An operation method for a memory controller which controls a non-volatile memory device is provided. The operation method comprises managing a program depth bit map which presents the status of an upper page program about each word line of the non-volatile memory in response to an external write request; and printing out one of multiple read orders as non-volatile memory based on the information of the program depth bit map corresponding to word lines to be accessed for an external read request.


In this paper, we propose a non-traditional Genetic & Evolutionary Feature Selection (GEFeS) method for Author Identification. This method evolves a distributed feature vector for each author and it's therefore distributed. We refer to this new approach as a distributed neural evolutionary hybrid (DiNEH). We compare the performance of DiNEH with a number of well-known Authorship Attribution Techniques (AATs) from the literature. DiNEH was able to outperform all of the AATs on one dataset and was second on the second dataset by a narrow margin.


The author investigated and analy zed current situation of landscape application of Loropetalum, using the methods of field investigation and document studies. The research results showed that the application of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum was very popular, and it has different variety and variant types that mainly include 'Nenyehong', 'Touguhong 'and 'Shuangmianhong' Groups. The application forme of color belts and patterned flower beds account for 45 percent; the shrub balls, natural shapes and tree figures account for 40 percent; the clump planting, multiple planting and mass planting account for 15 percent. There were many problems such as short of the application of Loropetalum chinense, lacking of high hedge, limited high-quality landscape works, non-perfect industry chain, lacking of popular science propaganda as well as mosaic virus disease. The conclusions concluded that it was important to reinforce research on application of Loropetalum chinense, advocate using the L.chinense var. rubrum as the high hedge, forest edge, regional separation belt, strengthen the design of high-quality landscape works and the application of Penjing plant, increase popular science propaganda, strengthen the garden management and reduce occurrence of Mosaic virus disease.


The literature officer equaled to the local official school's teacher in Han Dynasty.With the development of the study of classics,their arrangement was increasingly specified;the numbers as large and they are widely deployed.Generally speaking,if they were familiar with the classics,they could take the post.Their responsibilities include the management of school,the instruction to the students,carrying out education etc..Their bureaucratic nature was reflected in many aspects,especially in their appointment and promotion.


The article demonstrates the problem of utopia in the context of the consumerism. The basis for presented considerations is the characterization of new consumer space by Anne Friedberg. Key issues are the primacy of visuality and its crossing and the relationships between the cinema and the specificity of new shopping environments. A novel Days by James Lovegrove serves as illustration for this theoretical analysis.


Objectives: To investigate the relationship between color values and antioxidant activity of mung bean clear soup(MBCS) and the effects of water type,granule sugar,table salt and sodium bicarbonate on them.Methods: Phenolic contents(total phenols,total flavonoids and condensed tannins),pH value,color values(L*,a* and b*) and antioxidant properties(DPPH free radical scavenging ability and FRAP value) of MBCS during cooking were tested and the correlations among these parameters were analyzed.Results: The color values and antioxidant activities of MBCS increased with increasing amount of dissolved phenols.Deionized water resulted in increased phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of MBCS compared to tap water.The antioxidant activities of MBCS were decreased by addition of sodium bicarbonate or granule sugar but increased by addition of salt.There was a strong correlation between the b* and antioxidant activities of MBCS.Conclusion: Phenols mainly contribute to the color and antioxidant activities of MBCS and influences the pH.Slightly acidic water is favorable for the preparation of green MBCS with strong antioxidant activity.


This article utilizes principles of ecological criticism to provide new readings of both the role and presentation of nature in José Eustasio Rivera's novel La vorágine. Whereas critics have heretofore focused on Rivera's memorable subjective descriptions of the Amazon jungle, the present study foregrounds the rich diversity of the real organisms represented in these depictions. In addition, this essay explores the connections between the text's core trope, chaos, and the current ecological and social scientific understanding of the ecology and the human history of the Amazon Basin. José Eustasio Rivera's only novel, La vorágine [The Vortex] (1924), has much to offer the ecological critic, due to its interesting, varied, and contradictory perspectives on nature, ranging from the mimetic to the symbolic. Despite the fertile ground that Rivera's text offers the ecocritic, to date only Jennifer L. French has produced an ecocritical analysis of the text. The perspectives provided by ecological approaches to literary studies can refresh the scholarship of well-known texts by both providing new insights and rejuvenating established interpretations. As a case in point, scholars have traditionally focused on Rivera's striking subjective portrayals of nature in La vorágine. Lydia de León Hazera, for example, in her foundational study of the text, argues that the reason for the novel's warm reception among an international readership is its combination of social denunciation and "una descripción subjetiva de la región selvática sudamericana" (121). This fixation on the subjective aspects of nature in the novel has obscured the text's remarkable display of the ecological realities of Amazonia. One of the main purposes of this study is to foreground the neglected objective aspects of the Neotropical forest described in La vorágine. In addition, I will reframe the discussion of several of the novel's themes that have interested readers since its publication, such as human and environmental degradation, and gendering the landscape, by employing several of the major standpoints within the field of environmental literary criticism. Finally, this essay will explore the ecological and social scientific ramifications of the novel's central trope, dynamic chaos, symbolized by the vortex. The text's subjective 'ecology of chaos' resonates with current attitudes and theories of ecology and also of the social sciences, with regard to nature in general and the Amazon in particular. La vorágine provides a clear early-twentieth century snapshot of the alteration of the forest for economic gain, with its accompanying social cost. However, rather than constituting an historical, social and ecological anomaly, at the time of the novel's publication, rubber tapping in Amazonia was simply the latest picture in the broad historical panorama of a biogeographical region defined by kaleidoscopic change. Exploring the role of nature in a literary text, or analyzing images of ecological or biological processes in any text—be it literary or non-literary—is termed ecological 1 Doman: Chaos as Ecological and Autochthonous Expression Published by Digital Commons@Georgia Southern, 2015 criticism. Although it was initially seen as lacking theoretical rigor, and has experienced growing pains, ecocriticism is currently a burgeoning field within Anglo American literary studies, while it is a comparative seedling in the field of Hispanic literary studies. The publication of Cheryl Glotfelty and Harold Fromm's 1996 anthology titled The Ecocriticism Reader represents a high-water mark in the history of ecological criticism. According to Glotfelty, "simply put, ecocriticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment" (xviii). She further states that "ecocriticism takes an earth-centered approach to literary studies" (xviii). Although Glotfelty's definition remains viable today, many ecological critics subsequently expanded her initial statement, typically making it more inclusive, but in some cases narrowing its focus. As alluded to previously, ecocriticism is much less visible in Hispanic literature, despite a corpus of literary works that provides fertile ground for the ecological critic. However, ecological criticism of Hispanic literature has steadily increased in the last decade, and appears poised to enjoy wider acceptance. Two recently-published collections centering on ecocriticism in Hispanic literature evidence this growing validation. The Natural World in Latin American Literatures: Ecocritical Essays on Twentieth Century Writings (2010) traces the role of nature within Latin American literature, contextualizes ecocriticism within Spanish American fiction, and provides a compilation of ecocritical analyses of several canonical texts, including a study by Raymond L. Williams of nature in Cien años de soledad. Ecocríticas. Literatura y medio ambiente, also published in 2010, is a collection of theoretical essays, centering on ecofeminism. Ecocritics who work with Latin American literature typically apply the theoretical apparatus and terminology of ecocritical studies in English to literature in Spanish and Portuguese that has an ecological bent. However, ecocriticism will come of age in Latin American literature as we develop more autochthonous theoretical approaches, tailored to fit the socio-cultural and ecological realities of Latin America and Spain. Three statements in La vorágine reflect current mainstream environmental attitudes, making them of interest to the ecological critic. While they may not appear revelatory in isolation, when we consider that the text was published in the 1920s, these comments are noteworthy because of how accurately they reflect a contemporary rhetoric of environmentalism. 'Environmentalists' can be defined as "the very broad range of people who are concerned about environmental issues such as global warming and pollution, but who wish to maintain or improve their standard of living as conventionally defined, and who would not welcome radical social change" (Garrard 23). The text's first geocentric message is expressed by Clemente Silva, a rubbertapper in the novel whose symbolic last name conveys his closeness to 'la selva.' When Arturo Cova, the protagonist, and his party encounter Silva, whose legs are full of leech-induced sores, his simultaneous personification of the jungle and characterization of its exploiters as "executioners" neatly summarizes the novel's thesis and foreshadows the text's famous concluding line: "la selva se defiende de sus verdugos, y al fin el hombre resulta vencido" (244). Fittingly, Silva's pronouncement comes from the perspective of the forest. Later in the novel, upon the death of El Cayeno, the narrator condemns the despotic forces of greed and capitalism, that "foreign invaders" like El Cayeno symbolize, with this proto-environmental critique of 2 The Coastal Review: An Online Peer-reviewed Journal, Vol. 3 [2015], Iss. 3, Art. 5 https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/thecoastalreview/vol3/iss3/5 DOI: 10.20429/cr.2011.030305 the destruction of both native vegetation and native cultures: "¡Así murió aquel extranjero, aquel invasor, que en los lindes patrios taló las selvas, mató los indios, esclavizó a mis compatriotas!" (379) Due to an overt 'save-the-rainforest' message, the third statement appears anachronistic. The statement is the concluding thought of a contradictory passage that both praises and denounces 'civilized man', whom the narrator dubs 'the hero of destruction' (297) as he leaves his mark on the jungle: "Y es de verse en algunos lugares cómo sus huellas son semejantes a los aludes: los caucheros que hay en Colombia destruyen anualmente millones de árboles. En los territorios de Venezuela el balatá desapareció. De esta suerte ejercen el fraude contra las generaciones del porvenir" (298). Revealing a conservation mentality that wouldn't appear until decades later, this clairvoyant statement combines a three-pronged critique of erosion due to deforestation, the extinction of a species of rubber tree, and mismanagement of resources, with its accompanying negative impact on future generations. The conservationist message articulated through the combination of these three scattered environmentalist moments in the novel would find full expression decades later in the personage of Chico Mendes, the Brazilian rubber-tapper turned environmental activist. In addition to these relatively few but obvious mainstream environmentalist passages in the novel, the text also evidences clearly discernible patterns of more radical environmentalism. Jennifer French has argued that the text resonates "with the most radical environmentalism of the early twenty-first century" (153). From an ecocritical perspective, Rivera's novel can be described as a fictional treatise on the deleterious effects of capitalist-driven societal pressures on both northern Amazonia and its human inhabitants, focusing specifically on the rubber-tapping industry. Rivera himself vigorously pushed this interpretation of the novel after its publication, and his nonliterary writings clearly explain the ecological hazards presented by the rubber industry (French 148). Several strands of current ecocritical thought can be lifted from this reading of the novel, including deep ecology, ecofeminism, and social ecology. These three positions are viewed as 'radical,' on the broad continuum of environmental sensitivity, running from no awareness or concern to acute awareness and extreme concern, with environmentalism roughly occupying the middle ground. Underlying each of these stances is the implicit understanding, and in most cases the critique of, "the anthropocentric dualism humanity/nature as the ultimate source of anti-ecological beliefs and practices" (Garrard 23). Of the three previously mentioned radical positions, social ecology and ecofeminism are the most readily applicable


