OF THE DESCLOSURE A process for making semiconductor composite thin films by vacuum deposition of indium antimonide or ar senide on a metal base having an oxide coating which forms a dielectric layer between the metal base and the thin film, with a thin indium layer vacuum deposited over the antimonide or arsenide, and recrystallization of the composite film. The invention herein described may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States of America for governmental purposes without the pay ment of any royalties thereon or therefor. The present invention relates to thin film Hall genera tors, and inore particularly to the fabrication of such gen erators and the preparation of thin semiconductor films by vacuum deposition of indium antimonide or indium arsenide on a metal base of aluminum or tantalum hav ing an oxide coating thereon. The oxide coating on the metal base forms a dielectric insulating layer between the metal conductor and the thin film. It is an object of the invention to provide a process for preparing thin film Hall generators on oxide-metal substrates. Another object of the invention is to provide a method for preparing thin semiconductor films on a metal sub Strate. A further object of the invention is to provide improved semiconductor thin films on metal substrates and having greater strength and flexibility than heretofore. Other objects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the fol lowing detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein: FIG. 1 illustrates a typical thin film Hall generator deposited on an oxide-metal substrate. FIGS. 2a and 2b are X-ray diffraction patterns of InSb films deposited on and recrystallized on substrate sofan odized aluminum and anodized tantalum respectively. FiG. 3 shows Hall voltage as a function of drive cur rent in the presence of a fixed field of 5X103 gauss for a vacuum deposited and recrystallized film of InSb on an AlO3-Al substrate. The film thickness is of the order of lu. FIG. 4 shows Hall voltage vs. Hall current in the pres ence of a fixed magnetic field of 5X108 gauss for an inSb film vacuum deposited and recrystallized on an odized tantalum. FIG. 5 shows Hall voltage as a function of gap spac ing between u-metal flux concentrators for InSb film Hall generators evaporated and recrystallized on glass


This paper is conceived on the idea that numerical programs using computer models of physical processes can be used both for scientific research and academic teaching to study different phenomena. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used today on a large scale in research and academic institutions. CFD development is not limited to computer simulations of fluid flow phenomena. Analytical solutions for most fluid dynamics problems are already available for ideal or simplified situations for different situations. CFD is based on the Navier- Stokes (N-S) equations characterizing the flow of a single phase of any liquid. For multiphase flows the integrated N-S equations are complemented with equations of the Volume of Fluid Model (VOF) and with energy equations. Different turbulent models were used in the paper, each one of them with practical engineering applications: the flow around aerodynamic surfaces used as unconventional propulsion system, multiphase flows in a settling chamber and pneumatic transport systems, heat transfer in a heat exchanger etc. Some of them numerical results were validated by experimental results. Numerical programs are also used in academic institutions where certain aspects of various phenomena are presented to students (Bachelor, Master and PhD) for a better understanding of the phenomenon itself.


Microfinance has become one of the favoured interventions for poverty alleviation and economic development for poor households across both the developing and developed world. There has been a rapid increase in the number of microfinance programmes over the last two decades. The Microcredit Summit Campaign documents 2,186 microcredit institutions operating in 131 countries reaching 54,904,102 clients with affordable credit (Microcredit Summit Campaign 2002). Microfinance interventions are attractive for economic development planners because of their market orientation, whereby the supply of access to affordable savings and credit services enables the poor to help themselves out of poverty by starting or stabilising microenterprises. The most notable feature of the explosive outreach of microfinance is that 79 per cent of the borrowers worldwide are women (ibid). In many programmes women are being intentionally targeted on both equity and efficiency grounds.


Introduction. The prognosis of women with congestive heart failure (CHF) is better than that for men, but the mechanisms underlying the female survival advantage are not well understood. CHF is characterized by profound abnormalities in cardiac autonomic control that contribute to progressive circulatory failure and influence survival.


Fertility Abstract: Background: The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to compare the outcome for the 'electively freeze-all' strategy and those destined for the 'fresh-transfer' strategy preceding subsequent FET. Methods: This retrospective single-center study analyzed the cumulative live birth rates (CLBRs) of 159 patients undergoing fresh or electively frozen blastocyst transfer cycles. In 81, cycles, the fresh embryo transfer (ET) strategy was applied for the 1st ET, whereas electively frozen ET (e-FET) was performed in other 78 cycles. The patients in each arm were further stratified into four subgroups according to the number of oocytes retrieved as follows: Group A: 1–5, group B: 6–10, group C: 11–15 and group D: 16–25 oocytes retrieved. The primary endpoint was the CLBR. The secondary endpoints were the live birth rates (LBRs), outcome in pregnancy such as IntraUterus Fetal Death, abortus, and hyperstimulation. Results: The CLBRs were similar between the fresh-transfer and e-FET arms in group 1–5 oocytes retrieved (2/7 [28.6%] vs 4/11 [36, 4%], p = 0.722), group 11–15 oocytes retrieved (6/12 [50%] vs 7/14 [50%], p=0, 440) and group 16–25 oocytes retrieved (8/13 [61, 5%] vs 6/9 [66, 7%], p=0, 362). However, in group 6–10 oocytes retrieved there is significant difference between two group (11/18 [61, 1%] vs 7/16 [43, 7%], p = 0.049). The perinatal outcome of Intra Uterine Fetal Death, abortus, and overstimulation were shown to be not significantly different between fresh ET and e-FET group. Conclusion: Compared to the fresh transfer strategy, the e-FET strategy resulted in higher CLBR among patients and the number of 6-10 oocytes collected during the cycle resulted in a better CLBR in the e-FET compared to fresh.


With the gradual development of electronic information technology and economic globalization, cross-border e-commerce has become an important part of the international trade. Under the "the Belt and Road" strategic support by Chinese government and transformation and upgrading of foreign trade enterprises, crossborder e-commerce shows the tendency in the development of foreign trade in our country. This paper analyzes the status and existing problems of cross-border ecommerce, finally gives the corresponding development strategies.


We present scientific as well as engineering overview of the X-Ray Telescope (XRT) aboard the Japanese Solar-B mission to be launched in 2006, with emphasis on the focal plane CCD camera that employs a 2k x 2k back-thinned CCD. Characterization activities for the flight CCD camera made at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) are discussed in detail with some of the results presented.


We investigate the density of compactly supported smooth functions in the Sobolev space $W^{k,p}$ on complete Riemannian manifolds. In the first part of the paper, we extend to the full range $p\in [1,2)$ the most general results holding in the Hilbertian case. In particular, we obtain the density under a quadratic Ricci lower bound (when $k=2$) or a suitably controlled growth of the derivatives of $\mathrm{Riem}$ only up to order $k-3$ (when $k>2$). To this end, we prove a gradient regularity lemma that might be of independent interest. In the second part of the paper, when $p>n$ we give the first counterexample to the density property on manifolds whose sectional curvature is bounded from below by a negative constant.


Family medicine does have a professional obligation to play a leading role in pharmaceutical industry–sponsored drug research. The big elephant in the room relating to this debate has to do with the fact that family physicians fill the coffers of the pharmaceutical industry, but often choose to


*1 Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan (email@example.com). Chairman, Medical Reform Committee, Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. This article is a revised English version of a paper originally published in the Journal of the Japan Medical Association (Vol.139, No.4, 2010, pages 895–900). The original paper is based on a lecture presented at Fiscal Year 2009 Maternal and Child Health Seminar "Toward the Realization of the Japan Medical Association Child Support Declaration IV" held at the JMA Hall on February 21, 2010. The Perinatal Care System from the Perspectives of Patients and the General Public


The most prominent factor in determining tenure and promotion decisions for library and information science faculty is proof of research productivity. Because this demand exists, the professional journal literature now has a dual function. One is to provide a forum for communication and the other is to serve as a vehicle for peer view. This essay attempts to answer an essential question: Is this an appropriate role for the professional journal literature? This presentation is made up of seven elements: (1) informed opinions of individuals; (2) surveys and overviews; (3) readership studies; (4) analysis of individual periodical titles; (5) research trends; (6) identification of core journals; and (7) differentiations between journal titles. The article ends with concluding remarks and suggestions for further research.


To clone and characterize the encoding FMRFamid-like peptides genes from Meloidogyne incognita,total RNA was extracted from the J2 nematodes.One gene was obtained by RACE and named Mi-flp-16(GenBank:EU549831).The full length cDNA sequence of Mi-flp-16 was 690 bp,with a 528 bp ORF and encoding a 176 amino acids protein.The protein has three FLPs,including two AQTFVRF and one GQTFVRF.Using in situ hybridization technique to detect the expression of Mi-flp-16,found that it was expressed in neurones associated with the circumpharyngeal nerve ring.


This note provides two analytical frameworks for understanding the role of trade in promoting inclusive growth in developing economies. A working definition of inclusive growth focuses on long-term, sustained growth associated with productivity growth and employment opportunities for broad portions of households and firms within countries. International integration can promote inclusive growth when workers and firms are able to adjust to enter into growing economic activities and adopt technologies availed through international trade. The frameworks described in this note build on simple household and firm choice models, which require only basic knowledge of development economics. The discussion highlights how these frameworks can help analysts focus on research and policy questions related to the impacts of international trade across the distribution of households and firms within countries. It also discusses publicly available data sets that can be used to explore some aspects of inclusive growth. In addition, the note highlights important caveats that need to be acknowledged by analysts and discusses avenues for future research, which needs to be part and parcel of the inclusive growth agenda. 1 This paper was partially funded by the multi-donor Diagnostic Facility for Shared Growth (DFSG), established to support the development and dissemination of methodological tools and approaches to better determine the binding constraints to shared (inclusive) growth in different country contexts. The findings reflect the views of the author, and do not represent the views of the World Bank or any of the countries contributing to the DFSG. The author gratefully acknowledges comments on an earlier draft of this note by Jennifer Keller.


