Cultural construction creates an unequal understanding of gender between men and women. This construction causes women to live in marginal and unfair conditions. This article aims to examine the concept of sibaliparriq in the construction of Mandar culture as associated with the living Qur'an. This study is a qualitative study using the Living Al-Qur'an approach and is analyzed using gender theory and the sociology of Islamic law. Data was collected through interviews, observation, and a literature review. This research finds that sibaliparriq, in the concept and application of Mandar, is a woman's willingness to help her husband in the household. Sibaliparriq is interpreted as affection (siasayanni), caring (siamanaoang pa'mai), brotherhood (palluluareang), and sincerity (sukku' mattulung). Sibaliparriq is related to the concept of gender in the Qur'an, and there is no contradiction between them, so that the cultural construction is also equal and balanced. Both position women in an honorable and dignified manner; they are seen as Allah's creatures who live to help each other; the difference between the two is only in piety (taqwa). Sibaliparriq is an application of the living Qur'an which is practiced in the life of the Mandar people, namely helping each other (ta'awūn) for good in household life. Sociologically, this has implications for Islamic and customary laws that are well integrated into society.


The USB interface has became an important part of the microcomputer with the rapid development of USB interface technology.This USB device,which is called 'the checking pen of a circuit board based on USB',is developed on the basis of the integrated use of USB interface technology,the virtual instruments technology,the date collection technology as well as the single-chip microcomputer technology.


Novel (chloro)isopropoxo niobates and -tantalates of tin(IY) with the formulae Cl4_nSn{M(OPri)6In' (n = 13) have been synthesized by the reactions of SnCI4with an appropriate potassium hexaisopropoxometallate, KM(OPri)6(M = Nb/Ta) in the required molar ratios. These chloro precursors have been used to obtain derivatives of the types (ROjzSn{M(OPri)6b(R = Me, Pri, Bul), {Ta(OPri)6bSn{Nb(OPri)6b and {AI(OPri)4IClSn{Nb( OPriJr,!:by the replacement reaction of the chloride with appropriate potassium alkoxide or isopropoxometallate. Characterization of these novel complexes has been carried out on the basis of elemental and alkoxo group analyses, IR and multinuclear (lH, UC, 27Ahmd mSn) NMR data and molecular weight studies.


The essay explored origins of sports and dancing via adoption of reference analytical method and the relations between the both.Stating that sports and dancing as two distinctive task(fitness and encouragement),the development of the both exist relations of mutual supplement and absorption.Dancing improve sports,yet sports enriches the creative content of dancing.


Traditional study and policy making on spatial environment in urban planning are mostly confined to the qualitative aspect, which lacksthe accumulation of data for basic information, model tools and means for virtual expression and overall control. The study of spatial environmentin urban planning should be directed in the direction of quantitive study so as to provide necessary data, model, optimized plan and means forvirtual expression of future environment for decision-making in urban planning on the basis of information construction . It is imperative to deepenthe understanding, controlling and application of the information on urban space so as to improve the level of macro-control and regulation andthe ability of micro-control[


The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is planning a sample return mission for early in the next century. To accomplish this, the Mars ascent stage must be landed on the Martian surface and then, after actuation, ascend to Mars orbit. Given this mission proŽ le it is necessary to develop propulsion components of substantially lower mass than were previously available for spacecraft applications. Low mass is especially critical to the Mars ascent stage because mass reduction of this stage affords the greatest leverage for the reduction of the total mission system mass at Earth liftoff. In addition to very low mass, these components must be rugged, reliable, and compatible with fuel, oxidizer, pressurant gas, and environmental extremes. Three separate components were developed for a liquid bipropellant baseline stage propulsion system: A high- ow etched-disk Ž lter with a mass under 90 g, an all-metal miniature Ž ll and drain/vent valve with a mass under 9 g, and a miniature high- ow check valve with a mass under 20 g. The design and development of these components as well as test data are summarized.


The high prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia globally is largely the result of low dietary iron intake, inadequate to meet iron requirement especially in infant, children and women. Moreover, there are varieties of underutilized green leafy vegetables rich in iron and other essential micronutrients. Therefore, the effort was made to develop iron rich value added products. Four commonly consumed products namely Chakali, Namakpara, Bhujia and Tarts were developed from the underutilized dry leaves. Cauliflower, carrot, beet green, turnip, and curry leaves were taken at 5%, 10% and 15% for their iron content. The products incorporated with 5 % level of underutilized dried leaves powder were found most acceptable by the panel members among all the four products. Products with a level of 10 % and 15 % of dried leaves powder were relatively less acceptable. Significant differences (P> 0.01) were found in the acceptability among all the four iron enriched products.


Many power system problems such as the load flow problem, the transient stability analysis problem and the state estimation problem require as part of their analysis the solution of a large sparse set of linear equations. For such linear systems sparsity-oriented Gaussian elimination based direct solvers have been widely used. However, as the dimension of linear equations becomes larger direct methods become impractical even if sparsity-preserving techniques are used.
This thesis introduces iterative methods as alternatives to direct methods and studies parallel computation aspects of power system problems. Specifically, conjugate gradient type iterative methods are described in detail for power system problems that are symmetric and positive definite. The generalized minimum residual and similar iterative methods such as bi-conjugate gradient are briefly described for power system problems that are nonsymmetric. But the primary attention is given to the conjugate gradient method.
The success of iterative methods lies in the preconditioning phase. The difficulty associated with the forward and back substitution phase of preconditioned conjugate gradient method when used in parallel environments is overcome by the introduction of a blocked bordered diagonal ordering based ILU preconditioner.
A class of partitioned incomplete inverse preconditioners is designed to make the sequential nature of triangular solvers amenable to parallel processing. The computation of partitioned incomplete inverses, however, can become expensive depending on both the structure and the sparsity of the matrix. To alleviate this problem, a class of computation-free partitioned inverses are also introduced.
The incomplete Cholesky factorization of a symmetric and positive definite matrix is not necessarily positive definite. A topological incomplete factorization, denoted as the XD method, is proposed. The XD method guarantees the positive definiteness of the incomplete factors.
It is proven that a class of matrices arising from power flow problem using Fast Decoupled Load Flow and DC Load flow formulation are M-matrices whose incomplete factorization remains positive definite.


Malaysian fishing industry developed rapidly in the present time. This rapid development must be seen from the aspect of the increment of the boats, fishing tools and increased of catch in Malaysia. This achievement is the product of modernization process which is continually administered by Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia. The government encourages all the fishermen to make use the modern instruments such sonar, echosaunder, GPS and communication tools. This improvement enables them to catch fish from the deep sea with more facility which in return increases the catch. However, the government find shortage on the availability of local fishers. To address this problem the government has to grant a permit to employers to employ foreign fishermen. This article discusses the involvement of Filipino fishers in Trawl base-fishing industry in Kudat, Sabah. The discussion includes the background of fishing industry in Kudat, the process of the involvement of Filipino fishers, the push and pull factors among Filipinos in Sabah, the Filipino fishing activities and the salary system used by the local employers in hiring the Filipino fishers.


An unsolved fundamental problem in biology and ecology is to predict observable traits (phenotypes) from a new genetic constitution (genotype) of an organism under environmental perturbations (e.g., drug treatment). The emergence of multiple omics data provides new opportunities but imposes great challenges in the predictive modeling of genotype-phenotype associations. Firstly, the high-dimensionality of genomics data and the lack of labeled data often make the existing supervised learning techniques less successful. Secondly, it is a challenging task to integrate heterogeneous omics data from different resources. Finally, the information transmission from DNA to phenotype involves multiple intermediate levels of RNA, protein, metabolite, etc. The higher-level features (e.g., gene expression) usually have stronger discriminative power than the lower level features (e.g., somatic mutation). To address above issues, we proposed a novel Cross-LEvel Information Transmission network (CLEIT) framework. CLEIT aims to explicitly model the asymmetrical multi-level organization of the biological system. Inspired by domain adaptation, CLEIT first learns the latent representation of high-level domain then uses it as ground-truth embedding to improve the representation learning of the low-level domain in the form of contrastive loss. In addition, we adopt a pre-training-fine-tuning approach to leveraging the unlabeled heterogeneous omics data to improve the generalizability of CLEIT. We demonstrate the effectiveness and performance boost of CLEIT in predicting anti-cancer drug sensitivity from somatic mutations via the assistance of gene expressions when compared with state-of-the-art methods.


1. Roman History and the Ideological Vacuum 2. The Fall and Rise of Gaius Geta 3. Licinius Macer, Juno Moneta and Veiovis 4. Romulus' Rome of Equals 5. Macaulay on Cicero 6. Cicero and Varro 7. Marcopolis 8. The Political Stage 9. The Ethics of Murder 10. After the Ides of March Epilogue


The development of Ni-MH secondary batteries has been in the spotlight.Because the existing nickel positive electrode doesn't accord with the MH negative electrode, it restricts the more applications of Ni-MH secondary batteries. Nano-nickel hydroxide was prepared through sedimentation transform method in this paper, and the best condition was found by changing the content of surface active solvent and experiment temperature. The structure of the sample was studied by XRD, TEM. The electrochemical characteristics of the sample were studied by constant current discharge. The results show that the sample is spherical with a diameter of 30~50 nm and the crystallization is β-form. The specific capacitance of the nano-Ni(OH)2 is much higher than 120% of the capacitance of the micro-Ni(OH)2.


2-Alkoxyfurans react with nonacarbonyldi-iron or dodecacarbonyltriruthenium affording binuclear α,β-unsaturated alklidene complexes and 2-pyrone derivatives; both reactions could be explained by assuming mononuclear η3-vinylcarbene complexes as reaction intermediates.