Introduction Intracranial stenosis (ICS) is believed to convey a high risk of recurrent ischaemic stroke, but the SAMMPRIS trial failed to show superiority of ICS stenting over intensive medical management. However, the risk of recurrent stroke in the medical arm was low, leading to questions about generalisability. We studied the long-term risk of recurrent stroke in patients with ICS in a population-based setting. Methods Patients with TIA or minor stroke [NIHSS £3] underwent MRA in the Oxford Vascular Study. Stroke risk was determined by face-to-face follow-up out to 7-years with a policy of intensive medical treatment and no stenting. Results Of 1026 patients (686-TIA; 340-stroke) who underwent MRA, 210 (20.5%) had >50% ICS (TIA=18.5%; stroke=24.4%). Compared to patients with no ICS, risk of recurrent ischaemic stroke was not increased in those with recently symptomatic ICS (HR=1.36, 95%CI=0.54–3.44) or in those with any ICS (1.28, 0.70–2.35) Moreover, the absolute risk of stroke in those with recently symptomatic ICS was lower than reported in the medical arm of SAMMPRIS (2-year risks: 1.6%, 0–4.7 vs 14.1%, 10.1–19.4) Conclusion The 'real-world' prognosis of patients with ICS on intensive medical treatment is more benign than supposed, indicating that the findings of SAMMPRIS are generalisable.


We propose a new concept of intramolecular cyclization-induced crystallization-driven self-assembly (ICI-CDSA) based on an amorphous poly(amic acid) (PAA). Nanobundles with high crystallinity were ...


Recently, construction of bridges in rural areas has been increased to preserve the natural environment. However this brings forth the disputes over rights of light in farmland. In urban areas, the disputes over rights of light have been settled on the authority of the national architectural law and only sunshine hours for winter solstice are considered. Basically, the point at issue is different between each case. The main issues of the dispute in rural area were the reduction of the crop cultivation and the increase of the heating cost in winter. The purpose of this study is to review the mediation process in national environmental dispute resolution commission to resolve these issues, and to set up the analysis method of rights of light and modelling equation of solar position. Furthermore, we aimed at analyzing the damaged hours of daylights in rural housing and the infringement rate of daylight in farmland through the case study. In conclusion, we estimated the sunshine hours during the whole damaged periods according to the elements of bridges, and presented the solution process of dispute over rights of light due to the construction of bridge in rural area.


In this research paper, authors provide a comprehensive overview and critique of the World System Analysis (also read as World System theory). This central focus is driven by the need to bring about a fair and justifiable explanation of the theory and appreciation by examining the work critically as the most persuasive theory in international relations. The aim of this paper is to bring about world system analysis as the best tool in analysing the world politics, understanding world history and key reasons for imperialism, and why core countries such as the United States of America (USA), China and etc., often intervene in world crises through grants and other forms of aid. The authors argue that the world system theory, unlike the dependency theory, is broader in perspective and place the world as a centre of attention in the analysis of the world economic distribution instead of the nation-state. Equally, it can also be deployed in understanding global inequality, dependency and power. The above argument which is achieved through the use of a qualitative approach that has taken the form of the adoption of secondary materials and the Afrocentric paradigm.
In this research paper, authors provide a comprehensive overview and critique of the World System Analysis (also read as World System theory). This central focus is driven by the need to bring about a fair and justifiable explanation of the theory and appreciation by examining the work critically as the most persuasive theory in international relations. The aim of this paper is to bring about world system analysis as the best tool in analysing the world politics, understanding world history and key reasons for imperialism, and why core countries such as the United States of America (USA), China and etc., often intervene in world crises through grants and other forms of aid. The authors argue that the world system theory, unlike the dependency theory, is broader in perspective and place the world as a centre of attention in the analysis of the world economic distribution instead of the nation-state. Equally, it can also be deployed in understanding global inequality, dependency and power. The above argument which is achieved through the use of a qualitative approach that has taken the form of the adoption of secondary materials and the Afrocentric paradigm.


The purpose of the study was to perform gait analysis of three different winter boots (BD, EZ, NS) and provide reference data for designing a multipurpose snowboard boots which can be used during snowboarding as well as for outdoors activities. Four male snowboarders who were from Korea Youth National Team and demonstrator participated in order to achieve the purpose of the study. Six 3D Motion analysis system (Vicon612 Motion Systems. Ltd., UK) and four force plates (AMTI ORG-6) were used to analyze the changes in kinematic and kinetic variables. Angular variables of lower limbs i.e. Peak max & min of knee and hip angles and Ground Reaction force (Fz) were calculated to measure the effect of three different winter boots on gait. The results obtained from the study are as follows: The type of vamp effected the limb moment. Soft boots (EZ) caused more hip adduction of supporting leg than stiff snowboard boots (BD) during one leg support phase and allowed bigger flexion of hip on swing leg. Wearing stiff snowboard boots (BD) caused larger hip's internal and knee's internal and external rotation of the supporting leg than normal winter shoes (NS). Boots type also effected the knee's external rotation and flexion of the swing leg. Furthermore, it is considered that wearing stiff boots limited the ankle ROM due to which significant differences were also observed in knee flexion of the supporting leg.


Objective: This research is to investigate the clinical effectiveness of electroacupuncture with semi- conductor laser on treating category Ⅲa prostatitis. Methods: 100 cases of category Ⅲa prostatitis were randomly divided into the treatment and the control groups,50 cases in each group. The treatment group received electroacupuncture plus semi-conductor laser to stimulate the Ren meridian acupoints and the control group took levofloxacin capsule orally. According to NIH- chronic prostatitis symptom index( NIH- CPSI),EPS- WBC,maximal urinary flow rate( MFR) and average urinary flow rate( AFR),compare the effect between two groups. Results: The result indicated that the treatment group had an effective rate with 85. 42% compared with 65. 96% in the control group. There was a great difference between two groups( P 0. 05). Both groups were improved according to NIH- CPSI,EPS- WBC,MFR,and AFR compared with before treatment( P 0. 05),and the treatment group was better than the control group. Conclusion: This research concludes that electroacupuncture with semi- conductor laser for treating category Ⅲa prostatitis can increase the treatment efficiency considerably. This therapy can relieve symptoms and increase uroflow rate. It is effective for treating the category Ⅲa prostatitis.


We show that the well-known relationship between the dual extremal arc in the maximum principle and the optimal value function (of dynamic programming), calculated on the optimal trajectory, is valid for the control of parabolic variational inequalities. It follows that every optimal control is given by a feedback law. In the case when the functions defining the performance index are convex also with respect to the state variable, a more specific result is obtained.


China is in need of democracy, though we must develop socialist democracy. An ensuring system is needed to realize democracy. Democracy in our country is made true with "four systems". The current problems with democratic construction in our country must be properly understood. We must not only recognize the fact that socialist democracy is superior to capitalist democracy in nature, be confident in the development of socialist democracy, but also see the limit of its development due to the economic, political and cultural conditions on the preliminary stage of socialist construction. The development of democracy should be promoted proctically not willingly.


An approach to significantly increase the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) in a highly simplified device structure is discussed in this paper.


Abstract Surface pressure - mean molecular area isotherm is measured for a monolayer from dimyristoil-nitrobenzoxadiazol-phosphatidylethanolamine at the air-water interface. The observed very rich polymorphism is discussed.


It is found that the leak location error depends on friction factor based on the research on pressure gradient method. A new method based on BP neural network forecasting friction factor, suitable to the running pipeline, is put forward. This technique has successfully located the leak point in a laboratory pipeline.


