In this paper, we report three user experiments that investigate in how far the perception of a bar in a bar chart changes based on the height of its neighboring bars. We hypothesized that the perception of the very same bar, for instance, might differ when it is surrounded by the top highest vs. the top lowest bars. Our results show that such neighborhood effects exist: a target bar surrounded by high neighbor bars, is perceived to be lower as the same bar surrounded with low neighbors. Yet, the effect size of this neighborhood effect is small compared to other data-inherent effects: the judgment accuracy largely depends on the target bar rank, number of data items, and other data characteristics of the dataset. Based on the findings, we discuss design implications for perceptually optimizing bar charts.


The purpose of the research was to analyze the company's financial condition, growth, size and reputation of the public accountant firms on going concern opinion, both partially and simultaneously. The data were collected from Indonesian Stock Exchange in a period of 2012 -2016. This research used purposive sampling method to determine the sample. The researcher used 450 financial data. The hypothesis has been analyzed by using logistic regression model. The results show the empirical evidence the company's financial condition has an influence on going concern opinion, growth of the company does not influence the provision of going concern opinion, the size of the company does not influence to the going concern opinion, the reputation of the Public Accounting Firm does not influence the provision of going concern opinion. The result of the omnibus test simultaneously indicated that company's financial condition, growth, size and reputation of the public accountant firms' influenced the going concern opinion. Keywords—going concern opinion; company financial condition; company growth and reputation of public accounting office


Velocity and tension controls are important factors for the film in the coating machine. In this paper, an experimental coating machine is established to make control analyses. The mathematical model of the coating machine is firstly derived. Then, the sliding mode control (SMC) is used to control the tension and the velocity of the film. Finally, some experimental results are proposed to show the performance of the SMC scheme in the experimental coating machine.


In this work the relationship between the accumulation of some metals, the content of chlorophyll a and b in leaves of Zea mays L. plants, growth of seedlings and concentration of kinetin in medium has been studied. The experiments were carried out with 7�day old maize plants grown on the Hoagland's medium. The seedlings were exposed to the solution containing kinetin in different concentration (10 �9 ÷10 �5 mol · dm �3 ). The accumulation of metals in maize leaves was measured by emission spectroscopy using the spectrometer with


According to observations of Scholz and Gerth the super-giant νCep has a magnetic field with a maximum field strength up to 2500 Gauss. This field shows a period of about 5 years. It is unplausible that this magnetic field is a relic since νCep was formed by expansion of a B-star. We claim here that νCep represents a dynamo exciting a magnetic field which in the average strongly deviates from symmetry about the rotation axis.


У статті розглядається змістовий аспект формування лінгвосоціокультурної компетенції учнів, компоненти
лінгвосоціокультурної компетенції, принципи та методи формування лінгвосоціокультурної компетенції.
(The article reviews the semantic aspect of forming lingvosociocultural students' competence, principles and methods of forming lingvosociocultural competence, its' aim at the lessons of foreign languages, defining the role of e-books in formation of pupils' lingvosociocultural competence. Current models of communication demonstrate that studying a foreign language you need to include linguistic and socio-cultural components in the form of regional geographic information, information about national holidays, music and other important facts of the studied country (habits, gestures) therefore discussed in the article modern technology helps the effective lingvosociocultural competence's formation.)


Purpose – Most of the studies carried out on human factor in software development concentrate primarily on personality traits. However, soft skills which largely help in determining personality traits have been given comparatively little attention by researchers. The purpose of this paper is to find out whether employers' soft skills requirements, as advertised in job postings, within different roles of software development, are similar across different cultures.Design/methodology/approach – The authors review the literature relating to soft skills before describing a study based on 500 job advertisements posted on well‐known recruitment sites from a range of geographical locations, including North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. The study makes use of nine defined soft skills to assess the level of demand for each of these skills related to individual job roles within the software industry.Findings – It was found that in the cases of designer, programmer and tester, substantial similarity exists for...


Natural language parsing has to be accurate and quick. Explanation-based Learning (EBL) is a technique to speed-up parsing. The accuracy however often declines with EBL. The paper shows that this accuracy loss is not due to the EBL framework as such, but to deductive parsing. Abductive EBL allows extending the deductive closure of the parser. We present a Chinese parser based on abduction. Experiments show improvements in accuracy and efficiency.1


Y _ dose dKelPt NOTE: This same error was brought to our attention by L.J. Coglan, pharmacist, Mesa Lutheran Hospital, Mesa, AZ.-ED. Director Education and Professional Services AMI Pharmacy Management Services Encino, California 91436 PHILLIP HANN, Pharm.D. The term Kd is, of course, supposed to be Kel. However, of greater importance is the missing infusion time (t) factor in the denominator. Equation 1 should be written as: MD • (l-eKelt ) CPmax = -Y--=-d"'K=-e-It(1 e KelT) References 1. Sawchuk RJ, Zaske DE. Pharmacokinetics of dosing regimens which utilize multiple intravenous infusions: gentamicin in burn patients. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1976;4: 183-95. 2. Kradjan WA, Burger R. In vivo inactivation of gentamicin by carbenicillin and ticarcillin. Arch Intern Med 1980;1l0:1668-70. 3. Russo ME, Thor EA. Gentamicin and ticarcillin in subjects with end-stage renal disease. Comparison of two assay methods and evaluation of inactivation rate. Clin NephroI1981;15:175-80. 4. Chow MS, Quintiliani R, Nightingale CH. In vivo inactivation of tobramycin by ticarcillin-a case report. JAMA 1982;247:658-9.


ABSTRACT This paper presents the methods and results of using partial differential equation techniques for the solution of RF radiation and scattering problems. Specifically, frequency domain finite elements coupled with absorbing boundary conditions are extensively covered. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional formulations and computational results are presented. The two-dimensional formulation uses standard finite elements with either the Engquist-Majda or Bayliss-Turkel absorbing boundary conditions. The three-dimensional formulation also uses absorbing boundary conditions and finite elements, however, new, non-standard finite element basis functions specifically developed for vector field problems are used. These vector finite element basis functions are known as "edge-elements." [1]


Load carriage is a common demand in humans' daily life. Long time load carriage often causes significant energy expenditure for the body and may even bring physical problems like muscle strain. Variations in terrains and ground conditions are usually inevitable in such scenarios, which disrupts humans' gait and leads to even more energy expenditure. In this paper, a wheel-legged robotic limb, Powered Super Tail (PST) to assist human's load carriage in varying terrains and ground conditions is proposed. The PST system mainly consists of a support rod transferring load to the ground and a pair of stepping triple wheel groups adaptable to different terrain conditions including ground barriers, stairs and rough roads. Driven by a pair of motors, uplifting support for the load and appropriate force assistance could be effectively provided by the support rod, and thus energy expenditure of human body could be reduced. The system's performance on human body was tested. It is shown that the stepping triple wheel group could successfully traverse barriers of different heights and ascend stairs. The effect of the system on human body standing and walking on flat ground were respectively evaluated under three experimental conditions including 1) with the load only (LOAD, 16.42 kg); 2) with the powered PST (PST_ON, 27.30 kg); 3) with unpowered PST (PST_OFF, 27.30 kg). And the percentage of metabolic power consumption reduction was the metric for evaluation. Experiments demonstrate the following results: during standing, the metabolic power consumption under PST_ON is lowered by 5.42% compared to LOAD and 12.56% compared to PST_OFF; and during walking, the metabolic power consumption is lowered by 20.85% compared to LOAD and 36.58% compared to PST_OFF.


ST. PETERSURG BEACH, FLA. — Susan R. Komives has seen her fair share of change during her 46-year higher ed career, including twice serving as a VP and 14 years as a student conduct officer.


Abstract This paper discusses a theory for smectic C liquid crystals that may prove helpful for the interpretation of some effects in these materials. The theory is restricted by two simplifying assumptions that the layers remain of constant thickness and the tilt with respect to the layer normal is fixed. The static version of the theory is a non-linear generalisation of the Orsay theory developed earlier, and models certain known configurations satisfactorily. Here our concern is with the dynamic equations and with predictions related to light-scattering measurements. Fortunately some comparison with experiment proves possible.


Submitted for the DFD11 Meeting of The American Physical Society Influences of Atmospheric Stability State on Wind Turbine Aerodynamic Loadings GANESH VIJAYAKUMAR, ADAM LAVELY, JAMES BRASSEUR, ERIC PATERSON, MICHAEL KINZEL, Penn State University — Wind turbine power and loadings are influenced by the structure of atmospheric turbulence and thus on the stability state of the atmosphere. Statistical differences in loadings with atmospheric stability could impact controls, blade design, etc. Large-eddy simulation (LES) of the neutral and moderately convective atmospheric boundary layer (NBL, MCBL) are used as inflow to the NREL FAST advanced blade-element momentum theory code to predict wind turbine rotor power, sectional lift and drag, blade bending moments and shaft torque. Using horizontal homogeneity, we combine time and ensemble averages to obtain converged statistics equivalent to "infinite" time averages over a single turbine. The MCBL required longer effective time periods to obtain converged statistics than the NBL. Variances and correlation coefficients among wind velocities, turbine power and blade loadings were higher in the MCBL than the NBL. We conclude that the stability state of the ABL strongly influences wind turbine performance. Supported by NSF and DOE. Ganesh Vijayakumar Penn State University Date submitted: 11 Aug 2011 Electronic form version 1.4


In addition to being a health and fitness band, the Amazon Halo offers users information about how their voices sound, i.e., their 'tones'. The Halo's tone analysis capability leverages machine learning, which can lead to potentially biased inferences. We develop an auditing framework to evaluate the Amazon Halo's tone analysis capabilities for gender biases. Our results show that the Halo exhibits statistically significant gender biases, when the same emotion is conveyed by professional women and men actors through their recorded voices. For example, we find that over 75% of the words used by the Halo to describe men's emotions are positive whereas fewer than 50% of the words used by the Halo to describe women's voices are positive. The Halo describes women as being 'angry', 'disappointed', 'uncomfortable', and 'annoyed' more often than men (adjectives with negative valence). The Halo describes men as being 'knowledgeable', 'confident', and 'focused' more often than women (adjectives with positive valence). Overall, our findings underscore that even commercially deployed ML models for day-to-day consumer use exhibit strong biases.