The article represents the analysis of the ways the home photography (amateur photography) influences our biographic memory. Interaction of the automatic arbitrary memory with a picture causes substitution of the original information by the photographic images. Theoretical study of the influence of the picture on structures and data in the biographic memory drives the author to the following conclusion: only reflexive reviewing of the basic characteristics of our interaction with the photographic images helps us to work out our personal strategies of interaction with the camera and its production.


Abstract Our study examines whether and how increased engagement in social responsibility activities by a firm affects movements in its stock prices during the COVID‐19 public health crisis, which is regarded as an exogenous shock to economic ties between focal firms and their customers, employees, and suppliers. We find that corporate social responsibility has an inverted U‐shaped relationship with shareholder value. The nonlinear relationship is more dominant at firms with higher cash‐flow constraints and weaker cost‐adjustment capabilities. Our research also generates meaningful implications for business practices.


We apply sutured Floer homology techniques to study the knot and link Floer homologies of various links with annuli embedded in their exteriors. Our main results include, for large $n$, characterizations of links with the same link Floer homology as $(m,mn)$-cables of $L$-space knots, or the same knot Floer homology as $(2,2n)$-cables of $L$-space knots. These yield some new link detection results.


The art of craft in Balaputra Dewa Museum of South Sumatra is basically a reflection of the cultural values of past societies, where it contains historical, social and aesthetic values. Each of the handicraft products in the museum of Bala Putra Dewa has its own uniqueness, both in terms of engineering workmanship, materials used, and its function in the life of the community supporters. The objectives of the research are: (1) to know and understand the form and function of art of work that exist in Balaputra Dewa Museum, (2) as a medium for study and appreciation in the context of art of craft (art of craft) and culture, (3) insight and art course subject matter and design, (4) as an effort to be developed to the stage of further research. The method used is observation made through direct observation of art craft products that exist in the museum Balaputradewa Palembang. The observations made on art craft products are the types of crafts, shapes, functions and materials used. Outline of the results of this study is the function of craft art products, engineering workmanship, materials used, concepts and values contained therein.Keywords: Art Craft, Presence, Museum Balaputra Dewa Negeri Sumatera Selatan


Abstract Andrew Sherratt's (1981) model of the Secondary Products Revolution explored the effects of changes in the scale and nature of domestic animal exploitation on Old World societies. He proposed that the earliest domestic stock animals in the Near East (sheep, goat and cattle) were initially domesticated during the Neolithic for their primary products (meat, hide and bone), but that their more intensive exploitation for secondary animal products (milk, wool and traction) appeared in the Near East much later (during the Chalcolithic) and subsequently spread to surrounding regions (Europe and Asia). While the zooarchaeological evidence largely supports the model, questions have been raised about its veracity since there is evidence for pre-Chalcolithic exploitation of secondary products (e.g. ceramic lipid analyses). This paper summarizes past efforts to test the model, presents the results of recent research on the subject (e.g. artefactual, zooarchaeological and lipid analysis) and suggests directions for future research. Some of the discrepancies that have arisen between the archaeological, ceramic lipid and zooarchaeological data will be discussed.


Based on the kinematic principle,the computation model of movable cellular automata(MCA) method was presented for simulating the high-velocity penetration problems.Three failure criteria,such as the displacement,stress,and volume strain,were applied in model.The numerical simulation of penetration of projectile into concrete targets was completed by MCA method.Physical phenomena of the movement of projectile,the scattering of concrete,the propagation of stress wave in the target were reproduced by numerical simulation.The results of penetration depth are in good agreement with experimental results obtained from 14.5 mm gun.The numerical example above proves that this algorithm is efficient for simulating the high-rate penetration problems.


Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a molecular technique more suitable for accurate diagnoses because of its specificity in targeting and identifying specific pathogens. PCR technique is reliable to detect the genetic presence of the virus in the host since the very beginning of the infection, no matter how the immune system of the person might react. Moreover, the samples for the test contains the DNA information during quite a long time since the extraction. Programmable thermal operation cycler for controlling heating and cooling is the procedure to denaturation into two single strands, annealing and extension reactions of the DNA. The PCR is certainly having a clinical approach, because do not emphasized on how the immune system of the patient might reacts to the infection, only on whether the specific virus is present or not for the accurate diagnoses and subsequently proceed with an appropriated medical treatment to restore health.


ABSTRACT Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is an effective tool in forest inventory, but multiple scans are commonly required to cover the whole plot. Thus, it is necessary to register different scans into uniform coordinate system. Including auxiliary information to simplify registration is an effective idea, e.g., levelling scanner and measuring initial scanning direction, but requires additional survey equipment. In this letter, a registration method for forest TLS data is proposed, using smartphone to obtain auxiliary information. Scanner position and initial scanning direction are measured by smartphone for each scan and then used to calculate pair-wise coarse transformation parameters. In fine registration, we construct a series of transformation parameters based on coarse registration result and evaluate them by two-level objective functions, using stem positions as input. In this stage, stems far away from origin are excluded with filtering threshold set as the horizontal distance between scanner positions. The proposed method is validated on six scan pairs, with distance between scan positions ranging from 19 m to 40 m. The mean rotation, horizontal and vertical translation errors are 4.3′, 8.3 mm and 35 mm. Comparison with previous study shows auxiliary information from smartphone is beneficial for registration and filtering distant stems can improve registration accuracy.


Due to soil large deformation and friction between pile and soil,cavity expansion method and strain path method can not simulate the dynamic penetration process of jacked pile;but finite element method has been widely used in the penetration process,solving the soil constitutive relationship,large deformation and interaction between pile and soil. An appropriate finite element model is given that accords with the actual process of jacked pile. This model adopts the rational constitutive model of soil and finite deformation theory. Through pile-soil interaction and displacement loading on pile top,the dynamic pile-sinking process is simulated. Horizontal and vertical displacement fields are studied through the finite element model. The effects of displacement fields caused by dynamic pile-sinking procedure are discussed;and moreover,the simulation results are compared with field test. The results show that compacting displacements are in accord with measured results;and further,change of compacting displacement can reflect the change of soil characteristic. During the installation of jacked pile,the horizontal compacting displacements increase with the increase of pile penetration depth;but for the vertical compacting displacements,the heave increases in shallow soil layers and settlement increases in deep soil layers with the penetration depth increasing. The maximum compacting displacement delays the pile-sinking depth,so it is necessary to put great emphasis on dynamic pile-sinking process.


Elaphoglossum gemmatum, a species of proliferous fern from Colombia, is described, illustrated, and compared to the most similar species,E. exsertipes, E. phyllitidis, andE. proliferans.


The objective of this work was to quantify the effect of diesel type and of biodiesel concentrations in the fuel mixture on gas emissions from an agricultural engine subjected to different loads. Two diesel types were tested: S10, with low sulfur content; and S500, with high sulfur content; as well as their mixtures with 5, 10, 15, 20, 50, and 100% biodiesel. The engine, with four cylinders, turbocharged, and with 105‑hp maximum power, was subjected to eight operation modes, under different rotations and torques. The assay followed the methodology set out in standard NBR ISO 8174‑4:2012, and the emissions of O 2 , CO 2 , NO 2 , NO, CO, and hydrocarbons (HC) were analyzed. Only the HC emissions were affected by the type of diesel used. The NO 2 and O 2 emissions increased with greater concentration of biodiesel in the mixture, whereas the CO 2 , NO, CO, and HC emissions reduced. The load applied to the engine was directly related to the emissions, except for O 2 . The S10 fuel, with 20% biodiesel, reduces emissions, when compared to the commercial diesel (S500), without losing engine performance.


The use of Literature incorporated in ELT is often considered inappropriate. This paper attempts to defend the use of Bible as core Literature in TEFL from Christian Education perspective. It uses interdisciplinary approach from literature, language teaching, and Christian worldview to discuss the significance of Literature is teaching English language and the defense of Bible as Literature. Arguments on the importance of Bible as core literature in TEFL will be noted, then at the end there will be discussion on the principles of assessment.


Creation of a deep hole and a fast electron in a metal by an X-ray photon produces a dynamic relaxation of the surrounding electrons of the Fermi sea which is treated here in a semiclassical way. The authors emphasise the contribution of the plasmons which should be predominant far from threshold. They construct an energy-dependent effective potential acting on the photoelectron. They show the existence of a characteristic time t0 (a fraction of the plasmon period) necessary for the creation of plasmons: at a given distance r from the hole, the potential seen by the photoelectron of velocity nu is a statically screened potential when r/ nu >t0; when r/ nu <t0 it presents a percentage of ionic character which is calculated. Finally, they discuss the notions of mean free path and effective time of transition.


Objective:To evaluate the factor construct of the Chinese version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionaire(SDQ)of 6-12-year-olds in primary school.Method:Factor analyses were carried out to examine the factor structure for each of informant separately.Result:The SDQ asked about 25 attributes,with eigenvalues of greater than 1.00,rotated(varimax)five-factor solutions for parent,teacher,and self-report SDQs.Five factors were emotion symptoms,conduct problems,hyperactivity-inattention,peer problems,and prosocial behavior and they were similarily with original factors.Conclusion:The Chinese version of SDQ has satisfactory factor contruct in a pilot study.It can be more studied.


