An orbital-symmetry analysis (OCAMS) of the dimerization of C60 to its stable (D2h) dimer 1 indicates that the reaction cannot proceed along a totally symmetric pathway but that the reaction-path symmetry must be reduced at least to C2h. Similarly, one-step conversion of 1 to its isomer 3 (also D2h), which has been proposed as an intermediate for the intercalation of helium atoms into C60, is also limited to a C2h pathway. As neither of these pathways is geometrically appropriate, it is predicted that both reactions proceed stepwise. Semi-empirical computations (AM1/UHF) confirmed this prediction: in the dimerization, a transoid singlet biradical (2) is formed, and then closes readily to 1 after rotation about its newly formed bond. An intermediate (4) of C2v symmetry is detected along the pathway for isomerization of 1 to 3. THERMO computations (AM1/RHF) indicated that both dimers should be in thermal equilibrium with C60 at moderate temperatures, but that their equilibrium concentrations in the gas phase would be exceedingly small under thermally accessible conditions. The limitations of the computational method employed and their bearing on the reliability of the results are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In the paper a general approach to identification of non-linear autoregression processes in the class of parametric and non-parametric mathematical models is formulated. With the help of mathematical simulation the estimates of the processes of this class are studied: a nuclear estimate, an estimate of least squares projective estimates. Some statistical properties of these estimates are indicated.


Health monitoring and fault detection are becoming more and more important in electrical machine systems due to the increasing demand for reliability. Winding turn fault is a common fault in permanent magnet (PM) machines, which can cause severe damages and requires prompt detection and mitigation. High resistance connection fault, which results in phase asymmetry may also occur but does not require immediate shutdown. Thus, apart from the fault detection, the classification between the two faults is also required. In this paper, a new technique for detecting and classifying turn fault and HRC fault by utilizing both the high and low frequency components of the zero sequence voltage is proposed with the enhanced sensitivity. The dependence on the operating conditions is minimized with the proposed fault indicators. The effectiveness of fault detection and classification has been verified by extensive experimental tests on a triple redundant fault tolerant PM assisted synchronous reluctance machine. The robustness of the turn fault detection in transient states and under no load conditions has also been demonstrated.


Student Project Work 1966/1967/1968—Extended summaries of projects carried out in Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering. Loughborough University of Technology. 1967/1968. 99 pp and 155 pp. Techno-Economic Aspects of Hovercraft. Paper presented at United Nations Seminar on Technical Economic and Operational Aspects of Inland Water-borne Transport, Leningrad, 7th-28th September 1968. M. S. Igglesden. NPL Hovercraft Unit, Report 6, 1969. 42 pp. Illustrated. The Testing of Internal Combustion Engines. A. B. Greene and G. G. Lucas. The English Universities Press, 1969. 164 pp. Illustrated. £1. To be reviewed.


In this paper we present a procedure for the calibration of SAR data devoted to extract physical information from Cosmo-Skymed images. The main purpose is the extraction of land cover indexes for hydrology applications. The calibration procedure was implemented in a rural context in Burkina Faso, where along with the technical challenges we faced socio-economic problems. A set of handmade trihedral corner reflectors were deployed and their response measured from SAR images. The results were used for calibration of an erosion product.


The genomic DNA of Dalbergia odorifera T.Chen was isolated by improved CTAB method.Four DNA samples were used as templates.Two hundred and fifty-six pairs of SRAP primers were screened.Twenty-five pairs of primers were screened out and used as the core primers for SRAP marker in Dalbergia odorifera because the amplifications of them showed clear bands by agarose gel electrophoresis and had more polymorphisms.This work could supply guidance for further SRAP analysis of Dalbergia odorifera.


From the Publisher:
Data access technology has come a long way in the past decade. The introduction of Microsoft Access was a major step forward, followed by the giant leaps represented by ADO and now by ADO.NET.
ADO and ADO.NET Programming will help you use both APIs to write data access code that works perfectly, irrespective of the data source or front end. You'll learn to enlist ADO techniques in support of legacy systems, as well as in other scenarios where ADO is simply the better choice. And you'll master the special capabilities of ADO.NET, such as support for XML and disconnected data, that promise to make it the dominant data access API for years to come. Simple data retrieval and updating is only the beginning. Advanced topics include schema modification, data synchronization, and multidimensional aggregation.
There's more to ADO and ADO.NET than universal connectivity, of course. This book offers detailed coverage of source-specific and client-specific functionality, helping you tap into features unique to SQL Server, Oracle, and Jet, on the one hand, and Visual Basic, Access, and Excel, on the other hand. You also get a practical introduction to the .NET Framework and appendices covering major object models and the SQL and MDX query languages on CD.
The enclosed CD contains all the book's sample code-both ADO code written in Visual Basic 6 and ADO.NET code written in Visual Basic .NET. These examples vividly illustrate the book's techniques and allow you to test their effectiveness and sharpen your own coding skills.
About the Authors
Mike Gunderloy has worked with every Microsoft data access technology, from the release of Access 1.1 right through ADO.NET. He'san independent consultant and frequent author on database topics. His other Sybex books include the Access 2002 Desktop and Enterprise Developer's Handbooks (with Paul Litwin and Ken Getz), SQL Server Developer's Guide to OLAP with Analysis Services, Visual Basic Developer's Guide to ADO, and Mastering SQL Server 2000. Mike lives on a farm in eastern Washington, where he raises chickens, llamas, and peacocks when he's not wrestling with new software releases.


Simple Summary Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae have a high potential to convert organic waste into high-value products. However, the growth performance, waste reduction efficiency, and chemical composition of BSF larvae are greatly influenced by the rearing substrate. This study focused on investigating the growth performance, waste reduction efficiency, and nutritional composition of BSF larvae reared on different ratios of coconut endosperm (C) and soybean curd residue (S), with or without supplementation, compared to standard diets (Gainesville: G and starter chicken diet: CK). The results showed that BSF larvae fed CK has the highest larval weight, followed by those fed coconut endosperm and soybean curd residue at a ratio of 20:80 (C20S80), and coconut endosperm and soybean curd residue at a ratio of 50:50 (C50S50) without supplementation. The greatest waste reduction efficiency was observed in the G, C50S50, and C20S80 groups without supplementation. The highest crude protein content in larvae was presented in the G and C20S80 groups followed by the CK and C50S50 groups. Therefore, equal proportions of C and S without supplementation is likely the best formulation for growth performance, waste reduction efficiency, and nutritional composition of BSF larvae when compared with standard diets. Abstract Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae are considered as insects with a high potential to convert organic waste into high-value products. The objective of this study was to investigate the growth performance, waste reduction efficiency, and nutritional composition of BSF reared on different ratios of coconut endosperm (C) and soybean curd residue (S), with or without supplementation, compared to standard diets (Gainesville: G and starter chicken diet: CK). Seven-day-old larvae were randomly divided into eight experimental groups (G, CK, and three different ratios of C and S with or without supplementation) with three replicates with an equal weight of larvae. The supplement contained calcium, phosphorus, amino acids, and a mineral–vitamin premix which was formulated to correlate with CK. Each replicate was terminated, measured, and evaluated when 40% of larvae had reached prepupal stage. The highest larval weight gain was presented in BSF fed CK, followed by those fed coconut endosperm and soybean curd residue at a ratio of 20:80 (C20S80), and coconut endosperm and soybean curd residue at a ratio of 50:50 (C50S50) without supplementation (numbers after C and S represent their percentage in the formulation; p < 0.001). Harvesting was delayed in the BSF fed C80S20 with and without supplementation (p < 0.001). The number of total larvae and prepupae was not significantly different between groups (p > 0.05). The greatest waste reduction efficiency was observed in the G, C50S50, and C20S80 groups without supplementation (p < 0.001). All groups with supplementation had a higher proportion of ash in both larvae and prepupae compared to non-supplemented groups (p < 0.001), but lower growth performance. The highest percentage of crude protein in larvae was presented in the Gainesville and C20S80 groups followed by the CK and C50S50 groups (p < 0.001). Equal proportions of C and S without supplementation are suggested as a rearing substrate. However, growth performance was lower than for CK; therefore, further studies could investigate cost-efficient techniques to promote this parameter.


Recent developments in the military domain introduce the need to detect and track hypersonic glide vehicles in Earth's atmosphere. The Multispectral Object Sensing by Artificial Intelligence-processed Cameras (MOSAIC) experiment is part of the small-satellite ATHENE-1 of the Universit¨at der Bundeswehr M¨unchen. The primary scientific objective of MOSAIC is to demonstrate reliable detection, identification and tracking of hypersonic glide vehicles using primarily a cooled infrared camera and complementary a visual camera. To cope with a large amount of data from both high-resolution cameras in real-time, state-of-the-art computer vision on-board processing methods are used for detection and tracking. The secondary scientific objective is to investigate the efficiency and reliability of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based image processing algorithms and data compression for space applications. This is of particular importance given the high volumes and rates of data. The application of such algorithms requires a reliable and resource-efficient On-Board Computer (OBC) that can withstand the harsh space environment. The approach outlined in this paper envisions a dedicated OBC to manage the AI-based experiments of the satellite, called the Artificial Intelligence capable On-Board Computer (AI-OBC). The AI-OBC includes multiple hardware-based AI accelerators to meet the computational requirements and ensure real-time processing for object detection and tracking. This paper describes the structure of the data processing pipeline and includes the AI-OBC architecture with its connections to both the cameras and the platform's OBC. Further, the study discusses the training and validation steps of the intended use-cases.