The Culture and Psychology of Alliance Parents send their children to school. Teachers teach other people's children. As adults, parents and teachers loom large in the lives of young people, influencing the development of their talents and skills, self-confidence and values, ambitions and achievements. Creating and sustaining respectful and healthy alliances between parents and the school is critically important to fostering good communication and trusting relationships among the adults, all with the welfare of the children in mind. As we know, however, building such alliances is no easy matter. The particular culture of the school, the cultural backgrounds of each family, and the myriad psychological dynamics that exist within each individual and the groups of which they are a part give shape and meaning to the ways such partnerships are supported or thwarted, helped or hindered. All schools have cultures. And all cultures have values, beliefs, and practices that have the potential to give their members a sense of belonging and identification. Those very same cultural values, beliefs and practices also have their counterparts that can alienate and undermine that very sense of belonging and identification. The meanings these practices and beliefs have for their members contribute significantly to the formation of a coherent—or incoherent— sense of who they are as people in that community. Within each culture, there is, then, also a tension between its core values and their opposites. Trust exists in relation to mistrust. Cooperation stands against competition. Help lives in relationship to hindrance. And


Screening for fetal abnormalities and subsequent karyotyping is a significant component of modern antenatal care. However in 1 year a maternity unit will typically only see a few karyotypic abnormalities. We audited data from 2000 to 2009, to discover the number and type of abnormalities, and outcomes for the pregnancies. Over the 10 years, there were 35 090 deliveries. Screening for fetal chromosomal abnormalities included multiple methods; the triple test, now quad test, first trimester combined testing to detect Down's and the 20 week anomaly scan. Results There were a total of 1410 (4.2% of the total number of births) karyotyping procedures performed. 1278 (90.6%) were amniocenteses and 132 (9.4%) were CVS. 106 of these procedures (7.5%) (0.3% of all deliveries) revealed a chromosomal or in a minority of cases, DNA abnormality. 26 (19.6%) were diagnosed after CVS and 80 (6.2%) after amniocentesis. The main indications for karyotyping were: Conclusion In the group diagnosed with Down's syndrome, only 26 (62%) were diagnosed following a positive result from the specific screening programme. Six women chose not to terminate their pregnancy. Five had a baby with Down's syndrome and one Turner's syndrome. Screening for chromosomal abnormalities yields small numbers of abnormalities when compared to the total number of pregnancies. Abstract PFM.63 Table 1 Outcome data for 5 years of invasive prenatal diagnostic testing Abnormal ultrasound scan 41 (38.6%) Positive Down's screening 26 (24.4%) Maternal request 21 (19.8%) Others; DNA analysis etc 18 (16.8%) The major groups of abnormalities were:  Down's syndrome 42 (39.6%)  Other trisomies 22 (20.7%)  Translocations 28 (26.5%)  Others; DNA etc 13 (12.2%)


Abstract. In the research of Air Navigation System as a complex socio-technical system the methodologyof analysis of human-operator's decision-making has been developed. The significance of individualpsychologicalfactors as well as the impact of socio-psychological factors on the professional activities of ahuman-operator during the flight situation development from normal to catastrophic were analyzed. On thebasis of the reflexive theory of bipolar choice the expected risks of decision-making by the Air NavigationSystem's operator influenced by external environment, previous experience and intentions were identified.The methods for analysis of decision-making by the human-operator of Air Navigation System usingstochastic networks have been developed.Keywords: Air Navigation System, bipolar choice, human operator, decision-making, expected risk, individualpsychologicalfactors, methodology of analysis, reflexive model, socio-psychological factors, stochastic network.


: The study aimed to determine the degree of practice of the heads of the academic departments at Al - Aqsa University to manage excellence , define the level of performance of faculty members , and examine whether there was a relationship between them . To achieve this , the descriptive approach was used by analyzing the information obtained through the study tools . Major findings include : the degree of management of excellence was medium ( 3 . 32 ), while the degree of job performance was moderate ( 3 . 28 ). The study also showed that there were no statistically significant differences attributed to the majority of the study variables . The exception was in the field of human development , for the type of academic department , in favor of the departments of science and in the field of empowerment of gender in favor of males . The study also showed that there was a positive and strong relationship between the heads of the academic departments at Al - Aqsa University to manage excellence in all fields and the level of improvement in the performance of the faculty members . The study recommended the implementation of several practical measures to improve the level of both the management of excellence and performance


We follow a sample of Flemish school leavers from secondary education and investigate their first seven years on the labour market by means of optimal matching sequence analysis. It is found that overeduca-tion can be a years-long trouble. About 30 to 40% stayed overeducated for nearly the full first seven years after labour market entry. Another 15 tot 25% combined overeducation with long periods of joblessness or stayed out of work for almost the full observation period. Risk factors to enter some of these disadvan-tageous trajectories are, amongst others, being female, having a non-Western background, having lower study results or living in a rural municipality. Finally, overeducation is also associated with low psychological well-being, particularly if it is preceded by a "good match" period or longer periods of joblessness. Nevertheless, that overeducation not should be a problem for the full career is illustrated by the 7% school leavers who were overeducated for a rather long period prior to find ultimately a good match.


This article defines and discusses six common sexual dysfunctions: premature ejaculation, i?npotence, and ejaculatory incompetence of the male; and orgasmic difficulties, dyspareunia, and vaginismus of the female. The importance of viewing the dysfunction in terms of the relationship is stressed. How the "uninvolved" partner may contribute to the dysfunction and bow the dysfunction may affect the uninvolved partner is also discussed.


The mismatch terminations are essential components in measurement setups of various active and passive microwave components. The main objective of such components is to provide a certain reflection level with a flat response over the operating bandwidth. The need for mm-wave mismatch terminations has increased due to the expansion of using mm-wave frequency ranges in future communication systems. The mm-wave bands are considered among the essential bands for the 5G communication system, which is expected to launch this year. In addition, the utilization of these bands is expected to increase in the 6G standard. In this article, we introduce a novel systematic procedure to design mismatch terminations. Moreover, two examples of mismatch terminations are designed with reflection levels of −9.5 and −12.7 dB, with the operating band of 32–38 GHz. For experimental validation, the proposed design is fabricated and measured, where a good agreement is achieved between the simulated and the measured response.


In this article, I will introduce a perspective on learning as complex processes of transformations of signs, by way of modes and media in different institutional settings. I will also discuss a design theoretic perspective in relation to different framings of knowledge and learning practices.


Synopsis : The decarburization rate in the 230t bottom blowing converter was studied by using a mass spectrometer in order to predict the final carbon content in the bath and to achieve an efficient recovery of the off-gas. The followings are the major remarks obtained : (1) The fraction of oxygen which reacts with carbon in the bath (ƒÅ) depends on the silicon content in the steel. The value of ƒÅ keeps 100% during the decarburization period, but begins to decrease at the final stage of blowing, and indicates about 15% at the carbon content of 0.045%. (2) When the iron are reacts with carbon in the bath, time lag is observed, but the decarburization efficiency of oxygen in iron are is the same as that of the oxygen gas blown. (3) Using the waste gas analysis system, the end point carbon was predicted within the accuracy of •} 0.018%. (4) The volume and compositions of waste gas evolved from the bath can be predicted with the decarburization model, and it is possible to form the inert gas layer more stably and more rapidly and to extend the time of gas recovery.


To describe the epidemiology of intussusception before introduction of the rotavirus vaccine, we reviewed the records of 280 patients younger than 5 years who were hospitalized in Kenya between 2002 and 2013. The patients who died (18 [6.4%]) had sought care later after symptom onset than the patients who survived (median, 5 vs 3 days, respectively; P = .04). Seeking prompt care may improve therapeutic outcomes.


The present invention includes a first electrode, a second electrode and a pixel layer of the first is interposed between the first electrode and the second electrode portion includes at least light emission layer; And a transparent member positioned on the direction in which the light generated from the pixel layer extracted; the organic light emitting display device including a, further comprising a diffraction grating between the pixel layer and the transparent member, wherein the diffraction grating and the transparent between member has relates to an organic light emitting display device and a method having a low refractive index layer made of a material having a lower refractive index than the refractive index of the material of the transparent member. The organic light emitting display device of the present invention does not have a diffusion phenomenon occurs and color purity degradation while having a high light-extraction efficiency.


Many governments use export promotion programmes as a tool to support firms transacting business outside their national borders. Export promotion programmes have the primary objective of getting firms acquitted with foreign market environments in competitive global markets. International markets are more developed and indifferent to national borders, making EPPs an important strategy for export growth in Africa. This chapter explores different export promotion programmes offered in sub-Saharan Africa and contribute to literature on international business. The increasing amalgamation of international markets and high global competition necessitates the adoption of EPPs as an imperative strategy in planning international business. This chapter enriches our understanding of EPPs and how public policymakers have expanded export capacity development programmes to impact knowledge in sub-Saharan Africa. The chapter underscores specific EPPs for utilization to improve export performance of firms in foreign markets and provides practical implications for exporters and public policymakers in Africa.


The increasing environmental issues linked to traditional petroleum-based packaging materials have stimulated a rising curiosity in investigating sustainable alternatives, especially in the field of food packaging. The present study investigates the characterisation of bio-based materials that have the potential to significantly transform food packaging applications. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using these materials as ecologically sustainable substitutes, taking into account their physical, mechanical, barrier, and thermal characteristics. The study process includes the careful selection of a wide array of bio-based materials, such as biopolymers derived from agricultural wastes, chemicals derived from algae, and derivatives of cellulose. The use of a holistic approach allows for a thorough assessment of the sustainability of the materials. The research findings presented in this study make a valuable contribution to the expanding corpus of information pertaining to sustainable packaging options. As there is a growing worldwide focus on reducing plastic waste and minimising ecological impacts, the findings of this research contribute to the promotion of a more sustainable approach to food packaging. These findings are in line with the concepts of a circular and bio-based economy.


