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Risk Taker
Joined: Apr 2010
Location: Boise, ID
Oddometer: 1,144
The Adventures of Tyson and Hobbes
Introductions first. I'm Tyson.
And this is Hobbes. My orange Tiger 800XC.
Yup. This Hobbes.
I ride more than most and way less than some. I like to share my stories and they're pretty good most of the time. I wanted to make a solid string of my ride reports so that family and friends can follow along as I break stuff and get lost. Just as fair warning, I use a bit of strong language from time to time.
Still reading? Good.
With out giving my entire life story, I'm 29, single, no kids, and I call Idaho home. Although, my job keeps me in Colorado quite a bit. They are both shitty places and I highly advise never going there and especially don't move there. Those of us already here will suffer through it for you.
This is the bike I have beat the crap out of in the past year. Fantastic bike, but just not enough GO juice. If the picture of me above giving the thumbs after I just hit a rock and landed in puddle of cow piss and rain water is any indication of the stuff I do, you may want to pay attention to this thread. I mean c'mon, when you come home and your bike looks like this, you must have some good stories to tell.
This is how my first report will begin. I was working in Colorado and I was going insane with out a bike. I've been waiting for the Tiger since February!!! The Tiger is finally mine after months of waiting, and then waiting more for the R&D to be done by Happy Trails Products. All the crash guards and panniers will be available for the Tiger from Happy Trails soon! Sorry, I had to. My bike was finally ready for pick up. I flew home to pick up the bike and spend some time with family that came to visit for a few days. I had managed to get a few miles on Hobbes before Happy Trails got a hold of him, so he wasn't brand brand new. This will be the first trip we take together though. Idaho to Colorado in two days and just a little interstate.
On the road. The bike is barely broke in at 350 miles before I jump on the Interstate and hold him steady at 80. I left Boise on Thursday, June 23 at 830. And like I said before, Idaho is shitty (don't move there), so there will be no pictures from the intestate. The fun starts after Salt Lake City when I turn south off of I-80 onto US 40 towards Park City. Never been by there before. I could see wasting a few years as a ski bum there. I have some years left, I might just do that. I made a left onto 32 just before Herber City.
I followed the meandering two lane highway along the Provo River and enjoyed the scenery. Then the road started to gain altitude and I started to enjoy the bike more. A little mini review of the Tiger 800 XC. HOLY SHIT THIS BIKE RIPS!!! ON AND OFF ROAD!!! K. Moving on.
Wolf Creek Summit was full of snow and cold. I briefly contemplated putting on another layer but thought better of it since I knew I'd be in the desert soon.
I was having fun on the empty road and I found out that my toe will scrape the pavement before the foot peg or pannier. Duly noted. Good to know.
Not too many pics of the decent off Wolf Creek to Duchesne. Please keep in mind I've been waiting for this bike for four months now and I'm really enjoying it. You'll get your pics. I promise.
While we're at it, lets just skip to Dinosaur, CO. 40 is full of white pick up trucks and boring. I was falling asleep and needed a Red Bull in Vernal. Gett i n g t i r ed.....WHOA...Red bull kicked in! Well alright alright.
Here we are coming to Dinosaur.
Gas and COLD beer in Dinosaur. Just an FYI to all you alcoholics out there, when buying beer in Colorado, buy from a liquor store. Gas stations have that 3.2% bull shit.
Ok, now I'm starting to get weak and shaky while that red bull wears off and I start to crash. Need food now. Heading off the tarmac soon and I can't be feeling like this in control of a 93HP dirt bike. I pulled over to the side of the road right there and pulled out the last of the pizza I had brought. It was pretty warm and probably full of growing stuff by this point, but it did the job and I never got sick.
I took some pics of flowers while I was eating. Well dammit, I think they're pretty.
It's getting to be a long day at this point. Camp is going to be down there somewhere.
Finally I get to leave the pavement.
I head down Sand Canyon Road towards Echo Park. The road is stunning and the bike is fantastic. Even the Death Wings are doing a lot better in the dirt than I expected. Pretty damn good for a 90/10 tire.
More flowers
Steamboat rock
The water is really high right now. I couldn't get any pics of the river from the bank. Next time I guess.
When I slid off my bike into a pile, I was immediately swarmed by mosquitoes. I jumped up and gathered wood as fast as I could. Once the fire was started, the bugs went away and I cracked a beer while setting up camp. No rain fly tonight. Perfect weather!
Day 1 of 2 was 605.6 miles, 9 hours 49 minutes saddle time, and nearly 13 hours elapsed. Good night Hobbes. See ya in the morning.
Tomorrow the really good riding starts!!!
2011 Triumph 800 XC
2007 Honda CRF 250X
1994 Kawasaki KLX 650R
THE BACKCOUNTRY PURSUIT- Boise, Idaho's consignment specialist for ADV gear!
av_mech screwed with this post 01-23-2013 at 11:40 AM
Eat my shorts
Joined: Dec 2006
Location: Yellowknife, NWT
Oddometer: 4,058
I like it. Tell me more about the bike, I'm having to live vicariously through those that already own an XC until I can have my own....
Long time Idaho rider
Joined: Jun 2008
Location: Boise, Idaho, USA
Oddometer: 670
Along for the ride
Hey Tyson, good to see you finally out on that thing. Looks like you'll be a pro on it when you're back to ride with the Boise folk. I like your pics and write-up.
Photo ride reports: http://trailimage.com/ _
Noise Maker
Joined: Apr 2010
Location: Redmond, OR
Oddometer: 629
I got to ride it last weekend on the pavement and in the dirt/snow Yup, all of those.
2007 Honda XR650R, 2005 Gas Gas EC 250, 2004 Sherco 2.9, 2002 aprilia ETV 1000 Caponord, 1993 Kawasaki KLX 650
Risk Taker
Joined: Apr 2010
Location: Boise, ID
Oddometer: 1,144
Ain't such a bad life when you wake up to this view from your tent.
Good morning Hobbes!
I was up early. I naturally wake up at five nowadays. Weird getting old. Had some coffee and broke down camp. The bike was started at six and I was on my way.
There were a lot of unknowns for the day ahead. I had a general idea of where I wanted to go, but no real plan. Just an end destination with no deadline besides bedtime. This is probably also a good time to mention that I don't have a GPS. I use the Benchmark atlas series. I have a good sense of direction and I understand maps. I think navigating is a skill that will be lost in the coming generation. Too bad.
I left camp and began heading up the canyon. The sunrise was beautiful and the temperature was already climbing.
I stopped off to check out some petroglyphs.
The red mud roof camouflaged this old place and I almost missed it
I'm now out of Sand Canyon and on the Yampa Bench Rd. It follows along the canyon rim of the Yampa River and offers some spectacular views to the bottom in several places.
The road leaves the canyon rim and heads through the desert.
This is a fun one. I almost got to test out those new Happy Trails crash guards. I slipped a bit and almost dropped the bike trying to take a good pic. I got this one instead.
This was the desired pic.
It was now decision time. I needed to decide which way I was gonna go and that was dependent on the hard working county employees of Rio Blanco County.
Colorado had a metric shit ton of snow this year. I know this because I lived in Breckenridge, CO for five seasons and I still have friends there who felt the need to rub it in that I wasn't there for one of the best snow years ever.
Earlier in the week when I was route planning, I decided it was prudent to call ahead and find out if Ripple Creek and Dunckley Passes were open for the year. The lady that answered the phone said, "No, they're working hard at it and are hoping by the end of the week." Ever heard the joke, what's yellow and sleeps three? A county dump truck. It's Friday, which is the end of the week.
At&T amazingly had service in the middle of nowhere. So, I called the county and got the same lady again. She said they got through late last night. I'm guessing late means 4:55. But, they got through none the less! "It may be muddy" Oh yeah? Sounds like fun. I have no idea what to expect, but that is where I'm going.
I head south on Cty 95 over Jack Springs Pass as I leave Dinosaur National Monument. A beautiful gravel road all to myself. Have I mentioned yet that this bike rips?!
Two miles on Hwy 40 brings me to the next dirt stretch over Coal Ridge and across the White River.
I'm back on the asphalt. This bike transitions perfectly from dirt bike to crotch rocket. Rock and Roll! 30 ish miles later and I'm in Meeker, CO. I stopped to get chain lube, sunscreen (should have had this yesterday ), and a crappy breakfast sandwich.
I head out on Route 8 which is the Flat Tops Scenic Byway. My pace has slowed a bit as I'm enjoying the lush green country side along the White River. The White River is a bit brown right now from the volume of snow melt that's carrying the mountains downstream.
There are a ton of magnificently expensive lodges and outfitters along this road. Apparently, this is where all the rich people come to hunt. The airport in Meeker is big enough to get private jets in.
The road once again turns to gravel and I pass the road closed barrier which is flipped in the ditch. Guess it was 5:01 when they passed the sign after clearing the pass and decided they'll pick it up on Monday after the morning coffee.
I finally hit the snow as I continue to climb. The road was in great shape and I doubt I'll find mud.
My favorite picture of the trip.
The view from cockpit is "oh so good."
I begin the descent down the East side of Ripple Creek Pass and was treated to this alpine lake.
Rough life touring on a motorcycle.