In this article, we presented the results of an experimental study of transport and deposition of silt suspended particles (modal diameter 7 μm) in a laboratory column filled with gravel. The tracer tests are performed at different velocities by continuous injections of suspended particles and of dissolved tracer. The hydro-dispersive parameters are determined from the experimental calibration curves by the analytical solution for a continuous injection of the convection-dispersion equation with the deposition kinetics of first order. The results show that the restitution of particles and deposition kinetics, increase with the flow velocity. The kinetics of deposit increases with speed and follows a power law. The retention decreases with flow velocity. The dispersion of the particles is slightly higher than that of the dissolved tracer; it increases with the pore velocity in a non-linear way. The analysis of the size distribution of restituted particles by the laser granulometer showed that the larger particles arrive first and then the fine for all tested speeds. The restituted particles size increases with speed. The suspended particles are carried with a delay relative to the dissolved tracer.


Background: Acute Respiratory Infection or ARI is the most deaths occurred in toddler. Many factors lead to a high incidence of this disease among socioeconomic, healthy home and healthy behavior of parents. This study was aimed to determine the association between socioeconomic and healthy homehealthy home with healthy behavior in parents of toddler with acute respiratory infections.Subject and Methods: This was a case study conducted in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. A total of 100 toddlers consisted of 20 toddlers and parents with ARI and 80 toddlers with parents without ARI. The dependent variable was parents of toddlers with acute respiratory infection. The independent variables included socioeconomic and healthy home with healthy behavior. The data were collected by pre-tested questionnaire, and analyzed using a multiple logistic regression model.Results: Theresults obtained by the education (OR = 9.1; 95%CI = 0.8 to 98.4; p = 0.001), family income (OR = 1.3; 95% CI = 0.1 to 14.2; p = 0.000), housing components (OR = 4.0, 95%CI = 0.5 to 27.7; p = 0.005), sanitation (OR = 6.9; 95% CI = 1.1 to 41.9; p = 0.001), healthy behavior (OR = 8.9; 95% CI = 1.6 to 48.7 ; p = 0.003).Conclusion: The results of this study concluded that education, family income, housing components, sanitation and behavior of the occupants had a statistically significant relationship to healthy behaviors parents of toddlers with ARI.Keywords: education, family income, housing components, sanitation, healthy behavior, and healthy behavior parents of toddler patients with Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI).Correspondence: Tiyan Anggraini. School of Health Sciences, Kadiri University, Kediri, Indonesia. Email: email@example.com of Epidemiology and Public Health (2016), 1(1): 66-74https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2016.01.01.08


The paper discusses the issues associated with the development of multi-component binders and high-quality concrete on their basis. The basis for the preparation of such binders is the use of finely divided mineral additives of natural and man-made origin. Particular attention is paid to the aggregate, the strength of coarse aggregate should be at least 20% higher than the strength of concrete, and the maximum particle size should not exceed 8–20 mm. To date, considerable experience has been gained in the production of multicomponent binders, and the results of the research carried out in this direction have shown that the raw material potential of the republic allows obtain high-quality concrete of class B 30-40. As if to expand the geography of natural resources regions of the North Caucasus Federal District, it is possible to obtain concrete of higher strength.


Spin–charge conversion is a spin–orbit coupling phenomena where electrical currents can generate transverse spin currents and vice versa. It is one of the central topics in spintronics and widely applied to manipulate the spin and charge degrees of freedom in materials. Previous research on spin–charge conversion was mainly carried out by transport measurements, which lies in the (quasi)equilibrium and DC/low-frequency limit. The recent development of THz emission spectroscopy applied to this field provides additional insights into the dynamics of the spin–charge conversion process, i.e., its ultrafast timescales. Here, the underlying physics and the latest progress of THz studies on spintronics are introduced. The technical details and some features of this technique are summarized, including spin current generation, signal detection, and data analysis. Finally, some possible developments are discussed as well as future research and applications.


Optimising the use of resources through scientific methods is critical for efficiency and accurate pricing in the logistics industry. Analytical techniques (AT) play a decisive role in providing such analytical solutions. This paper explores the use of Analytical Techniques for decision making in the Sri Lankan manufacturing logistics industry through a survey of practices in leading companies in the manufacturing logistics industry. The questionnaire focused on the familiarity of ATs and their use in the different logistics operations. The research reviewed and classified the different AT's most widely used in solving common logistics problems (LP). Closing the gap between the theory and practice of AT in the logistics industry was aimed at through this research, by offering areas in which the industry could successfully adopt appropriate ATs. In this respect, different ATs in seven selected logistics decisions, regularly made in manufacturing firms, were discussed. The current practice in ATs was captured by interviewing leading practitioners in the logistics industry, bringing together the reasons for these gaps and their suggestions for overcoming them. The findings of the research could open up exciting areas for future research on optimisation using ATs in manufacturing logistics.


The effectiveness of an antihistamine, chlorpheniramine, in suppressing chloroquine‐related pruritus has been investigated in 38 patients, employing two modes of therapy. In the first treatment mode, chloroquine and chlorpheniramine were given concomittantly to the patient, and in the second treatment mode, chlorpheniramine was given 3h after chloroquine ingestion. The extent of suppression of the pruritus with the first treatment mode was 40% but with the second mode it was 70%. The onset of itching was always delayed usually by 6–10h. Bringing the time of antihistamine therapy closer to the onset for the reaction therefore, increased the extent to which pruritus was suppressed.


1
The study of the structure of the peptides arising from native, oxidized or reduced and maleinized bovine growth hormone on incubation with trypsin, chymotrypsin and pepsin is reported.

2
The data obtained permitted the assembly of a unique sequence of amino acids for the poly-peptide chain of the protein.

3
Various corrections and one addition to the sequence previously communicated are made.


The ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity in the mixtures of Cetylpyridinium Chloride (CPC) with Water Alcohols (Methanol, Ethanol and 1-Propanol) in different concentration ranges are measured at different temperatures 303, 313 and 323K with a view to determine the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). From the experimental data, other related acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (β), intermolecular free length (Lf), internal pressure (i), free volume (Vf), cohesive energy (CE), relaxation time (), Rao's constant (Ra),absorption coefficient (α/f 2 ), acoustical impedance (Za) and solvation number (Sn) have been evaluated. All these parameters have utilized to study of various molecular interactions takes place in binary mixtures of (i) CPC + Water Methanol, (ii) CPC + Water Ethanol and (iii) CPC + Water -1Propanol solution. The Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of (Cetyl Pyridinium Chloride (CPC) with Water Alcohols) was determined to be 0.6%ofCetyl Pyridinium Chloride (CPC) with Water– Methanol and Water -Ethanol, 0.8% of Cetyl Pyridinium Chloride (CPC) with Water -1Propanol system. The UV and FTIR studies were also used to characterize these samples. The results are discussed in molecular interactions, absorption and functional groups.


A new macrocyclic compound, benzo[3]uril 1, was synthesized in a facile manner, and displayed a unique fluorescence response upon recognition and binding of Cu2+, Fe3+, F−, and acetate.[1]H NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectra confirmed that binding occurs through hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups on the benzo[3]uril 1 and F− or acetate anions. The successful synthesis of benzo[3]uril 2 demonstrates that modification of this macrocycle is relative easy, and the absence of an interaction with anions further supports the importance of hydrogen binding between benzo[3]uril 1 to F− and acetate. Infra-red (IR) spectroscopy suggest the carboxyl groups of benzo[3]uril coordinate metal cations Cu2+ and Fe3+.


The cutoff wavelengths of arbitrary cross section waveguide have been analyzed by the multiple reciprocity boundary element method based on the transverse resonance methods.Other transmission characteristic constant can be calculated by the cutoff wavelength.The numerical results agree well with the other literature.


Effected plants usually do not show symptoms until ear emergence. Infected ears typically emerge at the same time or slightly later than that of the healthy stems. Also, infected ears often emerge


Abstract Handicap systems are used in many sports to improve competitive balance and equalize the match-win probability between opponents of differing ability. Recognizing the absence of such a system in tennis, we develop a novel optimization-based handicap system for tennis using a Markov Decision Process (MDP) model. In our handicap system, the weaker player is given β "free points" or "credits" at the start of the match, which he can use before the start of any point during the match to win the point outright. The MDP model determines two key features of the handicap system: (1) Fairness: the minimum value of β required to equalize the match-win probability, and (2) Achievability: the optimal policy governing usage of the β credits to achieve the desired match-win probability. We test the sensitivity of the handicap values to the model's input parameters. Finally, we apply the model to real match data to estimate professional handicaps.


This article describes issues related to the practical orientation of modern higher education. It lists the components of a motivated person who knows how to succeed in their professional activities. Named the fundamental principles of modern didactics. It is noted the role of innovation processes in higher education and the importance of teacher training at the present stage. It emphasized strengthening the role of independent work of students and increase the development of educational and creative and research tasks in the organization of educational process in high school.


The lack of surface states within the band gap of the perfect Si(100)2x1:H surface opens the way to scanning tunneling microscopy studies of dopant atom sites in Si(100). In this paper, Boron and Arsenic induced features are studied by ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy. The values of their amplitudes naturally group such that several subsurface layers can be identified. This technique for producing atom-resolved three-dimensional maps of electrically active dopants in silicon may be a useful metric for characterizing dopant profiles in ultra-small electronic device structures.


