The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationships between morphological characteristics and fresh matter yield of cactus pear and identify their direct and indirect effects. Nineteen accessions were evaluated for the following traits: number (NCl), thickness (ThCl), length (LCl) and width (WCl) of cladodes, plant height (PH) and plant width (PW), and green matter yield (GMY), dry matter yield (DMY) and dry matter percentage (DM). The correlations were estimated, and path analysis was performed by the method proposed by Wright. GMY was strongly correlated with DMY, allowing indirect selection for this trait. NCl and ThCl had a direct effect on GMY and can be used for indirect selection or as secondary traits in the selection process. Given the lack of significant correlations between MS and DMY, it is possible to select a palm variety with high DMY and DM.


Objective To evaluate the effects of exogenous human WT-PTEN over-expression on cell proliferation and invasive ability of bladder transitional carcinoma cell line EJ. Methods The plasmid including WT-PTEN or mutant PTEN was separately transferred into bladder transitional carcinoma cell line EJ,and the protein expression of PTEN in the cell line was detected by Western Blot.Cell growth curve was used to assess the effect of PTEN on proliferation.The change of cell cycle was measured by flow cytometry and the invasive abilities in vitro detected by Boyden chamber were also examined .the empty plasmid was used as control. Results Western Blot ananlysis showed that EJ express high level of PTEN protein in after infection with WT-PTEN or mutant PTEN plasmid.The growth of EJ treated with WT-PTEN was significantly inhibited (down by 42.7%,P0.01)and the cells showed a significant increase in G_0-G_1 phase.The invasive ability of EJ cell treated with WT-PTEN was inhibited (down by 41.9%,P0.01).but the cells transferred with mutant PTEN plasmid has no similar biological behavior. Conclusions WT-PTEN gene transfer can suppress the in vitro growth and invasive ability of bladder transitional carcinoma cell line EJ,with G_1 arrest.mutant PTEN has no similar biological behavior.Over-expression of WT-PTEN could be used to treat the bladder cancer.


Key Summary Points Prescriber profilinguse of detailed data from pharmacies and clinical practices to target and influence physician prescribing habitsis a widespread pharmaceutical marketing practice whose historical development is relevant to clinicians and policymakers. Data products relevant to prescriber profiling are collected and sold by private health care information organizations; these data products have been a central plank of pharmaceutical marketing for the past 50 years and have some secondary use in practice management and public health research. Historically, prescriber profiling products and services have been sorted into 4 major classes: 1) prescription audits and claims databases, which collect and sort prescriptions sold in pharmacies; 2) physician panels, which enlist physicians to record their own prescribing patterns and clinical experiences on a daily basis; 3) physician databases, which link prescription claims data to detailed information about physician practices; and 4) specialized studies composed by pharmaceutical companies or health care information organizations on an ad hoc basis. The data systems that enable prescriber profiling were developed through mutual interactions of pharmaceutical marketers and sales representatives, pharmacy chains, individual physicians, and physician organizations. Current policy responses to prescriber profiling must take into account the historical role of physicians and physician organizations in enabling these practices. Market research in the pharmaceutical industry does not merely require the collection of certain statistical and commercial data. It covers a much broader field, and requires constant observation of the entire medical and pharmaceutical horizon, so that the physicians' prescription habits can be thoroughly studied. For this purpose special personnel should be trained. Paul de Haen, 1945 (1) In recent years, many physicians have become alarmed by the ease and clarity with which the pharmaceutical industry is able to study their prescribing habits (24). With a few keystrokes on a handheld personal digital assistant, a sales representative can cross-reference real-time data sets to analyze week-by-week changes in prescribing for a particular drug; compare the data against those of her local and national colleagues; analyze use by diagnosis, specialty, and types of medical practice; and then use those data to fine-tune a sales pitch or allocate marketing resources. Prompted by a growing sense of outrage among physicians, several state legislators, state medical associations, and the American Medical Association (AMA) have put forward a series of proposals to limit the distribution and use of prescriber data (5). In May 2006, the AMA initiated an opt-out programthe Prescribing Data Restriction Program (PDRP)through which physicians can deny pharmaceutical representatives access to their individual prescribing data (6). The following month, New Hampshire became the first state to prohibit the sale of prescriber information for use in pharmaceutical sales and marketing. A joint suit by health care information organizations (HIOs) to have the law overturned is currently being heard by a federal court (7). Contrary to common perception, the business of selling prescriber datathe bread and butter of the HIO industrydid not emerge suddenly over the past decade. Private companies that monitor physicians' prescribing practices were founded in the aftermath of World War II, as the growth of the prescription drug market led to increased marketing interest in understanding and influencing prescribing patterns (8). This surveillance has not simply been imposed on the medical profession from the outside. As the PDRP opt-out program suggests, the AMA has played an active but carefully limited role in marketing physician-specific data. This article will provide a brief sketch of how pharmaceutical marketers and other groups gained access to data on physician's prescribing patterns and the role that physicians and physician organizations have played in generating and distributing prescriber information. Focusing on the Prescription The system of federal laws mandating prescriptions for the sale of pharmaceutical products was not fully established until 1954, and pharmaceutical salesmen in the first half of the 20th century expended more effort persuading pharmacies to stock their medications than they did persuading physicians to prescribe them (9). In the late 1940s, as a robust pipeline of novel pharmaceutical agents led to an increasing market for brand-name, prescription-only pharmaceuticals, the act of prescribing became a subject of increasing importance for the industry to understand (10). By focusing the key site of consumer decision making to a well-bounded set of professionals, pharmaceutical consumption through prescription enabled the development of more efficient marketing strategies. A single advertisement placed in 4 popular magazines in 1958 would cost more than $80000 ($500000 in 2007 dollars) and would reach only a fraction of the consumer market, while the same advertisement placed in the 4 leading medical journals would cost less than $3000 (roughly $20000 in 2007 dollars) and would reach every physician in the United States (11). In addition to medical journals, physicians could be directly accessed through a growing legion of sales representatives. As the drug firms' most direct form of contact with the physician, sales representatives began to serve not merely as mouthpieces for their firms but as sense-organs as well (12). Pharmaceutical salesmen of the 1940s began using physician caricatures during sales training, such as Dr. Snob, Dr. Resistant, and The Backslapper, to illustrate how different physicians would respond to various sales tactics (13). As the postwar pharmaceutical industry worked to rationalize the activities of its sales force, this grassroots assessment of physician receptivity also began to take on analytic importance for sales management. To call on every doctor on the block entails a great deal of waste motion at the company's expense, one sales manager noted in 1949, suggesting instead that there were various methods of selecting the names of physicians who are most likely to prescribe a new product to a large group of patients (1). One technique advised salesmen to keep logs of their visits in which they rated physicians on 2 axes: the firstcoded A, B, C, or Drecorded the size of their practice, and the secondcoded X, Y, or Zrecorded their receptivity to salesmen and to novel medications (14). These data, reported back to supervisors, generated a crude map of practice density and marketing receptivity that enabled more strategic deployment of salesmen. Figure 1. Example of a search results screen on a handheld device. Enterprising salesmen began to use the pharmacy as a site of data collection, asking local pharmacists for monthly lists of prescriptions filled and noting which local physicians were large-volume prescribers. In 1950, pharmacist Raymond Gosselininspired by the survey practices recently popularized by Gallup and the increasing ease of tabulating data through IBM punch cardssubmitted a master's thesis that represented one of the first systematic, reproducible prescription drug audits (15). Aided by the tabulation team of the Boston University Statistical Laboratory, Gosselin conducted a population-stratified random sample of Massachusetts pharmacies, rummaging through prescription books and coding random samples of scripts. Gosselin subsequently formed a company and began to market the National Prescription Audit (NPA), a subscription database that could segment the prescription drug market by region and give quarterly information on the performance of specific products and therapeutic categories. By 1953, the original panel of 6000 prescriptions had grown to 225000, and by the end of the decade, industry executives admitted that the NPA sales figures were more reliable than their own (11). The NPA was the leading product of R.A. Gosselin & Co. until the company was sold to IMS Health in 1970. It remains a key plank of pharmaceutical market research today. The NPA helped marketers visualize prescriptions at the point of purchasethe pharmacybut its scope did not include the clinic or hospitala key site of prescription decision making. As one marketing executive noted, prescription audits do not tell us how the drugs are being used we want to go beyond the prescription and learn about the patient for whom it is written (11). In 1956, Lea Associatesa spinoff group of marketing executives from Smith, Kline, and Frenchcame to market with the National Disease and Therapeutic Index (NDTI), a statistically representative panel of physicians who agreed to use case record diaries to record basic diagnostic and therapeutic information about all patient contacts made by them during assigned 2-day periods of their practices (16). The NDTI did for drug prescribing what the Nielsen family did for television watching: It turned a set of real-time consumer decisions into a quantified set of data for market research (17). While the prescription audit showed marketers which prescriptions were being filled in pharmacies, the therapeutic index allowed marketers to tie prescription sales data to specific diagnoses and temporal changes in therapeutic practice. As this marketing executive explained (11): [F]rom the data we can learn how a given drug or class of drugs is being used. We can learn the relative frequency with which our sample of physicians sees or treats a given illness. We can learn how the illness is being treated. We can learn the sex and age distribution of patients. And in most cases we can learn the extent to which the condition is treated by specialists rather than by physicians in general practice. In fact, the possible types of tabulations and crosstabulations are almost limitless. Similar


Spherical swash plate axial piston pump with conical cylinder was taken as research object,the friction power loss,leakage power loss and volumetric efficiency with the change of slipper mechanical structure parameters in slipper film design was analyzed,then the genetic algorithm was used for the multi-variable multi-objective optimization problem.Weighting coefficient optimization results show that after optimization the friction power loss and leakage power loss of the fuel piston pump in design point reduce by about 7%,the volumetric efficiency improves slightly.And the optimized parameters of mechanical structure also show a performance advantage in the cases of different rotor tilt angles and plungers.Thus this proves the multi-objective genetic algorithm is an effective method for the design of hydrostatic pressure lubrication film in aero-engine fuel piston pump.