I haven't seen a car now since the pavement outside of Meeker. Needless to say I'm moving along a pretty good clip on these empty gravel roads. Speed limit's 35 and I'm doing 70 most of the time. I am one of the few that even knows the pass is open and I was one of the first though for the year. I came around a corner and saw another picture opportunity, so I slammed on the brakes and came to a quick stop (thanks ABS!!). Just as I was pulling out my camera, a vehicle came around the corner in the pic below. Low and behold it's a cop. Man, somebody loves me. I finally see a car on this road, it's a cop, and I'm stopped to take a picture. I kick myself for not getting a picture of the cop. He stopped and we chatted for a minute. He seemed a little irritated. Probably knew he would have had a ticket towards his quota.
I arrived in Yampa and turned South on 131.
Finger Rock. Really? That's the best fucking name you can come up with? People weren't very creative back in the day. How about "Spire of Death"? You know, something that sticks out? These are the things that roll around in my helmet while I ride.
I decided to go over Gore Pass since I'd never been that way before. Time to get in sport bike mode again and put to coals to Hobbes. Goddamn this bike is great on the pavement.
The Pine Beetle kill is horrible in this area of Colorado. You look out on the mountains and they are brown. It started quite awhile ago, but back when I lived here things were still green. Now it is a tinder box and I am very afraid for the catastrophe looming on the horizon. All it is gonna take is one lightning strike or cigarette butt. The high country of Colorado will burn uncontrollably. It is part of the natural cycle of things, but it will destroy thousands of homes and probably kill a few people.
At Kremmling, I headed South on 9 towards Dillon. I'm getting pretty good at shooting while riding.
I took Loveland Pass over the Continental Divide. I should have taken a pic at the summit with the new bike, but I have so many pics from snowboarding the back country up there I decided to press on. Plus, I had clear road to rock and roll on, and that doesn't happen often on that road with all the tourists. I took my opportunity to scrape some foot peg.
Then some more boring interstate and I'm home at my second home in Denver with close friends. Saturday morning tomorrow brings me back to work. This ride was just what I needed. Back to the grind...
2011 Triumph 800 XC
2007 Honda CRF 250X
1994 Kawasaki KLX 650R
THE BACKCOUNTRY PURSUIT- Boise, Idaho's consignment specialist for ADV gear!
av_mech screwed with this post 06-28-2011 at 07:34 PM
Get Out and Ride!!
Joined: Dec 2006
Location: Nampa, Idaho
Oddometer: 3,861
Great pics!
Ride your own ride & enjoy your ride.
Long time Idaho rider
Joined: Jun 2008
Location: Boise, Idaho, USA
Oddometer: 670
Photo ride reports: http://trailimage.com/ _
Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Apr 2010
Location: Agoura Hills ,Ca
Oddometer: 1,395
Those are the biggist engine crash bars ive ever seeon. I hope that you post those pics on the tiger800.com message board.
Dude! chill,...
Joined: Jun 2009
Location: Crab Orchard, KY
Oddometer: 460
I like your writing style as well as your riding style. Thanks for sharing.
"The road goes ever on and on, down from the door where it began.
Now far ahead the road has gone and I must follow if I can." J.R.R. Tolkien
Risk Taker
Joined: Apr 2010
Location: Boise, ID
Oddometer: 1,144
This is a copy and paste of my first impressions:
More thoughts about the bike. I went for a "spirited" ride up to Bogus Basin. I don't have any chicken strips left and the tires are completely scrubbed of their newness. This thing handles like a sport bike. The turn in is a little slower, but it just holds a line. Transitions from side to side are very fun! I would consider this bike "flickable" considering it's wet weight. Oh my God this engine is just fantastic!!! I can not rave enough about it!! I am completely hooked on the triple sound. Ryan, after I get an exhaust on it, I might even like it a little better than your 950 with the Remus. And that's saying a lot cause the Remus sounded soooooo good. But it'll be damn close.
The standing position is good. Bars could be 1/2" or 1" higher. There's plenty of stock cable length to make that happen. You can see right out over the front of the bike. Totally different view than standing on the KLR. Harder to hold on though!!!
I screwed around in the dirt parking lot at Bogus for awhile. I made it barely to 100 miles before I got it dirty. The power is going to be completely manageable off road. Wheel spin, yes. But fun and controllable. I'm guessing my first knobbie won't make it to 1000 miles.
I got going about 60 and grabbed the front and back brakes as hard as I could. The ABS KICKS ASS!!!! It dropped my jaw how quickly I was able to stop in dirt with essentially street tires on. It was amazing! I think I will run off road with the ABS on, except for steep downhills where I need to lock the ass up. It'll be an ongoing experiment. But, I was thoroughly impressed with the system. Nothing scary about it at all. The bike just tracked straight and came to a stop waaaay sooner than I thought it would. When I do need to turn it off, I believe it is only three button pushes and it's disabled. Easy.
The suspension is stiff out of the box. I haven't played with any adjustments and it needs to be broken in. Sasquatch and I are going to do a lot of learning and work in this area. Stay tuned... It's great on the road!
Have I talked about the engine yet? I think I may have mentioned it. WOW!!!!!! I haven't talked about the low end. In first gear, I can apply the front brake and slow the bike down to three or four miles an hour and the r's are at a little less than 1k. No sputtering or chugging. Let off the brake and grab some throttle and the r's just climb with out any lugging of any kind. Then it hits the power band and hold on! It throws your butt into the raised pillion. Smiles for miles!!
The seat is really comfortable in it's stock form. I remember riding the F800 for 15 miles and shifting around. I was really excited for that test ride cause at the time (January) I thought it was going to be my next bike. I got off the F800 after the test ride and went "Meh. Did not meet expectations." Then I read about this bike. It hadn't even been released yet. Then I kept reading and doing internet sleuthing to find more info. I knew the Triumph was the right choice.
The only thing that bugs me a bit is a characteristic of the fuel injection. When you let off the throttle, it really lets off and rocks into the deceleration stance. Holding a steady speed will take some practice. I am sure this will become a non issue after some miles pass by.
I came home in the dark tonight. The headlights are amazing! They are brighter than the HIDs in my Acura. Unless you were doing some serious off roading at night, PIAAs are a waste of money. Don't need em on this bike. They look pretty cool. But not 600 dollars worth of cool when the stock headlamps are so good.
I am simply giddy with this purchase. No buyers remorse here! I think I am going to have the perfect trio of bikes. The Triumph for road trips, good gravel highways, and some rough stuff here or there. I wouldn't have any issues taking this up Trinity or doing Fisher Creek single track. I'd take it into Louie Lake once I got some experience on it. For stuff like that I am going to get the KLX functional though. The KLX will be a great bike to do things of that nature which aren't too far away. Then the CRF. Man I love that bike too! Keepin that one for winter OHV area riding and the occasional mid week evening romp out Blacks Creek/Danskin. The KLR will be sold. I have put many memorable miles on her and built my experience and confidence. But, that is one too many bikes to insure.
2011 Triumph 800 XC
2007 Honda CRF 250X
1994 Kawasaki KLX 650R
THE BACKCOUNTRY PURSUIT- Boise, Idaho's consignment specialist for ADV gear!
Risk Taker
Joined: Apr 2010
Location: Boise, ID
Oddometer: 1,144
2011 Triumph 800 XC
2007 Honda CRF 250X
1994 Kawasaki KLX 650R
THE BACKCOUNTRY PURSUIT- Boise, Idaho's consignment specialist for ADV gear!
Risk Taker
Joined: Apr 2010
Location: Boise, ID
Oddometer: 1,144
2011 Triumph 800 XC
2007 Honda CRF 250X
1994 Kawasaki KLX 650R
THE BACKCOUNTRY PURSUIT- Boise, Idaho's consignment specialist for ADV gear!
Joined: May 2011
Location: Clintonville, WI
Oddometer: 78
Ride done
I always hate to see your ride, and therefore your report, come to an end. I had fun on your trip so can just imagine how much fun you had!
Risk Taker
Joined: Apr 2010
Location: Boise, ID
Oddometer: 1,144
Just had to get out. The weather was way too nice on Sunday. Geared up, Fueled up, Lets Go!! I headed west to the mountains. What way did ya think I was gonna go? East to Nebraska? No thanks. I'm sure there is good riding out that way. Somewhere. Maybe.
My plan for the day was an attempt at Rollins pass. I know there's a lot of snow, but some passes do get plowed and that is pretty major one between Denver and Winter Park. What's the worst that can happen? I hit snow and get turned around.
Begin the normal route to leave the city. 6th ave to Golden. Then one of a few different canyons to get to the dirt. I know the pavement routes here, but the dirt is all new. I took Coal Creek Canyon today.
This is a fun stretch of pavement and it wasn't too busy today. I turned South at the intersection of 72 and 119. Only two miles and I'm in Rollinsville. Pretty popular this Rollins guy is. He has a pass AND a town named after him.
The dirt is packed and actually more like pavement than gravel along the valley floor.
I got to the end of the line. I missed my turn. These things happen with out GPS.
That's the train tunnel that goes under the continental dived to Winter Park. Hmm...If the pass is snowed in and I really wanna get to WP, maybe I could just go through there!
I head back the way Hobbes and I came and found the turn I missed. Up we go! Lots of baby's heads makes for a bumpy ride. Increase speed and it smooths out nicely!
I have noticed this bike does have some bump steer. A steering dampner may be in order. I think a knobby front might take care of it too and that'll be a helluva lot cheaper. The standing position is great. I'm getting really used to it. I was never comfortable standing on the KLR. It is much easier to get over the tank on this one.
End of the line. Well shit, that was quick.
I don't think this pass will open this summer. I wasn't even close to hitting tree line. I had at least 1500 of elevation to gain yet.
Well there was a little offshoot back there. Lets see if that goes higher. Nope just a water crossing.
