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This term means "little war" in Spanish and was created during the Peninsular War. The concept acknowledges a conflict between armed civilians against a powerful nation state army. This tactic was used by the Viet Cong and North Vietnam Army in the Vietnam War. Most factions of the Iraqi Insurgency and groups such as FARC are said to be engaged in some form of Guerrilla warfare.
Guerrilla means small war, the diminutive of the Spanish word Guerra (war). The Spanish word derives from the Old High German word Werra and from the middle Dutch word warre; adopted by the Visigoths in A.D. 5th century Hispania. The use of the diminutive evokes the differences in number, scale, and scope between the guerrilla army and the formal, professional army of the state. The word was coined in Spain to describe their warfare in resisting Napoleon Bonaparte's French régime during the Peninsula War, its meaning was broadened to mean any similar-scale armed resistance. Guerrillero is the Spanish word for guerrilla fighter, while in Spanish-speaking countries the noun guerrilla usually denotes guerrilla army (e.g. la guerrilla de las FARC translates as "the FARC guerrilla group"). Moreover, per the OED, 'the guerrilla' was an English usage (as early as 1809), describing the fighters, not only their tactics (e.g."the town was taken by the guerrillas"), however, in most languages guerrilla still denotes the specific style of warfare.
The latter phase came to fullest expression in the operations of Mao Zedong in China and Vo Nguyen Giap in Vietnam. In between are a large variety of situations - from the wars waged against Israel by Palestinian irregulars in the contemporary era, to Spanish and Portuguese irregulars operating with the conventional units of British General Wellington, during the Peninsular War against Napoleon.
Modern insurgencies and other types of warfare may include guerrilla warfare as part of an integrated process, complete with sophisticated doctrine, organization, specialist skills and propaganda capabilities. Guerrillas can operate as small, scattered bands of raiders, but they can also work side by side with regular forces, or combine for far ranging mobile operations in squad, platoon or battalion sizes, or even form conventional units. Based on their level of sophistication and organization, they can shift between all these modes as the situation demands. Successful guerrilla warfare is flexible, not static.
In China, the Maoist Theory of People's War divides warfare into three phases. In Phase One, the guerrillas earn population's support by distributing propaganda and attacking the organs of government. In Phase Two, escalating attacks are launched against the government's military forces and vital institutions. In Phase Three, conventional warfare and fighting are used to seize cities, overthrow the government, and assume control of the country. Mao's doctrine anticipated that circumstances may require shifting between phases in either directions and that the phases may not be uniform and evenly paced throughout the countryside. Mao Zedong's seminal work, On Guerrilla Warfare, has been widely distributed and applied most successfully in Vietnam, by military leader and theorist Vo Nguyen Giap, whose "Peoples War, Peoples Army" closely follows the Maoist three-phase approach, but emphasizing flexibility in shifting between guerrilla warfare and a spontaneous "General Uprising" of the population in conjunction with guerrilla forces.
Some jihadist guerrilla attacks for example, may be driven by a generalized desire to restore a reputed golden age of earlier times, with little attempt to establish a specific alternative political regime in a specific place. Ethnic attacks likewise may remain at the level of bombings, assassinations, or genocidal raids as a matter of avenging some perceived slight or insult, rather than a final shift to conventional warfare as in the Maoist formulation.
Environmental conditions such as increasing urbanization, and the easy access to information and media attention also complicate the contemporary scene. Guerrillas need not conform to the classic rural fighter helped by cross-border sanctuaries in a confined nation or region, (as in Vietnam) but now include vast networks of peoples bound by religion and ethnicity stretched across the globe.
Guerrilla warfare is distinguished from the small unit tactics used in screening or reconnaissance operations typical of conventional forces. It is also different from the activities of bandits, pirates or robbers. Such criminal groups may use guerrilla-like tactics, but their primary purpose is immediate material gain, and not a political objective.
Guerrilla tactics are based on intelligence, ambush, deception, sabotage, and espionage, undermining an authority through long, low-intensity confrontation. It can be quite successful against an unpopular foreign or local regime, as demonstrated by the Vietnam conflict. A guerrilla army may increase the cost of maintaining an occupation or a colonial presence above what the foreign power may wish to bear. Against a local regime, the guerrilla fighters may make governance impossible with terror strikes and sabotage, and even combination of forces to depose their local enemies in conventional battle. These tactics are useful in demoralizing an enemy, while raising the morale of the guerrillas. In many cases, guerrilla tactics allow a small force to hold off a much larger and better equipped enemy for a long time, as in Russia's Second Chechen War and the Second Seminole War fought in the swamps of Florida (United States of America). Guerrilla tactics and strategy are summarized below and are discussed extensively in standard reference works such as Mao's "On Guerrilla Warfare."
Guerrilla operations typically include a variety of strong surprise attacks on transportation routes, individual groups of police or military, installations and structures, economic enterprises, and targeted civilians. Attacking in small groups, using camouflage and often captured weapons of that enemy, the guerrilla force can constantly keep pressure on its foes and diminish its numbers, while still allowing escape with relatively few casualties. The intention of such attacks is not only military but political, aiming to demoralize target populations or governments, or goading an overreaction that forces the population to take sides for or against the guerrillas. Examples range from the chopping off of limbs in various internal African rebellions, to the suicide bombings in Israel and Sri Lanka, to sophisticated manoeuvres by Viet Cong and NVA forces against military bases and formations.
Whatever the particular tactic used, the guerrilla primarily lives to fight another day, and to expand or preserve his forces and political support, not capture or holding specific blocks of territory as a conventional force would. Below is a simplified version of a typical ambush attack by one of the most effective of post-WWII guerrilla forces, the Viet Cong (VC).
Ambushes on key transportation routes are a hallmark of guerrilla operations, causing both economic and political disruption. Careful advance planning is required for operations, indicated here by VC preparation of the withdrawal route. In this case - the Viet Cong assault was broken up by American aircraft and firepower. However, the VC did destroy several vehicles and the bulk of the main VC force escaped. As in most of the Vietnam conflict, American forces would eventually leave the area, but the insurgents would regroup and return afterwards. This time dimension is also integral to guerrilla tactics.
Guerrilla warfare resembles rebellion, yet it is a different concept. Guerrilla organization ranges from small, local rebel groups of a few dozen guerrillas, to thousands of fighters, deploying from cells to regiments. In most cases, the leaders have clear political aims for the warfare they wage. Typically, the organization has political and military wings, to allow the political leaders "plausible denial" for military attacks. The most fully elaborated guerrilla warfare structure is by the Chinese and Vietnamese communists during the revolutionary wars of East and Southeast Asia. A simplified example of this more sophisticated organizational type - used by revolutionary forces during the Vietnam War, is shown below.
For successful operations, surprise must be achieved by the guerrillas. If the operation has been betrayed or compromised it is usually called off immediately. Intelligence is also extremely important, and detailed knowledge of the target's dispositions, weaponry and morale is gathered before any attack. Intelligence can be harvested in several ways. Collaborators and sympathizers will usually provide a steady flow of useful information. If working clandestinely, the guerrilla operative may disguise his membership in the insurgent operation, and use deception to ferret out needed data. Employment or enrollment as a student may be undertaken near the target zone, community organizations may be infiltrated, and even romantic relationships struck up as part of intelligence gathering. Public sources of information are also invaluable to the guerrilla, from the flight schedules of targeted airlines, to public announcements of visiting foreign dignitaries, to Army Field Manuals. Modern computer access via the World Wide Web makes harvesting and collation of such data relatively easy. The use of on the spot reconnaissance is integral to operational planning. Operatives will "case" or analyze a location or potential target in depth- cataloguing routes of entry and exit, building structures, the location of phones and communication lines, presence of security personnel and a myriad of other factors. Finally intelligence is concerned with political factors- such as the occurrence of an election or the impact of the potential operation on civilian and enemy morale.
Relationships with civilian populations are influenced by whether the guerrillas operate among a hostile or friendly population. A friendly population is of immense importance to guerrilla fighters, providing shelter, supplies, financing, intelligence and recruits. The "base of the people" is thus the key lifeline of the guerrilla movement. In the early stages of the Vietnam War, American officials "discovered that several thousand supposedly government-controlled 'fortified hamlets' were in fact controlled by Viet Cong guerrillas, who 'often used them for supply and rest havens'. Popular mass support in a confined local area or country however is not always strictly necessary. Guerrillas and revolutionary groups can still operate using the protection of a friendly regime, drawing supplies, weapons, intelligence, local security and diplomatic cover.
An apathetic or hostile population makes life difficult for guerrilleros and strenuous attempts are usually made to gain their support. These may involve not only persuasion, but a calculated policy of intimidation. Guerrilla forces may characterize a variety of operations as a liberation struggle, but this may or may not result in sufficient support from affected civilians. Other factors, including ethnic and religious hatreds, can make a simple national liberation claim untenable. Whatever the exact mix of persuasion or coercion used by guerrillas, relationships with civil populations are one of the most important factors in their success or failure.
Such situations occurred in Israel, where suicide bombings encouraged most Israeli opinion to take a harsh stand against Palestinian attackers, including general approval of "targeted killings" to kill enemy cells and leaders. In the Philippines and Malaysia, communist terror strikes helped turn civilian opinion against the insurgents. In Peru and some other countries, civilian opinion at times backed the harsh countermeasures used by governments against revolutionary or insurgent movements.
Guerrillas must plan carefully for withdrawal once an operation has been completed, or if it is going badly. The withdrawal phase is sometimes regarded as the most important part of a planned action, and to get entangled in a lengthy struggle with superior forces is usually fatal to insurgent, terrorist or revolutionary operatives. Withdrawal is usually accomplished using a variety of different routes and methods and may include quickly scouring the area for loose weapons, evidence cleanup, and disguise as peaceful civilians.
Guerrillas typically operate with a smaller logistical footprint compared to conventional formations; nevertheless, their logistical activities can be elaborately organized. A primary consideration is to avoid dependence on fixed bases and depots which are comparatively easy for conventional units to locate and destroy. Mobility and speed are the keys and wherever possible, the guerrilla must live off the land, or draw support from the civil population in which he is embedded. In this sense, "the people" become the guerrilla's supply base. Financing of both terrorist and guerrilla activities ranges from direct individual contributions (voluntary or non-voluntary), and actual operation of business enterprises by insurgent operatives, to bank robberies, kidnappings and complex financial networks based on kin, ethnic and religious affiliation (such as that used by modern Jihadist/Jihad organizations).
Permanent and semi-permanent bases form part of the guerrilla logistical structure, usually located in remote areas or in cross-border sanctuaries sheltered by friendly regimes. These can be quite elaborate, as in the tough VC/NVA fortified base camps and tunnel complexes encountered by US forces during the Vietnam War. Their importance can be seen by the hard fighting sometimes engaged in by communist forces to protect these sites. However, when it became clear that defence was untenable, communist units typically withdrew without sentiment.
Guerrilla warfare is often associated with a rural setting, and this is indeed the case with the definitive operations of Mao and Giap, the mujahadeen of Afghanistan, the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres (EGP) of Guatemala, the Contras of Nicaragua, and the FMLN of El Salvador. Guerrillas however have successfully operated in urban settings as demonstrated in places like Argentina and Northern Ireland. In those cases, guerrillas rely on a friendly population to provide supplies and intelligence. Rural guerrillas prefer to operate in regions providing plenty of cover and concealment, especially heavily forested and mountainous areas. Urban guerrillas, rather than melting into the mountains and jungles, blend into the population and are also dependent on a support base among the people. Rooting guerrilleros out of both types of areas can be difficult.
Foreign support in the form of soldiers, weapons, sanctuary, or statements of sympathy for the guerrillas is not strictly necessary, but it can greatly increase the chances of an insurgent victory. Foreign diplomatic support may bring the guerrilla cause to international attention, putting pressure on local opponents to make concessions, or garnering sympathetic support and material assistance. Foreign sanctuaries can add heavily to guerrilla chances, furnishing weapons, supplies, materials and training bases. Such shelter can benefit from international law, particularly if the sponsoring government is successful in concealing its support and in claiming "plausible denial" for attacks by operatives based in its territory.
The VC and NVA made extensive use of such international sanctuaries during their conflict, and the complex of trails, way-stations and bases snaking through Laos and Cambodia, the famous Ho Chi Minh Trail, was the logistical lifeline that sustained their forces in the South. Also, the United States funded a revolution in Colombia in order to take the territory they needed to build the Panama Canal. Another case in point is the Mukti Bahini guerrilleros who fought alongside the Indian Army in the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 against Pakistan that resulted in the creation of the state of Bangladesh. In the post-Vietnam era, the Al Qaeda organization also made effective use of remote territories, such as Afghanistan under the Taliban regime, to plan and execute its operations.
Able to choose the time and place to strike, guerrilla fighters will usually possess the tactical initiative and the element of surprise. Planning for an operation may take weeks, months or even years, with a constant series of cancellations and restarts as the situation changes. Careful rehearsals and "dry runs" are usually conducted to work out problems and details. Many guerrilla strikes are not undertaken unless clear numerical superiority can be achieved in the target area, a pattern typical of VC/NVA and other "Peoples War" operations. Individual suicide bomb attacks offer another pattern, typically involving only the individual bomber and his support team, but these too are spread or metered out based on prevailing capabilities and political winds.
Whatever approach is used, the guerrilla holds the initiative and can prolong his survival though varying the intensity of combat. This means that attacks are spread out over quite a range of time, from weeks to years. During the interim periods, the guerrilla can rebuild, resupply and plan. In the Vietnam War, most communist units (including mobile NVA regulars using guerrilla tactics) spent only a limited number of days a year fighting. While they might be forced into an unwanted battle by an enemy sweep, most of the time was spent in training, intelligence gathering, political and civic infiltration, propaganda indoctrination, construction of fortifications, or stocking supply caches. The large numbers of such groups striking at different times however, gave the war its "around the clock" quality.
Foreign forces intervened in all these countries, but the power struggles were eventually resolved locally.
There are many unsuccessful examples of guerrilla warfare against local or native regimes. These include Portuguese Africa (Angola, Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau), Malaysia (then Malaya) during the Malayan Emergency, Bolivia, Argentina, and the Philippines. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), fighting for an independent homeland in the north and east of Sri Lanka, achieved significant military successes against the Sri Lankan military and the government itself for twenty years. It was even able to use these tactics effectively against the Indian Peace Keeping Force sent by India in the mid-1980s, which were later withdrawn for varied reasons, primarily political. The mutual attrition on both sides in the island led to a ceasefire following the September 11, 2001 attacks.
Guerrillas in wars against foreign powers may direct their attacks at civilians, particularly if foreign forces are too strong to be confronted directly on a long term basis. In Vietnam, bombings and terror attacks against civilians were fairly common, and were often effective in demoralizing local opinion that supported the ruling regime and its American backers. While attacking an American base might involve lengthy planning and casualties, smaller scale terror strikes in the civilian sphere were easier to execute. Such attacks also had an effect on the international scale, demoralizing American opinion, and hastening a withdrawal.
In Iraq, most of the deaths since the 2003 US invasion have not been suffered by US troops but by civilians, as warring factions plunged the country into civil war based on ethnic and religious hostilities. (See also: Sectarian war in Iraq) Arguments vary on whether such turmoil will succeed in turning American opinion against the US troop deployment. However, the use of attacks against civilians to create an atmosphere of chaos (and thus political advantage where the atmosphere causes foreign occupiers to withdraw or offer concessions), is well established in guerrilla and national liberation struggles. Claims and counterclaims of the morality of such attacks, or whether guerrillas should be classified as "terrorists" or "freedom fighters" are beyond the scope of this article. See Terrorism and Genocide for a more in-depth discussion of the moral and ethical implications of targeting civilians.
Article 44, sections 3 and 4 of the 1977 First Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions, "relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts", does recognize combatants who, because of the nature of the conflict, do not wear uniforms as long as they carry their weapons openly during military operations. This gives non-uniformed guerrilleros lawful combatant status against countries that have ratified this convention. However, the same protocol states in Article 37.1.c that "the feigning of civilian, non-combatant status" shall constitute perfidy and is prohibited by the Geneva Conventions. So is the wearing of enemy uniform, as happened in the Boer War.
Lawrence wrote down some of his theories while ill and unable to fight the Turks in his book The Seven Pillars of Wisdom. There, he reviews von Clausewitz and other theorists of war, and finds their writings inapplicable to his situation. The Arabs could not then inspire fear in their enemy, nor would a pitched battle result in 'the effusion of blood' in other than a Turkish victory.
So instead Lawrence proposed if possible never meeting the enemy, thus giving their soldiers nothing to shoot at, unable to control anything except what ground their rifles could point to. Meanwhile, Lawrence and the Arabs could ride camels into and out of the desert, attacking railroad lines with impunity, avoiding the garrisoned train stations.
The widely distributed and influential work of Sir Robert Thompson, counter-insurgency expert in Malaysia, offers several such guidelines. Thompson's underlying assumption is that of a country minimally committed to the rule of law and better governance. Some governments, however, give such considerations short shrift, and their counterguerrilla operations have involved mass murder, genocide, starvation and the massive spread of terror, torture and execution. The totalitarian regimes of Hitler are classic examples, as are more modern conflicts in places like Afghanistan. In Afghanistan's anti-Mujahideen war for example, the Soviets implemented a ruthless policy of wastage and depopulation, driving over one third of the Afghan population into exile (over 5 million people), and carrying out widespread destruction of villages, granaries, crops, herds and irrigation systems, including the deadly and widespread mining of fields and pastures. See Wiki article Soviet war in Afghanistan. Many modern countries employ manhunting doctrine to seek out and eliminate individual guerrillas. Elements of Thompson's moderate approach are adapted here:
Some writers on counter-insurgency warfare emphasize the more turbulent nature of today's guerrilla warfare environment, where the clear political goals, parties and structures of such places as Vietnam, Malaysia, or El Salvador are not as prevalent. These writers point to numerous guerrilla conflicts that center around religious, ethnic or even criminal enterprise themes, and that do not lend themselves to the classic "national liberation" template. The wide availability of the Internet has also cause changes in the tempo and mode of guerrilla operations in such areas as coordination of strikes, leveraging of financing, recruitment, and media manipulation. While the classic guidelines still apply, today's anti-guerrilla forces need to accept a more disruptive, disorderly and ambiguous mode of operation.