To the Editor: There is a well-known risk of thrombosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patients with IBD have a 3-fold higher risk of venous thrombosis compared with age, sex, and geographically matched controls. It's incidence in clinical studies varies from 1% to 8% to as much as 39% in autopsy. Thromboembolism is a serious complication for IBD patients which can result in devastating complications. We present a patient with ileal Crohn disease who was discovered to have renal vein thrombosis. A 28-year-old woman with a prior total colectomy and current endoscopic evidence of ileal Crohn disease presented with severe, colicky, left-sided abdominal pain for 2 days. The pain was episodic and crampy with no aggravating or palliating factors. She also complained of loose, nonbloody stools. On admission, the patient's body temperature was 381C. The patient had a slight tachycardia of 100 beats per minute. On examination, the patient had tenderness in her left lower and mid abdomen. Her complete blood count, basic metabolic profile, amylase and lipase levels were normal. On the basis of these findings, it was initially felt that the patient had an exacerbation of her Crohn disease and treatment was started with hydration and continuation of her home medications of methotrexate and tapering steroids. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen was performed and revealed a large thrombus in the left renal vein. The patient was started on intravenous heparin. She was taken to the radiology department where she underwent selective catheterization with pulse TPA (Tissue Plasminogen Activator) therapy. A repeat angiogram the following morning showed complete resolution of the thrombus. The patient had prompt and complete remission of her symptoms within 24 hours. A hypercoagulable workup including Factor V Leiden mutation, protein C and S deficiency and antithrombin III deficiency obtained before heparin therapy was negative. The patient was discharged home on coumadin. The incidence of thromboembolism in IBD varies from 1% to 8% to as much as 39% in autopsy. In one of the largest retrospective studies, Talbot et al found in a series of 7199 patients with IBD that 92 patients (1.3%) suffered a thrombotic complication. These patients also tend to suffer thrombosis earlier in life. In a study by Grip et al, the mean age in IBD patients suffering venous thrombosis was significantly lower than in nonIBD patients (53 vs. 64 y, P=0.0225). The exact etiology for thrombosis in IBD patients is unknown. However, there is some evidence supporting the role of increased coagulation in patients with IBD. Specific clotting mechanisms in IBD hypercoagulability have been attributed to a variety of factors. However, there has been no consistent abnormality documented and many cases like the case we report do not have any documented coagulation abnormality. The treatment of thromboembolism consists of the use of both unfractionated and low molecular weight heparin. It is recommended that all IBD patients with venous thromboembolism should be screened for hypercoagulable conditions and if present, lifelong anticoagulation should be considered. The exact role of long-term anticoagulation is unclear. In a study by Solem et al, 62% of patients of IBD with thromboembolism were put on long-term coumadin and 18% of the patients were put on long-term anticoagulation with coumadin and the insertion of an IVC filter. However, the use of long-term anticoagulation has been recommended only in patients with documented thrombosis. Favorable outcomes using thrombolytic agents have been reported in case reports of patients with IBD having thrombosis. In our case, local infusion of the thrombolytic agent resulted in complete resolution of the renal vein thrombus and elimination of her presenting symptoms. Renal vein thrombosis is a very rare complication in Crohn disease and, to the best of our knowledge, has never been reported in the literature. The clinical significance of this complication lies in the fact that it may be confused with an exacerbation or complication of Crohn disease and thus may lead to a delay in diagnosis and a poor clinical outcome. Therefore, it is important for the clinician to recognize this possibility in patients with IBD.


We investigate the structural and optical properties of carbon nitride (C3N4) nanotubes (CNNts) built from condensed heptazine cores (C6N7) with different chirality and connection patterns. In particular, heterocycles in a hexagonal ordering exhibit the lowest energy configuration for the CNNts studied. Overall, heptazine-based CNNts are energetically preferred over triazine motifs. Correspondingly, recent experimental data show the prevalence of heptazine units in synthesized CNNts. Nitrogen-nitrogen lone pair repulsions prevent CNNts from presenting smooth tubular surfaces. Corrugation in general stabilizes C3N4 nano-structures with respect to extended conformations in comparison with pure carbon compositions. In connection to experiment, hexagonal nanotubes show optical properties that are almost independent of the chirality and tube diameter. CNNts show potential for similar applications as carbon nanotubes, and may even improve on the performance in some specific areas, as they have stable semiconducting parameters, and have polarized C-N bonds together with surface holes, which suggest them as better hosts as storage devices. © 2009 The Royal Society of Chemistry.


Objective:To evaluate the therapeutic effects of dehydroandrographolide succinate and cimetidine on children with hand,foot and mouth disease. Methods:Eighty-six cases of children with hand,foot and mouth disease were randomly divided into two groups:treatment group (44 cases) and control group (42 cases). Both groups were treated with dehydroandrographolide succinate (10 mg/kg daily),while the treatment group was treated with intravenous infusion of cimetidine (10~20 mg/kg daily) in addition with a treatment course of 3~5 days. Results:The duration of clinic symptoms in the treatment group,including fever,angina and herpes were shorter than those of the control group (P0.01). The total effective rate was 97.7% in the treatment group,significantly higher than that in the control group (P0.05). Conclusions:The using of dehydroandrographolide succinate and cimetidine is effective and safe without obvious side effect in treating children with hand foot and mouth disease.


Theodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie (1900) suffered sharp criticism at the very moment of their appearance. Most critics and readers pointed out he depicted something amoral, especially on sexual amorality. Yet, with the development of feminism, a few years later Sister Carrie was appraised as the model of 'new woman' of the late 19th century. In the light of Freudian thought, the paper will not only draw attention to the confrontation between desire and morality but also to the effects of human inner mind in the external world in attempt to explore the permanent factors that influence human's actions.


In this note we respond to Mouschovias and Kassis criticisms that our paper "Testing Magnetic Star Formation Theory" is flawed. We stand fully behind our paper.


Abstract A vertical distribution formulation of liquid water content (LWC) for steady radiation fog was obtained and examined through the singular perturbation method. The asymptotic LWC distribution is a consequential balance among cooling, droplet gravitational settling, and turbulence in the liquid water budget of radiation fog. The cooling produces liquid water, which is depleted by turbulence near the surface. The influence of turbulence on the liquid water budget decreases with height and is more significant for shallow fogs than for deep fogs. The depth of the region of surface-induced turbulence can be characterized with a fog boundary layer (FBL). The behavior of the FBL bears some resemblance to the surface mixing layer in radiation fog. The characteristic depth of the FBL is thinner for weaker turbulence and stronger cooling, whereas if turbulence intensity increases or cooling rate decreases then the FBL will develop from the ground. The asymptotic formulation also reveals a critical turbulent...


The invention discloses a novel normal-temperature water reducer with high water-reducing rate and excellent dispersity. The water reducer is characterized by being prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 30-40% of methyl allyl polyethenoxy ether, 1-10% of a self-made assistant, 10-20% of acrylic acid, 1-5% of triethanolamine, 1-5% of ascorbic acid, 1-5% of caustic soda flakes and 40-60% of water, wherein the total weight percentage of the components is 100%. The water reducer has the advantages that a heating reaction is not required, the water reducer can be prepared at the normal temperature and is excellent in dispersity, and the production energy consumption is reduced.


Passivation oxide formation is the key for corrosion control of metal alloys. The kinetics of competing oxide formation and dissolution determines alloy corrosion behaviors in aqueous solution. Despite the important role of the multi-component oxide evolution, little has been known on the kinetics from the atomistic level. To this end, we have built a computational framework that enables simulations of competing kinetic processes in multi-component oxides from first principles. The effects of applied voltage, pH and temperature on oxide growth, dissolution and reprecipitation can all be captured in this model. Combining with our experimental measurements on alloy 22, we identified three voltage regimes with distinct oxide thicknesses and compositions. In the low voltage regime, oxide growth is the dominating process. The Cr/Ni ratio in the oxide is close to that in the alloy. In the medium voltage regime, Ni dissolves from the mixed oxide, NixCryO, and reprecipitates back as Ni oxide, NixO, to achieve phase separation. The resulted oxide film is significantly thickened with a duplex structure formed. In the high voltage regime, Ni dissolution dominates, and the Cr/Ni ratio increases. The temperature and pH dependencies have also been simulated. Higher temperature moves the dissolution-reprecipitation to the lower voltage; lower pH suppresses Ni reprecipitation and results in a thinner oxide film. These trends are also in agreement with the experiments.
 The oxide energetics of various stoichiometries are calculated by the density functional theory (DFT). Then the obtained data are used to train a surrogate lattice Hamiltonian with the cluster expansion (CE) method. Finally, kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations are run with the cation hopping barriers calculated on-the-fly based on the local environments from the combination of the above Hamiltonian and the linear Brønsted−Evans−Polanyi (BEP) relation.


The influence of oil wastes for microbial xylanase production can use sesame oil cake (SOC) as substrate by the filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum. The wild and mutated strains of these organisms are grown in Mandel's medium with modified trace elements at ambient temperature with pH 6.0 for 6 days. Finally, the mutated strains of both the species produced xylanase in a higher amount. The maximum yield of Xylanase was from the UV mutated Aspergillus niger strain. The average production of Xylanase from this species is 0.0415IU/ml. Moreover, the Xylanase is found to be cellulase free on this substrate (SOC).


Alumina crystals doped with Yb and Er were obtained by sol gel process and their morphologies and luminescence properties were discussed. Nanocrystals formations composed by Er2O3, Yb2O3 e Yb3Al5O12 were observed by TEM images, EDS, electron beam diffraction and XRD, at the surface of the alumina grains. The size of the nanocrystals were of about (36±2) nm and (182±8) nm for the samples calcinated at 1200oC and 1600oC, respectively. The sample codoped with 1mol% of Er and 2 mol% of Yb supplied the best results for Thermoluminescence (TL) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL). The growth intensity of dosimetric TL peak at 205oC was linear with gamma radiation doses and the same behavior was observed in OSL results.


