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For years I have been ranting about the American education system, how murky and ill prepared it is to consider new ideas. I gave a TEDx talk about this in 2012: one of my slides was a cartoon I had made to describe how profoundly confused the situation is.
Don't worry if you don't get this cartoon… you're not supposed to. The idea is that it's an enigma… something so ingrained you're not sure if you are allowed to think that you don't understand it.
The biggest thing gnawing at me the past few years has been the "HOW" question… this is such an important topic, how could things have gotten to be this way?
And so I was very happy to find the answer lurking inside an article in last Sunday's Washington Post, about Bill Gates and the new Common Core education standards.
Says Gates: "The funding, in general, of what works in education… is tiny. It's the lowest in this field than any field of human endeavor. … As a result, there is a paucity of information about methods of instruction that work."
So why is it that I've had these murky, queasy feelings about education? Because it turns out the American Education system has the lowest R&D funding of any field of human endeavor! This starts to make sense now.
OK then… with this post I've dug a little bit into what the problem is. Next look for some solution ideas.
And do read the Washington Post piece. It turns out that Gates is using his millions to rebuild the entire USA education system, makes for a fascinating and revealing read.


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The XJ redefines what a luxury car should be. A dramatic combination of beauty, luxury and power, the XJ delivers a refreshingly dynamic driving experience. For the passenger, the cabin is built for stretching out and relaxing. No car looks, or feels, like the XJ.
When it comes to standards, the XJ sets the bar. And now, with the introduction of Sport and Premium Editions, the 2015 XJ has even more impressive credentials.
MSRP from $77,7001 (RWD) or $81,2001 (AWD)
Sport Edition, the new benchmark for the XJ standard wheel base:
MSRP from $84,0001 (RWD) or $87,5001 (AWD)
Premium Edition, the new standard for all XJL models except XJR lwb, is appointed with:
MSRP from $94,6001
Supercharged Sport Edition now reaches a top speed of 174 mph3 and adds:
MSRP from $96,9001
Supercharged Premium Edition is the epitome of both luxury and performance.
MSRP from $74,2001
MSRP from $81,2001
Perhaps the best way to hear about Jaguar cars is from the individuals driving and enjoying them today. Visit our Ratings & Reviews page to see for yourself.
The XJ is perfect whether you're in the mood to drive or be driven. With exceptional levels of luxury for passengers, the XJ also offers the kind of dynamic driving experience you'd expect from a Jaguar luxury sedan. As a driver or passenger, you'll discover a quality of craftsmanship that sets the XJ apart, exemplified by carefully considered choices of colors, materials and finishes.
Create your ideal space in the XJ cabin – a calm environment that's designed to stimulate all your senses. Relax in total luxury, cocooned by glove-soft leather, contemporary surfaces and an array of fine details, many of which you can select yourself. Start with a choice of interior color themes and combinations. Next, consider the broad sweep of lustrous wood veneer accents.
You can choose from up to 11 different veneers, depending on the model, from traditional Burl Walnut to modern Piano Black or Carbon Fiber. Add the finishing touch with carefully chosen leathers in a choice of six different colors.
Cashew seats with Truffle upper fascia in bond grain leather and Ivory headliner
Gloss Burl Walnut
Ivory seats with Navy upper fascia in semi-aniline leather with Navy contrast stitch and piping. Ivory Jaguar Suedecloth Premium headliner
Figured Ebony
Cashew seats with Truffle upper fascia in soft grain leather, and Truffle contrast stitch and piping. Canvas Jaguar Suedecloth Premium headliner
Rich Oak
Duotone Jet and Red seats with Jet upper fascia in soft grain leather and Red contrast stitching. Jet suedecloth headliner
Piano Black
Driving the XJ is a unique experience. Thanks to its rigid but lightweight aluminum construction and near perfect weight distribution, the XJ delivers agile, dynamic performance in a full size sedan. Intuitive on-board technologies make driving pleasurable, from the effortless gearshift and enhanced driving control of the JaguarDrive Selector™ and JaguarDrive Control™ to the smooth and responsive gear changes of Jaguar Sequential Shift™, which adapts to suit your driving style. What's more, Adaptive Dynamics monitors driver inputs and optimizes the car's suspension settings for a superb combination of ride comfort and control.4
Dynamic performance is built into every XJ engine to help ensure outstanding performance and efficiency. For responsive, whisper-smooth gear changes and remarkable fuel efficiency, a state-of-the-art 8-speed automatic transmission is mated to all three XJ engines. The engine range extends from the superb 3.0 liter, supercharged V6 340 hp engine found in the XJ and XJ AWD, to the impressive 5.0 liter, supercharged V8 470 hp engine found in the XJ Supercharged, to the most powerful engine ever fitted to the XJ line: the 5.0 liter, supercharged V8 550 hp engine found in the XJR.
The beauty of the XJ is more than skin deep. Its aluminum monocoque construction is exceptionally strong yet light, with near perfect front-to-rear weight distribution. Its outstanding rigidity provides confident, precise handling, and is designed to absorb the impact of poor road surfaces in its stride.
This advanced body structure also helps the XJ achieve better fuel economy than it would with a heavier steel structure. That's not all - 50 percent of the aluminum used in the XJ is from recycled sources.
In the XJ, relevant information is always readily at hand. For example, thanks to the Virtual Instruments and 8 inch Touch screen in the center console, it's easy to know the distance to the next interstate exit or the location of the nearest gas station. You also have complete voice-activated control of audio, GPS navigation and Bluetooth® telephone systems.5
Luxurious comfort envelops you as soon as you enter the XJ. Relax and stretch your legs - in long wheelbase XJ models you have up to 44 inches of legroom. And with business trays (if fitted) and reading lamps, it's easy to work on the go.
To request a quote from your local Jaguar retailer, please complete the fields below.

subset: commoncrawl


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Photo Gallery | Shop With A Cop Program Brings Community Together
About 75 kids from families in need of financial help were chosen to take park in the 11th annual Shop With a Cop event at the east side Target Sunday morning.
The event includes officers from seven different Dane County law enforcement agencies.
The Dane County Sheriff's Office, the Madison Police Department, the University of Wisconsin Police Department, the Town of Madison Police Department, Monona Police Department, Middleton Police Department and Oregon Police Department are all took part in the event.
"Each department takes kids from their own community," Monona Police Officer Jim Reiner said. "So, I've brought four kids from the city of Monona and the Monona Grove School District and partnered them up with Monona police officers."
Reiner said each department handles a part of the organization of the event, from coordinating media coverage to bringing in Badgers football players, Bucky Badger and Santa and Mrs. Claus.
"It shows a very positive image," Reiner said. "Every officer that has shopped with a kid has always wanted to come back in the following years."
Each child received $150 to spend. The money was donated by businesses and individuals.
"We just ask that the kids have a shopping list in hand before they arrive," Reiner said.
The kids not only got to pick out gifts for their family members, but they also got to pick out something for themselves.


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Customer Reviews
1 Item(s)
- love this brush Review by Laura
Price Value Quality
I use this to apply my pressed base, and I just really love it. I don't have the powder brush to compare it to, but I chose the kabuki because I thought it was cute, and I really do like it. Grabs and distributes the powder like I want but without too much if you know what I mean!
(Posted on 12/9/12)
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text: The Tree-of-Life is a fictional plant (the ancestor of yams, with similar appearance and taste) in Larry Niven's Known Space universe, for which all Hominids have an in-built genetic craving. Consumption of Tree-of-Life makes human-related species turn into Pak Protectors, as a result of a symbiotic virus that grows in the root; however, the virus requires enough Thallium to develop, which is why it failed to grow on Earth. To those too young to develop into Protectors, Tree of Life smells repugnant, while the virus is fatal to those too old.


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Adidas Lands at Hudson Square
International athletic apparel company, Adidas, signed a 10-year, 15,220-square-foot lease at Trinity Real Estate's 435 Hudson Street. The space will be used by the company's US-based marketing team as a showroom and event venue.
The asking price was $65 per square foot.
The new location is a relatively short walk from Adidas' other location at Read More


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Part-time Lecturer
Damien Correll is a Brooklyn-based art director and artist. Formerly a creative partner at the the design studio Part & Parcel, a studio he lead for 3 years, he is currently an Art Director at Tumblr. Over the past 9 years he has worked on a range of projects from directing videos and animations for large non-profits to designing shopping experiences with Nike. His work has been featured in numerous publications including The New York Times, IdN, Print Magazine and Juxtapoz. Aside from working on commercial endeavors with diverse clients like IDEO, Urban Outfitters, GOOD, BUCK, Brand New School and Saatchi & Saatchi he has also has shown at art galleries across the country and has been in a number of international group shows.
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Scosche's Car Accessories include Wireless iPod Remotes, FM Transmitters, Handsfree Audio Streaming Kits, Bluetooth Speakerphones & Headsets, and Solar Powered Accessories. Then, check out the controlFREQ Remote for iPod and iPhone. It is the best remote for iPad.
car accessories
Car Accessories
tuneITFM Transmitter with USB Charger Learn More$39.99
tuneSHIFTDigital FM Transmitter with USB Charging Port Learn More$39.99


