Background: The health system encounters limited financial resources in all countries. Resource allocation is one of the tasks of the health system. Prioritizing interventions is one of the strategies that can help health policymakers allocate financial resources. Rare diseases require more attention than other diseases due to their high cost and complex treatments. The countries use different policies to determine the effectiveness of interventions in the field of rare diseases. The purpose of this study is to refer to some policies in the field of allocating resources for rare diseases as well as to explain the importance of determining the threshold of cost-effectiveness for rare diseases in Iran. Methods: This research is a review study. First, a study was conducted on how to prioritize health interventions in the world and the thresholds of cost-effectiveness in different countries. Articles related to the research topic were then searched through accessible databases in Iran such as SID, Google Scholar, and Medline. Finally, the obtained articles were screened and analyzed based on a thematic approach. Results: The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a threshold for determining the cost-effectiveness of health system interventions that are determined and calculated based on the per capita GDP of each country. There are many differences between countries on policies related to the treatment of rare diseases, medicines, health care budgets, and patient access. Conclusions: Due to the very high cost of treating rare diseases, it is impossible to use the threshold used for general disease interventions in rare diseases, and it is necessary to use a higher threshold for rare diseases. In addition to cost-effectiveness, budget, justice, feasibility, and other criteria that are considered important at the national level should be considered.


Let Dn be the Dickson invariant ring of F 2 [X 1 ,. .. , Xn] acted by the general linear group GL(n, F 2). In this paper, we provide an elementary proof of the conjecture by [3]: each element in Dn is in the image of the Steenrod square in F 2


Once Croatia became a Member State of the European Union, it started implementing the EU Cohesion policy. Through the Instrument of Pre- accession Assistance (IPA), Croatia has been preparing for the implementation of Cohesion policy, as IPA to a large degree follows the principles of structural funds and the Cohesion Fund. Thus, the experience gained and lessons learnt during implementation of pre-accession funds are of high importance for better preparation for structural and Cohesion funds. In this paper we provide the audiance with the lessons learnt and particularities in managing and absorption of the EU pre-accession funds in Croatia.


We discuss results of low noise amplifier Monolithic Millimeter-wave Integrated Circuits (MMICs), which were designed for specific frequencies in the range of 70-200 GHz. We report on room temperature and cryogenic noise performance for a variety of circuits. The designs utilize Northrop Grumman Corporation's (NGC) 35 nm gate length InP HEMT technology. Some of the lowest reported noise figures to date have been observed with this process at cryogenic temperatures.


There is an ongoing interest in naturally derived biocomposites which exhibit low density and high porosity for a wide range of applications ranging from insulating building materials, to biomedical tissue scaffolds to processed food products. In this work, we study the expansion of starch-based cellulosic composites after microwave treatment. Time series studies showed optimal microwave treatment time for 20% microcrystalline cellulose reinforced starch-based foam was around 40s. Among all the foams, the maximal expansion ratio was around 492%. Densities of the foams were investigated using volume displacement method. The effect of microcrystalline cellulose on starch expansion is further discussed.


Contraception satisfaction and utilization is linked to pre-use clinical counseling. Group prenatal care may offer increased opportunity for education on postpartum contraception options. This study evaluated postpartum long acting reversible contraception (LARC) rates in women who attend CenteringPregnancy® group prenatal (CP) care versus individual prenatal care with Certified Nurse Midwives (CNM).


Summary The recoil effects of the (n, 2n) reaction were studied in bromates. In sodium bromate the distribution of radioactive bromine atoms in various chemical forms was almost the same for the 79Br(n, 2n) 78Br and 79Br (n, γ)80Br reactions. A similar relationship between the retention and the nature of cations was found for the (n, 2n) and (n, γ) reactions in several bromates.


The present disclosure relates to a rivet comprising a rivet head and a rivet shank, which consist of a material other than a mandrel which is used for insertion into a workpiece (workpiece), wherein the mandrel comprises a mandrel stem and a mandrel head. The rivet body receives the mandrel stem to including mandrel head through the rivet. The mandrel shank is received by the installation tool which rotates the rivet body and the mandrel head locally deformed the workpiece (the workpieces) by Reibvernieten for mounting the rivet body. During the Reibvernietens the rapidly rotating rivet body (the workpieces) is pressed into the workpiece, which produces local deformation / melting, where the mandrel head (the workpieces) contacts the workpiece. The mandrel head generates a cavity, which proceeds through an upper surface and a lower surface of the workpiece (the workpiece).


This is the revised commentary on the text of the paper presented by T.F. Courtless, Ph.D., on the occasion of the First world conference on new trends in clinical investigation and evidence, organized by The International Network of Research on the Law of Evidence and procedure, in The Hague (NL) on 4 December 1995.


The effect of both total pressure and hydrogen partial pressure during n-hexane hydro-isomerization over platinum impregnated on HZSM-5 was studied. n-Hexane hydro-isomerization was conducted at atmospheric pressure and 0.7 MPa to observe the influence of total pressure. In order to see the effect of hydrogen partial pressure, the reaction was taken place at different partial pressure of hydrogen varied from 307 hPa to 718 hPa by dilution with nitrogen to keep the total pressure at 0.1 MPa. Physico-chemical characteristics of catalyst were determined by the methods of nitrogen physi-sorption BET, SEM, XRD, TEM, NH3-TPD, TPR, and Hydrogen Pulse Chemi-sorption. Activity of catalyst in the hydro-isomerization of n-hexane was studied in a micro-flow reactor in the temperature range of 225-325 °C; the molar ratio H2/ hydrocarbon: 5.92, concentration of n-hexane: 9.2 mol.%, GHSV 2698 h-1. The obtained catalyst expressed high acid density, good reducing property, high metal dispersion, and good balance between m...


The use of fluids above their critical point as chromatographic mobile phases has been receiving increased attention recently. Supercritical fluids have physical properties intermediate between liquids and gases, which give them favorable behavior for the transport of solutes in a chromatographic column. Advantages of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) include fast analyses, increased resolution per unit time compared to HPLC, and ease of fraction collecting. Detection in SFC is certainly one of the limiting aspects of the technique, as it often is in HPLC. There exists a need for a sensitive, universally responsive detector. In gas chromatography, several detectors are available to meet this need including the flame ionization detector (FID) and the mass spectrometer. Attempts to adapt this technology to liquid chromatography have met with limited success. Moving wire/belt FID's are useful for nonvolatile solutes but have never made a significant market impact. The problems of interfacing a liquid chromatograph to a mass spectrometer are well documented and this is currently an area of great effort. Carbon dioxide as the mobile phase in SFC offers the advantage that an FID can be connected directly, since it gives no response in this detector. There exist literature on the use of anmore » FID for SFC, but details of its construction were not given. A patent has been issued for an FID for SFC, but the detector was never commercially available. For laboratories who cannot or choose not to construct such a detector, here the modifications necessary to adapt a commercial gas chromatographic FID for SFC are described.« less


Objective To discusses ultrasonic techniques for the treatment of molar microstructure began segment does not completely calcified root canal characteristics,compared with the traditional method,this paper discusses effect.Methods Choose March 2010 to December 2011 were oral medicine of the 66 patients,grind one's teeth began to segment does not completely calcified root canal a total of 83.According to table of random number distribution principle into the experimental group and the control group with 33 cases in each.Results Two groups of 66 cases of 83 incomplete calcified root canal,distributed in root canal orifice,root of 1/3 and root tip a third place,root canal orifice expansion through the success rate to a significantly high,each part of the experimental group expansion through the success rate was higher than that of the control group,expanding pass time was significantly shorter than control group,significance of difference(P 0.05).Conclusion Upper middle segment does not completely molar calcified root canal application microscopic ultrasound treatment effect significantly,compared with the traditional method,expanding the high success rate,the expansion of short time,it is worth to use.


Background Data: Spinal cord ependymomas can arise in different locations throughout the spinal cord, with the most frequent location being the cervical spine. Ependymomas usually grow slowly, compressing rather than infiltrating spinal tumors. Among different prognostic and predictor factors, the extent of resection has been the strongest predictor of outcomes. Multimodal intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) helps maximize the extent of resection with minimal postoperative neurological complications. Purpose: To assess the impact of IONM on the extent of surgical resection and outcomes of spinal cord ependymomas. Study Design: A retrospective cohort study. Patients and Methods: Twenty-five patients who underwent spinal cord ependymoma resection in 4 centers between March 2014 and February 2018 were eligible for the inclusion criteria of this study. Patients were divided into two groups: the IONM group and the non-IONM group. IONM consisted of electromyography (EMG), transcranial motor evoked potentials (tcMEP), and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP). All patients were submitted for full neurological examination and MRI of the spine both preoperatively and at the postoperative routine follow-up. Postoperative radiotherapy was conducted routinely by our radiotherapists. The secondary outcomes were the correlation between the warning criteria of IONM and postoperative neurological outcomes and their impact on the extent of tumor resection. Also, a recurrence rate during the follow-up period was reported. DOI: 10.21608/ESJ.2022.102265.1197


