Focusing on colonial India, this seminar tracks the use of the word "research" by historians and attempts to understand and contextualize the practices that constituted "research" in history before "research" as an activity assumed its present, professional university-related form.


The phenomenon that collective forestry tenure is familiar in our collective forest area.According to current law system,the transfer procedures not standardized which cause various social and economic problems.This paper begin with the local realistic foundation of collective forestry tenure transfer and analyzed current problems in the transfer process based on the investigation of Dehong Autonomous Prefecture.In addition,put forward some countermeasures which from aspects of management system,evaluation system,laws and regulations,publicity and transfer market.


Stock-out of essential medicines is a common problem in primary health facilities of Tanzania. Alternative approaches such as the use of auditing tools have been proposed in order to strengthen the generally weak supportive supervision in medicines management. A cross-sectional study was conducted in ten primary health facilities in Bahi District in Dodoma region-Tanzania between October and December, 2013. Standardized auditing tools and indicators were used to assess the availability of ten essential tracer medicines, timeliness and correctness of ordering, record keeping, documentation and financial management. Analysis was done by using MS Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel ® , Microsoft Corporation). Mean availability of tracer medicines was 84%. Rapid Diagnostic Tests for malaria, artemether-lumefantrine, amoxicillin syrup and amoxicillin capsules were mostly found to be out of stock. Nine of the ten facilities submitted their ordering forms on time but only six of the ten facilities filled their ordering forms correctly. In five facilities, financial records did not balance with bank statements and receipt books. Medicines audits represent a feasible approach to strengthen medicines management at primary health facilities. The study validated standardized and simple tools that can be used to reform routine supportive supervision methodology.


Abstract : The application of a photochromic compound to provide a NDT technique for aerospace materials and structures is discussed. The photochromic compound, incorporated into a paint formulation, is converted from a white to a bright violet color upon a brief irradiation from an ultraviolet source. The colored paint surface is then heated by any suitable means, such as a hot air blower. Heat serves to bleach the paint to the original white color. Defects are disclosed because heat conductivity at the defect site is different from that of the rest of the area under inspection. The defect thus appears as a colored or white area dependent upon the nature of the defect and originating direction of the heat source. Some of the types of defects and kinds of structures to which the NDT paint has been applied are discussed, along with advantages and limitations of the paint. (Author-PL)


The microgrid concept provides a quite appealing solution for overcoming the challenges of integrating renewable energy sources and distributed generators into power grids. Advances in the microgrids control have improved the microgrids potential to be integrated into the conventional electrical systems in a higher capacity. This improvement not only covers their internal control performance and connection/disconnection procedures in order to limit the negative dynamic impacts in the network and other connected microgrids, but also includes the grid support functionalities to enhance the global operation of distribution networks. In this paper, a general overview of the main control loops is presented. The microgrid control strategies are classified into four control levels: local, secondary, central and global, where the first three levels are associated with the operation of the microgrid itself, and the fourth level demonstrates to the coordinated operation of the microgrid and neighbor grids as well as the main/host grid.


Background: Snacks, stress, and parties all contribute to the weight gain – the elusive "Freshman 15" – that some college-goers unfortunately experience. This report examines how ala cart snack choice changes on a university campus during each progressing week of the academic calendar. Methods: The data were collected from the three largest cafeterias (or dining halls) on Cornell University's campus during 4 semesters (Fall 2006, Spring 2007, Fall 2007 and Spring 2008), for 18 weeks in each semester. After the ala cart snack items were divided into healthy snacks and less healthy snacks, percentage share for each food grouping category was calculated. Data were analyzed in 2011.Results: Within each semester, the less healthy food choices consistently increased 0.4% per week (beta=-0.00356, PConclusions: These results demonstrate an increased demand for hedonic, less healthy snack foods as the college semesters progress, and in particular at the very end of the semester. To counter this tendency toward less healthy snacking, cafeterias and stores should reserve extra effort to promote healthy alternatives during the later weeks of the semesters.


This paper proposes a topology to develop a miniature, wideband, well-matched, non-dispersive phase shifter with low insertion loss on the basis of composite right/left handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL) unit cells. To demonstrate the proposed approach, a lumped element design was prototyped. The lumped element design operates at a center frequency of 2.4 GHz with 50% bandwidth. Experimental results of the lumped element design demonstrate return loss ≥ 10 dB, insertion loss ≤ 0.5 dB, with a phase shift of 45 +/- 1.5 degrees over the entire bandwidth.


In Distance Learning end users need to access different e-learning platforms daily to gain the knowledge. E- learning platforms implement authentication system to handle the authentication and authorization processes. As the number of directory stores grows the development overhead of user's authentication process in e-learning platforms against those directories increases. Also as the number of e-learning platforms grows, the number of user's IDs and passwords users have to memorize grows as well. So users make passwords not strong enough to ease memorization, and write passwords in clear text in insecure places, which compromise the security. An outline of various aspects of design and implementation of web services based authentication system for e-learning platforms (WSAS) is presented in this paper. The architecture provides e-learning platforms users with a single sign-on solution for the problem of memorizing many user IDs and passwords, provides organizations with a centralized, simple, and efficient directory stores access mechanism to simplify the process of integrating multiple directory stores, and provides the e-learning platforms developers with a standard solution to minimize the development overhead of the authentication process against multiple directory stores, the presented prototype architecture designed based on the existing web services technology, so that clients need not be modified, and servers may have a little modifications.


This paper presents a low quiescent current capacitor-less low-dropout regulator (LDO) with high slew rate super class AB CMOS operational transconductance amplifier (OTA). The OTA of this design is based on the combination of class AB differential input stages and local common-mode feedback (LCMFB) which provides additional dynamic current boosting, increased gain-bandwidth (GBW) product and slew rate (SR). LCMFB is applied to various class AB differential input stages, leading to different class AB OTA topologies. The design also uses dynamic charging transistor (DCT) to enhance the transient characteristics of the circuit. The presented LDO is fabricated in a 0.18 um standard CMOS process. The circuit consumes a quiescent current of 10 uA at no load, regulating the output at 1.0V with maximum output current of 100mA from a voltage supply of 1.2V. It achieves full range stability from 1mA to 100mA load current at a maximum 100pF load capacitor.


The results of performed investigations shows that Candida albicans is in widely spread among infectious periodontities (IP) and leads to severity of their clinical manifestation that results in difficulties in the treat- ment and make this procedure less effective. Including of antibiotics (fluconazol) into the complex treatment procedures not only improve the effectiveness of treatment of IP but results in maximal removal of microbes out of oral cavity. Diagnostics of Candida types of fungi and their removal out of oral cavity is necessary measure in complex treatment of IPD (inflammatory  periodontal diseases).


The energy consumption of most developing countries like Ethiopia highly depends on biomass and imported fuels. These sources of energy have imposed severe impacts on the environment.Recently, Ethiopia has begun to harness electricity from renewable energies mainly from hydro- dams to meet its energy need. However, the existing energy production of the hydro-dams declines during dry season due to shortage of river waters. So, it is important to look for other renewable energy sources like wind to compliment the energy decline. This study presents an identification of suitable site for wind farm development in selected districts of Tigray Region. Ten major biophysical, environmental and socio-political factors were identified that influence the wind farm development. These major factors were delineated from the different spatial datasets which were collected from various sources. ArcGIS 10.3 and ERDAS 9.2 software were used to prepare factor maps for all variables. The pair wise comparison associated with Analytical Hierarchy Process was used to weigh the factors then weighted overlay model was applied. The findings of the overlay showed that there are sufficient lands suitable for grid- based and off-grid wind farms development in the study area. About 140.5 km2 i.e. 6.5% is highly suitable and about 1103.1 km2 which means 51.0% is moderately suitable for wind farm development. A land of area 25 km2 entirely laid under highly suitable category was identified for wind farm design. The site has excellent wind speed and is located entirely in close proximity to the main roads and grid transmission lines. Keywords: Wind farm, GIS, multi-criteria analysis, renewable energies, AHP, Ethiopia


Precipitation in Mediterranean areas has been historically characterized by high inter- and intra-annual variability. In a context of global warming, with more energy available in the atmosphere, it is likely that variability will enhance, giving to more frequent extreme events such as droughts and floods. Moreover, a redistribution of precipitation quantities across the globe is expected, with a projected decrease in precipitation for the Mediterranean countries. However, when studying recent trends in precipitation with observed data, not a robust signal towards more or less precipitation has been observed for these areas. Studies using highquality climatic databases are necessary in order to understand with detail the spatial patterns of precipitation, and checking whether observed trends are spatially consistent. In this context, this works aims to analyze the trends in time of monthly and annual precipitation records in the Spanish sector of the Duero basin for the period 1961-2005. Moreover we seek to identify the spatial patterns of observed trends through the use of interpolation techniques over a dense network of precipitation series. The selection of a river basin to carry out this study enables further comparison between the evolution of precipitation and river flows. The Duero basin is located in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, and drains water from a vast region (97,290 km 2 ) in Spain (81%) and Portugal (19%). The focus of this study was the Spanish part of the basin. The majority of the area comprises a large depression that is filled with Tertiary and Quaternary sediments and it is surrounded by various mountain systems with altitudes exceeding 2500 m surround the basin. Despite the large influence of Atlantic Ocean air masses, the dominant climatic conditions are Mediterranean, which are characterized by dry and hot summers. In addition, continental characteristics (large thermal oscillations) are evident in the central and southern sectors of the basin, and sub-Atlantic (more humid and temperate) characteristics are typical of the northern part.