Abstract : The helicopter rotor wake is among the most complex flow-fields in aerodynamics. Despite the fact that a large amount of computational and experimental work on the rotor wake has been published, little of a quantitative nature is known about the origin of the main component of the rotor wake, the tip-vortex, as a function of the rotor speed, rotor blade geometry, and angle of attack. The primary objective of this work is to predict the formation of the rotor tip vortex as a function of physical parameters such as angle of attack, rotor speed, and blade aspect ratio. While the rotor-blade tip-vortex is of primary interest, the techniques developed are applicable to fixed wings as well.


Heavy metals are persistent in the ecosystem and are held responsible for natural accumulation at all feeding levels. Nevertheless, contact does not occur just because of the availability of a contaminant material in the ecosystem. This present work was aimed at evaluating the contents of heavy metals in vegetables sampled from some poultry farms in Osun State. Five vegetables, namely green vegetable, bitter leaf, gruty-stalked jatropha, scent leaf, and water leaf, were tested for heavy metals, such as arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc, using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer following wet digestion with HNO3. Quality assurance techniques included blank testing, recovery testing, and calibration of concentrations. Descriptive statistics were used for data interpretation. The analytical results signified that those heavy metals were detected in all the vegetables from the various sites. Most of the contents are below the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization safe range in the vegetable section, with the exception of A. Drastic measures should be adopted to avoid the use of such health-toxic contents of metals in poultry feed. So, it was suggested that there should be constant monitoring of poultry sites to control, limit, and stop heavy metal contamination once and for all.


he surgical treatment for disconnected pancreatic duct is difficult, even in the elective setting. Here we describe a case of DPDS wherein emergency surgery was required. This report aims to highlight the clinical and technical nuances of this tricky situation.


We propose a method for extracting information on the technical effect from a patent document. The information on the technical effect extracted by our method is useful for generating patent maps (see e.g., Figure 1.) automatically or analyzing the technical trend from patent documents. Our method extracts expressions containing the information on the technical effect by using frequent expressions and clue expressions effective for extracting them. The frequent expressions and clue expressions are extracted by using statistical information and initial clue expressions automatically. Our method extracts expressions containing the information on the technical effect without predetermined patterns given by hand, and is expected to be applied to other tasks for acquiring expressions that have a particular meaning (e.g., information on the means for solving the problems) not limited to the information on the technical effect. Our method achieves not only high precision (78.0%) but also high recall (77.6%) by acquiring such clue expressions automatically from patent documents.


Knowledge dissemination during COVID19 has been notable for the rise of pre-prints and publication by press release, favoring speed over accuracy. We stress the importance of journals in this landscape and highlight the value of editorial judgment and peer review.


SUMMARY Pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder is a debilitating disorder that has a clear evidence base for what treatments 'work' (i.e., cognitive-behavioral therapy and serotonin-reuptake inhibitor medications). Yet, the provision of such therapies does not follow practice parameters resulting in suboptimal treatment response and the potential for adverse health outcomes. This article will present widely used clinical practices for pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder that are at odds with evidence-based practice guidelines. Potential areas for remediation in training and dissemination efforts will be highlighted.


In this study, we numerically analyze fatigue cracks of curved pipes under cyclic loadings. Numerical models of the curved pipes are developed. The models are verified with the experimental results in terms of fatigue lives and development process of the fatigue cracks. Erosion technique is applied to the solid elements in order to describe shapes of the fatigue cracks and estimate the fatigue lives. Also, development of the fatigue cracks is described by allocating sufficient number of solid elements in the radial direction. Fatigue lives and shapes of the crack resulting from numerical analyses show good agreement with those of the experiment considering ±100mm displacement. In addition, estimation of the fatigue life caused by displacement with different magnitude is conducted. We expect that the model can be applied to understand the relation between fatigue lives and characteristics of pipes or loadings.


During open reduction and internal fixation of a midshaft clavicle fracture it is not uncommon that the osteosynthesis plate has to be bent perioperatively to fit the curvature of the clavicle. This takes time and is suboptimal in the sterile environment. To avoid the need for bending the plate we developed a method where the plate is preoperatively bent according the curvature of a plastic replica of the fractured clavicle, created using rapid prototyping. The aim of this study was to test this method. The hypothesis was that this will shorten plate handling time and improve surgical workflow.

A non-blinded, prospective cohort study was performed. The control group received conventional operative treatment using standard precontoured clavicle locking plates. The intervention group received operative treatment by means of described method. In both groups four specific proceedings were timed.

Eight subjects were included in the control group and seven in the intervention group. A plate handling time reduction of 2:04 minutes (p:0.563) was measured, however this time reduction was associated with a lengthened average surgery time of 9:22 minutes (p:0.132). A good integration of the method in the workflow of the surgical team was accomplished.

It is possible to implement this rapid prototyping method in fracture treatment. No significant time reduction can be stated, however the concept of having a preoperatively contoured plate available is dearly appreciated by the surgeons. The method would be more valuable with more complex fracture types.


This paper deals with simulation and implementation issues of HSDPA-Adaptive Modulation and Coding (physical layer) of the 3GPP standard. Firstly, the system is simulated in Matlab. Then it is partitioned to hardware and software based on Matlab profiling. Furthermore, an algorithm has been developed to explore the design space based on optimization criteria for balancing area and time constraints. The algorithm helps during the design space exploration of different algorithms using Handel-C and DK-Suite tool for exploring the parallelism. Finally, back-end tools are used for applying low level optimizations for time and area constraints onto Xilinx Virtex II and Altera Stratix FPGA platforms. The results show that design trajectory at different abstraction levels help in progressing from system specification to an efficient final implementation within a reasonable design time.


Herein, we report a Cu-catalyzed three-component coupling reaction of alkynes, azides, and diazo compounds for the synthesis of fully substituted triazoles.


A technique for aggregating population centers into groups based on selected climate parameters is presented. Climate information on the 125 largest Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) in the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1980) is used to assign each SMSA to a particular group. The technique selects on SMSA in each region as a ''climate center,'' whose climate is used to represent the entire region. The 125 SMSAs contain over 140 million population and include every metropolitan area of 250 thousand or more. The climate variables used to group SMSAs of similar climate are heating and cooling degree days, K/subT/, a measure of solar radiation, and latent enthalpy hours, a measure of moisture that must be removed from outside air in order to bring it to a standard comfort condition. Climate information is derived from SOLMET and TMY weather data. Characterization of U.S. climates in terms of these variables and relationships between pairs of variables is discussed. An interactive agglomeration computer program, GLOM, aggregates the SMSAs into climate regions. The user provides aggregation rules based on specified ranges of the climate variables and a selection of initial climate centers. Considerable latitude is given to the user to manipulatemore » and/or modify the computer-based groupings. The result is a series of SMSA groupings suitable for a wide variety of analyses in which climates with large populations can be evaluated using a minimum of representative centers for direct analysis. Statistical analysis is performed on each group to determine the population-weighted averages and ranges of climate parameters for SMSAs in the group and the relationship of each SMSA to group average climate characteristics and to the climate center of the group.« less


The potential energy surface of HeH2/+ is used to illustrate the factors that arise when there is degeneracy in the electronic states of the charged fragments at dissociation limits. At short H-H distances the positive charge is shared equally between the two atoms. At large H-H distances, but one short H-He distance, the charge resides on one of the hydrogen atoms. These limits and intermediate situations, affect the induction and dispersion contributions on the HeH2/+ potential energy surface.


Because of the complexity of the combined system of sewers, wastewater treatment plants, and receiving waters it is necessary to include uncertainty analysis into the process of modeling this combined system. In this paper a start is made on the research of the uncertainty analysis in waste water treatment plants. Attention will focus on a crucial process in the activated sludge system. Assuming all parameters and uncertainties are known, the propagation of the model uncertainty into the model output is approximated. Results will be presented of an uncertainty analysis for a Monod growth model. Three methods approximating the propagation of model uncertainty are evaluated, namely Monte Carlo simulation, Monte Carlo simulation with stochastic parameters, and a method which uses the theory of stochastic di erential equations.


This study is a desk review of the social support and welfare of older adults in conflict situations with respect to the situations in the USA and Nigeria. It indicates that there are numerous facilities for meeting the counselling and psychological needs of older persons in all situations in America contrary to the situation in Nigeria. The elderly among victims of severely traumatic and stressful events such as religious and ethnic conflicts in Nigeria have various psychosocial, economic, financial, material, and counselling needs. The stress-coping strategies of the elderly conflict victims involve drinking and alcohol abuse. There is the scarcity of professional counsellors, social gerontologists, psychologists, social workers and other human service providers that can assist them cope effectively with the stress of conflict situations. The paper concludes that the services of counsellors, social gerontologists, social workers, and psychologists are imperative for older adults to cope successfully with stressful challenges without resorting to abuse of drugs and exacerbating their age-related problems. It therefore suggests how human service providers can respond effectively to the psychosocial needs of older adults in conflict situations in the country.


