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The church was founded by Mary Baker Eddy in 1879 following a personal healing in 1866, which she claimed resulted from reading the Bible. She called this experience "the falling apple" that led to her discovery of Christian Science. She was convinced that "the divine Spirit had wrought the miracle — a miracle which later I found to be in perfect scientific accord with divine law." (Ret 24) She spent the next three years investigating the law of God according to the Bible, especially in the words and works of Jesus. The Bible and Eddy's textbook on Christian healing, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, are together the church's key doctrinal sources and have been ordained as the church's "dual impersonal pastor."
The First Church of Christ, Scientist, is widely known for its publications, especially The Christian Science Monitor, a daily newspaper published internationally in print and on the Internet. Skeptics consider the Church to be controversial due to its emphasis on healing through prayer when others would likely choose modern medicine. There have also been periodic tensions with other Christian denominations who reject the idea that Christian Science is a Christian denomination because of what some consider to be unorthodox tenets. (An example of these tenets is: "We acknowledge Jesus' atonement as the evidence of divine, efficacious Love, unfolding man's unity with God through Christ Jesus the Way-shower; and we acknowledge that man is saved through Christ, through Truth, Life, and Love as demonstrated by the Galilean Prophet in healing the sick and overcoming sin and death. (Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures p. 497)
The Church of Christ, Scientist is sometimes confused with the Church of Scientology, an unrelated organization founded about 75 years after Christian Science. It is also sometimes confused with Religious Science, a recent denomination in line with the New Thought tradition.
Christian Science's most common symbol is the Cross and Crown.
Even to the homeopathic physician who attended me, and rejoiced in my recovery, I could not then explain the modus of my relief. I could only assure him that the divine Spirit had wrought the miracle—a miracle which later I found to be in perfect scientific accord with divine law.
She referred to this event as her "Great Discovery", the "falling apple" that led to her "discovery how to be well" herself (ibid.) (Later, she gave it the name of "Christian Science" stating that she "...named it Christian, because it is compassionate, helpful, and spiritual." (ibid).) Not knowing how it had occurred, she spent the next three years studying the Bible, experimenting and praying to discover if the experience was repeatable and if there were knowable laws that governed it. She claimed that she was able to heal others and began to be called out to the bedsides of those whom the medical faculty had not been able to help. A doctor attending a severe case in New Hampshire is said to have witnessed her healing one of his patients and asked if she could explain her system. At the time, she said only that God did it. But he urged her to write about it and soon she began her main work explaining her system of Christian healing, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures.
Soon others began to ask her to teach her healing method and she claimed that her students were able to approximate her ability to heal. The readers of her book gathered into an organization and gradually developed into a church, with Mary Baker Eddy as its pastor.
Mary Baker Eddy asked her husband at the time, Daniel Patterson, to seek out Quimby's help for her in 1862, during a severe illness. Until Quimby's death in January 1866, Eddy relied heavily on Quimby for her physical health. Some feel that Quimby provided inspiration for Eddy's early writing on Christian Science, asserting that Quimby used the phrase "Christian Science" (in 1863). Incidentally, William Adams used the term "Christian Science" before Quimby and Eddy in a book he wrote entitled, The Elements of Christian Science, first copyrighted in 1850 and published in 1857.
Eddy would later claim that she had provided much of the foundation of Quimby's thoughts on healing (My 306:22). Those more sympathetic to Quimby and the New Thought religions stemming from his teachings find this to be unlikely, arguing that Quimby introduced some key elements that would appear in Christian Science as early as 1859. However, Christian Science practice does not resemble Quimby's healing system, nor are their respective theologies remotely similar. Eddy biographer Gillian Gill, who is not a Christian Scientist, acknowledges that Quimby "had a profound influence on" Eddy, but also notes that her religion was quite different from his (in her Mary Baker Eddy (1998), 146). The American religious scholar Ann Taves probes for specific differences and argues that "Quimby's rejection of special revelation was in keeping with both Spiritualism and the later New Thought tradition, while Eddy's insistence on revelation aligned Christian Science more strategically with evangelical Protestantism as represented by Edwards and Wesley and with Seventh-day Adventism" (in her Fits, Trances, and Visions (1999), 218).
This teaching is the foundation of the Christian Science principle that disease – and any other adversity – can be cured through prayerful efforts, made possible only by God's grace, to fully understand this spiritual relationship. It is encapsulated in Science and Health as "The Scientific Statement of Being". It is read aloud in churches and Sunday schools at the end of every Sunday service, along with I John 3:1-3 and a biblical benediction:
This belief in the unreality of imperfection, stemming from the allness of God, Spirit, is the basis of Christian Scientists' characteristic reliance on prayer in place of traditional medical care, often with the aid of Christian Science practitioners.
Christian Science practitioners are listed in the Christian Science Journal, with the permission of the church's Board of Directors, their only form of official recognition by the church and among the Christian Science laity. (Some "unlisted" practitioners maintain active practices as well, but they do so without the prestige that a Journal listing brings. Additionally, medical insurance plans that cover Christian Science treatment generally only cover treatment provided by Journal-listed practitioners).
Practitioners treat patients, in Christian Science parlance, through prayer. Such treatment often, though not always, is for health-related problems, and a practitioner's patient may request help for personal problems as well, such as relationships, problems of employment or housing and so on. Practitioners generally charge a modest fee for their services since this is their only form of employment. Christian Scientists believe that through scientific study of the inspired word of the Bible, especially Jesus' words and works, one can learn to heal. Healing is understood not as an end in itself, but a natural result of drawing closer to God. Healing sin is particularly important. Eddy called this the "emphatic purpose" of Christian Science, writing that it is also sometimes more difficult than healing sickness, because "while mortals love to sin, they do not love to be sick" (Rudimental Divine Science, 2).
Christian Scientists celebrate the sacraments of baptism and eucharist in an entirely non-material way. "Our baptism," wrote Eddy, "is purification from all error...Our Eucharist is spiritual communion with the one God. Our bread, 'which cometh down from heaven,' is Truth. Our cup is the cross. Our wine the inspiration of Love, the draught the Master drank and commended to his followers" (Science and Health 35). The only ritual in the Christian Science church is voluntary kneeling at the Sacrament service twice a year, while repeating the Lord's prayer. Marriage is not a sacrament of the Christian Science church, but marriage does hold a special place in Christian Science as the moral and legal institution within which a man and woman can partner to help one another grow into a fuller "demonstration," or lived understanding, of their spiritual completeness as expressions of the Father-Mother God. The church's by-laws require a legal, religious ceremony for marriage: "If a Christian Scientist is to be married, the ceremony shall be performed by a clergyman who is legally authorized." (Church Manual 49)
Christ Jesus is both "Wayshower" and savior in Christian Science theology. Eddy distinguished between the corporeal Jesus, the human man in the flesh (the Son of Man), and the incorporeal Christ (the Son of God). According to Christian Science, Christ is "the divine manifestation of God, which comes to the flesh to destroy incarnate error" (Science and Health 583). This incorporeal Christ is the "spiritual selfhood" (or spiritual identity) of Jesus (Science and Health 38). In Eddy's Message to The Mother Church for 1901, in the section titled CHRIST IS ONE AND DIVINE, she writes:
This accords with a basic plank in the platform of Christian Science:
Christian Science teaches that Christ Jesus was sent by God and that his history is factual, including the virgin birth, the crucifixion, the resurrection, and the ascension. (Science and Health 46).
Because of his special status due to the virgin birth and his pure, unselfish nature, Jesus voluntarily faced his struggle in Gethsemane, death, resurrection, and ascension to show humanity that no phase of mortal existence was beyond God's redeeming love. Eddy wrote: "Jesus of Nazareth taught and demonstrated man's oneness with the Father, and for this we owe him endless homage" (Science and Health 18).
Christian Science teaches that we are not Christians until we "go and do likewise," until we in some degree "come in the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Son of God, unto a perfect man, unto the measure of the stature of the fulness of Christ," as it says in the Scriptures (Ephesians 4:13). We never become Christ, but we are called upon to become fully Christly or Christ-like, to emulate our Master's great words and works in some measure. This was Eddy's understanding of Jesus' saying: "He that believeth on me, the works that I do shall he do also; and greater works than these shall he do, because I go unto my Father" (John 14:12). No one's ministry, however, can equal that of Christ Jesus in Christian Science. Eddy even stipulated in her Church Manual that "careless comparison or irreverent reference to Christ Jesus is abnormal in a Christian Scientist and is prohibited" (41). She also wrote: "The cardinal points of Christian Science cannot be lost sight of, namely — one God, supreme, infinite, and one Christ Jesus." (Miscellany 339)
Christian Scientists are trinitarian, but in an unorthodox way. One plank of the platform of Christian Science says:
Here, Eddy calls God "Father-Mother," signifying not an androgynous God but a God "without body, parts or passions," as in the Westminster creed, who nevertheless functions both to govern and comfort. She calls the Holy Ghost "divine Science or the Holy Comforter," the spiritual law of God operating as the Holy Ghost in the world.
One further note regarding Christ and the Trinity. To her students, Mrs. Eddy sent a definition of the Trinity (circa 1898), which read in part: "Jesus in the flesh was the prophet or wayshower to Life, Truth, and Love, and out of the flesh Jesus was the Christ, the spiritual idea, or image and likeness of God." (Christian Science Journal, July 1915, p. 192). This statement clearly reflects Mrs. Eddy's doctrine regarding the uniqueness, unity, and individuality of Christ Jesus' eternal, spiritual identity.
While reliance on the theology of spiritual healing is important to Christian Scientists, it is also not officially required of them, which has led to mixed legal opinions as to what constitutes negligence in its use. Orthodox practitioners treating a patient who decides to switch to medical care will typically no longer pray for that person. "Mixing" of methods is discouraged among orthodox Christian Scientists because, according to Eddy, they work from opposite standpoints. In Christian Science, God made "man" perfect, so "prayerful treatment" works from the standpoint of perfection, seeing man in "reality" as God made him; whereas medical science works from the standpoint that something is wrong, which must first be diagnosed, then fixed.
Christian Science teaches that spiritual healing is a natural result of following Jesus' teachings. Healing was a major part of Jesus' ministry, and Christian Scientists see no basis for excluding it from the practice of modern day Christians. They believe that Jesus proved his teachings by his healings.
The Church claims to have over 50,000 testimonies of healing through Christian Science treatment alone. While most of these testimonies represent ailments neither diagnosed nor treated by medical professionals, the Church does require three other people to vouch for any testimony published in its official organ, the Christian Science Journal. However, some critics of the Church complain that the verification guidelines are not strict enough, allowing verifiers who have not witnessed the claimed healing to "vouch for [the healing's] accuracy based on their knowledge of [the claimant]." (Taken from the Church's "Testimony guidelines") The Church also has a number of statements regarding diagnosed conditions accompanied by legal affidavits of authenticity signed by medical practitioners who witnessed a non-medical healing. A book entitled Spiritual Healing in a Scientific Age by Robert Peel chronicles many of these accounts and quotes from the affidavits. Peel is the most academic/scholarly writer of the church's published biographers of Mary Baker Eddy.
Christian Scientists who wish to become public practitioners of Christian Science—spiritual healers—complete an intensive two-week "Primary" class. The instruction in this class is provided by a teacher. Teachers are added every three years by the church from the pool of active public practitioners. To become a teacher, they must first be selected by the church, then they take another class designated "Normal". Both classes are based on the Bible and the writings of Mary Baker Eddy. In particular, the "Primary" class focuses upon the chapter entitled "Recapitulation" in Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures. This chapter uses the Socratic method of teaching and is where the "Scientific Statement of Being" is located. The "Normal" class focuses upon the Platform of Christian Science which is also found in Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, but begins on page 330 in the chapter entitled "Science of Being".