The victory of the Basque forces against Charlemagne's army in the Battle of Roncevaux Pass, which gave birth to the Medieval myth of Roland, was due to effective use of a guerrilla principles in the mountain terrain of the Pyrenees. Mongols also faced irregulars composed of armed peasants in Hungary after the Battle of Mohi. In the 15th century, Vietnamese leader Le Loi launched a guerrilla war against Chinese. One of the most successful guerrilla wars against the invading Ottomans was led by Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg from 1443 to 1468. In 1443 he rallied Albanian forces and drove the Turks from his homeland. For 25 years Skanderbeg kept the Turks from retaking Albania, which due to its proximity to Italy, could easily have served as a springboard to the rest of Europe. In 1462, the Ottomans were driven back by Wallachian prince Vlad III Dracula. Vlad was unable to stop the Turks from entering Wallachia, so he resorted to guerrilla war, constantly organizing small attacks and ambushes on the Turks. During The Deluge in Poland guerrilla tactics were applied. In the 100 years war between England and France, commander Bertrand du Guesclin used guerrilla tactics to pester the English invaders. The Frisian warlord, folk hero, legendary warrior and freedom fighter Pier Gerlofs Donia fought a guerrilla against Philip I of Castile and after him against Charles V.
During the Dutch Revolt of the 16th century, the Geuzen waged a guerrilla war against the Spanish Empire. During the Scanian War, a pro-Danish guerrilla group known as the Snapphane fought against the Swedes. In 17th century Ireland, Irish irregulars called tories and rapparees used guerrilla warfare in the Irish Confederate Wars and the Williamite war in Ireland. The Finns guerrillas, sissis, fought against Russian occupation troops in the Great Northern War 1710-1721. The Russians retaliated brutally on civilian populace; the period is called Isoviha (Grand Hatred) in Finland.
Works such as "La Vendée" by Anthony Trollope (http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/8vend10.txt ), G.A. Henty's "No Surrender! A Tale of Rising in the Vendée" (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20091/20091-h/20091-h.htm) detail the history of the revolt.
The wars between Ireland and the British state have been long, and over the centuries have covered the full spectrum of the types of warfare. The Irish fought the first successful 20th century war of independence against the British Empire and the United Kingdom. After the military failure of the Easter Rising in 1916, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) resorted to guerrilla tactics involving both urban guerrilla warfare and flying columns in the countryside during the Irish War of Independence of 1919 to 1921. The chief IRA commanders in the localities during this period were Tom Barry, Dan Breen, Liam Lynch, Seán Mac Eoin, and Tom Maguire.
The IRA guerrilla was of considerable intensity in parts of the country, notably in Dublin and in areas such as Cork, Kerry and Mayo in the south and west. Despite this, the Irish fighters were never in a position to either hold territory or take on British forces in a conventional manner. Even the largest engagements of the conflict, such as the Kilmichael Ambush or Crossbarry Ambush constituted mere skirmishes by the standards of a conventional war. Another aspect of the war, particularly in the north-eastern part of the province of Ulster, was communal violence. The Unionist majority there, who were largely Protestant and loyal to Britain were granted control over the security forces there, in particular the Ulster Special Constabulary and used them to attack the Nationalist (and largely Catholic) population in reprisal for IRA actions. Elsewhere in Ireland, where Unionists were in a minority (as in the Dunmanway Massacre in Cork), they were sometimes attacked by the IRA for aiding the British forces. The extent to which the conflict was an inter-communal one as well as war of national liberation is still strongly debated in Ireland. The total death toll in the war came to a little over 2000 people.
By mid 1921, the military and political costs of maintaining the British security forces in Ireland eventually proved too heavy for the British government. In July 1921, the UK government agreed to a truce with the IRA and agreed to meet representatives of the Irish First Dail, who since the 1918 General Election held seventy-three of the one hundred and five parliamentary seats for the island. Negotiations led to a settlement, the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It created the Irish Free State of 26 counties as a dominion within the British Empire; the other 6 counties remained part of the UK as Northern Ireland.
Sinn Féin and the Irish Republican Army split into pro- and anti-Treaty factions with the Anti-Treaty IRA forces losing the Irish Civil War (1922-23) which followed. The partition of Ireland laid the seeds for the later Troubles. The Irish Civil War is a striking example of the failure of guerrilla tactics when used against a relatively popular native regime. Following their failure to hold fixed positions against an Irish Free State offensive in the summer of 1922, the IRA re-formed "flying columns" and attempted to use the same tactics they had successfully used against the British. However, against Irish troops, who knew them and the terrain and faced with the hostility of the Roman Catholic Church and the majority of Irish nationalist opinion, they were unable to sustain their campaign. In addition, the Free State government, confident of its legitimacy among the Irish population, sometimes used more ruthless and effective measures of repression than the British had felt able to employ. Whereas the British executed 14 IRA men in 1919-1922, the Free State executed 77 anti-treaty prisoners officially and its troops killed another 150 prisoners or so in the field (see Executions during the Irish Civil War). The Free State also interned 12,000 republicans, compared with the British figure of 4,500. The last anti-Treaty guerrillas abandoned their military campaign against the Free State after nine months in March 1923.
In a successful campaign in German East Africa, the German commander Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck fought against the numerically superior allied forces. Even though he was cut off from Germany and had few Germans under his command (most of his fighters were African askaris), he won multiple victories during the East Africa Campaign and managed to exhaust and trouble the Allies; he was undefeated up until his acceptance of a cease-fire in Northern Rhodesia three days after the end of the war in Europe. He returned to Germany as a hero.
A major guerrilla war was fought by the Arabs against the Ottoman Turks during the Arab Revolt (1916–1918).
Another guerrilla war opposed the German Occupation of Ukraine in 1918 and partisan and guerrilla forces fought against both the Bolsheviks and the Whites during the Russian Civil War. This fighting continued into 1921 in Ukraine, in Tambov province, and in parts of Siberia. Other guerrillas opposed the Japanese occupation of the Russian Far East.
Many clandestine organizations (often known as resistance movements) operated in the countries occupied by German Reich during the Second World War. These organizations began forming as early as 1939 when, after the defeat of Poland, the members of what would become the Polish Home Army began to gather. Other clandestine organizations operated in Denmark, Belgium, Norway, France (Resistance), France (Maquis), Czechoslovakia, Slovakia, Yugoslavia (Royalist Chetniks), Yugoslavia (Partisans), Soviet Union, Italy, and Greece. Many of these organizations received help from the British operated Special Operations Executive (SOE) which along with the commandos was initiated by Winston Churchill to "set Europe ablaze." The SOE was originally designated as 'Section D' of MI6 but its aid to resistance movements to start fires clashed with MI6's primary role as an intelligence-gathering agency. When Britain was under threat of invasion, SOE trained Auxiliary Units to conduct guerrilla warfare in the event of invasion. Even the Home Guard were trained in guerrilla warfare in the case of invasion of England. Osterly Park was the first of 3 such schools established to train the Home Guard.
Not only did SOE help the resistance to tie down many German units as garrison troops, so directly aiding the conventional war effort, but also guerrilla incidents in occupied countries were useful in the propaganda war, helping to repudiate German claims that the occupied countries were pacified and broadly on the side of the Germans. Despite these minor successes, many historians believe that the efficacy of the European resistance movements has been greatly exaggerated in popular novels, films and other media.
Contrary to popular belief, in the Western and Southern Europe the resistance groups were only able to seriously counter the German in areas that offered the protection of rugged terrain. In relatively flat, open areas, such as France, the resistance groups were all too vulnerable to decimation by German regulars and pro-German collaborators. Only when operating in concert with conventional Allied units were the resistance groups to prove indispensable.
All the clandestine resistance movements and organisations in the occupied Europe were dwarfed by the partisan warfare that took place on the vast scale of the Eastern Front combat between Soviet partisans and the German Reich forces. The strength of the partisan units and formations can not be accurately estimated, but in Belorussia alone is thought to have been in excess of 300,000. This was a planned and closely coordinated effort by the STAVKA which included insertion of officers and delivery of equipment, as well as coordination of operational planning with the regular Red Army forces such as Operation Concert in 1943 (commenced 19 September) and the massive sabotage of German logistics in preparation for commencement of Operation Bagration in the summer of 1944.
When the U.S. entered the war, the US Office of Strategic Services (OSS) co-operated and enhanced the work of SOE as well as working on its own initiatives in the Far East.
In the late 1960s the Troubles began again in Northern Ireland. They had their origins in the partition of Ireland during the Irish War of Independence. They came to an end with the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998. The violence was characterised by an armed campaign against the British presence in Northern Ireland by the Provisional Irish Republican Army, British counter-insurgency policy, and attacks on civilians by both loyalists and republicans. There were also allegations of collusion between loyalist paramilitaries and British security forces, and to a lesser extent, republicans and both British and Irish security forces.
Although both loyalist and republican paramilitaries carried out terrorist atrocities against civilians which were often tit-for-tat, a case can be made for saying that attacks such as the Provisional IRA carried out on British soldiers at Warrenpoint in 1979 was a well planned guerrilla ambush. However media coverage of the attack was overshadowed by their killing of Louis Mountbatten and three other people on a fishing boat in Sligo on the same day. The Provisional Irish Republican Army, Loyalist paramilitaries and various anti-Good Friday Agreement splinter-groups could be called guerrillas but are usually called terrorists by governments of both the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland governments. The news media such as the BBC and CNN will often use the term "gunmen" as in "IRA gunmen" or "Loyalist gunmen". Since 1995 CNN also uses guerrilla as in "IRA guerrilla" and "Protestant guerrilla". Reuters, in accordance with its principle of not using the word terrorist except in direct quotes, refers to "guerrilla groups".
Currently, the National Front for the Liberation of Corsica (FLNC) continues to exist.
The ongoing war between pro-independence groups in Chechnya and the Russian government is currently the most active guerrilla war in Europe. Most of the incidents reported by the Western news media are very gory terrorist acts against Russian civilians committed by Chechen separatists outside Chechnya. However, within Chechnya the war has many of the characteristics of a classic guerrilla war. See the article History of Chechnya for more details.
In Northern Ireland, the Real Irish Republican Army and the Continuity Irish Republican Army, two small, radical splinter groups who broke with the Provisional Irish Republican Army, continue to exist. They are dwarfed in size by the size of the Provisional IRA and have been less successful in terms of both popularity among Irish republicans and guerrilla activity: The Continuity IRA has failed to carry out any killings, while the Real IRA's only successful strikes was the 1998 Omagh Bombing, which killed 29 civilians, and a booby trap torch bomb in Belfast, which killed a British Army soldier.
Irregular warfare in the American Civil War followed the patterns of irregular warfare in 19th century Europe. Structurally, irregular warfare can be divided into three different types conducted during the Civil War: 'People's War', 'partisan warfare', and 'raiding warfare'. The concept of 'People's war,' first described by Clausewitz in On War, was the closest example of a mass guerrilla movement in the era. In general, this type of irregular warfare was conducted in the hinterland of the Border States (Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, and northwestern Virginia), and was marked by a vicious neighbor against neighbor quality. One such example was the opposing irregular forces operating in Missouri and northern Arkansas from 1862 to 1865, most of which were pro-Confederate or pro-Union in name only and preyed on civilians and isolated military forces of both sides with little regard of politics. From these semi-organized guerrillas, several groups formed and were given some measure of legitimacy by their governments. Quantrill's Raiders, who terrorized pro-Union civilians and fought Federal troops in large areas of Missouri and Kansas, was one such unit. Another notorious unit, with debatable ties to the Confederate military, was led by Champ Ferguson along the Kentucky-Tennessee border. Ferguson became one of the only figures of Confederate cause to be executed after the war. Dozens of other small, localized bands terrorized the countryside throughout the border region during the war, bringing total war to the area that lasted until the end of the Civil War and, in some areas, beyond.
Partisan warfare, in contrast, more closely resembles Commando operations of the 20th century. Partisans were small units of conventional forces, controlled and organized by a military force for operations behind enemy lines. The 1862 Partisan Ranger Act passed by the Confederate Congress authorized the formation of these units and gave them legitimacy, which placed them in a different category than the common 'bushwhacker' or 'guerrilla'. John Singleton Mosby formed a partisan unit which was very effective in tying down Federal forces behind Union lines in northern Virginia in the last two years of the war.
Lastly, deep raids by conventional cavalry forces were often considered 'irregular' in nature. The "Partisan Brigades" of Nathan Bedford Forrest and John Hunt Morgan operated as part of the cavalry forces of the Confederate Army of Tennessee in 1862 and 1863. They were given specific missions to destroy logistical hubs, railroad bridges, and other strategic targets to support the greater mission of the Army of Tennessee. By mid-1863, with the destruction of Morgan's raiders during the Great Raid of 1863, the Confederacy conducted few deep cavalry raids in the latter years of the war, mostly because of the losses in experienced horsemen and the offensive operations of the Union army. Federal cavalry conducted several successful raids during the war but in general used their cavalry forces in a more conventional role. A good exception was the 1863 Grierson's Raid, which did much to set the stage for General Ulysses S. Grant's victory during the Vicksburg Campaign.
Federal counter-guerrilla operations were very successful in preventing the success of Confederate guerrilla warfare. In Arkansas, Federal forces used a wide variety of strategies to defeat irregulars. These included the use of Arkansas Unionist forces as anti-guerrilla troops, the use of riverine forces such as gunboats to control the waterways, and the provost marshal military law enforcement system to spy on suspected guerrillas and to imprison those captured. Against Confederate raiders, the Federal army developed an effective cavalry themselves and reinforced that system by numerous blockhouses and fortification to defend strategic targets.
However, Federal attempts to defeat Mosby's Partisan Rangers fell short of success because of Mosby's use of very small units (10–15 men) operating in areas considered friendly to the Rebel cause. Another regiment known as the "Thomas Legion," consisting of white and anti-Union Cherokee Indians, morphed into a guerrilla force and continued fighting in the remote mountain back-country of western North Carolina for a month after Lee's surrender at Appomattox. That unit was never completely suppressed by Union forces, but voluntarily ceased hostilities after capturing the town of Waynesville on May 10 1865.
In the late 20th century several historians have focused on the non-use of guerrilla warfare to prolong the war. Near the end of the war, there were those in the Confederate government, notably Jefferson Davis who advocated continuing the southern fight as a guerrilla conflict. He was opposed by generals such as Robert E. Lee who ultimately believed that surrender and reconciliation were better than guerrilla warfare.
See also Bushwhackers (Union and Confederate) and Jayhawkers (Union).
In the third phase of the Second Boer War, after the British defeated the Boer armies in conventional warfare and occupied their capitals of Pretoria and Bloemfontein, Boer commandos reverted to mobile warfare. Units led by leaders such as Jan Smuts and Christian de Wet harassed slow-moving British columns and attacked railway lines and encampments. The Boers were almost all mounted and possessed long range magazine loaded rifles. This gave them the ability to attack quickly and cause many casualties before retreating rapidly when British reinforcements arrived. In the early period of the guerrilla war, Boer commandos could be very large, containing several thousand men and even field artillery. However, as their supplies of food and ammunition gave out, the Boers increasingly broke up into smaller units and relied on captured British arms, ammunition, and uniforms.
To counter these tactics, the British under Kitchener interned Boer civilians into concentration camps and built hundreds of blockhouses all over the Transvaal and Orange Free State. Kitchener also enacted a scorched earth policy, destroying Boer homes and farms. Eventually, the Boer guerrillas surrendered in 1902, but the British granted them generous terms in order to bring the war to an end. This showed how effective guerrilla tactics could be in extracting concessions from a militarily more powerful enemy.
The Jewish forces were composed of spontaneous groups of civilians working without formal military structure, fighting the British Empire, which had just emerged victorious from World War II. Some of these groups were amalgamated into the Israel Defence Force and subsequently fought in the 1948 War of Independence.
In the Mexican Revolution from 1910 to 1920, the populist revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata employed the use of predominantly guerrilla tactics. His forces, composed entirely of peasant farmers turned soldiers, wore no uniform and would easily blend into the general population after an operation's completion. They would have young soldiers, called "dynamite boys", hurl cans filled with explosives into enemy barracks, and then a large number of lightly armed soldiers would emerge from the surrounding area to attack it. Although Zapata's forces met considerable success, his strategy backfired as government troops, unable to distinguish his soldiers from the civilian population, waged a broad and brutal campaign against the latter.
In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, Latin America had several urban guerrilla movements whose strategy was to destabilize regimes and provoke a counter-reaction by the military. The theory was that a harsh military regime would oppress the middle classes who would then support the guerrillas and create a popular uprising.
While these movements did destabilize governments, such as Argentina, Uruguay, Guatemala, and Peru to the point of military intervention, the military generally proceeded to completely wipe out the guerrilla movements, usually committing several atrocities among both civilians and armed insurgents in the process.
Several other left-wing guerrilla movements, sometimes backed by Cuba, attempted to overthrow US-backed governments or right-wing military dictatorships. US-backed Contra guerrillas attempted to overthrow the left-wing elected Sandinista government of Nicaragua, though most of these groups should be considered mercenary juntas rather than rooted guerrillas. The Sandinista Revolution saw the involvement of Women and the Armed Struggle in Nicaragua.
The National Liberation Front (NLF), drawing its ranks from the South Vietnamese peasantry and working class, used guerrilla tactics in the early phases of the war. However, by 1965 when U.S. involvement escalated, the National Liberation Front was in the process of being supplanted by regular units of the North Vietnamese Army.
The NVA regiments organized along traditional military lines, were supplied via the Ho Chi Minh trail rather than living off the land, and had access to weapons such as tanks and artillery which are not normally used by guerrilla forces. Furthermore, parts of North Vietnam were "off-limits" by American bombardment for political reasons, giving the NVA personnel and their material a haven that does not usually exist for a guerrilla army.
Over time, more of the fighting was conducted by the North Vietnamese Army and the character of the war become increasingly conventional. The final offensive into South Vietnam in 1975 was a mostly conventional military operation in which guerrilla warfare played a minor, supporting role.
The Cu Chi Tunnels (Ðịa đạo Củ Chi) was a major base for guerrilla warfare during the Vietnam War. Located about 60 km northwest of Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City), the Viet Cong (NLF) used the complex system tunnels to hide and live during the day and come up to fight at night.
Despite the aggressiveness of the Vietnamese forces, the VietCong failed to achieve their objective. The defeat of the VietCong outlined the flaws of large scale guerrilla warfare over an extended time. These lessons were later exploited by SAS and Delta Force units during the Gulf War who worked in small teams instead of armies.
Throughout the Vietnam War, the Communist Party closely supervised all levels of the conflict. The bulk of the VC/NLF were initially southerners, with some distinctive southern issues and sensibilities. Nevertheless, the VC/NLF was associated with the Northern Lao Dong Party which furnished it with supplies, weaponry and trained cadres, including regular NVA/PAVN troops. The Southern Communist party, the Peoples Revolutionary Party (PRP) organized in 1962, to participate in the insurgency, and COVSN, Central Office for Southern Vietnam, which partially controlled military activity. The general replacement of CV irregulars with NVA troops supplanted the original VC goals with those proposed by the NVA. As the 1968 Tet Offensive was primarily a VC operation in which large numbers of VC fighters were killed, increasing the role of the NVA in the war effort.
This is a set of tactics which were used frequently in the Vietnam War by the NVA.