Objective
To investigate the dynamic changes of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related molecules including glucose regulated protein (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and caspase-12 in sciatic nerve of diabetic rats and explore its mechanisms.

Methods
Rats were randomly divided into normal control group (NC) and diabetes mellitus group (DM) that were induced by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozocin after 4 weeks of high-fat chow feeding. Sciatic nerves were isolated for three times at 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks after induction of diabetes. The expressions of GRP78, CHOP, and caspase-12 were detected with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analyses. The morphology of sciatic nerve was investigated with electron microscope.

Results
With the extension of the course, demyelinating and axonal injury appeared in sciatic nerve of diabetic rats. The expressions of GRP78 mRNA and protein in DM group were significantly higher than NC group at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after induction of diabetes(P<0.05, P<0.01). The expressions of CHOP mRNA and protein in DM group were significantly higher than NC group at 8 weeks and 12 weeks after induction of diabetes (P<0.05). The expressions of caspase-12 mRNA and protein in DM group were significantly higher than NC group at 8 weeks after induction of diabetes(P<0.05, P<0.01).

Conclusions
Endoplasmic reticulum stress-related molecules (GRP78, CHOP, and caspase-12) contributed to the peripheral nerve injury of diabetic rats, and displayed dynamic changes.

Key words:
Endoplasmic reticulum; Stress; Diabetic neuropathies/ME; Peripheral nervous system diseases/CO/ME; Membrane proteins/ME; Transcription factor CHOP/ME; Caspase 12/ME


• (Grades K–1) Students will recognize that they should not type their name, address, or phone number online. (Grades 2–3) Students will describe important actions to protect their personal information online, including not typing their name, address, phone number, sending a picture, or completing an online form without checking with a parent and not providing their password to anyone other than a parent.


0. This paper is concerned with the ways agent is marked in Puget Salish, the southernmost of the Central Coast Salish languages. It also briefly notes the differences between Puget agent markers and the cognate morphemes in several Central Coast languages immediately to the north. These are Island Straits, southeastern corner of Vancouver Island; Halkomelem, on the east side of the Island from Duncan to Nanaimo and on the mainland along the Fraser River from Vancouver to Yale; and Squamish, on the shores of Howe Sound. Puget is centered on the east side of Puget Sound extending from just south and west of Olympia northward to the Nooksack territory east of Bellingham, Washington.'


For the past decade, the industrial, business, and scientific communities have warned that the U.S. technical infrastructure is at risk due to inadequate educational preparation at every level. Recent efforts to remediate these inadequacies have involved advanced computational and network technology, reflected in intense interest in connecting U.S. students to the Internet. But connecting alone is also inadequate. " To be effective, " said a recent National Science Foundation report, " technology in education must involve not only the provision of equipment. .. but also the human aspects of essential content, engaging presentation, effective pedagogy, appropriate evaluation, and widespread dissemination. " And last July, the National Science Board—the NSF's governing body—called for development of a national consensus on the science knowledge needed by all citizens, committing itself to a leadership role in that effort [1]. About that role, the NSB said it " has a special responsibility to enlist the science and engineering community as a precious resource. .. in support of local programs. " This national policy commitment is reflected in the NSF's Partnership for Advanced Computational Infrastructure (PACI) program, which mandates that the human and technical resources of its two part-nerships—NPACI and the National Computational Science Alliance—focus jointly on education, out-reach, and training. The resulting national EOT-PACI program emphasizes the use of technology in education in addition to access by and inclusion of populations not traditionally associated with or represented in computing. Here we describe NPACI's efforts; for a full program description, go to www.eot.org. NPACI has sought to develop university-level computational science curricula as well as computational tools and methodologies in science and math curricula in U.S. grade schools. Existing programs at the San Diego Supercomputer Center (NPACI's leading edge site) intended to improve computational science education at all levels have been incorporated into this effort, complementing other programs at partner sites throughout the U.S. A major project is the Education Center for Computational Science and Engineering at San Diego State University where the mission is to help academic departments in various disciplines within the California State University system and beyond to incorporate computational tools and resources into their curricula. The Ed Center recently began a fellowship program to assist selected professors in using NPACI resources in their classrooms. Meanwhile, Rice University and the University of Minnesota (both NPACI partner institutions) are working with grade-school teachers and students to develop science and math curricula that use computational …


Objective:To observe the attenuating effect of Shenqifuzheng injection on toxic reactions of NP chemotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Methods: Patients with NSCLC(n=85) were randomly divided into two groups.They were treated with Shenqifuzheng injection 250 mL·d-1 and NP chemotherapy(n=43),or with NP chemotherapy alone(control,n=42).NP chemotherapy consisted of vinorelbine(NVB) 80 mg·m-2 on d 1 or 35 mg·m-2 on d 1~d 3,and cisplatin(DDP) 35 mg·m-2 on d 1 and d 8.All patients were treated for 2 cycles at an interval of 3 weeks.Results: The following indicators were better in Shenqifuzheng group than in the control group(P0.05): hepatic and renal functions,T cell subpopulations,natural killer cells,KPS score,scores of life quality from European Organization for Research on Treatment of Cancer(EORTC QLQ-C30),the lung cancer module(EORTC QLQ-LC13),and distant metastasis.Conclusion: Shenqifuzheng injection can attenuate the toxicities in NSCLC patients treated with NP chemotherapy,improve the quality of life,and reduce distant metastasis.


Acinetobacter baumannii is a pathogenic organism that posesses a serious health threat because of the occurrence of the large number of (multi)drug-resistant strains. It can persist for prolonged periods in the hospital environment, infecting debilitated or immune-compromised patients. In this context, the endotoxin portion of the lipopolysaccharide, the lipid A, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this bacterium, because it triggers the innate immune response and contributes to the inflammation state of the patient. In this study, the complete structure of the lipooligosaccharide has been determined. The saccharide backbone of the molecule was disclosed through chemical and spectroscopic analysis, whereas the lipid A moiety required detailed MS spectrometry and chemical investigations. The oligosaccharide backbone was found to be similar to that of A. baumannii ATCC 19606, although the LOS from the SMAL strain presented an enhanced zwitterionic character. The lipid A moiety comprises a heterogeneous and complex mixture of molecules: it possesses a conserved diphosphorylated disaccharide backbone substituted by three to seven fatty acids. The hexaacylated species appeared as the most abundant, and its chemical features, namely the number and the types of fatty acids, indicates its potential endotoxic activity.


A ghoul pool(also called death pool) is a game of prediction which involves guessing when someone will die [1]. Sometimes it is a bet where money is involved. A typical modern dead pool might have players pick out celebrities who they think will die within the year. Our challenge is to predict/model the risks of people dying. We are given 32 celebrities presented in figure 7, who belong to different professions and countries and are at a high risk of dying because of age or lifestyle. Our goal is to predict the death (probability) or remaining life for each of the personalities. Models that make such predictions are used heavily in the life insurance industry.


Although themes of justice and prosocial behavior have a long research tradition, the literature on the influence of justice perceptions on sustained prosocial behavior is rather moderate. The research project justice in voluntary engagement (JIVE) integrates two established approaches and addresses the issue of justice perceptions and their relation to the willingness or unwillingness to volunteer in the social sector. The voluntary engagement is differentiated according to developed work psychological categories of activity, which are rooted in the differentiation of person- vs. object-related activity. The following five attributes characterize this project: (1) Applying the reasoned action approach and augmenting it with emotional variables; (2) Investigating explained variance of social sector voluntary engagement by innovative justice cognitions in comparison to the established antecedents volunteer functions and norm- as well as control-related cognitions; (3) Moving beyond the dichotomy of altruism vs. egoism as sole motives of prosocial behavior and revealing the complex moral motive of justice; (4) Innovatively integrating the theory of planned behavior and the volunteer functions inventory into one research instrument; (5) Building on a definition of prosocial behavior as a sustained, organized form of behavior that could possibly be remunerated. The upcoming cross-sectional study draws on a convenience sample of volunteers as well as non-volunteers in Switzerland to allow for different multilevel analyses.


Abstract This article examines the Russian investigation of the death of Hedayat-Allah Khan, who ruled Gilan from the mid-1750s until his death in 1786. Using Russian consular reports and records of the 1795 Russian investigation of his death, the article offers two major conclusions. First, Hedayat-Allah Khan ruled a Caspian-centered polity linked to the Russian consulate and trade through partnerships with merchant intermediaries. As Qajar hegemony in Iran emerged by 1786, the consulate and merchants threw their support to Aqa Mohammad Khan. Second, the 1795 Russian investigation of his death was opened by Catherine II to solidify alliances in response to Qajar claims to Tiflis in 1795. Shifting Russian strategic priorities under Emperor Paul removed the need for this investigation.


This article offers both a genealogy of academic interest in resistance and dissent in the region, as well as an overview of current directions in research. Four kinds of sources are canvassed to paint as fulsome a picture as a short article permits. First, the original literature on dissent prior to the conclusion of the Cold War is reviewed, beginning with the seminal challenge to the "totalitarian" school presented by Gordon Skilling's seminal article in World Politics . Second, key texts written in the two decades since the fall of communism on the impact of resistance and dissent are examined. Trajectories of initial research in the post-communist era are outlined, along with an assessment of how more recent texts of the "twenty years since the Fall" variety account for resistance and dissent. Finally, results of a short survey conducted by the author and sent to both established and emerging scholars in Europe and North America who are interested, have written on, and/or published on forms of resistance and dissent add a critical contemporary dimension to the analysis.