Mrs. Eddy, the founder of the Church, said one may accept certain temporary aid from "materia medica" if a person is in such pain that he is unable to pray for himself.
While the Church does not require members to forgo medical treatment, most Christian Scientists do so voluntarily because of their faith and they feel they have a history of success with this alternative form of healing. Indeed, outsiders believe that the social pressures to eschew medical care is so strong among Christian Scientists that those who feel they must see a doctor endanger their social standing in the congregation, and depending on the policies of their local branch church, may be stripped of any church office or position they hold. However, the vast majority of Christian Scientists would feel this perspective is not borne out in their own actual experiences around choosing medical care.
The First Church of Christ, Scientist is the legal title of The Mother Church and administrative headquarters of the Christian Science Church. The complex is located in a 14 acre plaza alongside Huntington Avenue in the Back Bay neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.
The church itself was built in 1894, and an annex larger in footprint than the original structure was added in 1906. It boasts one of the world's largest pipe organs, built by the Aeolian-Skinner Company of Boston. The Mary Baker Eddy Library for the Betterment of Humanity is housed in an 11-story structure originally built for The Christian Science Publishing Society constructed between 1932 and 1934, and the present plaza was constructed in the 1970s to include a large administration building, a colonnade, and a reflecting pool with fountain, designed by Araldo Cossutta of I. M. Pei and Partners (now Pei Cobb Freed).
Branch churches of The Mother Church may take the title of First Church of Christ, Scientist; Second; but the article The must not be used.
The Mother Church is the church's world headquarters, and is located in Boston, Massachusetts. (An international daily newspaper, the Christian Science Monitor, founded by Eddy in 1908 and winner of seven Pulitzer prizes, is published by the church through the Christian Science Publishing Society.)
Branch Christian Science churches and Christian Science Societies are subordinate to the Mother Church, but are self-governed in the sense that they have their own constitutions, bank accounts, assets, etc., but in order to be recognised must abide by the practices that Mary Baker Eddy laid out in the Manual of The Mother Church. Church services, along with every other aspect of church government, are regulated by the Manual, a constitution of sorts written by Eddy, and consisting of various regulations covering everything from the duties of officers, to discipline, to provisions for church meetings and publications.
The Board (occasionally TCSBD or the BoD for short) also includes functions defined by a Deed of Trust written by Eddy (one of several, in fact) under which it consisted of four persons, though she later expanded the Board to five persons, thus in effect leaving one of its members out of Deed functions. This later bore on a dispute during the 1920s, known as the Great Litigation in CS circles, pivoting on whether the CSBD could remove trustees of the Christian Science Publishing Society or whether the CSPS trustees were established independently.
While Eddy's Manual established limited executive functions under the rule of law in place of a traditional hierarchy, the controversial 1991 publication of a book by Bliss Knapp led the then Board of Directors to make the unusual affadavit during a suit over Knapp's estate that neither acts by it violating the Manual, nor acts refraining from required action, constituted violation of the Manual. A traditionally-minded minority held that the Board's act in publishing Knapp's book constituted a fundamental violation of several by-laws and its legal trust, automatically mandating the offending Board's resignations under Article I, Section 9.
Another minority believed that Eddy intended various requirements for her consent (in their view, "estoppels") to effect the church's dissolution on her passing, since they could no longer be followed literally. Ironically, one of the stronger arguments against this position came from an individual highly respected by their theological quarter, Bliss Knapp, who claimed that Eddy understood through her lawyer that these consent clauses would not hinder normal operation after her decease.
There are 26 set topics for the Lesson-Sermon, selected by Eddy herself. The topics follow each other in an unchanging, predetermined order, and the progression starts over mid-year so that every week in the year has a topic devoted to it. In years in which there are 53 Sundays, the topic "Christ Jesus" occurs a third time, in December. There is also a Lesson-Sermon for Thanksgiving Day.
Because there are no clergy in the church, branch church Sunday services are conducted by two Readers: the First Reader, who reads passages from Science and Health, and the Second Reader, who reads passages from the Bible. First Readers determine the beginning "scriptural selection", hymns to be sung on Sundays, and the benediction. The vast majority of the service is the reading of the weekly Bible lesson supplied by Boston, and order of service set out by the Manual. To be elected the First Reader in one's branch church is one of the highest and most prestigious positions the lay Christian Scientist can aspire to.
Churches also hold a one-hour Wednesday evening testimony meeting, with similar readings and accounts of healing from prayer by those attending. At these services, the First Reader reads extended passages from the Bible and Science and Health. They may choose alternate Bible translations at these services (i.e. Phillips).
Branch churches also sponsor annual public talks given by speakers selected annually by the Board of Lectureship in Boston.
In 1988, Monitor Reports was supplanted by a nightly half-hour news show, World Monitor, which was broadcast by the Discovery Channel. The program was anchored by veteran journalist John Hart. The Church then purchased a Boston cable TV station for elaborate in-house programming production. In parallel, the church purchased a shortwave radio station and syndicated radio production to National Public Radio. However, revenues fell far short of optimistic predictions by church managers, who had ignored early warnings by members and media experts.
In October 1991, after a series of conflicts over the boundaries between Christian Science teachings and his journalistic independence, John Hart resigned. The Monitor Channel went off the air in June 1992. Most of the other operations closed in well under a decade. Public accounts in both the mainstream and trade media reported that the church lost approximately $250 million on these ventures.
The hundreds of millions lost on broadcasting brought the church to the brink of bankruptcy. However, with the 1991 publication of The Destiny of The Mother Church by the late Bliss Knapp, the church secured a $90 million bequest from the Knapp trust. The trust dictated that the book be published as "Authorized Literature," with neither modification nor comment. Historically, the church had censured Knapp for deviating at several points from Eddy's teaching, and had refused to publish the work. The church's archivist, fired in anticipation of the book's publication, wrote to branch churches to inform them of the book's history. Many Christian Scientists thought the book violated the church's bylaws, and the editors of the church's religious periodicals and several other church employees resigned in protest. Alternate beneficiaries subsequently sued to contest the church's claim it had complied fully with the will's terms, and the church ultimately received only half of the original sum.
The fallout of the broadcasting debacle also sparked a minor revolt among some prominent church members. In late 1993, a group of Christian Scientists filed suit against the Board of Directors, alleging a willful disregard for the Manual of the Mother Church in its financial dealings. The suit was thrown out by the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts in 1997, but a lingering discontent with the church's financial matters persists to this day.
In spite of its early meteoric rise, it appears likely that the Christian Science Church has suffered a decline in membership over recent decades. Though the Church is prohibited by the Manual from publishing membership figures, the number of branch churches in the United States has fallen steadily since World War II. A 1992 study in the Christian Research Journal found that church membership had fallen from 269,000 in the 1930s to about 150,000. Some believe membership has fallen further since then, however current estimates for church membership vary widely, from under 100,000 to 400,000.
Dr. Stephen Barrett has reported that since 1971, the number of practitioners and teachers listed in the Christian Science Journal has fallen from about 5,000 to about 1,160 and the number of churches has fallen from about 1,800 to about 1,000.
In 2005 the Boston Globe reported that the church is considering consolidating Boston operations into fewer buildings and leasing out space in buildings it owns. Church official Philip G. Davis noted that the administration and Colonnade buildings have not been fully used for many years and that vacancy increased after staff reductions last year. The church posted an $8 million financial loss in fiscal 2003, and in 2004 cut 125 jobs, a quarter of the staff, at The Christian Science Monitor. Davis said however that "the financial situation right now is excellent" that the church is not facing financial problems.
From the moment Mark Twain published his 1907 attack on Christian Science, the Church and Mary Baker Eddy, herself, Christian Science has been subject to significant criticism and public controversy. Twain aimed much of his ridicule at the idea of healing through prayer - particularly when practiced remotely. However, according to his biographer, Albert Paine, Twain seemed to quarrel more with what he saw as Mary Baker Eddy's cult of personality than with the actual ideas of Christian Science saying:
Later, Twain seemed to reverse his stance towards Eddy as Paine quoted Twain as saying: "... Christian Science is humanity's boon. ... [Mary Baker Eddy] has organized and made available a healing principle that for two thousand years has never been employed, except as the merest kind of guesswork. She is the benefactor of the age."
Twain also expressed grave doubts about the authorship of Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, showing through content analysis that the quality of the writing was much better than any of Eddy's previous or subsequent work (for example her autobiography and her later writings in the Christian Science Journal):
That she wrote the Autobiography, and that preface, and the Poems, and the Plague-spot Bacilli, we are not permitted to doubt. Indeed, we know she wrote them. But the very certainty that she wrote these things compels a doubt that she wrote Science and Health.
Today, the most publicized controversies are still over the issue of medicine. While church members point out that followers are free to choose to seek conventional medical treatment, most rely exclusively on healing by prayer. Christian Scientists distinguish their method from "faith healing." To a Christian Scientist, "faith healing" is something that relies merely on blind faith in miraculous cures. Christian Scientists see themselves as practicing a well-defined process with a proven track record by means of the spiritualization of thought through prayer aimed at shedding the false beliefs of the mortal mind that manifest themselves as physical ailments.
This issue is most controversial regarding children. In a number of nationally publicized cases in the early 1990s, prosecutors charged parents belonging to the Christian Science church with murder or manslaughter after their children died of likely curable ailments without being medically treated. The best-known of these was the Twitchell Case in Massachusetts, in which parents David and Ginger Twitchell were convicted in 1990 of involuntary manslaughter in the death of their two-year-old son Robyn, who succumbed to a bowel obstruction. In other cases, parents have been legally exonerated - often because of exemptions in state laws to taking legal action against people who relied on religious cures. Such cases are also controversial inside the Church. Many members believe that the parents involved received poor guidance from church leaders, while others contend that the process of healing through Christian Science wasn't done correctly.
Since the episodes with regard to The Monitor Channel and the Bliss Knapp book, the church has at times been accused of attempting to silence dissenters by methods such as unlisting them as practitioners in the Christian Science Journal, or revoking their membership. Some dissenting groups continue to solicit support among current members of the church.
There have also been tensions over theological and religious concerns. While members of the Christian Science church claim their religion is based in, reconcilable with, and part of Christianity (being based upon the teachings of Jesus), there are Orthodox Christian theologians and others who disagree. These critics state that Mary Baker Eddy's interpretation of Christian scripture diverges too greatly from basic tenets of Christianity. They often cite the faith's views on the nature/existence of evil or sin, the divinity and resurrection of Jesus, the trinity, and a few others as meaning that the faith can no longer be considered a Christian denomination. In response, Christian Scientists say that Jesus never claimed to be God and that even implicily denied it in .
A quip often used to discuss this is attributed to George Bernard Shaw who was a friend of the well-known Christian Scientist Viscountess Nancy Astor. The quip states "Christian Science is neither Christian nor scientific" and has been quoted by many Evangelical Christians in relation to the faith to the extent that it has become a cliche. Many members of the mainstream scientific community believe that the reliance on spiritual healing, and some of the Church's other beliefs, are non-scientific.