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The James Bland redevelopment is an 8.5 acre site within the Braddock East planning area and is comprised of five City blocks. A proposal by the Alexandria Redevelopment and Housing Authority (ARHA) and Eakin Youngentob (EYA) for redevelopment of James Bland into a mixed income community was approved by the City Council in October 2008. The approved plan proposes demolition of the existing 194 public housing units and construction of 379 new residential units, of which one third (134 units) will be public housing units and two thirds (245 units) will be market rate units. In addition, the City will be working with the developer to purchase a portion of the market rate units for affordable/workforce housing, thus creating a truly mixed income community.
All five blocks of James Bland are located within the Parker Gray historic district. Staff and the applicant worked extensively to ensure the architecture of the new buildings would blend with the existing residences in style and scale. The development will be predominately townhouse which is typical of the surrounding neighborhood, but two of the blocks along Route 1 will include four-story multifamily buildings. A new City park will be created as part of this development. The concept plan for the park was reveiwed by the Parks and Recreation Commission at their September 23, 2010 meeting.
The five block redevelopment will occur in five phases with each block as one phase. Final buildout is anticipated to be completed by 2016. Phase 1 construction began in Spring 2010 and is now complete. Phase 2 construction will be completed in Summer 2013, and Phase 3 construction is currently underway.
City Council Docket and staff reportBAR - Concept ApprovalBAR - Phase 1 Certificate of AppropriatenessBAR - Phase 2 Certificate of Appropriateness
BAR - Phase 3 Certificate of Appropriateness (Hearing scheduled for February 22, 2012)BAR - Phase 4 Certificate of AppropriatenessBAR - Phase 5 Concept Review
BAR - Phase 5 Certificate of Appropriateness (Hearing scheduled for January 25, 2012) DSUP, Master Plan and CDD Amendment - Phase 5
Site PlanConcept plan for the proposed city park Development InformationBraddock East pageGlebe Park RedevelopmentDevelopment Viewer (search for James Bland - DSUP #2008-0013)
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The Avengers movie is out and has something for everyone in the mix. Whether you've been a longtime fan of Marvel comics, or are just starting out, this movie is a must-see. Although, I have to say, if you haven't seen any of the prequels yet, you may have some catching up to do.
The Avengers originally started out as Iron Man, Thor, Wasp, Ant-Man, and the Hulk. One by one all of the superheroes joined forces to fight Loki. After the Avengers fought off Loki, the heroes chose to continue to fight crime side by side. Wasp was the one who came up with the name "Avengers". Eventually the Avengers added Captain America to the mix, after finding him trapped in ice and reviving him.
The Avengers of the recently released movie include Iron Man, Thor, The Hulk, and Captain America, with the addition of Black Widow and Hawkeye. Some of the individual Avengers have their own movies that have come out over the years. Catching up on these prequels will enlighten your understanding of the new Avengers movie.
What's great about the new Avengers movie is that, not only does it appeal to men and boys, but it appeals to women as well. Joss Whedon, who wrote and directed Buffy the Vampire Slayer, also wrote and directed The Avengers, giving it enough blood and guts for the men and enough powerful women, plot, and heart for the ladies.
Comic book characters and superheroes in particular, like those from Marvel, have a long history with the toy industry. Kids love getting action figures, clothes and other merchandise associated with their favorite superheroes. Our sister company, All Aboard Toys, has an excellent selection of Iron Man toys to feed your kids' Avengers addiction.


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Bravado Essential Nursing Bra Tank
by Bravado
(Item #1038911)
Flamingo Pink
This item is not available for sale
With stunning style and a full bra inside, The Essential Nursing Bra Tank was designed to make moms feel fabulous inside and out! It's stylish enough to dress up with a blazer when going out, yet comfy enough to lounge in. It can even be worn during pregnancy because the fabric of the garment and the bra inside comfortably stretch, while retaining their shape after washing, making it an ideal maternity and postpartum garment as well.
We do not ship this item to the following countries: Canada
"Great selection, fast and free shipping, excellent customer service!"
Andy in Fargo, ND
Copyright © 2015 Figure 8 Maternity. All Rights Reserved.


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George Vradenburg highlights the importance of "The Alzheimer's Disease Summit: Path to 2025," the impact of Alzheimer's on Latinos, and Paul Allen funds concussion research (read more).
Must reads
Patient advocate Amy Shives urges Congress for Alzheimer's research funding, Washington DC releases its first Alzheimer's plan, and Lilly's plans to repurpose diabetes drugs for Alzheimer's (read more).
The impact of Alzheimer's on women, Senator Susan Collins and Dr. Don Peterson call on Congress to double Alzheimer's research funding in 2015, and Utah editorial board calls on readers to make personal investment in flighting Alzheimer's (read more).
Ezekiel Emanuel defends CMS' decision not to widely cover Lilly's Amyvid PET Imaging for Alzheimer's, NPR focuses on one couple's early onset Alzheimer's diagnosis, and the latest in Alzheimer's research advancements (read more).
The toll of Alzheimer's on caregivers, the University of Rhode Island receives $15 million for a new neuroscience institute, and Alzheimer's Research UK will launch a new drug discovery institute (read more).
Must reads and watch


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You can select products using nearly any attribute, making it a breeze to drill down to precisely the right product you need every time. Start by selecting a category and you'll be presented with all of the available values for each attribute.
Plus, you can sort your results by product features, and display them in either ascending or descending order. A new grid display option allows you to see larger product images than those in the default display.
To provide you with the highest quality shopping experience, we present our enhanced QuickFind search engine. Designed specifically for our customers, it has more search options and is better integrated into our web site than ever before. Our exclusive search technology makes it fast and easy to locate the exact products you want.
Making Keyword Queries
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Best Management Practices For Landscaping
The water management system in Broward County is made up of three systems: primary, secondary and tertiary canals. As you now know, stormwater flows from your neighborhood, or tertiary system, to the secondary canal system and on to the larger primary canal system, where it is either discharged or can be stored in water reservoirs for water quality treatment and later use.
There are many ways in which our personal practices affect the quality and quantity of the water that all of us in South Florida depend on and enjoy each day. Landscape design and maintenance is one of the more significant ways. Whether we discuss habits at home, or practices used at the workplace, the opportunities for improvement are almost endless. The timing and duration of irrigation, the type of fertilizer you use, and the kinds of plants you choose for your yard can all make a difference in the health of our water system.
Best Management Practices (BMPs) for landscaping are the most effective, efficient, low cost, and simple methods you can implement to positively affect the environment.
Landscaping BMPs (PDF -399 KB) serve as common sense applications that will reduce the risk of surface and groundwater pollution and in many cases also improve the health and appearance of your property. These improvements make a difference not only on the environment but on your budget as well. It's true implementing these ideas may actually save you money by lowering your energy and maintenance expenses!
Landscaping BMPs Spanish (PDF - 399kb)
Some simple best management practices include:
If you keep these few tips in mind as you work in your yard, you will be doing your part to keep our water sources pure and plentiful.
Broward County encourages the use of best management practices through its NatureScape Broward program.
By following a few simple guidelines, you can create a Florida - friendly yard that conserves water, reduces stormwater pollution, and creates suitable habitat for wildlife.
Over 2,900 properties yards are certified as NatureScapes in Broward County - that's 2,900 steps further toward protecting our wetlands and coastal waters for the future.
These efforts have led Broward County to national recognition as the first County to be certified as a Community Wildlife Habitat by the National Wildlife Federation.
Visit NatureScape Broward's Web Site for tips and information on how your yard can become a certified NatureScape.
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A group comprising more than 50 deans, vice presidents, alliance leaders, faculty and student government leaders met Nov. 10 for the third annual Provost's Strategic Planning Leadership Retreat. During the retreat, leaders spoke on a variety of topics, from the accreditation process and plans for improvement to budget reviews and an update on international affairs.
The highlight of the meeting was the sustainability session, during which the Sustainability Alliance's John Ruhl moderated presentations on energy, materials, environmental justice, ethics and the university's Climate Action Plan, followed by a question and answer session. The Climate Action Plan is a comprehensive plan that outlines actions and goals for Case Western Reserve University to become climate neutral; it will be finalized in 2011.
Also during the retreat, the provost discussed the draft of the Fiscal Year 2011 Action Agenda, which is the annual action plan for implementing the university's strategic plan. The agenda provides highlights of both continuing and new initiatives, including faculty grants and funding for strategic priorities. Send feedback on the agenda to Chris Ash, vice president for university planning.
For more information, view the agenda and slides from all retreat presentations online.
Grant Competition: Faculty members were invited to apply for Interdisciplinary Alliance Investment Grants, focused on small pilot projects of up to $50,000. Applicants each submitted a two-page concept document to the university's alliances. Each alliance can forward three proposals for the final competition. The alliance will review the concept papers and notify all applicants by Feb. 14. Those who are selected to prepare a full proposal must submit by March 31.
Social Justice: The first United Nations World Social Justice Day event will be held Feb. 25-26, spotlighting Case Western Reserve University alumna Jean Donovan's life and activism. Donovan worked as a missionary and was killed by a military death squad during the Salvadoran Civil War. Additionally, the event will highlight international human rights and social justice issues, with an emphasis on Central/Latin America. A screening of Roses in December, a documentary about Donovan's life, will be held on Feb. 25, followed by panel discussions on Feb. 26. Read more.
Budget System Review Committee (BSRC) Update: The Faculty Senate Budget Committee (FSBC), chaired by J.B. Silvers, professor of banking and finance, is implementing some of the recommendations of the Budget System Review Committee (BRSC). The FSBC will work with the provost to appoint an ad hoc budget group to move ahead on some of the top priorities of the BSRC. A plan for a permanent budget committee is expected to be in place by the end of the academic year. View the BSRC report online.
Faculty Development Council: A Faculty Development Council has been established to support goals of the strategic plan, which calls for recruiting outstanding individuals, recognizing and rewarding excellence and offering high-quality mentoring and career development opportunities. The following individuals will serve on the council, chaired by Deputy Provost Lynn Singer: Diana Bilimoria, Weatherhead School of Management; Cleve Gilmore, Mandel School of Applied Social Science; Alison Hall, School of Medicine; Mark Hans, School of Dental Medicine; Jacqueline Lipton, School of Law; Ica Manas-Zloczower, Case School of Engineering; Daniel Scherson, College of Arts and Sciences; and Patricia Underwood, Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing. The first meeting will be held in January.
Mentor Fellows Program: The first group of Mentor Fellows, sponsored by the University Center for Innovation in Teaching and Education, presented proposals Nov. 30 to the provost, deputy provost and dean of graduate studies. Each faculty team selected a project that would not only promote mentoring but also create an expanded awareness of the need for good mentoring in the university community. The proposals were: a Mentor-Mentee Socialization Fund, a Graduate Center for Professional Development, Dissertation Completion and Travel Awards and Recognizing and Rewarding Good Mentoring. Read more.
International Update: The Office of International Affairs' Jan. 25 planning retreat will feature two guests: Lester A. Gerhardt, engineering professor and associate vice president for research administration and finance from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and Gilbert W. Merkx, vice provost for international affairs at Duke University. Additionally, the office is searching for a director (chief operating officer) and will be relocating—along with the Office of International Student Services—to Tomlinson Hall.
Global Health: James Kazura, professor of medicine, director of the Center for Global Health and Diseases and director of International Affairs in Health Sciences, received a seven-year, $7.4 million award to establish an International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. John Johnson, professor of medicine and international health, is the lead investigator in a National Institute of Health-funded international clinical trials consortium for tuberculosis, which has received $19.7 million in funding for 10 years.
Academic Advising Update: Changes have been made to the Faculty Handbook to elevate the importance of advising in consideration for promotion and tenure, as well as for use in annual evaluations. Advising is now considered part of teaching, not service. In addition, each school—even those without undergraduate programs—must develop an advising plan to show how it incorporates advising into faculty evaluations.
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Pretty catchy and original. Gave me a good laugh. Well done Blake
- Article | 1 day ago BlackBerry App Roundup for July 3, 2015
- Article | 1 day ago Leaked render shows off the BlackBerry Venice and all of its Android glory
- Article | 1 day ago 4th of July Sale: 20% off all accessories at ShopCrackBerry
- Article | 1 day ago Cobalt Blue BlackBerry Classic goes on sale in the US, Canada, UK, and Netherlands
- Article | 2 days ago New rumor claims Android-powered BlackBerry 'Venice' slider headed to AT&T