The provision of material resources to schools means more favorable learning conditions for learning. This article proposes a scale to the level of rigging of schools, which is based in the SAEB data and the use of item response theory (IRT). After items and schools being placed on a continuous scale of school's rigging, were created four ordinal categories according to school's rigging. It is justified to adopt separate measure for rigging and school infrastructure by a factor analysis of complete information. It is believed that the scale developed to assist managers in identifying deficiencies and pointing priorities for investment, and help future studies on the impact of the material conditions of schools in the quality of education.


Too many public health specialists are thinking "outside the box" or "reinventing the wheel," concludes an analysis of presentations at a recent UK conference.

Public health, or "the front end business," has been invaded by jargon and management speak, say the researchers, who analysed proceedings at the UK Faculty of Public Health's annual scientific conference ( Public Health doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2008.05.012).

"These findings should form the basis …


One of several explanations of why Homo Sapiens is the only surviving sub-species of the genus Homo is the extended length of our childhood and adolescence. The value of this extended maturation and developing period may be that it allows us to learn and carry out complex tasks. Like Homo Sapiens, methodology for synthetic data has had a long learning period. The idea of using synthetic data for disclosure control was conceived more than 20 years ago [1–3], but it was a further 10 years before the first papers describing how to do it appeared in the literature [4,5]. The subsequent decade was one of rapid development and innovation when the methodology was tested and expanded. The energy and enthusiasm for synthetic data of Reiter and his colleagues was responsible for many major developments; see the monograph by Drechsler [6] for a review. Towards the end of synthetic data's second decade real applications began to appear [7–9]. Two of the four substantial papers that deal with synthetic data in this issue [10,11] are examples of mature methodology, while the other two [12,13] deal with disclosure control, the aspect of synthetic data that is at an early stage in its development. My comments here are from the point of view of a practitioner looking for useful and workable ideas in this field. Our project to provide data for the UK Longitudinal Studies (LSs) is referred to in Vilhuber et. al.'s overview of international developments [14]. More details of our methods and our synthpop package for R are available [15–17]. The paper by Vilhuber and Miranda [10] is a particularly good example of a new method developed in response to a real need. It is rare for a journal article to illustrate the difficulties that arise when statistical procedures are used on real data with all their imperfections and idiosyncrasies. The idea in this paper is to produce tabulations from synthetic data and use them to replace cells in tables from the original data that have been suppressed because of perceived disclosure risk. Suppressed cells in the open-source tabulations, Business Dynamics Statistics1 (BDS), are replaced with those from tabulations of the synthetic Longitudinal Business Data (synLBD).2 The authors take advantage of the fact that the BDS and the synLBD are both derived from the same original data sources. Their tentative conclusions are somewhat disappointing, showing that using the synLBD does not improve validity compared to a much simpler method of adding multiplicative noise to the cells. But the reasons for this relate to known problems with the utility of the synLBD for the very statistics that the BDS tabulates, and also to differences between the versions of the BDS and synLBD that were available to the authors. The problems with the synLBD have been remedied by a new methodology [18] that will be used for future versions. Their methods may work better when the synthetic data are produced specifically for the purpose of replacing cells in tables. In particular, the methods based on their algorithm 2, which overcome problems of inconsistent


Arabidopsis thaliana has been successfully used as a model organism for agriculture research. This model plant gives the opportunity to find out novel ways for the manipulation of gene function to improve commercial crop production. To elucidate gene function, reverse genetics got ample attention. Reduced gene expression in model plant and its implications as phenotypic response aids large scale investigation of gene functions. To find out the effect of the reduced arginine content on plant growth and development, we did a complete phenotypic analysis of arginine-deficient mutants. We generated artificial microRNA (amiRNA)-based mutants for two genes in arginine biosynthesis, argininosuccinate synthase (AS) and argininosuccinate lyase (AL). Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) of mutant plants showed reduced gene expression. In case of AS mutant lines, as3-3 and as2-6 showed almost 60% decrease in gene expression. Whereas two AL mutants al1-5 and al4-3 showed more than 50% decrease in gene expression. Amino acid analyses of mutant plant lines by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) showed reduced arginine production as compared to wild type plants. Arginine content of 20-day-old as2-6 and al4-3 lines was reduced to 46% and 54%, respectively. However, in 30-day-old plants arginine levels tend to increase and in as2-6 and al4-3 lines the arginine content was 50% and 57% respectively, finally, the phenotypic analysis revealed altered rosette growth and delayed flowering response in mutant plants as compared to the wild type plants. Our results provide insights on the role of arginine metabolism in plant rosette growth and initiation of flowering.


Abstract : Sensor Network Architecture and Layering: *Sensor network exists typically to do one thing (All custom built.) *Expensive to pretend sensor is a general purpose computer *Reduce costs and improve performance by eliminating unneeded functionality *Layering is original sin of networking *We have little idea how else to build a network *While we gain experience, we maintain most of layering, with a few optimizations. Conclusions: *Sensor network doing event detection studied. Trying to optimize (a) accuracy of detection, and (b) network lifetime. *Cross-layer optimizations: achieved through routing metric: routing interacts with data aggregation (application) and with battery level (physical layer) *Routing appears to be a convenient place for layers to interact.


This paper proposes an energy efficient multi-layer network using extended GMPLS with link power control. The experimental result shows that dynamic energy saving according to traffic volume is realized by layer-1 and layer-2 unified control.


We thank Dr Bolger for his commentary on our article. Although we agree that the approach that he advocates minimizes the risk of trauma to the pterygopalatine ganglion (Fig. 2 of his commentary), the physical space needed to introduce a 4-mm telescope to visualize and simultaneously instrument the skull base in certain anatomic circumstances has the potential to yield insufficient exposure and therefore become unsafe. Therefore, we believe it should not be overemphasized as the only or best approach in all circumstances. To this point, in Dr Bolger's 20051 report of 6 patients with encephalocele repairs, 1 patient "had anesthesia over the left cheek area due to partial laceration of V2 during resection of a large encephalocele that necessitated sphenopalatine ganglia resection. This patient also had anesthesia of an area of the hard palatal mucosa and posterior molar region on the left noted on postoperative testing. The patient was prepared for the possibility of these complications and accepted them as an alternative to a craniotomy that he wanted to avoid." (p.24) Interestingly, this patient did not develop a dry eye postoperatively and had a normal postoperative Schirmer test. Variations in the superior alveolar nerve distribution of the infraorbital nerve,2,3 the location of branches of the


From the emergence of a hydrostatic core, the collapse of a proto-stellar core is accompanied by winds and mass loss (Lada 1985) probably driven by magnetospheric accretion (eg. Konigl 1991; Edwards et al. 1994; Hartmann et al. 1994). Within the last decade, the availablity of both CCD cameras with 20′ fields-of-view and large-format heterodyne arrays at millimeter wavelengths with "on-the-fly" (OTF) mapping capabilities, have ushered in a new era in the investigation of outflows powered by young stars and their impact on the surrounding medium. More than two dozen giant Herbig-Haro (HH) flows with dimensions ranging from 1 to 7 pc have been discovered (e.g. Reipurth, Bally and Devine 1997). HH flows are chains of optically visible shocks energized by outflows from young stars. It is now becoming clear that HH objects, near-infrared H2 jets, and the swept-up CO bipolar molecular outflows are intimately linked to one another (see e.g. L1448, Bachiller et al. 1995). We have been involved in a multiwavelength study of a dozen or so parsec-scale outflows, complementing narrow-band optical observations with widefield, sensitive, multi-transitional CO and CO observations (Stojimirovic et al. 2006 in prep.). Some of the scientific questions to be answered by this multi-source, multi-wavelength study of parsec-scale outflows are: (1) Mass ejection history of YSOs from the earliest times. (2) Detailed picture of the physics of the flows themselves. (3) Mechanisms by which the jets entrain and accelerate shocks into the surrounding molecular material. (4) Can young stars be the agents of dispersal of their parent molecular clouds through the combined effect of their outflows (Norman & Silk 1979)? (5) Can parsec-scale flows provide power for the turbulence seen in molecular clouds? The young binary system Haro 6-10 (also called GV Tau, or IRAS 04263+2426) in Taurus molecular cloud, powers a giant HH flow (Devine, Reipurth, Bally, Balonek 1999). New optical images of the Haro 6-10 outflow region, show distant HH objects, HH 410 and HH 411, making the whole extent of the optical emission 1.6 pc at position angle of 222◦. The HH flow is most likely driven by the infrared companion to the T-Tauri star. The T-Tauri component also appears to be driving a relatively weak and much smaller outflow with a north-south orientation (HH 184 F-G). Almost perpendicular to the HH410/411 flow, is the newly detected HH413/414 flow. HH 414 is a newly discovered jet, powered by IRAS 04264+2433, which points directly towards associated bow shock, HH 413. HH413/414 is an independent flow unrelated to the prominent Haro 6-10 flow. Despite numerous attempts in the past, no obvious molecular outflow has been detected toward Haro 6-10 (Edwards & Snell 1984; Heyer et al. 1987; Levreault 1988; Hogerheijde et al. 1997, 1998; Chandler, Barsony, & Moore 1998). We made sensitive, large spatial extent, high spatial and velocity resolution maps at millimeter CO wavelengths, and we present here the surprising discovery of the molecular outflow, associated with Haro 6-10 parsec scale HH flow. We postulate that the weakness of the CO emission may have eluded the discovery of the molecular outflow in this source in previous studies.