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Spherical Hanging Ornament
One of the most outstanding examples from the Brooklyn Museum's fine collection of Islamic ceramics is a large spherical hanging ornament from Ottoman Turkey. The sixteenth century marked the culmination of Ottoman Turkish imperial power and patronage of the arts, particularly under the ruler Süleyman the Magnificent (reigned 1520–66). In the late sixteenth century, Ottoman ceramic production at Iznik (ancient Nicea) reached maturity. Created by the designers of the imperial workshop, or nakkashane, the design on this spherical hanging ornament is a harmonious combination of naturalistic floral motifs and stylized vine-scrolls and palmettes characteristic of the late phase of Iznik production (1560–1650).
Although the history of Iznik ceramic design is well documented, the precise function of spherical ornaments such as this one is more difficult to establish. Nonetheless, the absence of decoration on one side and the metal brackets on the top and bottom provide clues to the purpose of such objects. They were intended to hang on chains suspended from the ceilings of mosques and other religious structures and to be viewed only from a distance or directly underneath. It is unclear whether large spheres, such as this example, were made to hang independently or along with mosque lamps. In both Christian and Muslim sanctuaries in the Middle East it remains common practice to hang spherical ornaments of glass, metal, or ceramic, perhaps to symbolize the orb of heaven.
- Medium: Ceramic; fritware, painted in black, cobalt blue, green, and red on a white slip ground under a transparent glaze
- Possible Place Made: Iznik, Turkey
- Dates: 1575-1585
- Dynasty: Ottoman
- Period: Ottoman
- Dimensions: 4 5/16 x 4 5/16 x 11 15/16in. (11 x 11 x 30.3cm) diameter: 11 15/16 in. (30.3 cm) (show scale)
- Collections:Arts of the Islamic World
- Museum Location: This item is not on view
- Accession Number: 43.24.8
- Credit Line: Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Frederic B. Pratt
- Rights Statement: Creative Commons-BY
- Caption: Spherical Hanging Ornament, 1575-1585. Ceramic; fritware, painted in black, cobalt blue, green, and red on a white slip ground under a transparent glaze, 4 5/16 x 4 5/16 x 11 15/16in. (11 x 11 x 30.3cm). Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Frederic B. Pratt, 43.24.8. Creative Commons-BY
- Image:
- Record Completeness: Best (92%)