The OFDM-based WLAN systems, such as IEEE 802.11a system, have been widely used and their terminals are usually placed very close to personal computers (PCs). However, PCs radiate clock harmonics over a wide frequency band that may cause interference with the WLAN systems. Recent PC clock frequency is intentionally swept with time (spread spectrum clocking; SSC). Hence BER performance of IEEE 802.11a WLAN systems is investigated applying frequency modulated harmonic interferences. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations are carried out in order to discuss the BER degradation and the effectiveness of forward error correction (FEC). It is found that, if the FEC is not applied, the average BER improves as the frequency variation rate of the harmonic increases. On the contrary, the error correction becomes less effective.


Blockchain is considered as one of the most important technology of the future. To do transaction in virtual money or digital currencies like bitcoin, gram, libra which is to be considered as the future money, would become possible as a result of the technologies like blockchain. Blockchain technology can be considered as one of the most important technology that can be implemented in insurance sector in near future. Everything that looks shining stars in the beginning that always have risk associated with it. Risk like huge expenditure on infrastructure, risk of adoption of technology by the investors/customers, risk of safety or security, risk that competitor will get first mover advantage. These are just a few examples, but lot more risk can be associated with it. Blockchain technology can either create the revolution in insurance sector or it can also be replaced just like the previous many technology. Even due to the pandemic situation dependency on technology can easily vouched. When transactions become digital then to record the same transaction is much more important. Blockchain technology is one of the most important technology that record the transaction through creating a block which encrypt the data so that it can only accessed by the authorized personal. Insurance sector in which paying the premium, putting a claim for the losses, settlement of claim etc. which required fast process, blockchain can play a vital role in this. It reduces time along with maintaining the secrecy. But as every coin have two sides, blockchain requires knowledge of the technology, investment in huge infrastructure as well as providing training to the associated parties. One should be very vigilant before applying the blockchain technology.

This research paper is an attempt to provide the future scenario of blockchain technology in insurance sector.


Human trafficking, including labour trafficking cripples the ASEAN labour hosting countries specially Malaysia and Thailand. Although labour trafficking within ASEAN nations prevails due to the existence of several root causes, this article accentuates, economic inequality between ASEAN nations, covert nature of trafficking regime, overlapping nature of human smuggling and human trafficking, migration policies of host countries are the primary root causes for labour trafficking. Practically, the efforts of ASEAN, including its own convention against trafficking in persons, bi-lateral agreements between its member states, as well as enactments of anti-trafficking laws by individual ASEAN member states have failed to stamp out human trafficking or labour trafficking completely within the region. This article emphasises the urgency of reforming labour immigration policies of ASEAN labour hosting countries to root out labour trafficking and proposes a model policy reform in labour immigration, employment, labour market research, labour regulation and surveillance of employers and employees.


Although significant effort has occurred into developing realistic simulation environments for maritime surveillance, relatively little attention has been given to objectively summarizing and providing platforms for querying the mission simulation outputs for post-mission debriefing purposes. In this paper we adopt recently proposed data analytic ideas for this context and illustrate the proposed approach using multi-layered statistical methods from visualization to Bayesian network-based data interpretation models. Analyzing example missions in these terms demonstrates the potential use for such technologies for objective and insightful post-mission analyses.


The aims of this chapter are to show that there are head direction cells in primates as well as in rats; to describe their properties; to show that a new class of cells found in the primate hippocampus—spatial view cells—are different from head direction cells and from rat place cells; to show the utility of spatial view cells in forming episodic memories; to show how a single network can associate both discrete representations about objects and continuous spatial representations to form episodic memories; and to show how path integration may be performed in continuous attractor networks to update their spatial representations by idiothetic (self-motion) cues in the dark. Head direction cells are described in the presubiculum of the monkey, Macaca mulatta, used as a model of what is likely to be present in humans. The firing rate of these cells is a function of the head direction of the monkey, with a response that is typically 10 to 100 times larger to the optimal as compared to the opposite head direction. The mean half-amplitude width of the tuning of the cells was 76°. The response of head direction cells in the presubiculum was not influenced by where the monkey was located, there being the same tuning-to-head direction at different places in a room, and even outside the room. The response of these cells was also independent of the spatial view observed by the monkey, and also the position of the eyes in its head. The average information about head direction was 0.64 bits, about place was 0.10 bits, about spatial view was 0.27 bits, and about eye position was 0.04 bits. The cells maintained their tuning for periods of at least several minutes when the view details were obscured or the room darkened. This representation of head direction could be useful, together with the hippocampal spatial view cells and whole body motion cells found in primates in such spatial and memory functions as path integration and episodic memory. It is shown that discrete and continuous attractor networks can be combined so that they contain both object and spatial information, and thus provide a model of episodic memory. Self-organizing continuous


...................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... xi List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................ xix 1
   Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 2
   Literature review .................................................................................................. 11 2.1
   Introduction: Departing coordinates ............................................................. 11 2.2
   Technology and politics ................................................................................ 14 2.3
   Science and the policy process ..................................................................... 20 2.4
   Setting the analytical framework for the thesis ............................................ 29 2.4.1
   The interactionist co-production of science and politics ....................... 30 2.4.2
   The emergence of new socio-technical framings and their fragility in certain contexts .................................................................................................. 34 2.5
   The troika of (particularly) relevant literatures ............................................. 40 2.5.1
   Doing science and making policy with computer modelling ................ 40 2.5.2
   Integrated impact assessments in Policy Studies and beyond ............... 55 2.5.3
   The social studies of fisheries governance and its instruments ............. 60 2.6
   Firming up the issues of inquiry ................................................................... 70 3
   Methodological considerations ............................................................................ 73 3.1
   Introduction ................................................................................................... 73 3.2
   Research design ............................................................................................ 78 3.2.1
   Research strategy: 'Making sense' ........................................................ 78 3.2.2
   Research method: Case studies .............................................................. 79 3.2.3
   Case studies selection ............................................................................ 81 3.3
   Fieldwork ...................................................................................................... 85 3.3.1
   Preparing for the field ............................................................................ 86 3.3.2
   Gaining access ....................................................................................... 88 3.3.3
   Data collection: Interviews .................................................................... 90 3.3.4
   Data collection: Participant observations .............................................. 93 3.4
   The analysis and the reflexive analyst .......................................................... 97 4
   The reframing of the EU fisheries policy arena around 2002 ............................ 101 4.1
   Introduction ................................................................................................. 101 4.2
   The regulatory framework for EU fisheries management before 2002 ...... 103 4.2.1
   The prehistory of fisheries management and fisheries science coming into the European Economic Community ........................................................ 103 4.2.2
   How EU fisheries management was institutionalised before 2002 ..... 109 4.2.3
   How EU fisheries scientific advice was institutionalised before 2002 112 4.3
   The reform of the Common Fisheries Policy at DG-FISH in 2002 ............ 117 4.3.1
   Regional Advisory Councils ................................................................ 118 4.3.2
   Mixed fisheries .................................................................................... 121 4.3.3
   Long-term management plans ............................................................. 124 4.3.4
   Maximum sustainable yields ............................................................... 126 4.4
   The disembarking of the European Commission's 2002 'Better Regulation' strategy in EU fisheries management .................................................................. 131 4.5
   The problematisation of the scientific stock assessments by the EU fishing industry beyond 2002 .......................................................................................... 134 4.6
   Conclusions ................................................................................................. 141 5
   Building a new framing for the North Sea flatfish fishery: The introduction of integrated assessment modelling ............................................................................. 143 5.1
   Introduction ................................................................................................. 143 5.2
   The linear division of labour in the EU fisheries advisory arena ............... 145 5.2.1
   The shifting role of the ICES biologists in the EU fisheries advisory arena ............................................................................................................. 146 5.2.2
   The shifting role of the fisheries economists in the EU fisheries advisory arena ............................................................................................................. 148 5.3
   The long-term management plan for the North Sea flatfish fishery and the request for an integrated impact assessment ........................................................ 151 5.4
   The first workshop of the integrated impact assessment ............................ 156 5.4.1
   The organisation of the first workshop ................................................ 156 5.4.2
   Mobilising economic and biological modelling for the integrated impact assessment ........................................................................................................ 161 5.4.3
   The linear division of labour between biologists and economists comes under pressure .................................................................................................. 167 5.5
   The second workshop of the integrated impact assessment ....................... 172 5.5.1
   The rationale for a second meeting ...................................................... 172 5.5.2
   The organisation of the second workshop ........................................... 175 5.5.3
   Reviewing the models and their context of application ....................... 177 5.5.4
   The emergence of a 'trading zone' ...................................................... 182 5.6
   Conclusions ................................................................................................. 187 6
   Building a new framing for the North Sea flatfish fishery: The introduction of integrated impact assessments ................................................................................. 191 6.1
   Introduction ................................................................................................. 191 6.2
   The prehistory of the integrated impact assessment ................................... 192 6.2.1
   The initial advice from the NSRAC to the Commission regarding plaice stocks ............................................................................................................. 192 6.2.2
   The linear division of labour between NSRAC industry stakeholders and IMARES biologists .......................................................................................... 198 6.2.3
   The request for an ex-ante integrated impact assessment .................... 201 6.3
   A note on the design of the IMARES model .............................................. 204 6.4
   The NSRAC fishing industry's empirical ally: Engagement with the modelling in the biological subgroup of the IIA exercise ................................... 207 6.5
   The final decision on the long-term management plan for the mixed flatfish fishery in the North Sea ....................................................................................... 215 6.6
   Conclusions ................................................................................................. 221 7
   Building a new framing for the North Sea flatfish fishery: The introduction of harvest control rules ................................................................................................. 225 7.1
   Introduction ................................................................................................. 225 7.2
   The introduction of the harvest control rule for the North East Arctic cod fishery: A supplementary case study ................................................................... 227 7.2.1
   Setting the stage for the case study ...................................................... 227 7.2.2
   Establishing the harvest control rule for the North East Arctic cod fishery ............................................................................................................. 236 7.2.3
   How the harvest control rule for the North East Arctic cod fishery worked ............................................................................................................. 243 7.2.4
   Reframing the illegal and unreported fishing overflow ....................... 249 7.3
   A tailpiece for the North Sea flatfish fishery case study: The implementation of the harvest control rule for plaice and sole ...................................................... 255 7.4
   Conclusions ..........................................................................................