Using a modified loop antenna, RF plasmas are formed under high vacuum without collisions between neutral atoms and a test piece or a target (Si) is mounted in the plasma.By applying a negative high voltage to the target, carbon ions are implanted into the target by the three-dimensional ion implantation method. Films thus formed have been identified as DLC (diamond-like carbon) by Raman spectra, X-ray diffractometry and Rutherford back scattering. In the case of a target of WC with 10% Co, it has been found that the sticking force of film is 60N and the friction coefficient 0.13.


This paper explores the existence of different forms and underpinning reasons of exploitation at households level. The empirical analysis, based on data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) collected for the purpose of understanding the social and economic change in Britain, aims to identify underpinning factors of mixed conclusions from empirical evidence on the existence of exploitation of payday loan users. This paper goes beyond traditional economic explanation and focuses on factors defining conditional relative advantage exploitation leading to voluntary exploitation. The results suggest that due to an ?act in desperation?, current regulations on payday loan lending are powerless and cannot prevent households being voluntary exploited. In addition, results show that increased household financial burden and additional borrowing increase the likelihood of households to take a gamble in order to provide basic needs. The results provide more insight into why current policy regulations fail to tackle the problem of payday loan lending.


In recent years, gender equity education becomes an important issue in Taiwan. In many universities, courses related to gender issues are arranged in general education centre, which becomes a critical resource for students to know more about gender. In order to develop a more gender sensitive education, the first step is to understand the gender bia on campus. This paper attemps to explore the possible obstructs on campus which individual gender feel unconfertable due to their genders. The result of this study may shed some light on the planning of gender equity education in universities. Useing survey research method, 676 students in general education courses were randomly seleted to fill in the questionnaires. This study found that there were still many gender stereotypes in universities which affected students' life. Sixty percent of students agreed that more courses related to gender issues should be introduced in general education in universities. Sixty-three percent of students agreed that male students should take nursing course. It seems that students' attitude towards gender division in course type is decreasing. This study also found that female students felt stronger gender bias on campus than male students; especially the gender bias on resourse distribution and teaching system. Male students felt stronger gender bias in the interactions between teachers and students than female students. Besides, the experience in senior high school affects students' sensitivity towards gender issues. Students who graduated from man-only senior high school felt stronger gender bias in the arrangement of courses, and had tended to have patriarchal attitude. Students who graduated from women-only senior high school felt stronger gender inequality in resource distribution on campus than male students.


We propose a method for evaluating the image quality of color liquid crystal display(LCD) monitors by using the polychromatic modulation transfer function(PMTF), which is calculated from the modulation transfer function(MTF) weighted by the overall color response of the system including the test LCD monitor. We confirm that experimental results using the PMTF agree well with simulated results of the PMTF of a color LCD monitor by using three bar targets with different amplitudes and three elementary colors such as red(R), green(G), and blue(B). As a results, we should choose the PMTF instead of the white color MTF or monochromatic MTF in order to evaluate correctly the image quality of color LCD monitors.


AbstractSafety climate is a snapshot of the safety culture of any organization and it is dynamic in nature. It reflects the employees' perceptions and attitude towards the existing safety practices in construction projects. The main goal of this paper is to evaluate and differentiate construction projects based on their safety climate and to determine the significant constructs of a safety climate. This paper develops a model to predict safety climate in a construction project based on an artificial neural network (ANN). The important constructs for a safety climate have been determined through literature review. The constructs of safety climate are used as inputs and the safety climate of the project is used as an output for the ANN algorithm. This study collected a total of 250 responses through a questionnaire survey across the country. A three-layer feed-forward back-propagation neural network (10-18-1) has been utilized for the analysis. The developed model predicts the safety climate of a constructi...


The importance of ensuring the right to housing during the pandemic Covid-19 and avoiding its negative impact on all spheres of human life is multifaceted. In particular, the least protected sections of the population, who often do not have their housing at all, usually are deprived of the opportunity to follow the rules of social distance and suffer more than others from the disease. Unsatisfactory living conditions during the period of complete quarantine and the need to stay at home all the time, indirectly affect the mental state of people and cause quarrels, domestic violence, and other problems of their residents. The purpose of the study is to establish the constitutive elements of the right to housing as a basic constitutional right, and to find ways of legal foundation of this right. The subject of the study are national and international regulations that ensure the right to housing, decisions of national and international courts, and constitutional doctrine. The research methods were philosophical, general scientific, and special scientific methods such as system-structural, comparative and formal methods. As a result of the study, the authors of the article came to the conclusion that the right to housing should be provided both at the level of national and international regulations. Scholars and legislators need special attention to ensuring the housing rights of vulnerable groups. Government subsidies and benefits are key to both the poor affected by the pandemic and businesses that are forced to lose profits.


Municipalities in developing countries spend the highest proportion of their annual budget on unsatisfactory solid waste management service. Until recently, solid waste management services in Ethiopia were mainly the responsibilities of municipalities, which culminated in inadequate service provision. Thus, the integration of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) by the government has recently being considered as an option. Participation of MSEs in SWM started in 2003/04 in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia and expanded to other cities following the proclamation of a National Solid Waste program in 2007. This review is aimed at identifying the role of MSEs in solid waste management in selected cities, including the opportunities and challenges for future directions. Limited resources and lack of support, perception and awareness of the community, inadequate training, unorganized fee collection strategy and limited revenue were among the challenges identified. The benefits and potential opportunities include organized and quality service delivery, environmental protection and safety, job opportunity, willingness to pay and social equity. In conclusion, the findings in this review show the importance of MSEs in solving solid waste management problems. However, the challenges need due considerations and appropriate interventions such as legalization of the informal sector, clear working guidelines and regulations, close support and monitoring, and transparent system in general.


The contents of six species medicinal bioactive components Swertia mussotii Franch. in different growth periods were determined by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The analysis was performed on Kronmasil C_(18) (250 nm×4.60 mm,5 #mu#m) eluted with methanol and 0.02% aqueous phosphoric acid as mobile phase and with UV detection at 260 nm. The good linear relationships and recoveries were obtained under the optimum conditions for every component.. Results showed that the whole plant should be harvest during September and October.


The present study deals with the comparative microbiological quality assessment of raw cow milk samples procured from rural and urban farms of Sambalpur City, Odisha, India. The bacterial load of both the rural and urban milk samples in terms of total viable count was observed to be much higher than the acceptable limits. The average total viable count of urban sample was observed to be 8.756 ± 0.803 log CFU/ml. The preliminary incubation count was significantly higher in urban samples (8.889 ± 0.424 log CFU/ml) indicating un-hygienic milk production / handling practices. However, the laboratory pasteurization count of the rural milk samples was noted to be comparatively higher than the urban samples (8.083 ± 0.081 log CFU/ml). The enteric microorganisms isolated from both rural and urban milk samples were identified to beEscherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp. and Shigella. Salmonella andPseudomonas sp. were present in urban samples alone, indicating the urban samples to be highly contaminated in comparison to that of the rural ones.

 Key words: Contamination, enteric bacteria, health, quality, raw milk.


We report on the use of laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy for the study of organic samples that exhibit similar elemental composition. We evaluate the method for its potential application for the measurement of small spectroscopic differences between samples such as alcohols and water solution of proteins. We measure differences in the relative amplitudes of the oxygen peaks for alcohols and find that these correlate with the relative amount of oxygen atoms within the molecule. We also show that the spectra of proteins reveal differences that can be used for their detection and identification.


Methyl 2-[2-(3-acetyl-4-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-1-yl)acet-amido] alkano- ate 7; Oregioisomers 12 and N-substituted dipeptides 14 were efficiently prepared by azide coupling of amino acid esters with the azide derivatives 5, 11 and 13, respectively. Further the N-substituted ester 7 reacted with N2H4.H2O to give the hydrazide 8 which was condensed with furan-2carbaldehyde to exhibit the hydrazone 9.


AIM: To study DNA polymerase β(polβ) gene mutation in human nasopharyngeal cancer and its relationship with EBV.METHODS: Twenty-six cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues and corresponding normal epithelial tissues were collected to study DNA polβ gene mutation with PT-PCR,PCR-SSCP and DNA sequence analyzing techniques.DNA was extracted and amplified with EBV primers and the results were observed and analyzed.(RESULTS:) polβ gene mutation was detected by SSCP in 8 of the 26 nasopharyngeal cancer tissues(with mutation rate 30.8%) and there was no mutation in juxtacancerous tissues.Many types of mutation were found by DNA sequencing.EBV-DNA positive rate was 92.3%.The results of experiment indicated that the cases of polβ-SSCP abnormal were accompanied with EBV infection.CONCLUSION: There is polβ alternation in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma,which leads to the sequence alternation in amino acid and spatial structure change.These mutations and EBV infection may play an important role in tumor genesis.


Like Lamont VI (Broecker and Olson, 1959), this list contains only results on samples of known age (most of which formed during the past ten years). The measurements were made largely in order to gain an understanding of the distribution of radiocarbon within the dynamic carbon reservoir. Again, the data are not reported primarily with the idea of drawing new conclusions but rather to bring together in one place information which is presently scattered throughout the literature or which otherwise might remain unpublished.