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A RICH but lonely old lady has left her entire estate, worth $12.5 million to her neighbour, who bought her bread and milk and helped her manage her daily chores.
Betty Harris, who died aged 95 in 2009, chose to leave her estate to her neighbour in the millionaires enclave of Point Piper in Sydney after she felt her niece was trying to force her into a nursing home.
When Mrs Harris died, leaving her estate to neighbour Beatrice Gray, a bitterly fought legal battle ensued with Mrs Harris's niece in the Supreme Court.
Speaking from her Point Piper home this morning Mrs Gray told The Telegraph "I'm extremely grateful to Betty Harris".
Prior to her death Mrs Harris said she wanted to leave her money to Mrs Gray and her husband Robert because they were not expecting it and she trusted them.
"The Grays would be surprised, (while) my family are waiting for me to die," Mrs Harris said.
"I am determined that my relatives after what they have put me through will not get one cent."
The court heard Mrs Harris lived alone, and had no close friends after her husband died in 1991. She was not close to any of her relatives and her only interest was horse racing.
In 2005, shortly after she changed the will, Mrs Harris complained of her niece and nephews "they all want their bit of money". The court heard she complained her nephews were " a pretty pathetic lot" and called another niece, Anne Nickolls a "b***h".
The court heard that Mrs Harris was "humiliated" at losing her independence and having to ask for money from a financial manager, appointed by the Guardianship Tribunal in 2005.
During this time Mrs Harris borrowed money from Mrs Gray and her then husband Robert.
The Gray's lived next door to Mrs Harris in Wyuna Road, Point Piper for 33 years, until she died on September 17, 2009 aged 95, a court heard..
The Grays helped Mrs Harris pay her bills, organise her car registration and the reinvestment of her money Mrs Gray's late husband also helped Mrs Harris to replace light bulbs and wheel out her recycling bin.
The couple also checked on Mrs Harris's house to make sure she had not been robbed, and they kept a spare key for Mrs Harris.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Troy Gene Kight of Baindrige, Ga., 84, died Sunday, Sept. 30, 2012 at Tallahassee Memorial Hospital.
Funeral services will be held 4 p.m. on Tuesday, Oct. 2, 2012 at Ivey Funeral Home Chapel with Pastor John Woodrum and Mr. Charles Whittaker officiating.
The graveside funeral service will be held at 3 p.m. on Thursday, Oct. 4, 2012 at Arlington Cemetery in Arlington, Tenn.
Ivey Funeral Home of Baindrige, Ga. is in charge of arrangements.
Mr. Kight was born Feb. 18, 1928 in Rocky, Okla., the son of Jesse Allen Kight and Jessie Lee Cook Kight.
He was a graduate of the University of Oklahoma, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree. Mr.
Kight was a veteran of the United States Army, serving during the Korean War. He was managing editor for National 4-H News in Chicago, Ill., editor of Progressive Farmer Magazine in Memphis, Tenn., and editor for Mississippi State University Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station research magazine.
Mr. Kight was a deacon of Emmanuel Baptist Church in Starkville and attended Grace Church in Bainbridge, Ga. He was a member of the American Agricultural Editors Association, the Kiwanis Club, and the Agricultural Communicators in Education.
Survivors include his wife of 56 years, Ruth Nikkel Kight of Bainbridge, Ga.; daughters, Lisa Ann Kight of Arlington, Tenn. and Meredith Kight Carraway and her husband Daniel of Bainbridge, Ga.; brother, Chester Allen Kight of Tahlequah, Okla.; sisters, Nina Marie Wafford of Ft. Gibson, Okla. and Neva June Bearden of San Antonio, Texas; and grandchildren, Lauren Beth Carraway, Aaron Troy Carraway, and Ruth Marie Carraway.
Mr. Kight was preceded in death by his brothers, William H. "Bud" Kight, Glenn Dale Kight and Ivan Leon Kight; and sisters, Mona Myrtle McAbee and Vera Lee Young.
Online visitors may sign the guest register at http://www.iveyfuneral.com [1].
[1] http://www.iveyfuneral.com