It has been experimentally proven that the reaction of 1- or 1,2-disubstituted imidazoles with diorganylphosphorus(III) halides proceeds via initial formation of N-phosporylated imidazolium salts. Treatment of these salts with strong bases results in phosphorylation of the parent imidazoles at the 2- or 5-positions, correspondingly. In a previous case, imidazol-2-ylidenes are formed as intermediates. With both N1 and N3 atoms bearing sterically demanding or/and π-donating groups, deprotonation of 1,3-disubstituted imidazolium salts with NaN(SiMe(3))(2) afforded new stable N-phosphorus-substituted Arduengo-type carbenes.


This article develops the notion of a sociocognitive perspective on second language acquisition (SLA), proposed as an alternative to the cognitivism pervading the field. By sociocognitive, I mean a view of language and language acquisition as simultaneously occurring and interactively constructed both "in the head" and "in the world."

First, I develop a view of language and its acquisition as social phenomena—as existing and taking place for the performance of action in the (socially-mediated) world. Second, I describe the cognitive nature of language and its acquisition, focusing especially on recent developments in connectionism. Third, I introduce sociocognitive views of language and posit a social interpretation of connectionism as bridging the gap between cognition and social action. Fourth, I discuss sociocognitive perspectives on first language acquisition. Fifth, I describe the cognitivist biases of much SLA research, then suggest how sociocognitive approaches can help overcome them. I end by considering implications of the perspective I develop in this paper.


Derivatives of Oxalyldimalonic Acid

Starting with furanone 3 and mesoxalic acid esters, the compounds 8 as monolactones of the title compound have been synthesized. A versatile intermediate is the dioxinone 15, the masked acylketene 16. Regioselective partial saponification of 8a led to the diester 8e which was converted into the dilactone 2. The enamine 8d isomerizes by two pathways. By alkanolate catalysis the γ-alkylidenetetramic acid 24 was obtained and used to prepare the lactam-lactone 25 and the dilactam 27. Thermal isomerization of 8d gave the cyclic tetracarbonylmethane derivative 19. Ring opening reactions of 19 did not furnish derivatives of the title compound but the isomeric acids 20–23. Some open-chain derivatives of oxalylbismalonic acid (12, 26) were obtained from 8c/8d by lactone cleavage.


Most flowering plants have evolved to coordinate proper floral transition in shoot apical meristems at an appropriate time during development, referred to as "flowering time." In domesticated crops, shoot life time has been manipulated to enhance productivity via synchronizing flowering time to the local environment, thereby creating a balance between vegetative and reproductive plant architecture during the year. Rice, a typical single transitional crop, has acquired balance between prolonged tiller growth and a relatively short reproductive phase on individual shoot, resulting in increasing yield. Crops with sympodial growth, such as tomato, which undergo multiple floral transitions on the main shoot, have been artificially selected for the determination of shoot growth by investigating the dosage sensitivity of florigen activation controlling flowering time on individual shoots. Here, we summarize recent genetic-molecular studies on tomato, which have been subject to genetic manipulation of flowering time in an effort to optimize seed productivity. We also review advanced genetic approaches as potential new tools for the enhancement of crop yield by manipulating flowering time via the dosage effect of florigen.


SUMMARY

We present a novel frequency-domain inverse solution to recover the 3-D electrical conductivity distribution in the mantle. The solution is based on analysis of local C-responses. It exploits an iterative gradient-type method—limited-memory quasi-Newton method—for minimizing the penalty function consisting of data misfit and regularization terms. The integral equation code is used as a forward engine to calculate responses and data misfit gradients during inversion. An adjoint approach is implemented to compute misfit gradients efficiently. Further improvements in computational load come from parallelizing the scheme with respect to frequencies, and from setting the most time-consuming part of the forward calculations—calculation of Green's tensors—apart from the inversion loop. Convergence, performance, and accuracy of our 3-D inverse solution are demonstrated with a synthetic numerical example. A companion paper applies the strategy set forth here to real data.


Background:  Allergic drug reactions (ADR) can be either immediate reaction (IR) (IgE mediated) or delayed reaction (DR) (T‐cell mediated). They follow the Th1/Th2 paradigm, with DR expressing interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) with down‐regulation of interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and IR expressing IL‐4 with down‐regulation of IFN‐γ. We studied the extension of this polarization in DR and IR by examining the cytokine and transcription factor profile in T‐cell subpopulations during the acute phase of an ADR.


The dynamic mechanical properties of both homopolypropylene (PPVC)/Maleated Polypropylene (PP-g-MA) and ethylene-propylene block copolymer (PPSC)/Maleated Polypropylene (PP-g-MA) blends have been studied by using a dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer (PL-DMTA MKII) over a wide temperature range, covering a frequency zone from 0.3 to 30 Hz. With increasing content of PP-g-MA, a relaxation of both blends gradually shift to a lower temperature and the apparent activation energy ΔE α increases. In PPVC/PP-g-MA blends, β relaxation shifts to a higher temperature as the content of PP-g-MA increases from 0 to 20 wt % and then change unobviously for further varying content of PP-g-MA from 20 to 35 wt %. On the contrary, in the PPSC/PP-g-MA blends β 1 relaxation, the apparent activation energy ΔE β1 and β 2 relaxation are almost unchanged with blend composition, while ΔE β2 increases with an increase of PP-g-MA content. In the composition range studied, storage modulus E' of both blends increases before α relaxation as content of PP-g-MA increases ; however, the increment of E' value for PPSC/PP-g-MA blends decreases progressively between β 2 and α relaxation with increasing temperature, but in the region the increment for PPVC/PP-g-MA blends is independent of temperature. The flexural properties of PPVC/PP-g-MA blend show more obvious improvement on PP than one of PPSC/PP-g-MA blends. Scanning electron micrographs of fracture surfaces of the blends clearly demonstrate two-phase morphology, viz. the discrete particles homogeneously disperse in the continuous phase, the main difference in the morphology between both blends is that the interaction between the particles and the continuous phase is stronger for PPVC/PP-g-MA than for PPSC/PP-g-MA blend. By the correlation of the morphology with dynamic and mechanical properties of the blends, the variation of the relaxation behavior and mechanical properties with the component structure, blend composition, vibration frequency, and as well as the features observed in these variation are reasonably interpreted.


1. The steam turbine apparatus comprising an outlet housing portion which comprises: a section having a semicircular cross section, an outlet section which is adjacent to the first section and having an outlet, and a second section having a flattened spherical cross-section with a substantially flattened lower portion and adapted to be fluidly message to the first section, the first and second sections to form a continuous channel para.2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first section comprises an upper housing section and the second section comprises a lower section kozhuha.3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the upper housing section and lower housing section together form a steam passage, the radial depth of which is in the uppermost portion of the lower casing section is greater than the lowest portion of said sektsii.4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the lower casing section contains patrubka.5 nozzle. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the upper housing section comprises a feed inlet davleniya.6 low. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said substantially flattened portion located opposite the first outlet sektsii.7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the outlet section is tapered at the outlet otverstiya.8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the first section is an upper housing section and the second section is a lower section of the housing, the first and second sections are connectable along an axial plane, with substantially flattened section of the casing bottom section is located closer to the the axial plane than the lower part of the outlet sektsii.9. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a rotor having axially


Purpose
Although several studies have evaluated effective factors for conflict occurrence, researchers have developed few methods of determining preventive capacities and determining preventive measures on the basis of an analysis of chain of risks that cause conflict. The purpose of this paper is to devise a mechanism for conflict prevention by evaluating chain of risks that cause conflict and different conflict types.

Design/methodology/approach
Efforts centered on facilitating the prevention conflicts through analyzing the effects of chain of risks on change causes, decomposing the mixture of conflict types in each conflict and determining the contribution of each conflict type to conflict creation.

Findings
The paper expands the existing body of knowledge on conflict management through the determination of complex relationships, namely, the relationship between conflict causes and project parties and the coherence between project parties and conflict types.

Originality/value
A practical example is analyzed to demonstrate the proposed approach capabilities. The results showed that using the developed approach to determine conflict type can serve as a means of control in projects and the developed approach can be incorporated into construction contracts as a conflict resolution mechanism. This paper presents an understanding of complex relationships among the chain of risks which cause conflict, the important players in conflict management process and different conflict types. It also provides a basis to select an effective management method for each conflict.


One of the digestive organs of this trout being so very remarkable as to have given name to the fish, and to be looked upon as its distinguishing characteristic; it will be necessary, to take a general view of the varieties in the digestive organs of animals, to determine what place the stomach of this particular trout holds among them, and also to throw some light upon the question, whether its resemblance to a gizzard be such, as to render the name of gizzard trout a proper appellation.


Neutral He lines at 537 A and 584 A obtained by spectroheliometer on OSO 4, studying differences between quiet and active regions


In this paper, a new algorithm for finding a common element of a split equality fixed point problem for nonexpansive mappings and split equality equilibrium problem in three Banach spaces is introduced. Also, some strong and weak convergence theorems for the proposed algorithm are proved. Finally, the main results obtained in this paper are applied to solve the split equality convex minimization problem.


The guaranteed error correction capability of left regular LDPC codes under different hard decision decision algorithms is investigated. A summary of recent results relating the column weight and girth of the Tanner graph to the guaranteed error correction capability is provided. The intuition behind expander based arguments and their potential to derive new results for column-weight-three codes is provided.