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Here's another reason I love Twitter. Recently, SisterDiane tweeted the following:
You didn't miss @planetjune's incredible punchneedle embroidery globe, did you?
Well, sadly, I had missed it, but thanks to Diane's tweet, I was able to check it out and read up on June's work-in-progress posts about the project. She's blown me away with her ability to plan out and create a three-dimensional punchneedle embroidery project. You can see how she created each hemisphere based on 3D paper globe sculptures she'd seen. The project took just more than a year to complete, and used "somewhere in the region of 60,000 stitches." Wow. Here's hoping she'll want to do an entire solar system of punchneedle planets …
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(a) To be eligible for a license to practice pharmacist care under the provisions of this article, the applicant shall:
(1) Submit a written application to the board;
(2) Be eighteen years of age or older;
(3) Pay all applicable fees;
(4) Graduate from an accredited school of pharmacy;
(5) Complete at least fifteen hundred hours of internship in a pharmacy under the instruction and supervision of a pharmacist;
(6) Pass an examination or examinations approved by the board;
(7) Not be an alcohol or drug abuser, as these terms are defined in section eleven, article one-a, chapter twenty-seven of this code: Provided, That an applicant in an active recovery process, which may, in the discretion of the board, be evidenced by participation in a twelve-step program or other similar group or process, may be considered;
(8) Present to the board satisfactory evidence that he or she is a person of good moral character, has not been convicted of a felony involving controlled substances or violent crime;
(9) Not been convicted in any jurisdiction of a felony or any crime which bears a rational nexus to the individual's ability to practice pharmacist care; and
(10) Has fulfilled any other requirement specified by the board in rule.
(b) An applicant from another jurisdiction shall comply with all the requirements of this article.
Note: WV Code updated with legislation passed through the 2014 1st Special Session
The WV Code Online is an unofficial copy of the annotated WV Code, provided as a convenience. It has NOT been edited for publication, and is not in any way official or authoritative.