The author analyzes the notes of Thomas Stearns Eliot, an outstanding poet and culture expert, devoted to education. The issues on compulsory education, role of family, access to education, relationship between culture and education are raised in the article


We consider the classical optimization problem of finding the chromatic number of large general graphs (Min-GCP). Constraint Programming (CP) is a successful method for checking if a k-coloring exists, since constraint propagation can be exploited effectively. However, standard CP approaches lack an efficient mechanism to guide the search towards the optimal region, and to derive effective bounds of the optimal solution. Hybrid methods that integrate CP with mathematical programming techniques have been recently investigated. A promising hybrid approach is the so–called Constraint Programming-based Column Generation that formulates and solves the pricing subproblem as a Constraint Programming problem. In a previous formulation by Mehrotra and Trick (1996) based on Column Generation, the master is a set partitioning problem and the pricing is a maximum weighted independent set problem. In our CP-based Column Generation approach, the pricing subproblem has two versions: the first one, computationally expensive, corresponds to finding the most negative reduced cost column; the second one corresponds to the decision problem of finding a maximal independent set with negative reduced cost smaller than a dynamic threshold. During our column generation algorithm, we alternatively use the two versions and exploit the features of Constraint Programming for efficiently solving the second. We report computational results on the graphs of the well known DIMACS repository. Joint work with Federico Malucelli Host: Marco Chiarandini


The goal of study was the determination of the ionization constants for the oximes – cholinesterases reactivators in aqueous solutions at different temperatures. The wavelengths of absorption maxima of the protonated and deprotonated oxime groups, the molar extinction coefficients of the various oximes species, and the ionization constants for the oxime cholinesterases reactivators (isonitrosin, pralidoxime, dipyroxime, toxogonin, methoxime, carboxime and asoxime) were obtained using spectrophotometric data (wavelength 190 to 450 nm) in solutions (pH 5 – 12) at 20°C, 25°C and 37°C. The proportion of nucleophilic forms involved in the oxime-induced reactivation of phosphorylated cholinesterases was shown to be is positively dependent on the incubation medium pH value and temperature. A hypothesis that the temperature affects the oximes ability to reactivate phosphorylated cholinesterases has been proposed.


Background Image‐quality (IQ) compromises left ventricle assessment by 3‐dimensional echocardiography (3DE). Sicker/frailer patients often have suboptimal IQ, and therefore observed associations may be biased by IQ. We investigated its effect in an observational study of older people and when IQ was modified experimentally in healthy volunteers. Methods and Results 3DE feasibility by IQ was assessed in 1294 individuals who attended the second wave of the Southall and Brent Revisited study and was compared with 2‐dimensional (2D)‐echocardiography feasibility in 147 individuals. Upon successful analysis, means of ejection fraction (3D‐EF) and global longitudinal strain (3D‐GLS) (plus 2D‐EF) were compared in individuals with poor versus good IQ. In 2 studies of healthy participants, 3DE‐IQ was impaired by (1) intentionally poor echocardiographic technique, and (2) use of a sheet of ultrasound‐attenuating material (neoprene rubber; 2–4 mm). The feasibility was 41% (529/1294) for 3DE versus 61% (89/147) for 2D‐EF, P<0.0001. Among acceptable images (n=529), good IQ by the 2015 American Society of Echocardiography/European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging criteria was 33.6% (178/529) and 71.3% (377/529) for 3D‐EF and 3D‐GLS, respectively. Individuals with poor IQ had lower 3D‐EF and 3D‐GLS (absolute) than those with good IQ (3D‐EF: 52.8±6.0% versus 55.7±5.7%, Mean‐Δ −2.9 [−3.9, 1.8]; 3D‐GLS: 18.6±3.2% versus 19.2±2.9%, Mean‐Δ −0.6 [−1.1, 0.0]). In 2 experimental models of poor IQ (n=36 for both), mean differences were (−2.6 to −3.2) for 3D‐EF and (−1.2 to −2.0) for 3D‐GLS. Similar findings were found for other 3DE left ventricle volumes and strain parameters. Conclusions 3DE parameters have low feasibility and values are systematically lower in individuals with poor IQ. Although 3D‐EF and 3D‐GLS have potential advantages over conventional echocardiography, further technical improvements are required to improve the utility of 3DE in clinical practice.


Summary form only given. Present MRAM designs require switching current in the order of several mini-amperes, significantly higher than that in conventional semiconductor memory. In this paper, we present a novel MRAM design with switching current over one order of magnitude lower than conventional designs. The memory element is based on magnetic tunnel junction. Different from the conventional tunnel-junction memory design, the key feature here is that the memory layer consists of two magnetic layers, whose magnetizations orient naturally antiparallel to each other, sandwiching a non-magnetic conductive layer. The relative magnetization directions between the bottom layer in the memory layer sandwich and the SAF top layer determines the magnetoresistance state. A magnetic anisotropy is induced during fabrication to force the magnetization at the center of the element in the transverse direction. The ends of the memory layer sandwich are tapered. During a write operation, the write current, directed by the write-control transistor, flows in the plane of memory sandwich layer, generating opposite fields in the two magnetic layers. The center portion of the memory layer sandwich switches their moment directions while the magnetization at both ends remains unchanged. Further more, the magnetization at all the edges in the memory sandwich layers never reverses its direction during a writing process and the switching process is very robust and repeatable. A simulated magnetization configuration of the two magnetic layers in the memory layer sandwich during a switching is presented. It is shown that the antiparallel magnetization configuration between the two magnetic layers always maintained and the magnetostatic flux coupling between the two layers yields a very low switching current of 500 microA for the write operation. A scheme enhancing thermal stability at small memory cell dimensions is also discussed.


ABSTRACT-This project presents a proposed framework aimed at collaborative and dynamic allocation of tasks for a specific group of self- governing underwater vehicles known as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). These AUVs are utilized to manage the proliferation of Crown-Of-Thorns starfish (COTS) on the Great Barrier Reef situated in Australia. The concept of constrained task allocation is employed to reframe the supervision and regulation of COTS into a challenge where a central task involves eradicating clusters of COTS using the injection mechanism integrated into the COTSbot AUVs. The operational setting, encompassing underwater topography, COTS clusters, and shorelines, is mapped probabilistically. The COTSbot AUVs are then collaboratively deployed to target as many COTS clusters as possible within a designated mission timeframe, utilizing an inventive heuristic technique termed Heuristic Fleet Cooperation (HFC). To substantiate the efficiency and dependability of the proposed collaborative task allocation algorithm for COTS eradication in the Great Barrier Reef, comprehensive simulations and quantitative performance evaluations are conducted.


This article describes a frequency modulated single-antenna radio altimeter. The entire structure includes a transmitter/receiver network with a single antenna for operation in both a continuous wave (CW) mode and an interrupted continuous wave (ICW) anode to provide a highly accurate altitude indication. An altimeter transmitter generates a constant FM period CW signal below a critical altitude and a variable FM period ICW signal above the critical altitude. The main advantages of this altimeter are lower cost and weight, good measurement accuracy, and high altitude range.


We report a novel method of performance enhancement (21%) in drive current via additive process induced strain technology that incorporates both a stressor contact etch stop layer (sCESL) and a stressor spacer in short channel (Lg=30nm) band-edge (Vt = 0.3V @ EOT = 1.1nm) high-k/metal gate nMOSFETs. This demonstration also illustrates compatibility and effectiveness of strain engineering with short channel high-k/metal gate band edge devices. A blanket tensile film results in a compressive spacer that translates tensile stress in the local channel area improving nMOS drive current. Introduction: Aggressive scaling of Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (CMOSFET) technology requires a high drive current to increase circuit speed. Mobility enhancement by substrate engineering or process induced strain gives high source injection velocity into the quasi-ballistic transport channel [1, 2]. From the 65nm node, introduction of SiGe and/or stressor nitride in Contact Etch Stop Liner (CESL) for pMOS and nMOS performance enhancement, respectively was established as a mature technology [3, 4]. However, continued scaling of the device structure and introduction of highk/metal gate devices from 45nm node requires development of new scaled down stressor and/or transforming passive components of the MOSFET devices (example: spacer, ILD, etc.) into stressor layers. To this end, we report using stressor Si3N4 as spacer film along with conventional sCESL for performance enhancement in short Lg band-edge high-k/metal gate nMOSFETs. Experiment: The process flow is detailed in table 1 and the fabricated 32nm nMOSFET image is shown in Fig. 1. Hf-La based work function engineering enables band edge nMOSFET (Fig. 2) achievement of low EOT (Fig. 3). We compared a control wafer with Si3N4 (0.05GPa) spacer and CESL, a split of a tensile CESL (+1.5GPa), a split of a tensile stressor with a split of tensile sCESL plus tensile spacer. Stress of the spacer films are obtained from global stress measurement. Results: Output characteristics of the fabricated device (Fig. 4) show clear trend of increased output current for additive process induced strain technology. Specifically, Ion-Ioff for Lg = 60nm gate devices also show around 21% increment in Ion at Ioff = 100nA/μm (Fig. 5). Transconductance is also increased by APIS (Fig. 6). The drive current enhancement plot for various gate lengths (Fig. 7) shows a clear trend of more performance gain for short channel devices. Given that the spacer width is uniform for all channel lengths, it is not surprising that the stressed channel volume fraction and therefore drive current enhancement increases for the shortest Lg devices. The percentage performance enhancement calculated from Id-Lg plot shows 21% increase in Ion values between control and APIS for nMOSFET at Lg=100nm. Comparing with uniaxial longitudinal tensile stress plot for Si (100) nMOSFET shows that ~600MPa of uniaxial stress can be generated by the stressor spacers [5]. To differentiate whether RS/D reduction is contributing in the drive current enhancement, we measured the RS/D for nMOSFETs with and without APIS and found there is no difference. Therefore, we can exclude RS/D reduction contribution for enhanced drive current in the stressor spacer devices. The performance gain with stressor spacer may originate from the enhanced carrier mobility (Fig. 8) due to the local stretching of the channel region (Fig. 9a). Another hypothesis is because of compressively stressed spacer for nMOSFET device, during the S/D activation anneal poly-Si gate cap evolves tensile stress in the vertical direction which ultimately results in lateral tension in the channel region (Fig. 9b). To hold both of these hypotheses, it is expected that the channel length will play an important role for effective transformation of the spacer induced strain in to the channel. Fig. 3 clearly shows that the drive current is enhanced with short Lg devices. Therefore, it may be both of the effects playing important role to performance enhancement in APIS. Finally, the Positive Bias Temperature Instability (PBTI) results for various overdrive conditions clearly show no significant different in Vt shift due to the APIS technology (Fig. 10). It is understandable that substrate-strain results in biaxial strain to channel and enhances carrier mobility. However, cost, scalability, complexity such as low defect eSiGe buffers, low thermal budget, and integration are challenging. Moreover, the hole mobility of the Si channel at high fields is not improved significantly except at the Ge or dual channel because the energy separation between light and heavy hole bands is not enough due to the quantization effect. In contrast, uniaxial strain offers similar electron mobility enhancement compared with biaxial strain, while the hole mobility improvement is more significant at high field. Therefore, additive process induced strain technology like the demonstrated stressor spacer plus sCESL induced performance enhancement offers more opportunity. Also, spacer is an integral part of a CMOSFET and for short channel devices it is in more close proximity of the channel. Thus, APIS provides more benefit. Conclusion: We demonstrate that stressor spacer (like stressor Si3N4) can be used to transfer stress into the channel for short channel devices in band-edge high-k/metal gate MOSFETs. This is an effective way to introduce spacer stress induced device performance enhancement without interrupting other device critical factors. As spacer is an integral passive component of a device, therefore, application of stressor spacer is a unique method for new sort of process induced strain engineering. At the same time, this new strain engineering capability additively correlates with conventional sCESL, thus makes APIS a useful and unique technology for short channel high-k/metal gate band edge devices. References: [1] M. Lundstrom, IEDM Tech. Dig., 2003, pp. 789–792; [2] C. Jungemann et. al., IEDM Tech. Dig., 2003, pp. 191–194; [3] M. Fischetti et. al., J. of App. Phy. 80(4), p.2234-2252 (1996); [4] F. Andrieu, IEEE Elect. Dev. Let. 26(10), p.755-757 (2005); [5] S. Suthram et. al., IEEE Elect. Dev. Let., 28 (1), p.58-61 (2007). Extended Abstracts of the 2008 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials, Tsukuba, 2008, -836A-7-2 pp. 836-837