We develop and analyze a class of overlapping domain decomposition (DD) preconditioners for linear-quadratic elliptic optimal control problems. Our preconditioners utilize the structure of the optimal control problems. Their execution requires the parallel solution of subdomain linear-quadratic elliptic optimal control problems, which are essentially smaller subdomain copies of the original problem. This work extends to optimal control problems the application and analysis of overlapping DD preconditioners, which have been used successfully for the solution of single PDEs. We prove that for a class of problems the performance of the two-level versions of our preconditioners is independent of the mesh size and of the subdomain size.


The invention discloses an antiseptic treatment process of a water jacket motor base, which solves the technical problems that cooling water is easy for corroding a shell and causing rustiness, the rust is easy for blocking a water inlet pipe and a water outlet pipe and a motor cannot work normally in the application and storage process of the existing motor. The antiseptic treatment process comprises the following steps of sand blasting the surface of a water jacket motor water channel, and enabling the coarseness of the surface of the water jacket motor water channel to be 25 to 60 micrometers; standing and preparing epoxy zinc-enriched paint, and curing the well-prepared epoxy zinc-enriched paint for 20 minutes; and utilizing a handheld spray gun with the pressure of 1.5 to 6kg/cm to spray the surface of the water jacket motor water channel, allowing the thickness of a first dry film to be 30 minus or plus 10 micrometers, immediately spraying a second film after the surface of the first dry film is dried, and allowing the thickness of the second dry film is 60 minus or plus 10 micrometers. Due to the adoption of the antiseptic treatment process, the corrosion of cooling water on a carbon steel water jacket base can be avoided.


It is well known that Hong Kong has a floating population consisting mostly of fishermen. These fisherfolk call themselves the 'boat people' (shuishang ren literally, 'people on water'), and upon being asked their native county, they would usually reply, "We're boat people" instead of naming a particular county in the Guangdong Province as is the usual custom. The boat people, of course, are not a homogeneous group as far as speech is concerned. The informants interviewed for the present study came from the Pu Tai Island (a small island to the southeast of Hong Kong). The children went to school on Pu Tai, while the grownups went out to sea to work for their living. About eight years ago the family gave up their boats and settled on land. The speech of this family and that of some friends who were also formerly boat people exhibit certain phonetic characteristics which are interesting departures from Modern Standard Cantonese (hereafter referred to as MSC), the dialect spoken by the majority of people in Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Macau.


Bread wheat is one of the most represented field crops whose level and stability of yield is very important for the food security in Republic Serbia. In the paper was investigated stability of yield expression of 15 winter bread wheat genotypes in different agroecological conditions of Serbia, using the Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model and GGE-biplot method of analysis. Aim of investigation was to determine which of applied analysis is superior in identification of the most desirable genotypes for cultivation in given environments. Analysis of variance showed that genotype and genotype-environment (G×E) interaction represent highly significant sources of variability in expression of grain yield. AMMI and GGE analyses were point out similar results and an indisputable conclusion is that multienvironment trials, besides routine usage of analysis of variance, must be analized with one of this two models, which combine analysis of variance and PCA analysis. AMMI analysis is simpler for interpretation and closer to the concept of view of the agronomical trial, while GGE analysis is more complex and gives more precise interpretation of "which-won-where", i .e. for defining of narrowly adapted genotypes in given environments. Thus, G11 as the genotype with highest average yield is narrow adapted to the environment Sombor and can be recommended, as well as in the environment 2 (Kruševac), while genotypes with modest requests (G2) rather can be recommended for cultivation in the environment 1 (Kragujevac), which is characterized by less fertile soil and a smaller amount and uneven distribution of precipitation.


In a PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor), the appropriate heat removal from the surface of fuel rod bundle is important for ensuring thermal margins and safety. Although many CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software have been used to predict complex flows inside fuel assemblies with mixing vanes, there is no domestic regulatory guideline for the comprehensive evaluation of CFD software. Therefore, from the nuclear regulatory perspective, it is necessary to perform the systematic assessment and prepare the domestic regulatory guideline for checking whether valid CFD software is used for nuclear safety problems. In this study, to provide systematic evaluation and guidance on the applicability of CFD software to the domestic nuclear safety area, the results of the sensitivity analysis for the effect of the discretization scheme accuracy for the convection terms and turbulence models, which are main factors that contribute to the uncertainty in the calculation of the nuclear safety problems, on the prediction performance for the turbulent flow distribution inside the fuel assembly with split-type mixing vanes were explained.


Rigorous electromagnetic field modeling is applied to calculate the quantum efficiency (QE) of various quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) geometries. We found quantitative agreement between theory and experiment for linear grating coupled QWIPs, cross-grating coupled QWIPs, corrugated-QWIPs, and enhanced-QWIPs. Also, the model adequately explains the spectral lineshapes of the quantum grid infrared photodetectors. Equipped with a quantitative model, we designed resonant cavities that are suitable for narrowband imaging around 8 - 9 microns. The results show that with properly designed structures, the theoretical QE can be as high as 78% for 25-micron pixel pitch arrays and 46% for 12-micron pixel pitch arrays. Experimental efforts are underway.


As a fundamental research, the presentation and acknowledgement of replicability concept in the explanatory factor analysis to researchers and to exemplify the usage of this analysis are aimed at in this study. Explanatory factor analysis has been used so frequently that it has become one of most discussed topics in the statistical field. This technique is composed of so many different stages that are determined by the researchers' initiatives; and due to this reason, sometimes different factor structures may be determined from the same data sets by the researchers. Determination of different factor structures makes the generalizability of the results a problematic issue. At this point, both the researchers developing a scale and the ones using a scale can resort to the replicability analysis in order to get advanced validity evidence. By using this analysis, instead of the flexible results that can be differ according to the research studies, stronger validity results can be obtained for the


This manuscript presents a system for switching reagent ions in a chemical ionization mass spectrometer, with application in the field of atmospheric chemistry. The authors discuss the use of the system with bromide and nitrate ions to investigate gas-phase oxidation chemistry. The authors present interesting data on bromide ionization chemistry, particularly the use for measuring sulfuric acid. The authors contrast their new ion source to the literature. Overall, this paper will be a useful contribution to the literature and is appropriate for this journal. However, there are a few specific experiments or pieces of information missing that are essential for proving that the multi-reagent ion


This paper analyzes organizational environmental performance and environmental management approaches in German hospitals. Based on data from an online survey and a subsequent cluster analysis, three groups of hospitals are identified: traditionalists, pragmatists, and environmentalists. The clusters differ regarding their organizational environmental performance, i.e., the environmental management elements adopted (policy, goals, structures, processes, and monitoring) and the environmental issues addressed (energy, water, material consumption, waste, emissions into water and air). The environmental management approaches hospitals adopt range from least to most active. Despite perceived stakeholder pressure being generally low, differences between the clusters can be observed. The most relevant stakeholders are internal ones, i.e., management and owners, rather than external ones. Furthermore, some organizational characteristics distinguish the clusters. This paper adds knowledge in the under-researched setting of hospitals and discusses managerial possibilities for the types of hospitals to increase their organizational environmental performance and to pursue a more holistic environmental approach.


Gas blowing at the bottom of tundish is an efficient metallurgy technique in clean steelmaking and has been widely concerned. In this paper, spherical alumina particles were selected to model inclusions, 1:3 scale model was utilized, the removal efficiency of inclusions with the gas bottomblowing in the tundish was studied by physical and mathematical modeling. The mathematical model is validated by comparing the predicted and measured residence time distributions and dye flow patterns of tracer. The results show that while the removal efficiency of large size particles has no obvious changes, the gas bottom-blowing has great contribution to the removal of small particles.


We provide a response to a recently published evaluation of the subspecies status of the Peñasco least chipmunk (Neotamias minimus atristriatus). The work we discuss used exon capture genomic approaches and concluded that their results did not support the distinction of this taxon as a subspecies, with recommendation that it be synonymized with N. m. operarius. We refute the interpretations, conclusions, and taxonomic recommendations of this study, and explain in clearer terms how to interpret genomic analyses for applied management. We identify four broad conceptual issues that led to errant recommendations: (1) interpretation of subspecies and diagnosability, (2) inappropriate use of reciprocal monophyly as a criterion for subspecies, (3) importance of geographic isolation, and (4) error in hypothesis testing and misinterpretation of results. We conclude that the data from this genomic appraisal add to information from prior studies providing strong support for recognition of N. m. atristriatus as a subspecies. Our conclusions have important and immediate implications for the proposed listing of N. m. atristriatus as an endangered species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.


ABSTRACT Maize is the most important crop in South Africa, being both the major feed grain for livestock and the primary staple food crop for the majority of the population. Farmers' production decisions regarding maize and their response to policy incentives are critical for national food security and regional trade. The aim of the study was to estimate the supply response of the South African maize sector to price and non-price incentives. A Nerlovian partial adjustment model was applied to historical time series data of area under maize cultivation, measured in hectares spanning from 1980-2012 to determine the supply response. Results indicate a short-run price elasticity of 0.24 and a long-run price elasticity of 0.36, signifying that maize farmers are less sensitive to price changes than non-price incentives. The results confirm that non-price incentives such as rainfall and technology seem to have more effect on maize supply than price incentives in South Africa. Given the findings, the study recommends policies and programmes that focus more on non- price incentives, such as technology and infrastructure development, investment in irrigation and research services, as a means of stabilising maize production in South Africa.


This paper presents that advanced pole placement by using certain relations which are related to characteristic polynomial coefficients. It is based on characteristic ratios and characteristic pulsatances by Naslin in the mid 1960s. We developed an approach to directly find an arbitrary location of poles for non overshooting condition.