In early modern Europe, popular hostility toward criminals could be expressed through the use of the pillory (a device in which offenders were restrained and publicly displayed). Modern electronic communications have facilitated the emergence of contemporary versions of the pillory. One such example is prodeathpenalty.com, a Web site created by supporters of capital punishment that permits members to post comments about particular executions. Most such comments are markedly hostile toward the convicted offender. But is the hostility random or patterned? A new theory by Donald Black predicts that hostility will increase with changes in social space, or the movement of social time. Testing Black's theory, we find that the number of online comments hostile to the killer and supportive of the execution increases with the degree to which the murder was a movement of relational, vertical, and cultural time. Moving beyond the electronic pillory, we argue that Black's theory has much to offer to law and society scholars.From time immemorial, people have criticized, mocked, and excoriated deviants. Popular sanctions of that kind appear to have been particularly prominent before the Industrial Revolution. In early modern England, for instance, "villagers, acting communally, might take it upon themselves to punish those considered guilty of anti-social or immoral conduct" (Durston 2004: 313). Popular punishments included charivari or skimmington (a noisy parade designed to humiliate a deviant), carting (being paraded publicly in a cart), and ducking stools (confinement in a chair that is plunged into water). A sanction that combined popular and legal components was the pillory-when a criminal "was made to undergo a form of public penance by being exhibited on a platform with his hands and head fixed in a wooden structure" (Beattie 1986: 464). Members of the community could respond to the offender with praise, indifference, or, more usually, hostility-by jeering or bombarding him or her with rotten vegetables or other matter, thereby drawing wider attention to the offense and humiliating the offender (see, e.g., Greene 2003).Over time, popular sanctions of this kind increasingly gave way to state sanctions administered by legal officials. Popular justice never disappeared, but it assumed less public prominence. Scholarship reflects the general trend. The conduct of police, prosecutors, attorneys, judges, juries, and other legal officials has been studied in considerable detail. By contrast, the sanctions that non-state actors continue to inflict on one another has attracted much less interest (but see, e.g., Baumgartner 1988; Morrill 1995; Senechal de la Roche 2004).1 Moreover, when popular justice is scrutinized it often focuses on those occasions when informal sanctions are used instead of law: if business people or rural country neighbors do not sue when they have legal rights to do so, how do they manage their conflicts (e.g., Ellickson 1991; Macaulay 1963)? Sometimes, however, law and popular justice are found together (e.g., Manza and Uggen 2006; Pager 2007). And sometimes they are both applied to the very same act. For instance, in a murder case the killer might be arrested, prosecuted, and sentenced by the legal system while also being castigated and shunned by the community. In such cases, the legal sanctions are recorded and publicly accessible but the popular penalties have tended to remain private, known only to those directly involved.The growth of mass means of communication has provided new outlets for popular justice. Radio, television, film, and, especially, news media enhanced the ability of ordinary citizens to have their say about wrongful behavior. But no medium has boosted it more than the internet. The internet allows more people to participate in more moral controversies and do so faster than ever before. Consequently, many disputes between individuals, groups, and countries now originate online; others migrate there, wholly or in part. …


In setting up the plan for government support programs, it is necessary to determine the order of priority. If the government use the budget efficiently for a policy, its policy effects will be maximized within the budget and timeconstraints. The purpose of this study is to present the order of priority on the support programs in the functional sericulture industry. The priorities of the support programs were presented by the order of priority of the support project based on the results of survey. The order of support programs is found to be as follows: 1) R&D on the development of new functional materials from the products of the sericulture industry, 2) construction of new silkworm-raising rooms and modernization of silkworm raising facilities, and 3) support for low temperature, freezer facilities for sericulture goods.


Disclosed is a irritation body (100, 100 '), which is formed from at least two modules (101, 102). The upper module (101) serves for receiving a firing head (1) with rocker arm (3) and includes upper exhaust openings (8, 9). The lower module (102) intended to receive an effect charge (11), with the effect charge (11) is integrated into a central chamber (10) of a module (102). The chamber (10) is in turn connected to the upper exhaust openings (8, 9) and with the lower exhaust openings (12, 18, 19, 20) in the lower module (102) operatively connected. The chamber (10) in the lower module (102) can be selected to be different in size depending on the module (102), so that an associated volume variability causes a performance variability with predeterminable performance.


In this article, we develop further the theory of matrices over the extended tropical semiring. We introduce the notion of tropical linear dependence, enabling us to define matrix rank in a sense that coincides with the notions of tropical nonsingularity and invertibility.


The presence of sulfur in Ni-based superalloys is known to have detrimental effects on the oxidation resistance and the stress-rupture life of the final product. In most cases, sulfur originates from the raw materials, foremost nickel, iron and chromium. To decrease the concentration of sulfur to subcritical values below 10 ppm, it is common to perform an addition of NiCa and/or NiMg during primary melting in a vacuum induction furnace. As both calcium and magnesium display a significant degree of evaporation at the given process temperatures and pressures, the efficiency of this practice of desulfurization is comparably low and contamination of the furnace chamber by evaporated Ca or Mg can occur. Furthermore, the sulfidic products deposit on the crucible walls and may contaminate subsequent melts. Hence, an alternative approach of removing sulfur during a pressure electroslag remelting step using different slag compositions and additives is currently under investigation at IME, RWTH Aachen University. The objective of this method is an increase of efficiency of the desulfurization by controlling activity levels and allowing for the use of low-grade, sulfur containing raw materials even for the production of high performance alloys. Moreover, remelting in a water-cooled copper crucible overcomes the issues caused by the interaction between NiCa/NiMg and the refractory material. In a first step, the effect on the desulfurization of slag mixtures containing varying amounts of metallic calcium or cerium oxide was studied experimentally. Several electrodes of alloy 718 were remelted in a 400 kW lab scale electroslag remelting unit at IME. The chemical composition of the metal and the adherent slag skin was analyzed in different heights of the ingot to illustrate the distribution of sulfur, calcium and cerium as a function of the process time. Furthermore, a structural investigation of selected slag and metal samples via SEM-EDX was carried out to obtain additional information about the mechanism of desulfurization. This paper presents the results of the conducted trials and the subsequent analyses. Finally, an outlook on intended investigations to further improve the removal of sulfur in the electroslag remelting process is given.


There is a shortage of power supply in multi provincial power grid during peak load period. The response speed of interruptible load is fast, and it has the same excellent regulation performance as the standby on the generation side, which can meet the needs of fast transfer. Aiming at the situation of interruptible load participating in the joint market under the bilateral mode, this paper designs the joint clearing process of electric energy and reserve market considering interruptible load, and establishes the joint clearing model considering interruptible load participating in electric energy and reserve market with the goal of maximizing social welfare. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.


Emerging technology is a constant—just like change—in industries like healthcare where scenarios shift at a moment's notice. Healthcare leaders recognize that innovations and novel ways of addressing today's healthcare challenges continue to be developed yet understand that new solutions can bring unintended consequences. And clinicians are used to the latest technologies entering the marketplace and being advertised as the answer to complicated problems. Alternatively, disruptive technology is a fresh way of solving old problems. Blockchain is one such technology that's quietly challenging the way businesses and individuals think about accessing and sharing information among different stakeholders. But why should we care about blockchain in healthcare?


The invention discloses a method and a device for evaluating the voice quality of a voice over Internet protocol (VOIP). The method comprises the following steps of: monitoring and capturing a data packet in real time; judging whether the monitored and captured data packet is a preset data packet of a VOIP client or not, and arranging the monitored and captured data packet into a data packet queue if the monitored and captured data packet is the preset data packet of the VOIP client; performing voice stream processing on the data packet arranged into the data packet queue, and acquiring a voice data packet; and performing voice quality evaluation coefficient calculation according to the acquired voice data packet, and evaluating the voice quality. By the method and the device, voice quality evaluation reliability can be improved.


Large networks call for approaches which allow to represent their relevant properties. One relevant approach can consider the decomposition of the de�?ned networks in signi�?cant subgraphs as k-cores. So it is possible to identify the nodes which can have an important role on the network. In particular they can provide a speci�?c connection between the different subgraphs and with nodes showing a higher centrality. It is also possible to represent the core-periphery structure. Interval regression offers the possibility to represent the relationship between the structural characteristics of the different nodes with same k-coreness. The combined different approaches of interval regression in order to take into account our analysis of center, upper and lower bounds allow to discover the relevant structure of the network.


The standard solution of the open-loop optimal import tariff is normally time inconsistent. This paper shows why and derives the dynamically consistent Markov perfect tariff. The two tariffs are compared; they differ except for a special class of import demands. The time paths of tariffs and the welfare cost of an inability to commit are calculated for a dominant importer. The welfare costs of the inability to commit are small if its market share is below one-half.


A new type of PM brushless claw pole motor (CPM) with soft magnetic composite (SMC) core is presented and analyzed in this paper. The rotor field of the CPM is generated by the PM mounted on the claw pole surface, the three-phase stator windings are fed with variable-frequency three-phase AC currents. The advantages of the proposed CPM are that there are no slip rings on the rotor, and it can achieve the higher power density and efficiency improvement. The effects of the claw-pole structure parameters, the air-gap length, the phase of stator current and the PM thinner parameter of the proposed CPM on the output torque are investigated by using three-dimensional time-stepping finite element method (3D TS-FEM). The optimal rotor structure of the proposed CPM is obtained by using the response surface methodology (RSM) and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method and the comparison of full-load performances of the proposed CPM with different material cores (SMC and silicon steel) is analyzed.


We really thank you for your comments and questions on our article; It helped us to see how our discourse deviated from the importance of geology (which was our first assumption before we really analysed the data) to the importance of the catchment layout. So we put more emphasis on presenting the topography and landscape elements in the introduction which allowed us to be a bit more comfortable in the discussion.


Till today lepton flavor violation has not been observed in processes involving charged leptons. Hence, a search for it is under hot pursuit both in theories and experiments. In our current work, we investigate the rates of rare decay processes such as $\tau \rightarrow \mu \gamma$ in SU(5) SUSY GUT and found that it satisfies the current bound and is one order below the projected sensitivity. This gives a corroborative argument for the influence of the large top-Yukawa coupling at the GUT scale ($\lambda_{tG}$) on flavor violating decay rates of leptons which are investigable at low energy electroweak scale $M_Z$. Secondly, we discuss the decay rates of $\mu \rightarrow e \gamma$ & $\tau \rightarrow \mu \gamma$ in MSSM with added right handed neutrino superfields. From this, we set bounds on $\tan \beta$ and further, we investigate the mass of $\tilde{\chi}^0 _1$, the LSP, using the rates of LFV decays. In the calculations, the latest updated data from LHC, neutrino oscillation experiments and constraints on branching ratios from the MEG experiment have been used.


