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Internet arguments and misunderstandings: Productive, or a waste of time?
When you read through conversations on this and other sites, you can't help but notice some individuals who always enter into disagreements with others time and again.
How important is debating, or arguing online?
How far should you go to get your point across?
Is it even worth it to try to convince a stranger that your way is correct?
Here is a cartoon I ran across:
What do you think? Feel free to share any experiences you have had, and how you handled them.
I am not much of a debater, but I am very interested in understanding why people time and again get involved in arguments with others.
Closing Statement from W T
Online debates......productive.....when everyone shows respect for the other's ideas, and conversation takes place in an orderly way...it's ok to disagree.
Online arguments......waste of time......proceed with caution.
I thought perhaps some kind of debate would break out about debates.....but nothing of the sort....everyone's contributions made this conversation a very enjoyable one.
Wonderful links, and book titles were provided.
Thank you to all who participated!!!!
May 21 2013: Debating, as an exchange of ideas, is always a worthwhile pursuit when conditions are relaxed enough to allow for the time investment required of all engaged parties. Arguing online is another matter. The internet is full of sophists and trolls who delight in arguing with no interest in anything outside of the schadenfreude they create by upsetting others with quibbles presented as dogma. The anonymity of the beast perpetuates the calamity.
How far should we go and is it worth it?
Well, the answer would seem to be in our reasons for entering the fray to begin with. If we engage in debate as an exercise in thought and language (with a dash of whimsy, hopefully) we should always be rewarded in the exchange. The act is its own reward. However, if we enter debate with an agenda of subversion or aggression, the act can be a fruitless waste of time, especially through the filter of the internet. This is because "crying wolf" only works as long as people believe you and eventually your [internet] audience will catch on and stop running when you cry out.
To paraphrase the Sandel talk: "The purpose of the debate is for ideas to be exchanged well, to honour and recognize the excellence of the best debaters."
Of course, such a premise presumes that all parties involved in the debate have the knowledge and vocabulary with which to engage in lively intellectual exchange. It ignores the fact that the internet, like a public square, is open to the illiterate and the intellectual alike, as equals.
Should we waste our words here trying to convert others to our singularly right, unquestionable perfection? Probably no. We should ride our great horses of perfect righteousness into the sunsets of our choosing.
Should we diplomatically and tactfully offer our alternative, contrary, additive or supportive views within a provided forum for the sake of sharing, and perhaps changing, the views of others and ourselves? Absolutely.
May 22 2013: Johnathon, I can't say when I have read a more exquisite piece of writing with vocabulary that is both eloquent and to the point.
I really like the fact that you are acknowledging exactly what I was trying to point out. That is, that debating is one thing, arguing is another.
I too feel that the exchange of the debate/discussion is in itself the reward. You come out knowing more about the other party, and that allows you an understanding of the individual, and also of yourself, not to mention the issue at hand.
Many times, I personally have not found myself to be eloquent enough to participate in very serious debates that occur on TED. Not only have I lacked the vocabulary, but I have lacked the knowledge to be able to speak intelligently. Regardless, I will read and be educated on both sides of the issue........Debates do occur in front of an audience after all.....and so I play the part of the audience quite often.
The nice thing about online debates is that you can provide links to other sites, and you can read and reread your opponent's view to make sure you are addressing the various points without overlooking anything. That, to me, is a big advantage of online forums.
And, yes, we should definitely offer alternative, contrary, etc....views within a forum for the sake of sharing.
I think that when we have that approach, we will not be bothered by anything others type.
After all, we have the choice to take it or leave it.
I know many individuals who have taken a ride on their horse of perfect righteousness into the sunset of their choosing.........sometimes it's nice when they gallop on back whistling a different tune, and contributing in a fine manner for the benefit of all.
Thank you for your wonderful contribution. I am sure many here will enjoy reading it.
May 22 2013: Thanks for your warm response and interesting topic. I've had a tendency to wax grandiloquent for some time :D
It is rather nice that online debates like these allow participants to take their time and respond with some consideration, whether that response is direct through the site or simply through a personal emotion.
The asynchronous nature of the format slows things down to a pace that broadens understanding. I really like that, even if some let the immediacy of the medium take precedence over the qualities of their messages.
Kareem Fahim
May 23 2013: Despite huge presence of troll on internet forums, I've visited very nice websites.
- +2
TED is a perfect example in my case. I've learnt a lot of things here. Read a lot of opinions, although I may not agree with some but I've always felt "respected" here.
More importantly, Internet is only place where no one can censor you- it is a double-sided sword but I believe on right channels there usually are nice people :)
May 24 2013: Thank you Kareem.
I think your words reflect what many on TED feel.
adesh saxena
May 21 2013: People who agree with you and appreciate you gives you encouragment and happiness.
- +2
People who argue with you makes you think, test your ideas ,they help in evolution of your thought process.
We need both of them, both are invaluable.
May 21 2013: Yes Adesh, I do think we need both of them.
I think, though, that sometimes it is a challenge to talk to someone who is making you think....really think!
When I first joined TED, which was my first experience with an online community, I would erase my comments and then not come on for weeks at a time. I was so frustrated at being misunderstood, and it was difficult to have people dissect my answers and have me reply to each point......not being much of a debater and also coming from my teaching background, where I taught, and controlled the learning, it was a big challenge for me. I had to retrain my way of thinking about other's opinions.
It was a humbling experience, and still today I continue to readjust my thinking and my way of communicating.
But, I will be honest with you, I try to steer clear of controversial topics.
Thanks for your contribution.May 21 2013: Hi Mary!
I recognize what you're saying. It's the kind of thing that has turned me off on other social media sites, that shall remain nameless...
I also think there are some people who get a real charge out of making waves, sparking an argument. And there are those who feel attacked or threatened at someone's opinion, perhaps not learning that respect is also 'agreeing to disagree'.
I agree with Pablo's comment below, that a lot has to do with the fact that we have a lot to 'say', but we're not actually saying it. All sorts of things can be misconstrued because we are missing vital ingredients in a conversation; namely, body language, voice dynamic and pitch, facial expression. Our senses are handicapped, so our words are often misread or misinterpreted. Although a winking or smiley face can compensate, it's a far cry from the messages our entire bodies with all its senses intact can get across. ;-)
May 21 2013: I am glad that you explained what I was trying to say in a "easier to digest" form.
May 21 2013: Well thanks, Pablo! I thought your explanation was equally digestible!!
I realized, in my response, I forgot to answer some of your questions, Mary.
- How far should you go to get your point across? and
- Is it worth it, convincing a stranger that you're correct?
Any personal attack or use of profanity or name-calling is just not done. But, that is, I'm sure you all agree, no longer a debate. That's just harassment.
Is it worth it? First off all, I have no idea if anything I think is 'correct', it is just that - what I think. And someone who respects that, won't need any convincing.May 21 2013: Hi Lizanne.
I have noticed that some individuals are very good at communicating and remaining calm and non-judgemental, even when others say things that could be interpreted various ways.
I guess giving someone the benefit of the doubt is a good thing online then?
Why do you suppose some individuals always end up arguing with others online?
The conversation will start amicably, and then head south?
And what do you do when you notice these kinds of individuals, who over and over again have discord with others?
May 21 2013: That's the million dollar question, Mary. Why do people end up arguing, regardless of whether they're online or not? The 'benefit' of being online, is thatt you're safe from physical harm. But our feelings are just as vulnerable in the digital world as they are in the physical one.
Someone's toes get stepped on, a nerve is touched, an opinionated or crass remark about a sensitive subject will tend to do it. But it's hard to guage what is sensitive, and what is crass, when no one has eyes to meet.
If I see this kind of thing online, my involvement really depends on things like who else is involved, how well I know them, how informed I am of facts concerning both sides of the situation, and whether my comments would be appreciated. But more often than not, I will not get involved in a personal, name-calling fight. I will get involved in a pointless, harmful attack.
Barry Palmer
May 21 2013: I think it is amazing that so many people have so much to express about expressing.
- +2
I admit it. I enjoy offering my opinions in a discussion, even when I have no expectation of learning anything. I often think that my own point of view is more correct than most, and hope that others will learn from my wisdom. I have too high an opinion of my own opinions. But my thoughts are all that I have to offer, and you are all free to ignore them.
I try to express myself politely, and try not to become too argumentative, and also try to avoid comments that could be considered insulting, even when arguing with ignorant idiots.
Once in while, I learn something that I could not learn in any other way. I see a point of view that I could never have imagined. Once in a while I am convinced that my own well thought out, reasoned position, based on hard facts, was dead wrong. THEN it is productive.
May 21 2013: Isn't it amazing that there is so much to be said about expressing oneself?
I think that at times it is hard to talk to people who in real life we would rather avoid, or ignore..........or whose thinking may reveal that they ignore some important factors on any particular subject.