In this paper we discuss the development of an experimental testbed for research in intelligent robotic systems. Our system, an air hockey playing robot, consists of a direct drive robot arm, DSP controller, DataCube vision system, CCD camera and air table, is an excellent vehicle to facilitate our research in the integration of machine learning with nonlinear and adaptive control theory and real-time visual servoing. As a first application we present a new result on adaptive visual servoing with online calibration for this system.


Determination of the amount of alcohol in the blood has now become an important feature in the medicolegal diagnosis of intoxication. It is usually impossible, however, to obtain blood for direct analysis; if it is obtained, the findings may be excluded as evidence in court. 1 Consequently an indirect determination of the concentration is now often made from saliva, from lung air and especially from urine. 2 The use of the urine has some practical advantages. Under properly controlled conditions—but only under such conditions—the concentration of alcohol in the urine is an accurate index of the concentration of alcohol present in the blood at the time the urine is obtained. As the test is now often carried out by or for the police, serious discrepancies may occasionally occur, and the concentration of alcohol in the urine may differ widely from that in the blood. Consequently this testimony may jeopardize the


In 1992 David Nussbaum with the support of the law firm Graubard Miller devised the formula of the specified purpose acquisition companies (SPAC): a financial vehicle that has the flexibility and functionality typical of the blank-check companies, which could provide investors with the right protections and guarantees in order to be a reliable instrument. The first SPAC officially debuted in 2003 through the Initial Public Offering (IPO) of Millstream Acquisition Corporation which then completed the merger with Nations Health in September 2004. In 2005 the first SPAC got listed in European Market and in 2011 the first SPAC joined in the Italian market.
The aim of this research is to investigate the features of the Italian SPACs System because it's becoming a large phenomenon in Italy. This new type of investment is able to fit the needs of small-medium Italian companies, to solve crisis difficulties, to find new finance to grow, to be a good instrument for opening up venture capital and institutional investors respecting the past business history and the safeguard of corporate control. The study, then, performs an analysis on the Italian SPACs by examining their target firms, stock performance before and after the business combination and the impact of the SPACs on SME corporate governance models. These results will be compared with those of other research developed by academic literature.


The background of the creation of this work is the introduction of the nuno felting technique to farmers and craftsmen in the village of Bomerto, Wonosobo to utilize the wool of the Wonosobo Sheep which is exported abroad. This happens because Indonesia has not been able to process wool into a work that has high value and is useful for society. From these problems, it is possible to create new works that will add value to the renewal to encourage the development of textile technology and as another alternative in processing Wonosobo Sheep's wool with the nuno felting technique. The problem in this design is how to apply the nuno felting technique to Wonosobo Sheep wool and organza silk which can be realized in the form of a scarf with geometric motifs. In solving this design problem strategy using Gustami's theory, namely by way of exploration, design, and embodiment by considering aspects of observation, visual studies, product comparisons and the trial phase. The result of this design is a scarf product with the nuno felting technique in the form of 7 designs and 2 scarf products measuring 140 x 50cm. It is hoped that the Nuno felting technique can create functional products and look to the government to advance the creative economy in society.


A lotion for treating acne is prepared from 7 raw materials including alcohol, chloromycetin, VB6, glycerine, sulfur powder, etc. Its advantage is radical treatment.


There has recently been a surge of interest in thin SOI-based integrated optics, where the silicon guiding layer is less than a micrometer thick.1,2


Mould level Fluctuation is one of the common problems in continuous casting of Slab. Some fluctuations in the smaller range are inevitable and are generally allowed if they are within standard tolerance limits . But Some fluctuations are of bigger range and are beyond tolerance limits and are not allowed , which if allowed would have impact on the quality of cast product . These restrictions drive any Metallurgist to trace the root cause for this bigger range of fluctuations. We as Metallurgists in the quest to trace cause had also used an innovative approach to identify the cause for MLF using Fast Fourier transform of drives currents and MLF. Some more probable reasons were analysed in detail and is proposed and presented in this paper. Keywords-Mould level fluctuation, Clogging, MLF, Stopper mechanism, Level sensor.


The monograph reflects the problems of Russian psycholinguistics from the moment of its inception in Russia to the present day and presents its main directions that are currently developing. In addition, theoretical developments and practical results obtained in the framework of different directions and research centers are described in a concise form. The task of the book is to reflect, as far as it is possible in one edition, firstly, the history of the formation of Russian psycholinguistics; secondly, its methodology and developed methods; thirdly, the results obtained in different research centers and directions in different regions of Russia; fourthly, to outline the main directions of the further development of Russian psycholinguistics. There is no doubt that in the theoretical, methodological and applied aspects, the main problems and the results of their development by Russian psycholinguistics have no analogues in world linguistics and psycholinguistics, or are represented by completely original concepts and methods. We have tried to show this uniqueness of the problematics and the methodological equipment of Russian psycholinguistics in this book. The main role in the formation of Russian psycholinguistics was played by the Moscow psycholinguistic school of A.A. Leontyev. It still defines the main directions of Russian psycholinguistics. Russian psycholinguistics (the theory of speech activity - TSA) is based on the achievements of Russian psychology: a cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena L.S. Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontyev. Moscow is the most "psycholinguistic region" of Russia - INL RAS, Moscow State University, Moscow State Linguistic University, RUDN, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Sechenov University, Moscow State University and other Moscow universities. Saint Petersburg psycholinguists have significant achievements, especially in the study of neurolinguistic problems, ontolinguistics. The most important feature of Russian psycholinguistics is the widespread development of psycholinguistics in the regions, the emergence of recognized psycholinguistic research centers - St. Petersburg, Tver, Saratov, Perm, Ufa, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Voronezh, Yekaterinburg, Kursk, Chelyabinsk; psycholinguistics is represented in Cherepovets, Ivanovo, Volgograd, Vyatka, Kaluga, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Vladivostok, Abakan, Maikop, Barnaul, Ulan-Ude, Yakutsk, Syktyvkar, Armavir and other cities; in Belarus - Minsk, in Ukraine - Lvov, Chernivtsi, Kharkov, in the DPR - Donetsk, in Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, Chimkent. Our researchers work in Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, China, France, Switzerland. There are Russian psycholinguists in Canada, USA, Israel, Austria and a number of other countries. All scientists from these regions and countries have contributed to the development of Russian psycholinguistics, to the development of psycholinguistic theory and methods of psycholinguistic research. Their participation has not been forgotten. We tried to present the main Russian psycholinguists in the Appendix - in the sections "Scientometrics", "Monographs and Manuals" and "Dissertations", even if there is no information about them in the Electronic Library and RSCI. The principles of including scientists in the scientometric list are presented in the Appendix. Our analysis of the content of the resulting monograph on psycholinguistic research in Russia allows us to draw preliminary conclusions about some of the distinctive features of Russian psycholinguistics: 1. cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena of L.S.Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontiev as methodological basis of Russian psycholinguistics; 2. theoretical nature of psycholinguistic research as a characteristic feature of Russian psycholinguistics. Our psycholinguistics has always built a general theory of the generation and perception of speech, mental vocabulary, linked specific research with the problems of ontogenesis, the relationship between language and thinking; 3. psycholinguistic studies of speech communication as an important subject of psycholinguistics; 4. attention to the psycholinguistic analysis of the text and the development of methods for such analysis; 5. active research into the ontogenesis of linguistic ability; 6. investigation of linguistic consciousness as one of the important subjects of psycholinguistics; 7. understanding the need to create associative dictionaries of different types as the most important practical task of psycholinguistics; 8. widespread use of psycholinguistic methods for applied purposes, active development of applied psycholinguistics. The review of the main directions of development of Russian psycholinguistics, carried out in this monograph, clearly shows that the direction associated with the study of linguistic consciousness is currently being most intensively developed in modern Russian psycholinguistics. As the practice of many years of psycholinguistic research in our country shows, the subject of study of psycholinguists is precisely linguistic consciousness - this is a part of human consciousness that is responsible for generating, understanding speech and keeping language in consciousness. Associative experiments are the core of most psycholinguistic techniques and are important both theoretically and practically. The following main areas of practical application of the results of associative experiments can be outlined. 1. Education. Associative experiments are the basis for constructing Mind Maps, one of the most promising tools for systematizing knowledge, assessing the quality, volume and nature of declarative knowledge (and using special techniques and skills). Methods based on smart maps are already widely used in teaching foreign languages, fast and deep immersion in various subject areas. 2. Information search, search optimization. The results of associative experiments can significantly improve the quality of information retrieval, its efficiency, as well as adaptability for a specific person (social group). When promoting sites (promoting them in search results), an associative experiment allows you to increase and improve the quality of the audience reached. 3. Translation studies, translation automation. An associative experiment can significantly improve the quality of translation, take into account intercultural and other social characteristics of native speakers. 4. Computational linguistics and automatic word processing. The results of associative experiments make it possible to reveal the features of a person's linguistic consciousness and contribute to the development of automatic text processing systems in a wide range of applications of natural language interfaces of computer programs and robotic solutions. 5. Advertising. The use of data on associations for specific words, slogans and texts allows you to predict and improve advertising texts. 6. Social relationships. The analysis of texts using the data of associative experiments makes it possible to assess the tonality of messages (negative / positive moods, aggression and other characteristics) based on user comments on the Internet and social networks, in the press in various projections (by individuals, events, organizations, etc.) from various social angles, to diagnose the formation of extremist ideas. 7. Content control and protection of personal data. Associative experiments improve the quality of content detection and filtering by identifying associative fields in areas subject to age restrictions, personal information, tobacco and alcohol advertising, incitement to ethnic hatred, etc. 8. Gender and individual differences. The data of associative experiments can be used to compare the reactions (and, in general, other features of thinking) between men and women, different social and age groups, representatives of different regions. The directions for the further development of Russian psycholinguistics from the standpoint of the current state of psycholinguistic science in the country are seen by us, first of all:  in the development of research in various areas of linguistic consciousness, which will contribute to the development of an important concept of speech as a verbal model of non-linguistic consciousness, in which knowledge revealed by social practice and assigned by each member of society during its inculturation is consolidated for society and on its behalf;  in the expansion of the problematics, which is formed under the influence of the growing intercultural communication in the world community, which inevitably involves the speech behavior of natural and artificial bilinguals in the new object area of psycholinguistics;  in using the capabilities of national linguistic corpora in the interests of researchers studying the functioning of non-linguistic and linguistic consciousness in speech processes;  in expanding research on the semantic perception of multimodal texts, the scope of which has greatly expanded in connection with the spread of the Internet as a means of communication in the life of modern society;  in the inclusion of the problems of professional communication and professional activity in the object area of psycholinguistics in connection with the introduction of information technologies into public practice, entailing the emergence of new professions and new features of the professional ethos;  in the further development of the theory of the mental lexicon (identifying the role of different types of knowledge in its formation and functioning, the role of the word as a unit of the mental lexicon in the formation of the image of the world, as well as the role of the natural / internal metalanguage and its specificity in speech activity);  in the broad development of associative lexicography, which will meet the most diverse needs of society and cognitive scie