Great place to get Hobbes wet for the first time. I pissed him off and he called it quits in the middle of the stream. Actually, the bike has a really tall first gear and I fucked up. My boot is now five pounds heavier with cold ass snow melt. And on a side note, why the hell can't anyone make a waterproof motocross boot?!
The climb out on the opposite bank was interesting with wet street tires. This bike is a bit of a hand full on stuff like this. A little more seat time and it won't be a problem.
I made it back down to the bottom of the pass and started heading towards home. The only problem was I wasn't done riding yet. A gravel road to the right you see? Roger. This one took off towards Mammoth Gultch. Lots of Jeeps coming down the trail. That's usually a good sign.
There are some good exploring possibilities back there. But light would soon begin to fade and I needed to press on to get home.
The no name pass was only 10,400 feet and in the sun, so no problems with snow. I kicked up a herd of elk on my way up, so I stopped to say hi.
I understand why this section of mountains divides the continent. They sure are massive. And too much damn snow. I wanna get to the top!
Good gravel back to Central City.
I passed though the gambling district of Blackhawk and they have built one huge monstrosity of a casino into the mountain there. All the blue hairs stared at me as rolled down the main drag. I look out of place amongst the Harley riders in tank tops and lack of brain buckets. Have fun skidding on the pavement with that tank top! I'm sure your wife will be happy that she won't ever have to shave her legs again cause of the scars you gave her since she was wearing shorts when your drunk ass low sided that pig. I'd rather sweat my ass off in all my gear every time I ride, thanks.
A quick climb over Smith's Hill and I'm on my favorite section of pavement in the world. Golden Gate Canyon Road just outside Golden, CO. Oh what a sweet piece of tarmac that is. Just a little Sunday jaunt for a few hours.
2011 Triumph 800 XC
2007 Honda CRF 250X
1994 Kawasaki KLX 650R
THE BACKCOUNTRY PURSUIT- Boise, Idaho's consignment specialist for ADV gear!
Noise Maker
Joined: Apr 2010
Location: Redmond, OR
Oddometer: 629
Time to put real tires on it.
2007 Honda XR650R, 2005 Gas Gas EC 250, 2004 Sherco 2.9, 2002 aprilia ETV 1000 Caponord, 1993 Kawasaki KLX 650
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i would assume we will get a new ladys weight class after this tuf and i'd assume it will be 145
@Pash: 115 is the next highest occupied Women's division and has more established fighters than 145.
115 also has the next most marketable Women's fighter:
Last edited by Sniggles; 09-23-2013 at 06:38 PM.
I think the UFC will protect Rhonda to a point. The UFC hypes her as much as they do Jones.
you can tell who the UFC likes cause they do not hype DJ at all...he is the 125 champ in case you did not know.
"...for he today who sheds his blood with me shall be my brother." William Shakespeare
"Security is mostly a superstition. It does not exist in nature, nor do the children of men as a whole experience it." Helen Keller
DJ will get his since he will be champ for 35 years if he can continue the beat the other 3 guys in that division.
Big Hairy American Winning Machine
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The Northwest Florida Daily News talked to local professional and amateur photographers on their beautiful shots of one of our area's wonders - the sunset.
See some readers' sunset photos. >>
A panoramic shot
Sarah Smith is a semi-professional landscape photographer and a full-time mom. The Navarre woman was on her way home from a portrait shoot when she noticed the beautiful sky captured in this panoramic photo.
She pulled off the road by the Navarre Bridge and set up her camera.
"I used a combination of four or five photos to create a panorama," she says.
Her portrait work often takes place on the beaches and toward evening. She's already there when Mother Nature rolls out her colorful skies.
"We've got a lot of beautiful sunsets here."
Smartphone shots
John Butler knows most people who like to take pictures have expensive cameras. Butler snapped this photo of the sun setting over Navarre Beach with his smart phone.
He and a friend were hanging out at the beach, waiting to go to a party at a local restaurant.
As the sun set, he climbed up on the railing of a board walk and took this shot.
"I wouldn't mind buying a nice camera, but it's not a priority," says the Gulf Breeze man. "My phone does a great job."
'They're unique every day'
When Krista Martin moved to Destin nine years ago, she was struck by the area's beautiful sunsets.
She took her first photos with her phone, trying to capture the brilliantly hued beauty of her favorite time of day.
"I just feel it's so peaceful," she says. "They're unique every day. I love capturing different ones."
Since then, she has graduated to a camera and guesses she has photographed thousands of sunsets.
Later this year, her photo of a brilliantly hued blue and pink sky will be displayed in the Okaloosa County Courthouse Annex Extension. She shot it on Crystal Beach in November 2012, right after a storm.
"I saw the colors in the sky," she says. "I ran down and took that one."
Her other featured photo was taken of a "normal, everyday sunset that was just beautiful."
Photographing morning, noon, and evening
About the only time you'll see Destin resident Scott Lisenby without a camera is when he's working as a program manager for a defense contractor.
"I shoot in the morning, I shoot in the afternoon, I got out at lunch," he says.
After work, he goes out with his camera to capture the setting sun.
He was pleased with this sunset photo, shot in the spring of 2013.
"It's like still waters driving into the sun," he says. "I didn't see the reflection. What I saw was light coming off the boat.
"I love light. I'm trying to learn light. I saw the light coming in and touching the front of the boat."
Lisenby guesses he takes 150 photos a day.
"It's good for me. Good therapy. It's the only thing the doctor says I'm doing good for myself."


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A new Library Space Planning Guide has been released. Using this Guide and its accompanying Worksheet, librarians and trustees can obtain a general estimate of their library's space needs, and help initiate a larger facilities planning process. The Advisory Council for Library Planning and Development revised the Guide in 2014. The State Library Board approved the revised version in May 2014.
The official version of Connecticut Public Libraries: A Statistical Profile, July 2012 – June 2013 has just been released. Also available with the Statistical Profile:Read more
At the November Connecticut State Library Board meeting, the following construction grants were approved:Read more
Officially, Connecticut has 192 public libraries and usually about 180 of them complete the Annual Report and Application for State Aid. Today, November 15 is the deadline every year. The data collected from these reports become the basis for Connecticut Public Libraries: A Statistical Profile, as well as the Automatic Chart-Makers and other resources. The date also is passed on to the federal government which publishes national public library statistics.
This is a reminder to all public libraries that the deadline for submitting your Annual Report and Application for State Aid is one month away. Library Directors received the Bibliostat survey access information last July. Let me know if you need this resent, or if the information should be sent to another person at your library.
The Annual Report is critical for state and national data gathering on public libraries. For more information, see Annual Report and Application for State Aid.Read more
We encourage all Connecticut public libraries to participate in the new Digital Inclusion Survey, which is available through November 15, 2013. The survey will generate unique and valuable data in the areas of digital literacy, economic and workforce development, civic engagement, and public access to the internet. Also, if you complete this survey, the administrators have said they will be able to pre-load all overlapping data into the EDGE Initiative when it goes live next year!Read more
The State Library has been exploring different ways of presenting public library data. For a look at some of the ways to view national public library data visually, see this Library Data Visualization experiment and be sure to use the available filters to manipulate the results.
The Connecticut Interlibrary Loan Activity, FY2013 is now available in PDF or Excel formats. 24 academic libraries in Connecticut responded to the State Library's survey of interlibrary loan activity. The public library interlibrary loan report will be available in the Statistical Profile published in December.
The Institute of Museum and Library Services recently released the 2011 Public Library survey data. The State Library has made this data available for analysis through a data visualization tool called Tableau Public. Using the filters available, users can look at library use and financial data for various parts of the country, both by individual libraries and through statewide comparisons. Visit the National Library Data (all libraries), and Read more
Information on completing the 2013 Annual Report and Application for State Aid has just gone out by e-mail to all public library directors. If you are a library director who did not receive this information, please let me know. The Annual Report is critical for state and national data gathering on public libraries. The only major change to the survey this year is the elimination of the printed certification form.Read more
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As one of the most influential heavy metal bands of all time, Black Sabbath helped define the genre with releases such as 1970's quadruple-platinum Paranoid. Black Sabbath has sold more than 100 million albums worldwide, and were ranked number one on MTV's Greatest Metal Bands countdown. Ozzy Osbourne was fired from the band in 1979, and while initially replaced by former Rainbow vocalist Ronnie James Dio, Black Sabbath would see a revolving lineup in the 1980s and 1990s that included vocalists Ian Gillan, Glenn Hughes, Ray Gillen and Tony Martin. The original lineup reunited with Osbourne in 1997 and released a live album, Reunion, which spawned the Grammy Award-winning single "Iron Man" in 2000, thirty years after the song's initial release on Paranoid.
Currently, the early 1980s line-up featuring Iommi, Butler, Dio, and Vinny Appice are recording a new album under the moniker Heaven and Hell, a title taken from the 1980 Black Sabbath song and album of the same name.
Earth played club shows in England, Denmark, and Germany, with sets consisting of cover songs by Jimi Hendrix, Blue Cheer, and Cream; as well as lengthy improvised blues jams. In December 1968, Tony Iommi abruptly left Earth to join Jethro Tull. Although his stint with the band would be short-lived, Iommi made an appearance with Jethro Tull on the The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus TV show. Unsatisfied with the direction of Jethro Tull, Iommi returned to Earth in January 1969. "It just wasn't right, so I left", Iommi said. "At first I thought Tull were great, but I didn't much go for having a leader in the band, which was Ian Anderson's way. When I came back from Tull, I came back with a new attitude altogether. They taught me that to get on you got to work for it".