Abstract The present investigation examines models of factors influencing time management in online groupwork for Chinese undergraduates. Multilevel findings showed that time management was positively related to five individual-level variables, including online courses taken previously, learning-oriented reasons, arranging the environment, help-seeking and feedback. Furthermore, at the group level, time management was positively correlated with feedback and learning-oriented reasons. Our investigation suggests that results concerning feedback and arranging the environment have the potential to be applicable in cross-cultural settings. It further suggests that time management may be influenced by cultural differences (eg value of education and polychromic time orientation). Finally, our result concerning help seeking lends empirical support to the theoretical claim that seeking help may serve to enhance individuals' efforts to manage their work, in the context of Chinese undergraduates' time management in online groupwork.


A new kind of X-ray image intensifier is presented, which is coupled to million-pixel CCD by lens, is mainly composed of the intensifying screen and the brightness intensifier. It has the advantages of big visual field and low price. It is concluded that the relation between the output brightness that the brightness intensifier detects and the size of the intensifying screen obeys the inverse square law and the resolution of the image intensifier depends on the resolution of its components. Keywords-X-ray image intensifier; intensifying screen; bright intensifier; MCP; millio-pixel CCD I. INTRODUCTION The novel x-ray image intensifier designed by our laboratory is mainly consisted of an intensifying screen and a brightness intensifier and they are coupled by zoom lens. This image intensifier is different from the traditional one in that it is a cascaded one and it has several components. Just for this reason, this image intensifier is easy to install and its components can be taken apart conveniently. Moreover, it has the advantages of low cost and big field of view. To get the optimal combination of the image intensifier, it is necessary to master the characteristic parameters of its components and understand their effects on its imaging performance before designing this image intensifier (1). In the following chapters, the image intensifier and its imaging process are introduced in detail. Then, for achieving the satisfied spectral compatibility among the components of the novel image intensifier, the spectral matching factor between the intensifying screen and the brightness intensifier is calculated. According to the result of the spectral matching, the intensifying screen with good spectral response is selected (2). It is analyzed that there are very important relations among the visual field of the image intensifier, output image brightness and image resolution. The output brightness of the intensifying screen diminishes with the square of the size of the intensifying screen and the resolution of the image intensifier can be calculated by the resolution of its components. At the end of the paper, we calculated the total number of the pixels of the video system and put forward the requirement for a CCD of one million pixels and a displayer with over 1000 horizontal TVL.


The Finite Element Method (FEM) is a method that is widely used in engineering and mathematical modelling. Some of the problems that can be solved using this method are structural analysis, electromagnetic field, and heat transfer. Typically heat transfer problems can be in the form of irregular shapes or complex geometry domains. However, it is very difficult to solve this problem analytically due to its irregular domain or complex geometry. Thus, the domain needs to be partitioned into a smaller size before it can be solved systematically. This research is aimed to solve the heat transfer problem in simple 2D irregular geometry by applying FEM using the approach of Galerkin's method.


This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows:

to compare the effectiveness of interventions for the treatment of pediculosis capitis;

to compare the effectiveness of different formulations (of lotion, shampoo, creme rinse, mousse or systemic treatments) of the same insecticide against pediculosis capitis;

to determine the safety and tolerability of topical chemical or herbal applications, physical methods or oral treatment agents used for treating pediculosis capitis; and

to determine the relative effectiveness of topical pediculicides, physical methods and oral treatments.


ACOL, the CERN Antiproton Collector , includes 56 quadrupoles, some of which are offset with respect to the closed orbit in such a way that they bend the beam. We discuss one of these magnets which accommodates two offset beams both bent the same direction such that this magnet is best described as a strong focusing bending magnet. The field near the edge of the aperture reaches 1.7 T i.e. a value where permeability varies considerably. This fact and the superposed gradient made the design a bit difficult. A design in some respect similar to a Morpurgo magnet has been adopted in which the conductors come so close to the useful field area that they participate in shaping the field. This made the magnet compact but required high current densities. Finally, the 3 D field has been computed with the TOSCA code and the ends of the magnet shaped as wedges (not perpendicular to the orbit) in order to make both the gradient and the effective length independent of the beam position. Practical construction and field measurements are also discussed.


For the eigenvalue problem of real symmetric interval matrix,this paper gives a approach to find the upper and lower bounds of eigenvalues through estimating the eigenvalue intervals.This approach is important for the engineering design and analysis of structure vibration,system stability and control that contain uncertainty.


Results of timing observations of the glitching pulsar B1822–09 made practically simultaneously at widely separated frequencies of 0.1 and 1.6/2.3 GHz during seven years since 1991 to 1998 are discussed.


The 21st century is also called the century of women"andprognoses rank women.higher profile (for example,in leading positions) among new development megatrends.The number of women is on the rise. Their influence gets stronger not only in economy and politics but also in culture, media,  justice,  charity,  sport,  education  or  science.  The importance  and  the  role  of  women  may  be  examined  also through the prism of conflicts of the current globalisation and multidimensional  crises    for  example,  from  the women perspective as a way to a more  balanced  economy  and society  or  when  looking  for  ways  to  achieve  sustainability. Women'or menapproach to scientific knowledge including economic information, as well as  different perspective of rationality or ethical and moral dimensions of social and economic concepts, social responsibility, etc. are discussed. The paper critically outlines some aspects of the growing  importance of women in some selected areas. A position of women  in  economic  theories including inspiration from a modern  and/or  postmodern  feministeconomy is also touched upon.


A novel voltage delta IDDQ test method is presente d for circuits working in low voltages. The proposed method can eliminate the any contribution from leakage due to the usage of differential IDDQ test method. The proposed method i s successfully implemented on 1-bit, 32-bit and 100-a dders circuits on IBM 130 nm technology and can detect faulty circ uit only if short is activated from the applied logic input. Defining two voltage levels are critical for testing and will depend on the circuit under test. Keywords—IDDQ testing;Low voltage testing; voltage de lta IDDQ


A new technique for defining ground-water asymptotic movement using spe cific properties of fractional derivatives is introduced in this article. Advantage of the given technique in comparison with traditional techniques used for the analysis of such processes is based on the fact that preliminary definition of contamination concentration at every moment and at each point of stabilization area is not necessary.


An as-yet limited body of evidence suggests that calcium-regulating endocrine hormones—in particular, parathyroid hormone–related peptide (PTHrP)—may have unappreciated cardioprotective effects. The current review focuses on the concept that PTHrP may, via modulation of classic cardioprotective signaling pathways, provide a novel strategy to attenuate myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury.


Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome (RHS) is a rare, life-threatening, and little-known complication of rheumatic diseases. This disorder is characterized by fever, pancytopenia, liver failure, coagulopathy, and neurologic symptoms. RHS may develop in patents who have lymphoma, organ transplantation, serious infection, and rheumatic diseases, most notably systemic lupus erythematosus and adult-onset Still disease (AOSD). Observations of specific cases of RHS in AOSD remain rare, and the significance of this syndrome during the course of AOSD remains unknown. We retrospectively studied 16 episodes of AOSD-associated RHS in 8 patients. To determine whether RHS is associated with a particular phenotype of AOSD, we conducted a case-control study from the cohort of AOSD patients seen during the same period. The estimated frequency of RHS in AOSD patients from our cohort was 15.3% (8/52). The median age at RHS diagnosis was 44.5 years. We collected clinical and laboratory data. RHS was the first manifestation of AOSD in 7 cases. The main symptoms were fever (n = 8), salmon rash (n = 6), arthralgia (n = 7), lymphadenopathy (n = 6), and shock (n = 4). Serum ferritin concentration was consistently elevated (>1000 &mgr;g/L in 8 cases), and the level of glycosylated ferritin was low in all cases (<5% in 7 cases, 15% in 1 case). Six patients presented with coagulopathy; hypertriglyceridemia was found in 6 cases. Admission to the intensive care unit was required in 4 cases. Treatment included corticosteroids (n = 8) and intravenous immunoglobulin (n = 6), cyclophosphamide in 2 cases, infliximab in the same 2 cases, and cyclosporine in 1 case. With a follow-up ranging from 2 to 15 years, the patients were in remission with prednisone plus methotrexate (n = 4), prednisone plus infliximab (n = 2), and low-dose prednisone alone (n = 2). We compared the 8 patients included in this study with 44 control patients with AOSD without RHS. Low haptoglobin levels, very high ferritin levels (>10,000 &mgr;g/L), and a normal or low neutrophil count seem to be predictive factors of the occurrence of RHS in AOSD. Abbreviations: AOSD = adult-onset Still disease, CT = computed tomography, IVIg = intravenous immunoglobulin, RHS = reactive hemophagocytic syndrome.


Cognitive impairment after cardiovascular surgery is uncommon in older people, a systematic evidence review published in the Annals of Internal Medicine has concluded.1 However, the researchers said that the evidence was limited and that the individual study quality was low.

Debate surrounds the possible relation between cardiovascular interventions and subsequent cognitive outcomes in older patients. Some early studies reported a high prevalence of …


In this study, morphometric measurement, meat yield, moisture, pH, protein, fat, fatty acids and ash content were determined in a total of 102 (15 female and 87 male) freshwater crab ( Potamon persicum Pretzmann,1962) caught from Aşağı and Yukarı Çay of Pertek, Tunceli. Meat yield in male and in female crabs were found to be as 12.75±0.38% and 10.93±0.32%, respectively. It has been observed that moisture and protein amounts were higher in female crabs than in male crabs. The amounts of fat were 0.96±0.31% in male crabs and 0.97±0.35% in female crabs. The amount of ash was 2.68±0.04% in male crabs and 2.66±0.03% in female crabs. It was determined that the content of monounsaturated fatty acids (female:male 33.56%:37.44%) in female and male crabs were higher than polyunsaturated (female:male 24.19%:21.62%) and saturated fatty acid (female:male 28.11%:32.85%) content. The highest fatty acid was found to be as omega-9, in terms of omega-3 (male crabs 8.54%, female crabs 14.85%), omega-6 (male crabs 10.04%, female crabs 5.46%) and omega-9 fatty acids (male crabs 23.65%, female crabs 19.14%) in freshwater crab ( Potamon persicum Pretzmann, 1962) meat.