Dealing with non-proportional hazards is increasingly common nowadays when designing confirmatory clinical trials in oncology. Under these circumstances, the hazard ratio may not be the best statistical measurement of treatment effect, and nor is log-rank test since it will no longer be the most powerful statistical test. Possible alternatives include the restricted mean survival time (RMST), that does not rely on the proportional hazards assumption and is clinically interpretable, and the weighted log-rank test, which is proven to outperform the log-rank test in delayed effects settings. We conduct simulations to evaluate the performance and operating characteristics of the RMST-based inference and compared to the log-rank test and weighted log-rank test with parameter values $(\rho=0, \gamma=1)$, as well as their linked hazard ratios. The weighted log-rank test is generally the most powerful test in a delayed effects setting, and RMST-based tests have, under certain conditions, better performance than the log-rank test when the truncation time is reasonably close to the tail of the observed curves. In terms of treatment effect quantification, the hazard ratio linked to the weighted log-rank test is able to capture the maximal treatment difference and provides a valuable summary of the treatment effect in delayed effect settings. Hence, we recommend the inclusion of the hazard ratio linked to the weighted log-rank test among the measurements of treatment effect in settings where there is suspicion of substantial departure from the proportional hazards assumption.


Surgical husbandry practices carried out on farm animals in many management systems are: castration, docking, disbudding, dehorning, spaying, ear notching, ear tagging, brandinghot, branding-freeze, mulesing, teeth grinding, teeth clipping, tusk grinding, nose ringing, tail nicking, beak trimming. The management of farm animals is based on the ability to control them and many aspects of their environments.


Since its very beginning,the Communist Party of China took social reform as a mission,and integrated it into revolutionary mobilization in its later revolution practice.In the Jinggangshan Struggle period,CPC undertook widespread social construction practices on basis of its authority power.Though the practices was only partly success due to the regional condition and war situation limits,they made a prelude to the Party's later social reform and shed lights on its social construction in later revolution and construction periods.


A variety of existence and uniqueness theorems for the current flows in infinite electrical networks have been previously established, but there is virtually no information on how to compute those current flows under the practical requirement that the power dissipated and energy stored in the network be finite. This problem is addressed herein. It is shown that the characteristic-impedance method of analyzing lumped transmission lines can be adapted to semi-infinite half-plane resistive grids and to three-dimensional half-space resistive grids. The method yields the one and only current flow within the grid for which the total power dissipation is finite. It also yields a practical procedure for computing the currents and voltages in the grid. That procedure is remarkably efficient and uses very little computer time. Moreover, semi-infinite grids whose branch impedances are positive real functions can also be analyzed in a similar way. This allows the computation of transient behavior in the presence of e...


The objective of the study was to recommend the cheap, efficient time and genomic DNA extraction method for the underexploited fruit crop carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.). Based on the quality of genomic DNA determined by the ratio of A260/A280 and the amplifiable quality of DNA determined by the horizontal agarose gel electrophoresis using 1% agarose in TBE buffer at constant voltage of 60V, the modified CTAB methods yielded good quality DNA having OD (260/280) ratio of 1.52 having concentration of DNA 0.94 (μg/μl) as compared to Doyle & Doyle method OD (260/280) ratio of 1.45 having DNA concentration 0.68 (μg/μl) and the time requirement for this two DNA methods are almost same. Therefore, CTAB method could be recommended for the efficient DNA extraction method for this minor fruit crop for exploitation of superior genotype using molecular marker in the future.


Artificial intelligence (AI) is a broad field of computer science that focuses on designing smart machines capable of performing tasks typically requiring human intelligence. Despite the fact that security solutions are growing progressively modern and stable, cyberattacks are still evolving and are at their extreme. The main reason is that conventional methods of malware detection fail. Cyber attackers are actively developing new ways to prevent defence programmes from infecting malware networks and servers. Most anti-malware and antivirus applications currently use signature-based detection to identify attacks, which is unsuccessful in detecting new threats. This is where Artificial Intelligence is most handy. The standardised models for threatened hunting and performance quantification from the start of hazard hunting to the end still allow methodological rigour and completeness to be studied remain undefined. The organised practise of hazard hunts seeks to disclose the presence of TTP in the field of detection that has not already been detected. In this study, a realistic and comprehensive model is outlined to detect attackers in six stages: aim, scale, equipment, planning, execution and input. This study describes Threat Hunting in an ecosystem as the constructive, analyst-driven scanning mechanism for attackers TTP. The model has been checked for real-world data sets using a variety of threats. The effectiveness and practicality of this research have been shown with and without a blueprint through danger hunts. In addition, the article presents an analysis of the concept of threat hunting based on data from Ukrainian electricity grid attacks in an online environment to highlight the effects of this model on threat hunting in a simulated environment. The findings of this analysis include an effective and repetitive way to search for and quantify honesty, coverage and rigour.


(54) HIGH THROUGHPUT CELL-BASED HPV 5,307,207 A 4, 1994 Ichihara MMUNOASSAYS FOR DIAGNOSS AND 3. s: A 5. 3. St. et al SCREENING OF HPVASSOCATED 5,357.365 A 10/1994 This CANCERS 5,401,627 A 3/1995 Dillner et al. 5,415,995 A 5/1995 Schoolnik et al. (75) Inventor: Shuling Cheng, Fremont, CA (US) 5.453,814 A 9/1995 Aiyer 5,561,081 A 10, 1996 Takenouchi et al. (73) Assignee: Oncohealth Corp., Mountain View, CA 5,591,574 A 1, 1997 Orth et al. (US) 5,610,733. A 3, 1997 Feldman et al. 5,621,529 A 4/1997 Gordon et al. 5,629,161 A 5/1997 Muller et al. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 5,662.410 A 9/1997 Suganuma patent is extended or adjusted under 35 5,665.535 A 9, 1997 Orth et al. U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. 5,679,509 A 10, 1997 Wheeler et al. 5,695,770 A 12/1997 Raychaudhuri et al. This patent is Subject to a terminal dis5,699,191. A 12/1997 Fork claimer. 5,754.278 A 5/1998 Kurtz 5,876,723 A 3, 1999 Cole et al. 5,888,888 A 3, 1999 Talwar et al. (21) Appl. No.: 13/520,021 5,914.389. A 6/1999 Huibregtse et al.


This paper analyses the development and update of the Office Automation System. Then this paper introduces the application-integration oriented OA,its framework and the relation of it and the informationalization DNA model. It expounds that the Application-Integration Oriented OA is the trend of the OAS.


Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) eliminate the need for pre-existing infrastructure by relying on the nodes to perform all network services. The connectivity between the nodes is sporadic due to the shared, error-prone wireless medium and frequent route failures caused by node mobility. Fully self-organized MANETs are created solely by the end-users for a common purpose in an ad hoc fashion. Forming peer-to-peer security associations in MANETs is more challenging than in conventional networks due to the lack of central authority. This thesis is mainly concerned with peer-to-peer key management in fully self-organized MANETs. A key management protocol's primary function is to bootstrap and maintain the security associations in the network, hence to create, distribute and revocate (symmetric or asymmetric) keying material as needed by the network security services. The fully self-organized feature means that the key management protocol cannot rely on any form of off-line or on-line trusted third party (TTP). The first part of the thesis gives an introduction to MANETs and highlights MANETs' main characteristics and applications. The thesis follows with an overall perspective on the security issues in MANETs and motivates the importance of solving the key management problem in MANETs. The second part gives a comprehensive survey on the existing key management protocols in MANETs. The protocols are subdivided into groups based on their main characteristic or design strategy. Discussion and comments are provided on the strategy of each group. The discussions give insight into the state of the art and show researchers the way forward.