The phenomenon of bipolar mass outflow in regions of star formation is an important phase in the early stages of stellar evolution. In this paper we address observationally the nature of the focusing agent. We searched the (J,K) = (1,1) inversion transition of ammonia in 10 sources of bipolar outflow and detected and mapped the emission in seven of them. Since ammonia is a tracer of high-density gas, n(H/sub 2/)> or approx. =5 x 10/sup 3/ cm/sup -3/, we conclude that bipolar molecular outflows are commonly associated with dense condensations. These condensations have internal velocity dispersions larger than those of dark clouds; however, they are in approximate virial equilibrium. The ammonia data show the correlation between internal velocity dispersion and cloud size and mass previously obtained from carbon monoxide observations. The molecular condensations associated with the bipolar outflows are generally elongated and engulf the compact object suspected to be the source of energy of the system. For nine sources where clear orientations could be assigned to both the major axis of the condensation and the direction of the outflow, we found seven cases where these axes were nearly perpendicular. This suggests that these elongted clouds may be toroid-shaped with dimensionsmore » of tenths of parsecs and may provide the focusing mechanism in bipolar outflows. In this model, the stellar wind of the central object has created a bipolar cavity in an originally pancake-shaped cloud. The wind, which could be isotropic near the star, is stopped in the plane of the dense toroid but escapes along the poles, accelerating the surrounding lower density molecular gas.« less


This paper analyzes the importance of approaching and associating Visual-impairment related issues and foreign-language teaching/learning processes in teachers' education in universities. Therefore, we discuss the results of pieces of research performed by foreign-language teachers concerning these issues, in order to identify unique competences that should be developed by teachers-to-be during their education in universities.


though, how obstetric patients appear to respond so very differently from the elective gynaecological patients treated by Husmeyer et al.' His patients, had admittedly received premedication as well, but no individual who received cimetidine between 4 and 6 hours pre-operatively had a pH below 2.5. May we hope that the Belfast team are soon-able to furnish us with information on longer acting H, receptor antagonists? Norfolk and Norwich


We consider the problem of neutrino masses and mixing within the framework of a non-minimal supersymmetric SU(5) model extended by adding a set of 1,24 chiral superfields accommodating three right-handed neutrinos. A Type I+III see-saw mechanism can then be realized giving rise to a hierarchical mass spectrum for the light neutrinos of the form m_3> m_2>> m_1 consistent with present data. The extra colored states are pushed to the unification scale by proton stability constraints, while the intermediate see-saw energy scale and the unification scale are maintained in phenomenologically acceptable ranges. We also examine the issue of large neutrino mixing hierarchy \theta_{23}> \theta_{12}>> \theta_{13} in the above framework of hierarchical neutrino masses.


GLOBALIZATION HAS ESSENTIALLY A URBAN CHARACTER IF WE DEFINE IT AS A COMPLEX INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN "GLOBAL CITIES" THROUGH WEBS SUPPORTED BY NEW INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES. ON THE CULTURAL LEVEL, ITS MAIN AND MORE VISIBLE EFFECT IS THE GENERAL REORGANIZATION OF CULTURE WITHIN URBAN SPACE, AT THE EXPENSE OF RURAL AND PROVINCIAL CULTURES WHICH TEND TO BREAK DOWN, TOGETHER WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE ECONOMIES. WE MUST ADD TO THAT THE MAKING UP OF "DIASPORA CULTURES" LINKED TO INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION PROCESSES, AS WELL AS THE RISE (BY REACTION) OF A NEW ECOLOGICAL HUMANISM DERIVED FROM THE CONSCIENCE, AT A WORLDWIDE LEVEL, OF THE NONSUSTAINABILITY OF GLOBALIZATION UNDER ITS PRESENT NEO-LIBERAL FORM.


The development of cultural awareness in educators ensures that culturally and linguistically diverse students receive culturally responsive practices. Because special educators already advocate for their exceptional students, they are well suited to advocate for cultural responsiveness in their schools as well. The purpose of this article is to outline a framework, and case study utilizing this framework, for helping special educators push forward their own cultural awareness and actively develop tools they can use for fostering cultural awareness in colleagues. The framework uses critically reflective, collaborative professional learning communities (PLCs). Drawing from the research on teacher critical reflection, collaborative PLCs, and Engeström's theory of expansive learning, a case study using the framework was conducted with 10 practicing teachers. Participants read and reflected on critical literature to make visible unexamined beliefs, engaged in conversations that pushed them to reflect more deeply and project forward new ideas, and set goals for acting as agents of change in schools.


Scientific and technological innovation is the effective accelerator of economic development, and research and development gives scientific and technological innovation vigorous vitality. In recent years, the state, provincial and municipal governments have introduced many policies to support enterprise R&D. For example, the Central Economic Work Conference has put forward the science and technology policy as a part of the seven combined policies, highlighting the importance of self-reliance and self-improvement of high-level science and technology. Zhejiang Provincial Party Congress takes "innovation to win" as the first of the five work directions, and fully shifts into the innovation-driven development mode; Wenzhou Municipal Party Committee and Municipal government regard "innovation enabling" as one of the "seven actions" for steady progress and quality improvement.


The phenomenon that vehicle jumps at bridge head is very general, its reason is various, and the treatment method to the phenomenon is still at the stage of exploring at present. The article analyses the reason that vehicle jumps at bridge head, and give corresponding method to different situations.


A study was undertaken of the 94 new patients with ventricular septal defects seen at the Cardiac Department of the Royal Children's Hospital in 1964. Their clinical features and Investigations, aided by catheter findings in about a third of cases, enabled the classification of the subjects into five groups on the basis of their hæmodynamic disturbance at presentation.


Abstract: In this paper, we focus our attention on multi– dimensional copula models for returns of the indexes of selected prominent international financial markets. Our modeling results, based on elliptic copulas, 7‐ dimensional hierarchical Archimedean copulas, vine co‐ pulas and factor copulas demonstrate a dominant role of the SPX index among the considered major stock indexes (mainly at the first tree of the optimal vine copulas). Some interesting weaker conditional dependencies can be de‐ tected at it's highest trees. Interestingly, while global op‐ timal model (for the whole period of 277 months) belong to the Factor FDG copulas class, the optimal local models can be found (with very minor differences in the values of GoF test statistic) in the classes of Factor FDG and hier‐ archical Archimedean copulas. The dominance of these models is most striking over the interval of the financial market crisis, where the quality of the best Student class model was providing a substantially poorer fit.


Double-bosonisation associates to a braided group in the category of modules of a quantum group, a new quantum group. We announce the semiclassical version of this inductive construction.


The report describes a number of seismic data-collection activities to create a data base of digital long-period seismograms from 26 selected large underground explosions, to be used in source-inversion research. Three-component seismograms recorded by the World Wide Standard Seismograph Network (WWSSN) and the United States Atomic Energy Detection System (USAEDS), were included in this data base. Analog seismograms were hand-digitized. Digital seismograms collected under this contract were merged with applicable event data collected under prior efforts for a total data base of 3183 seismograms. In added tasking, 636 Lg seismograms were hand-digitized from WWSSN recordings for an event population of 76 U.S. underground events at the Nevada Test Site, five U.S. off-site explosions and 81 USSR events at the Shagan River site. A total of 96 Lg coda seismograms were also hand-digitized from selection USAEDS station recordings, for 37 Shagan River events. Additionally, a small amount of short-period data was hand-digitized from USSR station seismograms for the Joint Verification Experiment events and those agreed upon for data exchange. A final task required the collection and analysis of data received from the three stations in eastern Kazakh, USSR, operated under a cooperative agreement between the Soviet Academy of Sciences and themore » Natural Resources Defense Council.« less


Lookup arguments allow to prove that the elements of a committed vector come from a (bigger) committed table. They enable novel approaches to reduce the prover complexity of general-purpose zkSNARKs, implementing "non-arithmetic operations" such as range checks, XOR and AND more efficiently. We extend the notion of lookup arguments along two directions and improve their efficiency: (1) we extend vector lookups to matrix lookups (where we can prove that a committed matrix is a submatrix of a committed table). (2) We consider the notion of zero-knowledge lookup argument that keeps the privacy of both the sub-vector/sub-matrix and the table. (3) We present new zero-knowledge lookup arguments, dubbed cq+, zkcq+ and cq++, more efficient than the state of art, namely the recent work by Eagen, Fiore and Gabizon named cq. Finally, we give a novel application of zero-knowledge matrix lookup argument to the domain of zero-knowledge decision tree where the model provider releases a commitment to a decision tree and can prove in zero-knowledge statistics over the committed data structure. Our scheme based on lookup arguments has succinct verification, prover's time complexity asymptotically better than the state of the art, and is secure in a strong security model where the commitment to the decision tree can be malicious.


