Jaime Manrique is a Colombian-American novelist, essayist, translator, and poet. His first book of poems won Colombia's National Poetry Award in 1975. Among his critically acclaimed novels are Latin Moon in Manhattan (2003) andOur Lives Are the Rivers (2006). He has just finished his seventh novel, "If You See Me Along the Road."He is a Distinguished Lecturer in the Department of Classical and Modern Languages & Literatures at The City College of New York. His work has been translated into fifteen languages. In the first chapter of "If You See Me Along the Road," Gaspar, a twelveyear-old boy, lives on a farm with his peasant parents in the mountains of northern Colombia. One night, guerrillas enter the farm and kill Gaspar's parents to steal the livestock and other valuables. Gaspar hides and survives. Alone in the world, he decides to walk to the village of Barranco de Loba where a distant relative of his lives.


I designed an experiment to test predictions, derived from expectation states theories, that the unequal allocation of social rewards among collective task-focused actors will affect the actors' rates of power and prestige behavior. Past research shows that allocations of exchangeable resources can have these effects. The prediction, however, is general and applies to groups where distributed rewards possess only status value. Consistent with predictions, participants who received a fictitious title and a special certificate inviting them to attend an "exclusive private reception" as an honored guest resisted influence more and evaluated themselves as more capable compared to participants whose partners received the title, certificate and invitation. I discuss implications of this research for status construction theories, which invoke the processes I examine to describe how new status characteristics could emerge in a society.


Objective
To study the anti-proliferation and inducing apoptosis effects of microRNA (miRNA, miR)-83a on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.

Methods
The experiment was divided into 3 groups: group A (PEF miR-83a and PSV2neo co-transfection group), group B (non-transfection group), and group C (PEF and PSV2neo co-transfection group). Group A served as the experimental group, and groups B and C group as the control groups. Transfection according to instructions, effects of application of expression detected miR-83a transcription of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells lines in vitro antiproliferative effect of and biological function; by detecting the expression level of miR-83a immunohistochemical method and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) technology in cells, Real-time PCR was measured after transfection, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells lines Ras, Raf, protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK): mRNA expression changes, and through the methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) method, the scratch test, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, microscope observation and comparison of miR-83a transfection on the migration ability of cell proliferation, apoptosis and morphological changes. To analyse by using SPSS 14.0 statistical software.

Results
Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry confirmed in miR-83a transfected cells with stable expression; Assingland staining results: after seventh days culture, the cells of the induction differentiation group were full of brown specific staining granules, and no specific staining granules were found in the undifferentiated differentiation group. Real-time PCR results: The expression of Ras, Raf and Akt mRNA in group A were 0.97±0.27, 0.54±0.18 and 0.99±0.31, in group B were 1.68±0.30, 1.58±0.25 and 2.06±0.42, in group C were 1.68±0.30, 1.58±0.25 and 1.89±0.31. Compared with group B and C, the levels of Ras, Raf and Akt mRNA in group A were significantly lower (t=1.531 and 1.838, P=0.016 and 0.011). MTT assay showed that the apoptotic rates of the cells were (23.49±4.64)%, (45.73±8.72)% and (59.25±13.16)% after 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. There was significant difference between the two groups (χ2= 5.203 and 2.146, P =0.013 and 0.045). The scratch test showed that miR-83a transfected cell migration ability is lower than the normal cells. The effect of miR-83a on lung cancer cell 24 h, morphological observation of lung cancer cell apoptosis or necrosis.

Conclusion
Transfection of miR-83a can inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis effect on pituitary adenoma cells in vitro cells, which is likely to play a role through inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and EGFRvⅢ signal transduction pathway in the RAS-RAF-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)-Akt of two important signaling pathways activated.

Key words:
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; MicroRNA-83a; Proliferation; Apoptosis; Biological function


ABSTRACT The suspended algal fraction in small lotic waterbodies has rarely been investigated as the ecological importance was questioned due to low abundances. Recent findings suggest, that substantial riverine plankton communities can establish in small lotic waterbodies. The gap of knowledge concerning the composition of suspended algal assemblages and influential factors determining their composition is addressed in this study by monitoring suspended and attached algal communities over a two year period in agriculturally influenced small lotic waterbodies using delayed fluorescence spectroscopy. A quantitative comparison of suspended and attached algae indicated, that suspended algae exceeded attached algal biomass in late summer and early autumn. Redundancy analyses and corresponding generalized linear models indicated that the suspended algal groups were most influenced by nutrients, temperature and velocity, whereas light regime was of minor importance. The attached algal groups were affected by the same factors, however with differing intensity. Regional factors, such as season, were identified as the major gradients along which both algal fractions varied, inducing temporal synchronous algal assemblages. This work represents a contribution towards a better understanding of algal ecology specifically suspended algae in small lotic waterbodies.


Purpose:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence of the second mesiobuccal (MB2) canal, root fusion, and C-shaped root canal configuration in the Korean maxillary first (MM1) and second (MM2) molars by analyzing cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images. Materials and methods: Patients undergoing presurgical CBCT examination were included in the current study. The CBCT images of 1498 MM1 and 1742 MM2 from 1658 Korean patients were assessed to determine the incidence of a MB2 canal, the types of canal configurations, root fusion, and C-shaped root canal configurations. Further, the correlations between the incidence of MB2 canal and age, gender, and tooth position were analyzed. Results: The study population was relatively old (mean age: 66.1 years). The percentage of MB2 canals in MB roots was 60.1% and 28.0% in MM1 and MM2, respectively, with the most common configurations being Weine type III in MM1 and Weine type II in MM2. Additionally, the frequency of a MB2 canal decreased with age in both molars and was higher in men than in women in the MM1 only. Furthermore, root fusion was present in 2.3% and 26.2% of the MM1 and MM2, respectively, whereas C-shaped root canals were observed in 0.4% and 2.7% of the MM1 and MM2, respectively. Conclusion: The MB2 canal was found more frequently in the MM1, whereas root fusion and C-shaped root canals were both seen more frequently in the MM2. (J Korean Acad Prosthodont 2020;58:95-102)


National occupational health standard-Method of Dose Estimation Using Chromosome Translocation with Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization has been developed, which based on comprehensive collection, reading and analysis of relevant literature both abroad and domestic and the existing diagnostic criteria for radiation diseases of the China, and the repeated experimental verification. This standard is mainly applied for dose estimation for individuals who previously exposed to irradiation by accident, and provide the scientific diagnosis of radiation sickness. To better understand and implement it, the contents of this standard were interpreted in this article.

Key words:
In situ hybridization, fluorescence; Translocation, genetic; Radiation dosage; Occupational health criteria


Heterodox Transition, Income Inequality and Poverty: The Case of Uzbekistan - While the heterodox approach to the transition followed by Uzbekistan has often been critcized, the results is achieved in containing the transitional recession and restarting growth appear to have been superior to those obtained by other Central Asian Republics which followed a more liberal approach. In this sense, the Uzbek approach can be defined as the best second best given the adverse cirtcumstances under which the transition took place. In contrast, the development model inspired by the import substituting industrialisation followed since 1996 has produced less satisfactory results, mainly owing to the negative distributive effects it produced and that have indirectly retarded both growth and poverty reduction.


Primary amyloidosis is the most common form of systemic amyloidosis. The morbidity arises from extracellular deposition of immunoglobulin light chain fibrils in some organs such as the kidneys, heart and bowel. Distinctive haematological and biochemical laboratory findings may help in early diagnosis. Here we present a 60-year-old lady with an generalized amyloidosis. On microscopy sections show small fragments of structure less material was seen giving orange-red appearance, when stained with Congo Red. Our comprehensive overview of this rare and often fatal disease aims to increase the awareness of AL type amyloidosis. This may facilitate earlier diagnosis and thus allow initiation of prompt and specific therapies, which are indispensable in order to improve disease prognosis.


whether something other than contraction is going on. For instance how do we classify, and explain, moves by many nations toward 'quasi-markets' in health and social care? The author's greater focus on transfer programmes rather than on services allows him to streamline retrenchment as a one-dimensional process of declme, overlooking processes of reorganization that may be equally important. As welfare states mature, even spurts of growth are possible. Denmark in the late


The goal of this diploma thesis is analyze the topic of the Vienna Stock Exchange and its impact on V4 countries. First part of the thesis defines stock, stock market and individual parts of stock market. Second part focuses on definition of stock exchange, its importance in economy, internal structure and trading system. Third part contains detailed analysis of Vienna Stock Exchange. Last part analyzes stock indexes of the Vienna Stock Exchange and their impact on V4 countries.


While studying some genera, Entyloma, Melanotaenium and Tilletia of the order Ustilaginales, I came across a species of Tilletia, T. eleusines Syd., on Eleusine verticillata Roxb. in Ajmer (8). Though Tilletia has been studied by Fischer von Waldheim (5), Wolff (18), McAlpine (13), Dastur (4), Tang (16) and Das (3) who have worked out the life history of many species, there is no record of a detailed study of T. eleusines. Investigations were undertaken to work out the morphological and cytological details of this species.


This paper has made a thorugh and systematic study on the signicance,practical effect and strategic atatus of human capital investment theory.


By using cascode technique, a buck boost converter can provide higher step-up voltage than the conventional does at the same duty ratio. Because of having non-linear variable structure and a zero on the right half plane, the cascode buck-boost becomes a challenging topic for control engineering. In this paper, an energy-based model of the converter is created and a controller design method using port-Hamiltonian is proposed. The developed controller is suitable for the non-linear system with variable structure, since the simulation results show the remarkable achievement of the proposed controller in command tracking and disturbance rejection. In addition, it can effectively treat the non-minimum phases issue of the converter.