Hippocampus kuda was collected from the coast of Kanyakumari of Tamil Nadu and reared under four different systems. The First system consists of glass aquaria built under water gravel filter planted with seaweeds, the second system has water gravel filter, the third system was developed with seaweeds alone, and the fourth system was without filter and seaweeds. All the four systems consist of different stocking densities with different age groups of seahorse. Hydrobiological conditions were monitored routinely. In addition, quantitative enumerations of phytoplankton and zooplankton densities in all the four cultured systems were monitored once in a month. During the culture period diseases if any and the mortality rates of the sea horses were also observed. The present study reveals that the growth of seahorse is depending on the age, species, stocking density and water quality.


Introduction of europium ions into TGS crystal was shown to lead in appearance of minima in the dependence of effective dielectric permittivity ϵ eff on the strength of external electric field E. Near Curie point a decrease in the values of ϵ eff in the peaks of considered dependences is less than for TGS crystals with the impurity of chromium ions and is close to similar values for TGS crystals with L, α -alanine. These results can be probably due to the appearance of large elastic stresses in the process of TGS crystal growth with europium ions due to the large radius of these ions. It is confirmed by a high degree of unipolarity and large values of the emission current for all investigated samples.


The problem of tracking Alpha voltage variations in an electroencephalogram is discussed. This problem is important in encephalographic studies of sleep and effects of different stimuli on the brain. Very often the Alpha voltage is tracked by passing the EEG signal through a bandpass filter centered at the Alpha frequency, which hopefully will filter out unwanted noise from the Alpha activity. Some alternative digital techniques are suggested and their performance is compared with the standard technique. These digital techniques can be used in an environment where an electroencephalograph is interfaced with a small digital computer via an A/D convertor. They have the advantage that statistical statements about their variability can sometimes be made so that the effect sought can be assessed correctly in the presence of random fluctuations.


There is provided a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer, in which a pre-amplifier (200) is installed as close as possible to an ion cyclotron resonance trap (105) of a detector portion of the mass spectrometer. The in the preamplifier (200) generated thermal noise is minimized by means of a cryogenic cooling system (300) to increase the signal to noise ratio of ion detection signals, so that an ultra small amount of a sample can be detected, which was impossible in the prior art.


The question of the relationship between science and philosophy was a hot point argued by Chinese philosophie circle in the early period of the 20th century. With regard to the views such as"science has nibbled philosophy". "science will evemually replace philosophy", Zhang Dongsun pondered them and gave his own answer. He held that science can not replace philosophy, both the two have their own special point respectively; they did not fight against each other, on the contrary they complement each other. . This was another voice in the period of 1920-1930s while the scientific trend of thought was surging. Nowadays. again considering his opinion will help us to deep understand philosophy itself in inquiring into the relation between science and philosophy.


In this experiment,444 brown laying hens were divided randomly into 4 groups,the control group containing 3% rap oil(RO) in diet and the other three groups containing 2% RO+1% fish oil(FO),1% RO +2% FO and 3% FO respectively,to study the effect of different ratio between rap oil and fish oil on lipid metabolism,peroxidation and immunity function.The results showed: Compared with the control group,serum cholesterol increased by 0.24%(P0.05),1.86%(P0.05)and 3.55%(P0.05)respectively;triglyceride decreased by 12.52%(P0.05)and 51.18%(P0.05)in the 2% and 3% FO groups;HDL-C were improved by 55.70%,70.89% and 36.71%(P0.05)respectively;LDL-C dropped by 20.02%,21.79% and 9.07%(P0.05)respectively;Serum MDA and SOD dropped(P0.05)in trial groups;Liver MDA increased(P0.05) and liver SOD rosed by 27.36%and 31.24% in 1% and 2% FO groups(P0.05).The activity of hormone sensitivity lipase(HSL) decreased(P0.05)and abdominal fat percentage was the highest in the 3% FO group which increased by 52.96%(P0.05);Serum IgG,IgA,IgM,C3,C4 were the highest in the 3% FO group which improved by 19.70%(P0.05),40.56%(P0.05),35.66%(P0.05),30.32%(P0.05)and 30.34%(P0.05)respectively.It suggested that ω-3PUFA could affect lipid metabolism and improve immunity function of laying hens with lipid peroxide synthesization,and 2% dosage of fish oil in diet had the optimum effects.


- In this paper, different techniques based on deep learning algorithms used for the classification and diagnosis of patients with mental disorders i.e., bipolar disorder, are presented. To this aim, the potentials obtained from 32 unipolar electrodes of non-invasive electroencephalogram analysis are studied to obtain its main features. More specifically, the analysis performed utilizes an innovative radial basis function neural network based on fuzzy means algorithm. Furthermore, the analysis of the variance to statistical parameters and entropy is applied. In total, 105 patients with bipolar disorder and 205 control subjects have been evaluated. The results obtained shows a correct classification in patients with bipolar disorder compared to healthy controls. The proposed methods achieved a better performance than other machine learning techniques such as support vector machine or k-nearest neighbour, with an accuracy close to 96%. It can be concluded that this type of classifications will allow the training of algorithms that can be used to identify and classify different mental disorders with very high accuracy.


Evaluating the performance of researchers and measuring the impact of papers written by scientists is the main objective of citation analysis. Various indices and metrics have been proposed for this. In this paper, we propose a new citation index CITEX, which gives normalized scores to authors and papers to determine their rankings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first citation index which simultaneously assigns scores to both authors and papers. Using these scores, we can get an objective measure of the reputation of an author and the impact of a paper. We model this problem as an iterative computation on a publication graph, whose vertices are authors and papers, and whose edges indicate which author has written which paper. We prove that this iterative computation converges in the limit, by using a powerful theorem from linear algebra. We run this algorithm on several examples, and find that the author and paper scores match closely with what is suggested by our intuition. The algorithm is theoretically sound and runs very fast in practice. We compare this index with several existing metrics and find that CITEX gives far more accurate scores compared to the traditional metrics.


An algorithm to copy a binary tree in linear time using bounded workspace is presented. The algorithm does not modify the original tree at any time. The copy is constructed in such a way that it can be traversed in a read-only fashion even before the copying process is complete, provided one can distinguish between the original and the copy. The traversal can be carried out in parallel with the copying.


towards unions, only one in three wanted to join a union after graduation. A large proportion of respondents were unsure of their views toward unions. Discipline and parental experiences with unions were sources of signifi cant variation in union sympathy. Students with positive experiences of union membership, irrespective of union or future occupation, were more likely to want to join a union after graduation. The paper concludes that unions should do more to promote the role and achievements of unions to student workers, as well as develop coordinated strategies that respond to students' contemporary transition from part-time to full-time work.


Titanium has been widely used in many field of application due to the low density, sensitive to corrosion, high mechanical strength and ease of fabrication. It also has been widely used as structural materials in variety of industrial fields such as aeronautical, energy and chemical industry. Plating of metal on titanium is complex and difficult because titanium always reacts with air to form oxide. It is difficult to obtain good adhesive property on the titanium surface. Thus, to plate metal on the titanium, oxide layer must be eliminated by using an intermediate pre-treatment. However, this process involves several steps and even then the level of addition between the plated metal and the titanium is poor. This paper presents the results of the thickness and morphology of plated sample with the effects of the rate of deposition. The level adhesion of the nickel coating was determined qualitatively by using adhesion testing while morphology and thickness of Ni plated was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and field emissionscanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The results show by increasing the solution movement, it has been possible to obtain higher rate of plating and Ni deposits with higher hardness and finer grain structures. By using high speed electroplating and by maintaining a narrow gap between the anode and the cathode, it has been possible to electrodeposit Ni directly on Ti without any pre-treatment or even without any traditional cleaning before plating.


Significance
 As President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador (AMLO) downplays the health risks and pushes for a reopening of Mexico's struggling economy, death figures continue to rise, placing a strain on state-federal government relations and threatening AMLO's reputation in the lead up to the 2021 mid-terms.


study identifies the in-patient contribution of nursing home patients to acute medical admissions and the low proportion in whom admission was unnecessary. Closure of longterm hospital facilities should result in enhanced investment in community services including medical care but also reinvestment in acute hospital care for elderly people.


Cell fusion is an important process in current animal biotechnology. This study was designed to establish optimal parameters for the electrofusion of hamster 2-cell blastomeres and to examine the dynamic changes in the cytoskeletal distribution using fluorescence staining. Various electric fields (70-2000 V/mm) and durations (50-1000 μsec) of electric pulse were applied. Electric fields higher than 300 V/mm or of duration longer than 200 μsec caused disruption of the blastomere. Blastomere fusion occurred at 70-170 V/mm of 100 μsec duration, with high yields (91%). However, electrofused embryos did not develop. Fluorescence observations showed that the control 2-cell embryos possessed a dense network of microtubules around the nucleus and abundant microfilaments at the cell-to-cell contact region. In the fused embryos, two domains of cytoskeleton, consisting of both microfilaments and microtubules, concentrated around each nucleus were observed. In the embryos which failed to fuse, however, a thin layer of microtubules and very thick bundle of microfilaments appeared at the cell-to-cell contact region. The results suggest that blastomere fusion is accompanied with cytoskeletal reorganization and that dynamic changes of the cytoskeleton occur in different modes between fused and non-fused embryos.