subset: commoncrawl


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Constipation (cont.)
Medical Author:
Jay W. Marks, MD
Jay W. Marks, MD
Jay W. Marks, MD, is a board-certified internist and gastroenterologist. He graduated from Yale University School of Medicine and trained in internal medicine and gastroenterology at UCLA/Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.
Medical Editor:
William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR
William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR
Dr. Shiel received a Bachelor of Science degree with honors from the University of Notre Dame. There he was involved in research in radiation biology and received the Huisking Scholarship. After graduating from St. Louis University School of Medicine, he completed his Internal Medicine residency and Rheumatology fellowship at the University of California, Irvine. He is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology.
In this Article
What treatments are available for constipation?
Reader Stories
There are many treatments for constipation. The best approach relies on a clear understanding of the underlying cause.
Home remedies, diet, and OTC medications to treat constipation
Reader Stories
Dietary fiber (bulk-forming laxatives)
The best way of adding fiber to the diet is increasing the quantity of fruits and vegetables that are eaten. This means a minimum of five servings of fruits or vegetables every day. For many people, however, the amount of fruits and vegetables that are necessary may be inconveniently large or may not provide adequate relief from constipation. In this case, fiber supplements can be useful.
Fiber is defined as material made by plants that is not digested by the human gastrointestinal tract. Fiber is one of the mainstays in the treatment of constipation. Many types of fiber within the intestine bind to water and keep the water within the intestine. The fiber adds bulk (volume) to the stool and the water softens the stool.
There are different sources of fiber and the type of fiber varies from source to source. Types of fiber can be categorized in several ways, for example, by their source.
The most common sources of fiber include:
Polycarbophil often is combined with calcium (for example, Fibercon). However, in some studies, the calcium-containing polycarbophil was not as effective as the polycarbophil without calcium.
A lesser known source of fiber is an extract of malt (for example, Maltsupex). However, this extract may soften stools in ways other than increasing fiber.
Increased gas (flatulence) is a common side effect of high-fiber diets. The gas occurs because the bacteria normally present within the colon are capable of digesting fiber to a small extent. The bacteria produce gas as a byproduct of their digestion of fiber. All fibers, no matter what their source, can cause flatulence. However, since bacteria vary in their ability to digest the various types of fiber, the different sources of fiber may produce different amounts of gas. To complicate the situation, the ability of bacteria to digest one type of fiber can vary from individual to individual. This variability makes the selection of the best type of fiber for each person more difficult.
Different sources of fiber should be tried one by one. The fiber should be started at a low dose and increased every one to two weeks until either the desired effect is achieved or troublesome flatulence interferes. Fiber does not work overnight, so each fiber should be tried over a few weeks, if possible. If flatulence occurs, the dose of fiber can be reduced for a few weeks and the higher dose can then be tried again. It generally is said that the amount of gas that is produced by fiber decreases when the fiber is ingested for a prolonged period of time, although, this has never been studied. If flatulence remains a problem and prevents the dose of fiber from being raised to a level that affects the stool satisfactorily, it is time to move on to a different source of fiber.
When increasing amounts of fiber are used, it is recommended that greater amounts of water be consumed (for example, a full glass with each dose). In theory, the water prevents "hardening" of the fiber and blockage (obstruction) of the intestine. This seems like simple and reasonable advice. However, ingesting larger amounts of water has never been shown to have a beneficial effect on constipation, with or without the addition of fiber. There is already a lot of water in the intestine and any extra water that is digested will be absorbed and excreted in the urine. However, it is reasonable to drink enough fluids to prevent dehydration that would cause reduced intestinal water.
There are reasons not to take fiber or to take specific types of fiber. Due to concern about obstruction, persons with narrowings (strictures) or adhesions (scar tissue from previous surgery) of their intestines should not use fiber unless it has been discussed with their physician. Some fiber laxatives contain sugar, so patients with diabetes may need to select sugar-free products.
Lubricant laxatives
Lubricant laxatives contain mineral oil as either the plain oil or an emulsion (combination with water) of the oil. The oil stays within the intestine, coats the particles of stool, and presumably prevents the removal of water from the stool. This retention of water in the stool results in softer stool. Mineral oil generally is used only for the short-term treatment of constipation since its long-term use has several potential disadvantages.
The oil can absorb fat-soluble vitamins from the intestine and, if used for prolonged periods, may lead to deficiencies of these vitamins. This is of particular concern in pregnancy during which an adequate supply of vitamins is important for the fetus. In the very young or very elderly in whom the swallowing mechanism is not strong or is impaired by strokes, small amounts of the swallowed oil may enter the lungs and cause a type of pneumonia called lipid pneumonia. Mineral oil also may decrease the absorption of some drugs such as warfarin (Coumadin) and oral contraceptives, thereby decreasing their effectiveness. Despite these potential disadvantages, mineral oil can be effective when short-term treatment is necessary.
Emollient laxatives (stool softeners)
Emollient laxatives are generally known as stool softeners. They contain a compound called docusate (for example, Colace). Docusate is a wetting agent that improves the ability of water within the colon to penetrate and mix with stool. This increased water within the stool softens the stool, although studies have not shown docusate to be consistently effective in relieving constipation. Stool softeners often are used in the long-term treatment of constipation. It may take a week or more for docusate to be effective. The dose should be increased after one to two weeks if no effect is seen.
Although docusate generally is safe, it may increase the absorption of mineral oil and some medications from the intestine. Absorbed mineral oil collects in tissues of the body, for example, the lymph nodes and the liver, where it causes inflammation. It is not clear if this inflammation has any important consequences, but it generally is felt that prolonged absorption of mineral oil should not be allowed. The use of emollient laxatives is not recommended together with mineral oil or with certain prescription medications. Emollient laxatives are commonly used when there is a need to soften the stool temporarily and make defecation easier (for example, after surgery, childbirth, or heart attacks). They are also used for individuals with hemorrhoids or anal fissures.
Hyperosmolar laxatives
Hyperosmolar laxatives are undigestible, unabsorbable compounds that remain within the colon and retain the water that already is in the colon. The result is softening of the stool. The most common hyperosmolar laxatives are lactulose (for example, Kristalose), sorbitol, and polyethylene glycol (for example, MiraLax), and they are available by prescription only. These laxatives are safe for long-term use and are associated with few side effects.
Hyperosmolar laxatives may be digested by colonic bacteria and turned into gas, which may result in unwanted abdominal bloating and flatulence. This effect is dose-related and less with polyethylene glycol. Therefore, gas can be reduced by reducing the dose of the laxative. In some cases, the gas will decrease over time.
Saline laxatives
Saline laxatives contain non-absorbable ions such as magnesium, sulfate, phosphate, and citrate [for example, magnesium citrate (Citroma), magnesium hydroxide, sodium phosphate). These ions remain in the colon and cause water to be drawn into the colon. Again, the effect is softening of the stool.
Magnesium also may have mild stimulatory effects on the colonic muscles. The magnesium in magnesium-containing laxatives is partially absorbed from the intestine and into the body. Magnesium is eliminated from the body by the kidneys. Therefore, individuals with impaired kidney function may develop toxic levels of magnesium from chronic (long duration) use of magnesium-containing laxatives.
Saline laxatives act within a few hours. In general, potent saline laxatives should not be used on a regular basis. If major diarrhea develops with the use of saline laxatives and the lost fluid is not replaced by the consumption of liquids, dehydration may result. For constipation, the most frequently-used and mildest of the saline laxatives is milk of magnesia. Epsom Salt is a more potent saline laxative that contains magnesium sulfate.
Stimulant laxatives
Stimulant laxatives cause the muscles of the small intestine and colon to propel their contents more rapidly. They also increase the amount of water in the stool, either by reducing the absorption of the water in the colon or by causing active secretion of water in the small intestine.
The most commonly-used stimulant laxatives contain cascara (castor oil), senna (for example, Ex-Lax, Senokot), and aloe. Stimulant laxatives are very effective, but they can cause severe diarrhea with resulting dehydration and loss of electrolytes (especially potassium). They also are more likely than other types of laxatives to cause intestinal cramping. There is concern that chronic use of stimulant laxatives may damage the colon and worsen constipation, as previously discussed. Bisacodyl (for example, Dulcolax, Correctol) is a stimulant laxative that affects the nerves of the colon which, in turn, stimulate the muscles of the colon to propel its contents. Prunes also contain a mild colonic stimulant.
There are many different types of enemas. By distending the rectum, all enemas (even the simplest type, the tap water enema) stimulate the colon to contract and eliminate stool. Other types of enemas have additional mechanisms of action. For example, saline enemas cause water to be drawn into the colon. Phosphate enemas (for example, Fleet phosphosoda) stimulate the muscles of the colon. Mineral oil enemas lubricate and soften hard stool. Emollient enemas (for example, Colace Microenema) contain agents that soften the stool.
Enemas are particularly useful when there is impaction, which is hardening of stool in the rectum. In order to be effective, the instructions that come with the enema must be followed. This requires full application of the enema, appropriate positioning after the enema is instilled, and retention of the enema until cramps are felt. Defecation usually occurs between a few minutes and one hour after the enema is inserted.
Enemas are meant for occasional rather than regular use. The frequent use of enemas can cause disturbances of fluids and electrolytes in the body. This is especially true of tap water enemas. Soapsuds enemas are not recommended because they can seriously damage the rectum.
As is the case with enemas, different types of suppositories have different mechanisms of action. There are stimulant suppositories containing bisacodyl (for example, Dulcolax). Glycerin suppositories are believed to have their effect by irritating the rectum. The insertion of the finger into the rectum when the suppository is placed may itself stimulate a bowel movement.
Combination products
There are many products that combine different laxatives. For example, there are oral products that combine senna and psyllium (Perdiem), senna and docusate (Senokot-S), and senna and glycerin (Fletcher's Castoria). One product even combines three laxatives, senna-like casanthranol, docusate, and glycerin (Sof-lax Overnight). These products may be convenient and effective, but they also contain stimulant laxatives. Therefore, there is concern about permanent colonic damage with the use of these products, and they probably should not be used for long-term treatment unless non-stimulant treatment fails.
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 7/15/2014
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FORT WALTON BEACH — Police Cpl. Candy Galindo's lips tighten as she pours out a beer she took from a homeless man sitting near the corner of U.S. Highway 98 and Beal Parkway.
Galindo, a Fort Walton Beach community redevelopment officer, poured out the same man's beer the day before. She says that's not unusual — most of her days are similar.
Galindo, known to the homeless as Miss Candy, is as much a presence downtown as the people she monitors, which consist of about 20 regulars who walk the streets with the smell of booze and hard living in their wake.
View a slideshow of Cpl. Galindo's day. >>
After dumping the beer, Galindo fills out a citation with a pen topped with a large fabric daisy. Then she hands the pen to the man for him to sign.
"Some of these people who have been out here for just a few months, they want to find a way out," Galindo said. "But the ones I deal with, the ones that have been out here for 13 years, they are OK with their way of life.
"What I try to do is keep the law, but I also try to make them see that they can do more for themselves," she added. "I tell them to make a plan, save their money. This is not an easy lifestyle."
Galindo has been with the Police Department since 1997 and has been a community policing officer for two years.
She is one of five officers who patrol the downtown area with a focus on residents and businesses.
Her job seems simple: She drives the same streets during her 12-hour shift, talks to the same people and walks the same paths.
"I go through a pair of boots a year," Galindo said, laughing. "People started asking me how far I walked so I bought a pedometer. It's about 10,000 steps a day."
Three hours into her shift, she already has logged 6,152 steps. Before 9 a.m. she has roamed some wooded areas, trekked through a park and made several stops at the corners were people often are seen holding their "homeless, God bless" signs.
"Sometimes I want to see more of the city than just three corners," Galindo said as she drove to the Economy Motel at U.S. 98 and Beal for the third time that morning, where she spotted the corner's regular, Kenneth Shultz.
She says most of the homeless on the streets have a way out, but they choose not to take it. She says Shultz receives enough money each month to find a home and get a job.
"Instead, he'll get a check and rent a room at the motel, invite a bunch of people, get alcohol and some drugs and it's gone," Galindo said as she watched Shultz quickly grab his items and walk off. "The rest of society would have to have Charlie Sheen's money to live like that."
She says some people on the street make more than rookie police officers.
"It comes back to bad choices," Galindo said. "They have to want to change."
She can tell you the names of each homeless person, even without seeing their faces. She knows their walks, their hangouts and their stories.
But she says she never tries to be mean. Instead, she chats with each person, tells them where the free lunch is that day and makes sure they're doing well.
Galindo has found ways of working with the homeless, from holding a sign asking those wanting to give them money to donate to a nonprofit instead, or sitting with a group of men playing cards on the street until they realize she's not going anywhere and leave.
At one stop, she talks with a homeless woman named Loretta and asks about her 9 a.m. doctor's appointment to make sure she makes it.
Loretta is sitting with a man named Doug who was so intoxicated the day before that Galindo had to call EMS.
She said she calls EMS for Doug about three times a week and already had issued him an open container citation before 7 a.m.
Galindo says she never harasses people and doesn't want to put anyone in jail. She just wants what's best for the people of Fort Walton Beach and for the homeless she encounters.
"Every day it's different," she said. "Sometimes it's the same thing when I go from corner to corner to corner, but there's always something. And I get to know the people and I get a chance to hopefully inspire them to want more."
Contact Daily News Staff Writer Angel McCurdy at 850-315-4432 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow her on Twitter @AngelMnwfdn.