Recently, interracial hybridization was used successfully in breeding common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), but its use has not been adequately documented. Approximately 125 lines with medium-sized seed were selected in the first cycle, mostly from race Durango × race Mesoamerica (both from the Middle American domestication center) single- and multiple-cross populations, for disease resistance and race Durango characteristics. Fifteen of these improved lines, three race Durango control cultivars, and one control cultivar each from races Jalisco and Mesoamerica were evaluated for 3 yr (1989–1991) at three locations in Colombia. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Lines were developed using visual mass selection for seed yield and/or resistance to diseases in F2 and F3, followed by single plant harvests in F4 or F5 and seed increases in F6 or F7. Lines resistant to bean common mosaic virus and possessing other desirable traits were yield-tested in F7 or F8. All but two lines ...


Xylitol is an alternative sweetener that is recommended for use in food and pharmaceutical products, as it has some health benefits. It is currently produced on a large scale using a chemical reduction that requires high energy and is costly. Biological conversion of xylitol using microorganisms is an alternative process that is environmentally friendly and cost-effective. This process has been studied in an effort to provide one that is high yielding and competitive with chemical processes. This article reviews recent studies in the development of biological conversion processes for the production of xylitol, including biomass conversion, fermenting microorganisms, and new technology for full-scale process development.


The article by Delmas and Fraser draws attention to a medical problem that has been under discussion for many years. In collaboration with WHO, several working groups have devoted their efforts towards the global health problem of osteoporosis. A WHO study group prepared a report on the assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis in 1994 (1). In 1998, WHO also published guidelines for preclinical evaluation and clinical trials in osteoporosis after consultation with scientists from academia, the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies (2). Osteoporosis has been defined as a status of "low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and consequent increase in fracture risk" (3) and there is no doubt that it affects many people, in particular the elderly. The number affected is expected to rise as the proportion of elderly people in the population increases. Osteoporosis has been defined as a disease by the Consensus Development Conference (3) and is an accepted risk factor for fractures, in particular fractures of the hip and spine which are associated with mortality, morbidity and economic burden. Hence, early detection of this risk factor and its prevention to reduce associated fractures have been highlighted as being essential by experts within the European Community and worldwide. For many years, screening programmes have been recommended and used to detect risk factors. Blood pressure and cholesterol measurements are examples of this approach. Only recently has the use of screening results to develop effective disease prevention strategies been considered. WHO has published criteria for the assessment of screening procedures. The characteristics of osteoporosis and its consequences fulfil the criteria that have been developed (serious condition, high prevalence of the asymptomatic disease stage, known natural course, long latency period between first signs and overt disease). However, it is not established whether the diagnostic techniques fulfil the requirements in terms of sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value and, in addition, whether the effectiveness of intervention is well documented. Bone densitometry techniques are available and are accepted methods to measure bone density. Before recommending these techniques for screening purposes, it is necessary to determine whether studies exist that demonstrate the effectiveness of screening followed by intervention in terms of showing that fractures are prevented. Currently, there are no published studies to support the screening of post-menopausal women. Hence, this procedure may not be recommended with confidence as a cost-effective way to deal with the problem. Current diagnostic techniques have to be judged as unsuitable because of their low sensitivity and inability to distinguish between individuals with high and low fracture risks (4-9). Estimates on the prevention of hip fractures by a general screening programme in the post-menopausal population range from less than 1% up to nearly 20% (4). Several groups have tried to define subpopulations at risk of osteoporosis because the benefits of screening would be more pronounced in these populations. Whereas many risk factors of osteoporosis have been identified, it is however difficult to identify accurate and sensitive predictors of fracture (10-12). Some authors, including Delmas and Fraser in their article, claim that all postmenopausal women not taking hormone replacement are at risk, but they make this claim without demonstrating that screening followed by intervention in this group would reduce the incidence of fractures as compared to an untreated control group. In addition, Cummings et al. (13) showed that the rate of hip fracture is not correlated to one single risk factor, but is increased only when more than four risk factors are present. …


Amplifiers analog signal conditioning and processing analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion analytical physical measurements - principles and practice angular rate sensing artificial intelligence in measurement and instrumentation automotive applications of measurement and instrumentation biological and biomedical measurement systems bridges chemical analysis, instrumental construction and manufacture of instrument systems correlation in measurement and instrumentation current measurement density and consistency measurement design principles for instrument systems digital instruments displacement and dimension measurement electrochemical measurements environmental measurement and instrumentation errors and uncertainty errors - avoidance and compensation flow measurement - applications and instrumentation selection, economic factors, markets and developments, principles and techniques force and dimensions - tactile sensors frequency and time measurement identification in measurement and instrumentation image processing and its industrial applications information theory in measurement and instrumentation installation and commissioning instrument elements - models and characteristics instrument systems - functional architectures, general requirements instrumentation in systems design and control instruments - models and characteristics, performance characteristics ionizing radiation measurements level measurement life cycle mass, force and weight measurement measurement and instrumentation - history measurement - fundamental principles measurement science measurement - system of scales and units mechanical and robotics applications - multicomponent force sensors. (Part Contents).


When Stewart J. Brown had cause to sample one of Arriva's Hinckleybus services in the Midlands, he caught it on what he hopes was an unusually bad day for this arm of one of the big groups.


Background: The patient presented in this case report was diagnosed with stage IIB unfavorable classical Hodgkin's lymphoma. Major oncology guideline includes doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine (ABVD) and Stanford V as a treatment option. Presently, there is no systematic review or meta-analysis published on comparing both regimens specific for this case. This case study analyzed published clinical trials and assessed whether one of the regimen is superior to the other, based on their clinical efficacy and toxicity profile. Method: Systematic search was conducted through EMBASE and Cochrane databases. Selected publications were randomized controlled trials (RCT) published in English with direct relevance on answering the question of this case report. Results: Three RCTs with full-text availability were evaluated. Two studies have shown the superiority of ABVD over the modified Stanford V regimen, while the other RCT have showed slight lead of the ABVD regimen. However, all three trials were more restrictive on the radiotherapy component that differs from the standard Stanford V protocol. Conclusion: We concluded that both ABVD and Stanford V remained to be a valid option for treating classical HL.


The spectra and reactions of trapped electrons produced by pulse radiolysis in 9.5 mol dm–3 LiCl and 10 mol dm–3 OH–(5 mol dm–3 NaOH + 5 mol dm–3 KOH) solutions have been studied. In each case as the temperature is lowered the spectra of e–t first narrow and shift to the blue between 300 and 200 K, and then broaden and shift back of the red between 200 and 150 K.Reactive solutes decrease G(e–t) and this is attributed to the capture of electrons before they become trapped. Relative capture efficiencies for a number of solutes have been calculated.Trapped electrons react with solutes even when diffusion cannot occur. In common with other workers we attribute this to tunnelling reactions of e–t. However, the tunnelling rates are quite different in the two media, and the differences are rationalised in terms of a trap to trap and trap to solute tunnelling mechanism.


Departing from safety performance of boiler and pressure vessel of power plant,analyzed the common problems influencing safety production of the boiler and pressure vessel,proposed solutions to the problems,and analyzed these problems in terms of technology and regulations.Corrective recommendations were separately proposed for mutual encouragement of insiders.