During individual clinical interviews, the interaction between researcher and interviewee leads to a specific set of data that can later be interpreted from several viewpoints. In this paper, we describe three analyses of a student's reasoning. First, we describe her "physics reasoning" in terms of the physical situation she describes and the "difficulties" she has in reasoning about the interview question. Second, we describe some "reasoning resources" that she uses. Finally, we describe "epistemological resources" that may influence her reasoning about quantum physics. We conclude with a discussion of implications about the practice of interviews and their analysis.


Earnings per share and headline earnings per share are two popular performance measures, in spite of a number of shortcomings. This assignment argues that an additional performance measure ought to be disclosed in the financial statements, namely maintainable earnings. The objective of maintainable earnings is to give an indication of the core earnings of the company, excluding the effect of non-recurring items that are not expected to influence the financial results in future years. The reason for this performance measure is mainly based on the needs of the users of financial statements and the application that it finds in their analises. There is circumstancial evidence that shows that users want an indication of maintainable earnings per share. It is also argued that the disclosure of maintainable earnings is in the interest of the users of financial statements, as they do not necessarily have the knowledge or time to make the necessary calculations for themselves. The recommendations made are, among others, that non-recurring items be excluded from the calculation of headline earnings and that changes in accounting estimates be done retrospectively. Recommendations for comprehensive disclosure are also made to be of help in the evaluation of earnings. iii Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za


This paper focuses on examining the characteristic analysis of the textured and diffused silicon wafer. Characterization performance of the textured and diffused wafer using surface reflection method, sheet resistance method, SEM, and surface photovoltage method is examined. From the SRM result, it is observed that the reflection of the textured wafer is lower than the raw wafer. This means that the textured wafer forms the pyramid structure, which was measured by SEM. Sheet resistance measures the resistivity of the raw wafer and after phosphorous diffusion into the p-type silicon, the wafer are 2.3 Ω-cm and 0.80 Ω-cm respectively. From the sheet resistance results, it is observed that the phosphorus doping is properly done. The Surface Photovoltage (SPV) result shows that minority carrier diffusion length and lifetime for a solar cell is 86.4μm and 2.8 μsec respectively.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dosimetric impact of beam energy to the IORT treatment of residual cancer cells with different cancer cell distributions after breast-conserving surgery. Methods: The three dimensional (3D) radiation doses of IORT using a 4-cm spherical applicator at the energy of 40 keV and 50 keV were separately calculated at different depths of the postsurgical tumor bed. The modified linear quadratic model (MLQ) was used to estimate the radiobiological response of the tumor cells assuming different radio-sensitivities and density distributions. The impact of radiation was evaluated for two types of breast cancer cell lines (α /β=10, and α /β =3.8) at 20 Gy dose prescribed at the applicator surface. Cancer cell distributions in the postsurgical tissue field were assumed to be a Gaussian with the standard deviations of 0.5, 1 and 2 mm respectively, namely the cancer cell infiltrations of 1.5, 3, and 6 mm respectively. The surface cancer cell percentage was assumed to be 0.01%, 0.1%, 1% and 10% separately. The equivalent uniform doses (EUD) for all the scenarios were calculated. Results: The EUDs were found to be dependent on the distributions of cancer cells, but independent of the cancer cellmore » radio-sensitivities and the density at the surface. EUDs of 50 keV are 1% larger than that of 40 keV. For a prescription dose of 20 Gy, EUDs of 50 keV beam are 17.52, 16.21 and 13.14 Gy respectively for 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mm of the standard deviation of cancer cell Gaussian distributions. Conclusion: The impact by selected energies of IORT beams is very minimal. When energy is changed from 50 keV to 40 keV, the EUDs are almost the same for the same cancer cell distribution. 40 keV can be safely used as an alternative of 50 keV beam in IORT.« less


Waveform design algorithm based on ambiguity function is researched. To the problem of poor delay-Doppler performance, firstly construct the desired ambiguity function which satisfy delay-Doppler performance and low autocorrelation, secondly diagonal loading approach has been used to make its correlation matrix positive definite. The difference between the designed ambiguity function and the desired one are used as a criterion, the waveform design problem is transform to optimization problem, the unit-modulus sequences is got by Cyclic Algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm had better delay-Doppler performance and lower two dimension sidelobe level with weak loss in zero-Doppler cut sidelobe level, besides this algorithm with rapid convergence rate.


The questions: "What are the functions of law?" "What is morality's function?" are familiar problems in legal and moral philosophy. But political philosophy has not pressed the corresponding question about politics. This paper accordingly asks: What are politics' main functions? In answer, the paper argues for the Dual-Function Thesis: politics has two main functions: first, to allow groups and their members to make a significant mark on the world and society, a mark more significant than the members individually or severally could make; second, to make the general arrangements of a group's affairs responsive to the wants and fears of at least some of the group's current members. This means, as the paper will show, that politics solves two deep human problems: the Significant Mark Problem and the Responsiveness Problem. The paper starts with an analysis of the concept of politics, refutes six alternative conception of politics' main function, shows that the Dual-Function Thesis implies that politics solves the two problems, mounts a direct argument for the Thesis, and refutes the objection that politics has no main function.


increasing body of people dogma had less appeal; it failed to stir, it might even estrange. Religion was for them more rooted in experience and less in belief. " It cannot be justly said," Lord Dawson went on, " that the people of to-day, notwithstanding their aloofness from observance, are not religious, though perhaps they need a firmer acceptance of the fact that the way of life for all must be ' no cross, no crown.' The manifold contacts with the ranks of the people in my hospital life and in the war impel me to speak humble and admiring tribute to that faith which gives them trust, to that courage which gives patience, that kindness which lets not the left hand know what the right hand doeth. Though scant of form and expression, surely here is godliness. Judged by the Christian virtues, assessed by the Sermon on the Mount, they hold their own with preceding generations of stricter belief and narrower tolerance. It is values which are altering; it may be they are feeling their way back to the gospels with their universal appeal and absence of set forms." In conclusion, Lord Dawson asked whether it was not a fact that this large body of religious feeling existed and was as consciously searching for expression and shelter. It was in the power of the Church of England, with its tradition of comprehensiveness, to enfold it, and that great characteristic of the Church was apparent in the impressive ceremony of that afternoon.


The association of the fungus Stenocarpella maydis with corn seed may cause a reduction of seed germination and vigor of the emerged seedlings. This work was carried out in order to evaluate the effects of S. maydis on corn seed quality as well as on its early development. To evaluate such effects, seeds of cultivars RB9308YG (C1) and RB9108 (C2) were inoculated by the osmotic conditioner technique with two S. maydis isolates for 24(P1), 48(P2), 72(P3) and 96 hours (P4). Plants were grown in a room chamber at 20 °C and 25 °C and daily assessed until 28 days after emergence. Seed germination, incidence of S maydis, electrical conductivity, speed of emergence index (SEI), initial and final seedling population and dry weight of emerged plants, were assessed. The longer the exposition times of the seeds to the fungal colony, the more severe negative effects of the pathogens on seed vigor were observed. S. maydis caused reduced seed vigor in the speed of seedling emergence in the final stand and early development of corn seedlings.


Polar oxides are of much interest in materials science and engineering. Their symmetry-dependent properties such as ferroelectricity/multiferroics, piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, and second-order harmonic generation (SHG) effect are important for technological applications. [1] However, polar crystal design and synthesis is challenging, because multiple effects, such as steric or dipole-dipole interactions, typically combine to form non-polar structures; so the number of known polar materials, especially polar magnetoelectric materials, is still severely restricted. [2] Therefore, it is necessary for the material science community to develop new strategies to create these materials.


This study aims to determine the role of organizational culture in improving employee performance at PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia, Tbk, especially senior employees at the Human Capital Strategic Management division. PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia, Tbk create a team named Culture Agent to communicate about the transformation of the culture in company. In the results of the study it can be concluded that changes in organizational culture can improve employee performance in completing the given task. And also can eliminate the seniority attitude that exists in PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia, Tbk.


What is the topic of this review? Women are usually less fatigable than men for isometric fatiguing contractions of similar intensity, but whether this occurs for dynamic tasks is less clear. This review presents evidence that the sex difference in muscle fatigue of repeated dynamic contractions is specific to the task requirements, including the velocity of shortening and the muscle group involved. What advances does it highlight? Contractile mechanisms are responsible for the sex differences in muscle fatigue for slow‐velocity and low‐load dynamic tasks. The variability of the sex difference in fatigability among dynamic tasks has implications for fatiguing contractions prescribed in training and rehabilitation to men and women.


Pollution may be defined as addition of undesirable material into the environment as a result of human activities. Pollution may be of the following types: air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, thermal pollution, radiation pollution and noise pollution. The impact of different pollution as a general on healthy of farm animals are cancer, neurobehavioral disorders, cardiovascular problems, reduced energy levels, premature death, asthma, asthma exacerbations, headaches and dizziness, irritation of eyes, nose, mouth and throat, reduced lung functioning, respiratory symptoms, respiratory disease, disruption of endocrine and reproductive and immune systems. Exposure to environmental pollutants affected reproductive functions and in particular, produced adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes, fertility, and fetal health. Exposures to ambient levels of pollutants are associated with low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, prematurity, neonatal death, and decreased fertility and decrease of sperm quality in males and indicated also that female fertility was also disturbed. The most common disorder of male fertility is the insufficient production of normal sperm, with good mobility in the somniferous tubules. Polluted drinking water by chemicals produced waterborne diseases like, typhoid, liver and kidney damage. In this paper the effects of various environmental factors on healthy, function of animal, fertility and reproductive efficiency are reported.


The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in a significant public health care system crisis. This disease has resulted in devastating damage to human lives and significant disruption in economies. Use of "machine-learning" algorithms as tools of artificial intelligence may help identify a suspected or infected individual with an estimation of chances of survival. These algorithms make use of recorded observational data including medical histories, patient demographics as well as any related data on COVID-19.