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The main reason I began this silly food blog. The abundance of delicious food and the general passion for cooking and eating where my family live was inspiration enough. A saying that is quite common with Malaysians is, "We don't eat to live, we live to eat!", and it couldn't be more true.
Raspberry Cupcakes
A blog post to match my blog name. And to meekly explain the reason for the misspelling of raspberry in my blog name. Unfortunately it's not much of a reason, just a random plucking of a name out of my head thanks to my lack of imagination. It worries me that my deliberate misspelling may have opened the door for even worse misspellings of the word. Let's just clear this up know. It's spelt R-A-S-P-B-E-R-R-Y. My blog name spells it raspberri, my lame attempt to be cutesy when I was twelve and coming up with a nickname on ICQ. Remember ICQ? Uh oh! Anyway it's not rasberry. And definitely not rasberri! Yes sometimes I really wish I could rename my blog.
Sugarcane AKA the BOFAG post
Hmm yes this post turned out to be more controversial than expected. I stand by it though, the food we ordered that night was terrible, and most of it was coated in the infamous BOFAG (batter of five spice and glue). I don't think I could bring myself to give it another chance, even though other bloggers seem to have had a fairly decent experience. I will always be honest with my opinion about the meals that I blog about, what's the point otherwise? To be honest I can't stand most of these vague 'South East Asian' restaurants. Authentic? Really??
Mum's Malaysian Honeycomb Cake
A recipe lovingly provided by my mother, the person who instilled a love of baking, and food in general in me.
Cocoa Nib & Salted Dulce De Leche Biscuits
These are still my favourite biscuits. I love them so much. They are evil but so worth the calories, please try them!
I had so much fun making and selling these for Cupcake day for the RSPCA. It reminded me how much I love doing simple & cute baking. I ended up raising 200 dollars for the RSPCA which I was pretty pleased with.
Scones, scones and more scones!
This blog has unearthed my complete obsession with warm, fluffy scones. I have managed to to write up a grand total of 7 scone recipes this year, my two favourites being the CWA scones and the sticky golden syrup scones. There are at least 3 other recipes that never saw the light of day, but trust me, there will be plenty more scone recipes in 2010!
These were a labour of love. I came up with the idea of these macarons long before I even thought it would be possible for me to create them, but threw myself into it as part of the Daring Bakers' challenge. I've totally loved being part of the Daring Bakers group, it has helped push me so much with my baking, far beyond what I would have done on my own. It took quite a few failures, and a lot of aged egg whites to get it right. Oh and it really sucked losing all my completed challenge photos for this one. Damn you technology!
Ice Cream Cone Cupcakes
Because everyone loves popping candy :)
The Gingerbread Igloo & other Christmas baking
Of course, my gingerbread igloo. It was fun and a little frustrating to make, and I was a little surprised by the reaction it got, since I thought it was a little ugly when I first made it! Thanks for all the tweets and links to it :) I hope everyone had a very Merry Christmas.
Some of my other favourite posts:
Heavenly pannacotta with violets
Making brioche for the first time
Quince & Craisin Crumble
Zumbo cakes & Zumbo Macaron day
Slumberjack Millionaire Cakes
Lemon Oreo Cheesecake Slice
Secret Dinners!
Sweet Potato Cake with Maple Cream Cheese Icing
Coffee Cinnamon Crunch Cake
Pineapple Jam Vol-au-vents
Thanks for following my sometimes-insane food adventures this year, I hope you all had a happy & healthy 2009, and here's hoping that next year is even better! I will keep bringing you things from my dodgy oven and even dodgier digital camera :)


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Barbie™ Silhouette Bag
Release Date: 5/1/2011
Product Code: F6376
Black quilted shoulder bag accented with pink stitching, Barbie™ silhouette embroidered on the front and two rolled vinyl handles. Side snaps allow transformation of size and shape. Interior is lined with a black, white and pink Barbie stiletto print. Large zippered interior pocket with a Barbie charm pull.
Body measures 13.25"W x 5.25"D x 11.5"H; 21"H with handles


text:
2005 Holiday™ Barbie® Doll by Bob Mackie
The 2005 holiday season brings a breathtaking addition to the Holiday™ Barbie® doll tradition! Created by renowned designer Bob Mackie, the Sears Exclusive Holiday™ Barbie® doll wears a gown beautifully crafted of glitter printed jacquard, mushroom pleated tulle, green sparkle organza and satin. The flock sash features a silvery edge. A glitter printed starburst design embellishes the shoulder. Brooch, necklace, earrings, and crown are the lovely accessories.
Sears Exclusive
Costume design: © 2005 Bob Mackie Design Group, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
For ages 6 and over.
Production doll may vary from the photo shown above. Mattel reserves the right to modify the fashion/fabrics, sculpt, hair color/style, and accessories. Doll cannot stand alone as shown.