The theory and research status of anaerobic digestion technology in municipal dietetic organic waste were viewed with some references.By contrast,the merits of anaerobic digestion technology were discussed and method and application of anaerobic digestion technology were introduced.Meanwhile it presented the prospect of anaerobic digestion technology in municipal dietetic organic waste.


The shortcomings of the geometrical approach for studying the chloride ingress through cement-based material have been highlighted previously. Improving this approach requires taking into account the electrical double layer (EDL) occurring at the interface between the pore walls and the pore solution. This is the aim of the present work. First, it is shown that the viscoelectric effect of EDL depends on pore diameter and zeta potential. Second, the decelerating effect of EDL is seen to induce a decrease in co-ions flux and an increase in counter-ions flux. Finally, the proposed macroscopic model is validated through monitoring of current densities during chloride migration tests carried out on cement mortars. Simulated current densities are found to be in good agreement with measured values.


The chiral flexo-electro-optic effect produces a sub-millisecond, temperature independent in-plane rotation of the optical axis and is potentially interesting for the display industry. The main drawback in the exploitation of this effect is that it relies on a texture, the Uniform Lying Helix (ULH), which is intrinsically unstable since neither planar nor homeotropic surface conditions are compatible with it. We present a method, based on the use of periodic polymeric micro-channels, to create highly ordered and stable ULH structures. We show that the periodic structure, which is created holographically, naturally aligns the cholesteric helical superstructure along the micro-channels, without requiring any elaborate ad-hoc procedure, even when the size Λ of the micro-channels is much larger than the pitch P (Λ > 20P). Electro-optic measurements performed on the test-device show a large contrast ratio between bright and dark states (better then 100:1), short switching time (200μs) and large optical rotation (>30°).


Summary The present paper • analyses the 16-year old Balkan diplomatic imbroglio over the name issue of "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" (FYROM), from the UN Security Council resolution 817/1993 calling for the resolution of the issue "in the interest of maintaining peaceful and good-neighbourly relations in the region", to the communique of the April 2008 Bucharest NATO Summit specifying that FYROM would be admitted to the Alliance "as soon as a mutually acceptable solution to the name issue has been reached";


A new, quasi-three-dimensional perturbation model is developed for the computation of rotordynamic forces for all incompressible flow seals with an axisymmetric geometry. The model assumes a small circular whirl motion of the rotor around the stator center. By avoiding the complicated perturbation coordinate transformation, the perturbation solution directly accounts for the disturbance of the wall shear stresses that are caused by the whirl motion of the rotor. The primary advantage of the present model is that it can immediately be applied to any radial-clearance seal of axisymmetric geometry without ad hoc adjustments. It was found from computations that include the upstream chamber that the magnitude of the first-order variables at the seal inlet are much larger and abruptly changing than was previously assumed.Copyright © 2000 by ASME


Despite postmodern literary critics' anti-essential conception of man in the Renaissance, Renaissance thinkers and artists believed in the nature of man and embodied such a belief in their works. Staying away from our contemporary ideological polemics on the human nature, this paper examines the inner self in the Renaissance in relation to Shakespeare's four tragic characters: Hamlet, Cordelia, Romeo, and Juliet. The inner self was not a new concept in the Renaissance period. What was new was the attitude and direction of the concept. As a political power became concentrated on the kings of the modem nations, prudence seemed to be the courtiers' best policy for political survival. The Reformation also put extra pressure on the contemporaries, who sometimes had to conceal their religious convictions for the sake of personal safety. On the other hand, disillusioned by dissembling in the court and the Reformed world, people desired the virtue of sincerity, which was also strongly supported by the Reformers who believed in the human emotion overt reason. Keenly aware of the differences between inner and outer, Shakespeare's tragic characters criticize dissembling, a strategy of prudence as a representation of the self. And they also give priority to 'that within.' Their sincerity as an inner power looks insignificant, but it eventually causes the corrupt society to fall down and helps the society to recover a healthy state thanks to their tragic sacrifice. Postmodernists' idea of the self in the Renaissance is a projection of their own self-image. The completely autonomous self demystified by the postmodern literary critics was the idea of man espoused by liberal humanism, which was actually unknown to the Renaissance men. A study of the inner self in the Renaissance as related to Shakespeare allows us to discover truth in its own historical contexts and to reflect on our modem or postmodern life.


Since the acronym STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) was firstly introduced by the US National Science Foundation to bring technology and engineering into regular K-12 curriculum, Robotics has proven itself to be the sum of STEM disciplines. This paper presents an extra-curricular experience held in a formal environment with the aim to foster culture on technology and, in particular, on smart cities. Final assessment strategies included questionnaires and crossword puzzles to evaluate students' perception of activities and the knowledge they acquired. Data were processed and compared with the objectives of the project: increasing interest in learning school's subjects, stimulating students to work in team and transforming students' attitude towards ICT. Results showed that robotics engagingly teach traditional concepts while applying them to compelling real-world problems. Authors hope that this reported experience may give a useful contribution in favor of the introduction of Robotics in K12 education.


Indigenous literatures have been important for centuries
behind, because despite the process of cultural miscegenation today
they retain stylistic features that distinguish them. The expressions
literary have particular elements, involve the collective
and they are transmitted orally. They fulfill the function of testifying
its origins, life, death, also have an end
practical: pedagogical and moral teaching. Literary analysis in
the tales and / or stories of the Lacandon Mayan region allow us to observe
not only its complexity, the literary components, the intertextuality,
but his contribution to Mexican literature.


Abstract The oils of four species of Cinnamomum from Madagascar were studied. C. zeylanicum contained predominantly (E)-cinnamaldehyde together with camphor (15%). C. camphora was of the 1,8-cineole type (58-63%). C. fragrans contained α and β-pinenes (8% and 10%), 1,8-cineole (28%) and β-caryophyllene (13%). C. angustifolium contained mostly α-phellandrene, p-cymene, β-caryophyllene, 1,8-cineole and α-pinene.


We have investigated the direct collisional energy transfer process Na*(4p)+M→Na*(3d)+M, where M=He,H2 under gas cell conditions. We have measured the temporal profiles of the Na(3d–3p) sensitized fluorescence as a function of quenching gas pressure and fit the profiles to a two‐state rate equation model to obtain the quenching rate coefficients from the Na*(4p) state. The total energy transfer rate coefficient out of the 4p state for He is small [(0.5±0.2)×10−10 cm3/s]. The total quenching rate coefficient out of the 4p state is much larger for H2[(3.9±0.5)×10−10 cm3/s]. Evidence suggests that the energy transfer rate coefficient for the 4p–3d process is ∼2.0×10−10 cm3/s with the remainder of the 4p quenching being predominantly reactive. We also compare the far‐red wing absorption line shapes for the NaHe and NaH2 systems.


As it is difficult to develop an accurate switched reluctance motor model for its highly nonlinear magnetization characteristics, the control system of switched reluctance motor ought to be robust to model inaccuracies. This article presents an internal model control scheme integrating with an internal model, feedback linearization technique, and filter technique such that the control system of switched reluctance motor is convergent and robust against parameter disturbances and plant–model mismatches. An internal model of switched reluctance motor is established based on the estimated derivative of speed and torque, so the speed ripple can be reduced. Furthermore, a torque observer is equipped with the model for compensating a disturbance torque. Simulation results demonstrate that internal model control in switched reluctance motor drive system can effectively reduce torque and speed ripple, and it is highly robust to plant–model mismatches. Experimental results further verify the effectiveness of internal model control as an alternative control technique for a flexible process of a mechanical press driven by switched reluctance motor.


Omics data (e.g., genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenomics, etc . . . ) generated from high-throughputnext-generation sequencers in the big human genome, andcancer genome projects have changed the way to studypersonalized medicine. In the future, personalized medicinewill not be limited to diagnosis and treatment based on afew known disease-associated mutations on some genes, butwill rely on whole molecular characteristics of patients byintegrating their –omics data. In this study, we draw a bigpicture of personalized medicine research in cancer researchof the –omics data era, including –omics databases, challengesof data fusion to solve two major problems in personalizedmedicine, i.e., personalized diagnosis and treatment. Theseproblems are approached as patient stratification and drugresponse prediction based on the –omics data by computational methods.


We present a schema and process evolution tool, called the Evolver, for the MARVEL process-centered environment. The Evolver analyzes the differences between the new and installed process models of an existing environment, detecting each case where the notion of consistency defined by the process model has been strengthened or weakened. The Evolver then automatically updates the environment's objectbase to guarantee that the objects are consistent according to the new specifications. The Evolver can be applied while the installed process is in progre,,s, temporarily halting normal operation while it updates the objectbase, after which development continues using the new process. We have had several months of experience using the Evolver to make repeated changes in the process that supports our own further development of MARVEL, and include in this paper one small but practical example of a recent change made to a real MARVEL process. Copyright © 1992 Gail E. Kaiser et al. *Hinsdale is now employed by JYACC, " ew York, NY. +Marrero is now a PhD candidate in Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. keywords: automation, consistency, object-oriented database, process-centered environment, rules, schema evolution ThL 9as been oppe I93-18474 tot pubLic taiease a.md sale; its •Listzlbution is unlimited.


