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Nassau County Review 19170504
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Nassau County Review Official Paper, Village of Frecport FREEPORT, N. Y., FRIDAY, MAY 4, 1917 Vol. XX, No. 18 "CLEAN UP WEEK" AprU 30th to May 5th, 1917 ^ It is extremely desirable at this season of the year to call attention to Public Health Matters. ^ Your yard should be cleaned ! and raked; manure, rubbish' pile and filth of all description,. especially every trace of gar¬ bage and putrescible material gathered and carted away, j This cleaning of the premises j Co. I. Tenth infantry should, in bric(, be considered' '"^'j,'',.^ merely an extension of house cleaning within home. <gCo-operate with the Street' ^.Vrd Kegiment Commissioner and your neigh »».»«.. a.: *: a... Ot * , fc-" Ibi Oik »..¦ >»;- ROLL OF HONOR Our Soldi<;rs Army and Navy . KUKKI'OKT Clyde Brown. L. .'^. S. Delaware Morton (termond. 2nd Field .\rtillery Destination probably Te\aw Uol>ert CampbeU ( o. I. Tenth Iiifantr> Charles Cook Co. I. Tenth Inluntry Harry Alhin Co. I. Tenth Infantrv .1. Wallace fjuest Co. I, Tenth infantry Bert Donnelly the ' '"licence Trubenback I Navy I iToward .MdridKc "" Troop C, (.'avalry I Dr. Thomas H. K\anM th \\% Moore, Cozzens and Grace Elected to SchogJ Board KiidKel of Nearly S70.000 I'naniranus- ly .\dopted—Only One Contest on Officers. Just about the time for the school meetintf Tuesday evenintc a thunder shower came up, with unusually heavy rain, but it only lasted a half hour or so, and though the meeting was late in .starting' as a result, over ^2'^'^ voters attended and took part in the pro<'eedin{fs. The meetinK was called to order by the flerk, Robert E. Donajrhy, who read the notice of the meetinp and the annual financial Itateinent and asked for the iiamine: of a chairman. Coun¬ selor Alfred T. Davison was named and unanimously elected, and ajipoinl-1 ed Robert G. Anderson and .\rcher B. i Wallace as tellers. President C. Dwiuhl Baker spoke briefly of the work of the Hoard dur- , inK the pant year, and recommended THE NATION NEEDS YOUR AID AT FARJWING President Wilson in his proclamation of April I 5th said: "The Supreme need of our own nation and the MERRICK f .-..lunm in edHe<l l.y K.v. yi. H. I.il- «ll anil all itrms .nhauld hv Hont to him ut-<r in.Hcrtlfin und^T thin hradiiiK. BELLMORE lank K.il<ert< is, c)u Rcllmoro un.l \i<'init>-. . lott with him will reo«ivc th» Httrntion as ul our otfic*. rde Ithe adoption of the budKet as present-, preventing this calamity nations with w^hich we are co-operating is in abundance of supplies, and especially of food¬ stuffs. The impKjrtance of an adequate food sup¬ ply, esp)eciany for the present year, is superla¬ tive. Without abundant food alike for the armies and the peoples now at war, the whole great en¬ terprise upon which we have embarked will break down and fail * * * "Upon the fanners of this country, therefore, in large measure rests the fate of tbe war and the fate of the nations." Unless all the farm resources of the Nation are fully de-' 'he cake and candy sale and dance .t,a.\r^r.^A fk..>..<> .,.,\\\ U" .. «-, ~t "1 1 _ £ f J I" »L • I which was held in the Firemen's Hall veloped, tnere will be a great shortage or rood supplies this t- , v i .i- ¦^ t5 » "¦" «j>-.|-'fiv-o nwoj^j^ Friday eveninR, April 27. was a y^^''- ' jrreat success, both financially and so- It is the duty of everv person to do his part to help ini"""^' '^'*^'" f" ^f\l^^^'^-^'\ This -—r f f '•• . monr-v I'ofs toward the Iih-bI Bov .Mrs. .Albert Smith of Baltimore is spendinir the week with her parents. I ^'r- »"'' ^J". A. .T. Russell of Oak Mr. and .Mrs. Lewis L. Lord, who have Street wiU celebrate their jrolden we<l- re-opened their home here, after spendinir the Winter in Baltimore. Krank. son of Mr. and Mrs. Chas. O. Colvin, has joine<l the farm .school ' at Farniinirdale to do his bit toward j the increase of food supply. , Walter E. .Spear is the new trustee of the local school board, having been diniLj week. anniversary on Fri«lav of this The ret'ular monthly lueetint: of the [Boanl of Trade will be held in Fire- I men's HaU next Monday eveninK at 8 o'clock. Refreshments will be served at the close of the meetinir. The railroad has conn>lete<l a new electeil at the annual meetinjr held on | e.xpress platform on the west-bound Tues<lay nijrht. track west of the passenger depot. money ^'¦oes bor in cleaning up the gutters in front of your premises, and show your public spirit, there¬ by assisting to make our Vil¬ lage Nassau County. S. P. SHEA. Village Clerk X)iite<i April 23. 1917. ed by the Board, and o. pr«Hnted i" i available foot with Staple foodstuffs. PLANT! PLANT! Ihe way to help is to plant every i.Scout equipment fund. , The Scouts wish to join with the ! Hand-in-Hand Leafrue in thankinirail PLANT! 1 he great need is farm labor. It will be supplied. The United States Department of Agriculture, the Agricultural ] who helped make I v'ess that it was. this affair the sue- FREEPORT » ' 7 " r- '^ ,. ~ r-. ,-^ r'"i. "T ' ouf hi!>t issue. After about 20 voles Another Freeport Lad Lnlistsij,;,,! heen '•"''t, .^jII in f.-ivor of the bud- RAY.MO.NI) AMADOR ; gvl, i^nd no other.>< (UMiriiiii to vote. .Anionfr the recruits v/hq rcportfd j the p<dl wa.n closed and the builiret at the Navy Yard for duty with the, declared adopted. ! United States Department of Agriculture, the Agricultural! Services at the Chur'ch of the Re .Marine Corps of the United .States, Tsioniinations for the odice of Tru.^-¦ rx ^^r- ..^ j ^ l- l,i..oi"nr ^imHuv th.. l.\.«^rth Afior .Navy, was Raymond, Martin Amador. | tee for the unexpired term of Rowla«d L'epartments of vanous states, and many strong business or-j'Jl^^^'J^'^ at n o'clock AM and H ' ganizations are developing plans to send to the farms an army y'{.j^,^.|^'P j| Litanv. sermon, Holy of helpers to aid in planting and harvesting the crops so vital! Communion. Evening' Prayer and ser- to the nation's safety. Machinery is in operation, through |"'o" The Sunday i^'hoo! meets in ...I • 1 r • 1 u 'tho Parish House each Sunday at Hi which every farmer can get labor. .^,.,^ ^ ;^ ^, ,,^,, ,^,^. f,^^,"p (.^"^^"^ Sunday Money for Seeds and Fertilizers ' ' f^''°] r ^^\^'"' *^"" f.}'TT^^C ' _ _ 2 on tamp .\vcnue at ,i P. M. The Do you need funds for seeds and fertilizei"? Ihe banks j Woman's .Auxiliary meets weekly on of the country arc organizing to make loans to farmers. Th*- Thursdays at 2.30 P. M. The <;. F. . \/-ii • "^ Frecport, son'^f Estavan .Amador |H. .Mayland, deceaseil, were (irsl m- the Cleanest Village in ' ^f ^ famous liKhting- family of Col-clared in order. Village President umbiu, South .America. | Sidney II. .Swezey, who was appointed Raymond (|uit his school studies in '' by the Hoard to the office until this the F'reeport Iliirh School to Rive his ' election, spoke of the inteix'st William services to his country, although he is'11. C.race had taken in public affairs. only IK years of uge. Raymond ad-i and nominated him for this position. dressed the school assembly, ur^inp: i Frank H. Stevens and Elvin .\'. Kd- ejtch student to "do his bit" whether I wards seconded the nomination. .\'o the firinK line or behind the line. j other names were presented and Mr Sinltlf .•..lii.» of tho R.-^ Greonblntl'M Hn<t HrRithwnitc llii.Silva's- anil Cd'ljc-ti'ii. .M« xrr'n Stationery Stori', tii-o\ nolT'K. Wont MiTric-k K<wi<l .S. mets bi-weekly on Fridays at 7.110 Scouts meet on Tues- 10 in the Parish .Marine! (>i"the voiV for two Trustees to sue-i to provide $10,000,000. if necessary, for farm loans throiigh 1 "°""* '^ '^^°'"^""' '"^iUition is ex- Then he announced lo his parents, Grace was declarwl elected on the i-e- State of New York has appropriated $500,000 for that pur-i p "vT \heTov Scot that he would not wait for the con-1 port of the tellers of some 20 vot*s i "". Xk_ M^..... V^-l Ct » A _ ; . U . I O • i L j1 i' ' ' !^ r, . scription law but would volunteer at cast, all in favor. P°^^ ' . * . AI?'J'^?^'!1^ Agricultural Society has arranged ' day evenin^^s at ,..: U it; H WATER (Official Figure.'! Friday, May Saturday. .Sunday. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday. Kriday. Saturday. I') TIDK TABLK for .Sandy Hook) 1 r.:05a. ni. .-) f;:4;{a. 111. 7:20 a. m. 7:.'j7a. m. S.'oo a. Ml. !i:17a. m. 10:0:!a. ni. 10:."lla. ni. 11:.