text:
Bariatric Surgery Information ACW, Aug 22, 5:30 to 7:30 p.m.Bobby Bhasker-Rao, MD, General Surgery760-778-5220 Read More
Lowdown on Hormone Replacement Therapy ACRefreshments sponsored by Novogyne PharmceuticalsTH, Sep 6, 5:30 to 7 p.m.Christine Griswold, MD, Gynecology760-568-1234 Read More
September is Prostate Cancer Awaremess Month
Prostate Cancer: Steps to Take to Lower Your Risk LQArgyros Health and Wellness SeriesTH, Sep 6, 5:30 to 7 p.m.Stephen Steele, DO, Family Medicine and Sports Medicine760-610-7205; register by Sep 5. Read More
Treatment for Advanced Stage Prostate Cancer LCM, Sep 10, 5:30 to 7 p.m.Henry Tsai, MD, Medical Oncology, Hematology and Internal Medicine760-834-3798. Complimentary dinner; register by Sep 7. Read More
Prostate Cancer and Bone Health LCW, Sep 12, 4:30 to 5:30 p.m.Richard Fausel, DO, International Society of Clinical Densitometry760-834-3798; register by Sep 11. Read More
The PSA Controversy ACTH, Sep 13, 5:30 to 7 p.m.Jeffrey Herz, MD, Urology760-568-1234 Read More
Introduction to Stress Management and Meditation ACTH, Sep 13, 6 to 8 p.m.Beth Mulligan, PA-C, Stress Management SpecialistFree introductory lecture. Optional eight-week series follows; TH, Sep 20 to Nov 8, 6 to 8 p.m.; $260, includes CDs and workbook.760-568-1234 Read More


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Dilts will be Lothrop's interim leaderBy Josh O'Gorman
STAFF WRITER | February 27,2013Vyto Starinskas / Staff Photo
John Dilts is the new interim principal at Lothrop Elementary School in Pittsford.PITTSFORD — Lothrop Elementary School's new interim principal will be a familiar face to many members of the community.
John Dilts will lead the school's approximately 250 pupils through the end of the school year. The 62-year-old Brandon resident retired in 2009 as principal of Neshobe Elementary School in Brandon, and before that, was the principal at Rutland Intermediate School.
"I left the profession relatively early and I've always thought I might like to come back on a limited, as-needed basis," Dilts said Tuesday as he finished his second day at his new post.
In January, Lothrop principal Gregory West resigned for medical reasons after six years on the job. John Castle, superintendent of the Rutland Northeast Supervisory Union, filled in until Dilts took the job.
Dilts will fill in while the Pittsford School Board searches for a permanent principal to start July 1 at a salary ranging from $82,000 to $86,000. Dilts said he had no interest in taking on the job on a permanent basis.
"I'm doing this only as an interim and Lothrop needs someone who will stay on for a while," he said. "During the summer I'm going to travel and go back to being retired."
Dilts doesn't appear to equate retirement with inactivity. Since retiring from Neshobe, he has worked with student teachers from Castleton State College and was a steward at the Brandon Museum.
Dilts said returning to working with elementary-age pupils has been different from working with student teachers or museum visitors.
"What's challenging is gearing up for the energy you find in an elementary school," he said.
"I've always known the Pittsford community," he added. "It's a wonderful staff, great students and a great community at large. I'm here at a very lucky time as we prepare to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the school."
email@example.com IN Local & StateRecovery takes time, patience and a desire to change. Full StoryMayor Louras wants the city to have a better idea on what to pay its department heads. Full StoryThe Rutland Town Select Board plans to appoint a new member next week who will serve until a... Full Story
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Radio Antenna at 1A Auto
What is an Auto Radio Antenna and where is it Located?
Auto antennas are an important part of your radio system and allow for the reception of the FM, FM Stereo, AM, Satellite, and now the High Definition (HD) signals sent out into the air by transmitters. It is the key to keeping that crystal-clear sound that you hear in your vehicle pumping through your radio's speakers.
The antenna can be found attached to the fender, quarter panel, trunk lid, hatch, or roof depending on the car or truck. Its size and shape varies depending on the type of vehicle as well. Automotive radio antennas come in many configurations including, but not limited to:
- - Power with a telescoping antenna mast
- - Manual with a fixed antenna mast
- - Manual with a telescoping antenna mast
- - Molded into the windshield
- - Molded into the back glass
Common Reasons why a Car or Truck's Radio Antenna Needs to be Replaced
Since a manual radio antenna doesn't wear out, they are typically replaced on a car or truck due to damage from severe weather, vandalism, accidents, or drive thru car washes. Much like an electric power window motor, a vehicle's power radio antenna can wear out from long term use or a damaged whip cable inside of the mast. In this case, the antenna will be unable to extend or retract and will get stuck in some type of position, whether it be up, down, or somewhere in between. For automotive radio antennas that are built into the glass, scratches can break the traces or disconnect the wiring connection from the glass. In these cases, a replacement auto radio antenna assembly will be needed.
Can I Replace an Automotive Radio Antenna Myself?
Installation difficulty varies on the application. Removing the actual radio antenna should only require basic hand tools and access to both sides of the vehicle's body panel which it is mounted to. Since the cord from the antenna to the radio is one piece, interior trim panels may have to be removed to access the entire length of the cable. A broken power radio antenna whip will require partial tear down of the vehicle's antenna assembly.
Need a Radio Antenna Replacement for your Automobile?
Without a functioning antenna, you should be prepared for many drives in complete silence, or to turn to some other alternative like CD's, MP3's, or your smartphone. Some people are ok with the quiet, and some barely even use their radio anymore, but many people want to listen to talk radio or some music stations while they drive to work, go on long road trips, etc. For those, radio reception is critical and if the antenna is damaged or completely broken, then a replacement will be required to get your radio in good working order again.
If your experiencing issues with your truck or car's radio antenna, or it has been damaged beyond repair, you've come to the right place for a replacement! 1A Auto is now offering high quality, aftermarket replacement car antennas that will bolt and plug in without any modifications to your vehicle or its wiring. So whether your car or truck uses a manual or power radio antenna, 1A Auto has you covered. In addition, as the ever increasing market of aftermarket power and manual radio antennas increases, 1A will be there to bring them to our customers.
Shopping for an aftermarket radio antenna replacement for your car, truck or SUV is also incredibly easy at 1A Auto - we're here to help you select the right part for your vehicle! Call our customer service toll free at 888-844-3393 if you have any questions about our antennas, warranty, compatibility or to purchase, or you can buy online right here at 1aauto.com. Order your replacement auto radio antenna today and get your radio back to playing those tunes once again!


text:
Young Samurai and Female Attendants Practicing Archery, Half of a Diptych
In addition to his celebrated kabuki actor prints, Toyokuni excelled at pictures of beautiful women, incorporating the long, lithe figure type that had come into vogue with the work of Kitagawa Utamaro (1750–1806) and Torii Kiyonaga (1752–1815) in the preceding decades. Archery was a refined activity associated with the samurai warrior class; the man kneeling in the middle is clearly identified as a young samurai with his shaved forelock and hakama pants.
This text refers to these objects: ' 86.263.10; 86.263.11
- Artist: Utagawa Toyokuni I, Japanese, 1769-1825
- Medium: Woodblock print
- Place Made: Japan
- Dates: ca. 1800
- Period: Edo Period
- Dimensions: 15 1/8 x 10 in. (38.4 x 25.4 cm) (show scale)
- Signature: Toyokuni-ga
- Inscriptions: Publisher's seal: Senichi, Izumiya Ichibei
- Collections:Asian Art
- Museum Location: This item is not on view
- Accession Number: 86.263.10
- Credit Line: Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Ran Hettena
- Rights Statement: No known copyright restrictions
- Caption: Utagawa Toyokuni I (Japanese, 1769-1825). Young Samurai and Female Attendants Practicing Archery, Half of a Diptych, ca. 1800. Woodblock print, 15 1/8 x 10 in. (38.4 x 25.4 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Ran Hettena, 86.263.10
- Image:
- Catalogue Description: Right sheet from a diptych. Within the confines of a green house, a young man (at right) and a group of courtesans amuse themselves at an archery range. The young man is no less than the famous actor Matsumoto Koshiro IV. Publisher: Senichi, Izumiya Ichibei (seal) Condition: good (each impression), color and state. Unmatted.
- Record Completeness: Good (78%)