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Several different forms of energy, including, but not limited to, kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, sound energy, light energy, elastic, electromagnetic, chemical, nuclear, and mass have been defined to explain all known natural phenomena.
While one form of energy may be transformed to another, the total energy remains the same. This principle, the conservation of energy, was first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system. According to Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time.
Although the total energy of a system does not change with time, its value may depend on the frame of reference. For example, a seated passenger in a moving airplane has zero kinetic energy relative to the airplane, but non-zero kinetic energy relative to the earth.
The concept of energy emerged out of the idea of vis viva, which Leibniz defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz claimed that heat consisted of the random motion of the constituent parts of matter — a view shared by Isaac Newton, although it would be more than a century until this was generally accepted. In 1807, Thomas Young was the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy." It was argued for some years whether energy was a substance (the caloric) or merely a physical quantity, such as momentum.
He[who?] amalgamated all of these laws into the laws of thermodynamics, which aided in the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes using the concept of energy by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical formulation of the concept of entropy by Clausius and to the introduction of laws of radiant energy by Jožef Stefan.
During a 1961 lecture for undergraduate students at the California Institute of Technology, Richard Feynman, a celebrated physics teacher and Nobel Laureate, said this about the concept of energy:
There is a fact, or if you wish, a law, governing natural phenomena that are known to date. There is no known exception to this law; it is exact, so far we know. The law is called conservation of energy; it states that there is a certain quantity, which we call energy, that does not change in manifold changes which nature undergoes. That is a most abstract idea, because it is a mathematical principle; it says that there is a numerical quantity, which does not change when something happens. It is not a description of a mechanism, or anything concrete; it is just a strange fact that we can calculate some number, and when we finish watching nature go through her tricks and calculate the number again, it is the same.| | |The Feynman Lectures on Physics
Since 1918 it has been known that the law of conservation of energy is the direct mathematical consequence of the translational symmetry of the quantity conjugate to energy, namely time. That is, energy is conserved because the laws of physics do not distinguish between different moments of time (see Noether's theorem).
The concept of energy is widespread in all sciences.
Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy which has been available since the Big Bang, later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy), when a triggering mechanism is available.
Familiar examples of such processes include nuclear decay, in which energy is released which was originally "stored" in heavy isotopes (such as uranium and thorium), by nucleosynthesis, a process which ultimately uses the gravitational potential energy released from the gravitational collapse of supernovae, to store energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth. This energy is triggered and released in nuclear fission bombs. In a slower process, heat from nuclear decay of these atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat, which in turn may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the heat energy, which may be released to active kinetic energy in landslides, after a triggering event. Earthquakes also release stored elastic potential energy in rocks, a store which has been produced ultimately from the same radioactive heat sources. Thus, according to present understanding, familiar events such as landslides and earthquakes release energy which has been stored as potential energy in the Earth's gravitational field or elastic strain (mechanical potential energy) in rocks; but prior to this, represents energy that has been stored in heavy atoms since the collapse of long-destroyed stars created these atoms.
In another similar chain of transformations beginning at the dawn of the universe, nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang. At that time, according to theory, space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements. This meant that hydrogen represents a store of potential energy which can be released by fusion. Such a fusion process is triggered by heat and pressure generated from gravitational collapse of hydrogen clouds when they produce stars, and some of the fusion energy is then transformed into sunlight. Such sunlight from our Sun may again be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbine/generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events. An example of a solar-mediated weather event is a hurricane, which occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement. Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy, when carbon dioxide and water are converted into a combustible combination of carbohydrates, lipids, and oxygen. Release of this energy as heat and light may be triggered suddenly by a spark, in a forest fire; or it may be available more slowly for animal or human metabolism, when these molecules are ingested, and catabolism is triggered by enzyme action. Through all of these transformation chains, potential energy stored at the time of the Big Bang is later released by intermediate events, sometimes being stored in a number of ways over time between releases, as more active energy. In all these events, one kind of energy is converted to other types of energy, including heat.
In classical physics energy is considered a scalar quantity, the canonical conjugate to time. In special relativity energy is also a scalar (although not a Lorentz scalar but a time component of the energy-momentum 4-vector). In other words, energy is invariant with respect to rotations of space, but not invariant with respect to rotations of space-time (= boosts).
if there are no other energy-transfer processes involved. Here is the amount of energy transferred, and represents the work done on the system.
More generally, the energy transfer can be split into two categories:
where represents the heat flow into the system.
There are other ways in which an open system can gain or lose energy. In chemical systems, energy can be added to a system by means of adding substances with different chemical potentials, which potentials are then extracted (both of these process are illustrated by fueling an auto, a system which gains in energy thereby, without addition of either work or heat). Winding a clock would be adding energy to a mechanical system. These terms may be added to the above equation, or they can generally be subsumed into a quantity called "energy addition term " which refers to any type of energy carried over the surface of a control volume or system volume. Examples may be seen above, and many others can be imagined (for example, the kinetic energy of a stream of particles entering a system, or energy from a laser beam adds to system energy, without either being either work-done or heat-added, in the classic senses).
Where E in this general equation represents other additional advected energy terms not covered by work done on a system, or heat added to it.
Energy is also transferred from potential energy () to kinetic energy () and then back to potential energy constantly. This is referred to as conservation of energy. In this closed system, energy can not be created or destroyed, so the initial energy and the final energy will be equal to each other. This can be demonstrated by the following:
The equation can then be simplified further since (mass times acceleration due to gravity times the height) and (half times mass times velocity squared). Then the total amount of energy can be found by adding .
Usually, the Lagrange formalism is mathematically more convenient than the Hamiltonian for non-conservative systems (like systems with friction).
|Composition of Internal Energy (U)
|Sensible energy
|the portion of the internal energy of a system associated with kinetic energies (molecular translation, rotation, and vibration; electron translation and spin; and nuclear spin) of the molecules.
|Latent energy
|the internal energy associated with the phase of a system.
|Chemical energy
|the internal energy associated with the different kinds of aggregation of atoms in matter.
|Nuclear energy
|the tremendous amount of energy associated with the strong bonds within the nucleus of the atom itself.
|Energy interactions
|those types of energies not stored in the system (e.g. heat transfer, mass transfer, and work), but which are recognized at the system boundary as they cross it, which represent gains or losses by a system during a process.
|Thermal energy
|the sum of sensible and latent forms of internal energy.
where the first term on the right is the heat transfer into the system, defined in terms of temperature T and entropy S (in which entropy increases and the change dS is positive when the system is heated); and the last term on the right hand side is identified as "work" done on the system, where pressure is P and volume V (the negative sign results since compression of the system requires work to be done on it and so the volume change, dV, is negative when work is done on the system). Although this equation is the standard text-book example of energy conservation in classical thermodynamics, it is highly specific, ignoring all chemical, electric, nuclear, and gravitational forces, effects such as advection of any form of energy other than heat, and because it contains a term that depends on temperature. The most general statement of the first law (i.e., conservation of energy) is valid even in situations in which temperature is undefinable.
Energy is sometimes expressed as:
which is unsatisfactory because there cannot exist any thermodynamic state functions W or Q that are meaningful on the right hand side of this equation, except perhaps in trivial cases.
This principle is vitally important to understanding the behavior of a quantity closely related to energy, called entropy. Entropy is a measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system. When an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom (= is given new available energy states which are the same as existing states), then total energy spreads over all available degrees equally without distinction between "new" and "old" degrees. This mathematical result is called the second law of thermodynamics.
In a solid, thermal energy (often referred to loosely as heat content) can be accurately described by an ensemble of thermal phonons that act as mechanical oscillators. In this model, thermal energy is equally kinetic and potential.
In an ideal gas, the interaction potential between particles is essentially the delta function which stores no energy: thus, all of the thermal energy is kinetic.
Because an electric oscillator (LC circuit) is analogous to a mechanical oscillator, its energy must be, on average, equally kinetic and potential. It is entirely arbitrary whether the magnetic energy is considered kinetic and the electric energy considered potential, or vice versa. That is, either the inductor is analogous to the mass while the capacitor is analogous to the spring, or vice versa.
The two analyses are entirely consistent. The electric and magnetic degrees of freedom in item 1 are transverse to the direction of motion, while the speed in item 2 is along the direction of motion. For non-relativistic particles these two notions of potential versus kinetic energy are numerically equal, so the ambiguity is harmless, but not so for relativistic particles.
Work is roughly force times distance. But more precisely, it is
This says that the work () is equal to the integral (along a certain path) of the force; for details see the mechanical work article.
Work and thus energy is frame dependent. For example, consider a ball being hit by a bat. In the center-of-mass reference frame, the bat does no work on the ball. But, in the reference frame of the person swinging the bat, considerable work is done on the ball.
For example, consider electron-positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which individually are massless, but as a system retain their mass. This is a reversible process - the inverse process is called pair creation - in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two (or more) annihilating photons.
In general relativity, the stress-energy tensor serves as the source term for the gravitational field, in rough analogy to the way mass serves as the source term in the non-relativistic Newtonian approximation.
It is not uncommon to hear that energy is "equivalent" to mass. It would be more accurate to state that every energy has inertia and gravity equivalent, and because mass is a form of energy, then mass too has inertia and gravity associated with it.
Classical mechanics distinguishes between potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object, and kinetic energy, which is a function of its movement. Both position and movement are relative to a frame of reference, which must be specified: this is often (and originally) an arbitrary fixed point on the surface of the Earth, the terrestrial frame of reference. It has been attempted to categorize all forms of energy as either kinetic or potential: this is not incorrect, but neither is it clear that it is a real simplification, as Feynman points out:
|Mechanical energy is converted
|Mechanical energy
|Thermal energy
|Electric energy
|Electromagnetic radiation
|Chemical energy
|Nuclear energy
|Particle accelerator
The name "potential" energy originally signified the idea that the energy could readily be transferred as work—at least in an idealized system (reversible process, see below). This is not completely true for any real system, but is often a reasonable first approximation in classical mechanics.
The general equation above can be simplified in a number of common cases, notably when dealing with gravity or with elastic forces.
A more general expression for the potential energy due to Newtonian gravitation between two bodies of masses m1 and m2, useful in astronomy, is
Elastic potential energy is defined as a work needed to compress (or expand) a spring. The force, F, in a spring or any other system which obeys Hooke's law is proportional to the extension or compression, x,
This equation reduces to the one above it, at small (compared to c) speed. A mathematical by-product of this work (which is immediately seen in the last equation) is that even at rest a mass has the amount of energy equal to:
This energy is thus called rest mass energy.
|Thermal energy is converted
|Mechanical energy
|Steam turbine
|Thermal energy
|Heat exchanger
|Electric energy
|Electromagnetic radiation
|Hot objects
|Chemical energy
|Blast furnace
|Nuclear energy
Thermal energy (of some media - gas, plasma, solid, etc) is the energy associated with the microscopical random motion of particles constituting the media. For example, in case of monoatomic gas it is just a kinetic energy of motion of atoms of gas as measured in the reference frame of the center of mass of gas. In case of many-atomic gas rotational and vibrational energy is involved. In the case of liquids and solids there is also potential energy (of interaction of atoms) involved, and so on.
A heat is defined as a transfer (flow) of thermal energy across certain boundary (for example, from a hot body to cold via the area of their contact. A practical definition for small transfers of heat is
Despite the theoretical problems, the above definition is useful in the experimental measurement of energy changes. In a wide variety of situations, it is possible to use the energy released by a system to raise the temperature of another object, e.g. a bath of water. It is also possible to measure the amount of electric energy required to raise the temperature of the object by the same amount. The calorie was originally defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 °C (approximately 4.1855 J, although the definition later changed), and the British thermal unit was defined as the energy required to heat one pound of water by 1 °F (later fixed as 1055.06 J).
|Electric energy is converted
|Mechanical energy
|Electric motor
|Thermal energy
|Electric energy
|Electromagnetic radiation
|Light-emitting diode
|Chemical energy
|Nuclear energy
The electric potential energy of given configuration of charges is defined as the work which must be done against the Coulomb force to rearrange charges from infinite separation to this configuration (or the work done by the Coulomb force separating the charges from this configuration to infinity). For two point-like charges Q1 and Q2 at a distance r this work, and hence electric potential energy is equal to:
If an electric current passes through a resistor, electric energy is converted to heat; if the current passes through an electric appliance, some of the electric energy will be converted into other forms of energy (although some will always be lost as heat). The amount of electric energy due to an electric current can be expressed in a number of different ways:
|Electromagnetic radiation is converted
|Mechanical energy
|Solar sail
|Thermal energy
|Solar collector
|Electric energy
|Solar cell
|Electromagnetic radiation
|Non-linear optics
|Chemical energy
|Nuclear energy
|Mössbauer spectroscopy
Calculating work needed to create an electric or magnetic field in unit volume (say, in a capacitor or an inductor) results in the electric and magnetic fields energy densities:
Electromagnetic radiation, such as microwaves, visible light or gamma rays, represents a flow of electromagnetic energy. Applying the above expressions to magnetic and electric components of electromagnetic field both the volumetric density and the flow of energy in e/m field can be calculated. The resulting Poynting vector, which is expressed as
The energy of electromagnetic radiation is quantized (has discrete energy levels). The spacing between these levels is equal to
where h is the Planck constant, 6.6260693(11)×10−34 Js, and ν is the frequency of the radiation. This quantity of electromagnetic energy is usually called a photon. The photons which make up visible light have energies of 270–520 yJ, equivalent to 160–310 kJ/mol, the strength of weaker chemical bonds.
|Chemical energy is converted
|Mechanical energy
|Thermal energy
|Electric energy
|Fuel cell
|Electromagnetic radiation
|Chemical energy
|Chemical reaction
Chemical energy is the energy due to associations of atoms in molecules and various other kinds of aggregates of matter. It may be defined as a work done by electric forces during re-arrangement of electric charges, electrons and protons, in the process of aggregation. If the chemical energy of a system decreases during a chemical reaction, the difference is transferred to the surroundings in some form (often heat or light); on the other hand if the chemical energy of a system increases as a result of a chemical reaction - the difference then is supplied by the surroundings (usually again in form of heat or light). For example,
The chemical energy as defined above is also referred to by chemists as the internal energy, U: technically, this is measured by keeping the volume of the system constant. However, most practical chemistry is performed at constant pressure and, if the volume changes during the reaction (e.g. a gas is given off), a correction must be applied to take account of the work done by or on the atmosphere to obtain the enthalpy, H:
Since the industrial revolution, the burning of coal, oil, natural gas or products derived from them has been a socially significant transformation of chemical energy into other forms of energy. the energy "consumption" (one should really speak of "energy transformation") of a society or country is often quoted in reference to the average energy released by the combustion of these fossil fuels:
Simple examples of chemical energy are batteries and food. When you eat the food is digested and turned into chemical energy which can be transformed to kinetic energy.
|Nuclear binding energy is converted
|Mechanical energy
|Alpha radiation
|Thermal energy
|Electrical energy
|Beta radiation
|Electromagnetic radiation
|Gamma radiation
|Chemical energy
|Radioactive decay
|Nuclear energy
|Nuclear isomerism
Nuclear potential energy, along with electric potential energy, provides the energy released from nuclear fission and nuclear fusion processes. The result of both these processes are nuclei in which strong nuclear forces bind nuclear particles more strongly and closely. Weak nuclear forces (different from strong forces) provide the potential energy for certain kinds of radioactive decay, such as beta decay. The energy released in nuclear processes is so large that the relativistic change in mass (after the energy has been removed) can be as much as several parts per thousand.
Nuclear particles (nucleons) like protons and neutrons are not destroyed (law of conservation of baryon number) in fission and fusion processes. A few lighter particles may be created or destroyed (example: beta minus and beta plus decay, or electron capture decay), but these minor processes are not important to the immediate energy release in fission and fusion. Rather, fission and fusion release energy when collections of baryons become more tightly bound, and it is the energy associated with a fraction of the mass of the nucleons (but not the whole particles) which appears as the heat and electromagnetic radiation generated by nuclear reactions. This heat and radiation retains the "missing" mass, but the mass is missing only because it escapes in the form of heat and light, which retain the mass and conduct it out of the system where it is not measured. The energy from the Sun, also called solar energy, is an example of this form of energy conversion. In the Sun, the process of hydrogen fusion converts about 4 million metric tons of solar matter per second into light, which is radiated into space, but during this process, the number of total protons and neutrons in the sun does not change. In this system, the light itself retains the inertial equivalent of this mass, and indeed the mass itself (as a system), which represents 4 million tons per second of electromagnetic radiation, moving into space. Each of the helium nuclei which are formed in the process are less massive than the four protons from they were formed, but (to a good approximation), no particles or atoms are destroyed in the process of turning the sun's nuclear potential energy into light.
A minimal surface, for example, represents the smallest possible energy that a surface can have if its energy is proportional to the area of the surface. For this reason, (open) soap films of small size are minimal surfaces (small size reduces gravity effects, and openness prevents pressure from building up. Note that a bubble is a minimum energy surface but not a minimal surface by definition).
Energy can be converted into matter and vice versa. The mass-energy equivalence formula E = mc², derived by several authors: Olinto de Pretto, Albert Einstein, Friedrich Hasenöhrl, Max Planck and Henri Poincaré, quantifies the relationship between mass and rest energy. Since is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, the conversion of ordinary amount of mass (say, 1 kg) to other forms of energy can liberate tremendous amounts of energy (~ Joules), as can be seen in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Conversely, the mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule, which is why a loss of energy from most systems is difficult to measure by weight, unless the energy loss is very large. Examples of energy transformation into matter (particles) are found in high energy nuclear physics.
In nature, transformations of energy can be fundamentally classed into two kinds: those that are thermodynamically reversible, and those that are thermodynamically irreversible. A reversible process in thermodynamics is one in which no energy is dissipated (spread) into empty energy states available in a volume, from which it cannot be recovered into more concentrated forms (fewer quantum states), without degradation of even more energy. A reversible process is one in which this sort of dissipation does not happen. For example, conversion of energy from one type of potential field to another, is reversible, as in the pendulum system described above. In processes where heat is generated, however, quantum states of lower energy, present as possible exitations in fields between atoms, act as a reservoir for part of the energy, from which it cannot be recovered, in order to be converted with 100% efficiency into other forms of energy. In this case, the energy must partly stay as heat, and cannot be completely recovered as usable energy, except at the price of an increase in some other kind of heat-like increase in disorder in quantum states, in the universe (such as an expansion of matter, or a randomization in a crystal).
As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in irreversible states (i.e., as heat or other kinds of increases in disorder). This has been referred to as the inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe. In this heat death the energy of the universe does not change, but the fraction of energy which is available to do produce work through a heat engine, or be transformed to other usable forms of energy (through the use of generators attached to heat engines), grows less and less.
Most kinds of energy (with gravitational energy being a notable exception) are also subject to strict local conservation laws, as well. In this case, energy can only be exchanged between adjacent regions of space, and all observers agree as to the volumetric density of energy in any given space. There is also a global law of conservation of energy, stating that the total energy of the universe cannot change; this is a corollary of the local law, but not vice versa. Conservation of energy is the mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time (that is, the indistinguishability of time intervals taken at different time) - see Noether's theorem.
According to energy conservation law the total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system.
This law is a fundamental principle of physics. It follows from the translational symmetry of time, a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their locations on the time coordinate. Put differently, yesterday, today, and tomorrow are physically indistinguishable.
Thus is because energy is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time. This mathematical entanglement of energy and time also results in the uncertainty principle - it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval. The uncertainty principle should not be confused with energy conservation - rather it provides mathematical limits to which energy can in principle be defined and measured.
In quantum mechanics energy is expressed using the Hamiltonian operator. On any time scales, the uncertainty in the energy is by
which is similar in form to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (but not really mathematically equivalent thereto, since H and t are not dynamically conjugate variables, neither in classical nor in quantum mechanics).
In particle physics, this inequality permits a qualitative understanding of virtual particles which carry momentum, exchange by which and with real particles, is responsible for the creation of all known fundamental forces (more accurately known as fundamental interactions). Virtual photons (which are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons) are also responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges (which results in Coulomb law), for spontaneous radiative decay of exited atomic and nuclear states, for the Casimir force, for van der Waals bond forces and some other observable phenomena.
It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. However, in growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allows the organism tissue to be highly ordered with regard to the molecules it is built from. The second law of thermodynamics states that energy (and matter) tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe: to concentrate energy (or matter) in one specific place, it is necessary to spread out a greater amount of energy (as heat) across the remainder of the universe ("the surroundings"). Simpler organisms can achieve higher energy efficiencies than more complex ones, but the complex organisms can occupy ecological niches that are not available to their simpler brethren. The conversion of a portion of the chemical energy to heat at each step in a metabolic pathway is the physical reason behind the pyramid of biomass observed in ecology: to take just the first step in the food chain, of the estimated 124.7 Pg/a of carbon that is fixed by photosynthesis, 64.3 Pg/a (52%) are used for the metabolism of green plants, i.e. reconverted into carbon dioxide and heat.