Preface 1. Introduction 2. Macromolecular stability 3. Lattice dynamics 4. Effective phonon theory 5. Premelting disrupted chemical bonds 6. Co-operative melting 7. Strained chemical bonds: salt and pressure effects 8. Bond disruption and conformation change: B to Z confirmation change in DNA 9. Hydration effects: structural water 10. Helix with daunomycin intercalated: increased helix stability and daunomycin-DNA bonding constant 11. Non repeating DNA 12. Cutting and splicing: junctions, inserts and the replicating fork 13. Interaction between a helix and a single attached molecule 14. Energy considerations in bond opening Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3. Index


SORL1 loss of function is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk through increased Aβ peptide secretion. We expressed 10 maturation-defective rare missense SORL1 variants in HEK cells and showed that decreasing growing temperature led to a significant increase in the maturation of the encoded protein SorLA for 6/10. In edited hiPSC carrying two of these variants, maturation of the protein was restored partially by decreasing the culture temperature and was associated with concomitant decrease in Aβ secretion. Correcting SorLA maturation in the context of maturation-defective missense variants could thus be a relevant strategy to improve SorLA protective function against AD.


In this study, nonlinear vibrations of simply-supported pipes conveying fluid made of multilayer graphene reinforced composite materials have been investigated analytically and based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. The constituent layers of the pipe wall thickness are considered to be made of polymer and graphene platelets and the reinforcing graphene platelets are varied by layers in the pipe wall thickness direction. Four different patterns for distribution of reinforcing graphene platelets, large deformations and Von-Karman nonlinear strain field are considered. The nonlinear governing equations are derived by Hamilton principle, they are converted to the ordinary differential equations by Galerkin method and then are solved analytically using the homotopy analysis method. The variations of the first nonlinear natural frequency of the system with respect to the variation of initial amplitude, fluid velocity, fluid density, pipe length and also time response of the nonlinear vibrations of the system are presented for different distribution patterns V, X, O and U of the graphene platelets. The results show that the first nonlinear natural frequency of the system for all distribution patterns of graphene platelets is decreased by increase of pipe length, fluid velocity and density but, increasing the initial amplitude increases the first nonlinear natural frequency and also the distribution pattern V has the highest nonlinear frequency comparing with the other distribution patterns.


The spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa over the last two decades has seriously impaired the continent's health care services and overall welfare. Unlike other African nations, however, Uganda developed and implemented a unique approach to combating this problem, reducing HIV/AIDS infection rates from 18.5% in 1995 to 6.1% in 2000. In response to the AIDS pandemic, national policies were developed for an Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) strategy. This strategy provides goals for the dissemination of information from numerous partners of multisectoral organizations including government at all levels, non-governmental organizations, including those that are faith-based, bilateral and multilateral agencies, and others. This paper presents a case study of two organizations in the Rakai District of southwestern Uganda whose goal is to provide information and education, research, and services to communities with a large HIV/AIDS population. The Rakai Project and World Vision have contributed toward the establishment of a community network that interfaces with the District government in order to facilitate the flow of both internal and external information to the organizations. This provides a conduit for current information to reach those most affected, which is believed to be one factor in the overall success of Ugandan HIV/AIDS intervention policy.


Modern chemotherapies used in cancer treatment often involve the systemic administration of toxic molecules, of which usually a tiny fraction reaches the tumor. To increase the efficacy of these treatments while significantly reducing their secondary effects, a solution consists in magnetically guiding therapeutic agents in the vascular network, from an injection point directly towards the diseased site. This can be accomplished by applying controlled combinations of magnetic fields and gradients on the agents, which are then subjected to propulsive directional forces that can be used to steer them through the desired arterial bifurcations. For the navigation of micro-agents, this approach requires both a strong magnetic field and high gradients. The field strength is required to magnetize the agents and is ideally high enough to bring them at saturation magnetization. The gradients (spatial variations of the field) can then induce magnetic propulsion forces, but must reach a certain magnitude so that these forces are sufficient. Because of current technological limitations, it is challenging to meet both criteria for the navigation of micro-agents at the human scale. In deep tissues, current methods are in fact usually limited to <0.1T fields and <400mT/m gradients, or can provide the field to reach saturation magnetization but at the expense of weak gradients (e.g. <100mT/m or typically <40mT/m). In this research project, a new method dubbed Dipole Field Navigation (DFN) is proposed and studied to overcome the limitations of existing magnetic navigation methods for guiding micro-agents. Unlike other methods, DFN can provide both a strong magnetic field and high gradients in deep tissues for whole-body interventions. This is achieved by precisely positioning ferromagnetic cores around the patient inside a clinical magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Conventional scanners generate a strong magnetic field, typically of 1.5-3T, which is sufficient to bring the agents at saturation magnetization. The ferromagnetic cores distort the scanner's field such that gradients exceeding 400mT/m can be generated at a 10 cm depth inside the patient. Due to the complex distortion patterns around the cores, it is theoretically possible to induce, to a certain extent, the magnetic forces required for navigating agents along predefined vascular routes. The parameterization of core configurations, in which the required number of cores is a priori unknown, is however complex and must be performed according to the specific vasculature of a given patient. Several constraints related to the MRI environment must also be considered, such as the limited space inside the scanner. Therefore, models and optimization algorithms


The claim that modern historical consciousness is peculiarly reflexive has been raised to prominence in recent years by Reinhart Koselleck, pioneer of Begriffsgeschichte, by the discourse analysis of the French School, Foucault, Derrida and Leotard, and by the work of the Cambridge contextual historians, John Pocock, Quentin Skinner and their students. Indeed it seems to be implicit in the claims made across many academic fields that the transitions from pre-modernity to modernity and post-modernity constitute a series of historical breaks. This diverse constellation of thinkers belongs to the world post-Nietzsche and post-Wittgenstein, which gives priority to 'life' and the 'lived experience' over theory and scholastic history (or historicism). Hence the importance of Begriffsgeschichte and contextual history as an empirical investigation of concepts in context.


In this paper, we present a navigation function based approach for docking onto a moving submarine. Docking of a AUV is a difficult problem due to currents and the presence of no fly zones around the submarine. The navigation function approach provides an integration of no-fly zones into the controller and determines the desired heading taking the kinematic constraints of the AUV into account. Simulations are presented to validate the navigation functions based docking solution.


Successful Department of Defense (DoD) acquisition programs that have gone through several design iterations can sometimes offer limited opportunities for significant Human Systems Integration (HSI) design influence. This paper describes examples of the selection and application of HSI methods on a large, multi-iteration DoD program, and the resulting increased scope of HSI's design influence on the program. In the early stages of a traditional DoD development program, user needs, task definitions/analysis, and function allocation between systems and humans are typically determined. The results of these early HSI activities are most effective when their findings are available before engineering requirements are firmly established. Some of the HSI methodologies used (e.g., task analysis, contextual inquiry, user needs analysis, knowledge engineering) may also be useful for identifying and managing risk in subsequent design iterations. An example involving knowledge engineering will be provided to illustrate this point. Once task flows and function allocations have been drafted, workload modeling can proceed, to verify that concurrent tasks may be performed effectively and without excessive operator fatigue. Workload modeling may reveal that modifications to previously-derived function allocation solutions may be needed (e.g., introducing automation, shifting task assignments). Many system components feature critical user interfaces that support operator decision-making and tactical actions. When display/control design requirements have been drafted, but before they are finalized, using a rapid, low-cost usability assessment technique can provide engineering teams with constructive usability feedback within schedule and cost constraints. An example application of heuristic evaluation (Nielsen, 1994) will illustrate this concept.


Itemized account of daily purchases listing amounts in right column and monthly balance. Displays accounts beginning on April 7, 1841.


Purpose

Thermal conduction anisotropy, which is defined by the dependency of thermal conductivity on direction, is an important parameter in many engineering and research studies such as the design of nuclear waste depositional sites. In this context, the authors aim to investigate the effect of grain shape in thermal conduction anisotropy using pore scale modeling that utilizes real shapes of grains, pores and throats to characterize petrophysical properties of a porous medium.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors generalize the swelling circle approach to generate porous media composed of randomly arranged but regularly oriented elliptical grains at various grain ratios and porosities. Unlike previous studies that use fitting parameters to capture the effect of grain–grain thermal contact resistance, the authors apply roughness to grains' surface. The authors utilize Lattice Boltzmann method to solve steady state heat conduction through medium.

Findings

Based on the results, when the temperature field is not parallel to either major or minor axes of grains, the overall heat flux vector makes a "deviation angle" with the temperature field. Deviation angle increases by augmenting the ratio of thermal conductivities of solid to fluid and the aspect ratios of grains. In addition, the authors show that porosity and surface roughness can considerably change the anisotropic properties of a porous medium whose grains are elliptical in shape.

Originality/value

The authors developed an algorithm for generation of non-circular-based porous medium with a novel approach to include grain surface roughness. In previous studies, the effect of grain contacts has been simulated using fitting parameters, whereas in this work, the authors impose the roughness based on the its fractal geometry.


The present paper deals with the piscicidal and muricidal (mice killing effect) activities of latex extract of Euphorbia royleana against freshwater snakehead fish, Channa punctatus and Swiss albino mice Mus musculus. Calculated values of lethal concentration (LC and LC ) showed that latex extract is toxic 50 90 against both the experimental animal. The toxicity of latex extract against freshwater fish, Channa punctatus was both time and dose-dependent. But in case of mice Mus musculus, the toxicity was only dose dependant and it was higher in comparison to fish. The results suggest that this latex should be used at lower dose level only for therapeutic purposes and also in an infrequent manner to maintain a healthy environment.


Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between stress hyperglycaemia and in hospital and 30-day mortality in patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Materials and methods: This one-year hospital based cross sectional study was performed in the Department of Cardiology, KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Belagavi from January 2017 to December 2018. A total of 465 patients with STEMI were evaluated for ad-mission blood glucose levels and outcome. Results: Out of 465 patients, 255 (54.84%) patients had elevated admission blood sugar levels (≥ 140 mg/dL). A total of 47 patients (10.10%) died out of which 34 died during hospitalization. Those who presented with serum blood glucose levels of more than 140 mg/dL had an advanced Killip class and a poorer outcome. Mortality was significantly higher in patients with admission blood glucose levels of >200 mg/dL (15.28% vs. 8.11% with 140 to 200 mg/dL and 7.62% with <140 mg/dL; p=0.046) irrespective of the diabetic status and the mean blood sugar level in patients who expired was significantly higher (227.09 ± 131.53 vs. 178.83 ± 96.02 g/dL; p=0.018). Also, non survivors had a greater degree of left ventricular dysfunction (40.11 ± 5.56 vs. 43.70 ± 4.61%; p<0.001) and lower mean systolic blood pressure (96.36 ± 30.75 vs. 123.17 ± 27.56 mm Hg; p<0.001) in comparison to survivors. Conclusion: Based on univariate analysis stress hyperglycaemia on admission is a predictor of mortality and could be used in stratification of risk in patients with Acute STEMI.


When used as a fuel, the oxidized products of biodiesel (BD) from the degradation of organic matter may cause some problems in the engine and injection parts. The heating of vegetable oils can cause complementary decomposition reactions, which can lead to the formation of polymeric compounds. The oxidation stability of biodiesel also depends on the fatty acid composition. In this study, biodiesels were examined to determine the oxidation characteristics rapidly at 95 ℃ under accelerated oxidation conditions using the ASTM method D 2274 as a demonstration of long-term storage for 16 weeks. An analysis of biodiesel and after accelerated oxidation revealed an increase in the density, kinematic viscosity, and total acid number (TAN) with increasing oxidation time. The reduction changes in the unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content in biodiesel showed a similar trend for C18:2 ME and C18:3 ME. Higher molecular polymer materials produced after accelerated oxidation can affect the vehicle. To identify these polymers materials, the reaction was carried out at 180 °C with accelerated oxidized biodiesel. A model reaction was performed with a C18:2 ME, which can be polymerized at high temperatures. The biodiesels were polymerized after accelerated oxidation at 180 °C for 72 hr. followed by purified flash chromatography to give the FAME polymer product. The product was identified by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, normal phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry (MS) for structural analysis. At 180 ℃, thermal dimerization of the FAME occurred due to the Diels-Alder reaction. The dimer and epoxy-dimer of C18:2 ME via the Diels-Alder reaction were identified by HPLC-APCI MS.


Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control is recommended to stabilize the voltage and frequency in isolated micro-grid. However, common VSG control is challenged by widely used unbalance loads, and the linked unbalance voltage problem worsens the power quality of the micro-grid. In this paper, the mathematical model of VSG was presented. Based on the analysis of positive- and negative-sequence equivalent circuit of VSG, an approach was proposed to eliminate the negative-sequence voltage of VSG with unbalance loads. Delay cancellation method and PI controller were utilized to identify and suppress the negative-sequence voltages. Simulation results verify the feasibility of proposed control strategy.


The present work is concerned with the numerical analysis of natural convection from a C-shaped thermosyphon. The system can be considered as a model for a Trombe wall in passive solar collectors as well as electronic cooling arrangements and it has geophysical applications. The effect of Rayleigh number (1 {times} 10{sup 3} to 1 {times} 10{sup 7}) and aspect ratios of 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 10.0 is investigated for a fixed Prandtl number (0.7). Local and average Nusselt numbers for heated and cold walls are discussed. Mass advected by the buoyancy force is calculated and presented for the range of investigated parameters. The flow pattern and isotherm distribution in the gap between the wall and cover plate are presented and discussed.


This paper provides a preliminary review on the current progress of agropolitan approach in Malaysia based on agropolitan approach implementation at Pulau Banggi, Sabah. Agropolitan approach as introduced by Friedman and Douglass (1978) became one of the development concepts that have been used in Malaysia to improve rural socio-economic level. Agropolitan approach is a strategy in restracturing rural area by adapting appropriate urban idea to the rural environment based on agriculture. It turns the existing traditional economic activities that are already on going for so long to new modem economic activities. It integrates urban economic activities such as market centre, training centre, processing centre, agro base industries centre and also residential that is fully provided with infrastmcture and social facilities. This paper will then discuss about issues and problems faced during the implementation since it was introduced at the end of years 2006 to eradicating hardcore poverty in Malaysia. According to Ministry of Rural and Regional Development of Malaysia (2007), Malaysian government has allocated for agropolitan schemes almost RM960 million for land development of 16,903 hectares that are managed by various government agencies such as FELCRA, KEDA, KESEDAR, RISDA and others. Among the areas involved are Pulau Banggi in Sabah, Tanjung Gahai in Pahang, Gua Musang in Kelantan, Sik in Kedah and a few more coming in the pipeline. Initial appraisal to the projects as earlier studies has shown, there seems to be numerous benefits received by the target group such as increase in average income from around RM250 to RM1200 per month per individual. Provision of infrastmcture and utilities also gave benefit to the whole resident. Site visit and questionnaire survey carried out in July 2012 to the Agropolitan Community at Pulau Banggi, Sabah. Despite of its remarkable achievement, the implementation of this agropolitan approach in Malaysia is not excluded from having problems. Challenges related to land matters, selection of candidates, political environment, social economic background, different ethnic groups, administrative systems of the government and many others are among the issues often faced by the implementer. At the end of this paper, the authors summarise prospects of this approach in the future in Malaysian environment and the prospect of implementing it in other places. KEYWORD: Regional development. Poverty, Income, Challenges, Agropolitan approach


The invention discloses a design method of a spectrograph which can be used for realizing micro-area spectral measurement. The design method comprises the following steps of (1), imaging a to-be-measured sample into the plane of an area-selection micropore plate by using an imaging system; (2), enabling light rays in a micropore area to penetrate through micropores to enter a spectrum analyzing element for carrying out spectral analysis and measurement; (3), reflecting light rays outside the micropore area by using a high-reflectance film on the micropore plate, and reflecting the light rays through a half-transparent and half-reflecting mirror; (4), imaging reflected light from the half-transparent and half-reflecting mirror into the plane of an image recording element (such as a CCD (charge coupled device)) by an imaging lens; (5), by moving the position of the sample, capably imaging different areas needing to be measured into the micropores to carry out the spectral analysis and measurement. The spectrograph can be used independently or be used by being united with a microscope. According to the design method of the spectrograph for realizing the micro-area spectral measurement, the selection of the area to be measured is realized by utilizing the micropores, and the measurement of the transmission spectrum, the reflectance spectrum, the absorption spectrum and the fluorescence spectrum of a sample of which the size reaches a micron magnitude even a nanometer magnitude can be realized.


Privacy of data is one of the major issues in every network. The network may be wired or wireless and the network may be ad-hoc, pear to pear or distributed network privacy of data is an important factor in each case. In each case in a distributed or shared network all people connected in a network work with the protocol. But there is no guarantee of security threat and data lost or stolen. So precautions needed in each case to maintain the network and to maintain the private data. An Ad-hoc network is a Local Area Network (LAN) which is built spontaneously as devices connect. Instead of depending upon a base station to manage the dataflow, each node in a network forward data packets to each other. As all most all nodes are responsible for data flow, so the probable data lost or stolen of information cannot be neglected. In order overcome these problems in data mining there should be some proper protocols as well as some special precautions should be taken. There are many experiments and developments already done in this aspect to secure data as well as to secure the network. This paper provides a review of various security challenges that are already taken for protection of privileged information in various peer to peer network, shared or distributed network. We have also proposed a technique for privacy preservation of privileged information in case of an Ad-hoc network. This technique may provide a better security for the privileged information in an Ad-hoc network.


Design of controllers for non-linear systems has long drawn the attention of researchers especially in the fields of robotics, aerospace engineering and marine engineering. A classic example of a non-linear under-actuated control system is the balance control for a rotary inverted pendulum. Basically, the control approach for such system focusses on torque control of the servo-motor for the purpose of rotating the arm and stabilising the pendulum in its upright position at the shortest possible time. The aim of this research is to supplement and further enhance the control performance of a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller with focus on reduced response time and degree of oscillation of the pendulum with added robustness against input disturbance applied to the pendulum position and voltage to the motor. Initially, this thesis comprehensively analysed the LQR controller parameters based on minimal balance time of the pendulum. The LQR controller by itself produced high degree of oscillations, long balance time and poor robustness against input disturbance. As an enhancement over this approach, an adjustable gain was added to the existing LQR control structure. The results showed that for a 30° balancing control, the LQR controller with adjustable gain managed to reduce as much as 70% in the balance time and 98% in the degree of oscillation, while improved its robustness by producing faster balance time and lower oscillation upon excitation by input disturbance forces. In conclusion, the LQR controller with adjustable gain has significantly improved the control performance of the rotary inverted pendulum system.


A simple, rapid, accurate, specific and sensitive reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method (RP-HPLC) was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Nebivolol hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The method was developed using a C18 ODS Intersil (150mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5μm) column with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1M Sodium phosphate buffer (pH2.5 adjusted with ortho phosphoric acid):Methanol [25:75 v/v]. The eluents were monitored at 284 nm and at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The retention times for Nebivolol hydrochloride and Hydrochlorthiazide were found to be 3.3 and 1.7 min, respectively.The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, and specificity, limit of detection and limit of quantification in accordance with the ICH guidelines. The method was found to be linear in the range of 8-48mg/ml and 20-120mg/ml for Nebivolol hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide respectively and the correlation coefficient were found to be 0.999 and 0.9994 respectively.The proposed method can be used for the estimation of Nebivolol hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide in bulk and Pharmaceutical dosage forms.