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SLUCare general internist Sonia Chacko, M.D., and dietitian Camille Jones will present "New Year's Resolutions: Diet and Exercise Tips" at the next 60-Minute Check-Up on Monday, Dec. 5. The event will be held from 2-3:30 p.m. at the St. Louis County Library Headquarters, located at 1640 S. Lindbergh Blvd.
|Sonia Chacko, M.D.
Sponsored by SLUCare, the physician practice of Saint Louis University, and the St. Louis County Library, the monthly 60-Minute Check-Ups are part of the department of internal medicine's yearlong centennial celebration. The free events are designed to provide information to keep you healthy as well as resources to help you learn more about health-related issues.
While New Year's Day is still several weeks away, Chacko and Jones recommend getting a head start on your weight loss resolution - one of the most common New Year's resolutions. Jones recommends daily exercise include aerobic and muscle strengthening exercises. It is alright to start with small goals and build up as your ability increases; what's important is being consistent and exercising every day.
Diet is the other part of the weight loss equation. According to Jones, many people are enticed with the promises of fad diets and weight loss pills. But if it sounds too good to be true, it most likely is. The key to losing weight, she says, is burning more calories than you take in. Jones will cover a variety of topics including: portion control, how to read nutrition labels, how to choose wisely when eating out and how to prepare healthy meals.
"If one of your resolutions is to lose weight, why wait another month? Choose one or a couple small habits you can start today, like eating more vegetables or cutting out soda. You don't have to tackle it all today. But if you start now, by the New Year, you'll already be well on your way to being a healthier you," Jones said.
Because space is limited, reservations are recommended. To reserve your spot, call the St. Louis County Library at 314-994-3300.
Read more about the department of internal medicine's yearlong centennial celebration.
Learn about SLUCare's new "Who Are We?" campaign designed to reintroduce the practice to the region.
SLUCare, the physician practice of Saint Louis University School of Medicine, is the only academic medical practice in St. Louis that is fully accredited by the Accreditation Association for Ambulatory Health Care Inc. This accreditation is a voluntary process through which the quality of SLUCare services and performance is measured against nationally recognized standards. To schedule an appointment, call 314-977-4440 or 1-866-977-4440. More information is available at www.slucare.edu.


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"Sweatshirts And Fleece Ladiespricerange2$40 to $60Junk Food NFL Vintage Shield Logo Pullover Sweatshirt Heather Gray" - Tampa Bay Buccaneers - Official Online Store
Sorry. No products match that description.
Welcome to the One & Only Official Online Store of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
This is the best place to shop the top quality Bucs Gear, Bucs Hats, Buccaneers Mens T-Shirts and Bucs Jerseys. Most items are shipped directly from the Raymond James Stadium. We also have a wide selection of Ladies Apparel and Novelties.


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USA Today's For The Win blog discusses the exchange from the recent Dana White VLOG for Fight for the Troops:
Dwight Howard may be making a quick venue change: From the basketball court to the UFC Octagon. During a backstage visit at a UFC fight in Houston, the Rockets big man told UFC president Dana White recently that hed be willing to go into the cage for $10 million.
"I would get up there and fight. If I get knocked out, I get knocked out," Howard said. "Ill get back up one day."
White immediately interjected. "I want to do that pay-per-view when youre ready, man," he said.


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Category: Backflow Devices
|Available Models
|Heavy-Duty Back-flow Preventer, 3/4" FHT x 3/4" MHT
|$4.49 ea.
|Backflow Preventer 3/4" FHT x 3/4" MHT
|$2.87 ea.
|Backflow Preventer 3/4" FHT x 3/4" MPT
|$3.09 ea.
The plastic back-flow preventer (anti-siphon valve) from Hendrickson Bros is an effective and economical way to eliminate the risk of back-flow contamination from an outdoor hose bib (faucet) or other water outlet. Constructed of high-strength ABS plastic the back-flow preventer is made of corrosion resistant material with outstanding reliability and long life. The devises are laboratory tested and industry approved since 1984.


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As head of the Brooklyn Museum's Department of Painting and Sculpture from 1936 to 1952, Jack Baur oversaw a period of unparalleled gr...
Hiroshige's One Hundred Famous Views of Edo
Hiroshige's 118 woodblock landscape and genre scenes of mid-nineteenth-century Tokyo, is one of the greatest achievements of Japanese art.
This work characterizes the new approach to the portrait miniature during its twentieth-century renaissance. Unlike the sentimental, private...
By Location
By Year
By Subject
William Henry Goodyear (1846–1923) was the Brooklyn Museum's first curator of fine arts. A finding aid to the collection and an extensive selection of his photographs, either taken or collected by him, are now available online.
Goodyear Archival Collection History
Goodyear Archival Collection Finding Aid
200 Eastern Parkway
Brooklyn, New York 11238-6052
Eastern Parkway/Brooklyn Museum
Wednesday: 11 a.m.–6 p.m.
Thursday: 11 a.m.–10 p.m.
Friday–Sunday: 11 a.m.–6 p.m.


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Main Content
Order as many items as you like with our $4.99 flat rate shipping.
This item ships within one business day.
Order as many items as you like with our $4.99 flat rate shipping.
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There's something about the sound of a wooden bat striking a ball and the cheers of the crowd as the Yankees runner crosses home plate that will make anyone's heart flutter. When the umpire shouts, "You're out!" as the opposing team's runner slides past the base, you just can't help but to get giddy and excited. The intensity of the game has you mesmerized, so show off your love for the New York Yankees in this Hype-Tastic tee from Majestic. This shirt features a team name with frayed ends and a tail sweep printed across the chest, it also features a Yankees logo on the front for a little extra kick of team enthusiasm. You'll hit a New York pride homerun when you wear this shirt!
- 100% Cotton fabric
- Imported
- Low puff screen print lettering
- Officially licensed MLB product
- Screen print graphics
- Slim fit
Yankees Customers also liked:
Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


text: c.1200, "bold, daring, fearless," from Old French hardi, from past participle of hardir "to harden, be or make bold," from Frankish *hardjan, from Proto-Germanic *hardjan "to make hard" (cf. Old Frisian herda, Old High German herten, Old Norse herða, Gothic gahardjan "make hard;" see hard). Sense influenced by English hard. Related: Hardily; hardiness. Hardhede "physical hardiness" is attested from early 15c.


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Check out this video of the Carl Jung and John Constantine ritual performed by Ian Cat Vincent & co in Liverpool last year, in honour of the stage adaptation of Robert Anton Wilson's Cosmic Trigger.
Lupa's most recent book is Plant and Fungus Totems, and in this article for Llewellyn, she explains why she looks beyond the animal kingdom and what lessons these totems can teach us.
Want to get rich? Here are three ways, and, oh, do these things too. Continue reading


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Downtown Spokane Walking Wine Tour Pass
Spokane and wine again? You got it, I never tire of talking about the amazing wine scene in Spokane. With 25 wineries claiming a presence (19 producers), Spokane provides residents and visitors an abundance of grape exploration. Four downtown locations, including Nectar Tasting Room have recently teamed up to provide a walking wine pass.
Arbor Crest (at River Park Square), Cougar Crest, Whitestone Winery, and Nectar Tasting Room are all within 4 blocks of each other. Whether you're staying at The Davenport Hotel, doing some shopping at River Park Square, or coming downtown for dinner, the tasting pass lets you taste wine at all four wineries for only $10 (regularly $20). The pass can be purchased at all four locations and has a one week expiration date.
Get out and explore.
*The Walking Wine Tour card is not valid on First Friday or Spokane Winery Association event weekends. Limit one pass per person.
Arbor Crest Winery – 808 West Main, 3rd Floor of River Park Square
Cougar Crest Winery – 8 North Post
Whitestone Winery – 8 North Post
Nectar Tasting Room – 120 North Stevens


text: If you guys have seen it we recently made international news when one of our 14/15 models the "Kam Knife" got mistaken for an anti-Putin/Russian Government propaganda tool at the Sochi 2014 Olympic games when Russian rider Alexey Sobolev hit the slopestyle course. Basically international media thought that the graphic was to support jailed activist band Pussy Riot, a band that the Russian government really don't like. Of course we never intended 10 months ago when we designed the board that it would be on the feet of an olympian and that the media would blow something up so hilariously small as a top sheet graphic to top news pages around the world (huffington post, yahoo sports, latimes, cbc). Just to say, we support human rights and being able to say whatever the fuck you want, but we did not intend the 14/15 Kam Knife to be a political statement… its just a chick in a balaclava with a knife. nothing more.