Numerous data security calculations have been created consolidating encryption and steganography calculations to improve data security. A standout amongst the latest calculations is the NEURAL NETWORK. A NN based steganography that enhances the security level of secret message. The Neural Network is trained using several training images in which the images first provided to wavelet transformation and the transformed image provided to back propagation neural network and the hidden layers is identify the bits where the data can be embedded. Once the data position is identified, the data can be installed. The PSNR of the stego picture was assessed to quantify the stego pictures quality. The occupied results exhibited that utilizing mystery key gives great security and PSNR esteem higher than previous image steganography strategies. Similarly, DWT has been used to embedding and extraction process of secret message. So in proposed work, neural network with DWT will be introduced.


The American Geophysical Union is the American National Committee of the International Geodetic and Geophysical Union, and the Executive Committee of the American Geophysical Union is the Committee on Geophysics of the National Research Council. The object of the Union is to promote the study of problems concerned with the figure and physics of the Earth, to initiate and coordinate researches which depend upon international and national cooperation, and to provide for their scientific discussion and publication. In the accomplishment of this object, the Union is divided into six sections in accordance with the organization of the International Geodetic and Geophysical Union, as follows: (a) Geodesy, ( b ) Seismology, (c) Meteorology, (d) Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity, (e) Oceanography, (f) Volcanology. The International Geodetic and Geophysical Union has also a Section of Scientific Hydrology, but thus far the American Geophysical Union has not formed such a section; matters pertaining to scientific hydrology referred to the American Geophysical Union are looked after by a special Committee on Scientific Hydrology, of which G. W. Littlehales is Chairman for the year 1928–1929.


Introduction: Methamphetamine can cause toxic lung parenchymal injury irrespective of frequency of use. It is important for physicians to be aware of methamphetamine associated lung injury as a differential diagnosis of acute respiratory distress in the era of COVID pandemic. Here we discussed a case of methamphetamine induced pneumonitis and its management. Case description: A 35-year-old female with history of pulmonary coccidiomycosis s/p treatment 15 years ago, ex-smoker (quit 8 years ago), unvaccinated for COVID-19 presented with two weeks of progressively worsening shortness of breath, fever, chills, generalized body aches, sore throat with hoarseness of voice, nonproductive cough, wheezing and midsternal chest pain. On presentation, vitals were significant for hypoxia with SpO2 84% requiring 2L of nasal canula, sinus tachycardia to 109, tachypneic in 30s. Physical exam showed stridor and bilateral diffuse expiratory wheezing. Stridor improved with racemic epinephrine and dexamethasone 10mg IV. CBC, CMP, Procalcitonin, BNP, COVID-19 and Respiratory PCR were negative, while coccidioidomycosis antibody was positive. UDS was positive for methamphetamine. Chest X-ray showed features of atypical pneumonitis. CT Chest showed similar findings and was negative for pulmonary embolism. She was managed symptomatically with albuterol inhaler. Respiratory symptoms improved during hospitalization without any further interventions. Discussion: According to National Survey on Drug Use and Health in 2018, 1.6million people (age >26years) used methamphetamine in one year which is 0.5% more than 2016-2017. Crystalline methamphetamine is a widely used inhaled stimulant with few reported cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome, eosinophilic pneumonia, pneumonitis, and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Even though mechanism of injury is unclear in human beings, toxicity was studied in animals. Chronic methamphetamine use causes thickened alveolar walls and reduced alveolar sacs by oxidative stress and by increased free radial formation. Patients often present with non-specific symptoms including cough, short of breath, sore throat or chest pain. The temporal relation of symptomatology with methamphetamine use and exclusion of infectious and other pulmonary etiology based on labs and radiological findings is crucial in establishing the diagnosis. Early diagnosis, symptomatic treatment and cessation of substance use are core management. Conclusion: We discussed a case of methamphetamine induced pneumonitis, who presented with upper and lower respiratory symptoms that resolved dramatically with the early diagnosis and supportive care. We recommend to consider methamphetamine induced lung injury as a differential diagnosis in patients with risk factor of illicit drug use, especially in the era of COVID-19 pandemic for early diagnosis and appropriate management. (Figure Presented).


Computational knot theory and 3-manifold topology have seen significant breakthroughs in recent years, despite the fact that many key algorithms have complexity bounds that are exponential or greater. In this setting, experimentation is essential for understanding the limits of practicality, as well as for gauging the relative merits of competing algorithms.

In this paper we focus on normal surface theory, a key tool that appears throughout low-dimensional topology. Stepping beyond the well-studied problem of computing vertex normal surfaces (essentially extreme rays of a polyhedral cone), we turn our attention to the more complex task of computing fundamental normal surfaces (essentially an integral basis for such a cone). We develop, implement and experimentally compare a primal and a dual algorithm, both of which combine domain-specific techniques with classical Hilbert basis algorithms. Our experiments indicate that we can solve extremely large problems that were once though intractable. As a practical application of our techniques, we fill gaps from the KnotInfo database by computing 398 previously-unknown crosscap numbers of knots.


: Linear programming is the simplest of all the optimization techniques used in regional water quality management studies; but the technique can optimize only one goal. When there are multiple goals with the same or different priorities, goal programming is a useful decisionmaking tool. This paper illustrates the application of goal programming to a regional water quality management problem where the following two goals are considered: (1) minimize the total cost of waste treatment, and (2) maintain the water quality goals (dissolved oxygen) close to the minimum level stated in the stream standards.


The city council of Granada was triggered to look at their dossier handling processes, because citizens had complained about delays. The administrative services group could identify time gaps where dossiers did not seem to advance, but they could not explain why these delays happened. Therefore, a process mining analysis was performed within the tax collection department of the Granada council. Because certain tasks were not registered in the IT system, the process mining analysis was combined with interviews of employees.


The study looked at some social challenges confronting the education of the girl-child as perceived by female academics in the tertiary institutions in Edo State. To guide this study, seven research questions were raised and one hypothesis was formulated. The population was made up of all the female academics in all the tertiary institutions in Edo State, Nigeria. Three hundred and fifty females made up the sample of study through the purposive sampling technique. The instrument used to collect data was the questionnaire which was content validated by experts and had a reliability value of 0.72. Three hundred and eleven retrieved questionnaires were analyzed using frequency and percentage for research questions and Pearson product moment correlation co-efficient (r) for the hypothesis. There was a strong positive relationship (r=0.932, p<0.05) between social challenges and the education of the girl-child in Edo state, Nigeria. Based on these findings, recommendations were made.

 Key words: Challenges, girl-child education, female academics perception.


Micro-gas turbine has drawn much attention to be used in micro grids due to its attractive properties such as light weight, small size, safety and reliability, large fuel range and remote control and diagnosis. Currently used micro-gas turbine transient model follows the constant speed rotor control, which does not match the real micro-gas turbine that may operate in two speed control modes: constant speed control mode and variable speed control mode. Compared with the constant speed control mode, variable speed control provides higher fuel efficiency. This paper builds a transient model based on the variable speed control mode of a single shaft micro gas turbine. In a micro grid, performance of the micro-gas turbine, particularly the load tracking ability and speed adjustment process under different load, is investigated through PSCAD/EMTDC simulation. Simulation results validate the excellent load tracking ability of the micro gas turbine and demonstrate the satisfactory performance of the micro gas turbine working in variable speed control mode.


A compact model to compute flowrate and pressure in micro-fluidic devices is presented. The micro-fluidic flow can be driven by either an applied electric field or by a pressure gradient or both. In the proposed compact model, the complex fluidic network is simplified by using an electrical circuit. The compact model can predict the flowrate, pressure distribution and other basic characteristics in microfluidic channels quickly with good accuracy when compared to detailed numerical simulations.