^).'') a. m. He hastened to the Corjis recruiting stfition on East 2.3rd j ceed Walter B. Cozzens and Charles ! local granges and local banks .Street, where Captain Kvan found'('. Moore ther^i'was a little ejccitement.! • _,j.l,_^ .. j.^^ hiiii tit and fine. | although only one vote was necessary ' oi"^' Stares. Kaymond's father is a commission I to ducide the result. Albin N. .lohn- MHTchant ill .Manhattan, and a son of son iiiinieil C. E. Moore for re-election .Manuel Amador Fierro, late president ] Stephen P. Fettit named Cadman II. of Boliver, Colombia, and nephew of | Frederick, and Archer B. Wallace .Manuel .Amador Guerrero, first pres-1 named Walter B. Co^zf^»1.';. The re- ident of the Republic of Panama. His i suit as announced \*as: ^. >j , . - I tended to ail to attend the services of Similar plans are in progress ithis church and to become interested Sircal uncles and Kreat grandfathers j foiiirht in the Colombia VV'ar of Inde- , pcndence in IHll. One of his uncles,! Alartin .Amador, alonjr *'ith Santiajro' .Stewart, and other martvrs, was shqbl G. B. Geller is opening on February 24, 1810, and their stil an uphol- i ues stand in the Plaza of Independ Votes cast: Charles C. Moore Walter B. Coz/.ens C. H. Frederick Blank and scatteririe; ToUil ISl IH2 107 .38 4.58 Messrs. .Moore an«i Cozzens were ac- jcordinirly re-elected. sterinK store in ),he Freeport Inn j enee, CJarteRena, Colombia.—P^atrle. buildinir. Mx. Geller is an expert irj .rv«w^i^tTr.^, i the upholstefint? line, and.has decid-i OBITUARY UNCLAIMED LETTERS ifl to Kive his whole time to the work j DAVE MONTGO.MEltV i Adams, Mrs. .A, t2) n Freeport and vicinity. I David MontKomeia', of the well-j Freeport, Lons Island. 178 Ray St. known actors' combination of Mont-j French, Franklin M, "lil Maple Ax-e, Koniery & .Stone, recently died in Chi- French, Mrs. K. catro. Mr. .Montw:dniery had been tbe | Fernandez, .Julian -^'uest of .Mr. .Stone's father, (Jeorjre i .lones, .Mr. E. The actors' colony section of the village is beir'nniiiK to take on its Summer activities, a number of the actors and their families now beinp back at their homes, and others rom- inur every day. GeorKe Bennett Smith has nearly comP'letwl his large buneralow on So. iMng Reach Avenue. Ran Out of Free Seed Village I'resident Sidney H. Swezey announces that the seeds whieh he se- rured for delivery were calleil for and tllBtributed writhin a few day.s after the notice appeared in the press. Mr. Swezey is endeavorinK to se¬ cure an additional supply, and if so, ^11 fry to tret word to the public. "^utb '-rm.w Into Trolley ,An automobile^JSvtien ny.inenij ««. ¦Windeknocht of 536 Washinjjton-^t. Hoboken, N.'.I., and driven by his wife, Marie, smashed into the rear truck of a trolley owned by the Free- port Railroad Company, at Grove St. and Merrick Road Sunday. No one was hurt. The auto was damaged. Fourteen Years Ago (Itrmh of intarrat from the Nasnau .County Revi«w .liles fourteen years ago this week) P. H. Wootl ward of Freeport ap¬ pointed Superlintendent of Express. L^I. R. R. Neighborhood Workers of Freeport FAIR For Two Great Causes Our Country and Our Poor will be held At the Freeport Club House Grove Street May 15. 16. 17. 18 Afternoons and Evenings ;. Professional Entertainment Proceeds for Red Cross and Neighborhood House There will be no eharjte for admis¬ sion to this fair. A professional en¬ tertainment and many attractions every afternoon and evening;. At the diflferenl booths there will b« (fir sale plenty of pretty, useful ahnd serviceable articles, such as Rro- ceries, home-msde cake, candy, ice cream, cold drinks and litrht lunch. Also aprons, (garden hats, porch pit- lows. fUiicy batrs, embroidered linens, combinn; jackets and all sorts of fancy and useful articles. Pottetl flowers, cut flowers, porch hanRinK baskets and many more desirable things. We will publish the full list of com¬ mittees in our next issue. We rejn'et they arrived too lat|» fpi: \»h Ut gel them in this week. .Stone, in Freeport, sions. on various oeca- Stoad. Fredie,'rare Miss G. H- Pink- I ney Winslow, E. i." 49 No. Ocean -Ave. ( >t T. Benson SmitJa., P. .M. Mav 1, JOI 7. I III its various activities. ' The resources and the best business ability of the Nation i j,- ^ cammann an.l family rc- and the State will bc applied to supply farmers with labor and | turned to the villaue on Saturday for financial support.^and every farmer may count upon whatever ''"^' ^"""'i'^'' "fter spending the winter aid is"needed to enalitc" him to cultivate his farm to its full i' : capaci4:.v. PLANT! PLANT! PLANT! You need -not fear depreciated prices by reason of over¬ production. "Hie Avorlds supply of food-products is certain to be short, and however large the domestic production, the ex-^ The A. c. Doanes lome hom pott demand vsrill e^ssure remunerative prices to the farmer. HOME DEFENSE COMMITTEE Sub-Committee on Agriculture JOHN H. VAN NOSTRAND. Chairman WARD C. MOON, Secretary CHARLES M- VANDEROEF, TreasureT 'SAMUEL R. SMITH GEORGE M. HEWLETT; CHARLES C. SMITW siiiniiK Manhattan. .A '.rroup of jrirls and .Associates from the local G. F. .S. wont to Brook¬ lyn on .Sunday last to attend the an¬ nual service of the oriranization in LoiiK' Island at Holy Trinity i'liiiirii coiiie ¦ Merrick today from the winter's sc |journ in Brooklyn. .Mr. Doane i drivinK a new lourinK Buick. The monthly nieetinj; of the .Men ;t;iub will be held in the Parish Hous ' on Tuesday evenint-' at 8.1^0. Mrs. L. B. sniall >rara>re KirkwiHxl Ave Corlie.s ha-n erected upon her property i Henry Brandt has rented the black¬ smith shop of C. H. Russell on Fred¬ erick Avenue and opened for business last week. The sprin.es in this vicinity are al- reaily showinj.: the effei'ts of the clos¬ ing down of the city piimpinir sta¬ tions. Already several of the cellars of residences in the lower sections of the viilaue hji\e water iii them, .1. W. .lohiiso : i'.nd family of Bel- tajrh .Avenue, who s|H'nt the Winter in the city, have retumcid to their home in this villaee, .Miss Clara Peterson, who has l»een en>rajred as a teacher in the Smith¬ ville South .School, has sij?ned a con¬ tract to teach in Bellmore .-.chool the coniinjc year. Miss Peterson will take the place of .Miss Stickles, who has secured a position in the .Amityville School. ) I'reeport l.odce of Elks will irive its minstrel show, which recently drew larjce crowds both eveniiijrs in that vil- lajT'.-, at Fireiiien's Hall on Tuesday evening. May l.'i. for benefit of St. Barnabas' R. i . Church. The entire ))rojrrani. with vi'ry few chiinpes, as oriirinally presented, will be ei\en on this eveniii).:. The adiiiis-<ioii i» ~1tO^ cents. ^'' Belliiiore baseball team was defeal- eil lasl Sunday in this \ iilate liy the Henipstead Field Club, the score beinir ¦: to I. Next Sunday they will meet (he Xewfield A. C. of Nev Vorl>. The annual ma.miuerade dance of .Advance Hook and Ladder Company held las«|gkiturday eveninjr. was larjre- ly atteiid/'d. the net proceeds beine about .*7.".. Ajva R. Smith has purcha.s«'d the , milk blisiness whicli he formerly coii- .lucteil in this village and will assume control next Monday. MARY SlttlTH Mrs. -Mary Smith, aKerl 05, died on Tuesday at the residence of Mrs. A. McNally, Washbwm Avenue. Ftjner- al services were h«dd Wednesdaf in Westbury Cemetery. MAKV ELIZABF}!FH VERMILYEA Mary E. V'erwvilyea, aged 84 years, died at the home of her sister, Mrs. Chauncey Sprajine. 2fii» South Main Street, on Siinday. Funeral .services were held on Tuesday, Rev. S. O. Cur¬ tice, pastor of the iVI. E. Chun*, olli- ciatini;, with interment at Peekskill, N. Y.; C. A. Fulton, funeral director. Miss Vermilyea is survived hy two «t«^"kaw'"irai?''**'"'"*'^' SprRpuc and j i^roft}^"comm^te7lr~mayToTnmuni ¦___ cate with either membern «f •the-com- BERNARD LENN<)> 'miltee «-hich will gladly arranpre to Bernard Lennon, ajre r.ft years.;'^''lif'*'"""'" , ,. . . ,^ brother of Harry S. Lennon «f Bav- ,^*' '¦'*'^':"'* . of ^ reeport should view and Randall Avenues. ,I.ied on ' ^'t ^ '"""^^ '" the 'PPearance of Saturday at Bellevue Hospitai. Fun- i '^*''^'^*" ^'•"""''f Nothing benefits a eral services were held at the T'hurch ! ^"^" ""^ '""'^'' "¦'* '' "'"^- aWr^i^'t'ce of Our Holv Redeemer .>" m"",i"" i appearance around its depot. This lo IK«^ Pb m= ^ IK/i, n^ 1*;^ ftc pf% ».