While playing shows in England in 1969, the band discovered they were being mistaken for another English group named Earth, and decided to again change their name. A movie theatre across the street from the band's rehearsal room was showing the 1963 Boris Karloff horror film Black Sabbath. While watching people line up to see the film, bassist Geezer Butler noted that it was "strange that people spend so much money to see scary movies". Butler wrote a song titled "Black Sabbath" after reading a book by occult writer Dennis Wheatley, and seeing a black-hooded figure standing at the foot of his bed. Making use of the musical tritone, also known as "The Devil's Interval", the song's ominous sound and dark lyrics pushed the band in a darker direction, a stark contrast to the popular music of the late 1960s, which was dominated by flower power, folk music, and hippie culture. Inspired by the new sound, the band changed their name to Black Sabbath in August 1969, and made the decision to focus writing similar material, in an attempt to create the musical equivalent of horror films.
The eponymous Black Sabbath was released on Friday the 13th, February 1970. The album reached number 8 in the UK, and following its US release in May 1970 by Warner Bros. Records, the album reached number 23 on the Billboard 200, where it remained for over a year, selling a million copies. While the album was a commercial success, it was widely panned by critics, with Lester Bangs of Rolling Stone dismissing the album as "discordant jams with bass and guitar reeling like velocitised speedfreaks all over each other's musical perimeters, yet never quite finding synch".
To capitalise on their chart success in the US, the band quickly returned to the studio in June 1970, just four months after Black Sabbath was released. The new album was initially set to be named "War Pigs" after the track of the same name, which was critical of the Vietnam War. However Warner changed the title of the album to Paranoid, fearing backlash by supporters of the Vietnam War. The album's lead-off single "Paranoid" was written in the studio at the last minute. As Bill Ward explains: "We didn't have enough songs for the album, and Tony just played the (Paranoid) guitar lick and that was it. It took twenty, twenty-five minutes from top to bottom. The single was released prior to the album in September 1970, and reached number four on the UK charts, remaining Black Sabbath's only top ten hit.
Black Sabbath released their second full-length album, Paranoid in the UK in October 1970. Pushed by the success of the "Paranoid" single, the album hit number one in the UK. The US release was held until January 1971, as the Black Sabbath album was still on the charts at the time of Paranoid's UK release. The album broke into the top ten in the US in March 1971, and would go on to sell four million copies in the US, with virtually no radio airplay. The album was again panned by rock critics of the era, but modern-day reviewers such as Allmusic's Steve Huey cite Paranoid as "one of the greatest and most influential heavy metal albums of all time", which "defined the sound and style of heavy metal more than any other record in rock history". Paranoid's chart success allowed the band to tour the US for the first time in December 1970, which spawned the release of the album's second single "Iron Man". Although the single failed to reach the top 40, "Iron Man" remains one of Black Sabbath's most popular songs, as well as the bands highest charting US single until 1998's "Psycho Man".
Production completed in April 1971, and in July the band released Master of Reality, just six months after the release of Paranoid. The album reached the top ten in both the US and UK, and was certified gold in less than two months, eventually receiving platinum certification in the 1980s. Master of Reality contained Black Sabbath's first acoustic songs, alongside fan favourites such as "Children of the Grave" and "Sweet Leaf". Critical response of the era was again unfavourable, with Lester Bangs of Rolling Stone dismissing Master of Reality as "naïve, simplistic, repetitive, absolute doggerel", although the very same magazine would later place the album at number 298 on their 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list, compiled in 2003.
Following the Master of Reality world tour in 1972, Black Sabbath took its first break in three years. As Bill Ward explained: "The band started to become very fatigued and very tired. We'd been on the road non-stop, year in and year out, constantly touring and recording. I think Master of Reality was kind of like the end of an era, the first three albums, and we decided to take our time with the next album.
In June 1972, the band reconvened in Los Angeles to begin work on their next album at the Record Plant. The recording process was plagued with problems, many due to substance abuse issues. While struggling to record the song "Cornucopia" after "sitting in the middle of the room, just doing drugs", Bill Ward was nearly fired from the band. "I hated the song, there were some patterns that were just... horrible" Ward said. "I nailed it in the end, but the reaction I got was the cold shoulder from everybody. It was like 'Well, just go home, you're not being of any use right now.' I felt like I'd blown it, I was about to get fired". The album was originally titled "Snowblind" after the song of the same name, which deals with cocaine abuse. The record company changed the title at the last minute to Black Sabbath, Vol 4, with Ward stating "There was no Volume 1, 2 or 3, so it's a pretty stupid title really".
Black Sabbath's Volume 4 was released in September 1972, and while critics of the era were again dismissive of the album, it achieved gold status in less than a month, and was the band's fourth consecutive release to sell a million copies in the US. With more time in the studio, Volume 4 saw the band starting to experiment with new textures, such as strings, piano, orchestration and multi-part songs. The song "Tomorrow's Dream" was released as a single - the band's first since Paranoid - but failed to chart. Following an extensive tour of the US, the band travelled to Australia for the first time in 1973, and later mainland Europe. Black Sabbath also appeared on England's Top of the Pops in 1973, sharing the stage with such diverse acts as Engelbert Humperdinck and Diana Ross.
After a month in Los Angeles with no results, the band opted to return to England, where they rented Clearwell Castle in The Forest of Dean. "We rehearsed in the dungeons and it was really creepy but it had some atmosphere, it conjured up things, and stuff started coming out again". While working in the dungeon, Iommi stumbled onto the main riff of "Sabbath Bloody Sabbath", which set the tone for the new material.Recorded at Morgan Studios in London by Mike Butcher and building off the stylistic changes introduced on Volume 4, new songs incorporated synthesisers, strings, and complex arrangements. Yes keyboardist Rick Wakeman was brought in as a session player, appearing on "Sabbra Cadabra" and "Who Are You".
In November 1973, Black Sabbath released the critically-acclaimed Sabbath, Bloody Sabbath. For the first time in their career, the band began to receive favourable reviews in the mainstream press, with Gordon Fletcher of Rolling Stone calling the album "an extraordinarily gripping affair", and "nothing less than a complete success". Later reviewers such as Allmusic's Ed Rivadavia cite the album as a "masterpiece, essential to any heavy metal collection," while also displaying "a newfound sense of finesse and maturity". The album marked the band's fifth consecutive platinum selling album in the US, reaching number four on the UK charts, and number eleven in the US. The band began a world tour in January 1974, which culminated at the California Jam festival in Ontario, California on April 6, 1974. Attracting over 200,000 fans, Black Sabbath appeared alongside such 70's pop giants as Emerson, Lake & Palmer; Deep Purple; Earth, Wind & Fire; Seals & Crofts; and The Eagles. Portions of the show were telecast on ABC Television in the US, exposing the band to a wider American audience. In 1974 the band shifted management, signing with notorious English manager Don Arden. The move caused a contractual dispute with Black Sabbath's former management, and while on stage in the US, Ozzy was handed a subpoena that led to two years of litigation.
Black Sabbath began work on their sixth album in February 1975, again in England at Morgan Studios in Willesden, this time with a decisive vision to differ the sound from Sabbath, Bloody Sabbath. "We could've continued and gone on and on, getting more technical, using orchestras and everything else which we didn't particularly want to. We took a look at ourselves, and we wanted to do a rock album - Sabbath, Bloody Sabbath wasn't a rock album, really. Produced by Black Sabbath and Mike Butcher, Sabotage was released in July 1975. Again the album initially saw favourable reviews, with Rolling Stone stating "Sabotage is not only Black Sabbath's best record since Paranoid, it might be their best ever", although later reviewers such as Allmusic noted that "the magical chemistry that made such albums as Paranoid and Volume 4 so special was beginning to disintegrate".
Sabotage reached the top 20 in both the US and the UK, but was the band's first release not to achieve platinum status in the US. Although the album's only single "Am I Going Insane (Radio)" failed to chart, Sabotage features fan favourites such as "Hole in the Sky", and "Symptom of the Universe". Black Sabbath toured in support of Sabotage with openers Kiss, but were forced to cut the tour short in November 1975, following a motorcycle accident in which Ozzy ruptured a muscle in his back. In December 1975, the band's record companies released a greatest hits record without input from the band, entitled We Sold Our Soul for Rock 'n' Roll. The album charted throughout 1976, eventually selling two million copies in the US.
In November 1977, while in rehearsal for their next album, and just days before the band was set to enter the studio, Ozzy Osbourne quit the band. "The last Sabbath albums were just very depressing for me", Ozzy said. "I was doing it for the sake of what we could get out of the record company, just to get fat on beer and put a record out." Former Fleetwood Mac and Savoy Brown vocalist Dave Walker was brought into rehearsals in October 1977 and the band began working on new songs. On January 8, 1978, Black Sabbath made their first and only appearance with Walker on vocals, playing an early version of the song "Junior's Eyes" on the BBC Television program "Look! Hear!".
Osbourne initially set out to form a solo project, which featured ex-Dirty Tricks members John Frazer-Binnie, Terry Horbury, and Andy Bierne. As the new band were in rehearsals in January 1978, Osbourne had a change of heart and rejoined Black Sabbath. "Three days before we were due to go into the studio, Ozzy wanted to come back to the band," Iommi explained. "He wouldn't sing any of the stuff we'd written with the other guy, so it made it very difficult. We went into the studio with basically no songs. We'd write in the morning so we could rehearse and record at night. It was so difficult, like a conveyor belt, because you couldn't get time to reflect on stuff. 'Is this right? Is this working properly?' It was very difficult for me to come up with the ideas and putting them together that quick."