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Peter Beagrie
Football League Expert & Columnist
Safe crackers
How safe are football stadiums? How has Uwe Rosler done at Brentford? Beags has his say...
Last Updated: 26/10/12 1:55pm
Peter Beagrie is here every week on skysports.com answering YOUR Football League questions.
The former winger, who played over 770 games, representing clubs in all four tiers of the English footballing pyramid, including Manchester City, Everton, Bradford, Sheffield United, Scunthorpe, and Grimsby, forms part of the Sky Sports punditry team for all the big matches in the Championship, League One and League Two.
So if you have a poser for Peter, whether it's about your team, a player, match or incident that has caught your eye, or a wider point on the Football League, make sure you send it in.
Read below for this week's column where Beags gives his take on safety levels at Football League grounds, the virtues of Uwe Rosler and who should take charge of Hartlepool...
Send your question to Beags
1. Mail them to email@example.com
2. Use the feedback form at the bottom of this page
Hi Peter, After seeing the Chris Kirkland incident last week, I just wondered how you think safety in football grounds has changed since your early days as a professional? Cheers, Michael Ashton (Sheffield Wednesday fan)
BEAGS SAYS: There have been improvements at a vast majority of grounds, Michael. Unfortunately they came off the back of catastrophic events - the Bradford City fire and Hillsborough disaster being two such examples - but thankfully the loss of loved ones is no longer commonplace inside football stadia. New safety laws implemented after Bradford, the worst fire in English football history meant that old stadia and stands, mainly of wooden construction, were remodelled for the better, while the removal of lateral fences, which were initially put in place to improve safety by segregating opposing fans and preventing pitch invasions, friendly or otherwise, but actually played a huge part on that fateful day at Hillsborough in 1989 in which 96 people lost their lives and 766 more were injured, has been a successful move, as has the elimination of standing terraces in Britain.
The actions of the mindless individual who was attacked Chris Kirkland was disturbing to see and we seem to be going back to the dark ages with things like this and the racist chanting, which has replaced some of the witty banter once exchanged. Hatred and vitriol is the order of the day, it seems, and it saddens me to see the game I love, played, watch and talk about take such a kicking. In my opinion, which is shared by many others, the best game in the world has the worst reputation. Safety has improved but behaviour in grounds seems to have gone backwards and hopefully there is an end to that soon.
Hi Peter, I think I'm right in saying that you played with Billy McKinlay for a short time when you were at Bradford. Therefore, do you think he would be a good choice as Blackburn manager? Thanks, Thomas Smith (Blackburn fan)
BEAGS SAYS: You're right, Thomas, I did play with Billy for a short time at Bradford and in that period I could see that he was a passionate, opinionated individual who had no problems communicating and getting his ideas across. He is a well-respected coach now and Martin Jol, the manager he works under at Fulham, believes he will be a very good number one someday. In you club's case, it appears that the rejected approaches for McKinlay and Tim Sherwood suggest they will forget about the failure of the untried Steve Kean and again go for someone who is young, hungry and with an affinity for the club. The fans' response has not been positive to the aforementioned candidates and so it is back to the drawing board; I normally have an inkling as to who will get managerial posts but this one has me stumped - and I expect I am not the only football person that the Venky's have flummoxed! Still, Rovers are up to fifth after ending their barren run against Sheffield Wednesday and supporters should be counting their blessings that Jordan Rhodes is firing.
Hello Peter, I really enjoy your column. Why do you think so many teams find the move from the Blue Square Premier to League Two so easy? Thanks, Victoria Holness (York City fan)
BEAGS SAYS: Thanks for taking the time to right in, Victoria. I think there are many factors as to why this seems to be the case. Usually the Blue Square clubs come into the Football League better prepared and more stable financially, while they are also able to retain the vast majority of their promotion-winning team which brings confidence, consistency and a vast amount of momentum. In addition, they get the enjoyment and buzz of playing in front of bigger crowds. There is also the surprise element as other managers and players do not know the strengths and weaknesses of yours. I must congratulate you for your team's great start and current four-game unbeaten run; York do not have the finances that the likes of Crawley and Stevenage had but you have a very good manager in Gary Mills.
Hi there Peter from a fellow North Easterner. Can you see Neale Cooper dragging Hartlepool to safety this term? It doesn't look good at the moment... Evan Jones (Hartlepool fan)
Hi Peter, Do you think Nigel Pearson gets enough credit for the jobs he has done as a manager? He has saved Carlisle and Southampton from relegation, got Leicester promoted from League One and into the Championship play-offs and now to the top of the second tier? I am surprised he never gets linked with vacant Premier League jobs. Thanks, Gary Dixon (Arsenal fan)
BEAGS SAYS: Nigel has certainly had a wide cross-section of jobs, with varying degrees of difficulty, coaching at international with the England Under-21s and at Premiership level and then going on to become a manager in his own right. After Nigel led Leicester to promotion the Championship and then into the second-tier play-offs, in which his side lost in the semi-finals in a penalty shoot-out, I think he felt he had to seek pastures new due to a clash of personalities with the chairman and chief-executive. However, after a stint at Hull, Pearson is now back in the Foxes hot-seat, producing brilliant results and has got the City fans smiling. I feel Nigel's best chance of managing in the Premier League is with Leicester and his chances may have been improved if Sven-Goran Eriksson had not wasted a small fortune when he was in charge at the King Power Stadium.
Hello Peter, How would you evaluate the job Uwe Rosler has done since he took charge of Brentford in the summer of 2011? Thanks, Sam Thompson (Brentford fan)
BEAGS SAYS: I think Uwe is doing an excellent job and with a little bit of luck and some devilment from the Bees strikers in front goal, Brentford could have made the play-offs last year and would arguably have several more points this. Every time the Griffin Park outfit are screened live on Sky Sports, their overall play has been impressive and I suggest if Rosler was still able to play those chances would not have gone begging! He has been astute in the transfer market and shown a willingness to play and get the best out of the youngsters, all with a budget that is between the eighth and 12th biggest in the division. The Bees are ticking along nicely and if they can keep their main players fit, a play-off place beckons.
I had the great pleasure of playing with Uwe at Man City where he displayed all his passion for his life, sport and family. He had a tremendous rapport with the fans who saw how much it mattered to him to be the best that he could as often as possible; there was no such thing as a lost cause or a race that couldn't be won. He was misunderstood by a lot of people during his time as a manager in Norway as aloof, but nothing could be further from the truth; he has a great sense of humour and a wonderful grasp of the English wit and sarcasm. He overcame a life-threatening illness by showing all the traits he demonstrated as a player and has modern ideas but old-fashioned values. He was a hero to many and I am glad I am one of the few who can class him as a great friend.
Make sure you have your say on the issues mentioned by filling in the feedback form below and then tune into this weekend's Football League fare as Bristol City host Hull (5pm, Saturday, Sky Sports 2 HD) and Sheffield United entertain Portsmouth (7.30pm, Monday, Sky Sports 1 HD).