Dermatopathology is one of the key aspects in dermatological diagnosis and is of immense value to the practicing dermatologist as well as residents pursuing dermatology as a career. It is a visual medium of understanding the subject, and is therefore ideal to be tested similarly. Dermatopathology quiz has become a part and parcel of most scientific deliberations, and is therefore an essential requirement of the postgraduate curriculum. Preparing for a dermatopathology quiz is tougher than preparing for a normal clinical quiz because of the lesser importance given for it in the syllabus of postgraduation and also due to the lack of resources either in getting microscopic sessions arranged or due to lack of flair of the subject compared to cosmetology or dermatosurgery. This review was done with the purpose of educating both the students and quizmasters as to how to prepare for a dermatopathology quiz. It is a unique proposal and, therefore, is gathered from more of personal experience, experience gained from watching quizzes conducted by experienced quizmasters, and also from the advice gained from masters of the subject in relation to the quiz.


The article examines the development of the instrument governing the procedures, requirements and rules of application mapping information for operational planning documents and documents in civil defense and protection the population and territories.


On 12 May 2014, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR or the Court) awarded, for the first time in its history, just satisfaction under Article 41 of the European Convention on the Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms1 (ECHR or the Convention) within the context of an inter-state complaint procedure under ECHR Article 33. In the case of Cyprus v Turkey 2014,2 the Court's GrandChamber ruled that Turkey has to pay EUR 90million to Cyprus in respect of the non-pecuniary damage suffered by the relatives of 1,456 missing persons (e30million) aswell as the enclavedGreekCypriot residents of the Karpas peninsula (e60 million). The sums are to be distributed by the Cypriot Government to the individual victims under the supervision of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (CoM). The decision of the Court is based on its principal judgment on the merits of 10 May 2001 (Cyprus v Turkey 2001). The Grand Chamber found numerous violations of obligations of the ECHR and its protocols by Turkey in regard to the above mentioned groups, arising out of: the Turkish military operations in the northern part of the island in July and August 1974; the continuing division


This study describes the effect of predrying sago starch, a tropical starch, on the resultant mechanical properties of starch/poly(e-caprolactone) composite materials. Sago starch was dried to less than a 1% moisture level in a vacuum oven and dispersed into a polycaprolactone matrix with an internal mixer at 90°C. The mechanical properties of the composite were studied according to methods of the Association for Standards, Testing, and Measurement, whereas the morphology was monitored with scanning electron microscopy. The properties were compared with a composite obtained with native starch containing 12% moisture. The results indicated that predrying the starch led to a lower property drop rate in the composite as the starch content increased. The elastic modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break were higher than those obtained when starch was used without predrying. The morphology observed during scanning electron microscopy studies was used to explain the observed trends in the mechanical properties. In this way, a relatively simple and cost-effective method was devised to increase the starch loading in the polycaprolactone matrix to obtain properties within the useful range of mechanical properties. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 877–884, 2003


Although scholars recognize the U.S. South as the most influential region for hip-hop music today, there remains a dearth of academic work on it. 1 Regina N. Bradley ' s Chronicling Stankonia: The Rise of the Hip-Hop South helps to fill that gap, to be sure; it contributes to the growing, and yet still deeply insufficient, number of histories of hip-hop in the South, such as those by journalists Roni Sarig, Ben Westhoff, and Briana Younger. 2 However the book does far more than narrate a vital strand of the history of southern hip-hop: Its analysis of music, literature, and audiovisual media makes clear the centrality of hip-hop in contemporary Black life in the U.S. South. In Bradley ' s study, hip-hop does not just function as a musical genre, it becomes a way to understand Black Southern identity after the civil rights movement of the mid-twentieth century. The book ' s interrogation of the cultural possibilities for the contemporary Black American South begins by acknowledging the absence of academic work in this area. As Bradley notes, scholarship on post-civil rights Black culture rarely focuses on the South, and popular representations of it all too often center the experiences of white southerners, with Black narratives typically confined to three historical moments: The antebellum era, Jim Crow, and the modern civil rights movement. This book ' s focus on the hip-hop South — what Bradley defines as " the experiences of black southerners who came of age in the 1980s and 1990s and use hip-hop culture to buffer themselves from the historical narrative and expectations of civil rights movement era blacks and their predecessors " (6) — offers a necessary corrective, highlighting the complexity of Black southern life in the post-civil rights era and making plain the unrefined nature of popular representations of the South that fail to account for these experiences.


We consider a statistical model for finite-rank symmetric tensor factorization and prove a single-letter variational expression for its mutual information when the tensor is of even order. The proof uses the adaptive interpolation method, for which rank-one matrix factorization is one of the first problems to which it was successfully applied. We show how to extend the adaptive interpolation to finite-rank symmetric tensors of even order, which requires new ideas with respect to the proof for the rank-one case. We also underline where the proof falls short when dealing with odd-order tensors.


COVID-19 caused a global pandemic in 2020 that completely revolutionized our way of life, consequently affecting the research area of business, management and accounting sector. The study by Donthu & Gustafsson (2020) had produced some significant elements on the effect of COVID-19 in the considered study area. Since that time, all states and universities have engaged academics in the search for solutions and future prospects related to COVID-19. In 2020 alone, 48,038 results can be identified on Scopus, of which however only 155 related to the sector under investigation. This research seeks to fill the gap by performing a bibliometric review of 155 business, management and accounting articles considering the effects of COVID-19. The study shows that the effect influenced all research areas of the sector, although only some present bilometric evidence with a global diffusion. Bibliometric analysis confirms the trend and studies introduced by Donthu & Gustafsson (2020). The main studies focus on transport, regulation, and the global economy's effect, considering both international trade and the redefinition of a series of services, including education. The changes in tourism, medical tourism, the business model in food administration, and new technologies related to teaching activities require more in-depth analysis and a major sharing of results.


Salient edge detection which is mentioned less frequently than salient point detection is another important cue for subsequent processing in computer vision. How to find the salient edges in natural images is not an easy work. This paper proposes a simple method for salient edge detection which preserves the edges with more salient points on the boundaries and cancels the less salient ones or noise edges in natural images. According to the Gestalt Principles of past experience and entirety, we should not detect the whole edges in natural images. Only salient ones can be an advantageous tool for the following step just like object tracking, image segmentation or contour detection. Salient edges can also enhance the efficiency of computing and save the space of storage. The experiments show the promising results.


In this paper, He's variational iterative method has been applied to give exact solution of the Euler Lagrange equation which arises from the variational problems with moving boundaries and isoperimetric problems. In this method, general Lagrange multipliers are introduced to construct correction functional for the variational problems. The initial approximations can be freely chosen with possible unknown constant, which can be determined by imposing the boundary conditions. Illustrative examples have been presented to demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the variational iterative method.


Pulsatile tinnitus is synchronous with the pulse, and the causes are classified into local diseases and systemic diseases. Systemic disease-induced pulsatile tinnitus is associated with hemodynamic changes and may be caused by anemia, hyperthyroidism, beri-beri (vitamin B1 deficiency), pheochromocytoma, and pregnancy. Systemic disease-induced pulsatile tinnitus is very rarely heard objectively. In this article, we reported a patient with objective pulsatile tinnitus in the left ear caused by uterine myoma associated with metrorrhagia and anemia. The tinnitus improved after uterine myomectomy and improvement of anemia.


The article performs a critical analysis of the recent trajectory of the commodity boom, focusing on the strategies of construction of economic corridors centered on the dynamics of land expropriation and exploitation of natural resources. We discuss the Nacala Corridor, in Mozambique, the preferred destiny of Brazilian investments in the country (in particular, that of the mining company Vale) and a point of convergence for many projects of international organizations and transnational corporations. We defend a view that the Corridor has operated as a privileged space of articulation and convergence of the interests of different actors, both national and international, highlighting the central role of the Mozambican State. The article demonstrates that investments in logistics megaprojects, in addition to their direct effects in the territory, prepare the ground for the expansion of agribusiness and mineral exploration in an uneven and concentrated dynamic that opens up new frontiers for capital accumulation. In addition, with the article, we intend to build a theoretical framework that dialogues with two field surveys carried out in Mozambique, in the Nacala Corridor (2014 and 2017).


The mechanism of emulsion polymerization of chloroprene has been found to differ considerably from that of other monomers such as styrene or butadiene, apparently due to its exceptional reactivity. Whereas the formation of polymer particles from monomers of low water solubility usually depends largely on the solubilizing effect of detergent micelles, this is not the case for chloroprene. It has been found that dissolved chloroprene and the chloroprene-water interface may both be active loci for the initiation of polymer particles, depending upon the conditions of the polymerization reaction. It has also been found that chloroprene does not obey the "ideal" kinetics as proposed by the Smith-Ewart theory, since the rate of particle is not independent of the type and amount of initiator present. Possible reasons for this deviation are suggested.


The siting of a large, new firm is often presumed to give rise to significant economic and tax benefits to the community of location. This presumption serves as the basis for the granting of lucrative economic development incentives to footloose businesses. This article examines whether large, mobile firms generate significant net benefits for the region of location. Panel data and nonrandom estimation techniques are applied to a primary database of large firms that made location decisions in the 1980s to explore the impact of location on regional economic performance. The empirical analysis explores different treatment regions (both effects within the county and the metropolitan statistical area [MSA] of location) and different control regions. The results show that large firms fail to produce significant net benefits for their host communities, calling into question the high-stakes bidding war over jobs and investment.