THE ENTRANCE of the statistician into the field of experimental design is the most outstanding feature of modern statistics. No more than a decade past, the statistician was distinctly on the defensive. When the data from an experiment were placed on his desk, he was supposed to produce some method of treatment irrespective of design. In some instances he was lucky; in others, baffled. Under the leadership of R. A. Fisher, the statistician has become the aggressor. He has found that the key to the problem is the intimate relation between the statistical method and the experimental plan. The latter must be capable of producing not only an unbiased estimate of the desired effects, but also a valid estimate of error. Many of the plans in use did neither. The statistician is now able to assert that properly designed experiments yield unqualified answers to the questions asked. It is incumbent upon the investigator to plan his experiment in accord with established principles, if he wishes to avail himself of adequate statistical methods. Only if the plan and the method are compatible may unambiguous conclusions be drawn from the statistics. To insure this, the statistical method must be decided upon along with the experimental plan before the laboratory or field work is initiated. The integration of plan and method lead to efficient designs.


: The amount, pH, EC and anions of stemflow in Pinus koraiensis and Larix teptotepis are surveyed and anaLyzed in order to examine the re]ationships between watershed conservation function and fiood contro} functign gf forest in qua]ity and quantity in the Experiment Forests. College Forest Korea. Arnount and fiow rate of stemfiow in P. koraiensis have high correlatien with rainfall. The pH values of stemflow are much Lower than those of rainfall, and EC values of stemflow and throughfall are much higher than those of rainfall. The pH and EC values of throughfa]1 and stemflow are not different between tree speeies. However, the pH and EC values of rainfa]1 have some influence on those of stemfiow, Cl', NO]' and SOi concentrations of rainfal] and throughfal] are from 1 to 5ppm, PO,i' concentrations show O.57ppm and O.23ppm in rainfall, O.12ppm in L. Ieptotepis. Also, Cl', NO,' and SO,2' concentrations of stem"ow are relatively higher than those of ralnfall, and show differences among seasons. Because these variations indicate that nutrients accumulate in the phloem and that dry depositions of stem or crown are leached and washed off further study is required to investigate the damaged structure and buffering capacity of trees to acid rain, in order to suggest some strategies for methods of forest reforestation and hydrologic maintenance.


─ The study aims to determine the effect of self-management in using gadgets against nomophobia in adolescents. Study is a type of correlational research. Subjects in this study amounted to 540 students of SMK in Yogyakarta City which is determined through random sampling technique. Data collection using the scale of selfmanagement in using gadgets and nomophobia scale. Data analysis using simple linear regression formula. The results show that there is a significant influence between self-management in using gadgets against nomophobia in adolescents. The results of the study can be used as a reference to develop guidance and counselling services that serves to reduce nomophobia and to improve selfmanagement in the use of gadgets in adolescents. Keywords─ self-management, nomophobia, mobile phone addiction disorder


To determine the optimal volume of bupivacaine 0.125% for postoperative caudal analgesia, we compared the effectiveness of 0.5 ml .kg -I and 1 ml "kg -I of bupivacaine 0.125% with 1:200,000 epinephrine in 80 children undergoing penoscrotal and inguinal surgery. The adequacy of caudal analgesia and supplemental analgesic requirements did not differ between the two groups at any time during the first 12 hr after surgery. We conclude that 0.5 ml . kg -t ofbupivacaine O. 125 % with 1: 200, 000 epinephrine is as effective as I ml " kg -j of the same solution and recommend its use for penoscrotal surgery. The evidence for ss of O.5 ml . kg -t of bupivacaine O. 125%for inguinal owever, is inconclusive because of an insufficient patients studied.


The main purpose of this article is to comprehensively explore the definition of value, its dissemination in enterprise management processes and the formation of a step-by-step view of providing value aspects for the company that will manifest to all internal and external stakeholders. The study found that in today's changing environment, under the influence of Industry 4.0, an enterprise seeking to maintain competitive positions in the market and to have sustainable development needs to implement value aspects in the processes of managing its business activities. It is determined that a value-oriented approach to management involves identifying and reconciling key values of a company, recognized and perceived by its stakeholders (investors or creditors, employees, buyers (consumers), suppliers, government institutions, society). It is substantiated that the introduction of management in this direction should be understood as a qualitatively new state of strategic management of the corporation threefold purpose of which is: harmonization and maintenance of balance of individual values of employees, which are transformed into corporate values, which are perceived and adhered to by all members of the enterprise; consistent maximization of the value of the organization and creation of the value of the product that it offers on the market; effective management of the increased complexity and greater uncertainty and risks associated with organizing engagement with all stakeholders to succeed. Formed proposals of the authors can be implemented on a continuous basis, which will lead to constant updating and improvement of the operational activity of enterprises. The paper presents the stages of creating value aspects in the processes of enterprise management, which have four components. And itself: the birth, expansion, accumulation and implementation. Each stage forms the main components that underlie the next. Thus, compliance with all components creates the creation of a valuable product or service for the external stakeholders (such as the consumer, the environment, society). The factors of the main employees of the company involved in the processes of enterprise management (namely: directors of the enterprise and managers of various units) that provide value aspects of management are also highlighted.


The movement and function of the laterally flattened tail of surface swimming muskrats ( Ondatra zibethicus ) were studied by forcing individual animals to swim against a constant water flow of velocity ranging from 0.2 to 0.75 m/s. Simultaneous lateral and ventral views of the swimming muskrats were filmed. During swimming the tail produces a series of traveling waves that moved posteriorly with increasing amplitude at a velocity faster than the muskrat was swimming. The characteristics of the traveling waves were analogous to the body and tail undulations observed in the swimming of anguilliform fish. Calculations showed that the tail provided a maximum of 1.4% of the total thrust power necessary to propel the muskrat at 0.75 m/s. Amputation of a muskrat tail causes the animal to yaw while swimming. The compressed tail of the muskrat may allow for the effective generation of thrust in surface swimming by producing small amounts of thrust in conjunction with the prevention of yaw.


Penetration of Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., seeds by the pathogenic fungus Caloscypha fulgens (Pers.) Boudier was examined in intact and sectioned naturally infected and inoculated seeds with light and scanning electron microscopes. One to seven circular to slightly elongate, white to whitish blue infection cushions occurred on a typical naturally infected seed. Within 1–3 days following inoculation, the fungus formed dome-shaped infection cushions on the seed surface and within the next 10 days several straight-line penetration holes were observed in the seed coat directly under each cushion. During penetration, pathogen growth was confined to the penetration holes and intertissue spaces until it reached the endosperm and embryo tissues throughout which it ramified. Caloscypha fulgens occasionally entered seeds through seed coat cracks, but never through the micropyle. Pathogen emergence from diseased seeds occurred through intact or cracked seed coats and the micropyle.


Canopy photosynthesis of terrestrial vegetation constitutes a major part of total global carbon uptake, and modelling this flux becomes increasingly important in global change research (Dewar et al., 2009). The C gain of vegetation is determined by its structural and physiological characteristics and includes, in essence, two features: the size of the canopy in terms of leaf area per unit soil area (LAI); and the photosynthetic rates of different canopy layers (Saeki, 1960). The latter is a declining function of canopy depth because leaves shade each other and because nitrogen (N), a key component of the photosynthetic machinery, is re-allocated to developing leaves higher up in the canopy. The C balance of leaves, shortly before being dropped from plants, provides an interesting test of vegetation C-gain models that combine both characteristics. In this issue of New Phytologist, Reich et al. (pp. 153–166) elegantly quantify the effects of leaf age and shading on leaf photosynthesis for 10 evergreen shrubs, and propose that plants drop their leaves when the daily net C gain (CLEAF(24)) of these leaves is no longer sufficient to provide the additional energy for the costs of the stem and root tissue that supports them.


Indonesia is experiencing a double burden of malnutrition, especially in young children. Many studies show that community empowerment and nutrition education are effective at reducing the risk of malnutrition when combined with attractive tools and appropriate nutrition and parenting messages. Therefore, we developed innovative picture storybooks as a fun learning tool to equip teachers and parents with a way to improve their understanding and awareness of the quality of early childhood dietary habits and social behavior. The study consisted of three stages, including formative research, book development, and evaluation. Our formative research triangulated information on preferences and key messages on food, nutrition, parenting, and child characteristics through focus group discussions (FGDs), in-depth interviews (IDIs), and observations of school food environments. The FGDs were held for the children (n=6), teachers (n=6), and mothers (n=6). The IDIs explored opinions from a story teller, a nutritionist, a communication expert, a child psychologist, and an illustrator team. Finally, books were developed by the researcher and evaluated by the expert team (n=10) and teachers (n=8). The study took place in early childhood education centers and kindergartens in Central Jakarta's urban areas. Children preferred picture storybooks that represented a unique condition of magical power and provided characters from the fantasy genre. Following the IDI's recommendations and observations, three picture storybook series were developed: healthy snacking, integrated with messages to stimulate a child's disciplined behavior; eating vegetables, especially green ones, with the motivation to increase truthfulness; and a healthy eating portion guide with a variety of foods combined with messages to motivate grateful attitudes. The book content integrated key messages on nutrition, parenting, and social behavior with unique characters and colorful pictures. The expert team recommended the appropriate development of the picture storybooks and emphasized paying attention to clear genres, text structure, content, themes and ideas, language, vocabulary, illustrations and graphic design, and messages delivered. The picture storybooks present key messages on nutrition, parenting, and child behavior using an attractive, colorful and unique appearance. These books can be used to teach early childhood nutrition and parenting intervention by integrating them with other approaches such as story-telling, eating meals together, and other supporting activities.