I remember over 20 years ago, Oprah broadcasted a tv show from Florida, and the topic was bilingual education. There was so much misinformation as to what bilingual education truly was, especially from Oprah herself, that I wanted to yell at the top of my voice. I had to just turn the tv off, and walk away.
Sometimes online, I end up doing the same thing. I can count on one hand the times I have been involved in a misunderstanding on line. I try hard to communicate without arguing or bullying others. Sometimes it is a challenge.
I always enjoy reading your point of view Barry. Thank you for contributing to this conversation.
edward long
May 21 2013: TED Conversations offers a much better chance for proper debate than other sites I have experienced. Here on TED one can encounter folks who are confident in what they believe, but are not willing to hold to it in the face of clear falsification. Willingness to change one's understanding, or belief, is not a commonly found trait in the population. Most folks will not even enter in to a conversation if someone is expressing an opinion contrary to theirs. I admire, and try to develop, the trait in myself with limited success. I see you appreciate Professor Sandel. Now there is a man who can direct a civil, profitable debate. Come, let us reason together. Steel sharpens steel. Valid points and counter-points graciously and politely expressed are edifying and stimulating. Good debate topic you have presented. . . "Are Debates Worthwhile?" I say "YES!"
- +2
May 21 2013: I really appreciate your comment Ed.
You know, I watched Sandel's talk, and was very impressed with his explanations and examples. It was teacher friendly :)
I also think debates are worthwhile....if done respectfully, they are definitely productive.May 20 2013: I think debating is very important online or anywhere. I personally don't get much debate time here in the physical world, but online I can discuss intellectually about subjects I am interested in. I think we all need to really test what we believe in, so that either we can be sure that we should hold that belief, or that we maybe should change our mind on the subject.
I don't think arguing is important anywhere. The main difference I see between debating and arguing is that in arguing you have no intentions of changing your mind, and the only reason you are interacting with someone is to force your opinion on to them or "win" (nice cartoon by the way!).
I think you go as "far" to get your point across as you have strong logic or evidence for. If you don't have any more left and you're still interacting with the person, then the conversation becomes an argument (unless it was already). In arguments, people will just start using profanity, insults, or repeating already dealt with information until the bitter end... in which you get reported (insert dramatic high-pitched violins or something).
It's not worth it to convince a stranger of anything, since that's arguing. It *is* worthwile to provide your logic and evidence for your point of view, while listening to the opposing side and your side.
May 21 2013: Hello Kai,
I can tell from your comment that you have seen your share of online debates and arguing.
Do you find that when you are involved in a debate you actually read every word that the other person types. I mean, do you read it calmly, and think and consider your answer, or do you let it rip.......?
How much are you able to control your emotions?
May 21 2013: I have seen and participated in some online debates. I started a Facebook group within my friends called "Facebates," but it hasn't seen much action recently.
I do read every word the other person types, often more than one time. Online it is easier to read it calmly because I can imagine the other person saying it to me calmly, and that usually helps me be calm in my responses. Once in a while, if someone is missing the point by a long shot, I'll probably be frustrated and give a frustrated response, but I'm getting better at keeping calm online. In real life, it's a tad harder to not control my emotions, but in debates I'll try to at least subdue them or not change my voice or actions, so the debate stays about the logic and not about emotion. Certain subjects can't be addressed without emotion, so then I'll use my emotion with care.
Thanks for the questions Mary!
May 21 2013: Kai, thanks for the replies!!
You know, you bring out an interesting aspect of online conversations......"voice"....sometimes when I read someone's response, I have a voice in my head that I associate with each person online. Sometimes, I will read and the words come out angry......then I have to shake it off, go back, and make a conscious effort to make the voice be calm and soft.
It is interesting that you are saying that you "imagine the other person saying it to you calmly"....that is a very wonderful strategy to keep the conversation civil.
Facebates......what a wonderful play-on-words.
The only other place I discuss anything online is on a reading forum I belong to. I will go to the debates section....but it's usually all men, and they discuss politics....meh
I rather discuss books, cooking, gardening, and quotes, and of course, as many TEDsters know, I love to discuss kids and education.
Well, if you think of anything else to wish to contribute, an experience, or anything you run across in the next few days, feel free to come on back here and share it with all of us.
All the contributions thus far have been superb. Thank you Kai!!!
Comment deleted
May 21 2013: Hi LaMar,
Reading your contribution makes me want to go back to high school and sign up to be on the debate team.
Honestly, I just never thought much about defending my point of view at any time.
I think that some of us have certain convictions, and try to live up to them, and also we have certain educated opinions on different topics, and share what we know, but steer clear of discussions, and/or debates.
You gave me much food for thought with your contribution. Thank you.
Let me take the opportunity to also state that your debate on killing the planet was very enjoyable reading, and I learned quite alot.
Do you recall a debate you participated in where you had a change of opinion, or were helped to change how you viewed something?
Comment deleted
May 21 2013: Wow, what a learning experience for you.......debating before reading and preparing....hope you learned your lesson well :)
I think perhaps you are a bit correct, in that the older we get, the more well rounded we are in our knowledge and experiences. However, isn't it also risky because we become set in our ways?
From reading your comments I get the impression that you are very open-minded, but do you have some topics where you feel that there is just no way someone will make you change your mind?
Thanks for your contribution.
Comment deleted
May 21 2013: Well, you have certainly discussed alot of hot topics.
I think that children are always protected by everyone....and THAT is a Good Thing isn't it?
Thanks alot for your answers to my questions LaMar, make sure to read the other contributions on here. Some of them are very insightful.
And please come on back and share any further information you might think of throughout the next seven days.......I would really appreciate it.
Comment deleted
May 21 2013: Oh Kate, Kate........alot of times people might confuse the child like innocence with which I converse....too many years of talking to the little ones I think........with the actual knowledge and awareness I have of reality.
In the comment above, I was directly addressing LaMar's passion for siding with children's causes when involved specifically in debates. I agreed with his statement that in debates, I think people always side with children.
Have you ever seen people talk about harming children when on a public forum?
That is a far cry from me thinking that ALL people protect children ALL the time.
I'm so sorry you understood something I did not mean to say.
Comment deleted
May 22 2013: There are alot of people who want to wear rose colored glasses. I have some in my family.
You can think positive thoughts all you want, and believe that the world is a beautiful place where if you live in the now all is well.....but reality is something quite different.
People are hurting, and are suffering next door, one block over, one town over, in the next state, the next country.....not discussing these tough issues openly, and looking for solutions to the problems is indeed naive. And yes, I know alot of educators who cringe when I have tried to talk about tough subjects that noone likes to discuss out loud.....it's like a taboo to talk about them......I am too aware of this, to the point that sometimes I want to grab people by the shoulders and shake them into consciousness....but I don't :)
Kate, as to the point you mention on handling arguments online. I'm sorry, but I have not read any conversations where you were involved in an argument/debate with someone.
The only time I saw you vocalize something recently was in regards to, well, what you state above.....and I thought it was so courageous of you to speak up....that is why I said "hear hear".......If you have something specifically you want me to read...give me a link to the conversation and I will go, read it, and then come back and give you my "expert opinion" ha!! As if I can give expert opinions....LOL
Just let me know ok? You can even send me an email through my profile.
I have left it open so you can access it...then I'll close it back up in the next day or so.
Comment deleted
May 22 2013: Listen, I have "Tried" to engage others in "friendly" conversation over controversial topics. But, sometimes it is really, really tough to do so with "experts" (arm-chair scientists, economists, political analysts.......etc......)
So, to keep calm and peaceful, I will just read what is being said. Life is too short Kate.
I love the quote: "In the end, after all is said and done, there is usually more said than done". If you haven't watched Sandel's talk, which is in the OP, then I invite you to watch it.....it starts out as kind of political talk.....but 3-4 minutes into the talk, it changes and the information he shares is wonderful.
Want to read my fantabulous scientific and politically correct comment to a debate on creationism?
Look..... http://www.ted.com/conversations/18317/does_creationism_indicate_bad.html
I love the exchanges we have Kate....Della, Lizanne and you are wonderful to talk to online.
Oh, and I can't access my profile.....it keeps saying to wait for the page to load, so I cannot turn my profile to show again...I've tried on two different computers in two locations, sorry.
Comment deleted
May 22 2013: We must have been typing at the same time.
I'm glad you enjoy the quotes and links I share......isn't the internet wonderful?
Fritzie -
May 20 2013: I think people participate in a way that they believe serves them or gives them pleasure. Just as some artists practice their disciplines in order to express themselves rather than actually to reach an audience, some people speak/create for the pleasure they derive from that act without placing great value in the listeners or beholder's view. Sometimes people gain value, I think, from their image of how their words/work are being received, which may not match up at all with what the listener is actually thinking! So what is worth it is different for different people, depending on their goals and tastes.