Peace journalism is a relatively new research area in psychology which emerged in the last decade of the last century. Building on findings from social psychology (group processes, social influence, conflict research, attitude change), propaganda, and enemy concept research and on models of conflict management and the constructive transformation of conflicts, an investigation is made of the factors that determine the escalation oriented bias of conventional war reporting, and of how this can be transformed into de-escalation and/or peace oriented conflict reporting. This paper provides an outline of this research and development program in six sections: (1) Interest Perception, (2) Task Formulation, (3) Basic Theoretical Assumptions, (4) War Discourse vs. Peace Discourse, (5) a Two Step Model, and (6) Journalist Training. Wilhelm Kempf conflict & communication online, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2003 Constructive conflict coverage – A social-psychological research and development program  2003 by verlag irena regener berlin 2 1. Interest Perception The media were for a long time mainly considered to be channels for the dissemination of news. Only recently has there been a change in way they are viewed. Today the media is seen as taking a more complex role for foreign policy (Naveh, 1998, 2002). They make a vital contribution to the construction of the environment in which foreign policy is carried out. This applies to both the national and the international media. The national and international discourses are closely interwoven and journalism plays a key role in this. The view that journalists are not simply neutral reporters and that they have an effect on political events has also strongly influenced the self image of journalism and has led to the emergence of two opposing tendencies which try to change the nature of journalistic responsibility. The first, a new school of journalism called the "journalism of attachment" (Bell, 1997) is already established. This assumes that, in view of the atrocities associated with modern warfare, journalists must not distance themselves from the events they are reporting. Journalists must side with the victims of the war and explicitly insist that something be done. The trouble with this "journalism of attachment" is that it largely foregoes conflict analysis, sees war as moral antagonism between "good" and "evil", and its own task as putting moral pressure on the international community of nations to take sides and intervene using military means. This moral imperative allows journalists to abandon their professional rules and standards of truthfulness in the name of a higher moral duty. The reporting of the war in BosniaHerzegovina is full of examples of how journalists attempt to do justice to their noble moral goals by both suppressing and fabricating news (Hume, 1997; Kempf, 2000a). The second of the above tendencies is (still) mainly an academic project. Influenced by the Gulf War and the war in BosniaHerzegovina, peace researchers and media scientists have begun to think about how the influence of the media can be used for the prevention and constructive transformation of conflicts. (Galtung, 1998; Kempf, 1996, 1999a; Kempf & Gutiérrez, 2001; Luostarinen, 2002a; McGoldrick & Lynch, 2000). An attempt has been made, in the form of training courses for journalists, to communicate the findings of peace science to journalists and to use these to improve journalistic work. Starting with the Conflict and Peace courses held in 1997/98 at Taplow Court near London, where an attempt was made to do this, such further education has recently been provided by, among others, Transcend (see http://www.transzend.org/), the Conflict Resolution Network Canada (see http://www.crnetwork.ca/) and within the International Civilian Peace-keeping and Peace-building Training Program (IPT) at the Austrian Study Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution (ASPR). Here the "peace journalism" project looks critically both at the role of the media as catalysts of force (Kempf, 1994; Kempf & Luostarinen, 2002; Kempf & Schmidt-Regener, 1998; Luostarinen &.Kempf, 2000; Nohrstedt & Ottosen, 2001) and at the professional ethical norms of journalism.


New England Journal of Medicine Retinopathy and Nephropathy in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Four Years After a Trial of Intensive Therapy The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complication Research Group Background Among patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, intensive therapy (with the aim of achieving near-normal blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations) markedly reduces the risk of microvascular complications as compared with conventional therapy. To assess whether these benefits persist, we compared the effects of former intensive and conventional therapy on the occurrence and severity of retinopathy and nephropathy for four years after the end of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). Methods At the end of the DCCT, the patients in the conventional-therapy group were offered intensive therapy, and the care of all patients was transferred to their own physicians. Retinopathy was evaluated on the basis of centrally graded fundus photographs in 1208 patients during the fourth year after the DCCT ended, and nephropathy was evaluated on the basis of urine specimens obtained from 1302 patients during the third or fourth year, approximately half of whom were from each treatment group. Results The difference in the median glycosylated hemoglobin values between the conventional-therapy and intensive-therapy groups during the 6.5 years of the DCCT (average, 9.1 percent and 7.2 percent, respectively) narrowed during follow-up (median during 4 years, 8.2 percent and 7.9 percent, respectively; Conclusions The reduction in the risk of progressive retinopathy and nephropathy resulting from intensive therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes persists for at least four years, despite increasing hyperglycemia. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:381-389. Reprints: Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group, Box NDIC/EDIC, Bethesda, MD 20892 (e-mail:email@example.com)


We report here a Ni-catalyzed reductive coupling of aldehydes with widely available 1,3-dienes under visible-light photoredox dual catalysis. The homoallyic alcohols are obtained in broad scope with complete branched regioselectivity. Hantzsch ester is used as the hydrogen radical source to oxidize low-valent nickel salt affording Ni–H species. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate a successive single-electron transfer (SET) pathway and the generation of a key π-allylnickel intermediate via Ni–H insertion of 1,3-diene in this synergistic catalytic process.


In this paper, we analyzed the data of 52 countries along "The Belt and Road" by applying the panel random effects model, and explored the influencing factors of Chinese foreign direct investment location choice, and on the basis, analyzed the risk of Chinese foreign direct investment. The empirical results show that the quality of labor force in the host countries, the investment in fixed assets, the degree of opening up, the participation in the multilateral and bilateral mechanisms, and the bilateral relations have a significant facilitating role on Chinese foreign direct investment. However, the degree of industrialization in the host countries and the distance between Beijing and capitals of other countries have a negative effect on Chinese foreign direct investment. In order to enhance the competitiveness of Chinese multinational investment enterprises and effectively prevent the risks of output foreign investment, we should take the following measures: Government, industry, university and research institutions should mutual collaborate, and strengthen the research on countries along "The Belt and Road"; We should develop and maintain good bilateral relations with countries along "The Belt and Road"; We should improve Chinese export credit insurance system and improve the level of risk protection.


Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to analyse general practice referrals to psychiatric out-patient clinics and their relation to practice and patient variables. Method: Retrospective analysis of new episode attendances at out-patient services over a three year period was undertaken. Referring practices were examined for referral rates, single or group practice and the presence of Vocational/Psychiatric training within the practice. Results: Referral rates were similar to national rates, but were lower than other jurisdictions. There was a tendency for group practices to have lower referral rates. Conclusions: There was considerable difference between practices in referral rates. These differences were significantly related to GP vocational training.


With the progression in mobile technology, the detecting and computational capacity of mobile devices is expanding. The sensors in mobile devices are being utilized as a part of an assortment of approaches to detect and activate. Versatile crowd sensing is a worldview that includes conventional individuals to partake in a detecting assignment. This detecting model has the capacity to give another vision of individuals driven detecting as an administration. This examination work explored distinctive areas using mobile crowdsensing for taking care of various space particular issues. Mobile crowdsensing model is likewise posturing distinctive socio-specialized difficulties which should be tended to. The examination work assessed and investigated an assortment of socio-specialized difficulties of versatile crowdsensing and conceivable arrangements exhibited by various investigations. There are diverse socio-specialized difficulties yet the test of security in crowd sensing requires additional measures. Index words: Crowd sensing; sensing devices; privacy; smart phones


As multiple adverse events in 2021 illustrated, virtually all aspects of our societal functioning -- from water and food security to energy supply to healthcare -- more than ever depend on the dynamics of environmental factors. Nevertheless, the social dimensions of weather and climate are noticeably less explored by the machine learning community, largely, due to the lack of reliable and easy access to use data. Here we present a unique not yet broadly available NASA's satellite dataset on aerosol optical depth (AOD), temperature and relative humidity and discuss the utility of these new data for COVID-19 biosurveillance. In particular, using the geometric deep learning models for semi-supervised classification on a county-level basis over the contiguous United States, we investigate the pressing societal question whether atmospheric variables have considerable impact on COVID-19 clinical severity.


Mangrove forests have been suffering with the impact of anthropogenic activities (i.e. fishing, deforestation) in the past years. Imaging data with high spatial and spectral resolution is a tool to assist in the conservation management of these ecosystems, besides allowing the in situ characterization of mangrove trees. Systems onboard UAVs have been improving the applications of remote sensing for this purpose, delivering high resolution products with lower costs in comparison to airborne systems. The aim of this study is to investigate the applications of coupled UAV hyperspectral and LiDAR data for the generation of ultra-high-resolution images of mangrove forests. Here we present the preprocessing steps and preliminary results of the combined data.


Logo detection plays an integral role in many applications. However, handling small logos is still difficult since they occupy too few pixels in the image, which burdens the extraction of discriminative features. The aggregation of small logos also brings a great challenge to the classification and localization of logos. To solve these problems, we creatively propose Cross-direction Task Decoupling Network (CTDNet) for small logo detection. We first introduce Cross-direction Feature Pyramid (CFP) to realize cross-direction feature fusion by adopting horizontal transmission and vertical transmission. In addition, Multi-frequency Task Decoupling Head (MTDH) decouples the classification and localization tasks into two branches. A multi-frequency attention convolution branch is designed to achieve more accurate regression by combining discrete cosine transform and convolution creatively. Comprehensive experiments on four logo datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.


Biological production in wind-driven coastal upwelling systems is of global importance. To understand better how wind speed and shelf width affect productivity, we formulated a simple model of cross-shelf transport that included the dynamics of one potential mechanism: increasing nutrients with increasing winds, with possible loss of productivity due to off-shelf Ekman transport. We used this model to determine how shelf productivity would depend on wind speed and shelf width using several ecosystem (Nutrient–Phytoplankton–Zooplankton, NPZ) models that reflect different trophic pathways and differences in model stability. For constant wind speeds, shelf productivity for all of the NPZ models declined beyond a certain wind speed. The shelf transit time beyond which productivity declines can be determined graphically from the time course of cumulative production in the NPZ model. Shelf width and latitude then determine the corresponding wind speed. The predicted points of decline in productivity with wind-speed were consistent with data from local observations of higher trophic levels on the central California coast. Only shelf productivity of the NPZ model reflecting new production was dome-shaped. Shelf productivity of models of regenerated production remained constant with wind speed at low winds. Artificial instability in NPZ models can lead to an inaccurate dependence of productivity on wind. Our model of coastal upwelling, which represents production as cross-shelf transport of parcels containing developing NPZ models, exhibits a different dependence on wind forcing than previous models that represented upwelling production as a fully mixed shelf. The relative degree of mixing versus transport in upwelling systems is a critical factor underlying the dependence of productivity on wind.


This paper introduces the positioning of ecological construction planning on regional development and crucial wok of poverty alleviation in the rocky desertification area,puts forward some importance problems and thought during compilation of the planning,and connecting with economic development,poverty present situation and existing problems in rocky desertification area,and the request to regional development and crucial wok of poverty alleviation,the planning content of ecological construction was summarized.