Our current comprehensive structural and functional study validates the use of liquid nitrogen–frozen and cryostored porcine myocardium as an excellent test bed for biophysical studies of cardiac muscle that may lead to more consistent experiment results requiring reduced numbers of animals.


Recycled general-purpose plastic, polypropylene gained general acceptance because of its excellent properties. At the moment, most of experimental tests of short-natural fibers reinforced polymer composites have been concentrated on macro level, lead to un-matured of fine, micro mechanics research work. In this paper, flexural property of short flax fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites was numerical estimated using a FEM model. It has been observed that initial modulus of the composites increases with the rise in fiber volume fraction, while short fiber orientation distribution has little effect on composites; the stress-strain curves almost have no change.


Pyrazoles are five member ring heterocyclic compounds, have some structural features with two nitrogen atoms in adjacent position. Among the two nitrogen atoms; one is basic and the other is neutral in nature. These are aromatic molecules due to their planar conjugated ring structures with six delocalized π electrons. The aromatic nature arises from the four π electrons and the unshaired pair of electrons on the –NH nitrogen Kumar et al., 2013).


The above analyzed decision of the Court of Appeals of Paris will undoubtedly be considered by the French courts as a leading precedent in the field of international divorce. "While this decision does not establish any new principles which would constitute a reversal of the traditional law on the subject, it puts a new emphasis on some important points. The court has affirmed its right to examine the substance of a foreign decision in a case where the successful party did not request an exequatur and did not attempt to have the decision enforced in France; it has attached a particular importance to the question of evidence and has put a special accent on the moral aspect of the case by stressing the solemn character of the institution of marriage in French law. It will probably help to destroy the myth of "easy French divorces" which had at one time been widely spread in the United States.


odium channels in many types of excitable tissue often become less likely to open after long depolarizations or repetitive stimuli. This phenomenon has been named slow inactivation, and is distinct from the more common form of fast inactivation (first described by Hodgkin and Huxley) by its slower onset and slower time course of recovery. While the physiological importance and molecular mechanisms underlying this form of inactivation are unknown, it appears to be an important, general feature of most types of sodium channels that have been studied. We and others have previously shown that sodium channels in the somata and dendrites of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons undergo a cumulative form of slow inactivation. This type of inactivation is partly responsible for the activity-dependent attenuation of action potentials as they propagate from the axon back into the dendrites of these neurons, and may also influence dendritic spike generation. Gaining a more complete biophysical understanding of sodium channel function thus will give us more detailed insight into the activity dependence of dendritic excitability. It is also important to determine the relationship of the inactivation we have observed to that described by others. To study this inactivation in vitro, hippocampal slices were prepared from 4–10-weekold Wistar rats as previously described. Slices were bathed in a solution containing (in mM): 125 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 25 NaHCO3, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 1 MgCl2, 2 CaCl2, 25 dextrose, which was maintained at 35–37 °C and bubbled with a 95% O2–5% CO2 gas mixture to oxygenate and maintain a pH of 7.4. Neurons were visualized with infrared differential interference contrast microscopy. Glass electrodes were coated with Sylgard, fire polished, and filled with a solution containing (in mM): 120 NaCl, 3 KCl, 10 HEPES, 2 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2, 30 tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA), 5 4-aminopyridine, pH 7.4 with NaOH. Cell-attached patch recordings were made on dendrites and somata of CA1 pyramidal neurons. Voltage-clamp recordings were made using a Dagan PC-ONE patch-clamp amplifier. Leak and capacitive currents were subtracted on-line by P/(-4) subtraction. We focused our investigation on dendritic sodium channels, which undergo more slow inactivation than somatic sodium channels in CA1 neurons. While characterizing the biophysical parameters of these channels, we found that the recovery time course from either a short or a long prepulse was nearly equal (τrecov = 1.2 vs. 1.3 s, respectively). These results suggest that the "prolonged" inactivation of these sodium channels induced by short pulses and slow inactivation induced by longer pulses (as described by others) may be the same state. In order to examine this issue more directly, we performed the experiments shown in FIGURE 1. We reasoned that a long depolarizing prepulse should induce slow inactivation of


Chromatographic column separations of toxic metal ions from industrial wastewater were achieved in acid media at optimized (Kd) values with a synthesized cation exchange TABA resin. The prepared TABA resin was characterized by FTIR, elemental, and thermogravimetric analysis. Studies of total ion exchange capacity, resin durability, and swelling were carried out. The distribution coefficient values of metal ions, viz Cu2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ at different pH, were also studied using a batch equilibration method. The different factors affecting metal ions adsorption on this substrate, such as treatment time, agitation speed, and temperature, were studied in detail.


RATIONALE
Important variations exist in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Because resection is the most effective treatment for patients with early disease, disparities in surgical rates can generate considerable differences in outcomes.

OBJECTIVE
We analyzed data from a national population-based registry to evaluate disparities in the treatment of Hispanic and white patients with stage I lung cancer and to assess the extent to which these inequalities explain survival differences.

METHODS
This study included 16,036 Hispanic and white patients with stage I lung cancer diagnosed between 1991 and 2000. Cases were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry. Survival was compared among white and Hispanics using Kaplan-Meier curves. Stratified survival curves and Cox regression were used to evaluate whether inequalities in stage (IA vs. IB) and resection could explain survival differences.

RESULTS
Hispanics had worse overall and lung cancer-specific survival compared with whites (p = 0.04 and 0.008, respectively). Five-year lung cancer survival was 54% for Hispanics versus 62% for whites. Hispanics were more frequently diagnosed with stage IB disease (p = 0.0002) and less likely to undergo resection (p = 0.03). Among resected patients, survival was similar for the two groups, as it was among those who did not undergo unresection. After adjusting for surgery and stage, there was no difference in survival between groups.

CONCLUSIONS
Hispanics with stage I lung cancer had worse survival as compared with whites. These disparities are largely explained by lower rates of resection and higher probability of diagnosis at stage IB. Future work must delineate why Hispanics are receiving less surgery.


In this paper, the Fe-9Si-6Al soft magnetic composite has been prepared via powder particles coated with aluminum oxide and silicone. The magnetic properties and microstructure of Fe-Si-Al SMC has been investigated. Results showed that the powder particles surface contained a thin insulating layer made of aluminum oxide and silicone. After annealed at 800°C for 60min, the particles of component are all by themselves and the insulating layer is not destroyed. The Fe-Si-Al SMC has excellent magnetic properties. The magnetic permeability is steady with the frequency changing at 5kHz-100kHz range.


Evaluation of Professional Title should meet the development needs of the information age,use of network technology and information technology,integration of information technology resources to build the assessment business processes of the network environment.The paper analyzes the SOA-based assessment system of university title and sets personal qualifications,vocational assessment materials automatically,vocational assessment quantified,expert online assessment,vocational assessment information release and other functions into one,which can provide one-stop service for the staff,functional managers and specialists.It focuses on business process reengineering and business service orchestration,to achieve the assessment process information,post-evaluation to increase the objectivity,scientific and transparent,improving the efficiency of assessment titles.


The editors of this book, Andrew Light of New York University and Avner deShalit of Hebrew University, have assembled a dozen articles that challenge environmental assumptions and question environmental perspectives. They assert: "Our point, though, is that environmental philosophers should jump into these controversies, rather than standing on the sidelines discussing the metaphysical status of the restored forest preserve" (p. 18).


Downstream movement of a wild population of brown trout was examined in a small Danish stream in relation to morphological and physiological smolt status from March to May. Downstream movement was monitored in a Wolf-type trap covering all possible passage routes in the stream. Trout caught in the trap were classified as parr, pre-smolt or smolt based on morphological criteria and compared with trout randomly caught by electrofishing upstream of the trap. Representative gill samples from trap-caught and electrofished trout were analysed for gill Na + , K + -ATPase activity and used as a measure of physiological smolt status. Only a few parr occurred in the trap. Few pre-smolts occurred in the trap evenly in March and early April. In late April, pre-smolt movement peaked. By comparison, the main downstream movement of smolts occurred in distinct peaks through late March and April. The majority of fish caught in the trap were judged as pre-smolts or smolts based on morphological criteria's and they were characterised by relatively high gill Na + ,K + -ATPase activity compared with trout judged as parr. Trout caught by electrofishing upstream the trap, were classified as parr, pre- smolts and smolts early in the season (March). During and after the main smolt-run in April the distribution of the remaining trout in the brook became skewed in favour of pre-smolt and parr. The study suggests that smolting trout initiate downstream movement once having reached a certain physiological smolt condition (judged by increased gill Na + , K + -ATPase activity).


Some new experimental results carried out in a manifold circular pipe for liquidmetal MHD (Magneto-hydro-dynamic ) fluid flow were presemed in this article. Thevelocity distributions were measured at the center plane of cross section of the jointof the manifold pipe. The instabilities of vortex street were observed in the crosssection of the pipe. An expression formula of three--dimensional (3D) additional MHDpressure drop due to the manifold junction was obtained. 2D MHD effects and effectof non-fully developed flow on the experiment results were also discussed.