The paper aims to investigate the association between current year audit opinion and the pricing of the next year audit mission and whether this relationship differs with different nature of ownership (family – non-family) in the Egyptian setting. Using a sample of 358 firm-year observations from the Egyptian Stock Exchange (EGX hereafter) over the period 2016-2019, ordinary least square (OLS) regression models are estimated to test the research hypotheses and conduct sensitivity and additional analyses. The author didn't find significant association between current year audit opinion and next year audit fees. However, if the auditor issues a qualified audit opinion for a family firm, he will ask for a fee premium for the next year audit mission. Results are robust to alternative measures of next year audit fees and current year audit opinion. The paper uses the current year audit opinion as an input to the next yearaudit pricing decision. The paper responds to previous calls to investigate the relationship between audit fees and type of audit opinion and the impact of family ownership on audit fees. In addition, this study uses three alternative measures of next year audit fees and an alternative measure of current year audit opinion. Finally, this study adds evidence to the corporate governance literature in developing countries.


Subject. The article investigates the anti-money laundering issue and measuring money laundering. In Russia, this issue has not been explored rigorously enough: the widespread opinion in the works of domestic economists about the Russian specifics of laundering of proceeds derived from criminal activity impeded the adaptation of Western models.
Objectives. We consider the specifics of Russian conditions for money laundering, identify methodological approaches to assessing the quantitative parameters of the banking sector's demand for cash, which correlates with the scale of money laundering.
Methods. We apply the systems approach, formal logic, comparative analysis, correlation and regression analysis, and other methods.
Results. We present the results of the analysis of existing methods for assessing the volume of money laundering in foreign countries, demonstrate reasons for their non-applicability in Russian conditions. The paper describes a multi-factor model of dependence of cash inflows to commercial banks on three groups of factors. Based on the retrospective information, it estimates the lower limit of money laundering in Russia and provides a short-term forecast.
Conclusions. The use of anti-laundering tools should be focused on the prevention of threats to national security. Therefore, it is advisable to anticipate the dynamics of money-laundering in the country, restraining and preventing its growth. The findings may serve as a basis for further research in the field of testing the hypotheses on measuring money laundering.


treatment modalities (e.g. botox injection, dilatation), including preceeding myotomy. Taken together, the work of Caporale et al. and of our group reflect the efforts of the surgical community to design less invasive alternative concepts for treatment of achalasia, when compared to oesophagectomy. E. P. Cosentini, J. Lenglinger, F. M. Riegler University Clinic of Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, AKH-21 A, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4828


Subtitle: Vessel prices are sky-high, but there's lots of public money in the market. Banks wonder how long it can last.


Abstract The present review deals with some recent results on endohedral metallofullerenes obtained by the Nagoya group. The present structural analyses reveal unique of endohedoral metallofullerenes: (1) the presence of structural isomers with different fullerene cage structures; (2) encaged metal atoms are situated close to the carbon cage and not in the center of the cage; (3) metal atoms in Y@C82 and Sc2@C84 are at a standstill, not moving around, even at room temperature.


The responsibility view which the audit sets up plays full role in the constructive function,and it has great theoretical significance and the practical value to construct the socialism of a harmony society and to carry out Scientific Concept of Development.The audit responsibility view is the specific manifestation and practice of the Scientific Concept of Development in the audit level.The audit responsibility is more helpful to achieve the audit goal.The social responsibility the audit undertakes should be changed from passive guidance to the strategic guidance.It should be paid attention to,not only the external environment construction,but also the formulation of the standard of audit responsibility and the establishment and strength about the audit responsibility internal mechanism.


with ataxic CP. The GMFCS levels are: Level I 51%, level II 17%, level III 7%, level IV 9%, level V 14%, and 2% not classified. Materials/Methods: The participants are all children with dyskinetic CP born from 2002 (n = 77) compared to all the children with spastic CP at GMFCS level IV and V (n = 207), since 80% of the children with dyskinesia were at level IV and V. The data are analysed with descriptive statistics in SPSS 21. Results: Of the 77 children with dyskinesia, 3 have choreoathetosis and 74 have dystonia. GMFCS levels are: Level II 12%, Level III 12%, level IV 27%, level V 47%, and not classified 2%, respectively. The prevalence of reduced hip abduction is 14% in dyskinesia versus 31% in severe spastic CP. Increased popliteal angle is shown in 19% in dyskinesia versus 32% in severe spastic CP, and reduced ankle dorsiflexion is shown in 5% with dyskinesia versus 10% in severe spastic CP. Only 6% with dyskinesia have a moderate/severe scoliosis versus 18% in severe spastic CP and 5% have a migration percent in the hips of ≥40 compared to 21% in severe spastic CP. One child with dyskinesia has an ITB compared to 8% in severe spastic CP, and 33% have got Botulinum toxin-A minimum one time or more compared to 29% in severe spastic CP. Orthoses are used in 82% with dyskinesia and in 77% with severe spastic CP. Only 10% with dyskinesia have undergone orthopaedic surgery compared to 48% in severe spastic CP. Musculo-skeletal pain is reported in 23% with dyskinetic CP, and in 42% with severe spastic CP. Nearly all the children in both groups (96%) have physiotherapy, 65% 1–2 times a week. Conclusions/Significance: Analyses of CPOP data show that the majority of the children with dyskinetic CP up to 13 years of age have severe types of CP. However, they experience lower prevalence of contractures and deformities than children with spastic CP. They have fewer interventions targeting spasticity and deformities, but they have the same amount of physiotherapy and use of orthoses. A prevention program is needed from early childhood, adapted to the specific risk factors in the different CP subtypes and GMFCS levels at different ages.


HOSPITAL cross-infection with antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus has been the subject of repeated investigations (Barber and Whitehead, 1949; Barber, Hayhoe and Whitehead, 1949; Rountree and Thomson, 1949, 1952). These studies have shown that many hospitals are now reservoirs of a few antibioticresistant strains of Staph. aureus which appear to be the source of most infections and are harboured in the nasopharynx of a large proportion of the nursing staff. Barber, Hayhoe and Whitehead (1949) and Rountree, Barbour and Thomson (1951) showed that on entry to such a hospital few nurses carried penicillinresistant staphylococci, but that after a month or more many had acquired the penicillinresistant strain prevalent in the hospital concerned. Many fundamental questions remain unanswered. For example: is the high carriage rate of penicillin-resistant Staph. aureus among nurses in hospitals the cause or the result of cases of infection? In a maternity department or children's nursery where Staph. aureus is prevalent, what determines an outbreak of severe sepsis such as pemphigus neonatorum? The investigation of these problems is not simple. Light might be thrown on them, however, by an answer to two rather more straightforward questions. Firstly, do strains of Staph. aureus spread from nose to nose in a community in the absence of severe sepsis as readily as when sepsis is present? Secondly, are all strains of Staph. aureus isolated from hospital communities of potentially equal virulence and, if not, can this be demonstrated in the laboratory as claimed by Knott and Blaikley (1944)? The present investigation was undertaken in an attempt to answer the two last questions. A maternity department without staphylococcal sepsis of any kind was not available. The department studied, however, had had no severe cases of staphylococcal sepsis for a considerable time, although cases of mild conjunctivitis were quite common. Over a period of 4 months swabs were taken whenever possible from the anterior nares of mothers on admission and on discharge, and of babies on discharge. Similar swabs were taken from all the nursing and most of the medical and domestic staff on 3 occasions during the investigation. A number of swabs were also taken from mothers during the course of their stay and from various samples of dust and bedding.


This paper summarizes some of the recent advances in III-nitride microstructures and micro-size emitters made by the author's group. Microstructures discussed include micro-size disk, ring, and pyramid structures. Optical mode behaviors in these microcavities were probed by optical pumping and measuring the photoluminescence (PL) emission from individual cavities. It was found that the microdisk cavities support both the Whispering Gallery (WG) and the radial modes, while the microring cavities support only the WG type. Micro-size pyramids were also obtained by selective epitaxial overgrowth. It was shown that these pyramids are highly efficient resonators and each pyramidal microcavity is a true 3-D cavity that can support more than three different groups of optical resonance modes. The current injected micro-size LEDs were successfully fabricated from InGaN/GaN quantum wells. It was found that quantum efficiencies in these micro-size LEDs were significantly greater than in conventional broad-area LEDs. A novel light emitting diode (LED) architecture based on interconnecting hundreds of microdisk LEDs was successfully fabricated. It was demonstrated that the emission efficiency was boosted by as much as 50 % in this novel device. The operation of an individually addressable III-nitride microdisk LED array or the first prototype semiconductor microdisplay was also demonstrated. The III-nitride microdisplay can potentially provide unsurpassed performance over those based on the liquid crystal or organic LED technologies. Some of the future trends and challenges facing the III-nitride microcavity photonic devices are also discussed.


Abstract from the UK Pharmacy and Pharmacology Conference. Describes the experiences of melt fill production of Fenretinide/Lym-X-Sorb (TM) hard gelatin capsules for Phase I clinical trial.


In a study aiming to describe the diet of Micoureus paraguayanus in a south- eastern Brazilian Cerrado (savannah-like) remnant, we found young didelphid remains in fecal samples from live-trapped adults. These findings uncovered either events of scaveng- ing on dead young didelphids or infanticide adding to the knowledge on the dietary breadth and behavioral ecology of M. paraguayanus.