-. ^:: *-. • I" fclH fcai ^^. ¦>: : IK' kt jkf k% i Coming EvenftB Help ioqprove Our Futa .Saturday. May 12. a •¦Patriotic Editor Rex'iitiw:— i Dance" at Crystal Lake House. % The Committee on Parks is ma^ng I ^^ ^^' *" ^^ inclu-sive, lair, Neifrh- a special •effort his year to have what 4s known as the park, tint t«, that strip of ^aii'd north of the raifccoad station "between Main Street and LonK B^ac'.li Avenue, beanitl'fied. PersooF .irjesirintr to donate [le- rennial mr hardy shrubs, <ranna Jhulbs. ireranitims and salvia plants or nas¬ turtium needs may leav« their -dona¬ tions at ihe residence of "either mem- borhoad Workers. ThamKiay evenine. JilaS' 17, "Vol- unteeisi' Concert" al Bc'ttael A. M. E- Churr<h, Henry Street, at 8 o'clock-]tnme<lh<wne aft«r spendinp tbe Wrn tickewM.') cents; refreshnwnts served Friday evening. May 18, operetta in Brmiklyn Hall, b«9»<'fii .of .Mothera' Club and Red Crotis. Sa.turday evenintc. May 19. dance for htmefit of eonviention fund of Free- port Vire Department, .at Brooklyn HaU; tickets 25 cents. Tuesday, May 2.'*, ca.r<i party, bene- ht S»(l ("ross, at residence of Mrs. Fra.nk Bradley, 312 Ba>"view .Avenue. SOOAL AND PERSONAL! Briflf Itrmm 'Concrmmi Reiident* of 0«r j Communttf, and Vnair Gu«(>, V^rxits ' and Social Affairs I 1 .An evident careless use of lire arms *is a bullet which penetrated the front door of .Mrs. Susan Birch''! home on .Merrick Av% between on and two o'clock Oh .Saturday morniiiK- The bearer of the -shootinir iron is. un¬ known. It is <iuite possible the actor himself is not aware of where his bul- " r let ended. Great caution on the part Mr. ami Mrs. K R. Collard have re- of all should be the order of the day, -iiiid nijrhl -in these times when re- trictions uiKin the use and carrying of fire anns may not be severely en- The «ay me.'tinK of the M«r.bCTs-!*'"¦•"''' .^'""t^ "« '"^^ of ordinary Oub will be hot! at the Seamaji Ave- ; "«"<='' t'""'*- *»"* '^««" rescinded. n«f School Wednesday aftemoea, May i —— .. .. . :», at :tiKll. Th» annual eleeticui *.f nffi-! *«>rs will be hold. ROOSEVELT « rMk A son. Kdward Mrs. Otto Kassel Thursday. was born to Mr. and Womls .Avenue, last li«r at Southern 'Pines, N. C. W K. Bunn of .Madison, N. .1.. ad¬ dressed the conirrejcation of the M. F;. Church on .Sunday evening l.nsl. He is an activ*;,worker amonir pri.soii convicts and told some interesting thinn's about his mission and success with men senteiuted to the tde<'tric chair. iilonday, I with interment al Westbury; C. Fulton, funeral director. MARV SMITH -Mary Smith, a«ed (i.'i years, ioied at the home of her daughter, Mrs. Mc¬ Nally, Washburn Avenue, on Sunday. Funeral .services were held nt the Church of Gur Holy Redeemer on Wednesday, with iriterment at West¬ bury; C. A. Fulton, funeral director. Mrs. Smith is survived by two daun'hters. Guard the Children! Editor Nassau Co. Review : ^ Owing to the prevalence of Chicken Pox and G Measles V.'ill you kindly urge i all persons are requesttnl to observe the public in exercising a due' '^^'' ^'""'"''"ee desires to ackn««^'l Attending to Healtfa ^Poblic Health is Purciiaja- Pulled from Under Train !^1^ Within natural iinnita- Tt. the quirk w*rk of Thomas Mc-1 t'0*l- ^"y community can dc- cality j.«i the first ^'limpse v.hich a ' ^^*'.^''"f'^oo»«^'1-"'"' ¦^-?>• Brown itermine its own death rate. pa.ssing: .stranfrer has af our village, jof Freeport. Jamra- CoIKns of Wan-j n Jljg J3t>ard of Health of the and it i» the lirst I'limpse which makes ;t^R^. owes his hfe. I\/-ri_ £ IT vi V the first impression. Ohilins attempted to board a mov-l vxltage Ot t-reeport, IN. J., Plea.se help us to keep this hnid fori'"*-' t^ain at the railroad «tation Mon- earjnestly requests that all ¦ ¦ " ' " '^~' T\{r^ ^ara.%a^:|pr«P-rty--— - »--es of Iht rail, wheal McCaffrey and j property. place at least on gal- Brown trrabbeil hira and pulled him j Ion of criide petroleum or ioer- ""coilins was attended by Dr. Runcie 1°*™^ '" f«^^ cesspool, there- who lound his letrs cut a*d bruise<l. jby avoiding Sumrper nius- He -was dazed by the fall, but later j anc^s¦ Collins i» a eairpenter in j S P Sl-IF A Secretary Board of Health. '¦ .Miss .Susan Georjre has received notice of her appointment as steno>r- rapher in the oflice of the .Attorney (ieneral al Washinjrlon. She expects to leave here in a few days for her new jiosition, and the well-wishes of her many friends in this villas*' will go with her ; park purfioses in good order. Tou can : do your share by keeping .off the j i^roa gra.ss awl by not permitting your! 2.^"*'" i children anti dogs to trajnple *m the ! ! grass, fl-owers and shrubs. It is im- j possible I.o keep the mound which' j bears the name "F'reeport" in good : order when children use it for a to¬ boggan slifle and charge up iti> sides as though ca|ituring a fort. Some children in the iieighborhoixl of this liark seera U) think it is a playpround, for their benefit. Parents are request¬ ed to see that iheir children keep od" ; of this park land. "Keep Off" aigns . erman i .^^-jn [^ placet! along the land which . HIGH S( HOOL .NOTES I Special t'ontributor) The baseball team won from Wood- mere on the ¦J.^th by a score of i!.'! to 2. It also won from Oyster Bay on the 28th by a score of 7 to 4. the Poly Prep, team and Oyster Bay team are not in the official league .so their games do not count. Having won one and lost one gam«^ from teams in the J.iaguc league, we are tied for second place-, pany u Saturday the .")lh the team plays the Farmingdale .Aggies. This team is a good tejiin ami defeated Freeport last year and this year they have heen do¬ ing good work. A lively game is ex¬ pected when they meet on the .Seaman -Avenue grounds. Some of the •'Student" material it to the armory here was lost on its way lo the |irinter and, through some new The Itoosevell Honie l>••fell^^ is growing into a strong com. < an arm for emergency in these active war limes. Major .1. .1. I)i-\on is drilling ollicer, and in iirov- iiu' himself a very efTicient instructor in the manoeuvres which are neces¬ sary for a good soldier. On Thursday evening of last week, Capt. .McAllis¬ ter, of the Federal service, paid a vi»- iid put the men rills. He ex- vv<'nl ihonie. the employ of Uue Ltng roa»l. Lxiand Rail j {^;^^^ifeS^^«^i^-feBBBi^is;gft-;^^;^;fefe;^j^sfe consequently, the paper will tie out pressed surprise at the rapid advance- later than usual. inent the company was showing and Cua<h Hubbard is working hard to coinpliinente.i the major highlv on the get a go(«l track team to represent us prospects of a very eflieienl companv. at Mineola. But he is handicapped by f.ast .Saturday afternoon the cimipuny the farming trouble, for many of our marched to the ball lield at Stop <i2 best athletes have left school to do, and were put through tbi- The ' edge very substantial donations of regard m calling ua the f-amJy = shrnbs and plants from the John J.. Doctor as early as possible that Randall Company and from .1. W. we may be enabled to have the' |^'^""^,V' "'rri"' V''"^*'"\""'*" "' •^ J J 1 . Randall and Pennsvlvania .Avenues cases reported and iaken care, Mr. Randall and members of his fam- of properly. ' I'ly «** vve all know ,have for manv ^By following thi. advice a! f"" ¦''*'''^/*''^"t'"'"«';'*»y^'•'*f > ^ <, , , *» "¦-..¦.-•._ "Ito co-operate with whatever is for considerable number of cases ; tlie best interest.s ^f our village. Mr. ' will no doubt be avoided. TheiSc'nidt is a newcomer among us and' .v,<>,,:."^ .,:"»;._- »L—.*_^- i j i velunteered most g«?nerou8ly to aid in ' moving picture theatres could ^^ beautifying of the railroad park. THE FREEPORT BANK 23 and 25 South Main Street pBeeport, N. Y. n n If WM farm work. The meet is not t,o be held until .May 2() and by that tinie he will surely have a goinl team picked. Those brave souls who have left pul in rough tfK- tin) ofK-n field. Eight scjuads have ai ready been formed and given in charge of corporals, and there will be an earn ffort made to quickly bring the ! their beJovetl studies to <lo farming so con.pany lo war ulrengtb of \hf) men I far are: Storey, 1 Willis, (Jeorge Squad drill is on Tuesday evening» Fred Grimm, Wesley Davi- and company drill on Friday eveningx. ^^ JoKn J. Randall. President D. Wesley Pine. Vice Presic^t Raympn j tjiuju^, I red Grir Wt j»on. Ralph Golden, George Baker, John WW iMcCo.rd. George Heurniann and l-'rank If mm LJ. w eiM<c^ J JIIC. V ICC I IC91LK1UI mm If Willian-i S. Hall, Cashier ff ff ff W The Officers and Directors of this Bank feel that O fl... ,,.. .