, without load (post-load). The direction and magnitude of the interfragmentary displacements in six degrees of freedom were recorded at each examination. DLRSA examinations were able to monitor the inter-fragmentary displacements of the distal femoral fragment relative to the femoral shaft. The interfragmentary displacement recorded, progressively increased as more load was applied in all patients, at all follow-up time points. The two dimensional (2D) translations under maximum tolerated load, progressively decreased over time in three patients. The 2D translations recorded under 60 kg of load at 26 weeks for these patients was 0.18, 0.21 and 0.27mm. The 2D translations of two patients did not decrease progressively between 6 and 18 weeks but did decrease at 26 weeks to 0.47 and 0.75mm. One patient recorded 2D translations of 4.11, 3.48 and 4.53mm under 30kg at 12, 18 and 26 weeks respectively. In the majority of examinations, post-load radiographs enabled the interfragmentary displacements under load to be identified as elastic in nature. The DLRSA stiffness data confirmed that at 26 weeks three patients had united; two were delayed but improving; and one was a clear non-union without progression. DLRSA examinations may be used as a clinical research tool. to monitor in vivo the stiffness of healing femoral fractures fixed with "relative stability".


Thirty 6-yr-old Targhee ewes were randomly allotted to one of five supplemental treatments to evaluate supplementation effects on liver and fecal Zn and Cu concentrations and serum alkaline phosphatase activity: 1) control, 2) Zn complex, 3) Zn and Cu (ZnCu) complex, 4) Zn sulfate, and 5) ZnCu sulfates. Supplements were administered daily in gelatin capsules for 56 d. Liver biopsies and serum samples were collected every 14 d starting on d 0. Supplemental Zn and Cu levels were formulated to provide 90 mg/kg Zn and 10 mg/kg Cu, respectively, on a daily dry matter intake basis. Form (complex vs sulfate) × type (Zn vs ZnCu) interactions were not detected (P > 0.35). Therefore, contrast statements were used to make the following treatment comparisons: 1) control vs supplement, 2) Zn vs ZnCu, and 3) complex vs sulfate. Ewe BW at the end of the study (P = 0.09) and ewe BW change from beginning to end of the study (P = 0.07) were greater for supplemented than control ewes. Body


Experimental Fictions constitutes the first serious attempt to explore the relationship between the two authors' writing by challenging many traditional assumptions about Zola's and Verga's fictions. The author combines a close reading of some of their major novels with a broader look at the question of ideology. Ideology is studied in theoretical terms, beginning with Althusser, and in cultural context by looking at Verga's and Zola's position as intellectuals in the society of the time.


Humans are all unique, and as a result, the way in which we move is all different. Going from one place to another we each have the option of how to get there; we can run, we can walk, or we can shuffle or get there using another method. Through all the differences in sizes and speeds of humans and their motion, studies have shown that we may all follow different optimization patterns in the selection of how we actually plan and execute gait (Ackermann, et al., 2010). In order to properly design assistive devices and surgical interventions, an understanding of what these subconscious optimizations are is required. Previous studies by Anderson et al. (2001) and Ackermann et al. (2010) have shown that there are several different types of optimization that we may be doing while in normal gait. One method of optimization looks at minimizing energy consumption while another method is the minimization of muscle fatigue. Ackermann et al. concluded that an optimization of muscle fatigue seemed to produce simulation results that matched typical walking gait kinematics, however previous studies by Anderson and Pandy (2001) showed kinematic simulations that matched normal gait using an energy consumption optimization was used.


One of the regular job done by users on the Internet is searching. Information is rapidly growing on the world wide web, hence users are facing difficulties to get effective and efficient search results for their searching terms. Personalization technique is used for providing more effective and relevant search results to user. We study Personalized Web Search engine which refers to the results based on the users' preferences. But users are not ready to share their personal information while searching process, which has become a main hurdle for large use of Personalized Web Search. Proposed system generalizes profile containing all interest areas related to query from complete user profile while satisfying the privacy requirements defined by users. Here system focuses to maximize the profile utility and minimize privacy risk. Click-log is used for user profile updating and providing page recommendations.


Bell's palsy also term idiopathic facial palsy has uncertain etiology. Controversy in management issue makes "Bell's palsy" a novel disorder. Although majority of patients regain their normal or near normal facial motor function, certain percentage of sufferers shows incomplete motor function recovery of peripheral VII cranial nerve with or without troublesome synkinesis. At this context, a randomized clinical trial was made to see the efficacy of interferential current along with medical management for therapeutic benefit and to prevent long term sequallae. Some other important issue like natural history, reactivation of HSV – Type 1 viral etiology, medical, surgical and acupuncture treatment were reviewed.


The use of 'I' and 'we' was analysed in a single case study of a conversation between a child welfare professional and a client. Such conversations are ambiguous situations because although child care workers assume a caring attitude, at the same time they have to operate within a coercive frame. This study shows that child-care workers play a sophisticated game, alternately adopting dialogical positions that are either contiguous or different from that of the client. The argument proposed is that both in external and in internal dialogues, common ground must be reached before change resulting from conflicting I-positions can occur. For that reason, beside I-positions, we-positions play a crucial role in achieving the desired changes that in child welfare interventions. Both professional and client use these presentations to strengthen their communicative position. The same presentations may come about in the interactions between community psychologist and communities, when communities may change their positions in response to professional interventions, making explicit the tension between commonalities and differences. The challenge for agents of change is to look for common ground with clients in order to restore disturbed relations between groups or individuals and society. Ever since the end of the 19th century, institutions in the field of education, health and welfare have assumed a growing role in the tuning of societal norms concerning citizenship and the individual practices of citizens. Child welfare is a social institution that aims to adjust troubled behaviour to societal norms. According to Jacques Donzelot (1979), so called 'psy-professionals' (Ingleby, 1985) played a crucial role in the rise of a social domain ('le social') between the private and the public. Until the 20 th century, public interference in the private life of citizens was the prerogative of churches and civil foundations of the wealthy bourgeoisie. Governmental initiatives to support and preserve social and cultural order were limited to penal legislation. In West European countries, as increasingly more private initiatives were undertaken and new social laws on (child) labour and social security came into effect, a complex of interventions based on private and state enterprise developed.