A new type of shrink fitter, 'a hybrid shrink fitter', containing liquid such as a fusible alloy is proposed. The specimen materials are Al2O3 and Si3N4 for the shafts, SUS 304 for casings of the hybrid shrink fitters and SUS 403 for the metal rings. Fitting strengths were measured up to 600°C. The fitting strengths decreased with temperatures up to 200°C or 300°C and increased at higher temperatures. It was found that the hybrid shrink fitter had a higher apparent coefficient of thermal expansion than the monolithic shrink fitter. The effect of the number of slits on the fitting strength at elevated temperatures was also studied. The slit was essential for improving the fitting strength. The number of slits did not affect the fitting strength-temperature relationship if the number was 2 or more. The longevity of the hybrid shrink fitter was less than that of the monolithic shrink fitter at elevated temperatures.


The date of publication, as defined by Articles 7, 8, 9, and 21 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, of a major taxonomic paper of Thysanoptera by Karl Schmutz, Zur Kenntnis der Thysanopterenfauna von Ceylon [Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturw. Kl. Abt. I, 122(7): 991–1089, 1913], has never been critically scrutinized. This paper was presented, according to a note on the title page, at a session of the Academy on June 3, 1913, and was included in Heft 7 for the July issue of the Sitzungsberichte Jahrgang 1913. Consequently, the date of publication was assumed by subsequent workers to be either June or July 1913. The July issue was apparently the last one delivered to the libraries prior to the declaration of World War I on July 28, 1914. Furthermore, listing of the paper in The Zoological Record was delayed as late as 1925 and 1932, although the earliest citation of this paper was made in April 1914 by Karny and Docters van Leeuwen-Reijnvaan (Z. Wiss. Insektenbiol. 10: 365,1914; 12: ...


We present here numerical hydrodynamic simulations of line-driven accretion disk winds in cataclysmic variable systems. We calculate wind mass-loss rate, terminal velocities, and line profiles for C IV (1550 Å) for various viewing angles. The models are 2.5-dimensional, include an energy balance condition, and calculate the radiation field as a function of position near an optically thick accretion disk. The model results show that centrifugal forces produce collisions of streamlines in the disk wind that in turn generate an enhanced density region, underlining the necessity of two-dimensional calculations where these forces may be represented. For disk luminosity Ldisk = L☉, white dwarf mass Mwd = 0.6 M☉, and white dwarf radii Rwd = 0.01 R☉, we obtain a wind mass-loss rate of wind = 8 × 10-12 M☉ yr-1, and a terminal velocity of ~3000 km s-1. The line profiles we obtain are consistent with observations in their general form, in particular in the maximum absorption at roughly half the terminal velocity for the blueshifted component, in the magnitudes of the wind velocities implied by the absorption components, in the FWHM of the emission components, and in the strong dependence in inclination angle.


In response to the rapid digital revolution and the COVID-19 pandemic, the healthcare landscape has significantly shifted from physical to virtual care and telemedicine. As a result, healthcare providers and patients have shown increased interest and adoption for up-to-date technologies to monitor ongoing health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. Driven by the importance of an efficient remote cardiovascular monitor for virtual care, we present a platform that enables remote ECG testing and provides ubiquitous data access to patients and their healthcare providers. A patent-pending 12-lead data acquisition ECG patch is attached to the patient's body to simultaneously collect heart signals, perform binary classification, and transmit the data to healthcare providers for further analysis at a high rate of up to 480 samples per second. As a preliminary classification phase, the presented platform introduces a machine learning technique to classify ECG signals near the ECG patch. The classification function is optimized for power-constrained devices using machine learning techniques. Moreover, the preliminary results of the energy consumption profile show that the ECG patch provides up to 37 hours of continuous 12-lead ECG streaming.


For those who are both scholars and teachers of the history of psychology, a dilemma arises concerning the historiographic versus pedagogic value of institutional genealogies. As part of the undergraduate History of Psychology course, faculty genealogies were constructed at five Canadian psychology departments (Calgary, Guelph, Toronto, Western Ontario and York); an operational definition of "Ph.D. supervisor" represented mentor-student "institutional" linkages. Seventy-five per cent of the 212 faculty were traceable to nine pioneer figures such as Wilhelm Wundt or William James. In contrasting historiographic pitfalls with pedagogic merits, we suggest that integrating a reflexive and critical examination of histriographic problems may tip the scales in favour of pedagogic reasons for conducting such genealogical research.


The relevance of the tasks of integrating solar energy into the energy system of high-rise buildings is associated with their high level of energy consumption compared to lower-rise buildings. In the course of the analysis of scientific research carried out in the article, factors were noted that complicate the use of solar energy, primarily its variability in space and time. Therefore, the aim of the study was to optimize the formation of design solutions for high-rise buildings to improve the efficiency of solar energy systems integrated into them.
In the article, the initial provisions for the design of heliosystems in high-rise buildings are investigated, the factors influencing the design process are established, and the design levels of modeling are highlighted. It is shown that the realization of the advantages of solar energy when integrated into high-rise buildings should be based on integrated design, taking into account the natural-climatic, urban planning, space-planning, structural and technological levels of design analysis. The available technologies for the use of solar energy are analyzed. The conditions under which the implementation of the principle of "permissible interference" will be carried out, when one or another task of integrating solar systems into a high-rise building can be correctly implemented as a fragment of the corresponding design stage.
It has been determined that the effectiveness of design solutions for the integration of solar renewable energy into high-rise buildings is provided taking into account numerous connections and influences, which requires an appropriate system analysis for their optimization.


Based on the theory of agricultural modernization path selection, including concept lead, government promotion, technology inducing, and progressive development, to explore the path to agricultural modernization under the background of the integration of urban and rural areas, this research analyzed the characteristics of and the path to agricultural modernization in Suzhou, one of the pilot regions for the integration of urban and rural areas. Results show that Suzhou agricultural modernization had six characteristics, including agricultural share in GDP tending to be stable in the rapid economic development process, agricultural industry structure being improving through continuous adjustment,economies of scales in agricultural management appearing gradually, a new trend in agricultural input market occurring as a result of technology progress, agricultural growth changing towards efficiency, and farmers' income growing rapidly as the gap between urban and rural areas is decreasing. Further analysis indicated that the path to agricultural modernization in Suzhou are the results of the government efficiently allocated resources of rural land and labor through the comprehensive reform in the integration of urban and rural areas and the realization of capital and technology induced agricultural modernization. According to path of progressive development, Suzhou should continue the comprehensive reform in the urban and rural integration, improve the system of land redistribution, train professional farmers, and raise the capital investment efficiency to realize high level agricultural modernization.


The formation of oil and gas traps: lithologic and stratigraphic at weathering crusts with reservoir pinchout at orogenic stage; hydrothermal, tectonic zones at secondary-catagenetic stage; metasomatically-fracture, fracture, admittedly karst-fracture and metasomatically-karst-fracture has been determined at the secondary-catagenetic stage of changing pre-Jurassic rocks of Western-Siberian geosyneclise. The rocks were represented by limestones and carbonatecherty-clay rocks of Silurian-early-carbonic age underwent surface desalinization at the orogenic development stage and then the hydrothermal metasomatism (dolomitization, silicification), desalinization and crack formation.


An important public policy debate in recent years has centered around ways to reduce risks in the mortgage market. The most significant proposal in this area has been to eliminate Regulation Q and allow more widespread use of variable-rate mortgages [ 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13] . The purpose of this paper is to analyze the nature of risks to thrift institutions and mortgagors. In this regard we find that the framework of the theory of options provides considerable insight into this problem and its possible solutions. A variable-rate mortgage (VRA1) is a long-term mortgage loan contract that carries an effective rate that changes periodically in sympathy with market rates of interest [4, 9]. This change can be implemented by a variation in the monthly mortgage payment (variable payment), a variation in the number of fixed monthly payments (variable maturity), or both; our discussion will employ the second.l A savings and loan association (SL 2. denomination intermediation (joining mostly small deposits with large mortgages); 3. default risk intermediation (joining less risky deposits with more risky mortgages); 4. maturity intermediation (joining short-term deposits with fixed-rate mortgages); 5. interest rate intermediation (joining variable-rate deposits with fixed-rate mortgages). The policy issue under debate currently involves allowing S&Ls to market residen-


Context: Most recent attempts to define cognition dialectically lack the philosophical completeness necessary to explain neurocognitive and mental processes. Problem: Under what conditions could …


A name service system and method are provided to enable a client computer connected with a private network or client computers using a flexible IP address to be connected by using only the name of the client computers. When a name registration is requested through a communication network(30), a name service server(50) registers a name and network information corresponding to the name, and when a name calling is requested, the name service server(50) transmits the network information corresponding to the registered name. DVRs(Digital Video Recorders)(10-1-10-n) collect information, have each name of the information, request the name registration from the name service server(50), and register the name and the network information to the name service server(50), and when the registered network information is changed, the DVRs(10-1-10-n) transmit the changed network information to the name service server(50). Remote control/management systems(40-1-40-m) request the name calling, use network information upon receiving it corresponding to a name transmitted from the name service server(50), and are connected with a DVR having the corresponding name to receive the collected information.


Sushruta Samhita describes Bhagandar (Fistula-in-Ano) as one of the Ashtamahagada (the eight major diseases). This disease is recurrent, which makes it more challenging to treat. So, it causes inconvenience in routine life. The concept of the Ksharasutra has been explained in the context of Nadi vrana (sinus) by Acharya Sushruta. Hippocrates has explained the application of plain silk thread for the Fistula-in-Ano. Ksharasutra, being a medicated thread prepared per the standard protocol, has been proven to be a big revolution in treating Fistula-in-Ano. The Ksharasutra plays an important role, and its efficacy has been explained in various studies. In the present case series, we present here 5 different Bhagandar manifestations, managed with shamana aushadhis, Ksharasutra, anulomana (laxative effect), and panchavalkala sitz bath. The patients were treated on an OPD basis with a weekly thread change. The patients recovered well with complete tract excision within 6-12 weeks. Treatment of Fistula-in-Ano with Ksharasutra is a simple technique with low complications, less reoccurrence, and is cost-effective. Thus, Ksharasutra is very effective with the minimum invasive surgical modality for managing Bhagandara (Fistula-in-Ano).