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Results 1 to 10 of 10
June 14th, 2008 #1
Sketchbook (updated 7.21.08) figure drawing update!
Hi! I've been lurking around CA for awhile and my friends pushed me to get an account.. so here I am.
Please be as critical as you can about my work since ... well for one I know my work isn't great so don't worry about my feelings and two I need to improve for when I apply to art school and just for self improvement =D
Speed Painting... I've been trying to practice CG since I'm quite bad at it, so my friend told me to practice with speed painting.. rather stupid of me to make the background gray since the bear blends in too well with it +_+
Speed Painting.. it's reffed from eddie redmayne in Savage Grace.. he's so pretty. Trying to practice cging again so there's no real composition.
Class project did mostly at home. It's unfinished and critique would be greatly loved
Class self portrait. It's rather negative on how I view myself... which i would not like to share here. It's my .. third oil painting using water mixable oil. I don't think I'm very good at it but I do like the painting. It's small because it's really blurry any bigger since I had to take a pic using camera.
In-Class drawing of mannequin. I used charcoal since I wasn't used to using charcoal yet.
They went from newest to old work. The mannequin being what I did in Fall. I don't have outside classes so what I do in class is usually what I have. I am planning to do more home stuff so I can build my portfolio for applying next year =D
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Last edited by eromenos; July 22nd, 2008 at 02:03 AM.
Hide this ad by registering as a memberJune 14th, 2008 #2
Welcome, this is great work.
Your first two are really nice,and the third is crazy.
Can't wait to see more, post again soon.
Please visit my sketchbook.
June 14th, 2008 #3
i love the polar bear and the kid below it. I like how you did his hair. good work.
June 14th, 2008 #4
you have some really nice stuff in here. i like that pencil sketch which is about the third picture down. Only crit is to post more! cheers'
"I must not fear. Fear is the mind-killer. Fear is the little-death that brings total obliteration. I will face my fear. I will permit it to pass over me and through me. And when it has gone past I will turn the inner eye to see its path. Where the fear has gone there will be nothing. Only I will remain."
--- Frank Herbert, Dune - Bene Gesserit Litany Against Fear
Check out my Sketchbook! Critique and Criticism welcomed.
or my Deviantart!
· or check out my: Blog
June 15th, 2008 #5
Damn, your pencil work is pretty goddamn astounding. And lovely speed painting too. Keep posting ~ I'll be lurking ;D
June 16th, 2008 #6
Practice on Realism a while back during marketing class with GQ Mag.. about 30 minutes
Random fashion sketches.. I know the figures are most likely off but seriously fashion illustration.. 9 - 13 heads is the average XD
Hah wish I could go into fashion but being all nerdy like i'd get eaten XD
June 16th, 2008 #7
June 16th, 2008 #8
Some good stuff here. Look forward to seeing more.
my sketches here... http://conceptart.org/forums/showthread.php?t=92997
www.sevans.co.nz , for more images and to kill time.
June 17th, 2008 #9
nice work. to change it i think you post the new pic on your first post, edit your first post and add another attachment. nice stuff
July 22nd, 2008 #10
RAWR figure drawing and a random painting XD
enjoy. I'm still working on figure drawing geez so hard +_+