Introduction of model curriculum and internships for all undergraduate engineering students by AICTE has shifted the focus of many engineering institutions towards building a relationship with industry and arranging for an internship for their students. This analysis aimed to assess the impact of the internship on the employment potential of students. Civil Engineering students from the 2010 Batch in Malla Reddy Engineering College (Autonomous), who had the opportunity to do an internship in industry, are the theme of this study. Students in the industry after jobs have been surveyed and evaluated by a degree Performance Assessment Method via questionnaire. The average percentage of internship students and employability based on internship students for the past 5 years is 67% and 53%. However, it is graded and evaluated at different levels with an average score of 82 percent for the success of students in the industry through internship [2]. This study also found the method to improve the internship levels to match the requirements of the industries. The internship section shall give confidence to the students in achieving their employability levels during the internship in reputed MNC companies, which will be very much useful for placement once they graduated. The students are highly recommended to go through an internship program at under graduation level at Internship-based companies [2]. This program is important for undergraduate students to enhance their selfdevelopment and employment ability. In this case study interns students, non- intern students and companies are taken as an example and student's performance was rigorously evaluated in their workplace.


Minnesota is home to over 450 miles of state designated trout
streams. Some of these streams are experiencing warmer
temperatures affecting trout habitat and populations. Trees in a
riparian buffer can improve trout habitat by moderating stream
temperatures, providing woody debris, improving water quality and
stabilizing stream banks.


Thematic learning is learning that combines several subjects into a single entity in the form of theme. The integration is made less profound understanding of specific subjects such as science. Whereas learning science is also necessary related to its utilization in society. To achieve the learning required, need some development of thematic teaching material in the form of Science and Technology in Society (SATIS) based- thematic teaching materials which gives some science concepts of energy so as to improve students' achievement, especially on the theme Selalu Berhemat Energi.

This research used Research and Development Research (R & D), by adapting the research model of Borg and Gall who has seven steps in the procedure development. This study was conducted in MIN Buduran Sidoarjo by taking a class IV A, amounting to 38 students. The results of the analysis of the thematic book, it was found some problems, especially on theme Selalu Berhemat Energi. Among them: 1) There are lack of the deepening energy materials; 2) students have less knowledgeable about energy; and 3) the material 2nd theme felt to be more difficult when compared to other themes that have been studied (theme 1, 3, and 4).

Based on the results of the research showed that the SATIS based- thematic teaching material got a valid qualification assessment, because based on the validation results obtained value of thematic teachers acquired 80% and acquired 82% from material expert which means that SATIS based- thematic teaching material assessed valid and not a revision. From field trials acquired 89% it shows highly valid qualification while from design experts received a score of 60% and it shows valid enough qualification and need to be some revised. After the revision, the SATIS based-thematic teaching materials acquired 98% of the design experts and means highly valid qualification, so that no revision of thematic teaching materials. By looking the average known X2 > X1 (81.31> 69.86) it is showed that post-test is higher than the pre-test and by calculation using a t test with significance level of 0.05 was obtained results t2 ≥ t2table ie 10.90 ≥ 4.084 means that Ho is rejected and Ha accepted. Thus, SATIS-based thematic teaching materials shown to significantly improve the students' achievement on fourth grade students of MIN Buduran Sidoarjo.


Forty-one tests were performed on 38 volunteers to measure elimination rates of (222)Rn in expired breath. Participants ranged from ages 9 to 85 y, with 16 males and 22 females. The levels of physical activity of the subjects ranged from very inactive to marathon level. Calibration of the flow-through scintillation cell was accomplished using a medical ventilator and (222)Rn reservoir for 5-15 L/min flow rates. The authors found a wide range of percent elimination (12-68%) in 30 min. The percent elimination has a mild correlation with the predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s and with time passed since eating. Their observations of bio-retention half-times range from 17-400 min. The whole-body dose calculations yield a mean of 2.70 + or - 3.43 nGy/Bq, and the stomach dose calculations yield a mean of 276 + or - 186 nGy/Bq. These means range beyond those previously reported. (Copyright (c) 1992 Health Physics Society.)


Current pharmaceutical situation focuses on the preparation of gastro-retentive floating drug delivery system (GRFDDS). This systems has gained noteworthy interest in the past decades. These are the low density systems that float over the gastric contents and remain buoyant in the stomach for a prolonged period of time without affecting the gastric emptying rate. GRFDDS is used to delay the residence time of delivery in stomach. The controlled gastric retention of solid dosage forms may be achieved by the mechanism of mucoadhesion, floatation, sedimentation, expansion, modified shape systems or by the administration of pharmacological agents that delaying gastric emptying. This results in targeting of release of drug at a specific site for the systemic or local effects. GRDDS is used to overcome challenges associated with conventional oral dosage forms and to release the drug at a specific absorption site to improve bioavailability of particular drug substance. Some floating drug delivery systems have shown the capability to accommodate these variations without affecting drug release. This review mainly focuses characterizations and application of gastro-retentive floating drug delivery systems.


The internal state distributions of nascent CaCl formed in the reactions Ca + (1,1) and (1,2) C2H4Cl2, (1,1,2) C2H3Cl3, (1,1,2,2) C2H2Cl4 have been studied by means of the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) in the beam gas apparatus. The results showed that the vibrational distributions of the CaCl products from Ca + (1, 1) C2H4Cl2, (1,1,2,2) C2H2Cl4 are similar to vibrational distributions of the CaCl products from Ca + CH2Cl2, CHCl2 respectively. However, the vibrEzionaI distribution of the CaCl pratinct from Ca + (1,1,2) C2H3Cl3 is equivalent to the combination of that from Ca + (1,2) C2H4Cl2 and Ca + (1,1,2,2)C2H2Cl4. No LIE signal has been found in the reaction Ca + (1,1) C2H4Cl2.


Abstract In this paper we apply Weil bundle techniques to the study of formal integrability for systems of nonlinear partial differential equations. We clarify the role of the curvature and show that both the statement and proof of Goldschmidt's criterion on formal integrability are of algebraic nature. This fact allows us to obtain a version of this theorem which holds for smooth, algebraic, or analytic manifolds. Finally, we give a definition for the characteristic co-vectors of a system of partial differential equations and how their relationship with the Cauchy–Kowalevski normal form.


Metacognitive knowledge is a necessity in starting learning process. Solving physics problems requires metacognitive knowledge which comprises factual, conceptual and procedural knowledge. The purpose of metacognitive knowledge is to train students in developing their abilities in higher order of thinking. The problem is what kind of strategies can be used by teachers to facilitate student's comprehension? This study used "sketch knowledge strategy (SKS)" as a strategy to help students in solving high order of physics problems and its influence on their metacognitive understanding. The target variable strategy was used as a comparison in order to examine its effects. The results showed that the concept of sketch strategy was more significant in solving metacognitive problems than that of the target variable strategy.

 Key words: Metacognitive knowledge, sketch knowledge strategy, target variable strategy.


For the electrode for biasing experiments on the DIII-D tokamak, electrical insulation had to provide voltage standoff in the DIII-D divertor environment of neutral pressures in the range of 10/sup -8/ to 5*10/sup -2/ torr, variable magnetic fields, and in the presence of ionizing radiation. The electrical insulation system was designed and tested in air and vacuum for voltages up to 3 kV. The operating experience, problems encountered, and improvements to the system are described. Electrical breakdown of some components and transient voltages, up to 5 kV, have been observed. The original concept for insulating the water and electrical feeds for the electrode was found to be prone to failure. A novel scheme of rigid ceramic insulators surrounded by a ground plane was designed and is being implemented. Another problem was arcs from vessel potential surfaces to the electrode in several locations where vessel ground existed within 1 cm of the electrode. The arc traveled in a small crack between two insulators. Careful attention has been paid to closing this and other small gaps in the insulation.<<ETX>>


The Earth Model project, formerly known as IQ Earth project, is an SEG initiative to promote integration of earth science data and knowledge to provide quantitative interpretations. The goal is to help stimulate a fundamental change in visualizing and predicting subsurface structure, rock, and fluid


Background The fear of side‐effects has led to strict regulations preventing a more widespread use of specific immunotherapy (SIT) in some countries, in spite of the low risk of systemic reactions (SRs) reported in well‐controlled studies. The goal of the study was to carry out a prospective and multi‐centric trial to evaluate the safety, risk factors and compliance degree of commercially available SIT.


Mental disorders frequently disrupt cognition. Computational models are mathematical representations of cognitive or neural processes. These models have been applied to simulate cognitive deficits, to relate cognitive deficits to disturbances of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology, and to make predictions of the effects of brain disturbance on cognitive function.

Keywords:

computational models;
neural networks;
mental disorders;
schizophrenia;
Alzheimer disease


Abstract Is the Islamic Republic of Iran's revolutionary ideology still relevant more than 40 years after the revolution? Is it still relevant in the Islamic Republic's foreign policy? While the Islamic Republic's ideology undoubtedly developed alongside its institutions over the course of 40 years, this article argues that its revolutionary ideology continues to remain relevant and in fact important. Centring on the Islamic Republic's ideological discourse, it further argues that it contains several recurring narratives which have remained salient throughout the Islamic Republic's existence: narratives about the revolution; resistance, anti-imperialism and independence; nationalism; the Iran–Iraq war; and narratives in reference to Islam. Those narratives are part of the Islamic Republic's ideological foundation and continue to play an important role in contemporary Iranian domestic and foreign policy. The article contributes a comprehensive study of how and why this is the case by enquiring into the strategic discursive employment of these narratives by analysing a major case of international interest: the nuclear issue.