Effects of simulated acid rain and Zn on activity of enzyme in the leaves and roots of Phaseolus vulgaeis L were studied. The contents of MDA in t he roots and leaves of Phaseolus vulgaeis L compound polluted by simulated acid rain and Zn were higher than that single polluted by either simulated acid rain or soil Zn. The contents of MDA increased with the increase of concentrations of soil Zn at the same pH value,showing a striking concentration-response rela tionship, which, therefore, can be reflected well Phaseolus vulgaeis L polluted by simulated acid rain and Zn. The activity of SOD in the roots and leaves decre ased with the decrease of pH value and the increase of the concentration of Zn, while the activity of POD increased in the leaves and increased first then decre ased afterwards in the root system under the stress of simulated acid rain and Z n, which implied that different organs of plants showed varied responses to simu lated acid rain and Zn.


Smoking in India has been prohibited in public since 2 October 2008 under Prohibition of Smoking in Public Places Rules, 2008. Many districts in Haryana have imposed a ban on hookah smoking as well. But sadly, even these laws have not been able to change the scenario much. Smoking is still widely prevalent in the society. According to a World Bank Report in 2009, 26.25% of males and 3.64% of females in India smoke tobacco in one or the other form such as bidis, cigarettes, cigars, hookah or chillum. Another dark side of the scenario is that the smoking prevalence in women has even increased when compared with previous years.


The basic concept behind the nuclear reactor fuel r eloading problem is to find a configuration of new and used fuel elements, to keep the plant working at full po wer by the largest possible duration, within the sa fety restrictions. The main restriction is the power pea king factor, which is the limit value for the prese rvation of the fuel assembly. The QACO_Alfa algorithm is a modifie d version of Quantum Ant Colony Optimization (QACO) proposed by Wang et al, which uses a new actualizat ion method and a pseudo evaporation step. We examin ed the QACO_Alfa behavior associated to physics of rea ctors code RECNOD when applied to this problem. Although the QACO have been developed for continuou s functions, the binary model used in this work all ows applying it to discrete problems, such as the menti oned above.


Interoperability and standardization are perhaps the two most significant result of information and communication technologies penetrating routine operations in both medical education and medicine. Concepts like continuity of care, quality assurance or academic degree compatibility are based on shared understanding of processes, of laws they follow, of possible interactions with these processes, of roles and outcomes. Also on shared not-understanding: the nature of biomedical knowledge gives enough room for legitimate contradictions. International classifications and language systems are examples of tools to support such shared understanding on international level. Of these, the International Classification of Nursing Practice (ICNP) is an ambitious project started by the International Council of Nurses (ICN), the top-level body representing the nursing community world-wide. Significant effort has been put into the development of ICNP and into its translation into various languages used by the nursing community. Besides contributing to the development of the ICNP itself, these translations (and the history of ICNP development) show a most interesting example of cultural determination of health, of health-related concepts and processes.


In the past eighteen years at the Detroit Receiving Hospital we have examined roentgenographically over 50,000 skulls to determine the extent of injury. Of this number, about 9,000 have shown fractures. We feel, therefore, that some suggestions concerning the diagnosis of skull fractures can be made. To give the examination the widest application, we have utilized a simplified technic of four projections for all patients having signs, symptoms, or history of skull injury. Right and left lateral, frontal, and occipital views are obtained. The use of the smallest possible focal spot, Bucky diaphragm, and precision in technic are considered essential. It is not until we find that a questionable line exists, or that a probable fracture has not been demonstrated, that additional films are taken. In many of our cases, injury is so trivial that more exhaustive studies would be too time-consuming and expensive for routine use. In those cases where additional films are required they are taken with greater precisio...


Batch applications form an important application class within the field of process industries. In this thesis we propose multiple models, frameworks and design concepts in order to apply formal methods to the control synthesis in batch control. The thes is can be divided into two main parts. The first part develops a framework for the modeling of hybrid (mixed continuous/discrete) systems. A control engineering view of the system is taken, distinguishing between an uncontrolled hybrid plant and a hybrid plant and a hybrid controller unit that controls the plant in a closed-loop fashion.
 Combining the modeling power of the hybrid system with the principles of object-orientation, the concept of hybrid objects is introduced. Hybrid objects are general, reusable and encapsulated models of physical systems. The notion of controllability for hybrid systems is introduced and a semi-decidable algorithm for the restricted class of integrator hybrid systems is presented. The algorithm automatically generates correct control code given the desired behavior of the object. Furthermore, hybrid objects are shown to be well suited to model the hybrid behavior of batch processes on a more detailed level, allowing also hybrid, behavioral specifications on the process behavior.
 The second part looks at batch processes from the modeling and resource allocation point of view and is aimed at the construction of a discrete supervisor that is able to coordinate and control several recipes within the same plant. After proposing a complete framework of general resource models, the control synthesis process is divided into two parts: static and dynamic resource allocation, including booking strategies and synchronization issues between resources. Both design activities require information about deifferent aspects of the system and, hence, different models. We note that the here presented formulation of the synchronization issues between resources is new.
 Starting with the topology of the plant and the functional potential of its different resources on one hand, and a general, device-independent recipe on the other, the functional requirements of the recipe are algorithmically mapped onto the different r esources of the plant. The result is a device-dependent recipe, which represents all possible ways the plant can be utilized in order to produce the desired batch.
 As a next step, this recipe is augmented with booking strategies and translated into a non-deterministic Petri net. Using an extension of the supervisory control theory, a discrete supervisor for the plant, which guarantees correct and parallel execution of the recipes, is generated.


In this study, the electrical conductivity and magnetoresistance of magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are experimentally investigated. The electrical resistivity of MREs is measured as a function of particle volume fraction, under different applied magnetic fields. In addition, the strain of the samples is measured simultaneously in order to evaluate the magnetoresistance and piezoresistance of MREs. It is observed that both magnetoresistance and piezoresistance in MREs are independent of the applied magnetic field and pre-compression force; and only depend on the particle concentration and mechanical strain.


Wheat belongs to six major food allergens inducing IgE‐mediated hypersensitivity reaction manifesting as cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and respiratory symptoms. Although cereals are a staple food item in most diets, only a few wheat proteins causing hypersensitivity have been identified. To characterize wheat allergens, salt‐soluble wheat extracts were separated by 1‐DE and 2‐DE and IgE‐binding proteins were detected by immunoblotting using sera of patients with allergy to ingested wheat. Proteins, frequently recognized by IgE on 2‐DE were analyzed by MALDI‐TOF and QTOF and their spectrum was completed by 1‐DE and LCQDECA nLC‐MS/MS IT technique. Using all three techniques we identified 19 potential wheat allergens such as α‐amylase inhibitors, β‐amylase, profilin, serpin, β‐D‐glucan exohydrolase, and 27K protein. Employing newly developed ELISA, levels of IgE Abs against Sulamit wheat extract and α‐amylase inhibitors type 1 and 3 were quantified and shown to be significantly elevated in sera of allergic patients compared to those of healthy controls. The level of IgE Abs against α‐amylase inhibitor type 3 was lower, slightly above the cut‐off value in the majority of patients' sera. Our findings contribute to the identification of wheat allergens aimed to increase the specificity of serum IgE and cell activation diagnostic assays.


The use of remote sensing techniques for non-destructive testing of bridge decks has become increasingly attractive in recent years as these techniques have become more sophisticated, reliable and accurate. Thermal infrared scanners, sonic devices, ground penetrating radar and other techniques have become important tools to assist bridge engineers in determining existing conditions, planning, repair strategies, predicting remaining bridge life, and making repair versus replacement decisions. This paper will discuss the use of infrared thermography for the purpose of identifying delaminations in existing concrete bridge decks and the use of ground penetrating radar for the purpose of identifying deterioration within the concrete deck and locating reinforcing steel.


The information that was used to write and update this book was based on the exam specifications at the time of publication. However, as with engineering practice itself, the PE examination is not always based on the most current codes or cutting-edge technology. Similarly, codes, standards, and regulations adopted by state and local agencies often lag issuance by several years. It is likely that the codes that are most current, the codes that you use in practice, and the codes that are the basis of your exam will all be different. PPI lists on its website the dates and editions of the codes, standards, and regulations on which NCEES has announced the PE exams are based. It is your responsibility to find out which codes are relevant to your exam. 1 ACI 318 App. C solving methods may not be used on the exam. 2 Allowable stress design (ASD) methods must be used on the exam, except that strength design (SD) Sec. 3.3.5 may be used for walls with out-of-plane loads. 3 Either ASD or LRFD may be used on the exam. 4 ASD methods for wood design must be used on the exam.


The study was conducted to screen molecular markers of salt-tolerance gene in apple rootstock,which providing a theoretical basis for molecular assistant selection breeding in plants salt-tolerance. F1 of Malus micromalus × S19 were used to screen markers linked to salt-tolerance gene by BSA method and SRAP technology.Four pairs of primers( Me1Em2,Me1Em8,Me6Em12 and Me6Em14) were screened from 128 ones,which expressed polymorphism in parents and DNA pools and totally produced 4 polymorphic fragments. The four pairs of primers were tested by 144 F1 hybrid seedings,and the coincidence rate between hydroponic screening and the SRAP analysis were between 81. 94% and 92. 36%. The length of the 4 polymorphic fragments( Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ andⅣ) was between 139 bp and 233 bp by cloning and sequencing. Sequence alignment revealed that sequenceⅠ had relatively highly identity with ATP synthase beta subunit gene( ATP-β) from Photinia fraseri,and there was an identity of 98% for nucleotide sequence. Additionally,other sequences showed partial identity with probable receptor-like protein kinase from Pyrus × Bretschneideri,myosin from Malus domestica,and UDP-glycosyltransferase from Malus domestica,respectively. The 4 markers selected not only could be used in molecular identification of salt tolerance,but also provide a foundation to clone salt-tolerance gene for apple rootstock.