^.,ff also be of service by exercis- The Commitee wi»h to express iu | « at this time an expression of loyally to the President Vm ing due precautions by making appreciation and thanks to the John ^' _ • 1 iX . • ^L •'¦ Randall Companv and to .Mr. special eftorts in warning the | schmidt children of the prevalence of j Colvin. .Some of them are at the Ag- i ricultural S"hool in Farmingdale, ff ,' while others are with private farmers. Edwin .Sloat has left to join the navy. .Arthur Connor is now the L. I. R. R. The annual prize speaking contest for which everyone has been waitiing, and for which the contestants have been preparing continually, will be hehl -Monday, May 7, in the Hieh School auditorium. the same. Also m giving spe¬ cial attention to ventilation and cleanliness. Dr. Runcie, Health Officer. Dr. Dean, Medical Inspector. Sidney Smith 8«ys "Buy a biey- cl«" and gives the reasons. S«« bis adv. in thfai issue. John H. .Mahnken, ! 8."> I^Biia .Ave. (comer Bergen PI.Ij Henry L. Maxson, 316 .'Jouth Long Beach Avenue, , Committee on Parks, i HYMO«lAL .Miss Lena Vandeliisky of 164 Pine '. Street was married to Leonard Schle-' i^ of the United States should be made, and as an ex- ^f ^ pressioo of such loyalty they have instructed the Cash- ftf j j^^^^^ Picture* for ^ ier to suiwcribe for $50,000 of the proposed war loan, ff j Firemen's Coav«ntion Fundi If ~ " Pjl If any of our friends or patrons should desire to F>artic By (»,'der of (;overnor Whitman, the sheriffs of each (,'ount.y have \teen di- re<ted to priK-ure a census of every resident over 21 yeaifs of age. Blanks are on hand for this purpose an I the , . committee in charge is on hand at the working ior ^^mory (the Alpha ftre housel on Tuseday and Friday evenings. Every man of_i)ur village oughf to come ou,t promptly in answer to this call and sign the paper If this is not done voluntarily, it is likely thhat a nher- iff's gi;;ard will cali on you and, force you to %igr\ . ijet the men of Roose¬ velt show the-ir loyalty and piitriot- isni by prohiptly otwying orders The place to buy coal. Sinclair , . ". , , " ^ ^ -- Raynor. 8 No, Main St., telephoae 147 j««' o^ Roosevelt Isat Saturday. They Freeport, iare residTng with Vrve groom's parents A«JvKrti.»m«pt !*t BcO.seVp't, »* ipate in theae bonds >v«; would be pleased to let them ff have them at cost'to us. ff ff if ff ff If A moving picture show will bekeld' On .Sunday afternoon last. t 4 at the Liberty Theatre, Brooklyn Ave- o'clock, Percy Rhodes and Miss Lo- nue, Freeport, on .Monday evening,, rett* Koehler were joined in wedlock May 14, for benefit of the Convention ¦ by E«v. U Stanley Coors Thiaie two fund of the Freeport Fire Depart-' yoMnfr people are popular resid^mta 4rf ment. Ticki*ts are ten cents each, and this village and for the paat torn a splendid sbow is hoped for. includ- , we<fks have been busy «rtttinK up thair ing the picture which everyone should; own home on Woods Avenue, where see. "The Closed Door." ¦¦ the ceremony took place.
Object Description
|Nassau County Review 19170504
|Nassau County Review 19170504
Nassau County Review
Official Paper, Village of Frecport
Vol. XX, No. 18
"CLEAN UP WEEK" AprU 30th to May 5th, 1917
^ It is extremely desirable at this season of the year to call attention to Public Health Matters.
^ Your yard should be cleaned ! and raked; manure, rubbish' pile and filth of all description,. especially every trace of gar¬ bage and putrescible material gathered and carted away, j This cleaning of the premises j Co. I. Tenth infantry should, in bric(, be considered' '"^'j,'',.^ merely an extension of house cleaning within home.
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| Small Hotel 3 star in Venice, between the most elegant hotels de charme in Venice centre
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From December 07 2014 to December 06 2015
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From December 07 2014 to December 06 2015
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Venice the desired, Venice the dreamed. Her colors, her lights. The excitement of being spellbound by the beauty of St. Mark's Square (Piazza San Marco), the magic of its secluded, winding streets, a literary atmosphere tested by time and the liveliness of contemporary Venice. The Hotel dell'Opera awaits you in Venice to share the pleasure of a holiday in a small 3-star hotel in the historical center whose style and elegance is unmistakable.
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Kearney Public Library's Summer Reading Program 2015
Welcome to "Anyone Can Be A Hero!" the Summer Reading Program for all ages. Join us at the Library or the Buffalo County Bookmobile for a summer of fun! There will be prizes, activities, crafts, programs, and more. Click on the Summer Reading logo below to see the summer reading events and print off the gameboards. You can also submit your Edible Book Festival entry form by clicking on the logo below:
Mission Statement
The Kearney Public Library exists to provide equal access to information and to promote the enjoyment of reading, culture, and the pursuit of lifelong learning.
Matthew R. Williams, Library Director
2020 1st Ave.
Kearney, NE 68847
Ph: (308) 233-3282
Ph: (308) 233-3281
Fx: (308) 233-3291
Monday - Thursday
9:00 a.m. - 9:00 p.m.
Friday - Saturday
9:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m.
1:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m.
Closed on public holidays
Public Internet computers shut down 15 minutes prior to closing.


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A mix between minimalism and California laid-back. In love with labels such as Céline, Alexander Wang, Stüssy, and her longboard/snowboard Mija rocks the effortless style.
This personal style blog by Dutch PR consultant and trend watcher Rosanna is the perfect reflection of the latest trends. Are you a fashion forward girl with an edgy flair and creative lust? Make sure you bookmark this blog.
Fan of the clean and minimalistic? This blog of Lookbook.nu mogul Sietske has tons of it. Sietske's ultimate goal is to inspire her readers to throw on their most stylish outfit too. Trying to connect to fashion? Then this is your must visit.
Welcome to the world of London based Creators of Desire's founder, business nomad, digital media strategist, writer, fashion nerd, dreamer and editor in chief Anouk Yve. Wow that's a hand full... and so is she.
Daniella is a popular UK personal style blogger with va-va-voom style: original and most important of all it's her own. It's exactly what defines "personal style": creativity within own taste. Check out this blog!
Do you go bonkers over fashion? Meet your new BFF. The message of Fashion Hoax is loud and clear: Don't just communicate the newest trends through your outfits, but let them state who you are and what you're capable of. Bammm. Enter now.
This pretty Dutch brunette has a passion for bohemian lifestyles and has dedicated her blog to it. From beautiful photos to casual and comfortable looks, as well as her knock-'em-dead accessories. Living the bohemian lifestyle? Make sure you be inspired by the queen of Bohemian cool.
What to wear every day when you work at one of the biggest fashion magazines in the world and spend your days surrounded by the newest fashion and beauty trends?
We, Marie Claire editors, are desperate for amazing fashion finds. And love to share them with you.


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garden.com > Outdoor Living > Fire Pits, Fireplaces & Heaters > Fire Pits & Heaters > Item # G29656
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Square Aged Bronze Firebowl
Warm Fireside Relaxation
Our collection of outdoor fire pits, fire bowls, and chimineas are high quality, easy to assemble and even easier to enjoy. Bring the warmth and ambience of a fireplace to your patio, deck or backyard. Outdoor firepits, firebowls, and chimeneas are a great way to complete an outdoor living space. Create a place to entertain and visit with the warmth and atmosphere of an outdoor fireplace.