Study Design. A retrospective study at a single academic institution. Objective. The purpose of this study is to utilize machine learning to predict hospital length of stay (LOS) and discharge disposition following adult elective spine surgery, and to compare performance metrics of machine learning models to the American College of Surgeon's National Surgical Quality Improvement Program's (ACS NSQIP) prediction calculator. Summary of Background Data. A total of 3678 adult patients undergoing elective spine surgery between 2014 and 2019, acquired from the electronic health record. Methods. Patients were divided into three stratified cohorts: cervical degenerative, lumbar degenerative, and adult spinal deformity groups. Predictive variables included demographics, body mass index, surgical region, surgical invasiveness, surgical approach, and comorbidities. Regression, classification trees, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) were used to build predictive models. Validation of the models was conducted on 16% of patients (N=587), using area under the receiver operator curve (AUROC), sensitivity, specificity, and correlation. Patient data were manually entered into the ACS NSQIP online risk calculator to compare performance. Outcome variables were discharge disposition (home vs. rehabilitation) and LOS (days). Results. Of 3678 patients analyzed, 51.4% were male (n=1890) and 48.6% were female (n=1788). The average LOS was 3.66 days. In all, 78% were discharged home and 22% discharged to rehabilitation. Compared with NSQIP (Pearson R 2=0.16), the predictions of poisson regression (R 2=0.29) and LASSO (R 2=0.29) models were significantly more correlated with observed LOS (P=0.025 and 0.004, respectively). Of the models generated to predict discharge location, logistic regression yielded an AUROC of 0.79, which was statistically equivalent to the AUROC of 0.75 for NSQIP (P=0.135). Conclusion. The predictive models developed in this study can enable accurate preoperative estimation of LOS and risk of rehabilitation discharge for adult patients undergoing elective spine surgery. The demonstrated models exhibited better performance than NSQIP for prediction of LOS and equivalent performance to NSQIP for prediction of discharge location.


Surprisingly nobody found strange that by theory the electrons are moving with a constant velocity in the stationary electric current, although there is an accelerating force F = q E, imposed by the E electric field along the wire as a result of the U potential difference. The accelerated electrons are creating a charge density distribution and maintaining the potential change along the wire. This charge distribution also creates a radial electrostatic field around the wire decreasing along the wire. The moving external electrons in this electrostatic field are experiencing a changing electrostatic field causing exactly the magnetic effect, repelling when moving against the direction of the current and attracting when moving in the direction of the current. This way the A magnetic potential is based on the real charge distribution of the electrons caused by their acceleration, maintaining the E electric field and the A magnetic potential at the same time. The mysterious property of the matter that the electric potential difference is self maintained by the accelerating electrons in the electric current gives a clear explanation to the basic sentence of the relativity that is the velocity of the light is the maximum velocity of the electromagnetic matter. If the charge could move faster than the electromagnetic field than this self maintaining electromagnetic property of the electric current would be failed. In the atomic scale the Heisenberg uncertainty relation gives the same result, since the moving electron in the atom accelerating in the electric field of the proton, causing a charge distribution on delta x position difference and with a delta p momentum difference such a way that they product is about the half Planck reduced constant. For the proton this delta x much less in the nucleon, than in the orbit of the electron in the atom, the delta p is much higher because of the greater proton mass. More importantly the accelerating electrons can explain the magnetic induction also. The changing acceleration of the electrons will create a –E electric field by changing the charge distribution, increasing acceleration lowering the charge density and decreasing acceleration causing an increasing charge density. Since the magnetic induction creates a negative electric field as a result of the changing acceleration, it works as an electromagnetic inertia, causing an electromagnetic mass. If the mass is electromagnetic, then the gravitation is also electromagnetic effect caused by the accelerating Universe! The same charges would attract each other if they are moving parallel by the magnetic effect. The Planck distribution law explains the different frequencies of the proton and electron, giving equal intensity to different lambda wavelengths! The weak interaction transforms an electric charge in the diffraction pattern from one side to the other side, causing an electric dipole momentum change, which violates the CP and time reversal symmetry. The Planck distribution law is temperature dependent and it should be true locally and globally. I think that Einstein's energy-matter equivalence means some kind of existence of electromagnetic oscillations enabled by the temperature, creating the different matter formulas, atoms, molecules, crystals, dark matter and energy. One way dividing the proton to three parts is, dividing his oscillation by the three direction of the space. We can order 1/3 e charge to each coordinates and 2/3 e charge to one plane oscillation, because the charge is scalar. In this way the proton has two +2/3 e plane oscillation and one linear oscillation with -1/3 e charge. The colors of quarks are coming from the three directions of coordinates and the proton is colorless. [1] Simple Experiment Everybody can repeat my physics teacher's Toth Nandor middle school experiment, placing aluminum folios in form V upside down on the electric wire with static electric current, and seeing them open up measuring the electric potential created by the charge distribution, caused by the acceleration of the electrons. Figure 1.) Aluminium folios shows the charge distribution on the electric wire He wanted to show us that the potential decreasing linearly along the wire and told us that in the beginning of the wire it is lowering harder, but after that the change is quit linear. You will see that the folios will draw a parabolic curve showing the charge distribution along the wire, since the way of the accelerated electrons in the wire is proportional with the square of time. The free external charges are moving along the wire, will experience this charge distribution caused electrostatic force and repelled if moving against the direction of the electric current and attracted in the same direction – the magnetic effect of the electric current. Uniformly accelerated electrons of the steady current In the steady current I= dq / dt , the q electric charge crossing the electric wire at any place in the same time is constant. This does not require that the electrons should move with a constant v velocity and does not exclude the possibility that under the constant electric force created by the E = dU / dx potential changes the electrons could accelerating. If the electrons accelerating under the influence of the electric force, then they would arrive to the x = 1/2 a t 2 in the wire. The dx/dt = a t, means that every second the accelerating q charge will take a linearly growing length of the wire. For simplicity if a=2 then the electrons would found in the wire at x = 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 ..., which means that the dx between them should be 3, 5, 7, 9 ..., linearly increasing the volume containing the same q electric charge. It means that the density of the electric charge decreasing linearly and as the consequence of this the U field is decreasing linearly as expected: -dU/dx = E = const. Figure 2.) The accelerating electrons created charge distribution on the electric wire This picture remembers the Galileo's Slope of the accelerating ball, showed us by the same teacher in the middle school, some lectures before. I want to thank him for his enthusiastic and impressive lectures, giving me the associating idea between the Galileo's Slope and the accelerating charges of the electric current. We can conclude that the electrons are accelerated by the electric U potential, and with this accelerated motion they are maintaining the linear potential decreasing of the U potential along they movement. Important to mention, that the linearly decreasing charge density measured in the referential frame of the moving electrons. Along the wire in its referential frame the charge density lowering parabolic, since the charges takes way proportional with the square of time. The decreasing U potential is measurable, simply by measuring it at any place along the wire. One of the simple visualizations is the aluminum foils placed on the wire opening differently depending on the local charge density. The static electricity is changing by 1/x potential giving the equipotential line for the external moving electrons in the surrounding of the wire. Magnetic effect of the decreasing U electric potential One q electric charge moving parallel along the wire outside of it with velocity v would experience a changing U electric potential along the wire. If it experiencing an emerging potential, it will repel the charge, in case of decreasing U potential it will move closer to the wire. This radial electric field will move the external electric charge on the parabolic curve, on the equipotential line of the accelerated charges of the electric current. This is exactly the magnetic effect of the electric current. Figure 3.) Concentric 1/x equipotential surfaces around the electric wire causes the magnetic effect on the external moving charges Considering that the magnetic effect is F=q v x B, where the B is concentric circle around the electric wire, it is an equipotential circle of the accelerating electrons caused charge distribution. Moving on this circle there is no electric and magnetic effect for the external charges, since v x B = 0. Moving in the direction of the current the electric charges crosses the biggest potential change, while in any other direction – depending on the angle between the current and velocity of the external charge there is a modest electric potential difference, giving exactly the same force as the v x B magnetic force. Getting the magnetic force from the F = dp / dt equation we will understand the magnetic field velocity dependency. Finding the appropriate trajectory of the moving charges we need simply get it from the equipotential lines on the equipotential surfaces, caused by the accelerating charges of the electric current. We can prove that the velocity dependent force causes to move the charges on the equipotential surfaces, since the force due to the potential difference according to the velocity angle – changing only the direction, but not the value of the charge's velocity. Moving on the parabolic equipotential line gives the same result as the constant force of gravitation moves on a parabolic line with a constant velocity moving body. Necessary to mention that the A magnetic vector potential is proportional with a, the acceleration of the charges in the electric current. Also the A magnetic vector potential gives the radial parabolic electric potential change of the charge distribution due to the acceleration of electric charges in the electric current. Magnetic induction Increasing the electric current I causes increasing magnetic field B by increasing the acceleration of the electrons in the wire. If the acceleration of electrons is growing, than the charge density dQ/dl will decrease in time, creating a –E electric field. Since the resistance of the wire is constant, only increasing U electric potential could cause an increasing electric current I= U/R (= dQ/dt). Necessary to mention that decreasing electric c


Designing park, square and walk-pavement drainage systems offers great opportunities to 'capture' rainfall water near to precipitation sites, either through local soil infiltration, or stormwater reservation basins. The faster urban infrastructure designers and Architects perceive this, the easier for implementing sustainable urban development. In fact, retention of rainfall waters upstream at hydrologic catchments is crucial for reducing surface flood volume and peak at downstream inundation-prone sites; recharging underground-water reserves, and busting water retention upstream – either in the channels, underground, or inside purpose-built reservoirs. This paper presents a simple method for designing drainage systems for parks, squares, walking areas or sport-court surfaces based on a purpose-built electronic spreadsheet. It considers peak attenuation by underground infiltration through porous soils with vegetation, porous pavements and different porous substrata, or by low-slope surface flow. The spreadsheet can compute surface volumes leaving a drainage-area outlet for proposed combinations of covering layers and design rainfall events. Index Terms - Permeable pavement, green microdrainage, urban infrastructure, underground stormwater retention, sustainable urbanisation.