This paper reports on the results of an audit of midwife lecturers' experiences and needs from supervision in one education institution and the development of a strategy to meet the needs identified. This work was inspired by the retirement of the head of department who was the named supervisor for this group and the results of the report by Stapleton et al (1998), who identified that the supervision of midwives employed in education was variable. All of the midwifery lecturers in this study wanted to be able to choose their supervisor and have a choice of supervisors from clinical practice and education. The two most important support needs identified were in maintaining practice competencies and opportunities to discuss practice issues. The need to strengthen the profile and contribution of supervision in the development of pre-registration and postregistration midwifery education was also identified.


Porphyry copper deposits sometimes form during the solidification of stocks of relatively oxidized magma of intermediate composition. Most workers have assumed ore-forming systems have special chemical attributes, but none has been found that is useful to guide exploration efforts. Stocks can form where strike–slip movements generate pull-apart pathways into which intrusions can rise from batholithic magma chambers. Upwelling of buoyant, bubble-bearing magma along the sides of a stock brings magmatic fluid to shallow depths where large bubbles can separate and pool under the cupola separating solidified igneous rock from mobile magma. Where rapid seismogenic movement on the bounding strike–slip fault ruptures the solidified, but hot and ductile carapace, downward propagating extension fractures can drain an accumulation of magmatic fluid. Decompression and cooling of fluid that jets upward into extension fractures causes mineral precipitation. Where strike–slip movements cause pull-aparts to dilate with sufficient recurrences – from decades to perhaps a century or so, throttling of the fluid accumulation acts as a safety valve that prevents explosive detonation of the system. Concurrently, the upward infiltration of magmatic fluid from the cupola is strongly focused into the pull-apart and generates the characteristic concentric alteration zones that guide exploration drilling. We conclude that porphyry copper ore deposits form where strike–slip movements are concurrent with the early stages of deep-seated bubbling (≳6 km) along the walls of a rapidly cooling stock of magma. Supergiant deposits form where the bubbling front extends into the top of a parent batholith.


In view of the simplicity of traditional data mining and analysis platform application scenarios, high data mining and analysis platform based on B / S Architecture was designed, which was called HSP-DMA. The platform integrated the algorithm service with the application service and used the REST Web Service to publish as a component service to facilitate the third-party system call. HSP-DMA adopts the drag-and-drop modeling method, which is easy to operate and reduces the difficulty of modeling. It combined the business scenario to construct the application model and satisfied the actual business needs of the power grid. It greatly improved the application degree and reduced development costs.


Maternal mortality (MM) rates are very high in Senegal, and these have been badly underestimated in past studies. A retrospective study done by UNDP in 1986 estimated MMR between 530-780/100,000 while a prospective study in the rural areas done by ORSTROM between 1983-84 estimated MMR to be 576/100,000. In 1977 a study done at Le Dantec Hospital found an MMR of 500/100,000. This new study,funded by the World Health Organization, is an effort to address the misinformation coming from previous studies partly due to weaknesses in the health system and to the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of Senegalese women. This study establishes the principal determinants leading to MM. Done between 1986-87, it included all MM in the 3 principal maternities in Dakar because the majority of high-risk women are referred to these hospitals. 2 samples were done: 1) a local sample of women in the same maternities of approximately similar ages, same parity, same diagnosis for admission and normal deliveries of live babies during the same period; 2) a regional sample that included women of approximate ages, same parities, and from the same residential areas, normal deliveries of a live infant during the same period. A detailed medical questionnaire was given to each of the women in the 2 samples. In 12 months 152 MM were identified of which 118 were in Dakar; while 6217 live births were recorded during the same period making MMR 750/100,000 live births in the maternities. The principal causes of death were puerperal infections, hemorrhages, hypertension, and uterine ruptures. Results demonstrated that the most significant factor in the survival of women was the length of time between the 1st signs of complication and admission to the hospital. The MMR was higher during the rainy season (4 months), and single women were more at risk of dying than women in union and those without prenatal consultations.


FGFR1 and PD-1 - mediated signals are involved in growth and survival of lung cancer and should be considered as targets for therapeutic approaches. Here, we report the potential efficacy of an anti-FGFR1 humanized antibody OM-RCA-01, either alone or in combination with an anti-PD-1 antibody. To assess the activity of OM-RCA-01 on FGF-mediated signaling, A549 human adenocarcinoma cells expressing FGFR1 were incubated and dosed with OM-RCA-01. Control cells were left untreated. Six hours after dosing, FGF2 was added at a concentration of 100 ng/ml. Cell growth was determined using Promega's Cell Titer-Glo assay. Thirty-five NCr nu/nu female mice (10-12 weeks of age) were used for A549 xenotransplantation. Twenty animals with measurable tumors were pair matched and selected on day 7 after tumor inoculation. Intravenous OM-RCA-01 (30 mg/kg, N=10) or saline (Vehicle, N=10) were administered every 3 days starting on day 7 after tumor inoculation. To evaluate the efficacy of co-inhibition, patient explants (adenocarcinoma with PD-L1 expression >50%, DAKO 22C3) were obtained from surgical lung specimens, and PDX models were generated by implantation of PDX into humanized NSG mice (Jackson Laboratory, Sacramento, CA, USA) as previously described (Wang, FASEB J., 2018). Treatment with intravenous OM-RCA-01 (30 mg/kg) with pembrolizumab (10 mg/kg) or pembrolizumab alone (10 mg/kg) or saline (vehicle) every 3 days was started when the tumors reached 70 mm3 in volume. Measurements of tumor volume were performed by digital calipers every 3 days during 31 days in xenograft and PDX studies. In vitro study showed that FGF2 significantly increased proliferation of the human lung cancer cells (P<0.001). OM-RCA-01 exerted dose-dependent inhibitory effects on FGF-triggered lung cancer cell proliferation in comparison with control (P=0.01). IC50 was 9.69 mcg/mL. In the xenograft model, treatment resulted in median tumor volume of 1,048.5 mm3 and 2,174 mm3 at day 31 in the OM-RCA-01 and vehicle groups, respectively (P<0.0001). All tumors reached the volume endpoint of 2,000 mm3 to day 31 in vehicle group in comparison with study group where maximum size of tumor was 1,309 mm3. In the PDX study, the differences between groups were also statistically significant (all P<0.001). Median tumor volume was 97.1 mm3 in the combination group (N=7), 417.1 mm3 in the pembrolizumab only group (N=7), and 863.5 mm3 in the vehicle group (N=7). No group mean body weight losses or clinical manifestations of toxicity were observed in both groups. In conclusion, OM-RCA-01 antibody has potent antitumor activity against lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Our findings also support that the co-inhibition of FGFR1 and immune checkpoints can enhance antitumor activity compared to anti-PD-1 antibody monotherapy.
 Citation Format: Ilya Tsimafeyeu, Jonathan Smith, Wei Yin, Alex Fanelli, Dmitry Khochenkov, Evgenia Stepanova. Combined FGFR1 and PD-1 inhibition could enhance antitumor activity in lung cancer models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 4165.


Social support structures reduce mortality and morbidity in humans, but the mechanisms underlying these re- ductions are not fully understood. The prevailing hypothesis is that social support bu ff ers stress and reduces allostatic load, thereby increasing longevity. However, the possibility that a ffi liative social interactions confer health bene fi ts independent of stress bu ff ering is understudied. We examined autonomic function in prairie voles - arguably the premier species for modeling human social a ffi liation - to assess the possibility that the formation of strong social bonds alters autonomic function and contributes to health bene fi ts. We examined cardiovascular measures in male prairie voles before and after two weeks of cohabitation with a female, during a partner preference test, and during social isolation. There were strong correlations between social contact and heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), the latter being an index of autonomic nervous system function. Males that successfully pair-bonded with their partners displayed higher HRV prior to pairing than did unsuccessful males, suggesting higher basal parasympathetic tone in the successful males. HRV increased further still when pair-bonded males huddled quietly with their mates during the partner preference test. Non-pair-bonded males not only had lower baseline parasympathetic activity, but showed a further decrease after pairing. HR increased and HRV decreased during social isolation only in pair-bonded males. Since di ff erences in HRV are thought to re fl ect the relative in fl uences of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems on cardiac function, these results suggest that autonomic balance may contribute to social bonding and thus to its health bene fi ts.


MGMT promoter methylation is currently considered the main prognostic biomarker in glioblastoma, yet some concerns remain about its actual impact on outcome. The aim of the present study was to analyze literature data on this topic. Therefore, a systematic review and analysis of recently published glioblastoma cohorts examining the relationship between MGMT methylation and prognosis was performed. We found that only 19/28 studies (68%) confirmed the prognostic value of MGMT methylation and/or its role in predicting response to temozolomide. In these studies, however, the population showed significantly lower rates of unfavorable prognosticators as compared with studies where MGMT methylation was not prognostic/predictive. Moreover, studies demonstrating a better prognosis for MGMT methylated cases had significantly lower rates of deaths at 3 and 6 months. Multivariate analysis showed that the 3-month and 6-month deaths are significantly associated with the prognostic/predictive value of MGMT methylation, and that the percent of MGMT methylated tumors and of patients treated with alkylating drugs trend towards statistical significance if modeled with the 6-month but not with the 3-month mortality rate. These results suggest that the paucity of short-term survivors may represent a bias in studies focusing on MGMT methylation and prognosis, and that a temporal threshold may be necessary in order to demonstrate the clinical benefit of MGMT promoter methylation.