Bladder cancer is a common malignancy of genitourinary tract with a considerable morbidity and mortality. Muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma is the most common type of cancer especially in ages over 65 years old. Though various metastases have been observed, bone localization is the second site metastases and is appeared in pelvis and spine. We present a case with tibial diaphyseal bone metastases from urothelial carcinoma as a rare manifestation and we review the literature among diagnoses and therapeutic management.


In performance-driven interconnect design, delay estimators are used to determine both the topology and the layout of good routing trees. This paper addresses the class of moment-matching, or moment representation, methods used to simulate interconnects modeled as distributed RC or RLC lines. We provide accurate 2and 3-segment equivalent circuits for the distributed RLC and distributed RC models. Our equivalent circuits approximate a distributed RLC structure accurately up to second degree terms. We evaluate our models using the two-pole methodology for voltage response calculations, and show that previous approximate twopole approaches have at least 14% error even for small test cases. As routing trees become bigger and interconnection lines become longer, our approach has greater advantages in both accuracy and simulation complexity. 1 Overview Accurate calculation of propagation delay in VLSI interconnects is critical to the design of high speed systems. Direct simulation codes such as SPICE can fail to provide the e ciency or the physical intuition needed for layout-level design. On the other hand, simple lumped or \distributed-lumped" models become less accurate for interconnect delay estimation as operating frequencies approach the order of GHz (lumped and distributed RC models are reviewed in [12, 6]). In this paper, we develop new segmented interconnect representations for delay simulation in interconnect trees; our goal is to improve both accuracy and e ciency over existing methodologies. Our work is aimed at the class of moment-matching simulation approaches, which provide acceptable accuracy while maintaining computational e ciency. Traditionally, uniformly lumped segment models (e.g., L, T or segments) are used for modeling interconnect lines [9, 20]. For such uniform representations, the moments are perfectly captured only as the number of segments used approaches in nity. With any nite number of segments, the moments will be either underestimated or overestimated depending on the type of segment (L, T or ). In this paper, we develop very accurate non-uniform equivalent circuits for both the distributed RC and the distributed RLC transmission line models. This concept is originally due to Rajput [14], who proposed a This work was supported by NSF MIP-9257982. The work of ABK was supported in part by NSF MIP-9117328 during a Spring 1993 sabbatical visit to UC Berkeley. model with two non-uniform L segments to approximate the response of a distributed RC line. For a step input, the response of Rajput's equivalent circuit is within 3% of the correct response. The equivalent circuit also matches exactly the rst two moments of the distributed RC line (i.e., the transfer function matches that of the distributed RC line up to the coe cient of s); we thus consider such an equivalent circuit to be optimal with respect to the rst two moments and the moment-matching methodology. Because the two non-uniform L segments achieve the exact accuracy that would require an in nite number of uniform L segments, simulation time is greatly reduced. Gerzberg [5] surveyed di erent nonuniform models and proposed a model in which the segment RC values are in geometric progression (the \Uniform Distributed RC" (URC) line model in SPICE is derived from Gerzberg's model). Non-uniform equivalent circuits have also been used in other areas, e.g., Gopal et al. [7] obtain a non-uniform segment model for driving-point impedance at a gate output using momentmatching techniques. To evaluate the e ect of our equivalent circuits in the context of previous momentbased methods, we employ the two-pole method of Zhou et al. [20] and obtain the voltage response for a small tree network studied in [20]. We show that the delay calculations in [20] have over 14% error for this instance. 2 Background: Moment Matching In a linear system, the transfer function H(s) = Vout(s) Vin(s) gives the relationship between the output response Vout(s) and the input response Vin(s). Let h(t) be the impulse response corresponding to the transfer function. Without loss of generality, the transfer function for any linear system can be expressed as a ratio of polynomials in s, that is to say, H(s) = K 1 + a1s + a2s 2 + a3s 3 + :::: 1 + b1s+ b2s + b3s + :::: (1) where K is the DC (zero frequency) gain. The i moment of the linear system is de ned as


Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a versatile solvent used in many fields such as medicine and organic synthesis, whereas it is poisonous and harmful to human health. Physical and chemical properties, including bond length, dipole moment, total energy, frontier orbital energy, infrared absorption spectrum as well as the Raman spectrum of the DMSO molecule under an external electric field ranging from 0 to 0.03 atomic units were calculated by using the density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP/6-311G++(2d, p) basis set. According to the calculation, it has been found that as the external electric field increases, the two strongest infrared absorption peaks redshift and change in intensity. At the same time, a distinct new characteristic peak emerges in the Raman spectrum when the electric field is applied. Moreover, the Raman characteristic lines of DMSO were detected based on a self-designed Raman spectrometer. The potential energy curves under the increasing electric field were obtained by scanning the single-point energy along the S=O bond with the method B3LYP/6-311G (d, p). By fitting a linear curve between the potential barrier and the electric field, the intensity of the field corresponding to the zero potential barrier was computed. The results provide important theoretical references for further research about the DMSO's physical and chemical properties and indicate that the structure and properties of molecules change significantly under an external electric field.


Infusion of 13C-labeled metabolites provides a gold-standard for understanding the metabolic processes used by T cells during immune responses in vivo. Through infusion of 13C-labeled metabolites (glucose, glutamine, acetate) in Listeria monocytogenes (Lm)-infected mice, we demonstrate that CD8+ T effector (Teff) cells utilize metabolites for specific pathways during specific phases of activation. Highly proliferative early Teff cells in vivo shunt glucose primarily towards nucleotide synthesis and leverage glutamine anaplerosis in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to support ATP and de novo pyrimidine synthesis. Additionally, early Teff cells rely on glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1 (Got1)—which regulates de novo aspartate synthesis—for effector cell expansion in vivo. Importantly, Teff cells change fuel preference over the course of infection, switching from glutamine-to acetate-dependent TCA cycle metabolism late in infection. This study provides insights into the dynamics of Teff metabolism, illuminating distinct pathways of fuel consumption associated with Teff cell function in vivo. Teaser Interrogating dynamics of fuel utilization by CD8+ T cells in vivo reveals new metabolic checkpoints for immune function in vivo.


This paper introduced the relationship between the economic development and the building style by using similarity analysis. The paper gave the quantitative indicators of the similarity between economic development and the building style in the different regions, which can lay the foundation for update of the building base data in next day.


This paper summarizes how students fit into organizational structure of the Society, touches upon some of the individual and chapter contributions of students in the past and discusses current activities, and looks forward to possible activities in the future.


[1] There is still much to be understood about the processes contributing to relativistic electron enhancements and losses in the radiation belts. Wave particle interactions with both whistler and electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves may precipitate or accelerate these electrons. This study examines the relation between EMIC waves and resulting relativistic electron flux levels after geomagnetic storms. A proxy for enhanced EMIC waves is developed using Los Alamos National Laboratory Magnetospheric Plasma Analyzer plasma data from geosynchronous orbit in conjunction with linear theory. In a statistical study using superposed epoch analysis, it is found that for storms resulting in net relativistic electron losses, there is a greater occurrence of enhanced EMIC waves. This is consistent with the hypothesis that EMIC waves are a primary mechanism for the scattering of relativistic electrons and thus cause losses of such particles from the magnetosphere.


Discussions on what makes user interfaces "natural" or "intuitive" have led researchers to apply Fauconnier and Turner's theory of Conceptual Blends to explain how users rely on familiar and real-world concepts when they learn to use new digital technologies -- as a blend of experiences from the --physical and the "digital" world. This pursuit has multiple challenges of which we address four: The continuous dynamic development of experiences; the multiplicity and complexity involved; the distinction between "real" and "virtual" experiences, and finally applying descriptive concepts predictively. Based on our background in activity theoretical HCI we discuss two cases to nuance the discussion of conceptual blends and HCI. We provide an understanding of conceptual blends beyond one-to-one static blends, and immediately recognizable concepts. We focus on multiplicity, dynamics and learning, and in that we provide a more advanced methodological scaffolding of analyses of conceptual blends, hence we propose that designers need to seed blends in design.


This article examines the role of the state speech association in helping to bring about an improvement in the teaching of oral communication skills in the K‐12 curriculum.


Received: 8 September 2020 Accepted: 16 January 2021 Aiming at the problems that the weak current signal circuit is susceptible to noise interference and leakage current at the input terminal affects the measurement accuracy, a weak current measurement error correction scheme based on the combination of wavelet threshold denoising and generalized regression neural network (GRNN) was proposed. The scheme was applied to the error correction of multi-channel weak current measurement system based on the ADAS1134 chip: the wavelet threshold denoising was used to preprocess the original current data measured by the system and the current measurement value was corrected after the system measurement error correction model established with GRNN was constructed. Compared with the correction method based on least square method and back propagation neural network (BPNN), this method has many advantages such as high accuracy, anti-interference ability and strong generalization ability. The experimental results showed that RMSE=0.0911 nA, MAE=0.0354 nA, and MAPE=0.0078%, without increasing the complexity of the measurement circuit, which achieved the purpose of correcting the measurement error of the weak current measurement system.


These gridded precipitation analyses, for the Summer Monsoon Experiment (MONEX), were produced from satellite and FGGE IIc data for the MONEX region.


I. Improving Sleep Hygiene Sleep hygiene education should be provided to anyone with insomnia. First, there is no arbitrary rule for how much someone should sleep. Generally, older patients need less sleep. Second, patients should be advised to keep a regular sleep schedule; this means going to bed and getting up at the same time. Third, patients should avoid long daytime naps, alcohol, and caffeine. These principles may be difficult for seriously ill patients, particularly maintaining a regular routine for hospitalized patients and avoiding naps for fatigued, seriously ill patients.