Heterogeneity among naïve adaptive lymphocytes determines their individual functions and fate decisions during an immune response. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes capable of generating 'adaptive' responses during infectious challenges. However, the factors that govern various NK cell functions are not fully understood. Here, we use a reporter mouse model to permanently 'time-stamp' NK cells and type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) in order to characterize the dynamics of their homeostatic turnover. We found that the homeostatic turnover of tissue-resident ILC1s is much slower than that of circulating NK cells. NK cell homeostatic turnover is further accelerated without the transcription factor Eomes. Finally, heterogeneity in NK cell age diversifies NK cell function, with 'older' NK cells exhibiting more potent IFN-γ production to activating stimuli, and more robust adaptive responses during cytomegalovirus infection. These results provide insight into how the functional response of an NK cell varies over its lifespan.


The invention discloses a hydrazide latency improving curing agent comprising hydrazide compound and epoxy compound, wherein mol ratio between hydrazide radical and epoxy radical is 1: 0.5 to 2.5. The curing agent is prepared by mixing and dissolving the hydrazide compound and epoxy compound into a solvent, reacting for 1 to 24 hours at 60 to 150 DEG C, lastly depressurizing and removing the solvent. The prepared curing agent has good compatibility with liquid epoxy resin. The prepared single-component aqueous epoxy dope has six months storage period at room temperature, is stable below 40 DEG C, is cured at 100 to 150 DEG C to form a coat having flat and smooth surface and flexibility, and is applied to insulating coats of electronic elements and insulating coats of electric device coils.


A 110 days'experiment was carried out to study a pilot-scale integrative A/O(anaerobic/aerobic) MBR treating domestic wastewater from an university.Influent wastewater was stopped from day 51 to day 56 and the activated sludge was feeded by faecula and urea,and inlet was restarted on day 57.Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD),Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD5),Ammonia Nitrogen(NH+4N) and Total Phosphorus(TP) concentration was investigated in different part of the system.The average removal efficiency of COD,BOD5,ρ(NH+4-N),TP was 95.10%,90.96%,93.02% and 93.37%,respectively,mainly digested in anoxic tank.MLSS and SV in the aeroic tank increased gradually and stayed steadily on 8 600 mg/L and 85%,respectively.SVI was lower than 112.1 mg/L during the whole experiment.The value of MLVSS/MLSS,which reflects the sludge activity,descended slightly in 110 days'study,especially on the anaphase.The results shows a promising future for the application of this system for municipal wastewater reclamation.


Building a grasp database to identify stable hand configuration for grasping a novel object is extremely useful in robotics community, and several databases are available in the literature for this purpose. In this paper, we briefly review the grasp databases that are available in the literature and provide an overview of the grasp database that we intend to build for stable grasp identification. The proposed database will differ markedly from the present ones because we account for the contact pressure maps while grasping and evaluate the grasp in real-time based on the contact force and the contact area.
 In this paper, we also report the contact pressure maps of daily household objects such as bottles and cans while grasping, and show that each recorded pressure map captures the underlying deformation at the contact, the material properties of contacting surfaces and display the influence of the physical characteristics of object on the contact formation. Specifically, contact pressure maps of empty bottle as well as fluid-filled bottle are explored to see their underlying contact deformation while grasping. A FE-based grasp analysis tool is suggested to evaluate the grasp stability in a constrained simulation environment using these maps.


Social networks: social communication platforms where individuals exhibit their attitudes and behaviors, gestures and mimics in symbolic actions in a virtual environment. Their swift development and wide usage proportion rises social networks' necessity and popularity. People communicate with each other and share some data like idea, thinking, photo, video and location. When this data is processed, very important information is obtained about the users. In this light, it is possible to make important estimates about the users. To analyze a network, the network model, properties of graph structure, criteria and metrics must be calculated first. In this study, similarity calculation between the subjects which authors studied has been done. In this application, five suitable models (Jaccard Index, Sorensen Index, Common Neighbor, L. H. Newman Index and Salton Index methods) are applied to the data set generated by randomly selected twenty writers. In order to evaluate the calculation results; the results of the similarity calculation between authors with known linkages are used as reference values. Comparisons of obtained similarity values with reference values result in new connections. These links reveal that authors can publish articles together.


In this paper, we give an integral representation for the boundary values of derivatives of functions of the de Branges--Rovnyak spaces $\HH(b)$, where $b$ is in the unit ball of $H^\infty(\CC_+)$. In particular, we generalize a result of Ahern--Clark obtained for functions of the model spaces $K_b$, where $b$ is an inner function. Using hypergeometric series, we obtain a nontrivial formula of combinatorics for sums of binomial coefficients. Then we apply this formula to show the norm convergence of reproducing kernel $k_{\omega,n}^b$ of the evaluation of $n$-th derivative of elements of $\HH(b)$ at the point $\omega$ as it tends radially to a point of the real axis.


The Daheishan Island(37°58′10″N, 120°37′13″E) is a small island of the Miaodao Archipelago in Bohai Sea of China.The island features with alkalic volcanic rocks.These rocks bear important information of the interaction between the crust and the mantle in the area and of the geological evolution of Chinese marginal seas.However, the rocks are poorly studied with no citable reference.In this case, the fresh volcanic rocks were sampled from outcrop at the northwest of Daheishan Island on 2001.The contents of major elements and isotopic compositions, and K-Ar ages were analyzed with the Philips PW 1400 X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry(XRF), Finnigan-MAT261 mass spectrometer and MM1200B inert gases mass spectrometer, at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics(IGG),Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),on 2002.Geological data of chemical composition, K-Ar age and Nd-Sr-Pb imprints were obtained from these rocks.By analyzing these data, the authors concluded that: the volcanic formation of Daheishan Island belongs to the petrological series of sodic-alkalic basalt, and the volcanism can be divided into two phases(8Ma and 8Ma).Difference in chemical composition is small except for K_2O and Na_2O.The depth of magma chamber became deeper as magmatism developed.Mantle composition of the chamber area included end members of mainly PREMA and then DM in mantle composition.Furthermore, the melting of MORB of the Pacific Plate probably provided the magmatic matter in the chamber area.


1. The present invention is a method of constitution and texture of a wooden hanok roof structure, and the traditional hanok roof plate is an inclined, single-floor structure, in which all loads of the roof act as large concentrated loads on beams, thereby standardizing it for structural safety. Since it is difficult to use large cross-section members, it requires a lot of materials and manpower, and the construction period is long. Figure-1 (a) 2. The present invention is to install a sturdy joist on the flat and eaves to cover the structural history of the hanok ceiling half installed in the past, covering the plate to make the bottom floor plate, and the top In the case of a double-bottom structure in which a large number of clubs are placed on the roof to cover the roof tile by covering it with a sloped roof plate to cover the roof tile, the load of the roof tiles is passed through the trunk and the claws, Is dispersed. Fig-1 (I) 3. The present invention is different from the existing traditional hanok end. The roof plate is a single bottom plate inclined in the traditional hanok, but in the present invention is a double-bottom structure consisting of a lower bottom plate of the ceiling portion and an inclined bottom plate installed on it. I. The role of the ceiling half is a design function to give a structural burden to the rafters in the traditional hanok, but in the present invention bears a structural role of supporting the chair as well as the upper inclined bottom plate. All. The ceiling half-work construction time is a finishing work after the roof construction in the traditional hanok, the ceiling half-work construction is the beginning of the roof construction in the present invention. -The effect of this is- 1. The use of standardized small sections improves work efficiency, saving material and labor costs, and shortening the construction period, thereby reducing construction costs. 2. The roof plate is a double-floor structure, which is good for insulation and can use the space in the roof as an attic. Eaves, midoris, bells, calories, flats, intercessions, beams, joists, ugliness, sarai, half ruler, patchwork, rafters, paraphrases, grains, structural strength, load,


The main aim of the current study is to investigate the relationship between leadership styles and crisis management in private businesses. Leaders and managers of business corporations and large organizations permanently make crucial decisions and expect good results in achieving the objective that they have in mind. A quantitative technique used in order to analyses this study. 130 participants were involved in the present study. The researcher developed three main research hypotheses. The findings revealed that the highest value among all leadership styles was transformational leadership. A bigger sample size and including all the key races in Kurdistan would provide support for further studies


There is a considerable gap on how social movements that center around non/monogamies decide to organize and articulate their strategies, as well as how they manage their tensions with other activist groups and ideologies or even the State. In addition to this, the fact that much of the literature that circulates is written in English and in an Anglophone context, hampers the ability of researchers to come into contact with other experiences of non/monogamies. This article gives a situated account of the rise of the Portuguese polyamorous social movement and shows how interpersonal relationships fundamentally shape the way activism is performed, and how archives are also important in establishing the identity of activists and activist groups. Using data from the Portuguese polyamorous group PolyPortugal, and interviews with high-profile activists, I argue that the idea of a politics of relating (the politicized analysis of how we connect and perform a given ethics of connection) is a conceptually useful tool to think about the transformations of contemporary intimacies, but it is also fundamental to think about how activism is done by people and for people – people who relate to one another, who exist in tension.