The band spent five months at Sounds Interchange Studios in Toronto, Canada, writing and recording what would become Never Say Die!. "It took quite a long time," Iommi said. "We were getting really drugged out, doing a lot of dope. We'd go down to the sessions, and have to pack up because we were too stoned, we'd have to stop. Nobody could get anything right, we were all over the place, everybody's playing a different thing. We'd go back and sleep it off, and try again the next day." The album was released in September 1978, reaching number twelve in the UK, and number 69 in the US. Press response was again unfavourable, with Ed Rivadavia of Allmusic stating that the album's "unfocused songs perfectly reflected the band's tense personnel problems and drug abuse." The album featured the singles "Never Say Die" and "Hard Road", both of which cracked the top 40 in the UK, and the band made their second appearance on the Top of the Pops, performing "Never Say Die".
Touring in support of Never Say Die! began in May 1978 with openers Van Halen. Reviewers called Black Sabbath's performance "tired and uninspired", a stark contrast to the "youthful" performance of Van Halen, who were touring the world for the first time. The band filmed a performance at the Hammersmith Odeon in June 1978, which was later released on DVD as Never Say Die. The final show of the tour, and Osbourne's last appearance with the band (until later reunions) was in Albuquerque, New Mexico on December 11.
Following the tour, Black Sabbath returned to Los Angeles and again rented a house in Bel Air, where they spent nearly a year working on material for the next album. With pressure from the record label, and frustrations with Osbourne's lack of ideas coming to a head, Tony made the decision to fire Ozzy Osbourne in 1979. "At that time, Ozzy had come to an end", Iommi said. "We were all doing a lot of drugs, a lot of coke, a lot of everything, and Ozzy was getting drunk so much at the time. We were supposed to be rehearsing and nothing was happening. It was like 'Rehearse today? No, we'll do it tomorrow.' It really got so bad that we didn't do anything. It just fizzled out. Drummer Bill Ward, who was close with Ozzy, was chosen by Tony to break the news to the singer. "I hope I was professional, I might not have been, actually. When I'm drunk I am horrible, I am horrid," Ward said. "Alcohol was definitely one of the most damaging things to Black Sabbath. We were destined to destroy each other. The band were toxic, very toxic.
Geezer Butler temporarily left the band in September 1979, and was initially replaced by Geoff Nicholls of Quartz on bass. The new lineup returned to Criteria Studios in November to begin recording work, with Butler returning to the band in January 1980, and Nicholls moving to keyboards. Produced by Martin Birch, Heaven and Hell, was released on April 25, 1980, to critical acclaim. Allmusic said the album was "one of Sabbath's finest records, the band sounds reborn and re-energized throughout". Heaven and Hell peaked at number 9 in the UK, and number 28 in the US, the band's highest charting album since Sabotage. The album would eventually sell a million copies in the US, and the band embarked on an extensive world tour, making their first live appearance with Dio in Germany on April 17, 1980.
Black Sabbath toured the US throughout 1980 with Blue Öyster Cult on the "Black and Blue" tour, with a show at Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale, New York filmed and released theatrically in 1981 as Black and Blue. On July 26, 1980, the band played at a sold out Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles with Journey, Cheap Trick, and Molly Hatchet to 100,000 fans. The next day, the band appeared at the 1980 Day on the Green at Oakland Coliseum. While on tour, Black Sabbath's former label in England issued a live album culled from a seven-year old performance, entitled Live at Last without any input from the band. The album reached number five on the British charts, and saw the re-release of "Paranoid" as a single, which reached the top 20.
On August 18, 1980, after a show in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Bill Ward was fired from Black Sabbath. "I was sinking very quickly", Ward later said. "I was an unbelievable drunk, I was drunk twenty-four hours a day. When I went on stage, the stage wasn't so bright. It felt like I was dying inside. The live show seemed so bare, Ron was out there doing his thing and I just went 'It's gone'. I like Ronnie, but musically, he just wasn't for me. Concerned with Ward's declining health, Iommi brought in drummer Vinny Appice, without informing Ward. "They didn't talk to me, they booted me from my chair and I wasn't told about that. I knew they'd have to bring in a drummer to save the (tour), but I'd been with the band for years and years, since we were kids. And then Vinny was playing and it was like 'What the fuck?' It hurt a lot.
The band completed the Heaven and Hell world tour in February 1981, and returned to the studio to begin work on their next album. Again produced by Martin Birch, and recorded at John Lennon's old house in Ascot, England, Black Sabbath's second album with Dio, Mob Rules was well received by fans, but received mixed reviews from critics. Allmusic's Ed Rivadavia called Mob Rules "a magnificent record", while Rolling Stones J.D. Considine gave the album one star, claiming "Mob Rules finds the band as dull-witted and flatulent as ever". The album was certified gold, and reached the top 20 on the UK charts. The album's title track "The Mob Rules" was also featured in the 1981 animated film Heavy Metal, although the film version is an alternate take, and differs from the album version.
The chart success of the unauthorised live album Live at Last prompted the band to record their first official live album titled Live Evil on the Mob Rules world tour, in Dallas, Texas on May 12, 1982. During the mixing process for the album, Iommi and Butler had a falling out with Dio. Iommi and Butler accused Dio of sneaking into the studio at night to raise the volume of his vocals. In addition, Dio was not satisfied with the pictures of him in the artwork. "Ronnie wanted more say in things," Iommi said. "And Geezer would get upset with him and that is where the rot set in. Live Evil is when it all fell apart. Ronnie wanted to do more of his own thing, and the engineer we were using at the time in the studio didn't know what to do, because Ronnie was telling him one thing and we were telling him another. At the end of the day, we just said, 'That's it, the band is over'". "When it comes time for the vocal, nobody tells me what to do. Nobody! Because they're not as good as me, so I do what I want to do," Dio later said. "I refuse to listen to Live Evil, because there are too many problems. If you look at the credits, the vocals and drums are listed off to the side. Open up the album and see how many pictures there are of Tony, and how many there are of me and Vinny".
Ronnie James Dio left Black Sabbath in November 1982 to start a solo project, and took drummer Vinny Appice with him. Live Evil was released in January 1983, but was overshadowed by Ozzy Osbourne's Speak of the Devil, a platinum selling live album that contained only Black Sabbath songs, released five months earlier.
Although he performed on the album, drummer Bill Ward was unable to tour due to the pressures of the road, and quit the band in 1984. "I fell apart with the idea of touring," Ward later said. "I got so much fear behind touring, I didn't talk about the fear, I drank behind the fear instead and that was a big mistake. Ward was replaced by former Electric Light Orchestra drummer Bev Bevan for the Born Again world tour, which began in Europe with Diamond Head, and later in the US with Quiet Riot and Night Ranger. The band headlined the 1983 Reading Festival, adding the Deep Purple song "Smoke on the Water" to their set list.
The tour in support of Born Again included a giant set of the Stonehenge monument. In a move that would be later parodied in the mockumentary This is Spinal Tap, the band made a mistake in ordering the set piece. As Geezer Butler later explained:
Following the completion of the Born Again tour in March 1984, vocalist Ian Gillan left Black Sabbath to re-join Deep Purple. The band enlisted Los Angeles vocalist David Donato, the only Black Sabbath vocalist not to record an album with the band. The new lineup wrote and rehearsed throughout 1984, and eventually recorded a demo with producer Bob Ezrin in October. Unhappy with the results, the band parted ways with Donato shortly after.
Disillusioned with the band's revolving lineup, bassist Geezer Butler quit Black Sabbath in November 1984 to form a solo band. "When Ian Gillan took over that was the end of it for me", Butler later said. "I thought it was just a joke and I just totally left. When we got together with Gillan it was not supposed to be a Black Sabbath album. After we had done the album we gave it to Warner Bros. and they said they were going to put it out as a Black Sabbath album and we didn't have a leg to stand on. I got really disillusioned with it and Gillan was really pissed off about it. That lasted one album and one tour and then that was it."
Following Butler's exit, sole remaining original member Tony Iommi put Black Sabbath on hiatus, and began work on a solo album with keyboardist Geoff Nicholls. While working on new material, the original Black Sabbath lineup were offered a spot at Bob Geldof's Live Aid benefit concert on July 13, 1985. The band agreed, performing a three song set at the Philadelphia show. The event marked the first time the original lineup appeared on stage since 1978, and also featured reunions of The Who, Led Zeppelin and Neil Young with Crosby, Stills, and Nash. Although there were rumours of a full Black Sabbath reunion following Live Aid, Ozzy Osbourne was enjoying success as a solo artist, having released three top 20 albums, and selling nearly ten million albums since his firing from Black Sabbath.
Returning to his solo work, Iommi enlisted bassist Dave Spitz and drummer Eric Singer, and initially intended to use multiple singers, including Rob Halford of Judas Priest, ex-Deep Purple and Trapeze vocalist Glenn Hughes, and ex-Black Sabbath vocalist Ronnie James Dio. "We were going to use different vocalists on the album, guest vocalists, but it was so difficult getting it together and getting releases from their record companies. Glenn Hughes came along to sing on one track and we decided to use him on the whole album."
The band spent the remainder of the year in the studio, recording what would become Seventh Star. Warner Bros. refused to release the album as a Tony Iommi solo release, instead insisting on using the name Black Sabbath. Pressured by the band's manager, Don Arden, the two compromised and released the album as "Black Sabbath featuring Tony Iommi" in January 1986. "It opened up a whole can of worms really," Iommi explained, "because I think if we could have done it as a solo album, it would have been accepted a lot more. Seventh Star, which sounded little like a Black Sabbath album, incorporated more hard rock elements popularised by the 1980s Sunset Strip hard rock scene, and was panned by the critics of the era, although later reviewers such as Allmusic gave the album favourable reviews, calling the album "often misunderstood and underrated".