Concentrations of serum thiols and white blood cell (WBC) count were examined in a group of 124 healthy volunteers. Univariate Pearson's analysis showed a close correlation between WBC count and total homocysteine and WBC and cysteine.


Background Adenosine is an important regulator of many cardiac functions and is synthesized primarily by ecto- and cytosolic 5′-nucleotidase. We have previously reported that α 1 -adrenoceptor blockade attenuates adenosine release from ischemic myocardium, raising the possibility that α 1 -adrenoceptor activation activates 5′-nucleotidase. This study tested whether activation of protein kinase C by α 1 -adrenoceptor activation increases 5′-nucleotidase activity and augments adenosine release. Methods and Results Cardiomyocytes were isolated from adult male Wistar rats and suspended in modified HEPES-Tyrode's buffer solution. After stabilization, the cardiomyocytes were incubated with and without an exposure to norepinephrine (10 −9 to 10 −5 mol/L) while being treated with propranolol and yohimbine or with and without an exposure to methoxamine (10 −9 to 10 −5 mol/L). Ecto-5′-nucleotidase activity was increased by norepinephrine and methoxamine during 30 minutes in a dose-dependent manner, whereas cytosolic 5′-nucleotidase was not activated. These increases in ecto-5′-nucleotidase activity were inhibited by GF109203X, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, and mimicked by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an activator of protein kinase C. The increase in ecto-5′-nucleotidase was not prevented by cycloheximide. When ecto-5′-nucleotidase activity increased, adenosine release was augmented in methoxamine- and PMA-treated cardiomyocytes (1299±252% and 1372±149%, respectively) compared with the untreated group (578±26%). The increase in adenosine release was blunted by GF109203X and α,β-methyleneadenosine 5′-diphosphate, an inhibitor of ecto-5′-nucleotidase. Conclusions Thus, we conclude that α 1 -adrenoceptor–mediated increases in ecto-5′-nucleotidase activity are attributed to activation of protein kinase C in rat cardiomyocytes.


A Bayesian approach for multi-stage reliability growth test was proposed aiming at the test process which was high cost and small sample-size in aerospace filed.The reliability growth process was modeled by the non-homogeneous Poisson process(NHPP),and a Gamma-Beta prior was proposed for the parameter of NHPP corresponding to the reliability growth process.The model was suitable for multi-stage reliability growth test assessment by the transfer rule for reliability growth's information.The analysis result of a motor proved that the model was able to make full use of the expert's experience and the test data during multi-stage development,and was suitable for multi-stage reliability growth test assessment with small sample size.


There is a gap in our proof [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 368 (2016), pp. 2115–2143, Lemma 6.2]. We direct readers to a paper that fills the gap.


Caffeine may be the most widely used stimulant in the world. It is found in a variety of plants, dietary sources (including coffee, tea, chocolate, cocoa, and colas), and non-prescription medications. The average caffeine consumption in the USA is approximately 2 cups of coffee per day (200 mg); 10% of the population ingests more than 1000 mg per day. Caffeine is a socially acceptable, legal drug consumed by all groups in society. Caffeine is often referred to as a nutritional ergogenic aid, but it has no nutritional value. Ingested caffeine is quickly absorbed from the stomach and peaks in the blood in 1-2 hours. Caffeine has the potential to affect all systems of the body, as it is absorbed by most tissue. The remaining caffeine is broken down in the liver and byproducts are excreted in urine. CAFFEINE AND ENDURANCE EXERCISE PERFORMANCE Laboratory studies from the 1970's suggested that caffeine enhanced endurance performance by increasing the release of adrenaline into the blood stimulating the release of free fatty acids from fat tissue and/or skeletal muscle. The working muscles use this extra fat early in exercise, reducing the need to use muscle carbohydrate (glycogen). The " sparing " of muscle glycogen made more available later in exercise to delay fatigue. In the 1980's, many studies found that caffeine did not alter exercise metabolism, and implied that it had no ergogenic effect, without actually measuring performance. A few reports did examine caffeine and performance during endurance exercise and generally found no ergogenic effect. By the end of the decade, it was suggested that caffeine did not alter metabolism during endurance exercise and may not be ergogenic. Recent work reported that ingestion of 3-9 mg of caffeine per kilogram (kg) of body weight one hour prior to exercise increased endurance running and cycling performance in the laboratory. To put this into perspective, 3 mg per kg body weight equals approximately one mug or 2 regular size cups of drip-percolated coffee; and 9 mg/kg = approximately 3 mugs of 5-6 regular size cups of coffee. These studies employed well-trained, elite or serious, recreational athletes. Studies with untrained individuals cannot be performed due to their inability to reliably exercise to exhaustion. The mechanism to explain these endurance improvements is unclear. Muscle glycogen is spared early during submaximal exercise following caffeine ingestion (5-9 mg/kg). It is unknown whether glycogen sparing occurs as a result of caffeine's …


The project work concentrates on the development of a geothermal residential heating system during cold winter. Available geothermal energy in Saudi Arabia was first studied. Thereafter, a suitable heat exchanger was developed to deliver the required heating requirements. In the development of the heat exchanger, graphs describing the performance of a cross flow heat exchanger operating in parallel flow configuration were generated in terms of critical dimensionless factors. Performance charts will readily help the heat exchanger designers in designing the most cost effective heat exchanger.


Harvestmen are generally vagile and solitary but some species may be found in stationary aggregations. Gregariousness in har-vestmen has been recorded in some Palpatores aggregations of harvestmen were found in the low vegetation in a swampy area of Serra do Cipo (19°17'S, 43°35'W, 1200 m elevation), Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The local vegetation consists of Montane Fields ("campo ru-pestre") : mainly shrubs and low herbs growing in thin and rocky soil. Water infiltration into the ground was retarded by the layers below the thin soil. As a result, with any minor rainfall, the whole area became a swamp (Joly 1970). We sampled a 460 m2 plot in a swamp in the early afternoon. All harvestmen found were collected and immediately preserved in 70% ethanol. During the survey we also observed the behavioral responses of the individuals to disturbance (such as attempts to escape , immobility, discharge of odorous secretions). Voucher specimens were deposited in the arachnological collection of the Mu-seu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo (MZUSP). Harvestmen were found either in clumps of roots of gramineous species, or partially buried in the mud below these clumps. The soil in the basal portion of clumps was still muddy but not saturated to the point that pools of water were still present. We found 93 individuals belonging to three species of the family Gonyleptidae: Despirus montanus Mello-Lei-tao 1941 (subfamily Mitobatinae), Eugyndes sp. (a new species of the subfamily Pachyli-RESEARCH NOTE MULTI-SPECIES AGGREGATIONS IN NEOTROPICAL HARVESTMEN (OPILIONES, GONYLEPTIDAE) 389 nae) and Holoversia nigra Mello-Leitao 1940 (subfamily Gonyleptinae). Nine individuals (9 .7%) were found isolated, not associated with any aggregation : four D. montanus (16 3 Y), three Eugyndes sp. (163 2 Y) and two H. nigra (16 1 Y). The remaining 84 individuals (90.7%) were found in five multi-species aggregations. The average number of individuals per cluster was 16 .8 (SD = 11 .1 ; range 5-34 ; n = 5). Despirus montanus and Eugyn-des sp. were the most commonly encountered species in the aggregations since 95 .2% of the individuals in all aggregates belonged to these species (Table 1). In both species, the sex ratio was not significantly different from 1 :1 (D. montanus-X2 = 2 .38 ; Eugyndes Sp .-X2 = 1 .68 ; df = 1 ; P > 0 .05). Holoversia nigra was present in three aggregations and represented by only a few individuals-generally one or two …


Objective To estimate the role of the posterior corneal parameters measured by Pentacam in screening subclinical keratoconus.Design Retrospective case-controlled study.Participants Forty five healthy subjects(73 eyes),14 keratoconus patients (20 eyes),43 subclinical keratoconus patients(58 eyes).Methods Based TOPOLYZER and biomicroscope signs,eyes were diagnosed as subclinical keratoconus and keratoconus to compare the differnces of related posterior corneal parameters provided by Pentacam in normal eyes and subclinical keratoconus or keratoconus eyes.Main Outcome Measures Back-Diff(6 mm) max,Back-Diff(6 mm )min, Back-Difference(6 mm),Back-Rmin,Back-Astig.Results The parameters which were statistically different between normal corneas and clinical keratoconus,normal corneas and subclinical keratoconus include Back-Diff(6 mm)max(P0.001),Back-Diff(6 mm) min(P0. 001).Back-Difference(6mm)(P0.001),Back-Rmin(P0.001,0.014),Back-Astig(P0.00l,0.008).ROC curves were used to identify optimal cutoff points of posterior corneal parameters,which were statistically different in subclinical keratoconus,keratoconus and normal eyes,to maximize sensitivity and specificity in discriminating keratoconus and subclinical keratoconus from normal corneas.Conclusion Pentacam can play a role in screening subclinical keratoconus and diagnosing keratoconus.


The function r' = g(d,f) is established and its parameters are defined on the basis of the element classification previously reported (Compt. rend. 248, 2165(1959)) and on the assumption that the atomic radius of the elements, characterized by their d and f electrons of the internal shell 3 to 7, varies as a function of the successive filling of these shells filled by their d and f electrons only. r' is the atomic radius of all the elements from 21 to 113 growing by these electrons only. The results showed that one can obtain all the atomic radii of the elements from 1 to 113 either as a function of their s and p electrons of the external shells 1 to 4 or as a function of their d and f electrons of the internal shells 3 to 7. (J.S.R.)