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Most people who have ever gotten a speeding ticket feel like their state is the worst place to get one. The truth is, some states are far worse as far as likelihood to get a speeding ticket and how expensive it's likely to be.
Take a look at the worst states for speeding tickets, as compiled by Yahoo! Autos.
Most expensive first offense. These five states all hold drivers liable for a fine of up to $1,000 for a first offense. The fine is up to a judge's discretion and can be based on how many miles per hour you're ticketed over the designated speed limit, or if you were caught speeding in a work or a school zone, both of which tend to double a fine. In addition to the fine, you can spend up to a year in jail.
New Hampshire
North Carolina
Most expensive state to fight a ticket: Massachusetts
Sneakiest speed traps in America: Vermont
Most unmarked State Police cars: Connecticut
Most tickets written: Washington, D.C.
To read more about the worst states for speeding tickets, click here.
To read about the top 10 cities for auto thefts, click here.
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I was part of the jogging boom of the late �70s, when most people thought running was the only ingredient needed to get into tip-top shape. Well, running plus stretching. Lots and lots of stretching before we dared set foot on the pavement.�But these days things are not so clear-cut. Here's what you should know and why you should rethink stretching. TAKE ME TO THE STORY!
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March 2013
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Use caulk and foam to help prevent bugs and pests from entering your home.


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Parisienne Pretty™ Barbie® Doll
The "Since 1959" Collection commemorates famed vintage Barbie® fashions, re-invented for a new era! Fifty years ago, haute couture traveled from French ateliers to Southern California for our own beautiful fashion maven, Barbie® doll. A stylish favorite, Gay Parisienne® now inspires Robert Best to create a celebratory 50th anniversary re-design. Oh so chic, oh so stylish, oh so Barbie®!
Fashion designed especially for the Silkstone® Barbie® doll body. Not for use with other Barbie® dolls.
For the adult collector.
Production doll may vary from the photo shown above. Mattel reserves the right to modify the fashion/fabrics, sculpt, hair color/style, and accessories. Doll cannot stand alone as shown.


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Brian "Head" Welch's side project, Love and Death, just released a new album, 'Between Here & Lost', out now. Click here to buy 'Between Here & Lost' on iTunes.
Korn will perform at this year's Download Festival in Donington, UK on June 14th 2013.
WOUNDED WARRIORS--the short film directed by Sébastien Paquet documenting Jonathan Davis, lead singer of Grammy Award-winning band KORN, returning to Ramstein Air Base in Germany August 11, 2012 to visit with members of armed forces stationed there as well as those in transit from Iraq and Afghanistan—will make its online premiere this Wednesday, December 5 as a free stream on MonsterEnergy.com.
Going to Shiprocked next week?
Attend a private drum master class with Ray or a private bass master class with Fieldy during your cruise!
Sign up for the Shiprocked Ultimate Insider Experience with members of Korn now!