Donald Barthelme belongs to the category of disruptive, innovative American writers who have not only abandoned the mimetic narrative modes, but have also engaged in formal experiments that have revitalized the short story genre. In "The State of the Short Story", Susan Mernit1 lists Barthelme as one of the writers who helped to define the modern short story and suggests that he promoted the popular revival of the genre. In the same vein, Charles May2 has placed Barthelme among the most influential postmodernist short story writers who focus attention on the fiction-making process. His short fictions are also acclaimed for promoting new and inventive approaches and for addressing the problems of the postmodern age. As Miriam Clark aptly remarks, his short fiction, distinguished by its "depthlessness, incoherence and ephemerality", falls under the category of the postmodern because it calls into question "metanarratives of self-knowledge and insight".3 Moreover, Barthelme's stories display all the characteristics that Lauro Zavala4 has attributed to the postmodern short story: they are not only rhizomatic, intertextual and anti-mimetic, but also seem to be under construction, such that their different components can be assembled and reassembled ad infinitum. Furthermore, Barthelme's original experiments with narrative structure seem to corroborate Noel Harold Kaylor's opinion that "the innovations through which postmodernism finally gained its success in the United States were in form and structure rather than content and in the postmodernist's inventive alternative to realist representation of the 'world outside the work'".5Although Barthelme also produced longer fiction, he has been particularly praised for his short stories, which can be described as original collages that explore the textures of postmodern experience. His sense of cultural fragmentation made him resort to the short story genre as the best means of conveying the incoherence of a kaleidoscopic reality. For this reason, his short fiction is representative of the postmodern crisis of perception, the waning of subjectivity, and the shallowness and unreality of postmodern ordinary experience. Furthermore, Barthelme's short fiction is marked by a creative interest in exploring the possibilities of fiction beyond its own limitations. Disenchantment with conventional narrative forms led him to explore new techniques in order to deconstruct traditional forms of representation; and in challenging the ordinary practices of meaning production, Barthelme's fiction points to the essence of the postmodern mode. He experiments with narrative form in such a way as to emphasize the supremacy of form over content and to make it the very subject of his fiction.Barthelme resorts to collage and intertextuality as powerful techniques that enable him to insist on the story as artifice and also to privilege the artistic process at the expense of the finished work. Carl Malmgren cleverly draws attention to the relationship collage established between the artwork and reality when he points out that collage not only challenges mimetic aesthetics, but also represents an arbitrary, open system with crumbling boundaries.6 This description of collage is linked to Graham Allen's ideas about intertextuality. This critic claims that postmodern fiction resorts to intertextual practices in order to highlight and control the tension between fiction and reality.7 It seems obvious that Barthelme uses both techniques in an attempt to emphasize the notion of literary texts as constructed artifacts pointing to the dynamics of artistic creation. Thus, he conceives his short stories as complex intertextual spaces where collage and intertextuality work on the metafictional paradox between the construction of a fictional reality and the laying bare ofthat illusion.Barthelme has published about eight collections of short stories. This article focuses on several works excerpted from Sixty Stories? …


Pseudomonas sp. S-7 strain can produces glucolipid and lipopeptide in met abolism. The critical micelle concentration of surfactants is 36mg/L. Surfactant s make the surface tension of water decrease from 72?mN/m to 29 7?mN/m, a nd make t he interfacial tension between oil and water reduce from 30?mN/m to 1 3?mN/ m. The fermented broth has stable surface activity at different temperature, pH and sal inity; it emulsifies crude oil and makes the viscosity of crude oil decrease 86. 95%. The present study states that the surfactants are major factors of S-7 strain in microbial enhanced oil recovery.


Article is devoted to the category «place development» analysis in works of the Russian thinkers of the beginning of the XX century. Basic provisions of the Euroasian thinking which main category was definition of Russia as the special geographical and historical world admitted are considered. P. Savitsky, G. Vernadsky, L. Gumilyov's views about determination of natural factors in cultural development are analyzed and the conclusion about historicity and continuity of geographical ideas and their development nowadays is drawn. It is claimed that the category «place development» is one of the major natural factors of conditionality in cultural development. It acts as the constructive mechanism of evolution consisting of the territory, its inhabitants and the sociohistorical environment which here is formed.


Each vehicle antenna has a variety of electrical and mechanical properties that characterize it. Each one of the considered series of features evaluates the antennas from a different point of view. The electrical properties of antennas are characterized by its various energy, impedance and radiation parameters. The radiation parameters of the antenna can be objectively assessed according to the shape of its radiation - directional characteristics. The shape of the directional characteristic of the antenna is influenced by a number of interrelations between its electrical and mechanical properties. The best known relationship that affects the shape of the directional characteristic of the antenna is the ratio between its mechanical parameter - the antenna length "l" and the electrical parameter - the wavelength "λ" of the operating frequency. In the theory of antennas, it is a known ratio "l / λ", which determines the shape of the directional characteristic of the antenna. This ratio, which shapes the electric current distribution on the antenna, can be evaluated or simulated relatively simply (but not exactly), but in practice it is very difficult (almost impossible) to measure it. The article deals with a specific approach to objective practical measurement of electric current distribution on a linear antenna in the VHF frequency band.


Rural tourism is a new growth point of agricultural economy in China. The development of rural tourism is conducive to optimizing the agricultural economic structure, increasing the income of farmers, and it is the important way to revitalize the rural economy and achieve the integration of urban and rural areas. However, there is lack of quantitative research in the academic community about the contribution rate of rural tourism to the promoting of the rural economic, in a result that people can not accurately understand the role and value of rural tourism. Based on the social investigation of three districts and three counties of rural tourism development in Hefei, to calculate the contribution rate of rural tourism and rural economic growth by using target level analysis, and based on the mathematical model of rural tourism in rural economic growth built by LI Yan, to discuss the promoting effect of the rural tourism to rural economic growth, which has the realistic significance for the development of the integration of urban and rural areas.


Epstein‐Barr Virus (EBV)‐transformed B lymphoblastoid cell lines (BLCL) are currently used for numerous applications in cellular immunology. Where protocols destined for clinical application are concerned, the final choice of assay is made according to a risk/benefit ratio analysis. In this balance the use of xenogenic or allogenic serum has always been a major concern, as it carries both an infectious and an immunological risk. So far, it is unknown whether serum can be omitted from the entire BLCL selection procedure. In addition, as BLCL have been described as heterogeneous, serum deprivation may affect their antigen‐presenting capacity. In the present study, BLCL were generated in the absence or presence of fetal calf serum (referred to as BLCL0 or BLCLFCS, respectively). Next, in order to assess the antigen‐presenting capacity of these cells, we compared the ability of BLCL0 and BLCLFCS cells to stimulate the EBV‐specific repertoire of the corresponding donor's peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Our results showed that addition of serum was not essential for BLCL infection and culture, and that as far as we could determine, BLCL0 cells were as effective as BLCLFCS in reactivating the EBV‐specific T‐cell repertoire in vitro. Notably, FCS‐specific T‐lymphocytes can be detected among the BLCLFCS‐specific CD4+‐CTL. Not only was this latter observation unexpected for an EBV‐seropositive donor, but it implied that the BLCL had captured and processed the corresponding FCS‐derived solubles antigens; taken together our results emphasized the interest of the possibility to generate BLCL0, both for research and for clinical applications.


HR governance is the practice of making effective decisions regarding the human resources of the organization and the efficient controlling of them. It is interrelated with establishing HR policies, continuous monitoring of their proper implementation and governing the body of an organization. This study explores the HR governance practice of the private sector in Bangladesh and its impact on organization's sustainable human resource development. To investigate this scenario, sample size of 200 from five manufacturing industries and three service industries both sectors were selected to conduct a survey through floating a structured questionnaire on target employees. Here, six independent variables talent management, consolidated HR policy, HR risk management, employee development, compensation benefits, employee welfare and one dependent variable sustainable human resource development have been identified to conduct the regression analysis. The result shows that the f-test value = 34.400 which implies that the model is statistically significant and valid. The significance level of the employee development and compensation benefits at (0.000) which have positive impact on sustainable human resource development. On the contrary, the talent management is insignificant at (0.006) and consecutively consolidated HR policy (0.019), HR risk management (0.063) and employee welfare (0.106). The regression model illustrates that the private sector of Bangladesh is going to be comparatively more concern about the employee development and compensation management but others variables have insignificant but positive relationship for the increasing of sustainable human resource development. Moreover, this study attempts to provide the conceptual and pragmatic insight of the HR governance practices in the private sector of Bangladesh; this might help to emerge new corridors for future research. Keywords: HR governance, talent management, consolidated HR policy, HR risk management and sustainable human resource development.


We describe a method of storing a number of real amplitude images on a photographic plate by modulating each image on a different spatial carrier. The signal to be stored is placed in contact with a grid (2 crossed gratings) and this ensemble is imaged on a photographic plate. By choosing a different pair of diffracted orders of the grid, each signal is coded on a different fringe system. The grid remains stationary throughout the operation of storage. Upto eight images have been stored. The signal to noise ratio is calculated and the results are given.