Scholars have recently paid more attention to narratives of colonial contact in Australia, as elsewhere (cf. Hill 1988). Western elements and characters (such as Captain Cook) have been widely documented in Australian Aboriginal narratives which nevertheless are clearly not close accounts of past events. This has promoted reconsideration of the distinction between 'myth' and 'history'. If we follow Turner's (1988) suggestion that myth is the formulation of 'essential' properties of social experience in terms of 'generic events', while 'history' is concerned with the level of 'particular relations among particular events', we need not restrict ourselves to seeing myth as charter for a social order distinct from western influence. In the paper I examine two stories of cultural and physical survival from the Katherine area, Northern Territory, and seek to identify in them fundamental themes and enduring narrative precipitates of social experience lived in intense awareness of colonial and post-colonial relationships between Aborigines and whites.


This article illuminates a field in which the author works both as a planner and as a researcher: strategic physical planning for the renewal and reuse of industrial facilities. After reviewing the thought processes underlying the planning of industrial buildings and areas during the twentieth century, he discusses how the term "strategic planning" can be interpreted for use in practical planning situations. The argument is exemplified by current planning cases.


Some of the key issues facing banks in the UK are examined in order to become better at selling in the personal banking market. These issues concern attitudes towards organisational changes for sales including those of personnel and physical organisation. Implicit in these issues are matters of changes in management style, training, motivation and recognition of branch sales personnel and the direct salesforce. Interviews were held with senior sales and/or marketing executives in the leading banks and a building society. While each of the organisations interviewed has made considerable advances in achieving the required cultural change, Midland Bank is well under way towards accomplishing a sales culture. The results indicate that the radical change called for in developing a true sales culture requires major alterations to management structure and style and is most likely to be successfully achieved by "top‐down" target setting based on corporate business objectives. The need for different approaches in ...


A female with autism, aged over 40 years, who had been hospitalized in a nursing home, developeddescending necrotizing mediastinitis requiring tracheostomy. Subsequently, tracheal stenosis wasobserved. She was referred to our hospital. T-tube therapy was selected, and there has been no recurrenceduring the 3-year follow-up. We report a patient in whom a T-tube was useful for treating benigntracheal stenosis in the presence of autism.


cancer is the second leading cause of death in children between the ages of 0 and 14 years, corresponding to approximately 3% of all cases diagnosed in Brazil. A significant percentage (5-10%) of pediatric cancers are associated with hereditary cancer syndromes, including Li-Fraumeni/Li-Fraumeni-like syndromes (LFS/LFL), both of which are caused by


Abstract In the first part of this paper, we mention some errors in Communications in Algebra, DOI:10.1080/00927872.2019.1684510, and give a correct version of the errant results. In the second part, we generalize some results in Communications in Algebra (DOI:10.1080/00927872.2016.1274900) and present our contribution in the study of generalized two-sided α-derivations satisfying certain identities over near-rings.


There has been recently a striking increase in the use of propensity score methods in health sciences research as a tool to adjust for selection bias in making causal inferences from observational controlled studies. However, reviews of published studies that use these techniques suggest that investigators often do not pay proper attention to thorough verification of appropriate fulfilment of propensity score adjusting properties. By using a case study in which balance is not achieved, we illustrate the need to systematically asses the accomplishment of the balancing property of the propensity score as a critical requirement for obtaining unbiased treatment effects estimates.


Recombinant baculoviruses offer a useful way of expressing eucaryotic genes, often in high yield (1). Current procedures for the generation of a recombinant virus make use of a transfer vector that, via recombination in vivo, place the gene of interest under control of the powerful polyhedrin promotor. At present the expression of mutant forms of the cloned gene (to study structure and function), requires transfer to M13 or plasmids for mutagenesis followed by recloning to the transfer vector for each mutant made. To speed-up this process we have constructed and tested a set of baculovirus transfer vectors that have single stranded capability. A baculovirus expression vector, pAcYMI, in which the unique Bam HI cloning site has been positioned so as to maximise the expression of non-fused proteins has been previously described (2). An Xhol -EcoRI fragment of approx. 5Kb encoding all the signals necessary for efficient expression and recombination was removed from pAcYMI, blunt ended and cloned between the filled-in EcoRI and Hind III sites of the plasmid pUC118 (3). Upon superinfection with the helper phage M13 K07 (method as outlined in (3)) large amounts of single stranded transfer vector are produced. For reasons that are unclear to us only one orientation of recombinant produced ssDNA efficiently; its structure is shown in Fig. 1A. To further improve pAcCL29the pUCpolylinker was removed from pUC118, blunt ended, and placed into the filled in BAM HI site of pAcCL29. Thus, plasmids pAcCL29-1 and pAcCL29-8 have a variety of unique restriction sites available for the cloning of genes to be expressed. pAcCL29-8 contains an ATG prior to the unique cloning sites making this vector suitable for the expression of coding fragments lacking an initiation methionine. The structure of each vector across the insertion sites is shown in Fig. 1B in the sense of the DNA strand that is packaged into phage particles.


Hex is a challenging strategy board game for two players. To enhance students' progress in acquiring understanding and practical experience with complex machine intelligence and programming concepts we developed the Machine Intelligence Hex (MIHex) project. The associated undergraduate student assignment is about designing and implementing Hex players and evaluating them in an automated tournament of all programs developed by the class. This article surveys educational aspects of the MIHex project. Additionally, fundamental techniques for game programming as well as specific concepts for Hex board evaluation are reviewed. The MIHex game server and possibilities of tournament organisation are described. We summarise and discuss our experiences from running the MIHex project assignment over four consecutive years. The impact on student motivation and learning benefits are evaluated using questionnaires and interviews.


Objective To discuss the value of optimatic reconstructive technology in coronary artery CT angiography of high heart rate and heart rate fluctuating patients.Materials and MethodsA retrospective study was undertaken in 149 cases which had high heart rate or heart rate fluctuation,149 cases were divided into following: 60 cases in group A whose heart rate was between 70 to 80 bpm and heart rate fluctuation was between 5 to 10 bpm,34 cases in group B whose heart rate was between 70 to 80 bpm and heart rate fluctuation was more than 10 bpm,37 cases in group C whose heart rate was more than 80 bpm and heart rate fluctuation was between 5 to 10 bpm,18 cases in group D whose heart rate was more than 80 bpm and heart rate fluctuation was more than 10 bpm.The control was 60 cases whose heart rate was no more than 70 bpm and heart rate fluctuation was no more than 5bpm.The image quality was compared between each groups with and without optimatic reconstructive technology.ResultsWith optimatic reconstructive technology,the imaging quality of B and C group had obvious improvement(P0.05),while there was no difference in A and D group(P0.05).With the technology,the image quality of A and the control group had no significant difference(P0.05),while the significant difference existed between B,C,D group and the control group(P0.05).ConclusionThe patients of high heart rate and fluctuating heart rate can get satisfactory image quality with the optimatic technology.The other patients whose heart rate was more than 80 bpm and heart rate fluctuation was more than 10 bpm can not get satisfactory imaging quality even with the optimatic technology.


A single female specimen (collected by Cockerell's wife, W. Porter Cockerell, in 1921 from Porto Santo) was mentioned in the description of COCKERELL (1922) and belong to the syntype series (characterised by Cockerell as cotype). This specimen, deposited in the National Museum of Natural History of Washington, DC (USNM), is documented by photos in this study and had to be designated as a paratype of A. dourada. A. wollastoni specimens (6♂♂, 2♀♀), collected with high probability by the Austrian zoologist Georg von Frauenfeld during the Novara Expedition in 1857 from Madeira Island and originally assigned to A. parvula (A. minutula) by SICHEL (1868), are actually deposited in the Natural History Museum of Vienna (NHMV). Cockerell did not have knowledge about the existence of these specimens. Probably the second person after Smith who realised the existence of a new Micrandrena species from Madeira was the German dipterologist T. Becker. He collected in 1904 two specimens (1♂, 1♀) from Madeira Island (deposited in the Biology Centre of the Upper Austrian Provincial Museum Linz, OLML), characterised by a handwritten label 'Andrena spec nov.', but there was no description of the new species. This female specimen and the labels are documented by photos. K e y w o r d s : Andrenidae, taxonomy, systematics, nomenclature, Madeira Archipelago.


The destruction mechanism in large area IGCTs (Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristors) under inductive switching conditions is analyzed in detail. The three-dimensional nature of the turn-off process in a 91mm diameter wafer is simulated with a two-dimensional representation. Simulation results show that the final destruction is caused by the uneven dynamic avalanche current distribution across the wafer.


The use of private transportation or city transportation to get to work is an option for employees. Today, the use of private vehicles is still a favorite of employees with various considerations. This paper aims to determine the factors that influence employees from Cinere to the Lebak Bulus area to choose transportation between private vehicles and local public transportation (Angkot). The method used was to spread the questionnaire to respondents, who then analyzed the data of the questionnaire results using the radar chart method. The comparative research between private vehicles and city transportation shows that the variable strongly affects employees and workers from Cinere to the Lebak Bulus area in choosing a private vehicle transportation mode, namely the comfort variable.


CO2 gas is responsible for greenhouse effect.Putting CO2 into seabed with the hydrate method can reduce CO2 gas and greenhouse effect,and not pollute environment.Consequently,the generation characteristics and physical property of CO2 hydrate,how to reduce its phase equilibrium point and accelerate formation rate are investigated.Based on experiments,the effects of the concentrations of additives SDS,SDBS,SDS-SDBS complex on CO2 hydrate phase equilibrium point were analyzed.The experimental results show that CO2 hydrate phase equilibrium point varies with temperature,the type and concentration of additives.Even in the same type,the optimum concentration also varies with temperature.The generation characteristics of CO2 hydrate had been analyzed simply and summarized.


One of the two stop elements (20) is divided or can be divided into two parts (20a, 20b) which can be fixed independently of one another in different angular positions on the component (3) (adjustable outlet valve body or the like) associated therewith. A fitting. Plumbing equipment.