This 32 inch Bronze-finish firebowl features a square cut-out design that serves as a perfect complement to any outdoor space.
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Spring 2010
- Milestones In Medicine - Spring is a time of change, a time of growth, and at Eisenhower Medical Center, we are growing. In January, the magnificent new Eisenhower George and Julia Argyros... more
- Eisenhower and da Vinci Celebrate 100 - On January 20, 2010, Enrique Jacome,MD, Board Certified Gynecologist at Eisenhower Medical Center and his surgical team performed their 100th da Vinci hysterectomy,... more
- Eisenhower Pathology—Top Technology - Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease using laboratory examinations of tissues, cells, and organ samples. Pathology researchers identify the origins of... more
- A New Jewel In La Quinta - On January 22, 2010, the Coachella Valley celebrated the elegant, new Eisenhower George and Julia Argyros Health Center in La Quinta. A ribbon cutting ceremony, open... more
- Bodyweight Exercising - If you want to incorporate strength training into your workout, but aren't much for the fancy machines that come along with the process, you are in luck. You have... more
- 5 Things - 1. Get Some Shut EyeWe need seven to eight hours for maximum, but issues such as insomnia, sleep apnea, and frequent urination can keep you awake. If you are... more
- Brain Games - Just as our bodies can be improved with exercise, our brain fitness can be enhanced by taking on new and challenging activities such as playing piano or chess, learning... more
- Maureen Strohn, MD - New at Eisenhower Medical Center, Maureen Strohm,MD has been a family physician for more than two decades, and most recently served as a faculty member at the University... more
- Surindra Mitruka, MD - In December 2009, Eisenhower Medical CenterCardiothoracic Surgeon Surindra Mitruka,MDtraveled to China to lecture and demonstratesurgical Maze procedures for atrial... more
- Dennis Frisman, MD - Dr.Dennis Frisman was pursuing his medical degree at the University of California, San Diego, when life intervened."I got infectious mononucleosis and was examined by an... more
- In The Blink Of An Eye - Cancer was just a six-letter word for Indio resident Sherry Kovas. It was not something she thought about, and not something she ever thought would be part of her life.... more
- Skin Cancer - The vast majority of skin cancers are not potentially dangerous, although they can be disfiguring if not treated. There are three basic types of skin cancer: basal cell... more
- Cancer Screening - Procedures for cancer screening, and guidelines on when screenings are most appropriate and effective, have been the source of extensive debate in the scientific... more


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Viscose shift dress with intricate fluorescent and metallic embroidering detail and high-low hem. Fully lined.
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Springtime Butterflies Maxi Tack Zap
Our Springtime Butterflies Maxi Tack Zap is a large set, perfect for creating just about any butterfly, caterpillar or bizarre springtime critter your child can imagine. With 77 pieces of hard wood spring-themed geometric shapes, a durable cork board, wooden hammer and tacks, its is fun and easy to create anything your mind can dream up. This toy encourages independent play, creativity, and fine motor skills. Lovingly made in Germany by Haba.
- Recommended For Kids 4 Years And Older
- Includes cork board, wooden hammer, tacks, and 77 wooden tiles
- Each wooden tile measures 0.5 inches thick
- Made of beech wood coated with multiple layers of water-based, natural, solvent-free lacquers
- Lovingly Designed In Germany By Our Talented Friends At Haba
- Made in Germany
- CHOKING HAZARD--Small Parts. Not For Children Under 3 Years.


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Moderators: Tonyblack, Jason, Toothy
Penfold wrote:Ghost wrote:the manga or the book
because I read the book about 4 years ago and your in for a long slog
The book. I'm afraid I don't do manga.
UnseenAcademical88 wrote:Just started reading Moving Pictures yesterday and I'm very much enjoying it so far!
Ghost wrote:I tried to watch the anime and I couldn't get past 7 episodes it's was good but it's a lot to take in
chris.ph wrote:i really enjoyed it catch up
chris.ph wrote:try those ava delaney books catch up they are really enjoyable
chris.ph wrote:book 5 of the ava delaney books by claire farrel----- she is a half vamp-half angel based in dublin
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Questions about the Lord's supper as instated by Jesus at the Last Supper and practiced by Christians today. Sometimes called communion or the Lord's Table.
489 views
Is the breaking of bread in Luke 24:30 meant to be understood in terms of the Last Supper?
Luke 24:30-31 NIV describes Jesus' meal with two disciples after the resurrection: When he was at the table with them, he took bread, gave thanks, broke it and began to give it to them. Then their ...
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What is the referent of "body of Christ" in 1 Corinthians 11:29?
In 1 Corinthians 11:29 Paul warns about judgment on those who eat and drink without discerning the body of Christ: So then, whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy ...
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Is there a sacramentalism in the "Bread of Life" discourse?
The "Bread of Life" discourse in John 6:22-59 seems to have all the components of a good discussion on the Lord's Supper (or Eucharist, or communion, or whatever your tradition calls it): Jesus is ...


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Marriage is usually heterosexual and entails exclusive rights and duties of sexual performance, but there are instructive exceptions. For example, Nayar women of India would ritually marry men of a superior caste, have numerous lovers, and bear legitimate children. Among the Dahomey of West Africa, one woman could marry another; the first woman would be the legal "father" of the children (by other men) of the second. These examples highlight the functions of marriage to reproduce both a domestic division of labor and social relationships between different groups. Such functions are served even by the more common type of marriage, the union of one or more men with one or more women.
In most societies men and women are valued for their different roles in the household economy. Marriage therefore often occasions other economic exchanges. If a woman's labor is highly valued, a man may be required to offer valuable goods (bride-price) or his own labor (bride-service) to his wife's family. If a man's labor is more highly valued, the bride's family may offer goods (dowry) to the husband or his family.
In many societies marriage links not just nuclear families but larger social formations as well. Some endogamous societies are divided into different exogamous groups (such as clans or lineages): Men form alliances through the exchange of women, and the social organization regulates these alliances through marriage rules. In some cases, two men from different groups exchange sisters for brides. Other instances involve an adult man marrying the young or infant daughter of another man; sexual relations would be deferred for many years, but the two men will have formed a strong bond. Marriages are often arranged by the families through the services of a matchmaker or go-between, and commence with a ritual celebration, or wedding. Some cultures practice trial marriage; the couple lives together before deciding whether they should marry. Society generally prescribes where newlywed couples should live: In patrilocal cultures, they live with or near the husband's family; in matrilocal ones, with or near the wife's family. Under neolocal residence, the couple establishes their own household.
Although marriage tends to be regarded in many places as a permanent tie, divorce is allowed in most modern societies. The causes of divorce vary, but adultery, desertion, infertility, failure to provide the necessities of life, mistreatment, and incompatibility are the most common. Civil unions are now permitted in Western countries, but for nearly a thousand years marriage in the Western world was a religious contract. The Christian church undertook its supervision in the 9th cent., when newlywed couples instituted the practice of coming to the church door to have their union blessed by the priest. Eventually the church regulated marriage through canon law.
In contemporary Europe marriage has lost some of importance, especially as social legislation in some nations has emphasized assuring equal financial benefits and legal standing to children born to unwed parents. Some European nations also grant legal recognition to less restrictive unions between a man and a woman; such partnerships typically have some but not all of the legal rights extended to married couples, but the partnership usually can be more easily dissolved.
For the legal aspects of marriage, see husband and wife; consanguinity; divorce.
Monogamy (the union of one wife to one husband) is the prevalent form almost everywhere. Polygyny (or polygamy; having several wives at one time), however, has been a prerogative in many societies (see harem). It is commonly found where the value of women's labor is high and may be practiced as a way of acquiring allies: A man may cement his bonds with several other men by marrying their sisters or daughters. Polyandry (having several husbands at one time) is rare, having occurred infrequently in Tibetan society, among the Marquesas of Polynesia, and among certain hill tribes in India. People who enjoy only a marginal subsistence may practice polyandry as a way of limiting births. It is also practiced where brothers must work together to sustain one household; they share one wife. The custom of marrying a widow to her late husband's brother is known as levirate marriage and was common among the ancient Hebrews. In sororate marriages a widower marries his deceased (or barren) wife's sister. The levirate and the sororate occur in societies where marriage is seen to create an alliance between groups; the deceased spouse's group has a duty to provide a new spouse to the widow or widower, thereby preserving the alliance. In recent years many gay-rights groups have sought official recognition of same-sex couples that would be comparable to marriage (see gay-rights movement).
See C. Levi-Strauss, The Elementary Structures of Kinship (1969); E. A. Westermark, The History of Human Marriage (3 vol., 5th ed. 1921; repr. 1971); J. M. Henslin, Marriage and Family in a Changing Society (2d ed. 1985); J. F. Collier, Marriage and Inequality in Classless Societies (1988).