This paper addresses the sensor classification problem for fault detection and isolation (FDI) with observability requirement in a structural way. The system under consideration is a linear system subject to additive faults and affected by unknown input disturbances. This system is equipped with a sensor network subject to sensor failures. We represent the dynamics of the system by a linear parameterized state space model called linear structured model. The underlying prior knowledge on the system is reduced to the existence or non‐existence of relations between variables in the model. A dedicated residual set using a bank of observers is designed in order to detect and isolate the faults. The failure of some sensors may affect the observability of the system which is a natural requirement in order to build stable observers and also may affect the FDI solvability. The main contribution of this paper is to classify the sensors with respect to their importance in case of failure relatively to the considered FDI problem. More precisely, we characterize the sensors that are essential i.e. whose failure leads to FDI solvability loss and those which are useless for such property. We also quantify the relative importance of the sensors which are not useless. The proposed graph approach is visual, easy to handle and close to the physical structure of the system. It is well adapted to large‐scale systems and essentially leads to polynomial algorithms here. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


At present, the evaluation of teaching system is an important part of the teaching management system in many colleges and universities. The implementation of the teaching evaluation system has positive effect on restraining the behavior of teachers and encouraging teachers to improve teaching. This paper takes evaluation of teaching in as a case study, and the status and function of the evaluation system in Tan Kah Kee College of Xiamen University are analyzed and summarized. And according to characteristics of the students in the independent college the problems and disadvantages of existing in the process of teaching evaluation are pointed out in this paper. Meanwhile, in view of the reform of the student evaluation system is put forward.


This paper discusses the recent evolution of ethics and its codification in research areas involving human subjects. Some of the main issues addressed in the paper are the way the model for the protection of subjects participating in biomedical research is tendentially regarded as a model for all forms of research involving human subjects, and the debates it has raised. This is followed by a discussion of some of the dilemmas and challenges faced by social scientists working in the field of health, and the way they broaden the difficulties in transferring the approach to ethics of biomedical research to the social sciences. The later sections suggest some directions for the identification of new ethical challenges to social research on health and for the formulation of a situated and procedural ethics.


Many physical problems and theories are investigated and interpreted through geometric models. Even though they have been downgraded in the present mathematical curriculum the conic sections provide many examples. An ellipse is the model of a planetary orbit, a parabola symbolizes a section of a parabolic reflector, and a hyperbola represents the path of an elementary particle when it is deflected by a nucleus of an atom. Beyond their employment in the construction of models, the conic sections illustrate the importance of mathematics as an intellectual discipline because they were a part of the mathematical literature long before a need for them arose. This article concerns an application of the theory of conjugate diameters. This theory no longer is found in most elementary developments of analytic geometry, yet it has a certain mathematical beauty and it has applications in differential geometry and the special theory of relativity. Our interest is in the use of conjugate diameters to construct a geometric model for the special theory of relativity. Ellipses and hyperbolas are called central conics because they have a center of symmetry. A diameter of a central conic is a line segment through the center of symmetry with end points on the conic. (See Figure 1.)


Previous work from our laboratory has suggested that certain acoustic measures may serve as indices of the extent of overlap for successive articulatory gestures. These experiments have employed speaking‐rate variation as a means to vary the extent of articulatory gesture overlap, in a number of different syllable types. Explicit models have been used to predict how rate‐induced variation in gesture overlap would be realized in the acoustic output of the vocal tract. Specifically, the F2 onset and offset values at CV and VC interfaces, respectively, where C and V are constant, have been shown to be sensitive to the rate variable, sometimes approaching the magnitude of variation associated with CV syllables where C is constant and V is varied (i.e., the classic vowel‐induced coarticulation paradigm). However, the results to date appear to be dependent on specific syllables, but the reasons for this specificity are unknown. In the present study, some systematic analyses of vowel effects on the acoustic mode...


Knowledge of soil aggregate formation and stability is essential, as this is important for maintaining soil functions.This study aimed to investigate the influence of organic matter (OM), the content of pedogenic iron (Fe) (oxyhydr)oxides, and aggregate size on the stability of aggregates in arable soil.To this end, the Ap and Bt horizons of a Luvisol were sampled after 14 years of bare fallow, and the results were compared with a control field that had been permanently cropped.In the Ap horizon, bare fallow decreased the median diameter of the 53–250 µm size fraction by 26%. Simultaneously, the mass of the 20–53 µm size fraction increased by 65%, indicating reduced stability—particularly of larger soil microaggregates—due to the lack of input of fresh OM. The range of 14carbon (14C) fraction of modern C (F14C) under bare fallow was between 0.50 and 0.90, and thus lower than the cropped site (F14C between 0.75 and 1.01), which is particularly pronounced in the smallest size fraction, indicating the presence of older C. This higher stability and the reduced C turnover in <20 µm aggregates is probably also due to having the highest content of poorly crystalline Fe (oxy)hydroxides, compared to the other size fractions, which act as a cementing agent. Colloid transport from the Ap to the Bt horizon was observed under bare fallow treatment.The lack of input of OM decreased the stability of microaggregates and led to a release of mobile colloids, the transport of which can initiate elemental fluxes with as‐yet unknown environmental consequences.


During the last two decades, Longman has made name in the field of military history with the publication of a series of books on the origins of modern wars. In chronological order the series started with the origins of the French Revolutionary Wars and covered titles on most of the important wars since the eighteenth century, including the two World Wars, Korea, Vietnam and the Arab-Israeli Wars. The titles were not published in chronological order as the wars occurred, but at random, starting with the First World War. Just as well, as lain Smith's book on the South African War or Second Anglo-Boer War, was published in 1996, three years before the start of the centenary festivities of this war.


Objective:To investigate the surveillance awareness for emergent public health events in hospital emergency workers, providing scientific basis for reasonable indices and for establishing emergent public health event surveillance. Methods: The questionnaire was designed and distributed to the hospitals in a district in Beijing. Selected medical workers at the emergency departments of all the hospitals of 3rd and 2nd grades were surveyed with the questionnaires. Results: Ninety seven percent of the responders approved the necessity of surveillance and 81.4% confirmed the necessity to set up surveillance system at both emergency department and out patient department. Kruskal Wallis H test showed that symptom surveillance was significantly different in cases( P 0.000 1) between the hospitals of different grades, and the same difference was also found between the hospitals of the same grades. Conclusion: The medical workers at the emergency department have, to some extent, the awareness of disease surveillance following SARS outbreak, but still not enough. The symptom surveillance should be exercised based on cases, disease severities and other concomitant symptoms.


Introduction: A large amount of scientific evidence supporting the hypothesis that nutritional modification might prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths, could even reverse the remodelling and risk factors of CVD. However, studies on the interplay between diet and CVD are scarce especially in low- and middle-income countries. The current single patient observational study attempted to evaluate the relationship between controlled diet along with standard medication and coronary artery disease (CAD) outcomes.

Methods and results: A 69-year-old male, with a known history of diabetes and occasional postprandial angina, diagnosed with ischemic heart disease and triple vessel disease with 80-90% narrowing in all three epicardial branches of the coronary artery was enrolled in this study. The patient was put on the interventional phase (reverse diet) for 12 weeks after completion of the baseline phase. The reverse diet contained pre-portion ready to cook food products to fulfil daily requirements of breakfast, lunch, dinner, soup, and early morning diet. He was suggested for daily walk and exercise (less aerobic). At the end of the intervention, the patient's overall calcified and non-calcified plaque volume, lumen volume, atheroma plaque volume was found reduced as confirmed by computed tomography angiography (CTA). Additionally, the patient's standard medications were also reduced after the intervention by approximately 50%.

Conclusion: This single patient evidence suggested that the low calorie and anti-oxidant rich reverse diet intervention is capable to reduce the odds of CAD.


A detailed calculation of energy-band structures and dispersion relation of compensated n-i-p-i superlattices with small period lengths is presented. The calculation is based on a multistepfunction approach to the real potential form and the transfer-matrix method. The densities of states of conduction subbands have been calculated. %'e found that the density of states is different for difterent subbands. Some special features of small-period doping superlattices have been explored, and are compared with properties of long-period n-I;p-i compensated doping superlattices as wel1 as GaAs-Al"Ga& "As compositional superlattices. Recently, quantum wells and superlattices have attracted a great deal of attention because of their novel properties. ' The availability of this class of semiconductor structures creates new avenues for the investigation of the physics of condensed matter under conditions of greatly reduced dimensionality where quantum effects become apparent, thus extending the underlying physics to totally new fundamental phenomena. These structures are also important materials for various device applications such as high-speed electronics, optoelectronics, and photonic devices. There are two types of superlattices with alternating ultrafine layers: doping and compositional. The compositional superlattices are composed of a periodic sequence of alternating layers of two different kinds of compositional materials. They have been investigated extensively during the past few years. Among these, the GaAsAl Ga& As superlattices have been most studied. The n -i -p-i superlattices consist of a periodic sequence of ultrathin layers of alternating doping [e.g., (n-type GaAs)/(p-type GaAs)]. Despite the wealth of optical and electrical properties discovered over the recent years, n -i -p-i superlattices are much less understood compared


The research attempts to identify the fundamental standard characteristics of the Qaladze River Basin's water drainage network. One of the permanent rivers in Pishdar district's east, Sulaymaniyah Governorate's northeast, and Kurdistan Region's east. The most notable topographic elements that constituted the morphometric characteristics throughout the Pleistocene era were the most prominent geomorphological processes, most notably stream orders, the most extensive streams, drainage density, bifurcation ratio, texture ratio, and meandering coefficient. In the main Qaladze basin (6) stream orders, total number of streams is up to (358) tributaries, and their full-lengths are (235.56 km). The drainage density was attained (2 km/km2). In contrast, the numerical drainage density was obtained (3,03 streams/km2), the bifurcation ratio ranged between (2-7.22), the texture ratio was implemented (5.21 km), the meandering coefficient was struck (1.2), the extraction and flood coefficient was accomplished (8.2), and the runoff speed reached (3.9 m/s).