As the conventional lithography confronted the physical barrier in reducing the feature size, intensive efforts for alternative lithographic methods have been dedicated to improving the feasibility of the well-ordered nanostructure fabrication over a large area. Among various types of nanopatterning techniques, electrohydrodynamic lithography (EHL) has been considered a promising tool for replicating nano-sized features in a cost-effective manner [1-3]. However, EHL is still facing technical challenges to achieve highly faithful pattern replications over a large area. In addition, poor reproducibility, limited pattern height, precise control of parameters, and limited available substrates are the outstanding issues to be resolved. In this regard, we introduced a new lithographic approach based on electrohydrodynamic instability induced by employing pulsed high-voltage (> 6.0 kV) with micro-level air gap (> 1.0μm). Compared to the conventional EHL, the high-voltage method (HV-EHL) using stronger electric field (> 10 V/m) enhances the overall fidelity including the pattern height [4]. Nonetheless, HV-EHL offsets this influence due to the reduced characteristic time that determines the patterning time for fully-developed pattern (See Figure 1). Accordingly, under the non-constant air gap condition, the patterned area can be extended over the entire surface of the resist. To support this, we confirmed that the parameter constraints for perfect replication is more relieved in HV-EHL, which implies the more facile replication process in our approach. Our pulsed high-voltage EHL is not only a technical improvement but also an innovative lithographic approach to achieve both lithographic requirements and industrial needs by the capability of fabricating a number of functional nanoscale patterns on a large scale in a facile and cost-effective fashion.


ABSTRACT This paper investigates the factors affecting transshipment (T/S) hub port selection by a feeder port and helps shipping carriers make a decision about T/S hub port selection in a dual hub-port system. By employing established evaluation factors, a case study is conducted to weigh the priority of factors and to select an alternative T/S hub port, such as between the Shanghai and Ningbo ports from the Nanjing feeder port in the Yangtze River delta (YRD). A combined multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework utilizing the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the consistent fuzzy preference relations (CFPR) method is employed to both reduce the number of pairwise comparisons by AHP and to obtain experts' knowledge in the decision-making process. The result indicates that the cost, availability of hub port's space allocation, and the connectivity between feeder port and hub port are crucial factors for T/S hub port selection by shipping carriers. In the case study, Shanghai is selected as the T/S hub port from the Nanjing feeder port. Nevertheless, Ningbo port has the advantage of cost, and if the relationship with feeder port can be improved, Ningbo port would be preferred over Shanghai as a T/S hub port for shipping carriers in a dual hub-port system.


An example of verification of calculations using methods based on grid-refinement studies and Richardson extrapolation is presented. The study is performed for numerical simulations of the potential flow around two-dimensional lifting foils by one low-order and two higher-order panel methods based on Morino's perturbation potential formulation. Flows with known analytical solutions have been selected to assess the reliability of the uncertainty estimations. The grid-convergence index method is the basis for these estimations. Two options are compared: estimating the uncertainty of the solution on a specific grid and of the solution found by extrapolation to zero grid cell size


The definition,value and effect of bilingual teaching have always been doubted by some people.Through successful application in some fundamental electric courses,bilingual teaching,instead of teaching simply in English,is brought forward to be a new effective teaching mode combined with advanced teaching approaches.The students' multi-abilities can be developed in this active teaching mode.


In the light of the background of thoughts, culture and practice of Wushu in each of the historical stage of the Chinese Wushu before the birth of Taijiquan, this article has made an approach of the historical track of the creating course of Taijiqun, and its corresponding technical shapes, i.e. emotive-type Wushu with instinctive technique, simple- type Wushu with directive technique, sublimate-type Wushu with changeable technique, mind refining-type Wushu with lightning war technique and entirety-type Wushu with control technique.


With the rapid proliferation of the internet, web browsers have evolved from singlepurpose remote document viewers into multifaceted systems for executing dynamic, interactive web applications. In order to enhance the web browsing experience of users and to facilitate on-demand customizability, most web browsers now can be fitted with extensions : pieces of software that utilize the underlying web platform of a browser and provide a wide range of features such as advertisement blocking, safety ratings of websites, in-browser web development, and many more. Extensible web browsers provide access to their powerful privileged components in order to facilitate the development of feature-rich extensions. This exposure comes at a price, though, as a vulnerable extension can introduce a security hole through which an attacker can access the privileged components and penetrate a victim user's browser, steal the user's sensitive information, and even execute arbitrary code in the user's computer. The current browser security model is inadequate for preventing attacks via such vulnerable extensions. Therefore, an effective protection mechanism is required that would provide web browsers adequate security while still allowing them to be extended. In this thesis, we propose a runtime protection mechanism for JavaScript-based browser extensions. Our protection mechanism performs offline randomization of an i extension's source code and augments the corresponding browser with appropriate modifications. The protection from malicious injection attacks is enforced at runtime by distinguishing attack code from the randomized extension code. Furthermore, for maximum backward compatibility with existing extensions, we propose a complementary static points-to analysis technique that can be invoked on-demand for assessing the security of dynamic code generation functions present in the source code of extensions. Our combined approach of runtime protection and static analysis is independent of the existing extension platforms, thus obviating the need of radically changing the platforms and requiring developers to rewrite their extensions. We implement our protection mechanism in the popular Mozilla Firefox browser and evaluate our approach on a set of vulnerable and non-vulnerable Mozilla Firefox extensions. The evaluation results indicate that our approach can be a viable solution for preventing attacks on JavaScript-based browser extensions while incurring negligible performance overhead and maintaining backward compatibility with existing extensions.


Internet of Vehicles is one of the emerging technologies which is predicted to be on the roads in the near future because of its tremendous features that has embraced and relieved people from driving. The new revolution has raised many questions in terms of its Sensing, Processing and Decision making capabilities. In this paper, the authors will survey a set of Open Research issues, Challenges of Interoperabiltiy in this new emerging area. This survey paper highlights some of the existing technologies in IOV and explores most of it.


The landmark project RoboCup is a well-known international robotics challenge that aims to advance robotics and AI research, with the end goal of developing robots capable of playing a game of soccer autonomously. Self-localization is one of the important elements for an autonomous soccer playing robot because the position information of the robot becomes a determinant of strategic behavior and cooperative operation. Although local searching is accurate, the lack of global searching results in the kidnapped robot problem. Thus, we propose a self-localization method that generates the searching space based on model-based matching using information regarding the white lines on the soccer field. The robot's position is recognized by optimizing the fitness function using a genetic algorithm (GA). In this report, we adjust the parameter set of the GA on the basis of preliminary experiments and evaluate the accuracy of the proposed self-localization method. We verified that the proposed method enables real-time reversion to correct the position from the kidnapped position using the global/local searching ability of the GA.


Objective:To explore the effects of Shenlong Jiannao capsule on the expression of choline acetyl transferase(ChAT) in hippocampus of cerebral ischemia rats.Method:Two-vessel occlusion were adopted to reproduce the cerebral ischaemia animal model.Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups as following: sham operation group,model control group,positive control group with pisacetam,Shenlong Jiannao capsule groups(low and high dosage).Shenlong Jiannao capsule groups low and high dosage treated by gavage with Shenlong Jiannao capsule at the dosage of 0.4,1.2 g·kg-1·d-1.After 28 days,changes of neurological scores and pathological tissue sections of brain in rats were observed,immunohistochemistry were adopt used to assay the expression of ChAT in hippocampus of cerebral ischaemia rats.Result: Shenlong Jiannao capsule could improve the neurological scores,ameliorate the morphology and increase the number of ChAT immunoreactive positive neurons.Comparing to model control group,the neurological scores were improved(P0.05),the expression of ChAT was increased in Shenlong Jiannao capsule group(P0.01,P0.05).Conclusion: Shenlong Jiannao capsule can ameliorate the cerebral injury involved in enhancing the ChAT protein expression.


Background: Pain is one of the most prominent and disturbing symptoms reported by cancer patients. Appropriate pain relief is obtainable in more than 75 % of the patients with optimized analgesic t ...


In loop quantum gravity (LQG) the quantisation of general relativity leads to precise predictions for the eigenvalues of geometrical observables like volume and area, up to the value of the only free parameter of the theory, the Barbero–Immirzi (BI) parameter. With the help of the eigenvalues equation for the area operator, LQG successfully derives the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy of large black holes with isolated horizons, fixing at this limit the BI parameter as γ ≈ 0.274. In the present paper we show some evidence that a black hole with angular momentum ℏ and Planck mass is an eigenstate of the area operator provided that γ=3/6≈1.05×0.274 . As the black hole is extremal, there is no Hawking radiation and the horizon is isolated. We also suggest that such a black hole can be formed in the head-on scattering of two parallel standard model neutrinos in the mass state m 2 (assuming m 1 = 0). Furthermore, we use the obtained BI parameter to numerically compute the entropy of isolated horizons with areas ranging up to 250lP2 , by counting the number of micro-states associated to a given area. The resulting entropy has a leading term S≈0.25A , in agreement to the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy. As the identification of the above eigenstate rests on the matching between classical areas and quantum area eigenvalues, we also present, on the basis of an effective quantum model for the Schwarzschild black hole recently proposed by Ashtekar, Olmedo and Singh, an expression for the quantum corrected area of isolated horizons, valid for any black hole mass. Quantum corrections are shown to be negligible for a Planck mass black hole, of order 10−3 relative to the classical area.