In this paper, we consider the problem of spectrum sharing among one primary and multiple secondary users. Particularly, we study the problem of non-cooperative spectrum sensing and access. Secondary users have to sense the channel before accessing it. There is a tradeoff between large packet delay, partially due to collisions between secondary users, and high energy consumption for sensing. To overcome this problem, we consider an opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radio taking into account packet delay and energy consumption. Hence, there is an associated spectrum occupancy and packet delay (the time elapsed since the reception) state for each secondary user. Due to partial sensing, a Partial Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) is used to determine an equilibrium policy. The equilibrium is obtained by using a linear program. We identify a paradox in this cognitive radio context: when the channel is more occupied by the primary user, this may improve the spectrum utilization by secondary users. We also investigate the impact of transmission cost on the equilibrium and show numerically how this cost can be used to enhance the utilization of the spectrum.


For a physiological characterization of an apparent breed difference observed in survival time without feed and/or water, feed intake, water intake, body temperature, skin temperature and the plasma levels of glucose and protein on ad libitum feeding under different environmental temperatures were compared in White Leghorn males of two strains, dwarf (dwarf-WL) and non-dwarf (normal-WL), Fayoumi and Silky males at 32 weeks of age.Birds were kept at the room temperature of 16, 23 and 30°C.Normal-WL that survived the shortest periods of time without feed and/or water than other breeds in our previous work3) consumed the most feed and water in four breeds utilized in this investigation at 30°C. On the other hand, dwarf-WL that survived the longest periods of time without feed and/or water consumed the least feed and water in four breeds at 30°C.It was observed in normal-WL, dwarf-WL and Fayoumi that feed consumption was decreased with the rise of environmental temperature, and water consumtion was increased. However, in Silky breed, feed consumption was increased with the rise of environmental temperature.Dwarf-WL consumed the least amount of water per unit of body weight among these breeds in each environmental temperature.Plasma total protein, plasma glucose levels and skin temperature changed with the rise of environmental temperature. Changing pattern in Silky breed were differed from other breeds.


We present a locally supersymmetric extension of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) based on the gauge group SU(3){sub C}xSU(2){sub L}xU(1){sub Y}xU(1)' where, except for the supersymmetry-breaking scale which is fixed to be {approx}10{sup 11} GeV, we require that all non-standard-model parameters allowed by the local spacetime and gauge symmetries assume their natural values. The U(1)' symmetry, which is spontaneously broken at the intermediate scale, serves to (i) explain the weak scale magnitudes of {mu} and b{sub {mu}} terms, (ii) ensure that dimension-3 and dimension-4 baryon-number-violating superpotential operators (and, in a class of models, all {delta}B=1 operators) are forbidden, solving the proton-lifetime problem, and (iii) predict bilinear lepton-number violation in the superpotential at just the right level to accommodate the observed mass and mixing pattern of active neutrinos (leading to a novel connection between the SUSY-breaking scale and neutrino masses), while corresponding trilinear operators are strongly suppressed. The phenomenology is like that of the MSSM with bilinear R-parity violation, where the would-be lightest supersymmetric particle decays leptonically with a lifetime of {approx}10{sup -12}-10{sup -8} s. Theoretical consistency of our model requires the existence of multi-TeV, stable, color-triplet, weak-isosinglet scalars or fermions, with either conventional or exotic electric charge which shouldmore » be readily detectable if they are within the kinematic reach of a hadron collider. Null results of searches for heavy exotic isotopes imply that the reheating temperature of our Universe must have been below their mass scale which, in turn, suggests that sphalerons play a key role for baryogenesis. Finally, the dark matter cannot be the weakly interacting neutralino.« less


In this work, a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine equipped with common-rail injection was used to investigate the combustion and emissions characteristics of biodiesel fuel. Tested fuels were neat diesel and biodiesel obtained from unpolished rice. The volumetric blending ratios of biodiesel with conventional diesel fuel are set at 0. 10, 20 and 40%. Also the physical properties of blended fuels such as viscosity, surface tension and cetane number were analyzed to investigate the relations with the combustion and emission characteristics. Experimental results show that the combustion pressure was increased at higher mixing ratio and injection pressure. The ignition delay became shorter with the increase of mixing ratio due to higher cetane number of biodicsel. The peak combustion pressure is increased with the rise of mixing ratio at an injection pressure of 100㎫, however opposite trend is shown at an injection pressure of 50㎫. Soot emission can be reduced by using biodiesel up to 70% compared to the conventional diesel fuel. But, NOx emission was slightly increased as the mixing ratio of biodiescl fuel increased. Also, EGR increased the ignition delay and decreased maximum combustion pressure.


(57) [Abstract] This document golf balls utilizing core (20) comprising at least two specific types of polybutadiene is disclosed. In one embodiment, the combination of the polybutadienes obtained from the cobalt catalyst is used with polybutadienes obtained from neodymium catalyst. Golf ball comprising a particular cover compositions are also disclosed. In one embodiment, the cover composition comprising sodium ionomer, magnesium ionomers and zinc ionomer is disclosed. The golf ball, while providing a flexible sound and feel, also shows distance to an improved.


Column chromatography with Biogel P2 (molecular exclusion of 1800 daltons) indicates that the transforming principle causing microstomes to become macrostomes is a small molecule. Absorbance tests show that only those fractions with high absorbance at 260 nm have biological activity, indicating that the active principle is a component of nucleic acids. Tests of purines and pyrimidines show that purines are active, with hypoxanthine having the highest activity. The combination of hypoxanthine with uridine shows a synergistic reaction. As these two compounds are the natural catabolic excretory products from nucleic acids in Tetrahymena, the fact that they induce transformation in concentrated, starving cells may be a survival mechanism allowing cannibalism to be induced when nutrients are depleted, thereby allowing the survival of the transformed cells until such time as adequate nutritional conditions are restored.


There are a means to provide an apparatus and a method for fusion of two obstacle cards, hereinafter referred to as "raster" of an apparatus for detecting environment proposed. The method comprises the steps of: - establishing a first grid and a second grid, in which respective pixels (5, 6) representing an occupied state corresponding environment positions, - characterizing a different occupancy state of a first pixel (5) of the first grid with respect to a the first pixel (5) of the first raster corresponding second pixels (6) of the second grid to identify referred to as "conflict pixel" designated pixels (7), - determining distances between pixels (5, 6, 7) of the first raster and pixels (5) with a positive occupancy state within the first grid, and / or - determining distances between pixels (5, 6, 7) of the second raster and pixels (5) with a positive occupancy state within the second raster, wherein the method further comprises - comparing the determined distances for the conflict pixels (7) with a predefined reference and on the basis of the comparison result - determining a probability of a cause for the existence of conflict pixels (7).


8 domestic swine(pure Landrace(♂)×pure Large white(♀)) and 8 swines of the frist crossed wild boars(pure wild boar(♂)×pure E-xi black swine(♀)) and 8 swine of the second crossed wild boars(pure Landrace(♂)×the first crossed wild boars(♀)) were selected,the eight blood indexes were examined. The results showed that the third crossed combination swine were not remarkable (P0.05) in the red blood cell number, but the red blood cell number of the frist crossed wild boars and the second crossed wild boars were higher than domestic swine by 9.58% and 2.89%,respectively. The frist crossed wild boars and the second crossed wild boars were higher than domestic swine in the other indexes of the white blood cell number, the hemoglobin content, serum total protein,serum albumin and serum globulin (P0.05), the indexes of the first crossed wild boars were higher than the second crossed wild boars(P0.05). The third crossed combination swine were not remarkable (P0.05) in the total calcium content of blood and total phosphorus content of blood, but the total calcium content of blood of the first crossed wild boars and the second crossed wild boars were higher than domestic swine by 10.80% and 4.24%,respectively. The total phosphorus content of blood of the first crossed wild boars and the second crossed wild boars were higher than domestic swine by 6.19% and 3.80%,respectively.


Papua shoreline has the most extensive area of mangrove in Indonesia. Since this area was rarely studied due to various reasons, the scientific data was difficult to be found. Wondama mangrove, part of Cendrawasih National Park – West Papua, had a promising mangrove forest to be discovered. Preliminary study was carried out in this area to identify how pristine the mangrove area is. The objectives of this study was to analyze mangrove community health and structure. Vegetation structure and canopy coverage data were collected from 107 circular plots included three plot areas (radian: 5 m, 2.5 m and 1 m) which were distributed to determine three plant classes i.e. tree, sapling and seedling, respectively. Present study showed that Wondama mangrove is a pristine mangrove community. It had large size of tree trunk diameter by 19.77± 6.55 cm averagely. Its diameter size affected on low tree density which was less than 1000 tree/ha. Those two parameters were strongly negative-correlated each other.  On the other hand, community canopy was highly covered mangrove area by 82.46±6.43%. Rhizophora has mostly dominated in the forest. Mangrove regeneration in Wondama was excellent referring to density and species composition of sapling-seedling levels.


ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of N-ras oncogene expression in acute myelogenous leukemia(AML).Methods N-ras oncongene in 10 cases of AML were determined using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Results 3/10 cases were the positive expression,the positive rates were 30%;2/3 patients were treated to complete remmision(CR).Their N-ras oncogene change negative,1/3 patients was no remmision(NR),his N-ras oncogene change negative,1/3 patient was no remmision(NR),his N-ras oncogene keeps positive and dead after 4 months.Conclusions Determination of the N-ras oncogene expression in AML has worthy for diagnose and prognosis.