- +2
Of course some people do come to a site to learn or for help on a project and many people are drawn to discussion sites most of all to lend a hand in those cases.
Many participants choose not to respond to trolls or to persistently belligerent and insulting people. In the case in which people have hardened points of view in an area, many people don't choose to persist in arguing about that area because it would be unproductive.
May 21 2013: Fritzie, thanks for your insights.
Have you seen Sandel's talk?
I thought it interesting that when he went out to the audience and tried to get two of them to debate the topic of golf, it was difficult for the woman to explain her side. Oddly enough, the supreme court gave the same verdict that she would have made.
I just wonder why some people, even though they may not be debating a topic, choose to argue online and tell others what they should or should not say or express. Isn't this a kind of censorship?
May 21 2013: I have not heard Sandel's talk but am thinking of taking his edX course this Fall. In reference to the lost art of debate, I think it is interesting how little taste people have in many settings for discourse focused on mutual sense-making. That subject interests me more than debate, because I don't think taking sides is typically the best way to learn. It suggests a dichotomy that often doesn't capture the essence of a subject.
I haven't actually noticed people who are not in a debate telling others what they should say, but suggesting what someone should say does not to me sound like censorship. In terms of telling people what they should not say, I think reminding people to be civil can be appropriate even from a person not in the debate. If you saw someone attacking someone else in the street and you did not know either one, you might still step in, though it interferes with the free self expression of the aggressor. I know I might. And I wouldn't be worrying that was censorship. I do know many people would consider it none of their business and walk on by.
But I don't know the sort of case you have in mind.
May 21 2013: You should take a look at Sandel's talk....it's easy listening.
I found it quite interesting.
I don't know that I would step in and do anything about people on the street....but I might call the authorities.
What I get from my dear husband all the time, is that he thinks that one day he might have to come to my rescue because of the outspokenness with which I act when I am a customer and I am being wronged in some way.
As for censorship Fritzie, it is a bit of an oxymoron to tell another poster that their point of view is their own, and not to tell us what to think, when that is precisely what the person complaining is doing. He is telling another individual what to think and what to do. Sometimes we just don't see that what we are vehimently against, we ourselves are practicing.May 21 2013: I think I understand your scenario now. One person makes an argument that expresses his point of view. A second person says- "That's just your point of view- don't tell us what to think!"
I agree that that is kind of funny. Discussions are precisely about expressing our individual points of view for consideration or material that we have uncovered that we would like others to consider.
When someone with no power over the other suggests someone not express his point of view, that can stifle discourse but I don't think it is really censorship. I think censorship implies a power to keep the other person from speaking.
May 21 2013: I'm glad you understand me.
Thanks Fritzie.
Have a nice weekend.May 22 2013: Hi Mary
Nice topic, I think one of the aspects is that - what is the understanding of the word 'debate'? what do people expect to get out of it?
1/ for some its a game, its about winning/losing - and they don't want to be the one losing.
2/ for some its about seeing how other people view a particular issue, the reasons behind it and uncover any areas they themselves missed seeing and through this expanding their horizons.
3/ for some its a waste of time - either they think they know everything or they just don't care.
Today I started a TED debate on the subject - Empathy vs Apathy - Replacing 'A' with 'Em'
I wish it was as easy as it is on Microsoft word or any text application :-) . I believe having empathy helps in debates, you think about why someone is saying something and then you ask them to expand. Otherwise people just bulldoze through.
I'd like to finish by saying this, Smile, life is a journey, not a race
- Ramesh
Twitter @Ramesh_Ramki website www.futuristCMO.com
May 22 2013: You bring out some wonderful points Ramesh......and it sounds like you have been bulldozed before?
I think that some issues definitely need to be debated, argued about, in public, for all to see.......and then we can all be informed about all sides of an issue
However, because information and data can be twisted to suit the presenters agenda, then we need to look into things for ourselves, and not rely wholely on what others tell us.
In the end, when dealing with moral issues for example, it comes down to our own convictions I think......?
I saw your conversation on empathy......I have been thinking about it and waiting to see what I can contribute. When contributing to conversations such as yours, it takes me a couple of days to think of something that can be upbuilding to others. So I will post something later, ok?
Thank you for contributing to this conversation Ramesh. I am smiling :)
adesh saxena
May 22 2013: Our basic needs are to be understood and appreciated, if not , we are discouraged and unhappy.
- +1
We mature as an individual if we can withstand people, situations, conditions not to our liking without loosing our perspective and balance.
I agree with you if we can't handle it, its better to stay clear.
May 22 2013: Adesh, thank you for these words of wisdom.
Keith W
May 22 2013: I must admitt i get into a lot of debates on this site even though im aware of our inherent stubborness we all share as humans.. so its actually kind of silly. I guess it always starts (with me and maybe for others) by seeing a post that is very misleading or wrong and i comment not as much to start an argument but make sure other viewers of the post see my cross examination. Then they comment back then argument ensues... anyway I do think debate is healthy in person and online id say only to a degree because i believe 50% of language and communication relys on context and the true human/emotional context is not here with us online. I run into semantics on every debate on this site. Somebodys always is trying to say one things and the other person interprets it as something either totally different or not quite the same as intended. So advice for everybodys.. CONSIDER CONTEXT AND THE LIMITATIONS OF WORDS TO CONVEY THE ESSENCE OF AN IDEA.
- +1
May 22 2013: Keith, thanks so much for your insight and personal experience in dealing with online misunderstandings.
I must admit, I have been a witness to conversations where you are clarifying and/or submitting information, and others have attacked you, many times the argument is, like you said, over semantics.
I will say this though, that I have admired the way you have handled yourself.
I think it is wonderful to know that in your case, you feel compelled to share the other side of the coin, and to try to clear up what could be misconstrued. That right there is going to help me see comments which are cross examinations in a different light from now on.
In my struggle to communicate online, I have found that finding the right word choice is the key. Sometimes I am writing away, and I go back and reread what I typed and I think....wow Mary, you sound like a know it all....then I add some 'maybes' and 'perhaps' and 'it is possible' or 'likely'.
I am still working on how I communicate online.
What I steer clear of is, telling others what they should say, or whether they should say this or that. Or try to tell others that we are tired of reading their experiences or points of view. Who am I to tell another human what he/she should talk about?
And yet, some individuals do exactly that online.....they don't realize that what is good for the goose is good for the gander.
I guess that is a pet peeve of mine.
Thank you for your valuable contribution Keith. I really enjoyed reading it, and thinking about what you said.May 21 2013: I'v often found my views influence by others, and incorporated many of theirs into my own arguments.
I have always delighted in admitting I'm wrong. (Yet not without difficulty I must admit)
Not sure whether I have sent you the link before, yet here is a great TED talk on this matter of "being wrong".
- Kathryn Schulz: On being wrong
Two great books on the matter :
- Being Wrong: Adventures in the Margin of Error. By Kathryn Schulz.
- Mistakes Were Made (But Not by Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts. By Carol Tavris and Elliot Aronson.
The "Confirmation bias" is a deadly thing.
I personally believe it is the "optimism bias" which makes us immune to our own failings.
However some people are just too intolerant of a difference in opinion. I have experience this many a time on Youtube, where I have been blocked (by owners of the video) for just voicing my honest opinion. Which disagree with theirs, and then been insulted...
So my honest answer :
It depends on the person. :-)
On TED most are very tolerant people, with well-thought out opinions.
Also might I add (ironically) interesting you made this conversation a "debate". :D
May 21 2013: Hey Bernard, I will address your last point first......I had thought of putting this in Questions. And then I thought, "no, let me put it in debates, because maybe a debate will start about debating" LOL.....but so far, nothing. Everyone has shared some really wonderful insights on arguments and debating and online conversations.
I think that for the most part everyone on here enjoys conversations that are free from arguments.
I am learning alot.
Oh yes, I have seen Kathryn Schulz' talk....several times as a matter of fact. It's really great.
Thanks for the book titles, I'll check and see if my library has copies.
I had not heard of the confirmation bias..........I will read it and see what I can glean from that.
I have a hard time believing that you "delight in admitting you are wrong"......most of us struggle with that Bernard. Are you sure? You could be wrong about that you know. ;D
Thanks for your contribution.
May 21 2013: Indeed I could be wrong about "delight in admitting you are wrong". :P
Maybe saying "delight" was the wrong word. Maybe saying "humility" is the right word? (I'm not sure!)
I shall send you the links to those two books :
- Mistakes Were Made (But Not by Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts. By Carol Tavris and Elliot Aronson.
Link : http://www.amazon.com/Mistakes-Were-Made-But-Not/dp/0156033909
- Being Wrong: Adventures in the Margin of Error. By Kathryn Schulz.
Link : http://www.amazon.com/Being-Wrong-Adventures-Margin-Error/dp/0061176052
Another TED Talk which may interest you (which is slightly related to this matter) is :
- Tali Sharot: The optimism bias
Shows how some people may not be able to realize their not immune from making mistakes.