Basing on the oceanographic charts obtained by the present author the semi-permanent boundaries of the water masses in the NW Pacific adjacent to Japan') 2) i,e, the CoastalFront, Kuroshio Front, Warm Front in theJapan Sea, Subtropical Convergence, ',) Equatorial Counter Front, 21 Continental Front are shown in addition to the temporary fronts of the isolated cold water masses in the South Sea of Japan. In general, the hydrological consideration on fishing grounds distinguishes the following kinds ; (1) those produced by the accumulation of planktonic livings and fishes in compressed zone of optimum water temperature due to convergence, (2) those produced by the production of marine organisms due to the upwelling of nutrients, and (3) the combination of (1) and (2). For example, the skipjack fishing ground 3) in the boundary zone of Kuroshio and the Pacific Saury fishing ground 3) near the Oyashio front belong to (1). The fishing grounds of sardine),squids, yellow-tail, blue-fin-tuna2), mackereletc, belong to (2) which indicates thedense concentration near the coastal front. And the fishing grounds of albacore2), whales etc. belong to (3). The fishing grounds in the eddies around the island (ex, Tsushima mackereland Hachijo flying fish) and tie fishing banks as for skipjack, tuna and mackerel may be considered as the va rieties of(2) which correspond to the Nathansohn's theory. The offshore upwelling areas of cold deep water due to the cyclonic eddies in the northern hemi-sphere or due to the submarine topography (banks, ridges, canyons, shelf margin etc. ) are associated with the albacorefishing grounds. The convergence coupled with the divergence (upwelling) 1) should be noted as the sink and source of vortices in the hydrodynamical pattern in analogy of banks to the doublet in the general current. Since. the intensity of upwelling can be denoted relatively by the area of cold watermass at its hydrographic section, it is better indicated by the abundance of nutrients or planktons. In the case of (2) the carbon assimilation by the active process of photosynthesis by marine plant's results to the rich production of oxygen 5) 6)which shows the excess of the dissolved oxygen in the upperlayer to the compensation depth (ab-


K E Y W O R D S : argumentation (theory), dialectic, discourse analysis, rhetoric, strategy Discourse Studies Copyright © 1999 SAGE Publications. (London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi) Vol 1(4): 479–497. [1461-4456 (199911) 1:4; 479–497; 009742] 1. Argumentation in vivo Some surprising advice to young people from RJ Reynolds Tobacco. Don't smoke. For one thing, smoking has always been an adult custom. And even for adults, smoking has become very controversial. So even though we're a tobacco company, we don't think it's a good idea for young people to smoke. Now, we know that giving this kind of advice to young people can sometimes backfire. But if you take up smoking just to prove you're an adult, you're really proving just the opposite. Because deciding to smoke or not to smoke is something you should do when you don't have anything to prove. Think it over. After all, you may not be old enough to smoke. But you're old enough to think. More than just a well-meant piece of advice, this 'advertorial', which appeared in American magazines during the spring of 1984, is an artful defence of Reynolds' position with regard to the promotion of smoking (Van Eemeren et al., 1997a). Although the argument remains partly hidden, the text is an example of argumentation in vivo and, as such, an object of analysis for argumentation theorists.1 Argumentation theorists are not only interested in the effectiveness of argumentation in convincing people of a certain viewpoint, but also in the standards argumentative discourse should ideally comply with. In this connection, we agree with those for whom the raison d'être of studying argumentation is the critical analysis of argumentative discourse – the interpretation and evaluation of actual cases of argumentation in light of normative standards for argumentative conduct (Van Eemeren et al., 1993: 37). A critical analysis of misleading argumentative discourse such as Reynolds' – the advertorial undermines the very standards of critical discussion it pretends to defend – is clearly in the public interest.2 In order to carry out such an analysis adequately, a reconstruction method is required that, among other things, systematically identifies the strategic manoeuvring that takes place in the discourse. Such a comprehensive method has not yet been developed. In this article we propose a theoretical framework upon which it can be built. 2. Pragma-dialectical analysis of argumentative discourse Our point of departure is the pragma-dialectical theory of argumentation, which views argumentative discourse as an exchange of verbal moves ideally intended to resolve a difference of opinion.3 The dialectical angle of the theory is manifested in the maintenance of critical standards of reasonableness, the pragmatic angle in the definition of all argumentative moves as speech acts functioning in a context of disagreement. Crucial to the pragma-dialectical theory of argumentation is a model of critical discussion that provides a procedure for establishing systematically whether the standpoint advanced by the protagonist of a viewpoint is defensible against doubt or criticism of an antagonist. The model is an analytic description of what argumentative discourse would be like if it were solely and optimally aimed at resolving a difference of opinion. It specifies the resolution process, its stages and the various types of speech act instrumental in each particular stage. Four stages are distinguished: the 'confrontation' stage, where the difference of opinion is defined; the 'opening' stage, where the starting point of the discussion is estab480 Discourse Studies 1(4)


The paper proposes an approach to designing an electronic signature control oriented Web page,which can implement digital signature for any html elements set on the Web page.The control can also save Web page with the electronic seal as local document for offline verification.The paper discusses the implementation method related technologies of the control,and applies the control to Web-based electronic contract system.Practical application shows that the control mate the integrity and non-repudiation of web page with electronic seal.


Summary form only given, as follows. With continuing proliferation of CMOS technology, we are approaching the era of giga-scale VLSI integration with lower power requirement. It would not be surprising to any member of the VLSI community that the validity of many CAD models become obsolete in the deep submicron technology. Also, the required chip complexity increases faster than what designers can afford in even shorter design cycle time. In order to manage the design complexity and contain the increase in the design effort of VLSI chips, it is critically important to fully automate the layout of VLSI circuits in a manner the finished layout meets all the design objectives such as timing, area, reliability constraints with high yield. Here the author considers new MOS models for deep submicron technologies, fast and accurate simulation techniques for VLSI circuits, MOS reliability modeling and diagnosis, and timing-driven layout CMOS synthesis techniques. FPGA, standard cells based design and full custom design cases are considered. For FPGA, timing-driven partitioning is considered along with new CAD tool development trends. For standard cells based design, gate sizing techniques for meeting timing and low-power constraints with minimum area are discussed. For full custom design, an integrated environment for compact layout platforms, triple metal routing techniques and transistor sizing algorithms is discussed.


The concentrations of 6 heavy metals and organic carbon contents were determined in surface sediments collected from offshore area of Yantai economic development zone,and their correlation was investigated to assess the potential ecological risk of this region.It was found that the average contents of all 6 heavy metals were lower than the upper limit of Ⅰ class criteria specified in the Marine Sediment Quality Standard(GB18668-2002).The spatial distributions of Cu、Zn、As decreased from west to east,and increased from north to south in Taozi Bay.The high contents of Pb,Cd were distributed at stations around Shanhou area and the west side of the area investigated,while high concentration of Hg located mainly at the west side.Pearson analysis revealed that Cu,Hg,Zn and As concentrations showed strongly positive correlation between each other and with organic carbon contents.Geoaccumulation index(Igeo) assessment indicated slight pollution of Cd in the area surveyed,while moderate pollution was suggested by using C if analysis.Furthermore,3 stations in the west side of investigation area had reached the moderate pollution level according to Cd assessment.Risk index evaluation suggested that Cd was the main risk factor in this region.On the whole,the monitoring region was in low-risk condition with several stations at the moderate risk level due to the contamination of Cd and Hg.


Let (Pn)n>0 be the Padovan sequence given by P0 = 1, P1 = P2 = 0 and the recurrence formula Pn+3 = Pn+1 + Pn, for all n > 0. In this note we study and completely solve the Diophantine equations Pn = 2a and Pn + Pm = 2a in nonnegative integers n, a and n,m, a, respectively.


This paper investigates the link between commodity price movements and risk premiums in resource-dependent, developing economies. I develop a stochastic general equilibrium model of a small open economy that receives a stream of resource revenues. The government sells bonds to foreign investors which it can renege on in the future, at some cost, whilst international investors form expectations on the likelihood of sovereign default. This delivers an endogenous risk premium which is inversely related to the price of oil. The model is able to explain a large proportion of the business cycle fluctuations in interest-rate spreads in resource dependent developing economies. I then ask how specific structural features of developing economies affect the relationship between commodity prices and the optimal price of sovereign debt, including: a higher dependence on natural resource revenues, impatient consumers and governments, a higher degree of risk-aversion, and a lower ability to substitute consumption inter-temporally. Including them in the model significantly improves the ability of the model to explain the key macroeconomic co-movements in a resource rich, developing economy context. Model simulations reveal an interesting policy insight. An endogenous risk premium that is driven by falling oil prices, provides an additional rationale for a volatility fund in which liquidity buffers are accumulated to manage debt repayments. These buffers should be larger the stronger the link between oil prices and the domestic economy is, the more impatient policy makers are and the more willing they are to substitute current for future consumption.