Marriage is an institution in which interpersonal relationships (usually intimate and sexual) are acknowledged by the state or by religious authority. It is often viewed as a contract. Civil marriage is the legal concept of marriage as a governmental institution, in accordance with marriage laws of the jurisdiction. If recognized by the state, by the religion(s) to which the parties belong or by society in general, the act of marriage changes the personal and social status of the individuals who enter into it.
People marry for many reasons, but usually one or more of the following: legal, social, and economic stability; the formation of a family unit; procreation and the education and nurturing of children; legitimizing sexual relations; public declaration of love; or to obtain citizenship.
Marriage may take many forms: for example, a union between one man and one woman as husband and wife is a monogamous heterosexual marriage; polygamy in which a person takes more than one spouse is common in many societies. Recently, some jurisdictions and denominations have begun to recognize same-sex marriage, uniting people of the same sex.
A marriage is often formalized during a marriage ceremony, which may be performed either by a religious officiant, by a secular State authorised officiator, or (in weddings that have no church or state affiliation) by a trusted friend of the wedding participants. The act of marriage usually creates normative or legal obligations between the individuals involved and, in many societies, their extended families.
Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares that "Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses." The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam gives men and women the "right to marriage" regardless of their race, colour or nationality, but not religion.
The selection of a marriage partner may involve either the couple going through a selection process of courtship or the marriage may be arranged by the couples' parents or an outside party.
Typically an arranged marriage will be finalized only with the approval of the couple, though parents sometimes enforce arranged marriages on their children because of cultural tradition or for some other special reason (e.g., dowry). Sometimes a person seeking marriage is comfortable with having his or her marriage arranged and, even disregarding parental preference, would freely choose an arranged marriage. Forced marriage is common in only a few communities and often attracts harsh criticism even from people who are generally in favor of arranged marriage.
A pragmatic (or 'arranged') marriage is made easier by formal procedures of family or group politics. A responsible authority sets up or encourages the marriage; they may, indeed, engage a professional matchmaker to find a suitable spouse for an unmarried person. The authority figure could be parents, family, a religious official, or a group consensus.
In some cases, the authority figure may choose a match for purposes other than marital harmony. Some of the most popular uses of arranged marriage are for dowry or immigration.
Arranged marriages are still common in some countries, such as India, but are now rare in Western countries. In rural Indian villages, child marriage is also practiced, with parents at times arranging the wedding, sometimes even before the child is born. This practice is now illegal under the Child Marriage Restraint Act. In urban India, people use thriving institutions known as Marriage Bureaus or Matrimonials Sites, where potential partners register.
A marriage is usually formalised at a wedding or marriage ceremony. The ceremony may be officiated either by a religious official, by a government official or by a state approved celebrant. In many European and some Latin American countries, any religious ceremony must be held separately from the required civil ceremony. Some countries such as Belgium, Bulgaria, the Netherlands and Turkey require that a civil ceremony take place before any religious one. In some countries notably the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Norway and Spain both ceremonies can be held together; the officiant at the religious and civil ceremony also serving as agent of the state to perform the civil ceremony. To avoid any implication that the state is "recognizing" a religious marriage (which is prohibited in some countries) the "civil" ceremony is said to be taking place at the same time as the religious ceremony. Often this involves simply signing a register during the religious ceremony. If the civil element of the religious ceremony is omitted, the marriage is not recognised by government under the law.
While some countries, such as Australia, permit marriages to be held in private and at any location, others, including England and Wales, require that the civil ceremony be conducted in a place open to the public and specially sanctioned by law. In England, the place of marriage need no longer be a church or registry office, but could also be a hotel, historic building or other venue that has obtained the necessary licence. An exception can be made in the case of marriage by special emergency license, which is normally granted only when one of the parties is terminally ill. Rules about where and when persons can marry vary from place to place. Some regulations require that one of the parties reside in the locality of the registry office.
Despite a marriage ceremony being conducted by a religious or civil official, most religious traditions maintain that the marriage itself is the act of the individuals themselves, either as a form of contract or as an exchange of vows, with the guests acting as witnesses.
Within the parameters set by the law of the jurisdiction in which a marriage or wedding takes place, each religious authority has rules for the manner in which weddings are to be conducted by their officials and members.
No specific civil ceremony was required for the creation of a marriage among the Greeks and Romans; only mutual agreement and the fact that the couple must regard each other as husband and wife accordingly. In Ancient Greece, men usually married when they were in their 30s. They expected their wives to be in their early teens. This age-structured relationship was also prevalent in same-sex relationships among the Ancient Greeks. Married Greek women had few rights in ancient Greek society and were expected to take care of the house and children. There was not as much emphasis on age disparity among the Romans in marriage. The husband was often older than the bride; he might be only two years older but sometimes could be as much as three times her age. Unlike Greek brides, Roman brides had many more rights, especially during the Roman Empire. There were two types of marriages in Roman society. The traditional form was called conventio in manum. In this type of marriage, a woman lost her family rights of inheritance of her old family and gained them with her new one. She now was subject to the authority of her husband.
Alternatively there was the free marriage known as sine manu. In this arrangement, the wife remained a member of her original family; she stayed under the authority of her father, kept her family rights of inheritance with her old family and didn't gain any with the new family. This marriage could simply be annulled by the separation of the couple.
The first recorded use of the word "marriage" for the union of same-sex couples also occurs during the Roman Empire. The term, however, was rarely associated with same-sex relationships, even though the relationships themselves were common. In the year 342, the Christian emperors Constantius and Constans declared that same-sex marriage to be illegal. In the year 390, the Christian emperors Valentinian II, Theodoisus and Arcadius declared homosexual sex to be illegal and those who were guilty of it were condemned to be burned alive in front of the public.
From the early Christian era, marriage was thought of as primarily a private matter, with no religious or other ceremony being required. Prior to 1545, Christian marriages in Europe were by mutual consent, declaration of intention to marry and upon the subsequent physical union of the parties. The couple would promise verbally to each other that they would be married to each other; the presence of a priest or witnesses was not required. This promise was known as the "verbum." If made in the present tense (e.g., "I marry you"), it was unquestionably binding; if made in the future tense ("I will marry you"), it would constitute a betrothal. But if the couple proceeded to have sexual relations, the union was a marriage. One of the functions of churches from the Middle Ages was to register marriages, which was not obligatory. There was no state involvement in marriage and personal status, with these issues being adjudicated in ecclesiastical courts.
In the 1200s in England it was unlawful for a woman younger than 24 years to marry, but this changed, beginning in the 1500s, to 20 years of age. With the average age of marriage in the late thirteenth into the fifteenth century being around 25 years of age.
It was only after the Council of Trent in 1545, as part of the Counter-Reformation, that a Roman Catholic marriage would be recognized only if the marriage ceremony was officiated by a priest with two witnesses. The Council also authorized a Catechism, issued in 1566, which defined marriage as, "The conjugal union of man and woman, contracted between two qualified persons, which obliges them to live together throughout life.
This change did not extend to the regions affected by the Protestant Reformation, where marriage by consent continued to be the norm. As part of the Reformation, the role of recording marriages and setting the rules for marriage passed to the state; by the 1600s many of the Protestant European countries had a state involvement in marriage.
In the United Kingdom, the Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act 1907 was a statute passed by Parliament that removed the prohibition forbidding a man to marry the sister of his deceased wife.
In England and Wales, Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act 1753 required a formal ceremony of marriage, thereby curtailing the practice of Fleet Marriage. These were clandestine or irregular marriages performed at Fleet Prison, and at hundreds of other places. From the 1690s until the Marriage Act of 1753 as many as 300,000 clandestine marriages were performed at Fleet Prison alone. The Act required a marriage ceremony to be officiated by an Anglican priest in the Anglican Church with two witnesses and registration. The Act did not apply to Jewish marriages or those of Quakers, whose marriages continued to be governed by their own customs.
In England and Wales, since 1837, civil marriages have been recognised as a legal alternative to church marriages under the Marriage Act 1836. In Germany, civil marriages were recognised in 1875. This law permitted a declaration of the marriage before an official clerk of the civil administration, when both spouses affirm their will to marry, to constitute a legally recognised valid and effective marriage, and allowed an optional private clerical marriage ceremony.
In many jurisdictions, a civil marriage may take place as part of the religious marriage ceremony, although they are theoretically distinct. In most American states, a wedding may be officiated by a priest, minister, rabbi or other religious authority, and in such a case the religious authority also acts as an agent of the state. In some countries, such as France, Spain, Germany, Turkey, Argentina, Japan and Russia, it is necessary to be married by government authority separately from (usually before) any religious ceremony, with the state ceremony being the legally binding one. Some jurisdictions allow civil marriages in circumstances which are notably not allowed by particular religions, such as same-sex marriages or civil unions.
Marriage relationships may also be created by the operation of the law alone, as in common-law marriage, sometimes called "marriage by habit and repute." This is a judicial recognition that two people who have been living as domestic partners are subject to the rights and obligations of a legal marriage, even without formally marrying. However, in the UK at least, common-law marriage has been abolished and there are no rights available unless a couple marries or enters into a civil partnership.
In some cases couples living together do not wish to be recognised as married, such as when pension or alimony rights are adversely affected, or because of taxation consideration, or because of immigration issues, and for many other reasons.