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Natural Wicker Nursery Baskets with Navy Gingham Liners (Set of 2)
General Features
- The perfect nursery basket - useful and stylish!
- Two baskets per set!
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- Ideal for storing and organizing diapers, supplies, baby blankets, toys, books, and more!
- Particularly handy when used on or near your changing table in the nursery.
- Use them anywhere around the house - in closets and cabinets, too!
- Removable liner fully lines and protects the interior of the basket.
- Each Natural color basket measures 15 inches L x 15 inches W x 8 inches H.
Care Instructions
- Fabric is a polyester/cotton blend and can be machine washed.
Good To Know
- Due to their handmade nature, baskets may vary from shown. They may be more or less tapered at the bottom, but overall size is generally 15 inches L x 15 inches W x 8 inches H.
- Actual liner colors/patterns may vary from screen display.
Product Details
Badger Basket Co.
Assembled Size:
Shipping Size:
Shipping Weight:
4.5 lbs
UPC Code:
Country of Origin:
Needs Assembly:


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Chi Chi Gonzalez posted good results in his first seven major league starts, but he'll cede his rotation spot to Matt Harrison and head back to Triple-A.
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The Orioles got Jonathan Schoop back after nearly three months. They sent Ryan Flaherty to Triple-A to make room for him.
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The Giants tried to get creative to catch Bryce Harper napping off of second base.
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John Axford is back with the Rockies, ready to continue closing out games.
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Ervin Santana is back. Trevor May's rotation spot has been freed up to make room for him.
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Avisail Garcia robbed Chris Davis of a home run. It was as glorious as it sounds.
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Ross, 38, is batting .189/.302/.284 over 87 plate appearances this season.
Matt Holliday could rejoin the Cardinals next week
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Yo Gabba Gabba is a unique show in and of itself. It has great appeal to a multitude of people and spans many culture, languages, and barriers. But what makes this show so amazingly popular? Is it the live action puppets? Or the indie rock music? Or those cool 8 bit looking graphics? It's a combination of all of these things and more.
The Yo Gabba Gabba Live Show toured 55 cities and performed 130 shows in 2011. Not bad for a show that's already in its fourth season. Usually it takes at least 20 years for a brand to catch on to all age groups. Not only has this show caught the attention of preschoolers, toddlers, and adults alike, but it's caught the attention of 20 and 30 somethings.
The show also has many retro elements in it, making it look like a show from the 70s. Retro is back in style and so is Steve Urkel. This day and age it's cool to wear just about anything, especially if it's mismatched. Perhaps that's why adults and hipsters everywhere are embracing their inner child and rockin' the Yo Gabba Gabba shirts. Click on the link and then select "adult" under the "clothing" tab. We also have styles for your little tike too. You can even put their name on it.
Rock on!