This report reviews the research on embedded real time systems and points out its characteristics.Emphasis is put on the future of Java in development of embedded real time systems.The report on real time extensions to the Java platform from the U.S NIST is introduced and the problems and research directions in the report are discussed in detail.


This article analyses the role of libraries and information professionals in a digital library environment. The major focus for discussion is the availability of improved intellectual access to knowledge sources in a digitised world. The author argues that purposeful knowledge organisation, information filtering, and management skills are mandatory a priori elements that support accessibility and constitute the future roles of information specialists and services. It is argued that the complexity of the digital library infrastructure determines the degree of human involvement. A three-level digital library infrastructure scenario of increasing complexity serves as the framework for the discussion: the stand-alone, the distributed, and the integrated digital library.


It has been suggested that the impressive survival statistics reported for recipients of the impiantabie cardioverter defibriiiator (ICD] might be overstated, since the ICD cannot be credited with improving the survival of the large subset of patients who have not required appropriate shocks. The present analysis was undertaken to assess whether the ICD significantly prolonged the survival of our patients who receive appropriate shocks, assuming that death would have occurred at the time of the first appropriate shock had the ICD not been present.


Developments required to support the space power, SETI, solar system exploration and global services programs are identified. Instrumentation and calibration sensors (rather than scientific) are needed for the space power system. Highly sophisticated receivers for narrowband detection of microwave sensors and sensors for automated stellar cataloging to provide a mapping data base for SETI are needed. Various phases of solar system exploration require large area solid state imaging arrays from UV to IR; a long focal plane telescope; high energy particle detectors; advanced spectrometers; a gravitometer; and atmospheric distanalyzer; sensors for penetrometers; in-situ sensors for surface chemical analysis, life detection, spectroscopic and microscopic analyses of surface soils, and for meteorological measurements. Active and passive multiapplication sensors, advanced multispectral scanners with improved resolution in the UV and IR ranges, and laser techniques for advanced probing and oceanographic characterization will enhance for global services.


plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAls) provides a major regulatory mechanism for the fibrinolytic capacity. In plasma, PAI-l (endothelial-type plasminogen activator inhibitor) is the primary inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase'8 when these plasminogen activators are present at low concentrations. PAI-2 (placental-type PAl) is usually not found in plasma except during pregnancy.9 Other plasma serine protease inhibitors (eg, alpha-2 antiplasmin, antithrombin III, and alpha-2 macroglobulin) have also been described to interact with plasminogen activators.6'#{176}'3 These inhibitors, however, react with tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase with much lower rate constants than PAl- 1 #{149}7�2�3 Although the plasma concentrations of these inhibitors are higher than that of PAl-i,'3 they are thought to play a role for plasminogen activator inhibition only when the concentration of plasminogen activators exceeds the inhibitory capacity of PAl-I.'3 Recently an additional, heparin-dependent inhibitor of urokinase has been demonstrated in plasma and urine's which was designated PAI-3.'5 We have shown that PAI-3 is immunologically identical to the heparin-dependentinhibitor of activated protein C (PCI),'6 originally described by Marlar et


The burden of neurologic disease is substantial and rising worldwide. India is no exception. These illnesses cause prolonged disability and distress for the patient, family and community. Palliative care (PC) is an approach that focuses on providing relief from suffering. Till about two decades ago, PC was largely restricted to oncology but there is now a growing community of healthcare providers and others, working to incorporate the same principles in the care of our patients, through the International Neuropalliative Care Society (INPCS). This paper outlines the evolution of this new subspecialty and the knowledge and skill sets required to practice it. Education and research priorities are important and are also discussed.


1 Summary 1.1 The project The project originally had the following objectives: creation of large-scale grammar resources for 9 languages creation of appropriate documentation (including a Rule Coding Manual) creation of a small MT demonstrator (2 language pairs) These objectives were slightly revised during the mid-term review (see below). The grammars were developed within the Alep framework, a grammar development e n vironment designed to support uniication grammars with typed features. 1.2 The review The nal review was based on demonstrations of analysis modules for 8 of the 9 languages-(Saarbruecken April 25-26 96). (Due to the absence of the French representative and some minor setup problems, it was not possible to demonstrate the French module.) Documentation (Grammar description and Test Results) was supplied for each analysis module.


Effects of chain ends on the dynamics of atactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was studied by the spin-label technique. PMMA's with well-defined molecular weights were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization and selectively labeled at the end or inside sites of the chain with a stable nitroxide radical. The WLF treatment demonstrated that a transition temperature, T5.0mT, at which an extreme separation width was 5.0 mT, reflected the glass transition observed at a frequency of electron spin resonance (ESR). The T5.0mT of the PMMA labeled at the chain end (T5.0mT,e) was ca. 8 K lower than that of the PMMA labeled at the inside sites (T5.0mT,i). From the comparison of some polymers, the difference between the T5.0mT,i and T5.0mT,e of a rigid polymer was found to be larger than that of a flexible polymer. The T5.0mT,i and T5.0mT,e decreased with a decrease in the molecular weight as well as a glass transition temperature determined by calorimetric measurements. This result supports that the T5...


Inviscid linear perturbations to a columnar trailing line vortex are found in the form of centre-modes. These near-neutral modes, occurring at moderate values of the azimuthal wavenumber n, are the analogue of the ring modes for large n discussed by Stewartson & Capell (1985). The appearance and disappearance of these modes as the swirl parameter varies may partly explain the difficulties encountered by numerical analysts in the computation of such modes. In addition, instabilities are found at higher values of the swirl parameter than have previously been reported.


Introduction: There are various methods to evaluate the developmental status of a patient. But still the hand wrist and cervical vertebral maturity remains the standard for the evaluation of skeletal maturity.The aims of this study were to evaluate the association between frontal sinus morphology and cervical vertebral maturation for the assessment of skeletal maturity. Methods: A study was performed on the pretreatment lateral cephalograms of 30 subjects aged 8 to 21 years. The sample was divided into 6 groups based on the cervical vertebral maturation stages. The frontal sinus index was calculated by dividing the frontal sinus height and width, and the cervical stages were evaluated on the same radiograph. The Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to compare frontal sinus index values at different cervical stages, and the post hoc Dunnett T3 test was applied to compare frontal sinus index values between adjacent cervical stages for each sex. A P value of #0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The height and width of the frontal sinus were significantly larger in the male subjects than in the females. A significant association was found between the frontal sinus height and width and cervical stages (P #0.001) in both sexes. Similarly, a weak negative correlation was found between the sinus index and the cervical stages in male subjects), whereas no correlation was found in female subjects. However, the post hoc analysis showed that the values of the sinus index were comparable between any 2 adjacent cervical stages. Conclusions: The frontal sinus index could not differentiate between the pre pubertal, pubertal and postpubertal stages. Therefore, it cannot be used as a reliable maturity indicator.


In this paper, the calculating models and chart models for spliced network planning are analyzed in a systematic way. The concepts of delay tasks and extensive network planning are introduced. Based on these concepts, the calculating models of spliced network planning and the methods of generating and determining network chart with time coordinate for spliced network planning are discussed.


IT has been suggested many times that the hardening of iron and steel on irradiation may result from the interaction of glide dislocations with dispersed clusters of point defects. Two observations of such clusters using the technique of transmission electron microscopy have been reported in the literature1,2. The work reported in this communication was undertaken to determine the crystallography of dislocation loops observed in pure iron.


Two very similar weekly one-penny magazines, The Girl?s Friend and Our Girls , targeting working- and lower middle-class girls in the fifteen-to-twenty age group with their combination of advice columns, fashion pages and melodramatic fiction, offered vicarious excitement and participation in the war to a group of women whose age and sex had placed them on the peripheries of the unfolding drama. The narrative offered to women plays on the sexually charged wartime atmosphere, but contains sexuality safely within romance and marriage. Even while the magazines offer a forum for debate and reflect the conflicting roles presented to young women, ultimately the war narrative they offer is narrowly prescriptive: the ?best boy? reveals his manhood by putting on khaki and the woman?s place in the war is defined through aching heart and hearthside. Keywords: aching heart; best boy; Our Girls ; romance; The Girl?s Friend ; wartime magazines; young women


This theorem has an interesting special case. Take X = E a Kan set, Y = S\E\, B a point, p, h the unique constant maps, / = idEf i the natural inclusion and g the natural retraction. What comes out is the famous Milnor-Lamotke theorem saying E is strong deformation retract of S\E\. Thus we get a new proof of this theorem which in contrast to the original one [4] avoids any reference to J.H.C. Whitehead's theorems.


As described in Chapter 2, an auction is a market mechanism by which buyers make bids and sellers place offers. Auctions are characterized by the competitive and dynamic nature by which the final price is reached. Auctions, an established method of commerce for generations, deal with products and services for which conventional marketing channels are ineffective or inefficient. The Internet provides an infrastructure for executing auctions at lower cost with many more sellers and buyers. Individual consumers and corporations alike can participate in this rapidly growing and very convenient form of electronic commerce. Electronic auctions (e-auctions), auctions conducted online, have been in existence for several years on local area networks (see Section 12.4) and were started on the Internet in 1995. Host sites on the Internet serve as brokers, offering services that enable sellers to post their goods for sale and allow buyers to bid on those items. Although the majority of consumer goods are not suitable for auctions and are best sold through conventional sales techniques (i.e., posted-price retailing), the flexibility offered by online auction trading may offer innovative market processes. For example, instead of searching for products and vendors by visiting sellers' Web sites, a buyer may solicit offers from all potential sellers. Such a buying mechanism is so innovative that it has the potential to be used for almost all types of consumer goods, as will be shown later with the "name-your-own-price" concept. The major characteristic of an auction is that it is based on dynamic pricing. Dynamic pricing refers to a transaction where the price is not fixed. In contrast, catalog prices are fixed, as are prices in department stores, supermarkets, and many other storefronts. There are several types of auctions, each with its own motives and procedures. It is customary to classify dynamic pricing into four major categories depending on how many buyers and sellers are involved, as shown in Exhibit 2A.1 (reproduced from Exhibit 2.8 in the textbook) and described here. Each of these auction types can be done online or off-line.