High-fidelity simulation in nursing refers to the use of computerized manikins to offer realistic hands-on training to nursing students. The problem addressed by this dissertation was resistance among some faculty to the use of new computerized simulation technology in the nursing curriculum. The research question for this case study investigated how faculty members can incorporate simulation into the curriculum and barriers faced in setting the stage for simulation experiences for their students. The goal of this applied dissertation study was to examine the perceptions of nurse educators regarding the benefits of and barriers to use of high-fidelity (computerized manikin) simulation with students in a university nursing program. Interviews were used in this qualitative case study to gather perceptions from educators in a university nursing program. The study was based on the qualitative research method with a case study design. The theoretical underpinnings for the study were concentrated within a constructivist framework. Twelve nursing educators were interviewed regarding their perceptions of the use of simulation in the nursing curriculum. The findings indicated that faculty believed the use of simulation to be beneficial to nursing students by increasing patient safety, improving students' critical thinking, improving learning outcomes, and increasing competency to transfer to clinical practice. Faculty recommended further training and technical support to maximize effective use of simulation.


This study aims to determine the potential for entertainment tax revenue and its contribution to local revenue at the Bulukumba Regency Regional Revenue Agency. The research method used is descriptive research with a quantitative approach, secondary data sources are the Budget Report and Realization of Regional Original Revenue, Entertainment Tax managed by the Regional Revenue Agency of Bulukumba Regency from 2018 to 2020. To find out about the potential, effectiveness and contribution of revenue entertainment tax in Bulukumba district. This research was conducted from April 22, 2021 to May 22, 2021.
The results show that the potential for entertainment tax in 2018-2020 fluctuates, namely increasing and decreasing for the period 2018 - 2021. The effectiveness of entertainment tax revenues in Bulukumba district is less effective because each year it does not exceed the target. The contribution of the entertainment tax to the Bulukumba district's local tax revenue is very low because there are still many entertainment venues that have not been taxed and are also affected by restrictions on community activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic which can lead to a decrease in the contribution of entertainment taxes to Bulukumba district's income. Efforts to increase entertainment tax revenue and its contribution to local revenue at the Bulukumba Regency Regional Revenue Agency can be done by counseling the public or taxpayers about the importance of paying taxes for regional development and it is better if the organizers of entertainment venues that have not been confirmed as taxpayers are immediately confirmed as taxpayers. taxpayer.


Background
Female firefighters are in the minority in the Québec firefighter population and worldwide. To our knowledge, no study has focused on cardiovascular risk factors in female firefighters, and further research in this area is needed to evaluate and reduce the risk of on-duty sudden cardiac death.

Aims
To evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in female firefighters in Québec.

Methods
A cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire to evaluate lifestyle and CVD risk factors and symptoms.

Results
Forty-one female firefighters (age: 38.2 ± 9.9 years) participated in this study, representing ~7% of all female Québec firefighters. The prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2), hypertension, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, smoking and physical inactivity was 12% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4-26%), 5% (95% CI 0.6-19%), 5% (95% CI 0.6-19%), 3% (95% CI 0.1-14%), 14% (95% CI 5-29%) and 62% (95% CI 5-7%), respectively. Among survey participants, 76% (59-88%) had moderate to high CVD risk according to the 2013 American College of Sports Medicine guidelines. Eighty-two per cent of participants did not meet the National Fire Protection Association's required cardiorespiratory fitness standard of 12 metabolic equivalents.

Conclusions
A high proportion of female firefighters in this study were at moderate to high risk of CVD. These findings suggest that they would benefit from healthy lifestyle initiatives.


Solar energy has been widely used in desalination systems. A low-temperature multi-effect desalination system driven by solar is constructed for a series of experimental studies. The results show that water production rate grows with solar radiation, and maintains at a high level between 12am to 4pm. The optimized heat water flow is 1400 kg/h and appropriate cooling water temperature is 24 °C, respectively.


In this Comment on Feng's paper [Phys. Rev. A 63, 052308 (2001)], we show that Grover's algorithm may be performed exactly using the gate set given, provided that small changes are made to the gate sequence. An analytic expression for the probability of success of Grover's algorithm for any unitary operator U instead of Hadamard gate is presented.


The advantage and disadvantage of Schenck mixing technology imported from German are analyzed, which is used in material mixing of 400m2 sintering machine in Han Steel, some improvement to it has been made according to production practice.


The greatest challenge for the industries, now days, is to provide products and services that provide a very high standard of living without degrading the environment. The role of an engineer has changed drastically over the years, since, he/she has not only to provide the existing living standards but also has to upgrade the standards, without harming the quality of the environment. In the past, scientists and engineers were oriented towards the concepts of industrial growth and expansion, increased efficiency in production and exploitation of resources. This gave very little room for concern about the long range effects of the pollution and harmful side effects of the products. This was driven by the conventional economic criteria and concepts of optimum design which has resulted in global pollution. The air we breath for our survival is being polluted and has reached intolerable proportions in many countries. It has been found that the total emission of all contaminating gases and particulate matter into our atmosphere, including natural sources such as plant life and volcanoes, is estimated to be 1012 tonnes/yr. Only 500 million tonnes, or 0.05%, result from man's activities, but since these tend to remain concentrated near urban and industrial sources, they are held responsible for many problems. In this project, particulate matter generated from a steel plant has been studied. Generally, particulate matter having less than 100 microns in diamter, is called fine solid. They have important light scattering properties, leading to smog and haze. They may be corrosive, toxic, or merely a source of dust and soiling. The total suspended particulates (TSP) which are 50 microns or less in diameter do not enter the lungs but may enter the digestive tract via the nasal passages. They are considered heavier particles. Particulate matter being less than 10 microns (PM 10) in diameter are a matter of concern because they enter the lungs and cause respiratory problems. This study focussed on the relationship between TSP and PM 10 as generated from a steel plant. The results showed that for the ratio of TSP to PM10 is 0.50, irrespective of wind velocity and wind direction. The relationship was determined using high volume air samplers in order to measure TSP, and PM 10 and then using some statistical tools to arrive at such a relationship.


Spanish bunch groundnut varieties occupy most of the cultivated area in Asia and Africa, and these varieties lack required 2-3 weeks of fresh seed dormancy (FSD) hampering kernel quality. Genomic breeding can help to improve commercial groundnut cultivars for FSD in a shorter time with greater precision. In this regard, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from the cross ICGV 02266 (non-dormant) × ICGV 97045 (dormant) was developed and genotyped with a 5 K mid-density genotyping assay. A linkage map was constructed with 325 SNP loci spanning a total map length of 2335.3 cM and five major QTLs were identified on chromosomes Ah01, Ah11, Ah06, Ah16 and Ah17. Based on differential gene expression using transcriptomic information from dormant (Tifrunner) and non-dormant (ICGV 91114) genotypes, histone deacetylases, histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, cytochrome P450, protein kinases, and ethylene-responsive transcription factor were identified as key regulators involved in the hormonal regulation of dormancy. Six Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers were successfully validated in the diverse panel including selected RILs of the same population and germplasm lines. These validated KASP markers could facilitate faster breeding of new varieties with desired dormancy using marker-assisted early generation selection.


Previous extracellular field potential studies have described the electrophysiology of the perforant path input to area CAI. both in vivo and in the hippocampal slice (Andersen et al., 1966b; Colbert and Levy, 1992). T o try to clariEy the nature of the perforant path projection to CA1 we used intraand extracellular recordings from an extended slice preparation (Ureier and Heinemann, 1991) (Fig. 1A) containing the cells of origin of the perforant path. Initial field potential recordings showed that connectivity between entorhinal cortex and CA1 could be maintained within the slice. As has been described in transverse hippocampal slices (Colbert and Levy, 1992) we always recorded negative field potential recordings within stratum lacunosum-moleculare (SLM) of CAI following stimulation of the perforant path. These were associated with positive field potentials in the pyramidal layer of CA1. The laminar field potentials across area CAI are shown in Figure 1B. Orthodromic population spikes could not be evoked following perforant path stimulation when recording in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer. When the perforant path was stimulated at three different positions along its projection from entorhinal cortex to CA1 the laminar field potentials were similar. The positions and the field potential recordings are shown in Figure IA and B. The amplitudes of the field potential recordings became smaller, from approximately 2 to 0.2 mV, as the stimulating electrode was moved further away and their latencies to onset also increased, from t l rns to approximately 4 ms (Fig. 1B). Often when stimulating from within entorhinal cortex, a lateral, rather than medial position of the stimulating electrode was most effective. We considered that the perforant path evoked field potential recordings within the slice may have been contaminated by other hippocampal pathways. Two separate approaches minimized this possibility. Selective pathway cuts had little effect upon the character of the field potential recordings. Cutting along the fissure only reduced the amplitude of the negativity in SLM (dotted vs. thick lines in Fig. 1B). Thus there was a contribution to the negativity from the co-activation of dentate granule cells; however, in all recordings this was removed. The Schaffer collateral connection from CA3 to CAI was always cut and in some slices