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Wordless Wednesday
September 5, 2012 6 Comments
Behind the scenes at Performance Bicycle
September 5, 2012 6 Comments
Why did I come to the office today?
Ready to turn off in 5…4…..3….2…..
I would sooooo rather be riding right now!!
Could time go any slower?
This is how I am able to spend more time with my bike!
C'mon Google Maps, give me the toughest route home…


text:
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NEW YORK — Business leaders, women's groups and labor unions have joined forces in an effort to convince voters that former governor Eliot Spitzer would be a poor choice for New York City comptroller.
The coalition plans to spend about $1.5 million on ads, direct mail and field work to get the word out. The groups are forming two super PACS that will allow them to accept contributions of any size. The New York Times first reported on the coalition.
The group's campaign, which began Tuesday, includes a radio ad encouraging Latino voters to support Spitzer's Democratic primary opponent Scott Stringer.
Spitzer, who resigned in 2008 amid a prostitution scandal, downplayed the entry of his new foes.
"Interest groups don't vote, people vote," Spitzer told reporters at a campaign stop in Manhattan's Chinatown. "I was not surprised that the establishment doesn't want me. They don't want an independent voice. ... There are powerful folks whose toes I've stepped on."
Spitzer has been leading Stringer, the Manhattan borough president, in recent polls.
Stringer insisted Tuesday that he did not want the help, saying "I do not believe that outside forces should be involved" even if they are working to aid his candidacy. He noted that, by law, he is prohibited from working with the super PACs.
Stringer has been a harsh critic of Spitzer's decision to self-finance his campaign, and is participating in the city's campaign finance program that sets a spending cap.
One of the outside groups, Forward NY, was joined by the New York chapter of the National Organization for Women and is being advised by Bradley Tusk, who engineered Mayor Michael Bloomberg's 2009 re-election campaign. Bloomberg has not endorsed anyone in the comptroller race.
The other group, known as Progress NYC, is comprised of four of the city's largest labor unions, including those representing teachers and health care workers.
Spitzer would become the second candidate in the city to draw the opposition of well-financed super PACs this election cycle. A series of labor leaders and interest groups called "New York City is Not for Sale" launched an "Anybody but Quinn" television ad campaign targeting mayoral hopeful Christine Quinn. She currently leads most mayoral polls.


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Just looking at the colorful patterns is enough to make you smile, but you truly cannot appreciate these socks until you step into them. They're cleverly knit with a plush inner layer of pure Merino wool — widely considered to be among the finest in the world. And no wonder. It's completely itch-free, whisks moisture from skin far better than cotton, even has natural antibacterial action to fight odor. Don't you deserve to be knee-deep in comfort?
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I ordered the smartwool marguerita socks last winter-loved them instantly! not scratchy, very warm without being bulky, perfect for wearing with boots, and attractive,too! BUT...after 10 or 12 wears, the heels were worn right through. I thought maybe my 2 pairs were defective, got another 2 pairs, and they wore out just as quickly. was so disappointed - really loved them while they lasted.
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I have been looking for warm socks that are not super thick and don't look like hunting gear. These socks are not only pretty but warm. I gave both my adult girls a pair and they commented on how they were "great socks, love them". Plus there was a discount for buying 3. :)
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Women's SmartWool Verdancy Socks
Item: 12515


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DPSSS Welcomes New Chaplain to Their Ranks
|Fr. Pinné's badge number is 1818, the year in which the University was founded.
Chris Pinné, S.J., is the only person at Saint Louis University to wear both a badge and a collar. The current chaplain for the SLU School of Law recently became the first chaplain for the Department of Public Safety and Security.
Pinné returned to St. Louis this spring following care at Craig Hospital in Englewood, Colo., after being struck by a vehicle in an early morning in May 2007. Pinné was leaving St. Francis Xavier College Church for Jesuit Hall when he was hit near the intersection of Grand and Lindell. DPSSS officers were the first to find him.
He wasn't paralyzed immediately following the accident, however, his spine deteriorated to a point that he became paralyzed from the waist down this past December
As DPSSS chaplain, Pinné will provide spiritual counseling and support to members of the department for issues that may arise both on and off duty. He'd also like to humanize the officers of the department and help build a bridge between the students and the officers.
"Part of our role as Jesuits, especially at a university, is to let everybody know that they're important," Pinné said. "My goal would be that the people who work for DPSSS know that there's a least one Jesuit who thanks them, respects them for what they do and is there for them as a chaplain if he or she would ever need me."
|Fr. Chris Pinné in his office in Morrissey Hall. Pinné has recently been named the first chaplain for the Department of Public Safety and Security. Photo by Danielle Lacey
Pinné said he'd even like to accompany officers on patrol a few times if he could.
"Riding in the car would probably be a bit awkward," he admitted. But if given the opportunity, Pinné stated that he'd like to accompany officers who patrol either on foot or on personal mobility vehicles.
Pinné was invited to serve as the department's chaplain by Roland Corvington, assistant vice president and director of DPSSS, and Sgt. Pat Signorino.
According to Corvington, SLU is only one of three Jesuit instuitions to offer their security services a chaplain.
"The bottom line is, our officers experience the same challenges that others experience," Corvington said. "Spiritual guidance, spiritual support, helping people get through tough times, that's what we look for in a chaplain."


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text:
The following is an archive of a post made to our
'vox mailing list'
by one of its subscribers.
I have a 300W power supply you can try out to see if it resolves your voltage issues. I personally have 300W or better PSs in all my SMP boxen...
-- Geoffrey
begin Patrick B. Lickiss quotation:
> Recently my computer started freezing for no reason whatsoever. This coincided with the addition of a second processor to my dual P3 motherboard. When I first put the system together, with only one CPU, I would periodically get voltage errors upon boot-up, always, according to the BIOS, with the -5V sensor. WIth only one processor, the error was about .4V (my BIOS has a range of +/- .3V for each lead). Since adding the second processor, the voltage reading has been hovering between -5.8 and -5.9V. This leads me to believe that I have a bad power supply and have had one for quite some time. (if anyone can think of any other reason for these errors, please let me know) Assuming that I do, in fact, have a bad power supply, I'm looking into replacing it. My question is, based on the fact that I have 2 CPU's, each with fans, a DVD drive, most of my expansion slots filled, and a host of case fans, etc. should I put another 250W supply in or upgrade to a 300 or higher? !
Thanks for your time, sorry it took so long to ask such a simple question :)
> Patrick
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text: so if the spoilers are correct we'll be having four out of the five members of the kliq is anybody of you going to make them into a stable? and does someone think scott hall might come out as a dlc? because i think i'll have to make him as a caw hoped he'd be in though


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UFC 164 Fighter Bonuses: Chad Mendes Leads the Way with Knockout of Clay Guida
The Ultimate Fighting Championship handed out $50,000 post-fight bonuses to four fighters following UFC 164 on Saturday at Milwaukee's Bradley Center.
Newly crowned lightweight champion Anthony "Showtime" Pettis, Chad Mendes, Pascal Krauss, and Hyun Gyu Lim took home the bonuses."Knockout of the Night" honors went to Chad Mendes for his third-round knockout of veteran Clay Guida. In doing so, Mendes becomes the first fighter to score a knockout over Guida.
Lim and Krauss took home "Fight of the Night" for their thrilling preliminary bout that helped set the tone for the main card highlights.UFC 164: Henderson vs. Pettis 2 Live Gate and AttendanceIn addition to defeating Benson Henderson for a second time in order to capture the UFC lightweight championship, Anthony "Showtime" Pettis added "Submission of the Night" honors to his memorable performance.
27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=9,0,47,0">The event drew 9,178 spectators at the HMO Harris Bradley Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, garnering gate receipts totaling $907,116.