Also I would reconmend as well as looking up the "Confirmation bias" (http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias), then look up "Cognitive Dissonance" (http://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive-dissonance.html).
May 22 2013: Yes, humility is a good word.
Interestingly, alot of the people that know me have told me that they are afraid to tell me when they disagree with me.........and THAT really bothers me.
I would like to be informed when someone thinks I am saying something that is not correct.
To me, friendship means precisely that, honest interchange, and being able to help one another improve in all aspects of life. But, this is a problem that haunts me.
I think, that alot of my friends, who are not professionals, think that my being a teacher, somehow makes it wrong for them to correct me. I think that is plain silly, because I consider myself the same as them, no better, no worse, equals......all I do is teach kids how to read and write and add.......I'm not a rocket scientist or a famous mathematician or something like that.
Anyways....enough rambling.
Thank you for all the links. I will have to set aside time to go through them in peace and quiet, so I can concentrate and learn some more.
Thanks so much Bernard.May 22 2013: Great News!!!!
My local library has BOTH of these books...Yippee.....I just placed a request for them both.
I can't wait to read them and see if I better the person I am through the information in them.
Thanks so much for the titles.
I am off to read through the links you provided, and to listen to the talk.
Thanks so much Bernard.!!May 22 2013: Sorry to reply here!
On a side note :
I couldn't help notice you said you were a teacher.
I felt this would come in use to you :
"TED Talks Education"
Might come in handy! :D
Kind regards,
P.S : Sorry to bombard you with links! I hope you find the time to read / watch them all.
May 22 2013: Yes, that is a great link, I saw the talks on PBS when they aired the program on tv, and I watched two of them a second time on TED.
Also, I participated in the TED conversation on education, as well as hosted a conversation in Honor of Teacher Appreciation Week.
Some of the comments on the Teacher Appreciation conversation were quite amazing, as they reflected the long lasting effects that a truly passionate teacher has on the lives of their students.
Take a look see.....
This conversation is also quite interesting, in that one TEDster insisted that he considered himself the best teacher he had ever had. I guess he wanted everyone to appreciate him? I don't know. I replied to him a second time, then I ended up erasing my comment. He had missed the whole point of the conversation, to show appreciation to an educator. I personally thought it was kind of wacko.....but I gave him the benefit of the doubt, and let him have the last word. But inside I had a little voice saying "write and tell him he missed the point".....and another voice saying "just let it go".....most of the time the second voice wins. :)
The rest of the comments are quite lovely, and I learned alot from them.
DO NOT ever think that I am bothered by links......au contraire mon ami....It shows that you are taking interest in sharing ideas......and that is precisely what TED is all about.
Thanks Bernard.
***Did you notice that your reply ended up in the right place?
The fact that we had talked back and forth already, allowed you to grab on of my 'reply' buttons, and then your comment automatically went to the end of our interchange. Cool huh?May 22 2013: Thanks!
I hope you find the time to read all the links I sent you! :D
I was considering creating a TED Debate myself about the education system.
Here is one I did (which is still active) :
"Does creationism indicate bad education? (If so how can we fix this, and should it be taught?) Does Creationism have any credibility to it?"
Link : http://www.ted.com/conversations/18317/does_creationism_indicate_bad.html
Not sure how interested you would be in that debate though... (:P)
Kind regards,
Bernard.May 22 2013: The wiki article on confirmation bias reminded me of one of the quotes I have in my collection by Richard Feynman:
The talk on optimism bias made me realize I have a pessimism bias :P
Well, actually I am like the penguin with the parachute.....Always prepared for the worst.
And, finally, the article on cognitive dissonance gave me a new vocabulary expression to use when I am recommended a "great" restaurant, and come to find out it's a ___________. You can fill in the blank with an adjective(s) of your choice.
I find, just like the article mentions in the end, that there are wide generalizations one could make with the results of the studies.
I always thought people lied about their experiences because they were liars, and/or to protect anyone from knowing they had been foolish enough to have taken part in something that was a total bust.
Oh, that reminds me of someone who took a train ride to another state a long time ago. They ooohed and aaaahed about their trip.....how lovely, how exciting, what an adventure.
Then, when a friend and I were talking about planning a similar trip, I learn that my friend's train had broken down and they had to finish their trip on a bus. I thought it rather odd that little bit of information was left out of her narrative to me............Now I kind of understand why she left that part out............BTW, I never did go on the train trip of my own (smiles broadly and raises eyebrows)
Psychology is a topic that is very fascinating.
I hosted a conversation on passive aggressive behavior a few months back and learned quite alot.
I think talking about human behavior is wonderful. And when you discuss these topics with individuals that are forthcoming with information and experiences from their own life, then, you can get a good insight on people in general and how to approach different personalities and contribute to peaceful interpersonal relationships.May 21 2013: I am trying to do more these things:pay more attention to what I am doing not others.What I can do now but others.everyone is individual,I should take charge what i have done but others too.
May 21 2013: Hi edulover, thanks for your comment.
It sounds like you are saying you want to be more aware of what you say in conversations, and not pay so much attention to what others say. Is that right edulover?
May 22 2013: Lol,Dear Mary M.I meant Understanding and respect others build upon myself-understanding and respect level.One of opinions about study:the purpose of study is:knowing yourself well.
Hehehe..maybe I am a bit enlightened by my spiritual culture:Tao?
May 22 2013: Yes, you are enlightened......but it is a struggle to get your point across in english sometimes, isn't it?
I really like what you say...."Understanding and respecting others build upon myself-understanding and respect level" and "the purpose of study is: knowing yourself well".
xièxie, MaryMay 23 2013: Wowowow...Dear Mary M.are you learning chinese?that'xiexie' is amazing.Lol,I like it.
I am so sorry to make u be confused with the english words I typed:).It is my fault.
Infact I tried to follow my chinese thoughts to type those words in english.I did get obstacle to express my ideas in english directly.So I just PiliPala pressed the keyboard.Thanks for your response.You help me to make them clearly in english.cheers
pat gilbert
May 21 2013: I have to disagree there is very little arguing on the internet everyone is very cordial and knowledgeable.
- +1
For me I learn by comparing information, information that is not compared to other information is not very useful.
I learn a lot from people who would be banned from this site. This is the handicap with sites that remove posts as too provocative. A while back there was an endless thread about equality centering around a talk by Richard Wilkinson in which I learned every socialist meme imaginable about equality which to me was mind blowing that people would swallow this nonsense hook line and sinker, but they did. These were very educated people that would take me to task about things that I thought, which made me go back and say way a minute is this true or not. I might say something about Pinochet and they might come back and say well I lived in Chile and challenge me to where I would have to confirm what I was thinking.
3 things
One is that if you just go around regurgitating "information" you did not learn anything as the information was never compared to other information. You might say Abraham Lincoln was one of the great presidents but then someone else may say well then how come he started the war that killed more Americans than any other? Yet the rest of the world abolished slavery without a war?
Two is you get to talk to people from everywhere with every perspective imaginable. That makes for an interesting opportunity to compare notes. Hell I'm not sure they are all from this planet.
Third is that there is a lot of ignorance to the water we swim in, the internet provides a platform to point this out which may lead to more people's ears perking up.
May 21 2013: Your contribution is very much appreciated Pat.
I especially enjoyed your experience with the Wilkinson talk. Sounds like you gave your debating abilities a work-out there.
Your point #1 of the 3 things is very important in discussions. Generalizations are usually errant.
Just recently, a teacher from Virginia shared an example of a lesson she had in high school. Here, let me share it with you:
"Once, Mr. Baldino came in and told us to take out our notebooks and take some notes about Thomas Jefferson. We diligently took notes for 25 minutes about how wonderful Thomas Jefferson was, all the things he did for the country, the Declaration, religious freedom, Monticello, UVA, what a hero he was and a true father of our country. Then, Mr. Baldino was called to the office and Mr. Thomas came in. He told us to get our notebooks out and he was going to give us some more notes on Thomas Jefferson. We all moaned and he said, "No resistance, please. This is important." We said we'd learned all there was to know about Thomas Jefferson. He laughed and said he doubted that. Then he began to tell us all the mistakes Jefferson made in his life, like his relationship with Hemings and that he didn't release his slaves until after his death. We sat there, taking notes like good little students, but inside our heads, we were completely confused. What was the truth about Jefferson? Was he a heroic father of our country, or a racist? Was he someone to admire, or someone to critique? Of course, this was the exact point of the activity."
I think perhaps in the education models where the teachers tell all, and we listen diligently, we do not prepare students to question information, and to also question ourselves every once in a while.
It's great, like you said, that all of us, young or old, have a place to go to learn, and to share what we 'think' we know.
Thanks for the wonderful contribution Pat!