A marriage, by definition, bestows rights and obligations on the married parties, and sometimes on relatives as well, being the sole mechanism for the creation of affinal ties (in-laws). These may include:
These rights and obligations vary considerably between societies, and between groups within society.
Conversely, marriage is not a prerequisite for cohabitation. In some cases couples living together do not wish to be recognised as married, such as when pension or alimony rights are adversely affected, or because of taxation consideration, or because of immigration issues, and for many other reasons.
In some cases cohabitation may constitute a common-law marriage, and in some countries the laws recognise cohabitation in preference to the formality of marriage for taxation and social security benefits. This is the case, for example, in Australia.
There are some married couples who remain childless either by choice or due to infertility or other factors preventing conception or bearing of children. In some cultures, marriage imposes an obligation on women to bear children. In northern Ghana, for example, payment of bridewealth signifies a woman's requirement to bear children, and women using birth control face substantial threats of physical abuse and reprisals.
On the other hand, marriage is not a prerequisite for having children, and having children outside of marriage is today not as uncommon as it used to be. In the United States, the National Center for Health Statistics reported that in 1992, 30.1 percent of births were to unmarried women. In 2006, that number had risen to 38.5 percent. Until recently, children born outside of marriage were termed illegitimate and suffered legal disadvantages and social stigma. In recent years the legal relevance of illegitimacy has declined and social acceptance increased, especially in western countries.
Many of the world's major religions look with disfavor on sexual relations outside of marriage. Some teach that sexual relations without marriage are fornication, which is sometimes also socially discouraged or even criminalized. Sexual relations by a married person with someone other than his/her spouse is normally called adultery, and is also frequently disapproved by the major world religions (some calling it a sin), and has often been - in some jurisdictions continues to be - a crime and grounds for divorce. (See adultery.)
In response to changing social and political attitudes, some jurisdictions and religious denominations now recognize marriages between people of the same sex. In some jurisdictions these are sometimes called civil unions or domestic partnerships, while some others explicitly prohibit same-sex marriages.
In 1989, Denmark became the first country in the modern era to extend the rights and responsibilities of marriage to same-sex couples under the name of registered partnership. Since 2001, five countries have come to recognise same-sex marriages for civil purposes, namely the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, and South Africa, and Norway is on track to become the sixth in 2009. To avoid the use of the term "marriage", some governments provide civil unions, which are open to couples of the same sex, and in some jurisdictions also to those of opposite sexes who do not want to marry, to confer all or a portion of the benefits of married status. Civil unions (and registered/domestic partnerships) are currently recognized and accepted in approximately 30 out of 193 countries worldwide and in some U.S. states. However, in countries where it has been adopted, applications for marriage licenses have far exceeded governmental estimates of demand. Some jurisdictions, such as the nations of Israel, Aruba, and the Netherlands Antilles, as well as the U.S. States of New Mexico, New York and Rhode Island, recognize same-sex marriages lawfully entered into in other countries, while not (yet) permitting them to be performed locally.
In addition to civil authorities, some religious denominations ceremonially perform civil unions and same-sex marriages, and recognize them as essentially equivalent to other marriages. For example, Lutheran churches in Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden and some Lutheran churches of the Evangelical Church in Germany allow blessing ceremonies for same-sex couples, as do Unitarian Universalist churches.
In the United States, Massachusetts and California are the only states to recognize same-sex marriage under the name marriage. (In Iowa, a district court that struck down the state's Defense of Marriage Act issued a stay on the ruling the next day, only one same sex couple has been married under Iowa law, and the ruling is currently under consideration by the highest court in Iowa.) In other states, civil unions or domestic partnerships are available to couples of the same sex, often carrying the same entailments as marriage, under a different name. However, these apply only to benefits under state law, and are not recognized by the U.S. federal government or other states (with a few exceptions).
In Australia, de facto relationships are legally recognized in many, but not all, ways, with some states having registers of de facto relationships, although the federal government has amended existing legislation to specify that only marriages between a man and a woman will be recognized as 'marriages'.. As a result, the Australian Capital Territory's 2006 Bill to give civil unions identical status and processes as registered marriages, was repealed by the federal government before it came into effect.
These developments have created a political and religious reaction in some countries, including in England, where the Church of England, after long debate, officially banned blessings of gay couples by Church of England clergy, and in the United States. In contrast to the three above-mentioned U.S. states where the state constitutions have been found by courts to require equivalent marriage for same-sex couples, several states have specifically defined marriage as between a man and a woman, often after popular referenda, including the state of Mississippi which passed a constitutional amendment defining marriage as between a man and a woman and refusing to recognize same-sex marriages from other states with 86% of the vote supporting that proposition. Federally, the U.S. congress has considered, but failed to pass, a Federal Marriage Amendment. In addition, while Lutheran churches in some countries allow blessing ceremonies for same-sex couples, as stated previously, in other countries, (such as Finland) such ceremonies are discouraged and rarely performed by the church.
Societies have often placed restrictions on marriage to relatives, though the degree of prohibited relationship varies widely. In most societies, marriage between brothers and sisters has been forbidden, with ancient Egyptian, Hawaiian, and Inca royalty being prominent exceptions. In many societies, marriage between first cousins is preferred, while at the other extreme, the medieval Catholic Church prohibited marriage even between distant cousins.
All mainstream religions prohibit some marriages on the basis of the consanguinity (lineal descent) and affinity (kinship by marriage) of the prospective marriage partners, though the standards vary.
Africa has the highest rate of polygamy in the world. In Senegal, for example, nearly 47 percent of marriages are multiple. Polygamy is normally not permitted in most western countries (see bigamy), though some recognise bona fides polygamous marriages entered into in countries that routinely perform such marriages, such as in a Muslim country.
Cultures that allow polygamy still sometimes place restrictions on it. For instance, in Islam a man is allowed to marry up to 4 women at the same time, but only in cases where (1) his first wife is infertile, (2) the local population is unbalanced with women strongly outnumbering men, or (3) he claims a strong love and sexual attraction for the potential wife which he says makes him fear of adultery. In each of these situations, all current wives are freed to leave the marriage if they so desire.
Polygyny (one husband with multiple wives) is the typical form of multiple-marriage polygamy, while polyandry (one wife with multiple husbands) is rare. Anthropologists distinguish between multiple-marriage polygamy and group marriage, in which multiple spouses all become married to one another. Group marriage is also rare. In the United States, the historic Oneida Colony provides a prominent 19th-century example of a group marriage, though it was not recognised by any civil or separate religious authority.
In the Indian Hindu community, especially in the Brahmin caste, marrying a person of the same gotra was prohibited, since persons belonging to the same gotra are said to have identical patrilineal descent. In ancient India, when gurukuls existed, the shishyas (pupils) were advised against marrying any of guru's children, as shishyas were also considered the guru's children and it would be considered marriage among siblings. However, there were exceptions, including Arjuna's son Abhimanyu's marriage to Uttra, the dance student of Arjuna in Mahabharata. The Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 brought reforms in the area of same-gotra marriages, which were banned prior to the act's passage. Now the Indian constitution allows any consenting adult heterosexual couple (women 18 or older and men 21 or older) from any race, religion, caste, or creed to marry.
Many societies have also adopted other restrictions on whom one can marry, such as prohibitions of marrying persons with the same surname, or persons with the same sacred animal. Anthropologists refer to these sorts of restrictions as exogamy. One example is South Korea's general taboo against a man marrying a woman with the same family name. The most common surname in South Korea is Kim (almost 20%); however, there are several branches (or clans) in the Kim surname. (Korean family names are divided into one or more clans.) Only intra-clan marriages are prohibited, as they are considered one type of exogamy. Thus, many "Kim-Kim" couples can be found.
Societies have also at times required marriage from within a certain group. Anthropologists refer to these restrictions as endogamy. An example of such restrictions would be a requirement to marry someone from the same tribe. Racist laws adopted by some societies in the past—such as Nazi-era Germany, apartheid-era South Africa and most of the United States in the nineteenth and the first half of the 20th century—which prohibited marriage between persons of different races could also be considered examples of endogamy. In the U.S., many laws banning interracial marriage, which were state laws, were gradually repealed between 1948 and 1967. The U.S. Supreme Court declared all such laws unconstitutional in the case of Loving v. Virginia in 1967.
All mainstream religions have strong views relating to marriage. Most religions perform a wedding ceremony to solemnize the beginning of a marriage. Some regard marriage as simply a contract, while others regard it as a sacred institution.