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The eight short-listed design teams have been announced for a competition to redevelop the Windermere Steamboat Museum on the shores of Windermere.
The Lakeland Arts Trust recently secured initial support for a £7.4m Heritage Lottery Fund bid, including £494,000 development funding, to take the project forward. The project aims to create an exciting and active museum which will use the lake and the lakeside setting to display the nationally significant collection of steam launches, motor boats, yachts and other vessels which are all associated with Windermere.
The first stage of the competition attracted 114 expressions of interest. The short-list (in order of the architect leading the multi-disciplinary design team) is as follows: Carmody Groarke; Adam Khan Architects; Niall McLaughlin Architects; Terry Pawson Architects; Reiach and Hall Architects; 6a Architects; Sutherland Hussey Architects; Witherford Watson Mann Architects.
Martin Ainscough, Chairman of the Lakeland Arts Trust, commented: "We are very encouraged by the quality of entries in the architectural competition and the judging panel had a difficult decision to select the final eight for the shortlist. We are looking forward to working with the successful practice to create a world class facility in the heart of the Lake District.."
Gordon Watson, the trust's chief executive, added: "We are looking for a fresh, well-detailed and sensitive response for the stimulating and highly significant site on Windermere and to display the museum's wonderful collection of boats."
The second stage of the competition will seek design concepts for the project. Architects will need to take into account the requirement of displaying the boats and other items in the collection in the exhibition space and wet dock, and enabling visitors to see the boats being restored in the conservation workshop, as well as designing an appropriate facility for the location to provide a world-class visitor experience.
The design proposals will be subject to public display and comment in late October 2011 and the design teams will be invited to present their schemes to the jury panel at final interviews in late November 2011.
TWO thirds of the red kites released in Grizedale Forest last summer have survived the harsh winter.
Wildlife rangers believe that around 20 of the 30 birds released in the Forestry Commission's three-year re-introduction programme made it through the winter and are still in Cumbria, or nearby counties. Between five and eight of the birds are believed to be living around Grizedale and the Rusland Valley, with another three to five inhabiting the Kirkby Moor area near Ulverston.
Four more Grizedale red kites have been spotted by RSPB experts at feeding stations in Dumfries and Galloway – the furthest known movement is by the bird tagged as number four, which has flown 120km north west into Scotland.
"The birds are doing pretty much exactly as we expected, which is very encouraging," said Iain Yoxall, Forestry Commission wildlife ranger. "We are more confident that these birds will make it to adults now they have made it through a harsh winter. Sadly we lost a few birds but that is natural and why we have to release the numbers that we did."
The 30 red kites released from a secret location in Grizedale Forest in August last year had coloured tags on each wing. An orange tag on their left wing shows they are from Grizedale, and blue tags on their right wings indicate that they were released in 2010. Some birds were also fitted with radio transmitters to help with monitoring.
Mr Yoxall, who has been following the birds' movements around Cumbria, said the help he has received from the public had been invaluable. "I have been radio tracking the birds but sightings from members of the public have been a fantastic help and greatly appreciated. This has been very important because it helps us find the birds and backs up our radio tracking results to give us a more robust picture of their movements. We hope that the public will continue letting us know when and where they make sightings of the red kites."
This year's birds will hatch in May and are likely to be released into Grizedale Forest in August. The red kites being introduced into Grizedale are the product of a reintroduction programme that took place in Northamptonshire in the 1980s.
Red kites were almost eradicated from the UK following changes in farming practices and human persecution between the 16th and 19th centuries. But they managed to cling on in Wales, and their numbers recovered slowly thanks to the actions of local conservationists
Tuesday 5th April 2011
'VERY knowledgable' staff at a popular Kendal attraction are celebrating after securing a top accreditation.
Kendal Museum has been accredited as a Quality Assured Visitor Attraction - an assessment run by Visit England and recognises customer service and visitor experience at attractions across the country.
A Visit England assessor praised the strong collections, recognising the effort that has gone into creating a well-balanced wildlife gallery and the considerable effort that has been put into modernising the Wainwright Gallery.
In a report, the assessor said of the museum: "The Wildlife Gallery succeeds in presenting specimens from five continents in an imaginative and lively fashion that can be readily grasped by children".
Learning facilities for children were also praised along with 'excellent' reading books being available.
The Wainwright Gallery was also commended for its cabinets and the assessor said that the staff 'engaged well and were very knowledgeable'.
The assessor summed up his judgement and reported: "There is a wealth of excellent material in the museum – with the Wildlife Gallery and the Wainwright exhibits showing what can be achieved. The possibilities for mutually beneficial exchanges of skills with college courses and museum qualifications seem exciting. There is huge potential scope for the Museum."
10:10am Wednesday 6th April 2011
A POPULAR visitor attraction in Bowness is in the running for a prestigious award for excellence.
Blackwell, The Arts and Crafts House project by Lakeland Arts Trust – one of Britain's finest surviving arts and crafts house by M.H.Baillie Scott - has been shortlisted from hundreds of entries for an award at the national Museums and Heritage Awards for Excellence.
Comedienne and broadcaster Sue Perkins will announce the 11 lucky winners at a ceremony at Westminister on May 11.
The Awards applaud projects ranging from groundbreaking achievements of national institutions to those crafted with limited resources and budget and winners will be selected by a panel of judges including Diane Lees, Director General, Imperial War Museums and Sam Mullins, Director, London Transport Museum and other leading sector professionals.


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Restaurateur Signs Deal to Run World Financial Center Marketplace
Restaurateur Peter Poulakakos has signed on to run the 30,000-square-foot marketplace at Brookfield's World Financial Center, the New York Post reported yesterday.
Poulakakos is perhaps best known as operator of coffee chain Financier Patisserie but also oversees downtown restaurants Harry's Café, Harry's Steak, Adrienne's Pizza Bar, Ulysses' and Bayard's.
"We met with everyone who has the expertise and desire to open a world class market in Manhattan and we were really blown away by Peter's vision for marketplace," Edward Hogan, Brookfield's national director of retail leasing, told The Commercial Observer. Read More


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Midwest Living Review
Located on a hillside with dazzling views of the quaint town of Hermann, Stone Hill is one of Missouri's leading wineries (it also has branches in Branson and New Florence). On the National Historic Register, Stone Hill was started in the 1840s and by the turn of the 20th century had become the nation's second-largest winery. Stone Hill's wines have racked up hundreds of awards, and a great way to savor both the wine and the view is by staking out one of the picnic tables arrayed under shade trees along the top of the vineyard.The tour includes the enormous old wine cellars, historic Main House where the winery's first families lived, and the winery's original carriage house and horse barn, which have been turned into the excellent Vintage Restaurant. Stone Hill has a busier atmosphere than other area wineries, but we thoroughly enjoyed our visit to this big, beautiful facility, which has become one of Hermann's prime attractions.


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"Raajneeti" is the story of one man's struggle to keep away from his family's business -- politics. But having been sucked in, he must fight to master the game and unwillingly descend into the moral hell that is Indian democracy. The rivalry of two sets of cousins escalates into an all-out war and draws the protagonist into the dark side of dealing with his enemies, thus completing his own journey into corruption. At the heart of this drama is political gamesmanship, unstoppable ambition, a blind lust for power and those who wield it at will.
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Visit the official site
Cast: Arjun Rampal, Katrina Kaif, Vivek Oberoi, Ajay Devgan, Ranbir Kapoor
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Directed by: Prakash Jha
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Running time: 2hr 58min
Opens: Jun 04, 2010 Limited


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Shoal news and technical articles from Oil & Gas Journal. Search Shoal latest and archived news and articles
production with its third well in Ship Shoal Block 358 in the Gulf of Mexico. Originally ..... scheduled for two wells, development at Ship Shoal 358 was expanded by additional drilling ..... said. ATP reached total depth on its Ship Shoal 358 A-3 well at 8,599 ft, with gas
Redoubt No. 4 delineation well in Redoubt Shoal field was drilled to 20,203 ft, making ..... Forest estimated oil reserves in Redoubt Shoal will be at least 100 million bbl (85 million ..... field. Forest confirmed that the Redoubt Shoal field development is on schedule for first
acquire up to a 40% interest in Evans Shoal field in the Timor Sea in a transaction ..... principal asset is a 15% stake in Evans Shoal field. NGA has also accepted field operator ..... greenfields projects," said Santos. Evans Shoal gas field is on NT/P 48 license, 300
in five Gulf of Mexico fields including Ship Shoal 113. This article describes how the change to 3D philosophy and practice took place at Ship Shoal 113 and its impact on Murphy Expro. SHIP SHOAL 113 AREA Murphy Expro began exploring for and
rates of 3,030 b/d of oil and 5.6 MMcfd of gas from below 17,200 ft, said W&T Offshore Inc., Houston. The Ship Shoal 359 A-14 well is producing with a flowing tubing pressure of 9,400 psi surface pressure from the targeted subsalt T sand
will rework five formerly producing oil wells. A 2,000-ft sidetrack is planned in the second well. Osprey, in Redoubt Shoal field, has slots for 13 new wells that would target areas north and south of the developed, previously producing structure
By OGJ editors HOUSTON, Apr. 14 – Shoal Point Energy Ltd., Toronto, concluded ..... License 1120 in western Newfoundland. Shoal Point will have the right to earn into the ..... Green Point shale by Dec. 31, 2012. Shoal Point Energy, once it has completed the
to acquire Apache Corp.'s interest in Ship Shoal 349 field, which lies on Ship Shoal Blocks 349 and 359 off Louisiana in the Gulf of ..... effective date of the sale is Jan. 1, 2008. Ship Shoal 349 field is better known as Mahogany. It was
By OGJ editors HOUSTON, Dec. 4 – Shoal Point Energy Ltd., Calgary, and Canadian ..... agreement with McLaren Resources Inc., Toronto, Shoal Point Energy plans to operate three exploratory wells. Shoal Point Energy 61.5% and CIVC 38.5% hold
obtained controlling interest in Middle Ground Shoal field from Shell Oil Co. in 1998. Middle Ground Shoal field in Cook Inlet, Alaska, is a north ..... interest of two platforms in Middle Ground Shoal field from Shell (Fig. 1). The field


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Graduate Studies
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Collaborative, interdisciplinary approach to learning and narrative evaluations are distinctive features of Evergreen graduate studies.
- Master of Environmental Studies • Request Info from MES
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- Master in Teaching • Request Info from MiT
International students interested in the Master of Environmental Studies or in the Master of Public Administration should review the admission requirements for each program.
Admission Requirements and Online Application
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Contact: Sandi Gruver, Graduate Program Admissions Coordinator, at (360) 867-6856


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Each name is given with its meaning. Please note that "names" refers to any noun, which may be: people, places, cities, countries, angels, gods, mountains, etc. Meanings of the names are not always definite or clear, but a possible meaning has been provided in every case.
Note: The actual name of the Hebrew God (Jehovah/Yahweh) has been entered instead of "LORD". The name of the Hebrew God is usually found in Hebrew names as "iah" or "jah" in the anglicized form. The substitution of the word "lord" is inaccurate as the Hebrew word for lord is "adon",or "adonim" "adonai" and "god" is "el", "elim", or "elohim". See Tetragrammaton. And Hebrew had no "J" so all "J" names have been anglicized, so that "Y" has been changed to "J" for English speakers.