May 21 2013: Your teacher was the very definition of a teacher
May 22 2013: Yes, that was a really wonderful example of what a teacher is truly supposed to be.
I'm glad you enjoyed it.May 21 2013: I currently live in a very small protestant city in the United States.
Everyone knows about your life, everyone likes to judge you, and if you don't agree with you they get mad as a child, sometimes I feel like they are acting like the puritans that lived in Saleem hundreds of years ago.
I like debates, actually I can say that I love it. But it's hard to express your opinion and listen to the others in a place like this, so I can almost tell that the "Internet haters" are actually the people from the city where I live. People that are small minded, and too conservative. Of course not everyone is like this, but I respect their way to think, because most of those people did not have the opportunity to expand their views of the world like most of us did. So, anyway, the internet is unbelievably awesome because you can have conversations with people from anywhere in this globe, people that don't have a single thing in common with you, but if both respects each other the exchange of information is going to be giant. The down part of forums like this is that when you type or read, you cannot transmit or feel the voice tone, or the emotion that the person on the other end of the line is trying to demonstrate.
May 21 2013: Hi Pablo, thanks for your comment.
You know Pablo, even though we cannot hear the other person's voice, the intonation, or pitch, and we cannot see their facial expressions, there is something quite unique about writing.
Take your entry above, for example, I could hear your voice. I felt your disappointment at the close minded people, and also the relief at having the priviledge of connecting with others on-line.
This is called "author's voice". The longer the writing piece, the better you hear the voice of the writer.
It is sad when people are closed minded, and do not want to hear something that is different from "their" own point of view. I just cannot imagine where you could possibly live.....I am in a big city....I don't even know what religion the people on my block practice.....I just enjoy talking about all kinds of subjects with my neighbors.........and we are always exchanging plates of food back and forth......yesterday it was barbecued pork....today it was rice pudding.......I find that food brings people together...........unless you are participating in Hell's Kitchen...........then it's a different story. (By the way, I dislike that show...too much profanity)
Pablo, what topics do you enjoy discussing online?
[edited spelling]
May 21 2013: Hahah, I've never stopped to think about what you just said, "the longer the writing piece, the better you hear the voice of the writer.". I am from a big city, too, I don't understand how they (people from my city) say that people from big city are not friendly, they say we just care about our lives. But I think the story is a little bit different when you actually have lived in a big city before, we are always busy, but that does not mean that we don't want to make friends, right?!
I don't really have a specific group of topics that I like to discuss, I just like to have a good discussion, from philosophy to religion, from politics to sports, I think I care more about the person who I am discussing with, the discussion itself. However, my favorite topics on the moment are
politics, economy and nutrition.
May 21 2013: Thanks for the reply Pablo.
I, like you, also feel that I care more about the person who I am discussing with, than the discussion itself............however, at times, this is tested, when I am discussing something I am passionate about, like education or social issues.
There is a site I visit that allows you to post pictures...jpg images inside the threads of conversations. I have found that sometimes, when a conversation gets really heated, someone will come in and post a silly picture, or a comic strip that will lighten up the conversation.
Do you think that humor can diffuse misunderstandings, or arguments?
Comment deleted
May 21 2013: Hey Kate...yes....I thought the cartoon teaches quite alot about how some might view online arguments and debates.
Having never participated in debates myself, I find them very challenging.
I do however, like to read through some of the debates we have here on TED......some are very informative. Others are more like cat fights. Sometimes people resort to ad-hominems, and these do not contribute one iota to the topic at hand, and make the person look petty.
Thanks for your contribution.
May I ask, have you ever been part of an online misunderstanding or argument? How did you deal with it?
Comment deleted
May 21 2013: Kate, as I reflect on the many posters on here, I have been putting together a puzzle of humanity. Many pieces being put together to form something extraordinary.
Thank you for your reflections.
I don't quite get your last sentence. Sometimes I type faster than my fingers go and I make lots of mistakes.......you can probably tell from the amount of [edited] posts I have had lately.
Thanks for chiming in Kate. I will patiently await your reply.
P.S. Did you see the horrific tornadoes we had today here in the states. Lots of children lost their lives. So sad Kate, so sad. :(May 21 2013: Kate and Mary, if you actually see someone in TED Conversations who appears to be 'stalking" someone else, I would encourage you to send a message to TED Conversations staff. I think that violates the terms of use. That sort of personally targeted hostility is bullying.


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Young Scientists Birthday Parties
Why not try something different this birthday - book a Young Scientist to entertain and amaze at your next birthday party!
We invented science parties over 10 years ago. We are the original and still the best. With Young Scientists, we dont just do bicarb and vinegar, or cornflour and big bubbles. Our experiments are the ones kids are talking about, and they get to take their creations home! Why just serve ice cream when we can come and make it right there for you.
Activities are enjoyed by girls and boys and are chosen as appropriate to the age group and venue. Activities are chosen from:
- Make and take home a container of gooey slime
- Make and take home a polymer super bounce ball
- Use liquid nitrogen to make instant ice cream (tasting involved!)
- Use air pressure to launch water rockets high into the sky
- Make their own instant snow to take home
- Make sherbet and experience a chemical reaction right inside their mouth
- Create giant bubbles, using our special bubble wands and secret bubble mix
- Pour and cast their own take home fossils
- Make and take home their own tornado tube
The presentation runs for 90 minutes and costs $400 for up to 20 children. Extra children (to a maximum of 30 children) incur a $20 surcharge per child. To participate, children must be aged 6 and over.
For the presentation, we require:
- a car space for our vehicle (outside your home on the street is fine)
- a large open space for example a backyard, hall or park
- provision can be made for inside locations, but some activities are only possible in outside areas
Contact: 02 8911 1283
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Great party!By Tom on 26/06/2015 9:00:58 PM
Young scientist recently hosted my 8th birthday party. my friend thought the main ingredient of fake snow was gunpowder!!!!! kaboom(not)!!!! it was an awesome party. I enjoyed it a lot!
Fantastic Idea!By Ingrid on 9/05/2015 9:32:55 AM
We recently had a birthday party for our 8 year old daughter, with a mix of boys and girls. Everyone absolutely loved the party!The presenter was very informative, explaining how everything worked. So not only is it fun, they also learn something. He was also very patient with some of the more rowdy children in the party, managing to get them to focus, which is always a bo (...) Read more
best party everBy Brooke on 11/03/2015 9:02:07 AM
I have never had an entertainment aspect to a party, preferring kids play in the playground. Nevertheless, we had a young scientists party yesterday as my 8 year old loves science. He had a wonderful party, as did his friends. I can't say which was the best; the rockets or the slime or the dry ice that made icecream. Jason put a context to each experiment which left the ki (...) Read more
Amazing party!By Sue on 24/02/2015 12:40:49 PM
We thoroughly enjoyed the party and were very impressed with Rebecca's enthusiasm and ability to engage such a rowdy six year old crowd! The experiments were varied and well organised. I knew it was going to be good when I saw all the gear being unpacked!
Great Party!By Alisa on 5/02/2015 1:58:58 PM
Darren kept twenty-five 6 and 7 year olds (girls and boys mix) busy and enthralled. Very impressive! He showed up on time and it all went very smoothly. The birthday girl and all the guests had a great time - would highly recommend.
Great Party!By Alisa on 5/02/2015 1:58:57 PM
Darren kept twenty-five 6 and 7 year olds (girls and boys mix) busy and enthralled. Very impressive! He showed up on time and it all went very smoothly. The birthday girl and all the guests had a great time - would highly recommend.
Highly RecommendedBy vicky.donnellypapageorgio on 20/01/2015 11:20:46 AM
I booked a young scientists party for my son's 12th birthday. All the kids loved it and so did the parents. The presenter was fabulous and everyone had a great time. I would highly recommend this!
Unreal idea...great party!!!By kim vlouhos on 12/01/2015 10:02:13 PM
Whats better than 20 kids not needing you as the host at all for the entire time of the party but instead shooting rockets and making ice cream and slime!!!! Great job, highly recommend and would do it again!!!!. My daughter and her friends can't stop talking about it.
Best birthday ever – highly recommendedBy Donna on 5/01/2015 5:59:47 PM
Darren hosted my son 9th birthday party. All kids and parents had a great time. The rocket launchers were a huge hit with the boys, and everyone loved the ice cream! I have had lots of parents and kids telling me it was the best birthday party EVER. Highly recommended. Donna
Young Scientist PartyBy Melinda on 18/12/2014 1:38:36 PM
We recently booked the Young Scientists for a 6 y.o. party and it was fantastic. Darren had 19 kids completely captivated and they particularly loved taking home all their concoctions in little containers. The rocket launchers and liquid nitrogen ice cream were also very popular! I would highly recommend this to anyone looking for a well organised and fun time for kids.