Power dissipation is recognized as a critical parameter in modern VLSI design field. To satisfy MOORE'S law and to produce consumer electronics goods with more backup and less weight, low power VLSI design is necessary. Fast multipliers are essential parts of digital signal processing systems. The speed of multiply operation is of great importance in digital signal processing as well as in the general purpose processors today, especially since the media processing took off. In the past multiplication was generally implemented via a sequence of addition, subtraction, and shift operations. Multiplication can be considered as a series of repeated additions. The number to be added is the multiplicand, the number of times that it is added is the multiplier, and the result is the product. Each step of addition generates a partial product. In most computers, the operand usually contains the same number of bits. When the operands are interpreted as integers, the product is generally twice the length of operands in order to preserve the information content.


What role does Samos play in Herodotus' narrative? Sometimes he shows the 'warm sympathy' that scholars have claimed, but more often Samian dysfunctionality is in point. Often events in Samos prepare for later episodes where Greek states offer more spirited, committed, or organised opposition to external threats; but the threat that they too might collapse into the Samian pattern is never far away. There are ways too in which Samos points forward to events beyond the end of Herodotus' text, especially the Samian defection from Athens in 440–39. It is difficult, though, to extract a single or simple moral from the Samian past for Herodotus' present; a series of conversations are reconstructed where very different conclusions could be drawn for events in the mid-430s and late-410s.


Hazardous substances are considered to be liquids, gases or solids which are of risk for the health and safety of workers and they may be found in almost all workplaces, including in SME's. Hazardous substances include chemical agents, but also biological ones, such as bacteria, viruses, mould etc. Most chemicals used in the industry present risk for the workers, depending on their physico-chemical properties. Directive 2012/18/EU is the legal act which regulates the chemical substances field within the Member States, regulation dealing with the control of hazards involving dangerous substances which may lead to major accidents. In Romania, Law 59 dated April 2016 on controlling the hazard of major accidents caused by hazardous substances evaluates "hazardous chemicals", describing the risk for people and regulating concentrations of such substances. By using the commercially available Phast consequence modelling package, within this study were modelled leaks of several chemical substances used in the industry, in order to estimate their hazardous influence extent. The current article is a significant work on modelling of discharge and atmospheric dispersion of hazardous substances using state-of-the-art consequence modelling software. Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG) are used as reference exposure levels within the present study. Output data of computational modelling are significantly influenced by input parameters. In this regard, the effects of the latter for ensuring robustness of the simulation and for identifying improvements have proven to be necessary.


Load variations cause frequency and voltage drifts in a power system. Frequency deviations are reduced to the nominal value by AGC which is a combination of LFC and AVR. LFC employs two types of control. Primary control always operates to ensure reduced frequency deviations whereas Secondary control ensures zero steady state error. Control can be integral, PI, or some other known techniques. The PI controller is tuned using trial-and-error methods which is inappropriate for large variety of operating circumstances. Also, the control greatly depend on the measured values of the quantities as well as their propagation in the communication channels. The open communication network plays a significant role in data transmission, but has the issues like packet drop, finite communication delay, and communication burden. ETC proposed to resolve these issues, the amount of data transmitted is minimum restricting the packet drops. In this work, in order to introduce dynamic tuning of the controller gains, the secondary control of Load frequency is done using fuzzy PI controller, to efficiently reduce drifts. In Proposed fuzzy control, Kp and Ki values of PI controller are designed for a range of values, rather than using the same values for all range of errors. Satisfactory operation of the event and fuzzy control scheme is validated for a two area system using extensive simulations. Under the scheme proposed, it is observed that the frequency deviations is reduced effectively with reduction in packet drop and thus better utilization of communication network. Also the proposed method has better time domain performance than the PI controller reported.


The present invention relates to a method for producing a glycoprotein product having the characteristics defined, there is provided a database and system. The method disclosed herein is intended to be able to produce glycoproteins having the functional properties under the provisions of glycan structures and / or defined glycan. Some methods rely on the use of a database containing correlation between production parameters and desired glycan properties. This database is one that can provide production parameters for incorporation into production protocol. This method glycoprotein designed Alternatively, in a broad sense and is to be produced a glycoprotein with a glycan characteristic prescribed.


The legal difficult problems of such people as Niu Yuqin,being summed up in the point,are problems of how to protect the forest owners'legitimate rights and interests.In order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of such people as Niu Yuqin practically,our country must direct against the input and sacrifice of such people as Niu Yuqin and confirm a proper number which is based on the economic value of the forest and under ecological value to pay for them.In addition,those schemes are all inadvisable that are such schemes as "scheme on being cut down","scheme on being purchased","scheme on being subsidized"and "scheme on being rewarded".


In this paper, the human conceptual system is treated as a dynamic system consisting of various functional modules. It is delineated that episodic events are input units to the system, which explains why concept meanings are contextual. Then it is elucidated that innate analyzers outputs form primitive conceptual nodes through an abstraction and segmentation process. Furthermore, it is recognized that primitive conceptual nodes act as indices for retrieving relevant events to enable event-based reasoning system (CS0) in a three-tiered structure in addition to the widely known human conceptual system 1 (CS1) and system 2 (CS2). This three-tiered theory addresses the important question of how it is possible to conduct reasoning before concept prototypes and their associative links are formed. Major functional modules of CS0, CS1, and CS2 have been identified, particularly, there exists a Dynamic Event Composition Module (DECM) that takes activated conceptual nodes as inputs and outputs composed events as the basis for CS1 reasoning. This account explains the CS1 characteristics documented before. Furthermore, data types such as knowledge systems, variables, pointers, and linked lists, are identified for CS2 as the basic constructs that support logical reasoning. Various descriptive concept contents can be tied into the system structure neatly: exemplars are embedded in the episodic events at the CS0 level; concept prototypes and their associative links are generated at the CS1 level. Theories of concepts are stored in the CS2 level for logical reasoning. The discussion has been organized from the conceptual system structure perspective, the conceptual node structure perspective, the reasoning perspective, the evolutionary and developmental perspective, the concept composition perspective, and the subjective and objective perspective. Through this multi-tiered approach, many conflicting descriptions of the human conceptual system have been resolved by attributing them to their appropriate tiers.


The Surface potential model based on 2D Poisson's equation of heterojunction Selective Buried Oxide (SELBOX) TFET has been predicted with appropriate boundary conditions in the rectangular coordinates. The device has been bifurcated into rectangular regions to perform an analysis of the electrostatic potential of the device. The potentials in the source and drain regions have been considered constant. The potential model is utilized to derive the mathematical relations for the electric field. Moreover, the affectability of drain voltage and gate voltage on capacitance has been explored by formulating the analytical model for capacitance. The charge model has also been articulated. The capacitance model considers depletion capacitances, inversion capacitances, and fringing capacitances of the proposed device. The total charge is modeled by considering the depletion charge and inner fringing charge at the source region with the dominancy of inversion charge at the channel region. Further, subthreshold swing (SS) based on band to band tunneling (BTBT) has been derived. The device behavior has been studied by incorporating quantum correction (QC). The analytically modeled results agree well with the TCAD simulation results.


Dramatic advances in 3D Web technologies have recently led to widespread development of virtual world Web browsers and 3D content. A natural question is whether 3D thumbnails can be used to find one's way about such 3D content the way that text and 2D thumbnail images are used to navigate 20 Web content We have conducted an empirical experiment that shows interactive 3D thumbnails, which we call worldlers, improve travelers' landmark knowledge and expedite wayfinding in virtual environments. Koyworals: 3D thumbnails, wayfinding, VRML, virtual reality, empirical study 1NTRGUUGTlON As the Web moves into 3D, de problem of finding one's way to sites of interest is exacerbated, Currently URLs are represented on a page or menu by sentences as in Figure 1, or by 2D thumbnail images which depict some aspect of the URL as in Figure 2. It is reasonable to suppose that interactive 3D thumbnails or worldZets will soon come into use. To test whether worldlets improve wayfinding we Figure 1. A Web page linking to alternative destinations within a virtual world On this page, the destinations are represented with text Permission to make digit&hard copies of all or part of thii material for personal or classroom use is ganted without fre provided that the copies are not madeor diihuted for profit or commercial advantay. the copyxi&t notice, the title oftbe publication and its date appear, and notice is given rhat copyright is by permission of the XM, Inc To copy otherwise, to r?publish, to post on servers or to rediihute to Ii& requires specific permission auaior fee. CHI 98 Los Angeles CA USA Copy-i&t 1998 0-X9791-975-0/9S143~00 Rina Schul David Kirsh Cognitive Science Department University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093-0515


ABSTRACT The growth in polar travel has been matched in recent decades by an intensification of scholarly activity related to many aspects of polar tourism. This paper systematically reviews 262 journal articles published on polar tourism (1980–2016) and identifies key research phases and themes. The development of the polar tourism scholarly network is documented through a social network analysis (SNA) and reveals a highly fragmented scholarly community with the exception of a dense principal core group of researchers. A research agenda outlining future research themes and priorities is proposed. The paper indicates that polar tourism research has now emerged from its infancy and now is more likely to be underpinned by empirical, multi-disciplinary and theoretically situated research than in the past.


Television is too much with us—it is the most ubiquitous and probably the most persuasive of all media, and we need to understand its power and fascination if we are to exercise even minimal control over this dynamic force in our environment. Television's large and relatively undemanding audience argues strongly for the highest standards of criticism, since the critic, by virtue of his knowledge, background, and ability to perceive familiar subjects with fresh and stimulating insights, can hope to bring about a heightened awareness in his readers. Four television critics whose variant methods and objectives adhere to accepted standards of critical excellence are the focus of this essay.