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Morning Air Show
Fake Documentary on Mermaids
Recently a fake documentary on Mermaids was made by Animal Planet called Mermaids: The Body Found.
It made claims that the body of a mermaid or perhaps a merman was found washed up on a beach and found by two boys. Then it was secretly taken away by the US navy. The video of this mermaid was of such poor quality that it didn't prove anything. It also gave a link to a web-site called http://believeinmermaids.com/, but when you go to it, there is nothing but a sign saying the website was closed down by homeland security, (I assume in USA). All very dramatic, I suppose, but more likely a hoax.
The video made some incredible claims, like fishermen have found spears in large fish and whales, and claim that aquatic humans make spears and hunt fish and sea mammals with them. The problem is, that it would be very difficult, to make any sort of spear while swimming in the ocean, these aquatic humans would have to come to land to do this. Then, when they try to make spears on land, they surely would be spotted far too often, by land based humans.
Yet within the documentary was some interesting information. It mentioned the Aquatic Ape Theory, and brought it to many people's attention, who never heard of it before. It even mentioned parts of the Aquatic Ape Theory, like wading as the reason why humans walk upright. Why we have subcutaneous fat around the bodies of humans to keep us warm in the water. Also why we have larger brains than any other ape, because of the sea food diet that has more brain food in it, than food we obtain from land. The documentary also had a big effect on my blogs and videos on my mermaid theory.
"GOLDEN Mermaid Found DEAD on Lonely Florida Beach Mermaid or Sea Monster?
Item number: 300006962914
While exploring desolate areas of Fort Desoto Beach at the southern end of St. Petersburg, here in Florida, I came upon a rather startling discovery. Before me lay what at first appeared to be a very large strange fish. Shocked and amazed, I realized I had found another mermaid or sea monster.
I went back to my car to get my camera. My hands were shaking as I tried to calm down to take these photos. This Mermaid or Sea monster, you be the judge, is a few inches shy of being 5 feet long. Laying on a fresh natural bed of seaweed, this create of the sea looks out as if still alive. What killed this mystery from the depths?"
Cheryl Ann Hinchman of Dunbar (raised in Elkview) will be on her way to Memphis July 7th for an audition for THE VOICE! She was a guest on the Morning Air Show and we wish her well. (Jake took this picture)
Kellie's Tour Bus was featured on HGTV's "Celebrity Motor Homes"....Check out this insanity!
NASHVILLE, Tenn. -
A Mid-State man will receive a refund after being escorted out of Saturday's Kenny Chesney and Tim McGraw "Brothers of the Sun" concert for looking like none other than Kenny Chesney.
According to security at the LP Field concert, other fans thought they were seeing Chesney in the crowd and that created a disturbance.
Nathan Blankenship lives in Bellevue and works as a school teacher. He told Nashville's News 2 he was looking forward to Saturday's show.
He said, "I decided I wanted to get on the floor and enjoy it so I dropped about $200 on a single ticket."
If you use tobacco and are thinking about quitting, congratulations! You are on your way to making a decision that will immediately improve your health. Did you know that 20 minutes after you quit smoking, your heart rate and blood pressure drops? And that within 3 months, your circulation and lung function improves? If you use tobacco, quitting is the single most beneficial thing you can do for your health.


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RSS 104 deals tagged "photo-frames"
Motorola 6" Ultra Thin LCD Digital Photo Frame with Slideshow & Calendar - Black for $29.99 + free shipping
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Towle 8x10 Silver Plated Picture Frame for $17
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Melannco 10 Piece Live, Love, Laugh Photo Frame Set for $24
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Melannco Home, Family & Friends Collage, Set of 3 for $20
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Gear Head 1.5" Digital Photo Frame Travel Alarm Clock for $3.99 + free shipping
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Melannco Silk Screen Collage Photo Frames, Set of 3 for $16
Towle Nickel Plated Thick Glass Mirror Border Photo Frame for $34
ViewSonic VFD820-50 Digital Photo Frame - 8 ", 800 x 600, 400:1 , LED Backlight $10.00 rebate for $19.99 + free shipping
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Melannco Friends, Love & Family 8 Piece Decorator Set for $20
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Philips 7" Digital Photo Frame with USB Port and Memory Card Reader for $23 + free shipping
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Melannco 10 Piece Live, Love, Laugh Photo Frame Set for $23
Four Friends Metal Picture Frames - 2 Pictures Per Frame for $9.99 + free shipping
@ dealgenius.com | 0 comments | home, photo-frames
3 years ago
1.5" USB Digital Photo Frame Kit w/Santa Ornament for $20.50
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Mikasa Silver Plated Block Frames, Set of 4 for $32
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Pretty much, anyway. This is where you find the deals that wooters like you have ferreted out and brought to light. We're thinking it'll turn into a massive database of discounted products from around the Web, constantly expanding to absorb the newest deals from the very moment their prices are slashed, with each deal immediately rated by hordes of savvy voters to spotlight the very greatest deals in the world today. Hey, we can dream, right?
We use a fancy algorithm to determine which deals are catching the most buzz – they're under the Popular tab, which is the default view of this section. You can look for the most popular deals today, this week, or this month. The Fresh tab features the most recently submitted deals, so that's where to look for deals that everybody else doesn't know about yet. And the Search bar does what a Search bar does, only, uh, much wootier! Yeah! Right on!
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MoMA Audio: Collection, 2008
Curator Emeritus, John Elderfield: Broadway Boogie Woogie is Mondrian's last fully completed picture. Painted in New York in 1942–1943, it brings to an end an extraordinary career, which goes back to the early part of the century. Mondrian gradually shrugged off the depictive kind of painting and started to make compositions restricted to the three primary colors, red, yellow and blue, plus white, black and grays.
What's so striking about this very late work is that Mondrian has replaced the black lines, which characterize the earlier work, by these bands with pulsating color within them. The title refers to music and Mondrian's interest in this kind of boogie woogie jazz, which he felt analogous to his own practice. He talked a lot about dynamic symmetry, about oppositions, and I think that his interest in jazz was in this kind of syncopation, which we see in this work of these elements running in sequences, working against each other and so on.
Mondrian is willing to totally decentralize the composition, creating this sort of optical fluttering that happens across the picture, so that your eye moves and picks up accents where it wishes, which looks forward to the Abstract Expressionism of Jackson Pollock.
Mondrian, who had escaped to New York from Europe after the outbreak of World War II, delighted in the city's architecture. He was also fascinated by American jazz, particularly boogie-woogie, finding its syncopated beat, irreverent approach to melody, and improvisational aesthetic akin to what he called, in his own work, the "destruction of natural appearance; and construction through continuous opposition of pure means—dynamic rhythm." In this painting, his penultimate, Mondrian replaced the black grid that had long governed his canvases with predominantly yellow lines that intersect at points marked by squares of blue and red. These atomized bands of stuttering chromatic pulses, interrupted by light gray, create paths across the canvas suggesting the city's grid, the movement of traffic, and blinking electric lights, as well as the rhythms of jazz.
The Museum of Modern Art, MoMA Highlights, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, revised 2004, originally published 1999, p. 187
Mondrian arrived in New York in 1940, one of the many European artists who moved to the United States to escape World War II. He fell in love with the city immediately. He also fell in love with boogie-woogie music, to which he was introduced on his first evening in New York, and he soon began, as he said, to put a little boogie-woogie into his paintings.
Mondrian's aesthetic doctrine of Neo-Plasticism restricted the painter's means to the most basic kinds of line—that is, to straight horizontals and verticals—and to a similarly limited color range, the primary triad of red, yellow, and blue plus white, black, and the grays between. But Broadway Boogie Woogie omits black and breaks Mondrian's once uniform bars of color into multicolored segments. Bouncing against each other, these tiny, blinking blocks of color create a vital and pulsing rhythm, an optical vibration that jumps from intersection to intersection like the streets of New York. At the same time, the picture is carefully calibrated, its colors interspersed with gray and white blocks in an extraordinary balancing act.
Mondrian's love of boogie-woogie must have come partly because he saw its goals as analogous to his own: "destruction of melody which is the destruction of natural appearance; and construction through the continuous opposition of pure means—dynamic rhythm."
If you are interested in reproducing images from The Museum of Modern Art web site, please visit the Image Permissions page (www.moma.org/permissions). For additional information about using content from MoMA.org, please visit About this Site (www.moma.org/site).
© Copyright 2011 The Museum of Modern Art


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Tuscarawas News Detail
Denise "The Voice" Russell Performs March 7Posted Feb. 22, 2013
Kent State University at Stark's LGBT Faculty Committee and SPECTRUM, the student LGBT organization, will host nationally known female impersonator Denise "The Voice" Russell as she presents My Life Under The Lavender Lights on Thursday, March 7 at 3:30 p.m. in Main Hall Auditorium, 6000 Frank Avenue NW in Jackson Township. The event, which will include a live performance, followed by a discussion with questions from the audience, is free and open to the public. No tickets are required. Mature audiences only, please.
Denise Russell is an entertainer from Northern Ohio who is known for her live vocal comedy and impersonations. With more than 30 years of experience, she is the only female impersonator to have performed in Nashville's Grand Ole Opry. She was an emcee for the Cowboys LaCage, was on cast at the Parliament House in Orlando and worked in casinos in New Orleans, Atlantic City, San Diego, Lake Tahoe, Albuquerque and Biloxi.
A former national title holder, Denise has earned numerous pageant accomplishments, including Miss Continental Plus 1992, Miss Gay USofA @ Large 1990 and Miss Pittsburgh Big Beautiful Woman 1989. In 2009, she released her CD, The Best of Denise Russell. She is currently an emcee at the Jewel Box Revue in Canyonville, Ore.
For more information on Kent State Stark's diversity initiatives, call 330-499-9600 or visit www.stark.kent.edu/about/diversity.