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In biology, sex is a process of combining and mixing genetic traits, often resulting in the specialization of organisms into male and female types (or sexes). Sexual reproduction involves combining specialized cells (gametes) to form offspring that inherit traits from both parents. Gametes can be identical in form and function (known as isogametes), but in many cases an asymmetry has evolved such that two sex-specific types of gametes (heterogametes) exist: male gametes are small, motile, and optimized to transport their genetic information over a distance, while female gametes are large, non-motile and contain the nutrients necessary for the early development of the young organism.
Sexual reproduction is a process where organisms form offspring that combine genetic traits from both parents. Genetic traits are contained within the dioxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of chromosomes — by combining one of each type of chromosomes from each parent, an organism is formed containing a doubled set of chromosomes. This double-chromosome stage is called "diploid", while the single chromosome stage is "haploid". Diploid organisms can, in turn, form haploid cells (gametes) that randomly contain one of each of the chromosome pairs, via a process called meiosis. Meiosis also involves a stage of chromosomal crossover, in which regions of DNA are exchanged between matched types of chromosomes to form a new pair of mixed chromosomes. Crossing over and fertilization (the recombining of single sets of chromosomes to make a new diploid) result in the new organism containing a different set of genetic traits from either parent.
In many organisms the haploid stage has been reduced to just gametes specialized to recombine and form a new diploid organism; in others, the gametes are capable of undergoing cell division to produce multicellular haploid organisms. In either case, gametes may be externally similar, particularly in size (isogamy), or may have evolved an asymmetry such that the gametes are different in size and other aspects (anisogamy). By convention, the larger gamete (called an ovum, or egg cell) is considered female, while the smaller gamete (called a spermatozoon, or sperm cell) is considered male. An individual that produces exclusively large gametes is female, and one that produces exclusively small gametes is male. An individual that produces both types of gametes is a hermaphrodite; in some cases hermaphrodites are able to self-fertilize and produce offspring on their own, without a second organism.
The male gamete, a spermatozoan (produced within a testicle), is a small cell containing a single long flagellum which propels it. Spermatozoa are extremely reduced cells, lacking many cellular components that would be necessary for embryonic development. They are specialized for motility, seeking out an egg cell and fusing with it in a process called fertilization.
Female gametes are egg cells (produced within ovaries), large immobile cells that contain the nutrients and cellular components necessary for a developing embryo. Egg cells are often associated with other cells which support the development of the embryo, forming an egg. In mammals, the fertilized embryo instead develops within the female, receiving nutrition directly from its mother.
Animals are usually mobile and seek out a partner of the opposite sex for mating. Animals which live in the water can mate using external fertilization, where the eggs and sperm are released into and combine within the surrounding water. Most animals that live outside of water, however, must transfer sperm from male to female to achieve internal fertilization.
In most birds, both excretion and reproduction is done through a single posterior opening, called the cloaca—male and female birds touch cloaca to transfer sperm, a process called "cloacal kissing". In many other terrestrial animals, males use specialized sex organs to assist the transport of sperm—these male sex organs are called intromittent organs. In humans and other mammals this male organ is the penis, which enters the female reproductive tract (called the vagina) to achieve insemination—a process called sexual intercourse. The penis contains a tube through which semen (a fluid containing sperm) travels. In female mammals the vagina connects with the uterus, an organ which directly supports the development of a fertilized embryo within (a process called gestation).
Like animals, plants have developed specialized male and female gametes. Within most familiar plants, male gametes are contained within hard coats, forming pollen. The female gametes of plants are contained within ovules; once fertilized by pollen these form seeds which, like eggs, contain the nutrients necessary for the development of the embryonic plant.
In pines and other conifers the sex organs are cones and have male and female forms. The more familiar female cones are typically more durable, containing ovules within them. Male cones are smaller and produce pollen which is transported by wind to land in female cones. As with flowers, seeds form within the female cone after pollination.
Because plants are immobile, they depend upon passive methods for transporting pollen grains to other plants. Many plants, including conifers and grasses, produce lightweight pollen which is carried by wind to neighboring plants. Other plants have heavier, sticky pollen that is specialized for transportation by insects. The plants attract these insects with nectar-containing flowers. Insects transport the pollen as they move to other flowers, which also contain female reproductive organs, resulting in pollination.
Some fungi, including baker's yeast, have mating types that create a duality similar to male and female roles. Yeast with the same mating type will not fuse with each other to form diploid cells, only with yeast carrying the other mating type.
Fungi produce mushrooms as part of their sexual reproduction. Within the mushroom diploid cells are formed, later dividing into haploid spores—the height of the mushroom aids the dispersal of these sexually produced offspring.
Sexual reproduction is a process specific to eukaryotes, organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and mitochondria. In addition to animals, plants, and fungi, other eukaryotes (eg. the malaria parasite) also engage in sexual reproduction. Some bacteria use conjugation to transfer genetic material between bacteria; while not the same as sexual reproduction, this also results in the mixture of genetic traits.
What is considered defining of sexual reproduction is the difference between the gametes and the binary nature of fertilization. Multiplicity of gamete types within a species would still be considered a form of sexual reproduction. However, no third gamete is known in multicellular animals.
In the majority of species with sex specialization organisms are either male (producing only male gametes) or female (producing only female gametes). A few exceptions exist—for example, in the roundworm C. elegans the two sexes are hermaphrodite and male (a system called androdioecy).
Sometimes an organism's development is intermediate between male and female, a condition called intersex. Sometimes intersex individuals are called "hermaphrodite" but, unlike biological hermaphrodites, intersex individuals are unusual cases and are not typically fertile in both male and female aspects.
In genetic sex determination systems, an organism's sex is determined by the genome it inherits. Genetic sex determines usually depends on asymmetrically inherited sex chromosomes which carry genetic features that influence development; sex may be determined either by the presence of a sex chromosome or by how many the organism has. Genetic sex determination, because it is determined by chromosome assortment, usually results in a 1:1 ratio of male and female offspring.
Humans and other mammals have an XY sex determination system: the Y chromosome carries factors responsible for triggering male development. The default sex, in the absence of a Y chromosome, is female. Thus, XX mammals are female and XY are male. XY sex determination is found in other organisms, including the common fruit fly and some plants. In some cases, including in the fruit fly, it is the number of X chromosomes that determines sex rather than the presence of a Y chromosome.
In birds, which have a ZW sex-determination system, the opposite is true: the W chromosome carries factors responsible for female development, and default development is male. In this case ZZ individuals are male and ZW are female. The majority of butterflies and moths also have a ZW sex-determination system. In both XY and ZW sex determination systems the sex chromosome carrying the critical factors is often significantly smaller, carrying little more than the genes necessary for triggering the development of a given sex.
Many insects use a sex determination system based on the number of sex chromosomes. This is called XX/XO sex determination—the O indicates the absence of the sex chromosome. All other chromosomes in these organisms are diploid, but organisms may inherit one or two X chromosomes. In field crickets, for example, insects with a single X chromosome develop as male, while those with two develop as female. In the nematode C. elegans most worms are self-fertilizing XX hermaphrodites, but occasionally abnormalities in chromosome inheritance regularly give rise to individuals with only one X chromosome—these XO individuals are fertile males (and half their offspring are male).
Other insects, including honey bees and ants, use a haplodiploid sex-determination system. In this case diploid individuals are generally female, and haploid individuals (which develop from unfertilized eggs) are male. This sex-determination system results in highly biased sex ratios, as the sex of offspring is determined by fertilization rather than the assortment of chromosomes during meiosis.
Many fish change sex over the course of their lifespan, a phenomenon called sequential hermaphroditism. In clownfish, smaller fish are male, and the dominant and largest fish in a group becomes female. In many wrasses the opposite is true—most fish are initially female and become male when they reach a certain size. Sequential hermaphrodites may produce both types of gametes over the course of their lifetime, but at any given point they are either female or male.
In some ferns the default sex is hermaphrodite, but ferns which grow in soil that has previously supported hermaphrodites are influenced by residual hormones to instead develop as male.
Many animals have differences between the male and female sexes in size and appearance, a phenomenon called sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphisms are often associated with sexual selection - the competition between individuals of one sex to mate with the opposite sex. Antlers in male deer, for example, are used in combat between males to win reproductive access to female deer. In many cases the male of a species is larger in size; in mammals species with high sexual size dimorphism tend to have highly polygynous mating systems—presumably due to selection for success in competition with other males.
Other animals, including most insects and many fish, have larger females. This may be associated with the cost of producing egg cells, which requires more nutrition than producing sperm—larger females are able to produce more eggs. Occasionally this dimorphism is extreme, with males reduced to living as parasites dependent on the female.