The influence of comorbid conditions on the course of a new coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) is becoming an urgent problem for healthcare. There is more and more information confirming that the severity of COVID-19 depends on the presence of comorbid conditions in the patient. This work is devoted to the analysis of outcomes from covid - 19 in patients with comorbid pathology


We measured cohesion hysteresis between cyclopentane hydrate particles in liquid cyclopentane in the temperature range from −8 to 6 °C. Cohesion hysteresis was small within scatter, and no clear temperature dependence was observed in the range studied. Too great of applied loads resulted in damage of the cyclopentane hydrate shells, causing the unconverted water core to leak out of the shell. The leaked out water then converted to irregularly shaped cyclopentane hydrate asperities on the shell after contacting the surrounding liquid cyclopentane. Cohesion hysteresis between the cyclopentane hydrate asperities was also measured and found to be similar to those between particles. The implication of these findings to the friction forces is discussed.


Plant extracts (PEs) are natural substances that perform interesting bioactivities. However, they have some limitations. In this work, PEs from licorice, eucalyptus, sage, and thyme were produced and characterized. These extracts showed good bioactive properties. Alginate-based edible coatings and films incorporated with the extracts were produced and their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties were determined. The results showed that the coatings completely inhibited or reduced the growth of all bacteria (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus), except the coating with sage extract. However, only the films incorporated with licorice and eucalyptus could inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and none of the films were able to inhibit Gram-negative bacteria. The film incorporated with sage extract was the one with the best antifungal property. All films possess a good antioxidant property (ABTS: 942.52–5654.62; DPPH: 1040.67–5162.93 Trolox equivalents (µM)/mg film). Based on the results, it is possible to conclude that alginate coatings and films with PEs present good bioactive properties and can potentially be used as new, biodegradable packages. However, further experiments need to be performed to assess their safety profile, and to prove that they can be a real alternative to traditional food packaging.


4 batches of self-stressing concrete with different mixture proportions and 11 self-stressing concrete filled steel tubes were continuously monitored.Effect of various conditions on the structural self-stress is discussed.Strain characteristics of different expansion factors(such as free expansion,confined expansion and effective expansion,etc) and the influential factors are analyzed.It is shown that some factors((e.g.) steel ratio,section dimension,aspact ratio,mix proportions of concrete etc.) have a significant effect on self-stress and expansion.It can also be drawn that the same factor has different effect on various expansions.


Metritis is one of the main factors of postpartum infertility in rows, and as a result reduces reproductive performance in dairy herds. In this study, the uterus of cows were sampled using swap Double Guard after 7 or 8 days of childbirth, the based on the number of counted colonies (more than 10 colonies) are divided into two groups. In the first group (19 cows) were subcutaneous undergone. Ceftiofur for three consecutive days from 10th day after birth and second group (16 cows) received no treatment. Blood sampling was performed on 28, 21, 14 and 7. The result showed that estrogen in ceftiofur group reached to the maximum blood level on day 14 in the first month after birth. Also progesterone in ceftiofur group was significantly higher than control group on day 14. Progesterone one was the maximum on day 28 in both groups, which it is higher ceftiofur group than control group. But there was no significant difference. It is generally observed that estrogen production was significantly higher than control group after drug use especially cows with several births showing drug's effect on the group. Also progesterone in ceftiofur group is significantly higher especially in cows with more than one birth. So it can be concluded that ceftiofur by affecting on uterine Bacteria can influence estrogen and progesterone secretion. * Corresponding Author: Forutan Salehi Nezhad  firstname.lastname@example.com International Journal of Biosciences | IJB | ISSN: 2220-6655 (Print) 2222-5234 (Online) http://www.innspub.net Vol. 4, No. 8, p. 202-208, 2014


Property as the pillar of the national economy,in recent years,the price continues to rise,fluctuating range is large.Through our real estate prices.Further study the price for the prevention of the factors influencing the financial security,stability,sustained economic development is of utmost importance.In regression,the inspection and white's testing and inspection,etc lm method,the empirical research has found the main interest rates,per capita income,land prices and the investments of factors.


We propose to study Sarmiento's letter "Estados Unidos", focusing in a "contrastive comparatism". Through it, the described spaces have comparative associations with those already known by the reader. Analogies are introduced in order to think about which space is a better model of civilization, progress and modernity. So, these analogies -if either space- are located on time and space: past, present and future converge in Sarmiento's work.


them. Any attempt to challenge such readings both hopelessly betrays one's lack of literary sophistication and even voices an authoritarian demand for "magisterial" readings (p. 54). Not to yield uncritically to Kemple's interpretations, apparently, is illicitly to refuse to "implicate" oneself in a "complex hermeneutical structure of multiple readings" (p. 56). Kemple's refusal to explore sensitively either the consequences of the hermeneutical strategies he adopts or the kinds of arguments others have offered for them would be worrisome enough (interpretation remains, after all, a notoriously contentious and thorny process!), but the problem goes even deeper. At the same time Kemple renounces any hermeneutical method which might invalidate his own "writerly" readings, or even demand that he actually defend them, he is not at all reluctant to disqualify others' readings. Thus, for instance, Habermas's influential (and certainly debatable) interpretation of Marx is simply (magisterially?) dismissed by Kemple in several pages as "rather simplistic" (p. 28), "limited," and reductive (p. 29); Baudrillard's "restrictive" and "ungenerous" reading is criticized for trivializing the "subtleties and niceties of Marx's analysis" (p. 99); Robert Tucker's analysis is both overly psychologizing and insufficiently "attentive" (p. 54); and Althusser's reading is dispatched as essentially authoritarian. Indeed, far from generously extending to others the interpretative license he grants himself, Kemple rather patronizingly lectures these authors and the other particular (mis)interpreters of Marx he summarily discusses. Kemple also repeatedly declaims against yet other, unnamed readers less "careful" (p. 47) and "versatile" (p. 71) than he.


SUMMARY The key objective of poultry husbandry is to provide safe and nutritious food for the growing population. The technique of delivering various nutrients, nutraceuticals, vaccines, immunostimulants, phytochemicals and medicinal herbs via the in ovo route is gaining wide attention among scientists worldwide for improving poultry productivity, boosting immune response and safeguarding the health. Embryonic growth in poultry has been manipulated through direct administration of biological compounds into embryonated eggs during the mid and late phase of incubation. This shows potential to enhance hatchability, superior nutritional status, higher chick quality, improve post-hatch performance and ultimately reduce the challenges associated with infections and oxidative stress, as well as minimize the use of synthetic antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production. In the last two decades, several studies have demonstrated that the in ovo supplementation of herbs and their derivatives, such as chicoric acid, rosmarinic acid, astragalus polysaccharides boost immunity, upregulates antioxidant defense, and improves the health status and production output of poultry birds, making herbal compounds an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. In ovo injection of herbs and their phytochemicals has shown diverse advantages, including improvements in weight gain, feed efficiency, growth rate, decreased morbidity and mortality of embryos, boosted immunity, and improved health status of poultry birds. Furthermore, in ovo injection of herbal compounds has shown better protection against a number of infectious pathogens than post-hatch supplementation. The current review aimed to provide a promising insight for the promotion of in ovo technology in order to supply natural biological compounds/phytochemicals directly into the developing embryo to achieve an improvement in post-hatch growth, immune responses, antioxidant defense and highlights the future of in ovo technology as a strategy to minimize the use of AGPs and improve the health status and production performance of poultry.


An overview of the organization of the OLYMPUS propagation experimenters group (OPEX) is given. Preparations, participation, and experiments are described. Some examples for first statistical results are also reported. OLYMPUS, a 3-axis stabilized communications satellite was launched in 1989 for providing experimental telecommunications payloads and a propagation beacon payload at 12, 20, and 30 GHz to the European Space Agency. From previous experience (OTS), the Agency undertook to carry out extensive preparations with an eye on obtaining the statistical results needed within the limited available lifetime of the spacecraft. The OLYMPUS propagation experiment was conceived as part of ESA's space telecommunications applications program (ESA/IPC/(79)83) with the emphasis on exploring the possibilities and limitations of Ka-band satellite communications. The objectives of the OLYMPUS propagation campaign were: (1) characterization of the slant-path propagation conditions at 20/30 GHz in the various climatic regions of Europe; (2) improvement of the understanding of the link between atmospheric observable (rain rate, cloud thickness, etc.) to propagation impairments such as attenuation, depolarization, scintillation, etc.; and (3) arrive at improved propagation prediction methods.


The implementation of trade accounting system permanent account AUTOSHOP HOOPS AND TIRES, in the period January to March 2015, is intended to record the economic movements in accordance with the principles, standards, technical and accounting procedures that helped the compilation of the register of the accounting process to its owner knows information on the economic and financial situation of the company, its development trends and what can be expected of it to make timely decisions.
During the research process were complied with the proposed objectives starting with the preparation of the inventory of assets, rights and obligations, then the plan and manual checking accounts and the supporting documents that were the basis for initiating the registration was accounting up to obtaining financial statements provide information resources are there, the results that you have obtained, profitability and generated cash inflows and outflows which has led, among other financial aspects.
It concludes with the results after completion of the investigative process is achieved conclude with the preparation of accounting records Financial Statements which provided information on the different accounting transactions of the company are presented and recommended to continue with the implementation of accounting it will be an effective tool for organizing an enterprise accounts and likewise be considered for decision making alternative solutions for the different problems affecting the company, and help planning the direction of investments made by the company.


The quality and safety of animal products threat heath and life of consumers.As a result,how to retrospect quality of animal products during the whole process from breeding to dining table has become a major issue which is faced by current animal husbandry and veterinary workers.This paper proposes some countermeasures aiming at livestock breeding,quality control in production process and construction of retrospecting system.