Abstract This Introduction explains the origins of the project of exploring citizenship and citizenship-related issues in the framework of Europeanisation in the new states in South East Europe. It defines the terminology used in the contributions and explains the conceptual underpinnings of the project and the structure of the edited collection. Finally, these introductory remarks also give an overview of the contributions to the special issue of Perspectives on European Politics and Societies entitled, 'The governance of citizenship practices in the post-Yugoslav states: The impact of Europeanisation.'


the 1990s and that fails to take into account advances in molecular techniques. Our experience is Ontario-based, but should be relevant for Jewish populations elsewhere. The utility of testing will depend to a large degree on the cost of the test provided and of the regional health care system. We do not argue that costs must be covered by a third-party payer (for example, the Canadian public health care system); it could be that the most efficient delivery of services will be based on direct-to-consumer testing offered by a private laboratory. Various scenarios should be explored. Other ethnic populations in Ontario and elsewhere could also potentially benefit from testing (Bahamian, Pol ish, Icelandic groups, for example); however, it is not our goal to deal with those groups here. (French-Canadians, who are also characterized by a small number of founder mutations, are also of particular interest, and in fact, eligible individuals in Quebec can receive genetic testing for those mutations.) It may be that, in the future, other groups in Ontario (and elsewhere in Canada) will qualify for testing, but that expectation does not imply that Jewish women should not be tested until complete knowledge of the ethnic distribution of mutations in the country is available. It might also prove to be efficacious to offer testing to Jewish men, but the evidence is, at present, insufficient to consider that particular case.


Delivering contaminated underground water to the surface, serious pipe wall failures were experienced during 2001 at the Grootvlei No 3 Shaft High Density Sludge (HDS) plant, discharging treated water into the Blesbokspruit. Inspection of failed pipes revealed nodules on the inner surfaces, with pits below extending through the pipe wall. Routine water quality analyses of the underground water show high concentrations of sulphate, chloride, sodium and calcium, creating optimum conditions for iron-, or sulphate reducing bacteria. Relatively high water temperatures (25 – 30°C) and anaerobic conditions enhances the growth of bacteria. Bacteriological tests of water and precipitates from the pipe surfaces showed the sulphate-reducing bacterium, Desulphovibrio desulphuricans to be present. No trace of the iron reducing bacterium, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, was found in either the underground water, nor in any of the nodules and precipitates collected. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) studies of some of the nodules showed the elemental composition to be dominated by Fe2O3 (72 – 82%), and the mineralogical composition by Goethite (FeO(OH)). This correlates with the action of sulphate reducing bacteria, which first act as cathodic depolarisers, and then reduce sulphate to sulphide, using hydrogen to form hydrogen sulphide. The H2S reacts with the dissolved ferrous iron, which is released at the anode to form a black iron hydroxide precipitate. The financial implications faced were indeed significant. Five columns, at a length of approximately 780m each, had to be removed, inspected, and salvaged, if possible. Following rigorous cleaning, these sections were internally coated and placed back into operation. Petrex (Pty) Ltd has started a replacement program to replace the columns at a cost of Rm 11. A number of options are being considered to disinfect water underground before treatment, which has to date proven uneconomical. BACKGROUND The East Rand and Heidelberg goldfield comprises a portion of the Witwatersrand Basin which lies to the east of the East Rand Proprietary Mines (Boksburg), and extends as far as Heidelberg comprises the East Rand and Heidelberg goldfield. Gold is mined from various horizons in the Upper Division of the Witwatersrand and also from the Black Reef, but by far the greatest concentration is found in the Main Reef Leader. This reef mainly consists of a conglomerate of robust, well-rounded quartz pebbles. The conglomerate matrix also contains pyrite, quartz, heavy minerals (zircon, chromite and sericite) with gold occurring in the native form, either separate, or associated with pyrite.


The research is relevant due to the necessity to provide a high level of children and youth aesthetic education, continuous comprehensive artistic education can be one of the tools of aesthetic education. This article aims to uncover the polyart education efficiency for children of different categories. The leading approach of the research is the system approach that results in the analysis of the existed scientific works and educational programs oriented to the comprehensive aesthetic education of children of different categories, experience generalization, and problem identification with the aim to design and provide complete continuous polyart educational process. Scientific arguments for the pedagogical efficiency of polyart education of different children including children with special educational needs are given in this article; the arguments are based on the analysis of the existent works on the topic of the research, experience and the author's alternative variant of the continuous artistic development, during which the project-based learning is preferably used. Research materials can be useful for teachers who teach art at preschool educational institutions, general education and special schools, cultural institutions.


This document discusses the principles that guide the development of the contingent funding methods and the implementation criteria for the Partnership for Excellence Program, as well as significant issues and questions for the system to resolve. The first principle states that the level and pace of progress toward the Partnership goals are not expected to be uniform among all 71 districts in California. Secondly, the funding methods and implementation criteria should reflect that progress will differ among the five Partnership goals over time. The third principle states that the level of progress is dependent upon: (a) the State's responsibility to provide full funding for enrollment growth, inflation, and the Partnership itself; and (b) exogenous factors beyond the direct control of the system, the colleges, and the State. The fourth principle supports permanent funding in order to allow districts to make long-term plans. The fifth principle allows for funding to be adjusted based upon the level of improvement achieved by district. The sixth principle provides for a reward structure to encourage districts to reach their performance goals. The seventh principle demands an accountability system to prevent grade inflation, or manipulation of data. Finally, the eighth principle encourages an easily comprehensible system. The document concludes with a brief description of the process and time frame for the activities mentioned. The appendix contains the education


Discusses best practices for selecting, growing, and harvesting grass seed in the Great Plains states: Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, north Dakota, and South Dakota.


The focus of this chapter is the application of (the equality provision) section 15(1) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to income tax legislation. The author considers three cases in which taxpayers argued that they had been discriminated against in contravention of s. 15(1). That section provides that everyone has the right to equal benefit of the law without discrimination based on the list of enumerated grounds or other analogous grounds. Considerable jurisprudence has developed regarding the application of s. 15(1). In Law v. Canada [1999] 1 S.C.R. 497, the Supreme Court of Canada affirmed the purpose of s. 15(1) is: "to prevent the violation of essential human dignity and freedom through the imposition of disadvantage, stereotyping, or political or social prejudice, and to promote a society in which all persons enjoy equal recognition at law as human beings or as members of Canadian society, equally capable and equally deserving of concern, respect and consideration."The author briefly discusses the purpose of the Canadian income tax system, before analyzing three cases which raised s. 15(1) Charter challenges to the Income Tax Act: Symes v. Canada - discrimination on the basis of sex. Thibaudeau v. Canada - discrimination on the basis of family status. Rosenberg v. Canada - discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Finally the author considers two questions: 1. whether something inherent in tax legislation causes judicial reluctance to apply Charter s. 15(1) to the Income Tax Act, and 2. whether courts tend to consider the cost implications of extending a tax subsidy to an individual or group when determining whether the discrimination can stand because it is saved by Charter s.1 which guarantees the rights and freedoms set out in the Charter "subject only to such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society."


In the model of interaction of a spinor field with a homogeneous isotropic material plane, the possibility of the passage of a Dirac particle through it without reflection and a change in polarization isstudied. The model was proposed earlier in the framework of the Symanzik approach to describe the interaction of spinor quantum fields with two-dimensional materials. In its framework the scattering processes of Dirac particles and the properties of their bound states were investigated. In this paper, we study the conditions under which the plane is completely transparent to the particles. A description of the region of model parameters characterizing the properties of the plane material is obtained explicitlyand given in the article, as well as expressions in terms of these parameters for the momentum and polarization of the particle at which interaction with the plane does not affect its movement.


Built-in electric spindle has been the core component of machine tool, whose temperature problem is serious. Internal heat source are greatly influenced by load. Based on which has the function of automatic clipping chuck inversion type vertical lathe built-in electric spindle prototype as the research object, using the theory of thermal stress and finite element, established the intermittent load cases hot - structure coupling numerical analysis model of the electric spindle. After overall analyzing electric spindle within the transient temperature field under the action of the intermittent load, the winding temperature changing with time curve is given. On that basis, electric spindle thermal deformation has been carried on the analysis and calculation, gets the shaft extension end axial thermal deformation, provides theoretical basis for the thermal error compensation.


In this talk we will present recent advances and future challenges in the field of mathematical modeling and data-based numerical analysis of blood flows, in particular with data coming from Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Then, we will overview some results concerning inverse problems in blood flows based on medical imaging data, namely: (a) data-driven problems (pressure maps estimation from flow velocities) and (b) model-driven problems (parameter estimation, stateestimation, reducing geometrical uncertainties) (c) inverse problems from raw MRI data allowing accelerated MRI scans.