In birds, males often have a more colorful appearance and may have features (like the long tail of male peacocks) that would seem to put the organism at a disadvantage (e.g. bright colors would seem to make a bird more visible to predators). One proposed explanation for this is the handicap principle. This hypothesis says that, by demonstrating he can survive with such handicaps, the male is advertising his genetic fitness to females—traits that will benefit daughters as well, who will not be encumbered with such handicaps.
Sex differences in humans include, generally, a larger size and more body hair in men; women have breasts, wider hips, and a higher body fat percentage.


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- Memory card reader for fast, easy file transfers. Transfer your digital photos, music and other files from Secure Digital (SD), SDHC and SDXC memory cards.
- HDMI port lets you view videos and photos on your HDTV. (HDMI cable sold separately.)
- USB 3.0 port for ultra-fast data transfers. Up to 10 times faster than USB 2.0, yet fully compatible with USB 2.0 devices.
- Built-in webcam and microphone let you keep in touch with others via video and voice messaging. Supports resolutions up to 1.0 megapixel.
- Up to 2 hours 52 minutes of battery life. Battery life will vary depending on the product configuration, product model, applications loaded on the product, power-management setting of the product, and the product features used by the customer. As with all batteries, the maximum capacity of this battery will decrease with time and usage.
- Greener choice — complies with the EPA's Energy Star® standards.
- Intel, the Intel Logo, Intel Inside and Intel Celeron are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and/or other countries.
Product Details
|Item #
|diagonal screen size
|15.6 inches
|processor speed
|1.9 GHz
|processor brand
|maximum memory capacity
|optical drive
|hard drive type
|Hard Drive
|memory speed
|wired connectivity
|10/100/1000 Ethernet
|integrated speakers
|ASUS Computer
|video hardware
|Intel UMA
|postconsumer recycled content
|peripherals included
|front camera/webcam
|wireless connectivity
|Operating Systems
|Windows 8
|no modem
|frontside bus speed
|1333 MHz
|4.74 lb
|operating system details
|Windows 8
|brand name
|memory type
|processor type
|maximum battery life
|2.8 hours
|hard drive capacity
|screen resolution
|1366 x 768
|numeric keypad
|memory card reader
|total recycled content
|processor model
|Celeron N2815
|1 USB 3.0; 1 USB 2.0; 1 Ethernet; 1 HDMI; 1 VGA 15-pin D-sub
|warranty length
|1-year limited
|model name
|audio hardware
From the Manufacturer|
What's new with Windows 8.1?
Note: Some features require Windows 8.1. Update available through Windows store for Windows 8 users. Internet access required; fees may apply.
The devices shown in the videos are displayed only for demonstrative purposes to showcase the touch features of the Windows operating system. Similar mice and keyboard keystrokes can be used on non-touch devices. Please check the specs of the machine on the page to know what features are included.
It's new, but you know it.
- Start up in the familiar desktop to get stuff done or the Start screen to easily access all your favorite apps and sites.
Easier than ever to use.
- New navigation features make it faster and easier to access, close, minimize and switch between open apps.
- Pin favorite apps to the Start screen, the taskbar, or both for quick and easy access to what you use the most.
More productive.
Greater speed and ease in finding what you are looking for including new apps to love.
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Check out why Windows just got better and you can make your Windows device the way you want it.
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The apps you want.{"assetWrapper":"rich-features","sources":[{"width":960,"height":540,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/AppsVideo_1080p_EN-US.mp4.flash.flv","profile":"FLASH"},{"width":960,"height":540,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/AppsVideo_1080p_EN-US.mp4.mp4full.mp4","profile":"MP4FULL"},{"width":480,"height":270,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/AppsVideo_1080p_EN-US.mp4.mobile.mp4","profile":"MOBILE"},{"width":180,"height":102,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/AppsVideo_1080p_EN-US.mp4.blkbry.mp4","profile":"BLKBRY"}],"isAdaCompliant":false,"src":{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/AppsVideo_1080p_EN-US.mp4"},"caption":"The apps you want.","duration":60.138667,"runtimePoster":{"sources":[{"width":960,"height":540,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/AppsVideo_1080p_EN-US.mp4.poster.jpg.w960.jpg","profile":"W960"},{"width":480,"height":270,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/AppsVideo_1080p_EN-US.mp4.poster.jpg.w480.jpg","profile":"W480"},{"width":240,"height":135,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/AppsVideo_1080p_EN-US.mp4.poster.jpg.w240.jpg","profile":"W240"}],"runtimeSrc":{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/AppsVideo_1080p_EN-US.mp4.poster.jpg.web.jpg"},"src":{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/AppsVideo_1080p_EN-US.mp4.poster.jpg"}}}In addition to great built-in apps for email, people, photos and video editing – you can also download thousands of popular apps from the Windows Store, including Netflix, ESPN, Skype and Halo: Spartan Assault.
Mouse, keyboard—and now touch.
Windows 8.1 works harmoniously with various types of devices, including touch, mouse-and-keyboard, or both. Whatever kind of device you have, you'll discover fast and fluid ways to switch between apps, move things around, and go smoothly from one place to another.
Make it yours.
New ways to personalize with more Start screen tiles sizes, colors, and backgrounds.
Your files, everywhere.
Stay connected to your photos and important files and access them on your phone, tablet or PC with OneDrive. By signing in with your Microsoft account to any of your PCs running Windows 8.1 and you'll immediately see your own background, display preferences, and settings.
Multitasking made easy.It's easy to do up to four things at once. Snap multiple apps side by side in a single view for easy multitasking and enhanced productivity.
Stay up to date and more secure with built-in privacy and security protection with Windows Defender and SmartScreen.
It's fast.
Windows 8.1 starts up faster, switches between apps faster, and uses power more efficiently than previous versions of Windows, including Windows 7.
Works with what you have.
Easily connect to your printers, cameras and more with built-in USB ports. With Windows 8.1, you can run all of the programs that you had on Windows 7.
Get more done with Office.{"assetWrapper":"rich-features","sources":[{"width":960,"height":540,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/7029c0b4-8a79-4a7a-be61-f84eb20f3da4.mp4.flash.flv","profile":"FLASH"},{"width":960,"height":540,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/7029c0b4-8a79-4a7a-be61-f84eb20f3da4.mp4.mp4full.mp4","profile":"MP4FULL"},{"width":480,"height":270,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/7029c0b4-8a79-4a7a-be61-f84eb20f3da4.mp4.mobile.mp4","profile":"MOBILE"},{"width":180,"height":102,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/7029c0b4-8a79-4a7a-be61-f84eb20f3da4.mp4.blkbry.mp4","profile":"BLKBRY"}],"isAdaCompliant":false,"src":{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/7029c0b4-8a79-4a7a-be61-f84eb20f3da4.mp4"},"caption":"Get more done with Office.","customPoster":{"sources":[{"width":960,"height":540,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/6b601365-037e-4fa1-9f9b-c3791bca5871.JPG.w960.jpg","profile":"W960"},{"width":480,"height":270,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/6b601365-037e-4fa1-9f9b-c3791bca5871.JPG.w480.jpg","profile":"W480"},{"width":240,"height":135,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/6b601365-037e-4fa1-9f9b-c3791bca5871.JPG.w240.jpg","profile":"W240"}],"runtimeSrc":{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/6b601365-037e-4fa1-9f9b-c3791bca5871.JPG.web.jpg"},"src":{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/6b601365-037e-4fa1-9f9b-c3791bca5871.JPG"}},"duration":69.563,"runtimePoster":{"sources":[{"width":960,"height":540,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/7029c0b4-8a79-4a7a-be61-f84eb20f3da4.mp4.poster.jpg.w960.jpg","profile":"W960"},{"width":480,"height":270,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/7029c0b4-8a79-4a7a-be61-f84eb20f3da4.mp4.poster.jpg.w480.jpg","profile":"W480"},{"width":240,"height":135,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/7029c0b4-8a79-4a7a-be61-f84eb20f3da4.mp4.poster.jpg.w240.jpg","profile":"W240"}],"runtimeSrc":{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/7029c0b4-8a79-4a7a-be61-f84eb20f3da4.mp4.poster.jpg.web.jpg"},"src":{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/7029c0b4-8a79-4a7a-be61-f84eb20f3da4.mp4.poster.jpg"}}}Office at its best on Windows 8 devices. Discover new and better ways to create, edit, and browse—using a keyboard or touchscreen. Please review the specifications on this Windows device and, if Office is not already included, don't forget to add it to your purchase.
Windows Q&A
- Why should I buy a Windows device?
Windows devices are available in all shapes and sizes to match your lifestyle and they can also be customized with your favorite apps, colors, and backgrounds to match your personality. Multitask with ease on a Windows device. Run Office side-by-side with your web browser, or make a Skype video call while you check email. Windows devices also work with stuff you already have, they include ports for printers and cameras and work with your favorite apps.*
*Windows RT 8.1 devices only runs built-in apps or apps that you download from the Windows Store.
- Does Windows have the apps I want?