The new lineup rehearsed for six weeks, preparing for a full world tour, although the band were again forced to use the Black Sabbath name. "I was into the 'Tony Iommi project', but I wasn't into the Black Sabbath moniker," Hughes said. "The idea of being in Black Sabbath didn't appeal to me whatsoever. Glenn Hughes singing in Black Sabbath is like James Brown singing in Metallica. It wasn't gonna work". Just four days before the start of the tour, vocalist Glenn Hughes got into a bar fight with the band's production manager John Downing which splintered the singer's orbital bone. The injury interfered with Hughes' ability to sing, and the band brought in vocalist Ray Gillen to continue the tour with W.A.S.P. and Anthrax, although nearly half of the US dates would eventually be cancelled due to poor ticket sales.
Prior to the release of the new album, Black Sabbath accepted an offer to play six shows at Sun City, South Africa during the apartheid. The band drew criticism from activists and artists involved with Artists United Against Apartheid, who had been boycotting South Africa since 1985. Drummer Bev Bevan refused to play the shows, and was replaced by Terry Chimes, formerly of The Clash.
After nearly a year in production, The Eternal Idol was released on December 8, 1987, to mixed reviews. Allmusic said that "Martin's powerful voice added new fire" to the band, and the album contained "some of Iommi's heaviest riffs in years." Blender gave the album two stars, claiming the album was "Black Sabbath in name only". The album would be Black Sabbath's first release not to chart in the UK, while peaking at 168 in the US. The band toured in support of Eternal Idol in Germany, Italy and for the first time, Greece. Unfortunately, due in part to backlash from promoters over the South Africa incident, other European shows were cancelled. Bassist Dave Spitz left the band shortly before the tour, and was replaced by Jo Burt.
Following the poor commercial performance of Eternal Idol, Black Sabbath were dropped by Vertigo Records and Warner Bros. Records, and signed with I.R.S. Records. In January 1988, the band began rehearsals for a planned upcoming US tour, but with low ticket sales, the tour was cancelled. The band took time off in 1988, returning in August to begin work on their next album. As a result of the recording troubles with Eternal Idol, Tony Iommi opted to produce the band's next album himself. "It was a completely new start", Iommi said. "I had to rethink the whole thing, and decided that we needed to build up some credibility again". Iommi enlisted ex-Rainbow drummer Cozy Powell, and session bassist Laurence Cottle, and rented a "very cheap studio in England".
Black Sabbath released Headless Cross in April 1989, to favourable reviews. Allmusic gave the album four stars, calling Headless Cross "the finest non-Ozzy or Dio Black Sabbath album". Anchored by the top 40 single "Headless Cross", the album reached number 31 on the UK charts, and number 115 in the US. Queen guitarist Brian May, a friend of Iommi's, played a guest solo on the song "When Death Calls". Following the album's release, the band added touring bassist Neil Murray, formerly of Whitesnake.
The ill-fated Headless Cross US tour began in May 1989 with openers Kingdom Come and Silent Rage, but due to poor ticket sales, the tour was cancelled after just eight shows. The European leg of the tour began in September, where the band were enjoying chart success. After a string of Japanese shows, the band embarked on a 23 date Russian tour with Girlschool. Black Sabbath was one of the first bands to tour Russia, after Mikhail Gorbachov opened the country to western acts for the first time in 1989.
The band returned to the studio in February 1990 to record Tyr, the follow-up to Headless Cross. While not technically a concept album, some of the album's lyrical themes are loosely based on Norse mythology. Tyr was released on August 6, 1990, and reached number 24 on the UK albums chart, but was the first Black Sabbath release not to break the Billboard 200 in the US. The album again received mixed reviews, with Allmusic noting that the band "mix myth with metal in a crushing display of musical synthesis,"Chrispell, James Tyr AMG review. Allmusic.com. Retrieved on 2008-03-11.. while Blender gave the album just one star, claiming that "Iommi continues to besmirch the Sabbath name with this unremarkable collection". The band toured in support of Tyr with Circus of Power in Europe, but the final seven UK dates were cancelled due to poor ticket sales. For the first time in their career, the band's touring cycle did not include US dates.
Ronnie James Dio and Geezer Butler joined Tony Iommi and Cozy Powell in the fall of 1990 to begin working on the next Black Sabbath release. While rehearsing in November, Powell suffered a broken hip when his horse died, falling on the drummer's legs. Unable to complete work on the album, Powell was replaced by former drummer Vinny Appice, and the band entered the studio with producer Reinhold Mack. The year-long recording process was plagued with problems, primarily stemming from writing tension between Tony Iommi and Ronnie James Dio, as some songs were re-written multiple times. "Dehumanizer took a long time, it was just hard work", Iommi said. "We took too long on it, that album cost us a million dollars, which is bloody ridiculous". Dio later recalled the album as difficult, but worth the effort. "It was something we had to really wring out of ourselves, but I think that's why it works", he said. "Sometimes you need that kind of tension, or else you end up making the Christmas album".
The resulting album, Dehumanizer was released on June 22, 1992. In the US, the album was released on June 30, 1992 by Reprise Records, as Ronnie James Dio and his namesake band were still under contract with the label at the time. While the album received mixed reviews, it was the band's biggest commercial success in ten years. Anchored by the top 40 rock radio single "TV Crimes", the album peaked at number 44 on the Billboard 200. The album also featured the song "Time Machine", which appeared in the 1992 film Wayne's World.
Black Sabbath began touring in support of Dehumanizer in July 1992 with Testament, Danzig, Prong, and Exodus. While on tour, former vocalist Ozzy Osbourne announced his first retirement, and invited Black Sabbath to open for his solo band at the final two shows of his No More Tours tour in Costa Mesa, California. The band agreed, aside from vocalist Ronnie James Dio, who said:
Dio quit Black Sabbath following a show in Oakland, California on November 13, 1992, one night before the band were set to appear at Osbourne's retirement show. Judas Priest vocalist Rob Halford stepped in at the last minute, performing two nights with the band. Iommi and Butler also joined Osbourne and former drummer Bill Ward on stage for the first time since 1985's Live Aid concert, performing a brief set of Black Sabbath songs.
Under pressure from their record label, the band released their seventeenth studio album, Cross Purposes, on February 8, 1994, under the Black Sabbath name. The album again received mixed reviews, with Blender giving the album two stars, calling Soundgarden's 1994 album Superunknown "a far better Sabbath album than this by-the-numbers potboiler". Allmusic's Bradley Torreano called Cross Purposes "the first album since Born Again that actually sounds like a real Sabbath record". The album failed to chart in the UK, but reached 122 on the Billboard 200 in the US. Cross Purposes contained the song "Evil Eye", which was co-written by Van Halen guitarist Eddie Van Halen, although uncredited due to record label restrictions. Touring in support of Cross Purposes began in February with Morbid Angel and Motörhead in the US. The band filmed a live performance at the Hammersmith Apollo on April 13, 1994, which was released on VHS accompanied by a CD, entitled Cross Purposes Live. After the European tour with Cathedral and Godspeed in June 1994, drummer Bobby Rondinelli quit the band and was replaced by original Black Sabbath drummer Bill Ward for five shows in South America.
Following the touring cycle for Cross Purposes, bassist Geezer Butler again quit the band. "I finally got totally disillusioned with the last Sabbath album, and I much preferred the stuff I was writing to the stuff Sabbath were doing". Butler formed a solo project called GZR, and released Plastic Planet in 1995. The album contained the song "Giving Up the Ghost", which was critical of Tony Iommi for carrying on with the Black Sabbath name, with the lyrics: You plagiarized and parodied / the magic of our meaning / a legend in your own mind / left all your friends behind / you can't admit that you're wrong / the spirit is dead and gone.
Following Butler's departure, newly-returned drummer Bill Ward once again left the band. Iommi reinstated former members Neil Murray on bass, and Cozy Powell on drums, effectively reuniting the Tyr lineup. The band enlisted Body Count guitarist Ernie C to produce the new album, which was recorded in London in the fall of 1994. The album featured a guest vocal on "Illusion of Power" by Body Count vocalist Ice T. The resulting Forbidden, was released on June 8, 1995, but failed to chart in the US or the UK. The album was widely panned by critics; Allmusic's Bradley Torreano said "with boring songs, awful production, and uninspired performances, this is easily avoidable for all but the most enthusiastic fan"; while Blender magazine called Forbidden "an embarrassment ... the band's worst album".
Black Sabbath embarked on a world tour in July 1995 with openers Motörhead and Tiamat, but two months into the tour, drummer Cozy Powell left the band, citing health issues, and was replaced by former drummer Bobby Rondinelli. After completing Asian dates in December 1995, Tony Iommi put the band on hiatus, and began work on a solo album with former Black Sabbath vocalist Glenn Hughes, and former Judas Priest drummer Dave Holland. The album was not officially released following its completion, although a widely traded bootleg called Eighth Star surfaced soon after. The album was officially released in 2004 as The 1996 DEP Sessions, with Holland's drums re-recorded by session drummer Jimmy Copley.