Over the past few decades, the size and scope of the Internet has grown exponentially. In order to maintain support for legacy clients, new applications and services have been limited by dependence on traditional sockets and TCP, which provide no support for modifying endpoints after connection setup. This forces applications to implement their own logic to reroute communications to take advantage of composable services or handle failover. Some solutions have added socket operations that allow for endpoints to be redirected on the fly, but these have been limited in scope to handling failover and load balancing. We present two new sets of socket operations. The first set allows servers to dynamically insert and remove intermediaries into communication streams. This allows applications to decide in real time whether to use services provided by 3 rd parties such as encryption, filtering, and compression. In this way, applications can employ dynamic service composition to customize communication between clients and servers. The second set of operations allows sockets to be split such that all frames written to the socket are sent to multiple recipients. This is useful for implementing fast failover and passive communication monitoring. All of these operations are implemented in user space and gracefully handle legacy TCP clients, making quick deployment of distributed Internet applications a real possibility. Performance tests of the new operations on remote hosts show that the overhead introduced is not prohibitive. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank my wife Emilie for her support during the long hours preparing this thesis. Also, Dr. Haungs' guidance and advice have proven invaluable. Finally, I'd like to thank Dr. Keen and Dr. Kurfess for their time reading and evaluating this thesis, and participating in my defense.


The quality of earnings is an important criterion thatdetermines the ability of a bank to earn consistently, going intothe future. It basically determines the quality of bank's profitability and its ability to maintain quality, sustainability and growth in earnings in thefuture. The parameter gains importance in the light of theargument that a large part of a bank's income is earned throughnon core activities like interest & dividend on investments, treasury operations, andcorporate advisory services and so on. . If the Government monetary policies fail to curb inflation, then it weakens the economic growth and development in any country. Banking sector is directly associated with economic growth of the nation. The recent fall in rupee, volatility in oil prices, instability in bullion and security markets in India, instability of euro andthe European Market, probable hike in interest rate by USA aresome examples of failure of governments to manage the monetary and Fiscal policies. In this paper, an attempt has been made to discuss Earning Quality of selected banks.


To manage properly the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), its phenology must be understood in quantitative terms. We measured the development and activity of all of its life stages in the laboratory, insectary, and orchard. Some of these data were used to create a simple phenological model, which was simulated to produce a frequency distribution of hatching times for the summer generation. Separate data sets were used to validate the model. We tested two insecticide-treatment times suggested by this frequency distribution in commercial orchards. Results indicated that a management policy requiring one application is both sufficient and robust with respect to physiological time, although an application 400 degree-days (base 6.0°C) after the beginning of male moth flight may be safer than an earlier time.


We address the linear stability of unsteady and nonuniform base states within the class of mass conserving free boundary problems for degenerate and nondegenerate thin film equations. Well-known examples are the finger-instabilities of growing rims that appear in retracting thin solid and liquid films. Since the base states are time dependent and do not have a simple traveling wave or exact self-similar form, a classical eigenvalue analysis fails to provide the dominant wavelength of the instability. However, the initial fronts evolve on a slower time-scale than the typical perturbations. We exploit this time-scale separation and develop a multiple-scale approach for this class of stability problems. We show that the value of the dominant wavelength is rapidly attained once the base state has entered an asymptotically self-similar form. We note that this value is different from the one obtained by the linear stability analysis with "frozen modes," frequently found in the literature. Furthermore, we show that for the present class of stability problems that the dispersion relation is linear in the long wave limit, which is in contrast to many other instability problems in thin film flows. © by SIAM.


A self-consistent mathematical model of nanoparticle deposition from a gas flow and a nanostructured film growth was developed. Qualitative estimates and simulation results are presented, which are in accordance with experimental data. During simulation it is found that at the inlet of the cylindrical reactor a large-scale morphology of a film thickness is formed which does not depend on its width. It is shown that the morphology of a deposited film can be optimized by controlling the width of an inlet nanoparticle beam and by an inlet gas temperature.


ABSTRACT Two limitations of corporate social responsibility (CSR) discussion are addressed in this paper: first, the investment attributes of CSR have been prioritized over the tax implications; and second, empirical CSR analysis has focused on individual companies versus aggregated portfolios. Both limitations impact everyday investors, who bear the corporate tax burden as both 'labor' and 'capital owners', via aggregated portfolios. Further, empirical studies have shown mixed results on the relationship between CSR and corporate tax rate. This research adds to the CSR literature by intertwining tax effects of CSR with aggregated portfolios, by using environmental, social, and governance (ESG) mutual funds as a proxy. Effective tax rates of underlying securities were analyzed for years 2015, 2016, and 2017 between ESG-themed and non-ESG-themed mutual funds. A significant relationship was found only for year 2015, in which ESG-themed large-capitalization mutual funds had a lower tax rate than non-ESG large-capitalization mutual funds.


Abstract When a rail transportation system is converted to trolley bus operation, there is a tendency to continue the use of rails for negative return. In two Ohio cities—Akron and Youngstown—where this was done, the resultant problems, corrosion and otherwise, finally led to abandonment of rail return and isolation of the negative return from ground. The experience in these cities is reported from the standpoint of two utilities, Ohio Edison Company and The Ohio Bell Telephone Company, whose underground structures were involved. This paper compares corrosion conditions before and after the isolation. The problems which arose during the conversion and those which became apparent after the isolation are discussed.


We prove estimates interpolating the Schwarz Lemmata of Royden–Yau and the ones recently established by the author. These more flexible estimates provide additional information on (algebraic) geometric aspects of compact Kähler manifolds with nonnegative holomorphic sectional curvature, nonnegative [Formula: see text] or positive [Formula: see text].


Objective To explore dose-effect relationship between the electric field therapeutic dosage and the casualty effect in rabbit liver in vivo.Methods Forty-eights rabbits were divided into 3 groups i.e.voltage group(n=21),pulse width group(n=12) and frequency group(n=15).The rabbit livers in vivo were exposed to steep pulsed electrical fields with serial dosage,then the rabbits were sacrificed after 72 hours,and necrosis area of livers were surveyed.Results In voltage group 21 rabbit livers in vivo were exposed to steep pulsed electrical fields with voltage of serial dosage 400 V,500 V,600 V,700 V,800 V,900 V,1 000 V,which was fixed pulse width of 10 μs,frequency of 20 Hz in 10 minutes,necrosis area of livers were(2.00 ± 0.00) mm2,(6.67 ± 2.08) mm2,(9.67 ± 2.08) mm2,(41.67 ± 2.89) mm2,(149.33 ± 5.03) mm2,(153.00 ± 4.36) mm2,(157.33 ± 2.08) mm2 respectively.In pulse width group,12 rabbit livers in vivo were exposed to steep pulsed electrical fields with pulse width of serial dosage 0.5,1.0,5.0,10.0 μs ,which was fixed voltage of 800 V,frequency of 20 Hz in10 minutes,and necrosis area of livers were(0.00 ± 0.00) mm2,(6.33 ± 1.53) mm2,(40.67 ± 2.52) mm2,(149.33 ± 5.03) mm2 respectively.In frequency group,15 rabbit livers in vivo were exposed to steep pulsed electrical fields with frequency of serial dosage 20 Hz,40 Hz,60 Hz,80 Hz,100 Hz ,which was fixed voltage of 800 V,pulse width of 10 μs in 10 minutes,necrosis area of livers were(149.33 ± 5.03) mm2,(152.00 ± 2.00) mm2,(154.00 ± 2.00) mm2,(162.67 ± 3.21) mm2,(173.33 ± 2.89) mm2 respectively.The rabbit livers in vivo were exposed to electrical pulsed fields of serial dosage and liver necrosis area increased gradually with increasing of electric-field intensity.Conclusion It is demonstrated a clear dose-effect relationship between necrotic area and steep pulsed electric fields,its value increases along with the dosage increasing.


Double-diffusive convection in a vertical annulus filled with a fluid-saturated porous medium are numerically investigated with the aim to understand the effect of a discrete energy and solute source on the fluid flow and heat and mass transfer rate. The porous annulus is subject to heat and mass fluxes from a portion of the inner wall, while the outer wall is maintained at uniform temperature and concentration. In the formulation of the problem, the Darcy-Brinkman model is adopted to the fluid flow in the porous annulus. The influence of main controlling parameters, such as thermal Rayleigh number, Darcy number, Lewis number, buoyancy and radius ratios are investigated on the flow patterns, and heat and mass transfer rates at different locations of the heat and solute source. The numerical results elucidates that the flow structure and the rates of heat and mass transfer rates strongly depends on the location of the heat and solute source. Further, the buoyancy ratio at which flow transition and flow reversal occurs is significantly influenced by the thermal Rayleigh number, Darcy number, Lewis number and the segment location. The average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers increases with an increase in radius ratio, Darcy and Rayleigh numbers. It has been discovered that the location for stronger flow circulation is not associated with higher heat and mass transfer rates in the porous annular cavity.


In this article, we characterize the pedagogical practices of 'perceptual training' and 'explicit pronunciation instruction', as well as discuss their different goals over the years. We argue that these studies, which have an interdisciplinary character, contribute to different basic areas of Linguistics, such as Phonetics, Phonology, Psycholinguistics and Applied Linguistics to Foreign Language Teaching. As we discuss their contributions, we present some recent studies on perceptual training and explicit instruction, which we have carried out at Laboratorio de Bilinguismo e Cognicao (LABICO - UFRGS). These studies will be organized in two groups, according to their main goals: (i) studies focusing on accuracy/degree of L2 accent and (ii) studies focusing on L2 intelligibility and comprehensibility. We list the main theoretical implications arising from these studies, as well as discuss the main challenges to be faced in future research projects.


Several torsional issues have been reported in drive train applications such as oil and gas or mining, where the drive rated power exceeds the megawatt range. This paper analytically explains why mechanical engineers worry about this phenomenon in such applications. Simple and comprehensive relationships are established, and electrical and mechanical similarities are pointed out. The proposed model can be easily implemented in common simulation software using passive electrical elements. This paper is a key design tool to support torsional analysis of large drive trains. It has been written to avoid communication gaps between mechanical and electrical engineers involved in the design of complex drive trains. Several tests have been performed in an integrated-motor- compressor system (5.5 MW at 10,000 rpm) using the proposed modeling approach. Only intensive simulation results are reported in this paper, in order to validate the suggested modeling approach.