Right out of the box, Windows 8.1 comes with apps to do all the basics and a lot more. There are apps to stay in touch, save your files to the cloud, and keep track of your photos and videos in new and easy ways.
Plus, you can visit the Windows store to choose from over 100,000 apps for games, music, news, weather, and entertainment, to just name a few.
- Did the desktop disappear?
No. You'll also still be able to work with the familiar desktop just as you did in earlier versions of Windows. If you spend most of your time on the desktop, you can even set Windows to go there instead of the Start screen when you first turn on your PC.
- I have heard it is for touchscreens. Can I still use a mouse and keyboard?
- Yes. You can use it the way you want: touchscreen, mouse and keyboard, or both. You'll also still be able to work with the familiar desktop just as you did in earlier versions of Windows.
Note: The touchscreen functionality is dependent on the specifications of the device's screen. Please check the specs of the machine on this page to know what features are included.
- Can I use my current software and printers?
Windows 8.1 is compatible with almost all of the peripherals (printers, cameras, keyboards, mice, etc.) that you're using today with your Windows PC or tablet. You can also use most of the desktop programs you currently use, including Office programs.
- What if I buy a PC running Windows 8? Can I update to Windows 8.1?
Yes. If you're running Windows 8 you'll be able to get the free update to Windows 8.1 through the Windows Store.
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For first-year and transfer students.
Associate and bachelor's degree programs for men and women 4 full years out of high school.
Elementary, middle level and secondary certification for men and women with a bachelor's degree.
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The Canadian singing group, Il Voce, will bring its unique sound to open the Wilson College 2011-12 Performing Arts Series with a presentation at 7:30 p.m. Saturday, Oct 15, in Thomson Hall's Alumnae Chapel.
DATE: Sept. 27, 2011
CONTACT: Kathy Lehman, Director of Conferences and Special Events
Phone: 717-262-2003
Email: email@example.com
CHAMBERSBURG, Pa. – The Canadian singing group, Il Voce, will bring its unique sound to open the Wilson College 2011-12 Performing Arts Series with a presentation at 7:30 p.m. Saturday, Oct 15, in Thomson Hall's Alumnae Chapel.
Putting a fresh face on the global phenomenon called "Popera" or "Classical Crossover," Il Voce's amazing sound is created by the combination of four magical voices - soprano Tiffany Desrosiers, tenor Marc Devigne, coloratura soprano Melody Mercredi and baritone DJ Calhoun.
Il Voce, which means "the voices" in Italian, brings passion and virtuosity to its interpretations of romantic, classical, pop and opera favorites.
More information about the group can be found at its website: www.ilvocemusic.com.
For more information about tickets, call 717-262-2003 or email email@example.com.
Regular ticket prices are:
General admission – $15
Senior citizens – $12
Children in grades K-12 – Free
Full-time Wilson College for Women and Adult Degree Programs students – Free
Non-Wilson students – $7.50
Founded in 1869, Wilson College is a liberal arts college dedicated to the education of women. Affiliated with the Presbyterian Church and located in Chambersburg, Pa. Wilson offers bachelor's degrees in 30 areas and master's degrees in education and the humanities. The college's 2011-12 enrollment in the College for Women and the Adult Degree Programs is 746 and includes 21 students from 10 foreign countries.


text:
The DadGear Messenger Bag is a diaper bag that Dad will proudly carry. Styled like a bike messenger bag, the Messenger is comfortable, durable, and looks cool too. On the inside, it's packed with thoughtful features like the Quick Access Wipes Case that are sure to make your life easier. The DadGear Messenger is designed to be "hands-free" so you can change, feed, and entertain your child without ever having to set the bag down. EXTERIOR: Polyester fabric with polyester and nylon webbing are used in combination with durable hardware and high quality zippers and sliders. Bar tacks are placed in high stress areas for added durability. Some models may include exterior panels made with a faux leather vinyl. INTERIOR: Polyester fabric. CHANGING PAD: Polyester fabric. Changing pad is washable.
Product Features
- Patented Quick Access Wipes Case included with each bag; integrates with a specially designed window
- Removable front flap makes cleaning easy, and you can swap out with different designs (sold separately)
- Two large interior pockets for storage
- Two bottle pockets accessible from outside or inside the bag
- Two tall zippered pockets under the flap for creams, etc.
- Removable changing pad included in its own pocket to eliminate cross contamination
- Integrated stroller straps attach to any style stroller
- Light-colored interior helps you see everything inside
- Large, adjustable 2" strap with shoulder pad
- Optional waist harness included for more secure fit
- Dimensions: W: 17" x H: 12" x D: 6, Weight: 3.3 to 3.8 lbs
- Strap Length: 60 inches when fully extended
- Changing Pad: L: 21 x W: 12 x Thickness: 1/8
Additional Information
|Shipping Time
|Shipping Restrictions
|This item can not be shipped to APO/FPO addresses.
|Shipping Note
|Products ship in their original packaging. Please be aware that its contents will be visible to the recipient upon delivery.
|Car Seat
|Seat Color


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Szmidt Counselling and Intrprtng - Mississauga
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Szmidt Counselling and Intrprtng in Mississauga Ontario (ON) is a local business providing services in your area and can be contacted on the telephone number shown below if you would like to ask about their opening hours, or alternatively if you would like to visit them then their address is displayed above and a map of their location is available under the More Info button. Business Services Sector Info: this is a general classification that includes business that provide a service to the general public and / or businesses. Businesses listed under this category on Wampit could provide services such as cleaning, legal, food services, sales, secretarial, retail, administrative services, support services and educational services. Business Owner: it is free to update this information on your business listing to let people know exactly what services your business provides. You can also add a link to your own business services website - please click on the My Business link for more info.
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FREE STANDARD SHIPPING ON QUALIFYING ORDERS OVER $35* See ExceptionsEASY RETURNS SAVE UP TO 60% SATISFACTION GUARANTEED
VetDepot also carries pet anxiety relief supplements, carpet cleaners, and odor removers for your home, furniture, car, and clothing. Stain and odor removers are available in large sizes for treating entire homes, or in convenient travel sizes to use in the car. All products are approved by the EPA and FDA and are available for shipping directly to your home.


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FORT WALTON BEACH — Okaloosa elementary, middle and high school students described how they were "Living the Legacy" on Saturday in the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Celebration's 18th annual Oratorical and Poster Contest.
Check out a slideshow fo the event. >>
Watch a video of the event. >>
The contest at Fort Walton Beach High School is a way to showcase the area's talented youth, said Wanjiku Jackson, co-chair of the event. It brings the community together and engages them in remembering King and his teachings.
"It's not just for African Americans," Jackson said. "Dr. King's legacy is for all people."
In the poster contest, students conveyed their messages in a variety of ways. On one poster, a student described how to defend someone dealing with bullies. On another, the student decorated the poster with masks to symbolize people showing their true selves.
Ivy Chastain of Fort Walton Beach High School placed photos of leaders influenced by King inside a picture of the world. She wanted to draw attention to other people who upheld the movement for equality and freedom, she said.
"I don't think people looking at this always understand the difference these people made," Chastain said.
In the oratorical contest, many students spoke of King's life, highlighting key moments in the civil rights movement. Others described how he inspired them to create their own legacy.
Daylen Boyd of Pryor Middle School said he has the same opportunity as other students to get a quality education, thanks to King's work. He and his friends all enjoy the same freedoms. There's nothing standing between him and his legacy.
"The thing that can hold me back is me," Boyd said.
King's legacy of compassion and courage still lives on in leaders like President Barack Obama, said Shakyra Sanders of Choctawhatchee High School.
"The legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King gives me hope for a better tomorrow," she said.
Elementary School: 1st place, Katlin Eubanks; 2nd place, Ariel McBroom; 3rd place, Olivia Hooten.
Middle School: 1st place, Andrew Imperial; 2nd place, Jessica Shouse; 3rd place, Elizabeth Toney.
High School: 1st place, Rebecca Morris; 2nd place, Madison Williams; 3rd place, Ivy Chastain.
Elementary School: 1st place, Carl Vlinters; 2nd place, Miranda Gillaspy; 3rd place, Amari Washington.
Middle School: 1st place, Roderick Peacock; 2nd place, Brandi Costello; 3rd place, David Erickson.
High School: 1st place, Raven Sansbury; 2nd place, Toni Reaves; 3rd place, Shakyra Sanders.
Contact Daily News Staff Writer Lauren Delgado at 850-315-4445 or at firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow her on Twitter @LaurenDnwfdn.


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text: Where are you reading this reaction? I haven't seen it. I don't think a lot of these older generation of fans are really IWC types - they're more likely to just go to the shows (or not) and talk about it in the bar afterwards, not from behind a computer. I'm quite sure this attitude does exist, but it's the same with any sport really. Not as good as the old days!