In 1997, Tony Iommi disbanded the current lineup to officially reunite with Ozzy Osbourne and the original Black Sabbath lineup. Vocalist Tony Martin claimed that an original lineup reunion had been in the works since the band's brief reunion at Ozzy Osbourne's 1992 Costa Mesa show, and that the band released subsequent albums to fulfill their record contract with I.R.S. records. Martin later recalled Forbidden as a "filler album that got the band out of the label deal, rid of the singer, and into the reunion. However I wasn't privy to that information at the time". I.R.S. Records released a compilation album in 1996 to fulfill the band's contract, entitled The Sabbath Stones, which featured songs from Born Again to Forbidden.
In the summer of 1997, Tony Iommi, Geezer Butler, and Ozzy Osbourne officially reunited to co-headline the Ozzfest festival tour along side Osbourne's solo band. The lineup featured Osbourne's drummer Mike Bordin filling in for Bill Ward, who was unable to participate due to prior commitments with his solo project, The Bill Ward Band. In December 1997, the group was joined by Ward, marking the first reunion of the original four members since Osbourne's 1992 "retirement show". The original lineup recorded two shows at the Birmingham NEC, which were released as the double live album Reunion on October 20, 1998. Reunion reached number eleven on the Billboard 200, and went platinum in the US. The album spawned the single "Iron Man", which won Black Sabbath its first Grammy award in 2000 for Best Metal Performance, 30 years after the song was originally released. Reunion also featured two new studio tracks, "Psycho Man" and "Selling My Soul", both of which cracked the top 20 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.
Shortly before the band embarked on a European tour in the summer of 1998, drummer Bill Ward suffered a heart attack and was temporarily replaced by former drummer Vinny Appice. Ward returned in time for the US tour with openers Pantera, which began in January 1999 and continued through the summer, headlining the annual Ozzfest tour. Following the Ozzfest appearances, the band was put on hiatus while members worked on solo material. Tony Iommi released his first official solo album, Iommi, in 2000, while Osbourne continued work on his next solo release, Down to Earth.
Black Sabbath returned to the studio to work on new material with all four original members and producer Rick Rubin in the spring of 2001, but the sessions were halted when Osbourne was called away to finish tracks for his solo album in the summer of 2001. "It just came to an end", Iommi said. "We didn't go any further, and it's a shame because [the songs] were really good". Iommi commented on the difficulty getting all of the band members together to work on material:
"It's quite different recording now. We've all done so much in between. In [the early] days there was no mobile phone ringing every five seconds. When we first started, we had nothing. We all worked for the same thing. Now everybody has done so many other things. It's great fun and we all have a good chat, but it's just different, trying to put an album together."
In March 2002, Ozzy Osbourne's Emmy winning reality TV show "The Osbournes" debuted on MTV, and quickly became a worldwide hit. The show introduced Osbourne to a broader audience and to capitalise, the band's back catalogue label, Sanctuary Records released a double live album Past Lives, which featured concert material recorded in the 70's, including the previously unofficial Live at Last album. The band remained on hiatus until the summer of 2004 when they returned to headline Ozzfest 2004 and 2005. In November 2005, Black Sabbath were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame, and in March 2006, after eleven years of eligibility, the band were inducted into the US Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. At the awards ceremony Metallica played two Black Sabbath songs, "Hole in the Sky" and "Iron Man" in tribute to the band.
While Ozzy Osbourne was working on new solo material in 2006, Warner records released The Dio Years, a compilation of songs culled from the four Black Sabbath releases featuring Ronnie James Dio. For the release, Iommi and Dio reunited to write and record three new songs. The Dio Years was released on April 3, 2007, reaching number 54 on the Billboard 200, while the single "The Devil Cried" reached number 37 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. Pleased with the results, Iommi and Dio decided to reunite the Heaven and Hell era lineup for a world tour. While the lineup of Osbourne, Butler, Iommi and Ward were still officially called Black Sabbath, the new lineup opted to call themselves Heaven and Hell, after the album of the same name, to avoid confusion. Drummer Bill Ward was initially set to participate, but dropped out before the tour began, and was replaced by former drummer Vinny Appice, effectively reuniting the lineup that had featured on the Mob Rules and Dehumanizer albums.
Heaven and Hell toured the US with openers Megadeth and Machine Head, and recorded a live album and DVD in New York on March 30, 2007, entitled Live from Radio City Music Hall. In November 2007, Dio confirmed that the band have plans to record a new studio album in 2008. In April 2008 the band announced the upcoming release of a new box set and their participation in The Metal Masters Tour, alongside Judas Priest, Motörhead and Testament. The box set, The Rules of Hell, featuring remastered versions of all the Dio fronted Black Sabbath albums, is set to be supported by the Metal Masters Tour.
As the band's primary songwriter, Tony Iommi wrote the majority of Black Sabbath's music, while Osbourne would write vocal melodies, and bassist Geezer Butler would write lyrics. The process was sometimes frustrating for Iommi, who often felt pressured to come up with new material. "If I didn't come up with anything, nobody would do anything." On Iommi's influence, Osbourne later said:
Early Black Sabbath albums feature tuned-down guitars, which contributed to the dark feel of the music. In 1966, prior to forming Black Sabbath, guitarist Tony Iommi suffered an accident while working in a sheet metal factory, losing the tips of two fingers on his right hand. Iommi almost gave up music, but was urged by a friend to listen to Django Reinhardt, a jazz guitarist who lost the use of two fingers. Inspired by Reinhardt, Iommi created two thimbles made of plastic and leather to cap off his missing fingers. The guitarist began using lighter strings, and detuning his guitar in 1971, to better grip the strings with his prosthetics; a move which inadvertently gave the music a darker feel".
|Best Metal Performance
|Iron Man
Metallica's Lars Ulrich, who, along with bandmate James Hetfield inducted Black Sabbath into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2006, said "Black Sabbath is and always will be synonymous with heavy metal",while Hetfield said "Sabbath got me started on all that evil-sounding shit, and it's stuck with me. Tony Iommi is the king of the heavy riff." Ex-Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash said of the Paranoid album: "There's just something about that whole record that, when you're a kid and you're turned onto it, it's like a whole different world. It just opens up your mind to another dimension...Paranoid is the whole Sabbath experience; very indicative of what Sabbath meant at the time. Tony's playing style — doesn't matter whether it's off 'Paranoid' or if it's off 'Heaven and Hell' — it's very distinctive." Anthrax guitarist Scott Ian said "I always get the question in every interview I do, 'What are your top five metal albums?' I make it easy for myself and always say the first five Sabbath albums." Lamb of God's Chris Adler said "If anybody who plays heavy metal says that they weren't influenced by Black Sabbath's music, then I think that they're lying to you. I think all heavy metal music was, in some way, influenced by what Black Sabbath did."


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With a playing style that shows the influence of Ry Cooder, Leo Kottke, and Jorma Kaukonen, Furtado's nimble fingers show a jaw-dropping proficiency on his instrument. But even at his most flashy, he never lets his impressive technical prowess detract from the introspective, often poignant songs such as the heartbreaking instrumental "Can You Hear the Rain" and the traditional folk of "False Hearted Lover's Blues." Furtado kicks up his slide on a raging and passionate version of the old prison work song "Oh Berta, Berta" and a dizzying "Cypress Grove Blues." The exquisite recording quality of this live document brings clarity to every note as Furtado weaves his web of folk magic and mystery with chilling and hypnotic intensity. --Hal Horowitz
|1. These Chains
|2. The Angry Monk/Raleigh And Spencer
|3. Standing In The Rain
|4. St. John's Fire/Bolinas
|5. Running Down A Dream
|6. Can You Hear The Rain
|7. False Hearted Lover's Blues
|8. Rove Riley Rove
|9. Oh Berta, Berta
|10. I Will/Hazel Comes Home/Willow John
|11. Cypress Grove Blues
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5th September 2013
US: Batwoman writers abandon DC Comics after lesbian superhero's wedding is 'prohibited' 5
1:47 PM — Two writers for DC Comics' Batwoman have declared they are abandoning their publisher after finding out the lesbian superhero's marriage, first revealed in February, is to be "prohibited" as a storyline.
US: Bakery owners who refused same-sex wedding cake say 'militant' gay 'mafia' forced them to close 39
11:55 AM — The owners of Sweet Cakes, an Oregon Bakery which recently closed its doors after refusing to provide a wedding cake to a same-sex couple, have accused gay activists of using "militant, mafia-style tactics" to force their business to shut down.
UKIP leader Nigel Farage: Same-sex marriage is 'illiberal' because it hurts religious institutions 36
10:41 AM — UK Independence Party (UKIP) leader Nigel Farage, who previously claimed he would not expel UKIP members who call gay people "disgusting," says same-sex marriages are "illiberal" and lack "common sense" because religious groups may be forced to perform same-sex weddings.
4th September 2013
Scottish Parliamentary committee to begin hearing evidence around equal marriage bill 9
5:02 PM — On Thursday, the Scottish Parliament will begin hearing evidence around the equal marriage bill for Scotland.
US: Judge rules deceased gay man's death certificate can list him as married despite equal marriage ban 1
1:36 PM — In a second similar ruling by the same judge, a gay man has won an appeal to have his late husband's death certificate display that he was married, despite a state-wide ban on equal marriage in Ohio.
US: Pennsylvania court to hear arguments in case against clerk who issued same-sex marriage licences
12:41 PM — A court in the US state of Pennsylvania will today begin to hear arguments around the case of a county clerk who is being sued by the state because he issued marriage licences to same-sex couples.
Texas and Mississippi National Guard refuse to process gay couples' benefits despite Pentagon directive 6
12:25 PM — The National Guard in the US states of Texas and Mississippi have refused to process benefits requests from Tuesday from same-sex couples, despite a directive from the Pentagon to do so.