Building an entrepreneurial university in Brazil: the role and potential of university–industry linkages in promoting regional economic development, Marcelo Amaral, Andre Ferreira and Pítias Teodoro, 25, 5, pp 383–395 'Can't string a sentence together?' UK employers' views of graduates' writing skills, Ben Kotzee and Roger Johnston, 25, 1, pp 45–52 Changing struggles for relevance in eight fields of natural science, Laurens K. Hessels, Harro van Lente, John Grin and Ruud E.H.M. Smits, 25, 5, pp 347–357 Commercialization of university research for technology-based entrepreneurship, W. Ker Ferguson, 25, 3, pp 161–172 Competing values in the culinary arts and hospitality industry: leadership roles and managerial competencies, Michael W. Riggs and Aaron W. Hughey, 25, 2, pp 109–118 Corporate governance models as a bridge for linking academic and non-academic entrepreneurs: the case of Italian spinoffs, Roberto Parente, Rosangela Feola and Michele Petrone, 25, 2, pp 119–131 Creating a bridge between industry and higher education through an operations consultancy module, Ozlem Bak, 25, 3, pp 205–211 Creating linkages between the labour market and agricultural higher education in Iran: strategies and mechanisms for partnership, Reza Movahedi, Hasmatollah Saadi and Ahmad Yaghoubi Farani, 25, 4, pp 307–316 Customer orientation in higher education: the missing link in international student recruitment? A relationship marketing approach, Johanna Julia Vauterin, Lassi Linnanen and Esa Marttila, 25, 2, pp 77–91 Development of a procurement management framework in Ghana: a new paradigm for interdisciplinary postgraduate education, D. Osuwu-Manu, E. Badu and D.J. Edwards, 25, 4, pp 289–305 Development of human capital in young entrepreneurs, The, James Hickie, 25, 6, pp 469–481 Does higher education need deschooling?, Russell Butson, 25, 3, pp 153–160 Efficacy of entrepreneurship education, The: perspectives of Irish graduate entrepreneurs, Mary Fenton and Almar Barry, 25, 6, pp 451–460 Emergent issues in enterprise education: the educator's perspective, Charlotte Carey and Harry Matlay, 25, 6, pp 441–450 Engineering research in Irish economic development, John Kelly, 25, 2, pp 73–75 Entrepreneurship and UK doctoral graduates, Tristram Hooley, Kieran Bentley and John Marriott, 25, 3, pp 181–192 Exploring academic entrepreneurship in the Milan area, Cinzia Colapinto, 25, 1, pp 39–44 Factors influencing knowledge sharing among undergraduate students: a Malaysian perspective, Hway-Boon Ong, Peik-Foong Yeap, Siow-Hooi Tan and Lee-Lee Chong, 25, 2, pp 133–140 Family business succession: founders from disadvantaged communities in South Africa: an exploratory study, Eslyn B.H. Isaacs and Christian Friedrich, 25, 4, pp 277–287 From entrepreneurial fission to entrepreneurial fusion, Martin G. Curley, Piero Formica and Vincenzo Nicolò, 25, 1, pp 9–14 Introduction to Special Issue: 'Enterprise education and university entrepreneurship', David Rae and Pauric McGowan, 25, 6, pp 415–416 Introduction to Special Issue: 'The Triple Helix in the economic development of cities, regions and countries', Marcelo Amaral, 25, 5, pp 329–331 Is industry–university interaction promoting innovation in the Brazilian pharmaceutical industry?, Julia Paranhos and Lia Hasenclever, 25, 5, pp 397–407 Knowledge transfer and capacity for dissemination: a review and proposals for further research on academic knowledge transfer, Janna Kuiken and Peter van der Sijde, 25, 3, pp 173–179 Learning and greening the supply chain: a teaching case study for engineering students, Katie Grantham and Elizabeth Cudney, 25, 1, pp 53–58 Learning based on 'entrepreneurial volunteering': using enterprise education to explore social responsibility, Julia Clarke and Sarah Underwood, 25, 6, pp 461–467 Mandatory online training: transmissive learning, issues of abuse and hidden agendas, Llandis Barratt-Pugh, Susanne Bahn and Alex Scholz, 25, 3, pp 193–203 Model of entrepreneurial capacity based on a holistic review of the literature from three academic domains, A, Hilary Lewis, 25, 6, pp 429–440


Churchman (1971) developed five archetypal models of inquiring systems in an effort to expand the field of management information systems along a philosophical path. Contemporary businesses can use the ideas developed by Churchman to become productive and efficient inquiring organisations. This paper explores the relationship between inquiry and learning in organisations and how information technology can be used to support the process of knowledge creation in the context of inquiring systems.


We present a new theoretical method to study a trapped gas of bosonic two-level atoms interacting with a single mode of a microwave cavity. This interaction is described by a trilinear Hamiltonian which is formally completely equivalent to the one describing parametric down-conversion in quantum optics. A system of differential equations describing the evolution, including the long-time behaviour, of not only the mean value but also the variance of the number of excited atoms is derived and solved analytically. For different initial states the mean number of excited atoms exhibits periodically reappearing dips, with an accompanying peak in the variance, or fractional collapses and revivals. Closed expressions for the period and the revival time are obtained.


This paper presents a novel ultra-wideband millimeter-wave micro-hemispherical shell antenna. The antenna is comprised of a hemispherical metallic shell with a diameter of 800-1200 microns and a thickness 3-5 microns suspended above a high-resistivity substrate. It can be fabricated using a fabrication technology originally developed for micro-scale hemispherical shell resonators. The antenna can operate in two separate operational modes with the same feeding structure, common and differential mode, demonstrating omnidirectional and directive radiation pattern respectively. An ultra-wide bandwidth of more than 60 GHz at the common mode and more than 80 GHz at the differential mode is achieved in the millimeter-wave regime.


Monophasic action potential (MAP) can be recorded from the heart surface by optical method via fluorescence measurement. The motion of isolated heart during experiment caused additional noise in recorded signal. The motion artifact can be eliminated by ratiometric fluorescence emission measurements. This study is based on experiments in which a new ratiometric recording setup is used for recording MAPs from isolated rabbit hearts perfused according to Langendorff. MAPs recorded by new ratiometric recording setup are compared with simple optical MAP measurement without ratiometry.


Industry 4.0 (I4.0), Sustainability, and the Circular Economy are recently popularized concepts likely to redefine how economies and industries work. This paper, as the opening piece of this Special Issue, consists of a bibliometric study of 393 articles linking the Issue's key themes: Industry 4.0, Sustainability and the Circular Economy. Given that this is still a recent area of the literature, and the fact that it already commands a fast-growing number of publications, the provision of an updated overview of the relevant scientific production in the field is a relevant contribution.


Rationale: Lung natural killer cells (NKs) kill a greater percentage of autologous lung parenchymal cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) than in nonobstructed smokers. To become cytotoxic, NKs require priming, typically by dendritic cells (DCs), but whether priming occurs in the lungs in COPD is unknown. Methods: We used lung tissue and in some cases peripheral blood from patients undergoing clinically indicated resections to determine in vitro killing of CD326+ lung epithelial cells by isolated lung CD56+ NKs. We also measured the cytotoxicity of unprimed blood NKs after preincubation with lung DCs. To investigate mechanisms of DC‐mediated priming, we used murine models of COPD induced by cigarette smoke (CS) exposure or by polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) deficiency, and blocked IL‐15R&agr; (IL‐15 receptor &agr; subunit) trans‐presentation by genetic and antibody approaches. Results: Human lung NKs killed isolated autologous lung epithelial cells; cytotoxicity was increased (P = 0.0001) in COPD, relative to smokers without obstruction. Similarly, increased lung NK cytotoxicity compared with control subjects was observed in CS‐exposed mice and pIgR−/− mice. Blood NKs both from smokers without obstruction and subjects with COPD showed minimal epithelial cell killing, but in COPD, preincubation with lung DCs increased cytotoxicity. NKs were primed by CS‐exposed murine DCs in vitro and in vivo. Inhibiting IL‐15R&agr; trans‐presentation eliminated NK priming both by murine CS‐exposed DCs and by lung DCs from subjects with COPD. Conclusions: Heightened NK cytotoxicity against lung epithelial cells in COPD results primarily from lung DC‐mediated priming via IL‐15 trans‐presentation on IL‐15R&agr;. Future studies are required to test whether increased NK cytotoxicity contributes to COPD pathogenesis.


Let $\mathbb{F}$ be a field of characteristic $p$, and let $UT_n(\mathbb{F})$ be the algebra of $n \times n$ upper triangular matrices over $\mathbb{F}$ with an involution of the first kind. In this paper we describe: the set of all $*$-central polynomials for $UT_n(\mathbb{F})$ when $n\geq 3$ and $p\neq 2$ ; the set of all $*$-polynomial identities for $UT_3(\mathbb{F})$ when $\mathbb{F}$ is infinite and $p>2$.


Populations of Heterobasidion annosum were studied in two equally aged stands of Norway spruce Picea abies at the same site. The stands were 2 and 7 ha large and had been thinned one and seven years, respectively, before the investigation. The 7-yearold thinning was more thoroughly investigated since spread of the disease could be followed. One third of thinning stumps were free of H. annosum, and 36% hosted one genet; the rest were colonised by between 2 and 13 genets each. In contrast, only a single genet was found in each of the decayed trees. Groups of decayed trees infected by the same genet were found. Sixty-three percent of the trees had started to decay within 7 years of thinning. Of 262 genets examined, 158 were restricted to thinning stumps, 18 infected both stumps and trees and 86 were restricted to trees. Based on mating tests, 95% of the isolated strains were assigned to the S intersterility group and 2% to the P group; the other 3% could not be classified. Some stumps contained genets of both intersterility groups, but trees were not infected by the P group. The number of genets per stump was correlated better with the stump diameter than with stump surface area. The percentage of decayed trees increased with stem diameter. Similarities in the population densities between the two stands despite the 6-year difference in the time since thinning indicate that disturbance is essential for fungal establishment. It was concluded that trees were infected by mycelial spread from stumps rather than by spore infection of wounds.