In the context of a global pandemic, social inequalities such as health disparities, systemic racism and economic shutdowns are amongst the challenges of a harsh reality. Given these myriad societal issues, consumers are becoming increasingly distrustful of governments and public service support systems. Consequently, there is a call for the corporate world to take a stand on significant societal issues. Yet, brand activism can be precarious ground. In seeking to address the question of brand activism, this paper presents three cases that demonstrate the range from progressive to regressive brand activism. The Patagonia case shows progressive brand activism with a foundational brand purpose of environmentalism. The National Rifle Association (NRA) case also shows a strong brand purpose of gun rights but demonstrates regressive brand activism. The National Football League (NFL) case demonstrates both progressive and regressive brand activism with a weakened brand purpose of a national football league. Theoretically, the dimensions of brand activism are shown to include social, legal, business, economic, political and environmental dimensions. More practically, brand activism consistently demonstrated in an authentic and transparent manner over time reinforces brand purpose. Values based organisations demonstrating brand purpose in an active and activist manner will engage increasingly discerning consumers who hold similar values. Consumers supporting progressive brand activism will generate momentum. Conversely, consumers withdrawing support for regressive brand activism will also make an impact. Collectively, brand activism may positively influences society's most urgent challenges and effectively build societal resilience.


The PRESIDENT (in reply) said that in his two cases a severe toxic erythema, without exfoliation, was observed. While he considered that this reaction had exerted a beneficial effect, account must also be taken of the therapeutic qualities of the drug itself. Professor Cumming's experiments seemed to require a different interpretation. When gold salts and tubercle bacilli were injected simultaneously, guinea-pigs developed tuberculosis, but if the gold salts were withheld until later, protection was obtained. A parallel to this had. been noted in syphilis; observations in France and Belgium had shown that prophylactic salvarsan did nothing except interfere with and delay the course of early syphilis. In short it seemed essential for the infection, whether tuberculous or syphilitic, to become " fixed " before either gold or arsenic could exert their specific action, implying that these salts acted indirectly by stimulating the natural protective substances.


ABSTRACT John Stuart Mill's self-description as 'under the general designation of Socialist' has been under-explored. It is an important feature of something else often overlooked: the importance of the French context of Mill's thought. This article focuses on the role of Fourierism in the development of Mill's ideas, exploring the links to Fourierism in Mill's writing on profit-sharing; his use of the words 'association' and 'friendly rivalry'; and his views concerning distributive justice. It then reconsiders his assessment of Fourierism as a desirable, workable and immediately implementable form of social reform, ultimately arguing it was Mill's most-preferred form of 'utopian' socialism.


Electrophoresis techniques have been used not only for scientific research, but also for scientific education. At Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, our students have several chances to learn electrophoresis techniques. Second year medical students are required to learn biochemical laboratory techniques for doing future research. They learn agarose gel electrophoresis for DNA analysis and cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis for serum separation. This university offers a unique program for education, called "self-developing course". During this four month course, students can belong to whatever department or institute they wish. Some students choose our laboratory where they perform basic or advanced experiments that they plan by themselves. Mainly they investigate proteomics or signal transduction. For these experiments, electrophoresis techniques, such as two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE), Western blotting and 2D-Western blotting, are indispensable. In addition, all graduate students are instructed in electrophoresis techniques.


Soybean (Glycine max L.) yield response to currently applied fertilizers, especially N, has been erratic while responses to residual P and K have been more consistent. This study was conducted to determine if residual N-P-K fertilizers applied over a period of years to other nonleguminous crops would influence soybean fertilizer requirements. Soybeans were planted on a Rarden sl soil (Typic Dystrochrept) where plots had received the same rates of P and K for 13 years. Previous N levels were 56 or 112 kg/ha, depending on the crop. Since legumes had not grown on the area for at least 16 years, significant responses to 56 kg/ha of N occurred each year at the high level of P and K. A greater yield response occurred from the P application than from K. The fertilizer × year interaction effects on yield was greatest for P as compared to N or K interactions when fitted to a regression model equation. The highest rates of N-P-K resulted in significantly larger soybean seed, better quality (seed index), and higher crude protein content than low N-P-K rates or control plots. Crude protein was inversely related to total oil content. Even though relatively high levels of P and K were applied to certain plots for 16 years and crop residues remained on the soil surface each year, high levels of extractable (double acid) P or K were not found in the soil.


In the field of transport planning in the Czech Republic, there is increasing need not only for infrastructure planning, but also for public transport planning and creating operational concepts. Public transport, as well as investments and operationally intensive industries, requires a guaranteed longterm strategy in the field of transport services. The first prerequisite for successful transport planning is the most accurate description of passenger flows, including the parameters affecting the choice of transport mode. These inputs constitute an important basis for the following steps: setting up the line network, timetable design, managing the circulation of vehicles and courses of staff, controlling, and any eventual requests for infrastructure improvements. There are currently, in the Czech Republic, few transport models that provide relevant outputs for transport planning tasks in public services. For this reason, we use a variety of heuristics, one of which is described via a practical example, i.e., the transformation of a timetable concept on a selected rail network, including the effects resulting from a change in the number of passengers.


Online public responses during crises provide a window into how people emotionally react to them. Capitalizing on the international nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, we performed cross-cultural examination of group and individual differences in public emotional responses. We collected 1,106,395 Weibo posts in Wuhan from July 2019 to June 2020 and 6,564,014 tweets in London from October 2019 to July 2020, and found that the public mood in both cities followed a similar pattern during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic: a stage of plunging mood followed by a period of recovery. We further examined the relationship between individuals' personality and mood changes. Our results showed that in Wuhan, emotionally stable people experienced more dramatic mood changes, while in London, people high in agreeableness and conscientiousness were more negatively affected during the lockdown period. Based on our findings, we suggest effective crisis management strategies for both policymakers and individuals.


We describe a new technique, using thin lines of triplet-state He2 molecular tracers created by femtosecond-laser field-ionization of helium atoms, for visualizing the flow of the normal fluid in superfluid 4He, together with its application to thermal counterflow in a channel. We show that, at relatively small velocities, where the superfluid is already turbulent, the flow of the normal fluid remains laminar, but with a distorted velocity profile, while at a higher velocity there is a transition to turbulence. The form of the structure function in this turbulent state differs significantly from that found in types of conventional turbulence. This visualization technique also promises to be applicable to other fluid dynamical problems involving cryogenic helium.


The Lower Amperage System for Small Implosion Experiments (LASSIE) is a compact pulsed-power driver developed by the XSPL team at the University of Rochester. LASSIE is a small coreless pulsed-power driver that utilizes LTD technology capable of producing up to 250 kA with a rise time of 200 ns. Stability and durability of the driver were rapidly tested with a short circuit load and a critically matched load. Functionality was tested using a single 500 µm aluminum wire for use in z-pinch experiments. With a small footprint of 0.76 x 0.76 x 0.78 m 3 and a weight of 544.32 kg, LASSIE can be transported to other experimental laboratories to take advantage of cutting-edge light sources such as CHESS, Advanced Beam Laboratory and LCLS.


Abstract : In many modern algorithms, relatively regular problems are encoded using flexible general purpose data structures. To obtain satisfactory performance on distributed memory architectures, it is often necessary to reconstruct and exploit the underlying dependency structure. The authors present a method to partition loops that have runtime dependencies that resemble uniform recurrence equations. Loops of this type are often found, among other places, in solving sparse triangular linear systems for preconditioning in Krylov space iterative linear system solvers.


A simple febrile seizure (FS) is the most common childhood seizure. FS occurs between 6 months and 5 years of age at temperature 38°C (100.4°F) or higher without central nervous system (CNS) infection or any metabolic imbalance. Simple FS comprises generalized tonic and clonic activity which is associated with fever, lasting not more than 15 min and not recurring within 24 h [1]. In 2–5% of children, it occurs at least once. Febrile convulsions in the majority of the cases begin in the 2nd year of life [2]. FS occurs commonly in children suffering from otitis media, roseola, human herpesvirus 6, Shigella, or similar infections [3]. Many independent risk factors (genetics, age, gender, fever, type and duration of seizure, family and developmental history, multiple seizures, and perinatal exposure to antiretroviral drugs) have been studied as potential predictors of recurrent FS. Among these, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has been found to be associated with an increased incidence of FS [4,5]. Iron plays an important role in the metabolism of several neurotransmitters. In the case of IDA, the levels of aldehyde oxidase, monoamine oxidase, and the expression of cytochrome C oxidase, a marker of neuronal metabolic activity, are decreased. In developing countries, iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutritional problem [6,7]; especially, among infants aged 6–24 months [8]. Iron deficiency can affect a developing brain by altering the development of hippocampus neurons, impairment of energy metabolism, and alterations in synaptic neurotransmitter systems including norepinephrine, dopamine, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and serotonin [9]. IDA is common during the 2nd and 3rd years of life and is associated with developmental and behavioral impairments; hence, it can influence motor and cognitive skills [10]. As iron plays an important role in the function of various enzymes and neurotransmitters in the CNS, low serum levels of ferritin may lower the seizure threshold [11,12]. The present study was conducted to study the prevalence of IDA in simple FS patients and febrile patients without a seizure and to determine the association between iron deficiency and simple FS.