text: Training Pants Safety Information: We care about your toddler's safety and we want to remind you that this package, or a torn piece of training pants could cause a choking hazard for your child. To avoid danger of suffocating, please keep this packaging away from babies and children. And like any piece of clothing, training pants are flammable.


text: Trucks When you think about it, buying a truck is a lot like shopping for a new suit. You have to look at the size of your company and determine what would make the best fit, and you have to have a certain image in mind. You want something that looks professional, but also catches the customer's eye. More


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Bariatric Surgery Information ACW, Aug 22, 5:30 to 7:30 p.m.Bobby Bhasker-Rao, MD, General Surgery760-778-5220 Read More
Lowdown on Hormone Replacement Therapy ACRefreshments sponsored by Novogyne PharmceuticalsTH, Sep 6, 5:30 to 7 p.m.Christine Griswold, MD, Gynecology760-568-1234 Read More
September is Prostate Cancer Awaremess Month
Prostate Cancer: Steps to Take to Lower Your Risk LQArgyros Health and Wellness SeriesTH, Sep 6, 5:30 to 7 p.m.Stephen Steele, DO, Family Medicine and Sports Medicine760-610-7205; register by Sep 5. Read More
Treatment for Advanced Stage Prostate Cancer LCM, Sep 10, 5:30 to 7 p.m.Henry Tsai, MD, Medical Oncology, Hematology and Internal Medicine760-834-3798. Complimentary dinner; register by Sep 7. Read More
Prostate Cancer and Bone Health LCW, Sep 12, 4:30 to 5:30 p.m.Richard Fausel, DO, International Society of Clinical Densitometry760-834-3798; register by Sep 11. Read More
The PSA Controversy ACTH, Sep 13, 5:30 to 7 p.m.Jeffrey Herz, MD, Urology760-568-1234 Read More
Introduction to Stress Management and Meditation ACTH, Sep 13, 6 to 8 p.m.Beth Mulligan, PA-C, Stress Management SpecialistFree introductory lecture. Optional eight-week series follows; TH, Sep 20 to Nov 8, 6 to 8 p.m.; $260, includes CDs and workbook.760-568-1234 Read More
Ideally, students should see their primary care physicians, incorporating the elements of the sports physical into their yearly checkup, which could significantly increase the chances of identifying medical problems. Parents and athletes should jointly complete the history portion of any physical exam form prior to arriving at the office to assure accurate responses. History of any previous heat illness should be included. The most likely reason for athletes to be withheld from competition is a musculoskeletal condition, such as unresolved injuries to the knee, ankle, shoulder, back, hip or elbow. It is critically important, however, that the physician also evaluate the cardiovascular system, to rule out conditions that may cause sudden death. A focused cardiovascular examination should include:
Parents should never allow sports physicals to replace their children's yearly exams. School or sports physicals are available at the Center for Family Medicine at Eisenhower Argyros Health Center in La Quinta, Eisenhower Urgent Care locations in Rancho Mirage and Palm Springs, and all Eisenhower Primary Care offices conveniently located throughout the valley. Cost is $50. Bring the school's physical exam card with the history portion completed prior to the exam.
For your convenience, Eisenhower Urgent Care has locations throughout the Coachella Valley. For more information, please call 760-834-3593 or visit emc.org. With offices valley wide, many Eisenhower Primary Care locations offer same-day appointments. For more information about services offered and physician information, or to schedule an appointment, please call 760-773-1460 or visit ema.emc.org.


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Frequently Asked Questions
Application Process
- What criteria are considered for transfer admission?
- What should my application essay include?
- Does Ithaca College require SAT Subject Tests? What are the average SAT scores for entering IC students?
- When will I hear a decision?
- What application materials should I send?
- Can I transfer any credits I've earned elsewhere or through AP testing?
- What are the code numbers for the CEEB (SAT), ACT, TAP - Undergraduate, FAFSA Title IV, the CSS Profile Application, and TOEFL?
- Can I apply early decision?
- When is my application due?
- Does Ithaca College accept the Common Application online?
- What is the undergraduate application fee?
- Can I apply online?
- Do I need to schedule an interview to apply?
- How do I confirm my enrollment?
- What criteria are used to evaluate applicants?
- What is the average gpa (grade point average) for applicants to Ithaca College?
- What matters in my application?
- Can I get in?


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InterContinental® Hotels Group (IHG) is one of the world's largest hotel groups by number of rooms. It owns, manages, leases or franchises over 4,500 hotels and more than 650,000 guest rooms in 100 countries and territories around the world.
JetPrivilege members who are also members of the Priority Club® Rewards programme can earn 500 JPMiles per eligible stay at the participating brands mentioned below:
Members of the Priority Club Rewards programme and JetPrivilege programme can also redeem their Priority Club Rewards points for JPMiles at the following exchange rates (current exchange rates are subject to change):
To earn JPMiles, the member needs to be an existing member of the Priority Club Rewards programme.
To earn JPMiles, member must quote his / her valid JetPrivilege membership number at the time of reservation, pay a qualifying rate and present a valid JetPrivilege membership card and Priority Club Rewards membership card at check-in.
Jet Airways will not be responsible for credit of JPMiles on non-qualifying stays/rates.
A stay is defined as one night or consecutive nights at the same hotel regardless of the frequency of check in/out. A stay is qualified when paying qualifying rates, which includes most business and leisure rates.
Members can earn either Priority Club points or JPMiles for their stay any of the participating properties.
At the time of reservations or check-in, please confirm with the hotel if the room rate you are paying, qualifies for earning JPMiles.
JetPrivilege and Priority Club Rewards programme terms and conditions apply.
Back to JetPrivilege Partners
© Jet Airways (India) Ltd.


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[ Disneyland Trip Planning Guide - Contents ] [ Next ]
| Why Travel to Disneyland?
| My Favorite Things at
Planning Ahead
Disneyland Resort Primer
A Disneyland / WDW Comparison
| The Ins and Outs of
Disneyland Reservations | How to Use
Disneyland's Transportation System
| Developing a Daily
"Game Plan"
| The Daily Afternoon Break
| Touring the Parks With
Kids | Touring the Parks With
an Infant | Touring the Parks with
Disabled Guests
The Parks
General Issues | All
About Admission
Media (i.e. Tickets) | General
Park Operating Hours | "Magic Mornings", the Disneyland Resort's Version of Early Entry | Fastpass --
Disney's New "Virtual Queue" | Disneyland | Details-at-a-Glance
| Touring
the Park | Attractions
| Shopping
| Disneyland Shows and
Entertainment | Parade
of Stars | Believe:
There's Magic in the Sky | Fantasmic!
| Disney's California Adventure
| Details-at-a-Glance
| Touring the Park
| Attractions
| Shopping
| Eureka! The California Adventure
Everything Else
Disney | Guided
Tours of Disneyland
Disneyland Restaurant Resource
First, if you couldn't find it here, I
would appreciate it if you would click on this link
and send me a message to tell me what's missing. I'll do my best to
"fill in the blanks" as soon as possible.
Why Travel to Disneyland? aimed
at WDW veterans, this page describes what's unique about Disneyland and
why they should make the trip West
My Favorite Things at
Disneyland a personal list
Go to: Top | Section Contents | MousePlanet Main Page
Copyright © MousePlanet® Inc. | Legal Information & Privacy Policy | About/Contact MousePlanet | Link to us
MousePlanet® is not associated in any official way with the Walt Disney Company, its subsidiaries, or its affiliates. The official Disney site is available at www.disney.com. This MousePlanet Web site provides independent news articles, commentary, editorials, reviews, and guides primarily about the theme park resorts of the Walt Disney Co. All information on this site is subject to change. Please call destinations in advance to confirm the most up-to-date information.


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|Amount Per Serving
|% Daily Value
|Total Carbohydrate
|2 g
|Amino Blend
Micronized Taurine, Micronized L-Glutamine, Micronized L-Arginine, Micronized L-Leucine, CarnoSyn® Beta-Alanine, Micronized Citrulline, Micronized L-Tyrosine, Micronized L-Histidine, Micronized L-Lysine, Micronized L-Phenylalanine, Micronized L-Threonine, Micronized L-Methionine
|5 g
|Energy Blend
Caffeine (from Green Tea)‡, Green Tea Extract (Camellia sinensis) (leaf)(standardized for EGCG), Green Coffee Extract (bean)
|160 mg
Allergen Information: Contains soy (lecithin)
2 scoops of this product contain 100 mg caffeine. DO NOT EXCEED MORE THAN 6 SCOOPS within any 4 hour period. A person should start with = 2scoops (=100 mg caffeine) to assess tolerance and then gradually increase serving size. Do not exceed 10 scoops per day. Do not combine with alcohol. Consume as part of a healthy diet, and drink at least 100 oz of water per day. Exercise may increase your need for additional fluid intake
WARNING: Consult your physician before using this product if you Are taking any medication or are under a physician's care for a Medical condition. Not for use by those under the age of 18, Women that are pregnant, trying to get pregnant, or nursing, or Those that are sensitive to caffeine and beta-alanine. Do not Consume caffeine from other sources while taking this product As too much caffeine may cause nervousness, irritability,
Sleeplessness, and occasionally rapid heartbeat