Development of high-efficiency systems for cleaning recycled water is a relevant task in the construction of new individual and public swimming pools and reconstruction of the existing ones. There has been developed a silver ionization water plant, which consists of two electrolyzers and a circulating pump. The silver ionator has a hanging structure, which allows using the plant both on its own and as a part of the systems for complex processing of recycled water. A technique is developed to determine the parameters of the plant for maintenance of swimming pools with the volume ranging from 10 to 3600 m3. As a result of the study of the plant's operating modes, it is determined that the most appropriate duration of a change in the electrode polarity makes up 6 min, and the steady mode is established in 2 min. Measurement of the concentration of silver by means of a photometric colorimeter has shown that the ions concentration in the water at the outlet of the ionator increases significantly when the voltage level reaches 8...9 V and hardly depends on the current strength in the range of 100…200 mА. The use of the electrodes of the length corresponding to the working length of the ionator provides the required concentration of silver in the wide range of water consumption. It is advisable to apply the electrodes occupying one or two thirds of the working length of the device in individual pools of a small volume. To prevent contamination of electrodes, it is reasonable to include the decontamination plant to the pool's recycled water cleaning systems.


Intensive use of chemical fertilizers has produced environmental, health and agricultural hazards. Microbial inoculation as substitute to chemical fertilizers could be an effective way for sustainable sunflower production. Therefore, a field study was performed using RCBD with three replications for two consecutive years (2012 and 2013) at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, to evaluate role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for improving phosphorus use efficiency and productivity in sunflower. Sunflower hybrid (Hysun-33) was subjected to eleven treatments with different combinations of PGPR seed inoculation and phosphorus fertilizer levels viz. Control, Recommended P (100%), 100% P + Bacillus inoculation, 75% P + Bacillus inoculation, 50% P + Bacillus inoculation, 100% P + Pseudomonas inoculation, 75% P + Pseudomonas inoculation, 50% P + Pseudomonas inoculation, 100% P + Dual inoculation, 75% P + Dual inoculation, 50% P + Dual inoculation. The results depicted that both inoculants and their mixture with different phosphorus rates showed an increase in yield attributes, nutrients uptake, BCR and phosphorus use efficiency. Highest head diameter, number of achenes per head, 1000-achene weight, achene yield, achene and stover nitrogen content, achene and stover phosphorus content and BCR was obtained with 100% P + dual inoculation. However, 50% phosphorus + dual inoculation produced statistically same results as with recommended phosphorus (100%) while, phosphorus use efficiency and phosphorus recovery efficiency was found maximum, where 50% phosphorus was applied in combination with dual inoculation. The study suggested that plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are budding component for improving phosphorus use efficiency and productivity of sunflower. © 2016 Friends Science Publishers


The key technical challenge of developing communication solutions for wearable devices is to meet the stringent energy consumption constraints while supporting diverse traffic types and quality of service (QoS) requirements in potentially densely populated deployment scenarios. In this work, we first present a new wearable communication architecture we refer to as LTE-W (LTE for Wearables) for wireless personal area networks (PANs) underlaying a cellular network. Within a single PAN, the client device with highest communication/ computation capabilities, usually a high-end hand-held device like a smartphone or a tablet, becomes the PAN header (nUE) and will assist other wearable devices (wUEs) to communicate with base station (BS) as a relay. Although two types of links are present, i.e., the cellular-PAN link and the intra-PAN link, the air interface for intra-PAN communication is defined as an integrated part of the cellular air interface for enhanced end-toend radio access and control. In LTE-W, the LTE RAT is considered to be the baseline and is proposed to be further enhanced in 5G systems to 5G-W. Based on our LTE-W architecture, we propose downlink (DL)/uplink (UL) decoupling transmission technology. For the scenario where all links support the LTE RAT, three options (transmission schemes) for DL transmission are possible: Option D1 where the BS transmits to wUEs only through the nUE, Option D2 where dynamic switching between direct and relay transmission takes place and Option D0 as DL direct transmission from the BS to wUEs. Regarding UL transmission, two options exist: Option U1 where all wUEs transmit to the BS only through the nUE and Option U0 as UL direct transmission from the wUEs to the BS. In this paper, the defined DL and UL LTE-W transmission schemes are analyzed and evaluated through simulation. We further propose several LTE-W DL/UL transmission modes with different combinations of DL and UL transmission options by investigating those modes with DL and UL transmissions decoupled. Under this strategy, high-end wUEs and low-end wUEs can have different transmission mode solutions. For example, high-end wUEs can directly receive from the BS in the DL for maximum spectral efficiency while they can only transmit to the nUE in the UL for maximum energy efficiency; in the case of low-end wUEs, DL transmission can take place either exclusively or partially through the nUE in order to maximize energy efficiency. System-level simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technologies under the LTE-W architecture. Keywords—Long-term evolution; wearables; personal area network; relay; energy efficiency; system-level simulation.


When an exchange-traded fund (ETF) trades heavily around a theme, correlations among its constituents increase significantly. Even some securities that have little or negative exposure to the theme itself begin to trade in lockstep with other ETF constituents. In other words, because ETF investors are agnostic to security-level information, they often "throw the baby out with the bathwater." As the prices of individual stocks get dragged up or down with ETFs, these mispricings can become significant, and the profits realized by taking advantage of them may present an opportunity for stock pickers. Disclosure: The authors work for an active investment manager involved in stock picking. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of T. Rowe Price. Further information can be found at the end of this paper. Editor's note Submitted 10 September 2018 Accepted 7 January 2019 by Stephen J. Brown The views expressed are those of the authors, are subject to change without notice, and may differ from those of other T. Rowe Price associates. Information and opinions are derived from proprietary and nonproprietary sources deemed to be reliable; the accuracy of those sources is not guaranteed. This material does not constitute a distribution, offer, invitation, recommendation, or solicitation to sell or buy any securities; it does not constitute investment advice and should not be relied upon as such. Investors should seek independent legal and financial advice, including advice as to tax consequences, before making any investment decision. Past performance is not a reliable indicator of future performance. All investments involve risk. The charts and tables are shown for illustrative purposes only.


Abstract Case: R. v Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council, exparte C Law report of case: [1993] 2 Family Law Reports 187


For many airports the capacity is limited by minimum separation distances especially for approach and landing due to the possible hazard generated by wake vortices. In order to alleviate capacity limitations, separation rules have to be improved without reducing safety. Based on simplified hazard areas dynamic wake vortex separations can be derived taking into account atmospheric conditions and actual aircraft pairing. This concept is applied to parallel runways in comparison to the single runway case for cross wind and headwind conditions.


Abstract Background Chronic back pain is characterized by its duration and poor response to medical interventions and is a major health problem. Treatment up-take, adherence, and social support are key issues and are vital for recovery and functionality. However, there is limited research on the role of social support and treatment uptake and adherence for chronic back pain. Aim The aim of this study was to explore the impact of social support in terms of treatment uptake and adherence in chronic back pain patients in Australia. Methods Two hundred and one adult men and women completed a battery of questionnaires that assessed levels of social support and disability and treatment uptake and adherence. Results Stepwise multiple regression predicting treatment participation, produced a significant model that included participant's age and level of social support and accounted for 14% of the variance, F(2,179) = 14.10, p < 0.001, adj R 2 = 0.14. Life control, affective distress and level of social support scores accounted for 26% of the variance in disability levels F(3,179) = 21.42, p < 0.001, adj R 2 = 0.26. Conclusion The findings indicated that age, social support had a significant positive effect on the number of treatment sessions attended by participants and that life control, affective distress, and level of social support were negatively related to disability levels. The findings support interdisciplinary approaches, including social interventions as important part of any chronic back pain treatment. Implications for rehabilitation Chronic back pain does not respond well to traditional rehabilitation methods based on the Medical Model. Social support has a significant impact on treatment adherence and disability. This study measures perceived social support from an emotional and instrumental perspective. Social support interventions as part of a multidisciplinary approach would be beneficial in the experience of chronic back pain.


The peculiar building style and special structural system of the National Hall of China Pavilion for Expo 2010 Shanghai is a long‐span and large cantilevered steel–concrete hybrid structure with a shape of an inverted trapezoid in elevation and local discontinuity of floor slabs in plan for esthetic and functional considerations. Because of these characteristics, the building is classified as an irregular and complex structure. To investigate the seismic behavior of the structure, a refined finite element model was established by using NosaCAD. To simulate the nonlinear behavior of the members, the fiber section model was chosen for compression‐flexure frame members, and nonlinear flat shell element was chosen for tube wall. Nonlinear analysis was carried out to study the seismic behavior of the structure under the minor and major earthquakes at the level of intensity 7. With the analysis, the deformations, internal forces and damage states of the structure were investigated. Analysis results show that there is no damage on structure under minor earthquake, the structural system has sufficient capacity and ductility to resist major earthquake, and seismic performance objective of no damage under minor earthquake and no collapse under major earthquake can be reached. The deformation of the structure is less than the limit of the Chinese code. The order and distribution of damages on components of the tubes are reasonable, which can dissipate some dynamic energy. Finally, weak points were identified, and some corresponding suggestions were put forward to improve the overall seismic performance of this structure. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY
Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is considered a recommended anticoagulation option in pregnant women with prosthetic heart valves. However, few data are available regarding the efficacy and safety of LMWH in this setting.