US county clerk: I'm 'on the right side of history' by defying state ban on equal marriage 1
11:05 AM — A county clerk who is defying Pennsylvania's ban on same-sex marriage by issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples has said he is only doing what is right.
3rd September 2013
US: Surge of weddings expected as new leave for same-sex military couples to marry kicks in 1
6:30 PM — Beginning on Tuesday, gay members of the US Military are expected to begin emptying their savings, and taking up newly available leave put in place to allow same-sex couples to travel to a state which allows equal marriage.
US: New couple joins battle for equal marriage in Ohio over death certificate listing
5:00 PM — A new plaintiff has joined the lawsuit to have same-sex marriages recognised in the US state of Ohio, despite a ban.
France: Actor Alain Delon says men are meant to 'woo women' not 'pick up guys' 42
1:51 PM — French actor Alain Delon, who was once described as France's answer to James Dean, has said that being gay is against nature, and that men are here to "love a woman" and not to "flirt with or get picked up by guys."
Exclusive Video: X Factor finalist Melanie Masson backs equal marriage for Scotland
12:56 PM — X Factor Finalist Melanie Masson is the latest to speak out in support of equal marriage in Scotland as part of the Equality Network's It's Time video campaign.
US: Gay couples claim a third of all marriage licenses in Minnesota 3
11:23 AM — An Associated Press survey has found that ever since same-sex couples have been allowed to marry in Minnesota, gay couples have received nearly a third of all marriage licenses in the state.
US: Oregon bakery which refused cake for same-sex wedding closes down 27
10:12 AM — Sweet Cakes, an Oregon Bakery sued in August for refusing to provide a wedding cake to a same-sex couple, has closed its doors.
2nd September 2013
US: Judge rules that Veterans Affairs agency must pay benefits to same-sex spouse 1
6:44 PM — A federal judge in the US has ruled that the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) must pay equal benefits to a California veteran in a same-sex marriage.
Watch the Australian PM destroy a pastor's arguments against same-sex marriage 18
4:02 PM — In a Q&A appearance on Australian television, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd defended his support of same-sex marriage after a local pastor challenged him to measure his views against the Biblical definition of marriage as between a man and a woman.
US: Mary Cheney slams her sister's opposition to same-sex marriage 6
12:07 PM — Mary Cheney, the lesbian daughter of former US vice-president Dick Cheney, has condemned her older sister, a Republican who is running for the Senate, for her opposition to same-sex marriage.
New Chief Rabbi Ephraim Mirvis vows to maintain 'orthodox' stance against same-sex marriages 62
11:01 AM — Britain's new Chief Rabbi, Ephraim Mirvis, says he wants gay Jewish people to feel at "home" in orthodox synagogues, but has sworn out any possibility for same-sex marriages.
Comment: Marriage is a step into the unknown for many gay people 32
10:02 AM — Writing for PinkNews.co.uk, Stephen Mansell says the arrival of equal marriage may resemble a brave new world when it comes to many gay relationships.
1st September 2013
First US Supreme Court Justice officiates at same-sex wedding 3
3:26 PM — US Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg on Saturday became the first Supreme Court justice to officiate at the wedding of a gay couple.


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At mealtime, dump a jar of Cool Veggie Bliss into a pasta bowl. The dressing glazes the ingredients as they tumble out of the jar. A light tossing with a fork guarantees the salad will be well mixed and well dressed. Photo by Sue Doeden
Read the article: How about salad in a jar?


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In geometry and trigonometry, an angle (in full, plane angle) is the figure formed by two rays sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle . The magnitude of the angle is the "amount of rotation" that separates the two rays, and can be measured by considering the length of circular arc swept out when one ray is rotated about the vertex to coincide with the other (see "Measuring angles", below). Where there is no possibility of confusion, the term "angle" is used interchangeably for both the geometric configuration itself and for its angular magnitude (which is simply a numerical quantity).
The word angle comes from the Latin word angulus, meaning "a corner". The word angulus is a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin. Cognate words are the Latin angere, meaning "to compress into a bend" or "to strangle", the Greek ἀγκύλος (ankylοs), meaning "crooked, curved," and the English word "ankle." All three are connected with the Proto-Indo-European root *ank-, meaning "to bend" or "bow" .
In order to measure an angle θ, a circular arc centered at the vertex of the angle is drawn, e.g. with a pair of compasses. The length of the arc s is then divided by the radius of the circle r, and possibly multiplied by a scaling constant k (which depends on the units of measurement that are chosen):
The value of θ thus defined is independent of the size of the circle: if the length of the radius is changed then the arc length changes in the same proportion, so the ratio s/r is unaltered.
In many geometrical situations, angles that differ by an exact multiple of a full circle are effectively equivalent (it makes no difference how many times a line is rotated through a full circle because it always ends up in the same place). However, this is not always the case. For example, when tracing a curve such as a spiral using polar coordinates, an extra full turn gives rise to a quite different point on the curve.
Angles are considered dimensionless, since they are defined as the ratio of lengths. There are, however, several units used to measure angles, depending on the choice of the constant k in the formula above. Of these units, treated in more detail below, the degree and the radian are by far the most common.
With the notable exception of the radian, most units of angular measurement are defined such that one full circle (i.e. one revolution) is equal to n units, for some whole number n. For example, in the case of degrees, A full circle of n units is obtained by setting in the formula above. (Proof. The formula above can be rewritten as One full circle, for which units, corresponds to an arc equal in length to the circle's circumference, which is 2πr, so . Substituting n for θ and 2πr for s in the formula, results in )
A convention universally adopted in mathematical writing is that angles given a sign are positive angles if measured anticlockwise, and negative angles if measured clockwise, from a given line. If no line is specified, it can be assumed to be the x-axis in the Cartesian plane. In many geometrical situations a negative angle of −θ is effectively equivalent to a positive angle of "one full rotation less θ". For example, a clockwise rotation of 45° (that is, an angle of −45°) is often effectively equivalent to a anticlockwise rotation of 360° − 45° (that is, an angle of 315°).
In three dimensional geometry, "clockwise" and "anticlockwise" have no absolute meaning, so the direction of positive and negative angles must be defined relative to some reference, which is typically a vector passing through the angle's vertex and perpendicular to the plane in which the rays of the angle lie.
In navigation, bearings are measured from north, increasing clockwise, so a bearing of 45 degrees is north-east. Negative bearings are not used in navigation, so north-west is 315 degrees.
In mathematical expressions, it is common to use Greek letters (α, β, γ, θ, φ, ...) to serve as variables standing for the size of some angle. (To avoid confusion with its other meaning, the symbol π is typically not used for this purpose.) Lower case roman letters (a, b, c, ...) are also used. See the figures in this article for examples.
In geometric figures, angles may also be identified by the labels attached to the three points that define them. For example, the angle at vertex A enclosed by the rays AB and AC (i.e. the lines from point A to point B and point A to point C) is denoted ∠BAC or BÂC. Sometimes, where there is no risk of confusion, the angle may be referred to simply by its vertex ("angle A").
Potentially, an angle denoted, say, ∠BAC might refer to any of four angles: the clockwise angle from B to C, the anticlockwise angle from B to C, the clockwise angle from C to B, or the anticlockwise angle from C to B, where the direction in which the angle is measured determines its sign (see Positive and negative angles). However, in many geometrical situations it is obvious from context that the positive angle less than or equal to 180° degrees is meant, and no ambiguity arises. Otherwise, a convention may be adopted so that ∠BAC always refers to the anticlockwise (positive) angle from B to C, and ∠CAB to the anticlockwise (positive) angle from C to B.
for two numbers x and y. So an angle in the Euclidean plane can be legitimately given by two numbers x and y.
To the ratio y/x there correspond two angles in the geometric range 0 < θ < 2π, since
The angle between a line and a curve (mixed angle) or between two intersecting curves (curvilinear angle) is defined to be the angle between the tangents at the point of intersection. Various names (now rarely, if ever, used) have been given to particular cases:—amphicyrtic (Gr. ἀμφί, on both sides, κυρτόσ, convex) or cissoidal (Gr. κισσόσ, ivy), biconvex; xystroidal or sistroidal (Gr. ξυστρίσ, a tool for scraping), concavo-convex; amphicoelic (Gr. κοίλη, a hollow) or angulus lunularis, biconcave.
This allows one to define angles in any real inner product space, replacing the Euclidean dot product · by the Hilbert space inner product .
In geography we specify the location of any point on the Earth using a Geographic coordinate system. This system specifies the latitude and longitude of any location, in terms of angles subtended at the centre of the Earth, using the equator and (usually) the Greenwich meridian as references.
In astronomy, we similarly specify a given point on the celestial sphere using any of several Astronomical coordinate systems, where the references vary according to the particular system.
Astronomers can also measure the angular separation of two stars by imagining two lines through the centre of the Earth, each intersecting one of the stars. The angle between those lines can be measured, and is the angular separation between the two stars.
Astronomers also measure the apparent size of objects. For example, the full moon has an angular measurement of approximately 0.5°, when viewed from Earth. One could say, "The Moon subtends an angle of half a degree." The small-angle formula can be used to convert such an angular measurement into a distance/size ratio.


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This stylish, energy-efficient flushmount fixture features a custom-made giclee style shade with a pattern printed on high-quality canvas. An acrylic disc at the bottom diffuses the light of the three included CFL bulbs. The canopy and accents are in a bronze finish. Flushmount style ceiling light. U.S. Patent # 7,347,593.
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