ABSTRACT Chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in wild sapgreen stream frogs (Sylvirana nigrovittata) after single intramuscular injection with glyphosate at 0 (control group), 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg body weight for 3-days were investigated. Significant differences were found in the percentage of CAs in frog and the percentage of cells with CAs between the control group and the glyphosate-exposed groups (p < 0.05). Nine types of CA were observed. The most common CA in the glyphosate-treated frogs was isochromatid gap. The results suggest that S.nigrovittata exposed to glyphosate for a 3-day period may experience structural CAs as a consequence for all doses tested.


Newborn screening (NBS) represents the largest volume of genetic testing. The 45-year history of NBS has demonstrated its benefits, as well as the importance of an evidence base. The recent addition of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) resulted in a fivefold increase in the number of tests. Experience with MS/MS also showed that laboratory tests are just one part of the NBS system. The lessons learned from NBS will provide important insights as we move into the predictive, preventive, and personalized era of genomic medicine. 163 A nn u. R ev . M ed . 2 00 8. 59 :1 63 -1 75 . D ow nl oa de d fr om w w w .a nn ua lr ev ie w s. or g A cc es s pr ov id ed b y U ni ve rs ity o f So ut h D ak ot a on 0 1/ 22 /1 5. F or p er so na l u se o nl y. ANRV334-ME59-11 ARI 7 December 2007 12:42 Newborn screening (NBS): system that involves testing infants before they leave the maternity ward to determine who are at a higher risk of developing a disorder with significant morbidity and/or mortality, and who should receive diagnostic testing to determine whether they should be treated. The system includes preanalytic, analytic, and postanalytic phases Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS): testing method in which two sequential mass spectrometers identify and quantify signature metabolites in a newborn's blood sample INTRODUCTION Newborn screening (NBS) currently and in the foreseeable future represents the venue for the largest volume of genetic testing. Each year 25%–30% of the world's 133 million neonates, or 33–40 million babies, undergo genetic testing (B.L. Therrell, Jr., personal communication). In the United States, nearly all of the ∼4.2 million neonates born every year undergo NBS, and multiple tests are performed on each baby's sample. The American College of Medical Genetics recommends a uniform screening panel for every neonate that includes a core group of 29 disease targets and a secondary group of 25 targeted conditions to be considered in the differential diagnosis of the core panel targets (1). Among these 54 core and secondary targets, 43 (80%) are amenable to identification by a single testing platform, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). If this recommended testing panel were implemented throughout the United States, the total number of NBS tests would exceed 225 million per year. The current magnitude of NBS, as well as the 45 years of experience behind it, establish it as a model that must be examined as we proceed with the implementation of genomic medicine (2). The mantra of genomic medicine is that it will be predictive, preventive and personalized, and NBS pioneered a medical model featuring these characteristics (2–4). The goals of NBS are (a) prediction—identifying patients before they manifest disease, (b) prevention— initiation of therapeutic interventions to forestall the course of the disorders, and (c) personalization—individualizing patients' therapies to optimize their outcomes. Therefore, it is desirable to analyze NBS, and particularly the recent experience with expanded NBS; to identify the structural features that evolved to permit the NBS system to achieve its mission; and to consider its benefits and challenges. Consideration of the lessons learned from NBS will permit us to accelerate the implementation of genomic medicine and will permit this new discipline to achieve its promise in a much more efficient and efficacious manner. INTRODUCTION TO NEWBORN SCREENING The principles underlying NBS are often attributed (e.g., 4) to the 1968 World Health Organization (WHO) report on population screening (14). The principles included consideration of (a) the public health significance of the disease, (b) the availability of a validated screening test for the disease, (c) evidence that the consequences of the disease are preventable if it is identified early, and (d ) the costs of the testing for the disease. In 1975, the National Academy of Sciences published an extremely influential volume that, by defining genetic screening, also established principles for it (15). This US report stated that genetic screening in a population should serve one or more of the following purposes: Identify individuals with genetic characteristics known to cause disease or predispose to disease. A positive test would result in diagnosis before disease onset, enabling therapy to prevent the disease. NBS is an example. Identify carriers, i.e., individuals whose genotypes may result in disease among their descendents. Those who test positive would receive genetic counseling to educate them about reproductive options that would allow their descendants to avoid the disease. Identify genetic variations that are of interest specifically because they are not known to be associated with disease. Test results would increase our knowledge of the impact of the variation on the population being screened, including its frequency and ethnic distribution. Such pilot screening should inform planning for future screening programs. NBS has evolved from a "heel-stick" test for phenylketonuria (PKU) (5, 6) into a public 164 McCabe · McCabe A nn u. R ev . M ed . 2 00 8. 59 :1 63 -1 75 . D ow nl oa de d fr om w w w .a nn ua lr ev ie w s. or g A cc es s pr ov id ed b y U ni ve rs ity o f So ut h D ak ot a on 0 1/ 22 /1 5. F or p er so na l u se o nl y. ANRV334-ME59-11 ARI 7 December 2007 12:42 health system that targets multiple disorders and includes education, laboratory and clinical follow-up, management, and system continuous quality improvement (CQI) (1–4, 7–11). We have previously described the history of NBS in three phases: early, middle, and expanded (2, 11). We discuss the first two here, and the third in the next major section, "Expanded Newborn Screening." The first phase of heel-stick NBS began in the early 1960s with the development of a method to measure elevated phenylalanine concentrations in dried blood specimens from neonates prior to nursery discharge (5, 6). This permitted the identification of patients with PKU and intervention in the form of a phenylalanine-restricted diet to prevent mental retardation in these patients. The members of the Parents of Mentally Retarded Children, now called the Association for Retarded Citizens (ARC), were mobilized as a political force. Their efforts contributed to the passage of legislation in many states mandating NBS for PKU, despite the absence of evidence to support the efficacy of this testing at that time (2, 10). This early phase of NBS continued until the mid-1970s. It was recognized that screening for PKU (and occasionally other disorders) was a matter of public health (2, 11). This led to the passage of laws in most of the remaining states, under the public health mandate of state government, requiring NBS for PKU in all infants. In addition, fragmentation of testing in private and hospital laboratories was eliminated in most states; the screening activities were consolidated in the states' public health laboratories. This consolidation is generally considered to have improved the quality and reliability of testing. With early NBS, it was also recognized that not all patients with hyperphenylalaninemia had PKU; some had benign hyperphenylalaninemia. Similar observations have been repeated whenever NBS or other laboratory diagnostic methods supersede clinical evaluation in defining a phenotype. The phenotype Continuous quality improvement (CQI): ongoing program to determine each laboratory's ability with blinded samples sent by a professional organization or government agency. Improvement efforts are based on the results obtained Two-tiered screening: if the result of one test is positive, then the other test is performed defined by the laboratory test is generally much broader than that described by the clinical evaluation and will often include individuals who are clinically normal, such as those with benign hyperphenylalaninemia. The middle phase of NBS lasted from the mid-1970s until the early 1990s and was characterized most notably by addition of new tests to target new diseases, such as congenital hypothyroidism and hemoglobinopathies (2, 11). This expansion was fueled by improved knowledge of the value of early intervention for patients with these diseases and by technological advances, including automated sample preparation. Testing for congenital hypothyroidism utilized a new two-tiered strategy involving quantitative assay of thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), generally in this order (9). In most patients (1–3 days old) with congenital hypothyroidism, the T4 is low and TSH is elevated. Two-tiered screening of the same dried blood specimen was found to be more cost-effective than performing both tests simultaneously, and it improved sensitivity (lowered the false negative rate) without sacrificing specificity (holding the false negative rate relatively constant or even somewhat improved). Two-tiered testing permitted NBS for additional disorders that otherwise might have been considered too costly. Effective implementation of two-tiered testing for congenital hypothyroidism led to other two-tiered NBS tests. For example, hemoglobinopathy NBS utilized a two-tiered strategy that tested protein phenotype followed by DNA genotype (2, 11). In 1986, a multicenter randomized double-blinded clinical trial of penicillin prophylaxis in patients with sickle-cell anemia demonstrated overwhelming efficacy of penicillin to prevent death from sepsis (12). In 1987, an NIH Consensus Development Conference concluded that the data supported universal NBS (i.e., NBS offered to all neonates in the United States) for hemoglobinopathy, and required hemoglobinopathy screening programs to assure that penicillin was initiated prior to www.annualreviews.org • Expanded Newborn Screening 165 A nn u. R ev . M ed . 2 00 8. 59 :1 63 -1 75 . D ow nl oa de d fr om w w w .a nn ua lr ev ie w s. or g A cc es s pr ov id ed b y U ni ve rs ity o f So ut h D ak ot a on 0 1/ 22 /1 5. F or p e


Different and divergent facets of human existence are increasingly becoming embodied within a digital domain. The social media platform, Twitter, comprises an important expression of the digital world and social media, but also of popular culture. In a practical theological tracing of the theme of human waste on Twitter, new contents and meaning related to this concept are mapped out in a variety of categories. On the basis of existing and newly developed research methodologies, an exploration is conducted in order to indicate how the digital world can assist in the creation of new empirical realities, hermeneutic outcomes and strategic involvement. In this tracing of human waste as a theme on Twitter, accents of a possible lived spirituality are sounded out and verbalised. It is on the basis of these descriptions that possibilities unfold for new practical theological orientations, both for the present and the future.