METHODS
In 1999, the authors' institution developed a standardized anticoagulation protocol for pregnant women with prosthetic heart valves, which included LMWH administered between six and 12 weeks' gestation, and after 36 weeks, with prespecified target levels, and additional low-dose aspirin. Herein is presented the initial experience using this anticoagulation regimen.

RESULTS
Among five women with prosthetic heart valves treated with LMWH during part of their pregnancy, four had uneventful pregnancies while one suffered a coronary artery embolus. A review is provided of the current state of knowledge regarding anticoagulation in pregnancy, with emphasis placed on the importance of strict monitoring of anticoagulation levels.

CONCLUSION
Given the drawbacks of other forms of anticoagulation, and within the constraints of available data, LMWH appears--when administered with caution--to be an acceptable alternative in pregnant women with prosthetic heart valves.


A new mechanism for inelastic Andreev reflection at a ferromagnetic metal-superconductor interface is proposed, which consists of the simultaneous injection of a Cooper pair from the superconductor and the emission of a magnon inside the ferromagnet. We find that this process generates an additional contribution to the subgap non-linear I(V) characteristics, which is asymmetric with respect to the sign of the bias voltage and is related to the density of states of magnons in the ferromagnet.


Coordinated care for persons with complex chronic disease is common sense, evidence-based, and overdue. Practice redesign efforts based on coordinated care principles require no further clinical trial evidence of efficacy. Instead, practice redesign efforts based on these principles require widespread implementation with locally adapted approaches informed by implementation science and continuous quality improvement. In addition, widespread sharing is needed of what worked and what did not and in which setting for which individuals and why. It is also necessary to continue to experiment with how to make coordinated care less expensive and more efficient so that its reach and effect can be greatly expanded. Regardless of how they are financed, all healthcare systems worldwide struggle to provide excellent care for persons with complex chronic conditions. The task is to provide better care at lower cost to improve population health regardless of financing; much can be accomplished with reorganization and redesign. Coordinated care for persons with complex chronic disease is the solution regardless of how health care is financed. Coordinated care is a wonder drug without the side effects of the drug. Unfortunately, coordinated care is also without the marketing, production, and distribution muscle that make other wonder drugs readily available. Coordinated care is common sense. At the advent of complexity science in 1968, von Bertalanffy defined a system as "sets of elements standing in interaction." The provision of health care for persons with complex chronic conditions meets this definition. Health care needs to be approached as a complex adaptive system. Coordinated care is defined as "the deliberate organization of patient care activities between two or more participants (including the patient) involved in a patient's care to facilitate the appropriate delivery of healthcare services. Organizing care involves the marshalling of personnel and other resources needed to carry out all required patient care activities, and is often managed by the exchange of information among participants responsible for different aspects of care." This is an accurate definition and absurdly self-evident to anyone outside of the healthcare industry. Imagine providing this definition to any layperson and explaining that you are awaiting evidence that this might be the right direction to pursue for the healthcare system. If common sense had not already provided the theoretical argument for coordinated care, a concrete example is available: attempt to coordinate care for an elderly parent, a chronically ill child, a mentally ill brother, or a terminally ill senior colleague seeking care in your own healthcare system—the one you work in and "navigate" every day. Coordinated care is evidence based, but if it is such common sense, why have so many been involved in clinical trials to produce experimental evidence? The impetus stems from three factors. First, reasonable people reasonably sought basic scientific evidence for the core principles of collaborative care. This evidence is now available. Second, much of the clinical trial efficacy of wonder drugs disappears into the shadows of the real world, in part because of comorbidity and part because of the competing demands that patients and providers face in the rest of their lives. More evidence is needed of how best to organize care to address these complexities. Third, much of the excess disease and disability emanates from social problems that wonder drugs do not touch. Given these realities, it is not difficult to see that, despite spending billions of dollars each year on antidepressant medications, for example, there is no population-based evidence of a decline in depressed persons or suicide. Clinical trials of collaborative care for depression or dementia attempted to optimize the effectiveness of currently available treatments by taking into account the limited efficacy of available treatments, the burden of comorbid conditions, the toll of social ills, the constraints of financing, and the limitations of primary care and self-management skills. Because these complexities vary according to person, place, and time, coordinated care applied in any given setting requires adaptation and continuous monitoring of what is working From the *Indiana University Center for Aging Research and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University; and †Regenstrief Institute, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana.


The conference announcement for the International Conference on Intercultural Communication and Diplomacy 2003 quoted Raymond Cohen as saying: "By definition, negotiation is an exercise in language and communication, an attempt to create shared understanding where previously there have been contested understandings. When negotiation takes place across languages and cultures the scope for misunderstanding increases." Taking that as our starting point, I would add that conflict resolution (my locus of practice) is essentially the art and science of relationship building and agreement building. This is true whether one focuses on individuals, groups, or nations striving for peace. Both relationship building and agreement building require, in Cohen's words, an attempt to create shared understanding. Similarly, others have talked of the need for conflict parties to develop "co-created narratives"2 or a "third culture."3 When conflicts are between parties from different cultures, the process of developing shared understandings is especially difficult. Even more difficult to resolve are protracted, deep-rooted conflicts characterised by fractured, hostile and oftentimes violent relationships. How do negotiators and other conflict resolution practitioners from different cultures create shared understanding under these conditions? For that matter, is shared understanding enough to bridge deep differences? This paper suggests that developing shared understanding is part of the larger need for building relationships between conflict parties, especially when the conflict parties have a history of animosity. My particular interest and focus is on inter-group conflict resolution between groups at the community and national levels. What follows is a tripartite model of conflict and conflict resolution, the role of personal stories for bridging deep differences and building relationships, and their implications for diplomacy.


BIM is a kind of engineering data model which can integrate all kinds of information in the whole process of construction engineering. It is based on three-dimensional digital technology and provides the basis for collaborative work. It can integrate all kinds of information data and set up simulation model by setting parameters to simulate building entity, construction process and operation situation. Based on the secondary development technology of engineering software, this paper studies API development tools. Through the establishment of parametric family library, this paper develops a rapid modeling method for rapid generation of water conservancy and hydropower project model, and finally realizes the construction schedule simulation by using the cooperation of VR tool related software and NavisWorks software.


Construction education has long been challenged with integrating meaningful classroom education activities with field internships. This paper describes a case study in which educational material was developed with use of time-lapse photography collected by student-deployed cameras on a large, fast-moving construction project. Several distinct construction activities were identified for time-lapse documentation, and corresponding engineering material quantities were computed to show the progression of work. These quantitative estimates were combined with the time-lapse footage in a series of educational video modules, which will be disseminated and archived online for long-term access by students and the public. The video modules were designed to educate students on the various steps involved in a major roadway rehabilitation project and provide them with a more relatable context for the various bid item quantities that they would encounter in their work as student interns and professional engineers. These methods can also be scaled across a variety of educational settings for different types of horizontal and vertical construction projects and thus, result in a more targeted and effective student learning experience.


We present an approach to explaining inference in Quantitative Bipolar Argumentation Graphs (QBAGs): we propose the notion of a Quantitative Dispute Tree (QDT) that effectively collects the QBAG's directed paths between a topic argument and its children, labelled as proponent and opponent. A QDT is intended to be interpreted as a dispute that is sufficient to establish the direction of the change of strength of the topic argument. We propose to define pro and con arguments by using contribution functions that quantify a given argument's contribution to the strength of another argument. We advance some principles for contribution functions as well as gradual semantics to ensure some reasonable properties of QDTs. 1


The possibility of creating gamma ray bursts (GRB's) from accretion flows on to black holes is investigated. The mechanism of initial energy release in the form of a burst is not understood yet. The typical time scales involved in this energy release and the initial distribution of photons as a function of energy are studied. As a first step the problem is formulated in the Minkowski spacetime for a homogeneous and isotropic burst. For an arbitrary initial distribution of photons, the equations of relativistic kinetic theory are formulated for nonequilibrium plasmas which can take into account various particle creation and annihilation processes and various scattering processes.


A fast image segmentation method with multilevel threshold of two-dimensional entropy was proposed based on the firefly algorithm to overcome the large amount of calculation and long computing time.Firstly,the principle of two-dimensional entropy threshold segmentation was analyzed,and the single threshold segmentation of two-dimensional entropy was extended to multilevel threshold segmentation.Then,the bionic mechanism and searching optimization process of the firefly algorithm were analyzed,and the multilevel threshold segmentation method of two-dimensional entropy combined with firefly algorithm was proposed.Finally,typical image segmentation experiments by using the proposed method were performed and the results were compared with those of two-dimensional entropy exhaustive segmentation method and the multilevel threshold segmentation method of two-dimensional entropy based on Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO).Experimental results show that the speeds of the proposed method in single threshold segmentation,dual-threshold segmentation and thethree threshold segmentation are 3.91,1 040.32and 8 128.85times faster than those of the two-dimensional entropy exhaustive segmentation method respectively.Moreover,the threshold selection accuracy and running speed of the proposed method are both better than those of the multilevel threshold segmentation method of two-dimensional entropy based on PSO.Therefore,the fast image segmentation method with multilevel threshold of two-dimensional entropy based on firefly algorithm can quickly and efficiently resolve complex and multi-target image segmentation problems.


e13028Background: The aim of this study is to examine the behavior pattern of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK4/6) inhibitor combinations in adult females with de novo metastatic breast cancer as first...