Cron growing using drip irrigation under plastic membrance is the combination of plastic membrance and drip irrigation technology,it has been made the initial realization of watering,fertilization integrated and controlled,the way of irrigation from traditional flood irrigation turned to be immersion irrigation.Comparing with conventional planting methods,drip irrigation under plastic membrance has more obvious effect on water saving,fertilizer saving,labor saving,field saving,improving quality and increasing production of the corn.Cron growing using drip irrigation under plastic membrance is very suitable to developed in the city of Daqing,because of its climate characteristics and social needs.On the basic of analyzing the principle of water-saving and product increasing,according to the climatic conditions in Daqing,the needs and the effectiveness of the modern agricultural,discussing the necessary for the development of drip irrigation of corn under plastic membrance.Although there are still some problems to resolve,the advantages of drip irrigation is obvious.


Sequential operations of pre‐separation reaction process by picoliter droplets and following electrophoretic separation process were realized in a single microfluidic device with pneumatic handling of liquid. The developed device consists of a fluidic chip made of PDMS, an electrode substrate, and a temperature control substrate on which thin film heater/sensor structures are fabricated. Liquid handling, including introduction of liquid samples, droplet generation, and merging of droplets, was implemented by pneumatic manipulation through microcapillary vent structures, allowing air to pass and stop liquid flow. Since the pneumatic manipulations are conducted in a fully automated manner by using a programmable air pressure control system, the user simply has to load liquid samples on each liquid port of the device. Droplets of 420 pL were generated with an accuracy of ±2 pL by applying droplet generation pressure in the range of 40–100 kPa. As a demonstration, a binding reaction of a 15mer ssDNA with a peptide nucleic acid oligomer used as an oligoprobe followed by denaturing electrophoresis to discriminate a single‐base substitution was performed within 1.5 min. By exploiting the droplet‐on‐demand capability of the device, the influence of various factors, such as reaction time, mixing ratio and droplet configurations on the ssDNA‐peptide nucleic acid binding reaction in the droplet‐based process, was studied toward realization of a rapid detection method to discriminate rapid single‐base substitution.


We proposed a novel automatic approach for tuning automatically different delay in a 7-bit silicon-based optical delay line. The measured results of delay line by automatic tuning are also given and compared with the design values.


In this paper, the effectiveness of the group method of data handling (GMDH) and the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) methods in modelling the fracture parameters of asphalt mixtures were studied. For this aim, the models were investigated on the fracture energy and J-integral results of hot mix asphalt in terms of temperature, RAP content and fibre content. It was found that the fibres have an outstanding effect on the fracture behaviour of asphalt mixtures especially at intermediate and high temperatures and can be considered as an alternative to enhance the fracture resistance of recycled asphalt mixtures. The fracture data of asphalt mixtures can be successfully modelled by the ANFIS method with a high level of correlation. The GMDH was unable to model the J-integral results, however, it had a fair correlation with the results of fracture energy.


This study was conducted in collaboration with the Italian agency CROCEVIA, and its purpose was to determine the population level, geographical distribution, management elements, use and characteristics of Reyna Creole cattle. This breed is present in eleven of the sixteen departments in our country, reaching a total population of 1963 heads, of which 1184 corresponded to pure herd and 779 to cross herd, the departments of Rivas and Boaco have the largest population of pure herd. Systems where this breed is exploited, are mostly double purpose, based on grazing, which in some cases is accompanied by food supplementation during milking, achieving identified 20 different grass species on farms where this breed is exploited. Milk production in the pure herd is obtained by double or single milking, reaching in the first case 4 kg to 5 kg in winter and in summer 5 kg to 6 kg and in one milking 4.5 kg to 5.5 kg in winter and summer respectively. In the herd crossed prevailing a single milking, with production ranging from 4 kg to 11 kg in winter and in summer 3 kg to 13 kg. Racial crosses in which participates Reyna 23 were reported, with the predominance of the half blood and a fourth Reyna, in combination with 6 different races. This breed has 18 attributes and 7 defects identified by producers, having more benefits than flaws.La Calera, Vol.14 No.22, Mayo 2014, pp.38-43


Quality of work Life (QWL) as a managementphilosophy that enhances employee dignity, introduces cultural change andprovides opportunities for growth and development. As a reaction to the extent and rapidity of change, especially technological change, this way of thinking influence the working environment locally and globally. There are many theories talking about the construct of QWL. Rethinam and Ismail (2008) reviewed the meaning of QWL and analyzed the construct of QWL based on models and past research from the perspective of lT professionals in many countries and in Malaysia. The constructs of QWL offered were health and well-being, job security, job satisfaction, competency development, work and non-work life balance. The aim of this survey research is to find out how the QWL among employees in Surabaya based on this construct. Data of total population study (142 respondent) was taken from a company in Surabaya. We hope that ow survey will provide insight into the positives and negatives of working life in Surabaya from the employee perspectives.


Noninvasive determination of plaque vulnerability has been a holy grail of medical imaging. Despite advances in tomographic technologies , there is currently no effective way to identify vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques with high sensitivity and specificity. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are widely used, but neither provides sufficient information of plaque properties. Thus, we are motivated to combine CT and MRI imaging to determine if the composite information can better reflect the histological determination of plaque vulnerability. Two human endarterectomy specimens (1 symptomatic carotid and 1 stable femoral) were imaged using Scanco Medical Viva CT40 and Bruker Pharmascan 16cm 7T Horizontal MRI / MRS systems. μCT scans were done at 55 kVp and tube current of 70 mA. Samples underwent RARE-VTR and MSME pulse sequences to measure T1, T2 values, and proton density. The specimens were processed for histology and scored for vulnerability using the American Heart Association criteria. Single modality-based analyses were performed through segmentation of key imaging biomarkers (i.e. calcification and lumen), image registration, measurement of fibrous capsule, and multi-component T1 and T2 decay modeling. Feature differences were analyzed between the unstable and stable controls, symptomatic carotid and femoral plaque, respectively. By building on the techniques used in this study, synergistic CT+MRI analysis may provide a promising solution for plaque characterization in vivo.


Wideband directional couplers with high isolation are designed for millimeter-wave applications and implemented in two different in-house Si-based technologies processes — Si-benzocyclobutene (Si-BCB) process and LIGA-like process (lithography, electroplating, and molding). Two 3D tandem directional couplers for millimeter-wave/THz applications have been constructed using the Si-BCB process. The coupling and isolation of tandem coupler have been analyzed from circuit topology. A branch-line coupler is also constructed using the LIGA-like process. The electrical characteristics of these couplers have been simulated in 3D simulator. By comparing the results, the proposed Si-BCB process is noted to provide flexibilities in both the design and implementation of passive components.


In the present pilot study we aimed to investigate their cytotoxicity to cellular membranes of red blood cells (RBC) monitoring the degree of hemolysis induced by different bile acids. The methodology of this study is based on spectrophotometric follow up of hemolysis after the addition of a small volume of RBC into a large excess of a defined isoosmotic solution (pH 7,5) containing bile acids. Sodium salts of cholic (CA), chenodeoxycholic (CDCA), deoxycholic (DCA) and lithocholic (LCA) acids were added in concentrations of 50, 250, 500 and 1000 mol/l to isoosmotic solution containing RBC. The results showed that LCA and CDCA were the most damaging to RBC provoking hemolysis in the range of 83,6-2781,6 mg/l and 133,8-1170,4 mg/l respectively. CA induced moderate hemolysis (41,8-585,7 mg/l), and DCA showed the lowest degree of hemolysis (50,2-334,4 mg/l). The hemolytic potency of bile acid proved to be dose-related. The correlation between the hemolysis and individual bile acid concentration was high (CA 0,975, CDCA 0,988, DCA 0,970, LCA 0,984), and statistically significant (P<0,05). These results imply that the presence of bile acids can cause damage of cell membrane that might explain complex pathogenesis of several clinical disorders that appear during cholestasis.


Do you covet that holiday feeling, holidays in villas in Puerto Pollensa, Mallorca, offer a touch of old world charm .


Cross-fertilization of international law entails interaction of norms in international law and can occur in the context of interaction between different sources of law; different branches of international law or different subject-matter areas; and interaction between a treaty norm belonging to a one area of international law and a customary norm arising from another area of international law. There are different avenues for cross-fertilization of international law: it can result from the application of Art. 31 (3) (c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT)1 in the process of interpreting a particular treaty, from the application of other rules of international law together with a particular treaty or from reference to the jurisprudence of other international courts or tribunals by adhering to the approach adopted in this jurisprudence.
This article examines the question of cross-fertilization of international law in the context of the jurisprudence of the courts and tribunals operating within the dispute settlement system established under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter 'UNCLOS' or 'Convention').2 It will demonstrate how these adjudicatory bodies have employed Art. 31 (3) (c) VCLT, Art. 293 UNCLOS which explicitly enables them to apply other rules of international law not incompatible with the Convention, and the international jurisprudence in order to interpret and apply the UNCLOS while situating it the broader context of international law. Note will be taken of UNCLOS provisions incorporating or referring to other rules of international law which also contribute to the cross-fertilization of international law.