An innovative workflow is presented, leading from a simple character and taxon matrix, prepared in an Excel spreadsheet, to a functioning free-access matrix key, stored in SDD (Structured Descriptive Data) format and presented in the flash-based free-access key player IBIS-ID directly on the web. The subset of matrix key functionality supported by this workflow include categorical and quantitative characters, multiple character states for a given taxon, taxon, character, and state illustrations, and a single character grouping level. Advanced features such as complex character or taxon trees, character dependency, or taxon-specific state images are not supported. The workflow aims to attract new contributors for which the learning curve of special purpose matrix-key editing software is too steep. Index Terms — identification tools, free-access key player IBIS-ID, DELTA, SDD. —————————— u ——————————


Designations of origin (DOs) are commercial brands of wide use in the agro-food sector. Its use in Spain has taken place for more than three decades and although wineries managers have incorporated these new forms of protection, little is known about their opinion and their point of view during the DO implementation process. In fact, the consumers' point of view has been the one most often analyzed in the literature. In the present study we analyzed extrinsic attributes of a wine with DO from the company point of view. In particular, we analyzed brand, product, price, packaging and label, and origin of the product following a qualitative analysis on interviews carried out with winemakers of the DO wine Ribera del Guadiana during the last decade. The qualitative analysis of the interviews was performed using the software package ATLAS/ti, designed for this type of data analysis in the form of large blocks of text. The results indicated that winemakers consider that they offer a good product to the market, and try to promote their brands using the origin of the product as a marketing strategy. From the company point of view, this protected DO (PDO) has important opportunities for positioning to create a sustainable competitive advantage, focusing on quality and the territorial differentiation. Additional key words: designation of origin; attributes; qualitative analysis; quality; origin. * Corresponding author: email@example.com Received: 07-04-14. Accepted: 21-07-14. Abbreviations used: DO (designation of origin), PDO (protected designation of origin), PGI (protected geographical indications). Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2014 12(3): 568-579 http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2014123-6036 ISSN: 1695-971X eISSN: 2171-9292 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS trinsic attributes, the former being the product's physical attributes and the latter all the rest. The product's intrinsic attributes would be the characteristics determining its physical composition and remaining when its nature is not altered (Olson & Jacoby, 1972; Olson, 1977), while its extrinsic attributes are not actually part of the physical product, but are related to it (Olson, 1977). Examples of extrinsic attributes are price, brand, packaging, place of origin, quality labels, advertising, and indeed everything related to marketing (Steenkamp, 1989). In a market as complex as that of wine, the product's attributes are critical because its quality depends on them. In this case, the intrinsic attributes include ageing, grape variety, vintage, and organoleptic properties such as taste, aroma or bouquet, and color. Extrinsic attributes include price, brand, and PDO (Louviere & Woodworth, 1983; Lockshin et al., 2006; Mora, 2006). Of course, consumers may not have complete information about the quality of a product in particular or a brand in general. They will then make use of the product's attributes (Hellofs & Jacobson, 1999). Extrinsic attributes such as price, brand, or quality labels are mainly used in situations where information about intrinsic attributes is diff icult to obtain, for example, when the product has not been tried yet (Steenkamp, 1990; Holm & Kildevang, 1996). Thus, Van Trijp et al. (1997) argued that quality labels are an aid to imperfectly informed consumers in their decision process. A quality label transforms trusted attributes into search attributes, and is used as an extrinsic quality attribute. It also adds value to the raw materials, and this may lead to increases in consumption, prices, and profit margins, providing the firm with a competitive advantage (De Chernatony et al., 2000). The effect of country-of-origin in consumer purchase decision has been recently studied for luxury products (Godey et al., 2012), sea fish (Claret et al., 2012) or lamb meat (Font et al., 2011). Also, in a recent paper, country-of-origin of wine has been analyzed and it is proposed as the most important extrinsic cue for less-involved French and Spanish consumers, while more involved consumers with higher knowledge in wine are able to interpret and use a wider range of cues (Sáenz-Navajas et al., 2014). Authors suggest that consumers' knowledge, involvement and nationality could be good predictors of quality perception. Labeling that includes a PDO indicates to the consumer the place of origin and that the product has been subject to formal controls, thus providing an idea about its quality. For the consumer, the label thus becomes a signal or indication of quality (Kirmani & Rao, 2000; Lagerkvist et al., 2014). Designations of origin together with their Regulatory Boards provide a guarantee which allows the product to have its own identity. In fact, it has been showed that the consumption of PDO wine is better explained through consumer ethnocentrism (Martínez-Carrasco et al., 2005), linking place of origin and consumption. The ethnocentrism has been considered as a source of purchase behavior that favors domestic products (Dmitrovic et al., 2009). In a related manner, Spawton (1991) defines wine by way of a set of benefits whose combination satisfies the consumer. The consumer purchases wine based on tangible properties represented by the attributes perceived through the senses (packaging, label, etc.), and on intangible properties which differentiate the product from the competitors (price, place of sale, image of the winery, media mix, etc.). In products such as wine which need to be experienced, quality cannot be evaluated before purchase. In these situations, the purchaser uses price, brand name, and area of origin as clues that may indicate the quality of the product (Steenkamp, 1990; Agrawal & Kamakura, 1999; Bruwer & Johnson, 2010). Due therefore to the nature of these products, information on their attributes is generally primarily based on subjective perceptions. The question is whether the area of origin is a valid indicator of the objective quality of a product. Most of the studies realized in this direction are focused on the consumer's point of view. On the contrary, the firm's perspective has been poorly analyzed in the literature. In a previous study, we analyzed the introduction and development of a DO from the firm's perspective using qualitative techniques (García-Galán et al., 2012). The study presented in this work is centered on the importance of the extrinsic attributes of the wine from the point of view of the company. In particular, we have analyzed the brand, the product, the price, the packaging and the label, and the origin of the product of the DO following a qualitative analysis on interviews carried out to winemakers of the DO of wine Ribera del Guadiana during the last decade. We are interested in knowing if PDO have important opportunities of positioning to create a sustainable competitive advantage. The period under study has been selected according to the time of establishment of DO in the region. Extrinsic attributyes of a Spanish wine PDO 569


to improve the assessment and supplementation of vitamin D3 in elderly hip fracture patients in a trauma unit.

 This is a single-centre quality improvement project utilising the PDSA cycle based in a trauma unit covering the black country within the West Midlands. Data was collected retrospectively using the National Hip Fracture Database and hospital electronic systems such as clinical web portal, ICE, GP records, edischarge and ePMA. Inclusion criteria consisted of patient age greater than 60 with a radiologically confirmed neck of femur fracture, treated operatively with an orthogeriatrics review within 72 hours of admission, and COVID-19 negative PCR.
 Pre-intervention data included 15 patients from July 2020. We assessed 3 parameters including pre-admission vitamin D3 supplementation, measurement of vitamin D3 during admission and vitamin D3 supplementation on discharge. Interventions placed in February 2021 comprised of a postoperative hip blood profile pathway on ICE and guidelines on how to order bloods were circulated with information posters. In addition, teaching sessions for doctors and nurses with twice weekly orthogeriatric reviews emphasising bone protection. Post-intervention data included 15 patients from April 2021.

 Improvement in vitamin D3 level assessment during admission; 20% to 93.3% however, decline in vitamin D3 supplement prescribed on discharge; 73.3% to 26.7%.

 Interventions showed an improvement in quality of vitamin D3 assessment however, the decline in supplementation on discharge may be due to further planned intravenous bone protection bisphosphonate therapy and miscommunication due to ward doctors rotating every 4-6 months on how to appropriately assess and supplement vitamin D3 levels.


This paper puts forward efficient algorithm according to the database model that has decision property to mine association rules.Algorithm of matrix partition:the database is divided into two matrixes that contain different property,and use vector to mine frequent itemsets.Producing of rules can make use of the advantage of "and" operation to find support of the antecedent or the consequent.This algorithm reduced the production of candidate two-itemsets and amount of operation.Compare to apriori and other traditional algorithm,the advantage of algorithm efficiency rises obviously.


Comparisons between young and older women runners and sedentary controls were examined on simple and choice reaction time tasks involving elbow flexion and extension. Reaction time was fractionated into premotor and contractile components using electromyography. Young runners were significantly faster and the older controls were significantly slower than all other groups on all reaction time tasks. The older runners were not significantly different from the young controls in any of the reaction time tasks, thus indicating that a history of running may eliminate or retard the slowing of reaction time that normally accompanies aging. All four groups had similar contractile times, indicating that the differences in reaction time were attributed to central processing in the premotor component of reaction time.


To the Editor:— Dr. Sigmund L. Wilens' "Mr. Shaw on Doctors" reminded me of the correspondence which Shaw carried on with my father, Jay F. Schamberg, MD, on the topic of vaccination. I have in my possession a letter signed by G. Bernard Shaw, addressed to my father, which might be of interest to readers ofThe Journal. 22nd November 1928 Dear Sir, I think I can beat your 25 years study. I have read up the subject for 45 years; and I began by reading Jenner, whose works are evidently unknown to you at first hand. Being a vaccinated person I suffered from smallpox in one of the two appalling epidemics which followed the ruthless enforcement of compulsory vaccination in England. Later on, I was a member of a Public Health Committee during the last epidemic which caused any alarm in London, and was an unwilling party to the