Gupta reflects on a range of issues in Indian society as encountered during his research. The discussion about the two-way relationship between rural and urban India moves to how modernity should be understood in terms of social relations. Gupta posits that modernity is different from contemporary. It is about respecting others as equals. There are resistances towards achieving modernity in India because the rich and the poor live in different worlds. Caste structures also play a role, inhibiting people to cross boundaries. With the dismantling of the old economy, caste does not function as system but as identity. Urbanization is the greatest threat to caste. The relationship between caste and elections is misunderstood, There is no caste anywhere that can, on the basis of its own numbers, win elections.


This paper explores research undertaken by a consortium of 10 universities from across Europe as part of an EU Erasmus Strategic Partnership project called OnCreate. Recent research and experiences prove the importance of the design and implementation of online courses that are learner-centred, include collaboration and integrate rich use of media in authentic environments. The OnCreate project explores the specific challenges of creative processes in such environments. The first research phase comprises a comparative qualitative analysis of collaboration practices in design-related study programmes at the ten participating universities. A key outcome of this research was in identifying the shortcomings of the hierarchical role models of established Learning Management Systems (such as Moodle or Blackboard) and the tendency towards evolving 'mash-up' environments to support creative online collaboration.


The dopant activation process in a semiconductor based on GaN comprises the following steps: • providing a substrate (1) comprising a layer of semiconductor material (1 b) based on GaN, • performing at least two After the following successive steps: ○ implanting electrical doping impurities (3) in the layer of semiconductor material (1b), ○ performing heat treatment so as to activate the electrical doping impurities (3) in the layer material semi- conductor (1b), a protective layer (2) covering the semiconductor material layer (1b) during the heat treatment.


The beauty and breadth of this book make it the definitive book of Emily Carr, one of twentieth century art's most innovative outsiders. An ambitious and groundbreaking book revisits Carr and her world through the eyes of three distinguished senior curators, and seven critics and essayists. Featuring over 250 colour images, which form a vivid narrative. Never before has Carr's life, and her place at the centre of the Canadian imagination, been so vividly explored.


During the pre-forming stage of the RTM process, large deformations can occur, especially for double-curved shapes. Knowing the mechanical behaviour and the actual geometry of fibrous reinforcements at the mesoscopic scale is of great importance for several applications like permeability evaluations. As such, forming modeling is particularly demanding on the quality of geometric modeling and of the mesh associated. Indeed, analysis of the internal structure of materials in general, and woven materials especially, recently led to major advances. X-ray Micro Tomography (XRMT or μCT) allows detailed and accurate 3D observations inside the sample, which is not possible with the standard microscopy techniques restrained to surface observations. It distinguishes the yarns and even the fibers that define the directions of anisotropy of the material. A FE model is generated from the processed tomography images. It has been chosen in this study to use hypoelasticity behaviour law. Indeed, the yarns are submitted to large deformations, so that the orientation of the material is significantly modified and the fiber direction has to be strictly followed in order to fulfil the principle of objectivity. A way to retrieve the neutral composite reinforcement axis by skeletonization is proposed in order to know the privileged direction of the yarn and thus implement it in the constitutive law. A comparison between experimental and simulations obtained from μCT and idealized geometry of a transverse compression test on the G0986 is presented.


Strong damping‐like spin‐orbit torque (τDL) has great potential for enabling ultrafast energy‐efficient magnetic memories, oscillators, and logic. So far, the reported τDL exerted on a thin‐film magnet must result from an externally generated spin current or from an internal non‐equilibrium spin polarization in non‐centrosymmetric GaMnAs single crystals. Here, for the first time a very strong, unexpected τDL is demonstrated from current flow within ferromagnetic single layers of chemically disordered, face‐centered‐cubic CoPt. It is established here that the novel τDL is a bulk effect, with the strength per unit current density increasing monotonically with the CoPt thickness, and is insensitive to the presence or absence of spin sinks at the CoPt surfaces. This τDL most likely arises from a net transverse spin polarization associated with a strong spin Hall effect, while there is no detectable long‐range asymmetry in the material. These results broaden the scope of spin‐orbitronics and provide a novel avenue for developing single‐layer‐based spin‐torque memory, oscillator, and logic technologies.


A room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) and chitosan (CHIT)-modified glassy carbon electrode (RTIL-MWCNTs-CHIT/GCE) is fabricated and the electrochemical behaviors of ascorbic acid (ASC), uric acid (URI), acetaminophen (ACT), and mefenamic acid (MEF) are investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), chrono amperometry (CA), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) as diagnostic techniques. Electrochemical studies suggest that the RTIL and MWCNTs provide a synergistic augmentation that can increase current responses by improvement of electron transfers of these compounds on the electrode surface. The presence of the CHIT in the modified electrode can enhance the repeatability of the sensor by its antifouling effect and leads to the oxidation peak of URI shifts to less positive potentials and leads to more current peak separation between URI and ACT. Application of the DPV method shows that the linear calibration curves of ASC, URI, ACT, and MEF are obtained in the range of 4.0<formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\,\times\,$</tex></formula>10-5 to 4.0<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\,\times\,$</tex></formula>10-3 mol L-1, 2.0<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\,\times\,$</tex></formula>10-6 to 4.5<formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\,\times\,$</tex></formula>10-4 mol L-1, 1.0<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\,\times\,$</tex></formula>10-6 to 4.0<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\,\times\,$</tex></formula>10-4 mol L-1, and 2.0<formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\,\times\,$</tex></formula>10-6 to 6.5<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\,\times\,$</tex></formula>10-4 mol L-1, respectively. Moreover, low cost and simplicity, wide linear range, good reproducibility, and stability are the important advantages of this modified electrode. The analytical performance of this sensor is evaluated for the detection of ASC, URI, ACT, and MEF in human serum and human urine with satisfactory results.


"A disintegrin and metalloproteinases" (ADAMs) form a family of cell‐surface glycoproteins with potential protease and cell‐adhesion activities. We have investigated ADAM expression in human liver cancers and their regulation by several cytokines involved in liver injury. Using degenerative RT‐PCR, cDNA encoding sequences for ADAM9 and ADAM12 were identified in human activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Northern blot analyses showed that HSCs, but not hepatocytes, expressed transcripts for ADAM9 messenger RNA (mRNA) and both the long and short forms of ADAM12. This expression was associated with the transition from quiescent to activated state of rat HSCs and markedly increased in human livers with cirrhosis. ADAM12 but not ADAM9 expression was up‐regulated by transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) in human activated HSCs. The PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and the mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor UO126 prevented ADAM12 induction by TGF‐β, suggesting the involvement of PI3K and MEK activities. In vivo, the steady‐state of both ADAM9 and ADAM12 mRNA levels was nearly undetectable in both normal livers and benign tumors and increased in hepatocellular carcinomas (up to 3‐ and 6‐fold, respectively) and liver metastases from colonic carcinomas (up to 40‐ and 60‐fold, respectively). The up‐regulation of both ADAM9 and ADAM12 was correlated with an increase in matrix metalloproteinase 2 expression and activity. In conclusion, in liver cancers ADAM9 and ADAM12 expression is associated with tumor aggressiveness and progression.


There are a limited number of programs as well as a limited structural capacity for children under four. Research indicates that 22% of four-year old children are enrolled in preschool (College Board, 2008). Currently, The United States lacks a unified system for families with children under the age of three, with opportunities to attend center-based care or specific programming (Magnuson & Waldfogel, 2005). Not all families have access to high quality care. Intervention programs that focus on the family and on parent and caregiver education have also been shown to have strong, positive influences on child growth and school readiness (Zigler, Finn-Stevenson, & Hall, 2002). The current study was designed to better understand the parents and parenting practices of low-income infants and toddlers who are not participating in center-based care and the extent to which attending community-based parenting classes influences the parenting practices


We estimate the short-term hazard associated with strong earthquake shaking by combining the existing time-independent New Zealand hazard model with models describing the time-dependent hazard associated with earthquake clustering. We start with a generic New Zealand time-dependent kernel based on the Reasenberg and Jones aftershock model and automatically incorporate increasingly complex spatial models. By using the corrected Akaike Information Criterion, we combine all models and create a single forecast. An analogous model is currently operating in California; it produces in real-time forecasts of the probability of exceeding Modified Mercalli Intensity VI within the next 24 hours; the maps are automatically updated and available via the web. We have tested the California model using likelihood based statistical methods and determined that the model cannot be rejected and that the forecasts are improved by adding spatial complexity.


Chapter 2 of Women in Ministry tries to explain why there are no women priests in Israel. Its author, an Old Testament scholar, maintains that the absence of female priests in ancient Israel cannot be used as an argument against women's ordination. The author states that he approaches the Bible through "exegetical research." This, he explains, means that he "will not move from a priori definitions or from theological positions" but will seek an answer to his question "by listening to the biblical word in regard to its historical and theological contexts as it describes and signifies the institution of priesthood." In other words, he tries to be as objective as possible. He gives two reasons for the absence of women priests in Israel: First, a reaction against the ancient Near Eastern culture where priestesses were often associated with sacred prostitution; second, the nature of priestly work in sacrificing animals, thus associating the priests with death and sin. Such priestly labor, he explains, was incompatible with the physiological nature of the woman, traditionally connected with "life and messianic pregnancy." The author asserts that "had it not been for these two factors . . . women might well have been priests in Israel." He adds that "this assumption is further supported by the Bible—implicitly in the messianic view of the priest as transcending the contingencies of birth (gender, class, race) and explicitly in the