The present invention provides a remote control device based on the detected video image, comprising image acquisition means for acquiring a video image and the video image into a video signal, select the position calculating means for detecting said video signal marker and calculating the position of a cursor pointing the remote control device, an instruction input means for entering or exiting the menu option selected instruction to said remote control apparatus status input, and a remote control signal transmitting means for receiving said selected output of the position calculating means cursor position information and transmits a control signal indicative of the cursor position information to cause the display device to display the target pointing the remote control device. The present invention further comprises a method for remote control and remote control system using the remote control device.


The paper deals with the direct linearization, an approach used to generate particular solutions of the partial differential equations that can be solved through the inverse scattering transform. Linear integral equations are presented which enable one to find broad classes of solutions to certain nonlinear evolution equations in 1+1 and 2+1 dimensions.


The low-temperature magnetic behavior of LaCoO3, containing oxygen vacancies, is reported. Magnetic-susceptibility measurements made in the temperature range of 0.5–35 K on a single crystal and a polycrystalline sample provide strong evidence for the existence of magnetic excitons as fundamental entities within the bulk of the material system. Specifically, two distinct types of excitons form, isolated and interacting excitons, both of which are associated with oxygen vacancies. Isolated magnetic excitons act as high-spin paramagnetic particles while the interacting excitons appear to be coupled antiferromagnetically. It is proposed that the interaction arises from the overlap of magnetic excitons as a consequence of the statistical clustering of oxygen vacancies. The striking similarity of these results with those of the lightly doped La0.97Sr0.03CoO3 suggests that the observed excitons are a precursor to magneto-electronic phase separation and supports the idea that phase separation is initiated by disorder in the material system.


This paper presents the design of an interpreter structure for modern programming languages such as Turing and Modula II that is modular and highly orthogonal while providing maximal flexibility and efficiency in implementation. At the outermost level, the structure consists of a front end, responsible for interaction with the user, and a back end, responsible for execution. The two are linked by a single database consisting of the tokenized statements of the user program. Interfaces between the major modules of each part are defined in such a way as to maximize reusability, and each interface can service a range of plug-compatible modules implementing radically different semantics. The design accommodates a wide spectrum of interpreter types ranging from batch-oriented compiler-simulators to statement-by-statement interactive execution, and provides for a range of program editing tools from simple line editors through to modern language-directed programming environments. It has served as the basis for several interpretive systems including the production Turing interpreter, the Turing Programming Environment, and the Turing Tool software maintenance tool.


Abstract A two-dimensional variational ambiguity removal technique (2DVAR) is presented. It first makes an analysis based on the ambiguous scatterometer wind vector solutions and a model forecast, and next selects the ambiguity closest to the analysis as solution. 2DVAR is applied on SeaWinds scatterometer data and its merits for nowcasting applications are shown in a general statistical comparison with model forecasts and buoy observations, and in a number of case studies. The sensitivity of 2DVAR to changes in the parameters of its underlying error model is studied. It is shown that observational noise in the nadir swath of SeaWinds is effectively suppressed by application of 2DVAR in combination with the multisolution scheme (MSS). MSS retains the local wind vector probability density function after inversion, rather than only a limited number of ambiguous solutions. As a consequence, the influence of the background increases, but this can be mitigated by switching off variational quality control. A ca...


We gratefully acknowledge the valuable comments and other help received from colleagues and friends, especially from Dr Gillian Rodger and Dr W. R. W. Gardiner in Glasgow, and from Mr C. D. M. Cossar, Mrs Susan G. V. Ellis, Mr J. E. Tailby, and Mrs Sheila R. Wilkie in Leeds; as well as from Mrs Pamela Freeman and Mr John Roberts, who helped with the maps.


ACIAR's country manager for Pakistan is Dr Munawar Raza Kazmi, a researcher who formerly headed mango production research at Pakistan's Agricultural Research Centre (PARC). In 2005, Dr Kazmi was invited to a workshop exploring the possibility of Australian support for Pakistan's mango industry through the Australia-Pakistan Agriculture Sector Linkages Program (ASLP).


Data is often accessed in a targeted, professional manner via secret hidden paths – web applications in particular give hackers diverse opportunities for data theft and are therefore among their preferred targets today. This is hardly surprising because web applications, by their very definition, provide an electronic interface to data and transactions. While in the past confidential information and critical transactions could only be accessed behind multiple defense lines, web applications today offer a direct access route – even to a company's most important information. So there is no other place where hackers are closer to their desired target than with web applications. All it takes is just one weak spot on any level for them to be able to launch successful attacks. Targeted information theft is therefore now the order of the day. Things have changed and it is no longer the case that exploits are written to profit fromquarter security loopholes in random targets. Instead an interesting target is brought out of sync using technical manipulations until the desired data can be extracted. Even classic manipulation methods such as forceful browsing, cross-site-scripting, SQL / command injections or the exploitation of business logic weak spots can result in successful attacks for three quarters of all web applications. Targeted data access of this kind cannot be detected via the signature. Reactive security protection systems such as an IDS (intrusion detection system) or IPS (intrusion prevention system) cannot prevent such attacks. One of the greatest misunderstandings here is that it is not just the data used by the web application that is in danger if an attack is successful. All systems and interfaces linked to the web application are potentially affected. It is not uncommon that a company's entire internal data can be stolen via a seemingly harmless web application, such as a help site or a company's telephone directory. Such attacks on the application level have increased with the popularity of Web 2.0 technologies. New, highly dynamic web applications, which distribute content from other users thousand-fold, are popular targets for organized cybercrime groups. As a security report on cyber criminality shows, this problems needs to be taken seriously. The report states that about 25 percent of all companies have already fallen victim to attacks initiated from Web 2.0 sites such as Xing, MySpace or Facebook. Effective protection against unauthorized data access is provided by so-called Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) between the user's browser and the web application, which only allow valid URLs and as such guard back-end systems against illegal access.


K to 12 Program includes academic and vocational tracks which sustain a continuum toward preparation for higher tertiary education and skills development qualifications for National Certificates I, II and III. The implemented curriculum has its overarching goal the holistic development of every Filipino learner with 21st century skills who is adequately prepared for work, entrepreneurship, middle level skills development and higher education. In this light, the acquisition of knowledge and skills as well as values and attitudes necessary to help the learners enter the world of work should be given emphasis. Schools have the responsibility to uplift every student's academic and lifelong learning. Quantitative research design which applies the use of statistics was used in the study. More specifically, the approach used was descriptive method which is concerned with how or what exists is related to some preceding event that has influenced or affected a present condition or event. Hence, it is deemed to be suitable to use in the present research for it aims to find out the challenges in teaching T.L.E exploratory courses using pedagogical approaches at Gov. Feliciano Leviste Memorial National High School. Findings revealed that TLE teachers were challenged to a very great extent in using the pedagogical approach in teaching exploratory courses for the reason that the preparation of daily lesson log should be guided with the pedagogical approaches. Additionally, there were inadequate supplies of learning materials particularly the tools and equipment that should be use in facilitating the learners' performance task. Teachers are also challenged in the preparation of instructional materials as guided by the pedagogical approaches to integrate innovative teaching and learning experiences. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the teachers guided by the pedagogical approaches in teaching should inculcate sequential and meaningful activities as reflected in their daily lesson log. Teachers should also attend training, seminars and workshop which will help them to become more familiar in the use of pedagogical approaches in teaching and learning process. To enhance the interest of the students, teachers should prepare instructional materials using pedagogical approaches as guide to integrate innovative teaching strategies. The Proposed Intervention Program was developed in this study which addresses strategies for teachers on how to enhance the delivery of instruction in teaching T.L.E exploratory courses using pedagogical approaches at Gov. Feliciano Leviste Memorial National High School.


A rapid colorimetric methodology based on photoinduced electron transfer from excited CdS quantum dots (CdS QDs) to methyl viologen (MV2+) has been developed for the sensitive determination of dissolved oxygen (DO) content. The reduction of MV2+ is initiated by light excitation of CdS QDs, which induces the electron transfer from sacrificial donor glutathione (GSH) to the photogenerated hole of CdS QDs. Due to the presence of oxygen, the reduced radical-cation of methyl viologen (MV+˙) could be rapidly reoxidized, thus turning into the original methyl viologen dication (MV2+). The existence of MV+˙ is confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance technique. This proposed colorimetric methodology has been applied to quantify the concentration of DO in real water samples. The result is consistent with the value obtained while adopting the traditional standard Winkler's methodology. A linear response of the absorbance of CdS QDs-GSH-MV system to the different concentrations of DO is obtained in the range of 0.75∼7.95 ppm, with a detection limit of 0.23 ppm in pH 7.5.


A great variety of common marine pelagic commercial fishes inhabit in China's seawaters,and most of them belong to r- selection of life history pattern or r- selection of life history pattern evolving from K- selection of life history pattern. The resources of common marine pelagic commercial fishes recover faster and possess vast potential for future utilization. The proportion of common marine pelagic commercial fishes show upward trend in marine fishing production in China. Development of common marine pelagic fisheries in China is reviewed in this paper,particularly with regard to biological research progress in the six main species,Ilisha elongata,Pampus cinereus,Trachurus japonicus,Sardinella aurita,Clupea harengus pallasi and Setipinna taty. The population identification and classification,migration and distribution,wintering ground,spawning ground and period,age and growth,feeding habits,fecundity and dynamic stock structure of the six species as well as their biomass and total allowable catches are outlined. Meanwhile,future study on their resource biology is also discussed and prospected.