Abstract This interview with political cartoonist and comics artist Morvandiau focuses mainly on his 2007 comic book D'Algerie. After the murder in 1994 of his Uncle Jean, a pere blanc ['white father'] in Tizi Ouzou, along with three of his fellow priests, followed by the failed suicide of his father, a Pied-noir, eight years later, Morvandiau decided to carry out research into his family and its links with France's colonial adventure. Through the resources of the comic art medium, he was able to give form to a story which is both personal and public (Figures 1-2). The subtle and sober portrayal of his search for identity is contextualised by a highly absorbing panorama of political events. In the interview, he explains some of the aesthetic choices that he made, and discusses the challenges of working from documentary material, and how he drew on the resources of the medium to tackle issues of individual and collective identity. Miller: Thank you for agreeing to answer the questions put by European Comic Art. I would like to begin by asking you about D'Algerie, an extraordinary work both in terms of its subject matter and its demonstration of the potential of the medium. It's clear that you've amassed a considerable amount of documentation. In the book you carefully redraw documents of all kinds: family photographs, orientalising archival photographs, press images, including some photographs that have had limited circulation or have simply been suppressed (Figures 3-7). You could have included the original photographs instead of redrawing them. But in this work of 'postmemory', to use Marianne Hirsch's term,1 you chose not to reproduce any photographs. What do you feel to be the effect of the transformation of these photos into drawings, and does that effect vary according to the type of photo? Morvandiau: The decision to 'redraw' these photos was determined by two separate but related factors. First, it was an aesthetic choice, a way of integrating these images in a homogenous way into the drawn text that I aimed to create. And then, more symbolically, it was a way for me to appropriate these stories: those about my family and those about the relationship between France and Algeria (History with a capital H) - which was largely unknown to me before I began to work on the book. By its nature, memory itself works according to the principle of reinterpretation. When I drew these images I made no attempt to hide their documentary and memorial status (it is clear from the arrangement of layout, subjects and shadows cast that these are photographs). The reader is not taken in by these borrowed images, far from it, but I wanted the reading process to be propelled by a certain harmony of form and content. In the different types of photographs, from historical sources or the family album, there is a resonance that arises out of traces of collective memory (for example, General de Gaulle raising his arms) and/or out of the evocation of memories and emotions that are common to all of us (family albums are a widespread format). Everything passes through the filter of my drawing. Miller: Your work can be compared to that of Art Spiegelman and Marjane Satrapi, in the sense that it involves giving artistic form to a transgenerational heritage. Would you say that your project resembles that of Spiegelman or Satrapi in any way? Morvandiau: These references are a little overwhelming, but, from a strictly thematic point of view, I would maintain that D'Algerie belongs to the same family. Maus was one of the books which marked my adolescence, at the beginning of the 1990s, not only because it was recounted in the form of a comic, but because of its subject matter. In France, that period also coincided with the emergence of alternative publishing houses and a very stimulating flowering of creativity. Given that they were asking questions about their identity, their heritage and how these related to contemporary reality, it seems to me not insignificant that both Spiegelman and Satrapi developed these themes within a publishing structure of the same type (even if the French edition of Maus was later brought out by Flammarion), set up as a reaction against the publishing context of comic art at that time, more concerned with entertainment than critical reflection. …


Alport's syndrome is the second most common monogenic cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Males with X-linked Alport's syndrome (XLAS) have a high risk of early ESRD development. The aim of study was to determine the predictors of unfavorable renal prognosis in boys with XLAS.

 The children with genetically confirmed XLAS (n = 84, age 8.7±4.3 yrs, eGFR 102±16.2 ml/min/1.73 m2, 59 pts with missense COL4A5 mutations) were included in observation single center study (FU 6.9±2.4 yrs). Seventy three pts (q = 0.87) were treated with ACEi (age of start 7.6±3.3 yrs, dose for Ramipril 2.7±0.8 mg/m2/day). Arterial blood pressure (BP), proteinuria (Pr, mg/m2/day), eGFR (Schwartz equation, ml/min/1,73m2), gene mutation type and ACEi-treatment data (age of pts and disease stage at the therapy start, ACEi dosage, dynamics of Pr and eGFR) were obtained and updated for each patients. BP >90 perc for gender, age and height was defined as uncontrolled (uBP); Pr was categorised according to its level as a low (100-<250 mg/m2/day), moderate (≥250-500 mg/m2/day), high (≥500-1000 mg/m2/day) and nephrotic (≥1000 mg/m2/day). Gene mutations were divided into severe (nonsense, deletion, splicing) and less severe (missense) mutations. The eGFR<60 ml/min/1,73m2 was defined as primary outcome.

 Twenty pts (q = 0.24, age 13.5±2.96 yrs) reached the end point during observation period. Non-missense COL4A5 mutations (HR = 4.28, 95% CI 1.47-12.4, p = 0.007), uBP (HR = 20, 95% CI 4.68-29.6, p<0.001), persistent Pr >250 mg/m2/day (HR = 20, 95% CI 3.36-21, p<0.001), absence of ACEi treatment (HR = 10.7, 95% CI 2.45-14.7, p = 0.02) or start therapy at proteinuric stage of disease (HR = 20, 95% CI 2.2-13.8, p<0.001) were the risk factors of disease progression. Multiple regression analysis adjusted for age, initial eGFR revealed that late start of ACEi treatment (β = 0.23, p = 0.036), persistence of uBP (β = 0.26, p = 0.008) and Pr >250 mg/m2/day (β = 0.17, p = 0.04) had independent significance and predict unfavorable renal prognosis (R = 0.76, R2 = 0.57, p<0.000).

 Persistent proteinuria and uncontrolled blood pressure, initiation of ACEi treatment at the proteinuric stage of glomerulopathy are the factors of unfavorable prognosis in male with XLAS.


The article interrogates the rationale and origins of changing imaginaries of tourism in Greece in the context of the current economic crisis. We detect a radical change in the 'picture' of the country that circulates in global media conduits (YouTube, Facebook, official press websites and personal blogs). We enact a journey into past media representations of Greece as an idyllic peasant and working-class site, but proceed to highlight that such representations are being recycled today by Greeks (especially but not exclusively) living and studying abroad. This stereotype, which focuses on embodied understandings of happiness and well-being, is being challenged by the current economic crisis. In its place, we detect the emergence of a new dark and slum imaginary, propagated by both native and global intellectuals–activists. The new imaginary both tests in practice and bears the potential to re-invent Greece as a tourist destination. Not only is the change informed by the European histories of art, slum and dark tourism, focusing on middle-class refinement and philanthropy, it also bears the potential to promote Greece as a cultural tourist destination in global value hierarchies in controversial ways.


The concept of cation coordination polyhedra can be developed into a quantitative framework for analysing the experimentally determined crystal structures of metal oxides. This framework considers both the connectivity of the polyhedra and the ratios of their volumes. An evaluation can thus be made of the possible structures which can be adopted by a given chemical composition. The approach can also be used to rationalise the geometrical constraints on cation sizes for any given structure to be stabilised. Three examples of its application are given. First, the stacking sequences observed in different ABO3 compositions are rationalised. Secondly, an extension of the approach to an evaluation of void coordination polyhedra is outlined. Finally the structural and compositional dependence of ferroelectric properties is discussed, and a methodology for predicting new ferroelectric compositions defined.


In the title compound, C20H25N3O5S, the pyrrolidine ring is trans-fused to the dihydropyran ring. The pyrrolidine ring adopts a twist conformation and the dihydropyran ring is in an envelope conformation. The tosyl group is attached to the pyrrolidine ring in a biaxial position and its benzene ring forms a dihedral angle of 85.61 (4)° with the pyrimidine ring. The crystal packing shows that the molecules are linked into a three-dimensional framework through C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.


The development of a simple, indirect, competitive ELISA is described for the detection and quantification of aldrin/dieldrin in Egyptian milk samples obtained from farm animals of different species used in dairy production in Egypt (buffalo, cow, goat and sheep) and from donkey milk. Milk samples (53) were collected from 18 stations in 16 different governorates in Egypt. The detection limit for aldrin/dieldrin in milk was 10 ppb—5 ppm without enhancement. Aldrin/dieldrin was detected in the following number of milk samples: buffalo, 62.5% (10/16); cow, 73.33% (11/15); goat, 66.66% (8/12); sheep, 71.428% (5/7); and donkey, 66.66% (2/3). The values reflect the lipophilic nature of these pesticides. The assay is rapid, sensitive, simple to perform and excellent for screening.


This article first introduces the eminent Chinese monk Fa-hien′s original account of A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms, points out the multiple values of this documentary account, and compares various editions of its translation at present. The passage then provides its translation by James Legge which is the most frequently cited and used in the western academic circles and takes specific examples to analyze the characteristics of James Legge's edition which are noticeable long preface, faithful rigorous translation and exhaustive thorough notes. Finally the author proposes two questions of the translation and summarizes contributions of James Legge′s translation.