We have made a first principles study to investigate density of states, band structure, the dielectric function and absorption spectra of wurtzite Mg0.25 Zn0.75O. The calculation is carried out in a-axis and c-axis strain changing in the range from 0.3 to −0.2 in intervals of 0.1. The results calculated from density of states show that the bottom of conduction band is always dominated by Zn 4s and the top of valence band is always dominated by O 2p in a-axis and c-axis strain. Zn 4s will shift to higher energy range when a-axis strain changes in the range from 0.3 to 0, and then shift to lower energy range when a-axis strain changes in the range from 0 to −0.2. But Zn 4s will always shift to higher energy range when c-axis strain changes in the range from 0.3 to −0.2. The variations of band gap calculated from band structure and absorption spectra are also investigated, which are consistent with the results obtained from density of states. In addition, we analyse and discuss the imaginary part of the dielectric function ∊2.


Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) makes it possible to utilize building surfaces for power generation. However, BIPV is facing challenges of high material costs, difficulty of scaling, and inefficient collection of indirect solar radiation. Therefore, solar concentrators collecting non-normal-incidence sunlight while maintaining concentration factors are promising for economic non-active-tracking photovoltaic systems. Here, we demonstrate a new design for dielectric total internal reflection concentrators (DTIRCs) that increase both the acceptance angle and the concentration ratio with tunable side and top profiles, and calculate the annual collectible sun power to prove that our new design receives more power compared to traditional concentrator designs.


The data of 45 soil profiles from a 16 × 16 km grid across Slo- venia was analysed to develop a local pedotransfer function (PTF) for bulk den- sity (ρb) estimation. In total, 106 soil horizons were considered. Concentration of organic carbon (OC) was found to be well correlated (r = -0.861, p < 0.001) with ρb. Two separate line segments were fitted to the data, which was partitio- ned into two intervals, based on OC content (below 36.0 g/kg and above 36.0 g/kg). Nearly 80 % of the variability in ρb is explained with segmented re- gression. The local PTF was compared with published PTFs and four valida- tions indices (MPE, SDPE, RMSPE and R2 ) confirmed the highest prediction quality of the local PTF. The differences of carbon stock (C pool) estimation, based on usage of different PTFs could be higher than 160 t OC per hectare. Predic- tion of carbon stocks could be substantially improved by calibration of the mo- dels coefficients with data stratified according to each unique soil type. Key wor d s: pedotransfer function PTF, organic carbon OC, segmented regression, forest soil, carbon stock Cpool


Previously, we have adapted multicanonical sampling to the evaluation of general probability distribution functions (pdfs) such as those appearing in communication system modeling. This letter demonstrates that joint pdfs can be computed in an identical manner. To illustrate, we determine the joint distribution function between the first- and second-order polarization-mode dispersion in an optical fiber.


Summary The aggregation of platelets by the antibiotic, ristocetin, requires a plasma cofactor (VIII:vWF) and one or more specific binding sites on the platelet membrane. The interaction between VIII:vWF and the platelet was examined using VIII:vWF labelled with 125 I. In the presence of ristocetin (1.5 mg/ml), from 70 to 90% of the 125 I-VIII:vWF became platelet- bound. By contrast, only 21% was bound with thrombin (2.5 u/ml), and 2.2% with buffer alone. Fractionation of the platelets revealed that peak radioactivity was present in the membrane fraction. Treatment of ristocetin-reacted platelets with either chymotrypsin, 100 ug/ml, or trypsin, 75 ug/ml, resulted in the partial release of the membrane-bound radioactivity. It is concluded that VIII:vWF binds to the platelet membrane in the presence of ristocetin.


This research aimed to enhance secondary students' reading comprehension and critical reading skills within the narrative text of the assigned novel. The research design was two group pre and post-test experimental design. The participants were 72 1st year secondary school students from an Egyptian public governmental school in Ismailia governorate. They were divided into two groups: Experimental group of 36 students and Control group of 36 students. Chapters five and six in Charles Dickens' novel (Oliver Twist) assigned for the 1st grade of the secondary stage, were introduced in the second term to the experimental group via reciprocal teaching based augmented reality in order to determine how far it had a positive impact on enhancing the novel reading skills of the experimental group. A novel reading test that was designed by the researcher and validated as a paper-and-pencil test for assessing the 1st year secondary students' novel reading comprehension and critical reading skills. It was divided into two parts: part one for reading comprehension skills and part two for critical reading skills. The findings revealed that reciprocal teaching based augmented reality had a significant positive effect on the 1st year secondary school students' target novel reading skills. Consequently, reciprocal teaching based augmented reality was proved to be successful when teaching reading within a narrative context.


Short-term traffic flow prediction can provide a basis for traffic management and support for travelers to make decisions. Accurate short-term traffic flow prediction also provides necessary conditions for the sustainable development of the traffic environment. Although the application of deep learning methods for traffic flow prediction has achieved good accuracy, the problem of combining multiple deep learning methods to improve the prediction accuracy of a single method still has a margin for in-depth research. In this article, a combined deep learning prediction (CDLP) model including two paralleled single deep learning models, CNN-LSTM-attention model and CNN-GRU-attention model, is established. In the model, a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1DCNN) is used to extract traffic flow local trend features and RNN variants (LSTM and GRU) with attention mechanism are used to extract long temporal dependencies trend features. Moreover, a dynamic optimal weighted coefficient algorithm (DOWCA) is proposed to calculate the dynamic weights of CNN-LSTM-attention and CNN-GRU-attention with the goal of minimizing the sum of squared errors of the CDLP model. Then, the neuron number, loss function, optimization algorithm, and other parameters of the CDLP model are discussed and set through experiments. Finally, the training set and test set for the CDLP model are established through the processing of traffic flow data collected from the field. The CDLP model is trained and tested, and the prediction results of traffic flow are obtained and analyzed. It indicates that the CDLP model can fit the change trend of traffic flow very well and has better performance. Furthermore, under the same dataset, the results from the CDLP model are compared with baseline models. It is found that the CDLP model has higher prediction accuracy than baseline models.


We have investigated the influence of Sb incorporation on the effective band gaps and band offsets at InGaAs(Sb)N/GaAs interfaces grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy reveal 1.2 eV (1.1 eV) effective band gaps of InGaAs(Sb)N alloys. At the InGaAsN/GaAs (InGaAsSbN/GaAs) interfaces, type II (type I) band offsets are observed. We discuss the relative influences of strain-induced splitting of the valence band and the incorporation of Sb on the band gaps and band offsets at InGaAsN/GaAs and InGaAsSbN/GaAs interfaces.


The optical and electrical characteristics of the various types of photodiodes potentially useful for UV radiometers were studied. It was concluded that both GaAsP and GaP photodiodes have advantages over silicon photodiodes in terms of spectral response and UV stability. Both GaAsP and GaP have excellent electrical characteristics for low frequency radiometers, although their high capacitance could be inconvenient for high frequency applications. GaAsP is particularly good with respect to dynamic range.


The given problem was first solved in the theoretical part of this thesis, by using literary sources which describes legislative change and the different types of accruals and the prin-ciples of their accounting. The practical part of this thesis contains an introduction of the selected company, its organizational structure and main strategic objecitves. Furthermore, in the practical part an analysis was performed of billing and the correct use of the accruals of the company. In the conclusion of this thesis, the company's accounting procedures we-re evaluated, and procedures for improving its current situation in the area of accrual ac-counting were proposed.


This study aimed to critically evaluate contemporary theory on the development of addictive behaviours. It acknowledged the complex dynamic relationships between five key variables including; individual, family, society, "stakeholders" and "addictive" substances in developing an interactive model of addiction. The hypothesis suggested that unitary definitions were inadequate, and that addiction was best understood as a complex phenomenon intimately linked to the prevailing social and political climate.

The research employed three complementary methods of enquiry including; a comprehensive review of relevant literature, a questionnaire administered to a group of adult students (to "reality check" theoretical frameworks) and a semi-structured groupwork session.

The principle findings included; that there was a perceived preoccupation with pathological models of addiction, that addictive behaviours may be seen as functional at several levels of society and that drug and alcohol use were seen to be treated dichotomously in Ireland. It was also suggested that the role of gender issues in substance misuse were poorly understood, that the clear link between social disadvantage and problem use was largely ignored by policy makers and that key stakeholders were seen to create the reality of addiction by defining its parameters, diagnosing it and determining appropriate responses.

The recommendations which emerged from the study were directed at both adult educators and policy makers. It was suggested that adult educators should seek to create a radical social critique on addiction by developing appropriate learning transactions, funding addiction related research, challenging politicians and highlighting the role of social disadvantage and gender issues in addictive behaviour.

The study concluded that addiction was a complex phenomenon, the development of which, was best understood at the meeting of physiological, psychological, social and political forces. The metaphor of a web was used to represent this complexity.


In order to vigorously promote the process of "carbon peak" and "carbon neutrality" strategy, green finance is an important starting point, to promote the development of green financial products and services, and to guide investors to invest in green projects. Green bonds are an important tool to realize green finance, but there is a green cleaning phenomenon that cannot be ignored in the green bond market. It is the means that bond issuers mistakenly guide investors to invest to reduce financing costs and enjoy policy dividends, which limits the normal play of the green investment function. This paper will focus on the green cleaning mechanism of green bond market, which is divided into green bond market third party institutions to provide investors with false signals, green cleaning and non-substantial green merge three mechanisms, the essence of the three mechanisms is information asymmetry, this paper will be from reduce the phenomenon of green cleaning to avoid measures, help the healthy development of green financial market.


Review question / Objective: What will be the resistance to root fracture in fiberglass posts vs. anatomical posts and cast posts in single-rooted single-canal teeth? Objective: To evaluate and compare the resistance to fracture in single-rooted teeth with endodontic treatment restored with different intra-radicular posts. Specific objectives: 1. Determine what factors influence fracture resistance in teeth restored with different intraradicular posts. 2. To determine the influence of the anatomization of the fiberglass post with composite resin, with respect to the resistance to fracture, in single-rooted teeth with a single canal. 3. Evaluate the failure pattern of the anatomization of the fiberglass post using composite resin.