Most Christian churches bless the couple being married, and the wedding ceremony sometimes involves a pledge by the community to support the couple's relationship. Liturgical Christian communions - notably Anglicanism, Catholicism, and Orthodoxy - consider marriage (sometimes termed holy matrimony) to be an expression of divine grace, termed a sacrament or mystery. In Western ritual, the ministers of the sacrament are the husband and wife themselves, with a bishop, priest, or deacon merely witnessing the union on behalf of the church, and adding a blessing. In Eastern ritual churches, the bishop or priest functions as the actual minister of the Sacred Mystery (Eastern Orthodox deacons may not perform marriages). Western Christians commonly refer to marriage a vocation, while Eastern Christians consider it an ordination and a martyrdom, though the theological emphases indicated by the various names are not excluded by the teachings of either tradition. Marriage is commonly celebrated in the context of a Eucharistic service (a nuptial Mass or Divine Liturgy). The sacrament of marriage is indicative of the relationship between Christ and the Church yet most Reformed Christians would deny the elevation of marriage to the status of a sacrament, nevertheless it is considered a covenant between spouses before God. (cf. Ephesians 5:31-33)
In Judaism, marriage is viewed as a contractual bond commanded by God in which a man and a woman come together to create a relationship in which God is directly involved. Though procreation is not the sole purpose, a Jewish marriage is also expected to fulfill the commandment to have children. The main focus centers around the relationship between the husband and wife. Kabbalistically, marriage is understood to mean that the husband and wife are merging together into a single soul. This is why a man is considered "incomplete" if he is not married, as his soul is only one part of a larger whole that remains to be unified. See Jewish views of marriage.
Islam also commends marriage, with the age of marriage being whenever the individuals feel ready, financially and emotionally, for marriage. According to Shia Islam marriage doesn't require any witness or official statement or presence in a definite place. To create a religious contract between them, it is sufficient that a man and a woman indicate an intention to marry each other and recite the requisite words. A couple can live with each other as a family without an official contract. Of course there are some criteria which should be observed; for example, the woman should be single.
Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, recommended that people marry as an assistance to themselves in their well-being, but did not make it obligatory; he explained that it is both a physical and spiritual bond that endures into the afterlife. Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the religion, stated that marriage is a foundation for the structure of human society. A Bahá'í marriage requires the consent of the couple, and then of all living parents, as to strengthen the ties between the families and avoid enmity.
Hinduism sees marriage as a sacred duty that entails both religious and social obligations. Old Hindu literature in Sanskrit gives many different types of marriages and their categorization ranging from "Gandharva Vivaha" (instant marriage by mutual consent of participants only, without any need for even a single third person as witness) to normal (present day) marriages, to "Rakshasa Vivaha" (marriage performed by abduction of one participant by the other participant, usually, but not always, with the help of other persons).
For the most part, religious traditions in the world reserve marriage to heterosexual unions, but there are exceptions including Unitarian Universalist, Metropolitan Community Church, and Quaker, United Church of Canada and Reform Jewish congregations.
In some cultures, dowries continue to be required today, while some countries impose restrictions on the payment of dowry.
In the Jewish tradition, the rabbis in ancient times insisted on the marriage couple entering into a marriage contact, called a ketubah. Besides other things, the ketubah provided for an amount to be paid by the husband in the event of a divorce or his estate in the event of his death. This amount was a replacement of the biblical dower or bride price, which was payable at the time of the marriage by the groom to the bride or her parents. This innovation was put in place because the biblical bride price created a major social problem: many young prospective husbands could not raise the bride price at the time when they would normally be expected to marry. So, to enable these young men to marry, the rabbis, in effect, delayed the time that the amount would be payable, when they would be more likely to have the sum. It may also be noted that both the dower and the ketubah amounts served the same purpose: the protection for the wife should her support cease, either by death or divorce. The only difference between the two systems was the timing of the payment. It is the predecessor to the wife's present-day entitlement to maintenance in the event of the breakup of marriage, and family maintenance in the event of the husband not providing adequately for the wife in his will. Another function performed by the ketubah amount was to provide a disincentive for the husband contemplating divorcing his wife: he would need to have the amount to be able to pay to the wife.
Morning gifts, which might also be arranged by the bride's father rather than the bride, are given to the bride herself; the name derives from the Germanic tribal custom of giving them the morning after the wedding night. She might have control of this morning gift during the lifetime of her husband, but is entitled to it when widowed. If the amount of her inheritance is settled by law rather than agreement, it may be called dower. Depending on legal systems and the exact arrangement, she may not be entitled to dispose of it after her death, and may lose the property if she remarries. Morning gifts were preserved for many centuries in morganatic marriage, a union where the wife's inferior social status was held to prohibit her children from inheriting a noble's titles or estates. In this case, the morning gift would support the wife and children. Another legal provision for widowhood was jointure, in which property, often land, would be held in joint tenancy, so that it would automatically go to the widow on her husband's death. Islamic tradition has similar practices. A 'mahr', either immediate or deferred, is the woman's portion of the groom's wealth (divorce) or estate (death). These amounts are usually set based on the groom's own and family wealth and incomes, but in some parts these are set very high so as to provide a disincentive for the groom exercising the divorce, or the husband's family 'inheriting' a large portion of the estate, especially if there are no male offspring from the marriage. In some countries, including Iran, the mahr or alimony can amount to more than a man can ever hope to earn, sometimes up to US$ 1000,000 (4000 official Iranian gold coins). If the husband cannot pay the mahr, either in case of a divorce or on demand, according to the current laws in Iran, he will have to pay it by installments. Failure to pay the mahr might even lead to imprisonment.
In Early Modern Britain, the social status of the couple was supposed to be equal. After the marriage, all the property (called "fortune") and expected inheritances of the wife belonged to the husband. The wife was often called "his property", but she was entitled to his protection, which a single woman was not.
In some legal systems, the partners in a marriage are "jointly liable" for the debts of the marriage. This has a basis in a traditional legal notion called the "Doctrine of Necessities" whereby a husband was responsible to provide necessary things for his wife. Where this is the case, one partner may be sued to collect a debt for which they did not expressly contract. Critics of this practice note that debt collection agencies can abuse this by claiming an unreasonably wide range of debts to be expenses of the marriage. The cost of defence and the burden of proof is then placed on the non-contracting party to prove that the expense is not a debt of the family. The respective maintenance obligations, both during and eventually after a marriage, are regulated in most jurisdictions; alimony is one such method.
Some have attempted to analyse the institution of marriage using economic theory; for example, anarcho-capitalist economist David Friedman has written a lengthy and controversial study of marriage as a market transaction (the market for husbands and wives).
Moreover, when the rates applied by the tax code are not based on averaging the incomes, but rather on the sum of individuals' incomes, higher rates will definitely apply to each individual in a two-earner households in progressive tax systems. This is most often the case with high-income taxpayers and is another situation where some consider there to be a marriage penalty.
Conversely, when progressive tax is levied on the individual with no consideration for the partnership, dual-income couples fare much better than single-income couples with similar household incomes. The effect can be increased when the welfare system treats the same income as a shared income thereby denying welfare access to the non-earning spouse. Such systems apply in Australia and Canada, for example.
Many societies also provide for the termination of marriage through divorce. Marriages can also be annulled in some societies, where an authority declares that a marriage never happened. In either event the people concerned are free to remarry (or marry). After divorce, one spouse may have to pay alimony.
Several cultures have practiced temporary and conditional marriages. Examples include the Celtic practice of handfasting and fixed-term marriages in the Muslim community. Pre-Islamic Arabs practiced a form of temporary marriage that carries on today in the practice of Nikah Mut'ah, a fixed-term marriage contract. Muslim controversies related to Nikah Mut'ah have resulted in the practice being confined mostly to Shi'ite communities.


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Tuesday, 6 October 2009
A Christmas Gift Challenge End of Wk 4
The bottom one is a on point so doing the binding on this never done anything with a shape in so was interesting then the top one is just a normal one.
I have still been working on other gifts but they either aren't or weren't finished within wk 4 so you get to see them next week.
How are you all doing are you getting your gifts done the days are ticking away fast so you do need to get your skates on to get the gifts done.
On a earlier posting the Give-Away prize is now in the hands of the Royal Mail (our postal service) & is on it way to Anya.
I hope to have possible 3 or more items done for next week but we see what say what but some is knitting as usual well you all have a good week getting those gifts done take care
Last but not least here is a chance of a give-away go to http://fabricartist21.blogspot.com/ for a chance to win.
8 comments:
- Texan said...
Your table runners are lovely!!
- 6 October 2009 at 14:10
- QuiltSue said...
Those table runners are great. There will be 2 very happle when they receive them.
- 7 October 2009 at 07:44
- paulette said...
Your table runners are gorgeous!! Love them!
- 8 October 2009 at 03:26
- mandapanda said...
I never thought of getting unfinished items and finishing them myself! I think it's quite a smart idea! I really like the second table runner.
- 8 October 2009 at 07:29
- Magia da Inês said...
Olá amiga!
Seu cantinho é tudo de bom...
lindo, criativo, diversificado e alegre! ...
Parabéns pelo seu trabalho!
Espero você em:
Beijinhos carinhosos.
Itabira - Brasil
- 8 October 2009 at 10:47
- bluebird-lyn said...
Hi Janice, you have done a lovely job on the table runners.I too love Thimbleberries fabrics and can pick them out a mile away...Regards Lyn
- 9 October 2009 at 13:37
- Micki said...
The table runners are just lovely! Great job!
- 9 October 2009 at 17:39
- Millie said...
Love your table runners...you can never have enough in your home and they make great gifts too.
- 14 October 2009 at 03:28


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