Methods of calculating the sine in a programmable logic integrated circuit are considered and investigated. Conclusions are given based on the technical characteristics of the devices and the capacity of a particular method. Models were created in C++ and Verilog languages, worked out and analyzed. The results of the models are presented in the form of graphs. Mathematical calculations are given that make it possible to implement the method of calculating the sine in a programmable logic integrated circuit in the most optimal way from the point of view of using equipment. The synthesis and layout of the equipment were carried out, the area of the crystal occupied by the calculation module is presented in the form of a figure. This work can be used to train students of higher educational institutions in order to familiarize and develop skills of working with FPGAs, as well as modeling and studying the principles of choosing a particular mathematical method, can find its application in the creation and design of real devices in production. Familiarization and study of this radar method are conducted within the walls of one of the leading engineering universities of the Russian Federation — Bauman Moscow State Technical University.


Cryptococcus is a ubiquitous environmental fungus and frequent colonizer of human lungs. Colonization can lead to diverse outcomes, from clearance to long-term colonization, and to life-threatening meningoencephalitis. Regardless of the outcome, the process starts with an encounter with phagocytes. Using the zebrafish model of this infection, we have noted that cryptococcal cells first spend time inside macrophages before they become capable of pathogenic replication and dissemination. What 'licensing' process takes place during this initial encounter, and how are licensed cryptococcal cells different? To address this, we isolated cryptococcal cells after phagocytosis by cultured macrophages and found these macrophage-experienced cells to be markedly more virulent in both zebrafish and mouse models. Despite producing a thick polysaccharide capsule, they were still subject to phagocytosis by macrophages in the zebrafish. Analysis of antigenic cell wall components in these licensed cells demonstrated that components of mannose and chitin are more available to staining than they are in culture-grown cells or cells with capsule production induced in vitro. Cryptococcus is capable of exiting or transferring between macrophages in vitro, raising the likelihood that this fungus alternates between intracellular and extracellular life during growth in the lungs. Our results raise the possibility that intracellular life has its advantages over time, and phagocytosis-induced alteration in mannose and chitin exposure is one way that makes subsequent rounds of phagocytosis more beneficial to the fungus. IMPORTANCE Cryptococcosis begins in the lungs and can ultimately travel through the bloodstream to cause devastating infection in the central nervous system. In the zebrafish model, small amounts of cryptococcus inoculated into the bloodstream are initially phagocytosed, and become far more capable of dissemination after they exit macrophages. Similarly, survival in the mouse lung produces cryptococcal cell types with enhanced dissemination. In this study we have evaluated how phagocytosis changes the properties of Cryptococcus during pathogenesis. Macrophage experienced cells (MECs) become 'licensed' for enhanced virulence. They out-disseminate culture grown cells in the fish and out-compete non-MECs in the mouse lung. Analysis of their cell surface demonstrates that MECs have increased availability of cell wall components mannose and chitin—substances involved in provoking phagocytosis. These findings suggest how Cryptococcus might tune its cell surface to induce but survive repeated phagocytosis during early pathogenesis in the lung.


Existing studies about the harmonic analysis of grid-connected converters (GCCs) mainly focus on the frequency range below Nyquist sampling frequency (NSF) or switching frequency (SF) to make full use of linearization. However, in some actual high-power industrial applications; e.g., electric railways or wind power generation, harmonic problems are challenging in a wide frequency that can be as high as thousands of hertz. This is much higher than the NSF and SF. In order to bridge the gap, this article extends the harmonic analysis frequency to the entire frequency range by addressing the aliasing effect and sideband effect. These two effects can be neglected at the low frequency for simplification while they will make great differences at the high frequency, as demonstrated in this article, due to the frequency coupling and nonlinear characteristics. In this regard, a regression method based on an artificial neural network is used to map the in–out relation of the pulsewidth modulation process. By adopting the methodology of this article, harmonic performances of GCCs can be analyzed comprehensively and explicitly in terms of harmonic instability, harmonic resonance, harmonic overvoltage, filter design, and so on. Finally, experiments are presented to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the analysis.


Female adolescents need to know information about reproductive organs so that they can prevent reproductive problems such as unwanted pregnancies, abortions, pestilent diseases like HIV/AIDS, STDs, cancers and the other female reproductive problems. This study aimed to know female adolescents behavior of female reproductive organs by their knowledge, about reproductive organs, their attitudes towards doing the treatments to prevent any reproductive problems and social supports they got. This was a descriptive quantitative study using questionnaire filling by respondents (n=138). The population was all female students grade X1. Samples were chose with exhaustive sampling much as the population. The results showed that 129 students (93,5%) knew that good enough and 9 students (6,5%) knew less. All the respondents (138 students) did the treatment of their reproductive organs. Then, for about 136 students (98,6%) got positive social support and as many 2 students (1,4%) got negative social support. This study concluded that the knowledge was good enough, all student knew the treatment and got positive social support in SMA Negeri 1 Dobo Kepulauan Aru Maluku regency.


This letter investigates the forward error correction code (FEC) design for achieving low end-to-end (E2E) latency in a communication system with geometric packet arrival and delayed feedback. We first derive the bounds for the optimal tradeoff between the E2E latency and the channel utilization by considering the automatic repeat request (ARQ) scheme with instantaneous feedback and the blind coding with no feedback, respectively. Then, we propose a flexible code design strategy by modeling the problem as a partially-observable Markov decision process (POMDP). Various tradeoffs between the latency and channel utilization can be achieved by adjusting the weighting coefficient in the reward function of the POMDP. Simulation results show that the coding strategy obtained via solving the POMDP outperforms the benchmark schemes by achieving lower E2E latency.


This article seeks to analyse whether Heisenberg's uncertainty principle may be, mutatis mutandis, applicable to law. From a legal perspective, instead of position and momentum, Heisenberg's equation can be expressed in terms of a rule's precision and accuracy. Therefore, a working hypothesis, which might be called the "uncertainty hypothesis", would hold that: An increase in a rule's precision at a definite time, decreases its accuracy in an indefinite future case, and vice versa. Putting the hypothesis into practice in two case studies indicates that highly accurate rules may lead to injustice because of lack of precision, while pursuing high levels of precision may lead to lack of justice because of inaccuracy. The legal implication, if we accept the uncertainty hypothesis, is a recommendation to seek the best possible solution in terms of the best possible balance between the advantages of one perspective (precision) and the virtues of the other (accuracy).


There are revealed the innovating peculiarities in the plot structure on the basis of the detective in the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment. The main attention is concentrated upon the image of the investigator as a new type of detective, exceeding the usual scheme of a detective novel.


1 Department of Agribusiness and Marketing, Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh 2 Department of Agricultural Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh 3 Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 4 Department of Agriculture Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 5 Plant Breeding Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, BAU Campus, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh 6 Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University (CNU), Daejeon 34134, Korea


There is no doubt that the human mind seeks from which to reveal the realities of things and knowledge of the various manifestations and phenomena, which invited him to find a way optimal commonly through his curiosity was to be the emergence of what is called the god media or media in its various forms and divisions. In this context, the media or technology revolution taking place in the media world has turned all scales and has become a media mainstay in the construction of the state but is now considered one of the elements and symbols of national sovereignty, The current Iraqi media scene is moving towards a free and democratic approach. This research aims to identify the extent of consumer satisfaction Iraqi on the performance of the media towards public services provided by government institutions in Iraq, and the main findings of research via questionnaire adoption of the Iraqi citizen Phippgdad on TV as the primary means to elicit information, and preferably the Iraqi citizen precision standard basis in media followers this medium or that, as well as the conclusion of the most prominent goal not to satisfaction of Iraqi citizens in general about the role and performance of the media in the follow-up of public services provided by government institutions to citizens.


The present invention includes a case 10, drive shaft 31, which is separated by a stepping motor control PCB (20) and a linear shaft (31b) and a geared shaft (31c) therein relates to a control initial position method for a vehicle stepping actuator a stepping motor 30, a plurality of reduction gears which, and in one installation all of the initial position for adjusting the output gear state in which the left and right rotation angle range limited by a stopper formed on the casing, over the step pulse output from the stepping motor control PCB and it is initialized by the pulse motor across a plurality of reduction gears by controlling the right and left rotation of the output gear cooperating with the drive shaft of the stepping motor so as to automatically set the initial position of the stepping motor drive shaft. Accordingly, there is an advantage that improves the assembling work as compared with the conventional, and reduces the time required to set the drive shaft 31, the initial position of the stepping motor 30.


Exposition to tobacco smoke during pregnancy is an important risk factor for health of both mother and fetus. Pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP A) plays role in immunosuppression, where it causes trophoblasts to be not recognized by the mother's organism as a foreign body. It initiates growth and vitality of fetus through influence on structure and functioning of placenta. Purpose — to estimate levels of PAPP A in serum blood of smoking and non smoking women in the first trimester of pregnancy. Methods. In total 4473 patients aged 18 to 47 years with singleton pregnancy were examined and performed the non invasive maternal screening test in the first trimester. Biochemical measurements were fully automated by means of immunofluorescence method, using Delfia Xpress analyzers (Perkin Elmer). The software «Statistica v.10.0» was used for statistical analysis. Results. We observed that PAPP A MoM value of the smoking woman was on average 16.0 % lower in comparison with the results of the non smoking woman of the same weight with the standard error of 3.5 %. While 1kg weight gain decreased PAPP A MoM value in both groups by 1.8 % with the standard error of 0.1 %. Conclusions. Smoking during pregnancy decreases PAPP A MoM level by 16.0% on average in comparison with the results of a non smoking woman of the same weight. Considering the relations between PAPP A level and smoking, body weight and gestational age, all these factors should be taken into account for the correction of PAPP A level and genetic risk assessment.