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Here's the scenario: You're looking to make big power, so you're looking to build a big-block. Sure, you can make plenty of ponies with a small-block, but it's hard to match the brute force provided by sheer cubic inches. When the first "Mystery Motor"-powered Chevrolet won the 1963 Daytona 500, an undeniable big-block mystique was created. More than 40 years later, that aura of all-out performance is as strong as ever. So you want a big-block. You know how much money you have, and you want to get as much performance as possible for your dough. What are your options? Is the 454 still a viable performer, or is bigger--as in 496 or 540--always better?
Size Matters
That's the question we first set out to answer: 454 versus 496 versus 540? We planned to look at the power potential and price of this trio. Our exploration of the big-block world, however, quickly led us in a slightly different direction. There are plenty of 454-powered vehicles still making the scene, but they're becoming the exception rather than the rule when it comes to performance builds. Stroker rotating assemblies, we learned, cost nearly the same as a stock setup, making them more cost effective. If it costs the same to build a 496 or a 506, then why not do it and make more power while you're at it?
The "bigger is better" ethos doesn't stop there. For many builders, especially those beginning from scratch, the increasingly affordable price of aftermarket blocks makes 540 ci the displacement starting point. "People want the biggest and baddest engine they can get," we were told, and whether they buy it all at once in crate form or in pieces over time, that's what the aftermarket is giving them. Whereas 500 hp was once a respectable number, 600 seems to be the new minimum.
Mathematical Gymnastics
In fairly simple mathematical terms, the quest for more displacement is logical. More displacement means more power, but you knew that, right? In general, a properly tuned production automotive engine produces 1.0-1.5 hp per cubic inch. Where a particular engine falls depends on many factors, so we'll use 1.3 hp per cubic inch as a middle figure. That means a 454 can support almost 600 hp (454 x 1.3 = 590.2). Indeed, many do. Using the same multiplier, a 496 can support 645 hp. And remember, the price difference between the two is minute. We're sure you see where this is heading. So we ask, how much does it cost to build a 454 that can support 600 hp, as opposed to the cost of a 540, which can support more that 700 hp?
Exploring the Big Country
By way of examining this issue, we set out to take a big-block cross section of sorts. We talked to a number of engine builders and parts suppliers, and we pretty much asked the same questions: What's your best bang-for-the-buck package? What are people actually buying? And, perhaps most importantly, we asked our industry sources for the bottom line, in other words, "What is the price of power?"
Of course, we also wanted to get an idea of what kind of power various big-blocks actually make, so we rifled the dyno-pull files at Westech for a few examples. It may not be exactly scientific, but it is grist for the mill. Let the bench racing begin.
If we learned anything from our Rat-motor reconnaissance, it's that big-block Chevy heads ain't cheap. Some may cost only a few hundred dollars more (apiece) than their small-block counterparts, but many cost half as much again--or more. Anecdotal testimony came from our expert sources, almost all of whom sell plenty of short-blocks to customers who already have cylinder heads. With this in mind, we sought the voice--or rather voices--of experience, namely our friend Steve Brul of Westech Performance and our new friend, Harold Bettis of SuperFlow Technologies. Here's what our experts had to say.
CHP: All right, guys, what's your take on the oval-port versus rectangular port deal?
Steve Brul: The current thinking is that the oval shape is better than a rectangular port, as shown in current Pro Stock technology.
Harold Bettis: An oval-port head leaves fewer opportunities for eddies and irregularities of flow in the corners, because there are no corners.
CHP: So oval ports are better?
SB: Generally, with traditional-style oval-and rectangular-port heads, the smallest port with the highest flow volume is best.
HB: Yes, proper flow numbers are more important than size. Think of the air as a concentration of energy. If that concentration is high, it's easier to get air into the cylinders and harder to get it out (reversion).
CHP: So how does that relate to port shape?
SB: You should refer to oval and rectangular ports as a function of size, not of shape.
HB: At power levels over 550 hp, a rectangular port is the normal trend. When the volume changes to meet this level, it's easier to get the needed flow from a rectangular-port head.
SB:HB: Remember, an engine does most of its work and spends most of its time at part throttle, and it needs to be happy there. Higher average power, under the curve, is what makes it go down the road. And the guy who gets on the torque curve first wins.
CHP: Do people tend to use heads that are too large?
HB: People build engines to make max power, then drive them at part throttle. Force is not the issue; air speed is. Given that, it's better to be slightly small (when it comes to port size) as opposed to slightly large.
CHP: So, is there any kind of formula for determining what size head to use?
SB: The better head is dependent on application, rpm range, and size. Obviously, a 7,000-rpm 572 isn't going to want the same head as a 5,500-rpm 454. Sizing a cylinder head comes down to a lot of previous data. That being said, a reasonable power potential on a high-quality street engine is 2 hp per cfm.
HB: If you measure the intake flow of the complete air tract, with restrictions, and multiply that number by 0.26, you'll get a number that represents power per cylinder. So 400 cfm times 0.26 equals 104, which times 8 cylinders equals 832 hp.
CHP: Any parting words?
HB: The way to go about creating an engine is to determine the goals and objectives, make a plan, and set a budget. If one gets out of kilter, then you have to readjust.


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"[Werdum] picked him apart, he fought a safe fight to guarantee he was going to get the [title shot]," White said. "I think he could have finished Travis, but Travis is a tough guy.
"My question was, how did Travis gas out two-and-a-half minutes into the first round? And they think he has a broken rib, they think he broke his rib in the first round. That would explain it. He definitely has a broken hand."
Browne did not attend the press conference, as he was transported to a local hospital to be examined.
But by the time he came out to meet Werdum in the second round it as clear he wasn't the same fighter, as Browne was breathing heavy and laboring. Though both fighters were throwing heavy shots throughout, Werdum was not able to put the exhausted Browne away in the later rounds when the Jackson-Winkeljohn fighter was clearly spent.
That part might have peeved White, but overall he thinks Werdum still looked good in routing Browne.
"He is very dangerous, and again, I don't think we saw all of Werdum's tools tonight," he said. "I think he had [Browne] hurt in the first round, and now we know he might have a broken rib which totally explains why [Travis] would gas out halfway through the first round. It's a testament to how tough that guy is. To try and fight five rounds with a broken rib, that totally makes sense.
"I think Werdum played it safe tonight to guarantee that title shot, who knows what happens when he fights Cain. Because Cain is going to come right after him 100 percent, the Travis would have tonight. And, I'll tell you this too, any questions about Werdum's chin probably go away after that big shot he took in that first round. He got hit with a big right hand. I thought he was done, I thought the fight was about to be over, but he came back."


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Cap-weighted indices - a bigger scandal than Libor?
The manipulation of Libor and foreign exchange rates by traders has led to an unprecedented outcry and an onslaught of regulatory probes. But the losses suffered by investors pale into insignificance compared with those they have endured through their exposure to cap-weighted indices.
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Home ⋅ Christmas Invitations and Holiday Party Invitations ⋅ Teenager
"In choosing 'To The Fullest' as an invitation for a memorial for my dad, this product gave many opportunities for photos, for which many people gave very good comments. There was ample room for a description of the memorial service on the inside. The coffee color of the invitation leant a respectful image to the occasion without being sad or mournful if the color had been black. I also liked the place on the back of the invite for additional photos and an RSVP."
"Card turned out beautiful. Image quality of the picture we used in the back was perfect. Cards arrived within a few days of ordering."
"Elegant design and details (colors, font) are perfect for our grandbaby's annoucement party - Red Egg & Ginger Chinese tradition. Heavy card stock too. I made an event date error and they are correcting it at no additional cost to me. Lucky I ordered early which allowed time for the fix. Only comment was that I wished they had a "red" envelope option which would have completed the theme for the party invites."
"These invitations are so cute! I cannot recommend them highly enough. The little animals on the card came out so clear and crisp. The colors are much brighter than they looked on the computer. It really is adorable. Also, they shipped them so quickly. We got them several days before our estimated arrival date. We are very pleased with our purchase!"
"My husband and I planned a fun and exciting baby shower for our second child, who is due this NOVEMBER. I was looking for a special kind of invitation to go with our theme, Gender Reveal. The card I found on Tiny Prints was spot on with its design. It matches our decor to a T!!! I was elated. Our shower is being hosted by my sister and all invites have been mailed. Everyone of our closest family and friends have only the best of compliments about the design of the invitation! We couldn't have made it better ourselves, absolutely AWESOME!"
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George Hamilton reports on a comprehensive win for Juventus over Celtic
Bray Wanderers Chairman Denis O'Connor has said that acquiring a "strong" manager and players will solve the proble
On this day in 1990, thousands of people took to the streets of Dublin to welcome the Irish team home after the Wor
On this day in 1990 Toto Schillaci broke Irish hearts in the quarter finals of the World Cup.
Some of the press coverage from 1990 as Ireland's exploits in Italy captured the attention of the nation (and some
25 years to the day since Ireland beat Romania to reach the quarter-finals of the World Cup, we take a look back at
Shaun Maloney's deflected strike brings Scotland level at the start of the second half
On this day 25 years ago Ireland qualified for the last 16 of Italia 90 thanks to a draw with the Netherlands. RTÉ
Jon Walters gives Ireland the lead against Scotland after 38 minutes at the Aviva