ARGOS is the GLAO (Ground-Layer Adaptive Optics) Rayleigh-based LGS (Laser Guide Star) facility for the Large Binocular Telescope Observatory (LBTO). It is dedicated for observations with LUCI1 and LUCI2, LBTO's pair of NIR imagers and multi-object spectrographs. The system projects three laser beams from the back of each of the two secondary mirror units, which create two constellations circumscribed on circles of 2 arcmin radius with 120 degree spacing. Each of the six Nd:YAG lasers provides a beam of green (532nm) pulses at a rate of 10kHz with a power of 14W to 18W. We achieved first on-sky propagation on the night of November 5, 2013, and commissioning of the full system will take place during 2014. We present the initial results of laser operations at the observatory, including safety procedures and the required coordination with external agencies (FAA, Space Command, and Military Airspace Manager). We also describe our operational procedures and report on our experiences with aircraft spotters. Future plans for safer and more efficient aircraft monitoring and detection are discussed.


This chapter examines economic and institutional factors affecting entrepreneurial activities. Factors analyzed include entrepreneurial opportunities, skills, access to capitals, incentives, culture as well as overall macro-economic environment and institutional contexts. The focus is thus on the demand- as well as supply side perspectives of entrepreneurship. We also discuss examples of measures taken by various governmental and non-governmental agencies to change some of the institutional factors to stimulate entrepreneurship.


A new molecularly engineered nonfullerene acceptor, 2,2′‐(5,5′‐(9,9‐didecyl‐9H‐fluorene‐2,7‐diyl)bis(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole‐7,4‐diyl)bis(methanylylidene))bis(3‐hexyl‐1,4‐oxothiazolidine‐5,2‐diylidene))dimalononitrile (BAF‐4CN), with fluorene as the core and arms of dicyano‐n‐hexylrhodanine terminated benzothiadiazole is synthesized and used as an electron acceptor in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. BAF‐4CN shows a stronger and broader absorption with a high molar extinction coefficient of 7.8 × 104m−1 cm−1 at the peak position (498 nm). In the thin film, the molecule shows a redshift around 17 nm. The photoluminescence experiments confirm the excellent electron accepting nature of BAF‐4CN with a Stern–Volmer coefficient (Ksv) of 1.1 × 105m−1. From the electrochemical studies, the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels of BAF‐4CN are estimated to be −5.71 and −3.55 eV, respectively, which is in good synchronization with low bandgap polymer donors. Using BAF‐4CN as an electron acceptor in a poly[(5,6‐difluoro‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazol‐4,7‐diyl)‐alt‐(3,3″′‐di(2‐octyldodecyl) 2,2′;5′,2″;5″,2″′‐quaterthiophen‐5,5″′‐diyl)] based bulk‐heterojunction solar cell, a maximum power conversion efficiency of 8.4% with short‐circuit current values of 15.52 mA cm−2, a fill factor of 70.7%, and external quantum efficiency of about 84% covering a broad range of wavelength is achieved.


Aqueous multicomponent system comprising (II) at least one aqueous component comprising at least one herein dissolved and / or dispersed isocyanate-reactive functional group-containing graft copolymer (P) based on polyurethane, preparable by reacting at least one polyurethane (P '), selected from the group consisting of hydrophobic one or hydrophilic polyurethanes, which have on average at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of thiocarbamate groups, thiol groups and sulfide groups to graft copolymerization with at least one olefinically unsaturated monomer, or alternatively (II) at least one organic component containing at least one water-soluble and / or dispersible graft copolymer (P) based on polyurethane and (III) at least one aqueous component such as (IV) at least one component containing at least one polyisocyanate or consists of Processes for their preparation and their use.


Background: Acute hospital general medicine services care for ageing complex patients, using the skills of a range of health‐care providers. Evidence suggests that comprehensive early assessment and discharge planning may improve efficiency and outcomes of care in older medical patients.


There are many different assessment techniques and indicators to determine environmental performance. Each technique is based on a specific rationale. Almost all existing assessments techniques eva...


Alterations of glucose metabolism are recognized as one of the most important risk factors for the development and complications of cardiometabolic diseases [...].


This draft defines a portion of the Management Information Base (MIB)
for use with network management protocols in the Internet community.
In particular, it describes managed objects relevant for IP routes
using IP Fast-Reroute [RFC5714]


A dynamical price formation model for financial assets is presented. It aims to capture the essence of speculative trading where mispricings of assets are used to make profits. It is shown that together with the incorporation of the concept of risk aversion of agents the model is able to reproduce several key characteristics of financial price series. The approach is contrasted to the conventional view of price formation in financial economics.


Graphene/polymer layered nanocomposites are studied extensively for their unique two‐dimensional (2D) layered nanoporous structures and interesting permeation properties with regard to ionic species, and show great potential for applications in many fields. Structural characterization is essential to the establishment of structure–properties relationships, which however remains challenging due to the complex, nanoporous texture rising from graphene alignment in graphene/polymer membrane materials. Here, a method is proposed that utilizes ions as probes for gaining structural information of the layered nanoporous structure. The results show that the subtle structural variations caused by the small change of interfacial interactions between the polymer and graphene materials during solution processing can be clearly revealed. The ion‐transport experiments demonstrated in this work can be used as a set of tools for quick quality control and monitoring of production of graphene/polymer nanocomposites and nanoporous composites assembled with other 2D materials.


The linearized Eliashberg equations for a superconductive system in strong exchange fields have been investigated. An iteration procedure has been used for including the asymmetry of the gap function φ(ω) with respect to ±ω and an approximate solu-tion has been obtained in the lowest order of the iteration equation. The results show that the asymmetry in the gap function can considerably change the critical exchange field as a function of temperature in moderate or stronger electron-phonon coupling (λ≥ 0.5) systems.


There are lots of tools for spectra analysis and display in the astronomical community. However, there is a need for a "VO-enabled" tool that can superimpose spectra coming from different projects within the VO and in VO-format. One of the main reasons for the current absence of such a tool is the fact that astronomical spectra are not as well defined as, e.g., images are. The IVOA has made a significant effort in trying to define a Simple Spectral Access Protocol by which part of this problem is solved, giving the rules to be able to handle spectral data in the VO context. By defining an algorithm based on dimensional analysis for the superimposition of spectra coming from VO resources, we at ESAC have been able to create a tool that can superimpose VO spectra that declare their metadata in a specific way. To do this, VO SSAP-compatible resources will only have to give three new extra fields in their VOTable SSAP results for the tool to be able to superimpose the spectra. At the time of writing this abstract, the ESAC is planning to propose these three extra metadata fields for acceptance at the IVOA as optional inputs in the definition of the Simple Spectral Access Protocol. 1. Access to Spectra in the Virtual Observatory context: the Simple Spectrum Access Protocol At the time of this presentation, the International Virtual Observatory Alliance has not published yet the Simple Spectrum Access Protocol specification document. ESAC proposed in the IVOA Workshop held in Strasbourg in October 2003 the inclusion of a Simple Spectrum Access Protocol that would be very much like the Simple Image Access Protocol (SIAP) already published by the IVOA but suited for Spectrum access. ESAC was asking for the inclusion of three extra parameters, to be described later, to allow for the automatic handling of units, a never-ending problem in the astronomical spectrum world. The VOSpec tool was built following the assumptions that the IVOA would publish an SSAP along the lines described above, which we believe is already the case. In view of the absence of a specification, we will describe here how we understand the basic mechanism of the Simple Spectrum Access protocol and how we have implemented it to show the usefulness and functionality of the VOSpec tool. To access spectra through the SSAP, a data provider has to implement a service that accepts a call with the following basic input parameters: POS and 198


Larsen's syndrome, which is a very rare disease and characterized with multipl congenital dislocations. We discussed this syndrome with clinically and radiologically in this reported.


dyad discussions of a male rape. Each discussion lasted about 15 minutes and was based on a brief rape vignette. The differences in the way female rape and male rape was talked about are fascinating. In female rape discussions, the focus was overwhelmingly on the behavior of the victim. The rapist was represented as a "hazard" and the victim was at least partially to blame by not being sufficiently aware of the potential hazard by engaging in risky behavior, taking a shortcut home through campus. Although the vignette mentioned nothing about the shortcut being dangerous, it was construed as an ill-lit path that was unsafe, and the victim should have been aware of this and stuck to the main road. Using the same vignette, but having a male victim elicited very different discussions. As in female rape, the focus was on the victim, but the sexual identity of the victim often took center stage. If the victim was believed to be heterosexual, the rape was viewed as a horrible, devastating experience, worse than the rape of a woman; if the victim was believed to be homosexual, the act was seen as at least somewhat consensual (gay men always want sex). Chapter 6 discusses the metaphors used to describe rape. Female rape is described in scientific terms of probability, chance, likelihood, whereas male rape is discussed in terms of the paranormal or supernatural—spooky, bizarre, weird. In this brief book, the authors make an excellent case for discourse analysis and their analyses shed new and different lights on how people think and talk about rape. One might quibble with how they arrived at some of their conclusions, because they provide only snippets of the discussions that were based on a brief vignette, but the data are intriguing. This book will not be easy to read for many traditionally trained psychologists because it is filled with postmodern language. For example, the study of "conversation" becomes the study of "discursive practices." Yet I think this book, along with Gavey's (2005) Just Sex? The Cultural Scaffolding of Rape, should be required reading for all researchers interested in rape. We can learn a lot about rape by listening to the way people talk about it.