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National Alliance on Mental Illness
page printed from http://www2.nami.org/
(800) 950-NAMI; email@example.com
Celebrate and Bring Awareness to Your Community
The US House of Representatives proclaimed July as Bebe Moore Campbell National Minority Mental Health Awareness Month in 2008, aiming to improve access to mental health treatment and services for multicultural communities through increased public awareness. Since then, individuals and organizations around the country have joined NAMI in celebrating the Month and increasing awareness. Join us!


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Skip to Section Subnavigation Skip to Page Content
For first-year and transfer students.
Associate and bachelor's degree programs for men and women 4 full years out of high school.
Elementary, middle level and secondary certification for men and women with a bachelor's degree.
Skip to Page Content
The Wilson College softball team had six players earn North Eastern Athletic Conference (NEAC) Softball All-Conference honors.
Senior, Leigh Roche (Hanover, Pa./ New Oxford) was selected to the NEAC South All-Conference first team and was honored as NEAC South Pitcher of the Year. Roche went 13-1 on the mound for the Phoenix, recording 124 strikeouts, leading the conference with 10.09 strikeouts per game. For the season, Roaches has allowed just 58 hits and 19 earned runs, with a 1.55 ERA.
Junior, Tara Fields (Berryville, Va./ Clark County) was also selected to the NEAC South All-Conference first team and was named Player of the Year, for her outstanding season long performance at the plate for the Phoenix. Fields is in the top ten of every major statistical hitting category in the conference, and leads the NEAC in batting average (.453), runs batted in (42). For the season Fields has totaled 42 hits, 37 runs scored, nine doubles, three triples, and has posted a .481 on base percentage and a .613 slugging percentage. She is also currently ranked second in the nation in runs batted in per game at 1.56.
Joining Roche and Fields on the NEAC South first team are, junior pitcher, Nicole Musser (Middletown, Va./ Sherando) and third baseman Maggie Sipps (Philadelphia, Pa./ Little Flower). On the mound, Musser has posted a 12-1 record this season for the Phoenix and in 79 innings pitched, she has totaled 101 strikeouts, allowing only 68 hits and 22 earned runs. Sipps has been an offensive threat for Wilson this season, recording a .375 batting average with 30 hits, 23 runs batted in, six doubles, 2 triples, a .474 on base percentage, and a .500 slugging percentage.
Sophomore, Megan Schneck (Bethel, Pa./ Tulpehocken) and freshman, Faith Ricker (Hagerstown, Md./ North Hagerstown) were named to the NEAC South All-Conference Second Team. At the plate this season, Schneck has posted a .382 batting average, with 34 hits, 35 runs batted in, and 27 stolen bases. Schneck also leads the nation in runs per game, averaging 1.63. In her rookie season, Ricker has turned in a solid performance at the plate for the Phoenix with a .435 batting average, 30 hits, 24 runs batted in, and a .500 on base percentage.
Head coach, Brett Cline was honored as Coach of the Year after leading the Phoenix to their second straight NEAC South Division regular season championship, and fourth consecutive NEAC Championship Tournament appearance. Wilson finished the regular season 25-2 overall and undefeated at 20-0 in the NEAC South. The Phoenix are currently on a 22 game winning streak and leads the NCAA Division III in scoring with 10.78 runs per game and stolen bases averaging 4.33 per game.
The Phoenix look to continue their momentum in to the conference playoffs held May 4th through the 6th in Keuka Park, N.Y. Wilson will begin their NEAC tournament action Saturday, May 5th at 8:00 a.m. taking on the winner of Penn State Berks and SUNY Institute of Technology. The winner of the six team double elimination tournament will be crowned NEAC champion and receive an automatic berth into the NCAA Division III Championship tournament.


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Info on Gmail Notifier Plus is here Gmail Notifier Plus Readme
The latest Installer and version/release can always be found here: http://shellscape.org/#gnp
Other Downloads can always be found here: https://github.com/s...-Plus/downloads
For my own sanity, I won't be replying to support requests or error reports on the forums here. But members should feel free to help out other members. Please report issues here:https://github.com/s...ier-Plus/issues
Changes in 3.6 include:
- Gmail Notifier Plus now works on Windows 8.
- Significant memory and resource usage improvements.
- Fixed errors related to sleep and hibernate.
- Fixed custom sound and browser selection.
- Added a tray icon menu identical to the jumplist menu.
- Updated the Windows Installer used to build the installer.
- Updated the installer to support upgrades without having to remove a previous version.
- Removed the version number on the installer given that we're auto-upgrading without MSI.
- Now showing the About window after the first start after an auto-upgrade.
For a full list of specific changes, see https://github.com/s.../commits/master
If you've been using Gmail Notifier Plus a long while and have been enjoying the updates, have had a feature request fulfilled or are a first time user and really like the app, please consider donating. There is a link to donate in the jumplist, the about dialog and the preferences dialog.


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Cropped Drama Jacket
Style # 229064
You've fallen for this sexy crop moto jacket. Featuring pouf sleeves and ruched detail shoulders, you're making a sultry statement. Zips up the front with matching statement pockets.
- 100% Polyurethane
- Imported
- Center back to hem: 17" (43 cm)
- Model is 5'10" and wears a US size S
Rated 2 out of 5�by 1 reviewer.
Rated 2 out of 5�by CocoR Looks Cheap The style is cute, but the fabric looks cheap and nothing like leather. It is obvious this is polyester. I am 5'6, athletic build (34B bra)? Purchased a black size small? it fits well. April 15, 2014
1-1 of 1


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Sadler & Company, Inc.
P.O. Box 5866
Columbia, SC 29250-5866
Phone: (800)622-7370 Fax: (803)256-4017
Send Us An Email
Copyright Notice Legal Notice Privacy Policy
DBA/AKA Sadler Insurance Agency in CA License #0B57651
Sadler & Company of SC, Inc. - Arkansas (Lic. #254179)
Sadler Agency - New York (PC-532473,LA-532473 and BR-532473)
Sadler and Company - Vermont (License #577)
DBA S&C Agency, Inc in KY (Lic. #624039)
Sadler and Company, Inc. in MN (Lic. #20499566)
S&C Agency, Inc. (Sadler & Company, Inc.) in OH (Lic. #33890)
Sadler & Company Insurance Agency, Inc. in UT (Lic. #105192)
1997-2015 Sadler & Company, Inc. All rights reserved.


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The Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, or Chechen-Ingush ASSR (Чечено-Ингушская АССР) was an autonomous republic within Russian SFSR. Its capital was Grozny.
As of 1979 census, its territory was 19,300 km² and population of 1,277,000: 611,000 being Chechens, 135,000 Ingush, the rest being Russians and other ethnic groups.
In 1810, the historical Ingushetia voluntarily joined Imperial Russia, and in 1859 the historical Chechnya was annexed to Russia as well, during the long Caucasian War of 1817-1864.
After The Russian Revolution of 1917, on January 20, 1921 Chechnya and Ingushetia joined the Soviet Mountain Republic. On November 30, 1922 the Chechen Autonomous Oblast of RSFSR was separated. On July 7, 1924 the Ingush Autonomous Oblast of RSFSR was separated. On January 15, 1944 they were joined into the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Oblast of RSFSR, which was reorganized into Chechen-Ingush ASSR of RSFSR on December 5, 1936.
During the World War II, in 1942-1943 the republic was partly occupied by Nazi Germany while 40,000 Chechens fought in the Red Army. In 1944, on the orders by Joseph Stalin, the republic was disbanded and the population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism.
The republic was restored in 1957 by Nikita Khrushchev.
In November 1990, the republic issued the declaration of its sovereignty and in May 1991 an independent Chechen-Ingush Republic was pronounced, which was subsequently divided into independent Chechen Republic and Republic of Ingushetia.


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The miz just recently turned face. They just want to give him more face time cutting promo's as a face.. it hasn't been over kill to me yet.
Last edited by Jack Newport; 12-14-2012 at 04:42 PM.
Want to join EWN's original e-fed? Join EWNCW NOW!Want details? Just ask me!


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(based on 31 reviews)
of respondents would recommend this to a friend.
Best Uses
Feels full size too small
Feels half size too small
Feels true to size
93% (27 reviews)
(27 reviews)
Feels half size too big
Feels full size too big
Reviewed by 31 customers
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I would buy this product again
By Outdoorsman
from Pa.
About Me Casual/ Recreational
Comments about Louis Garneau Oz-zy Road Helmet - Exclusive:
This is a good looking, quality product at a reasonable price.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
- You may also flag this review
Comment on this review
Great value
By Ray H.
from Colorado Spring Colorado
See all my reviews
Good fit, easy to adjust, stylish, and great price. Good value for the money. I hope I never find out if it works protecting my head in a crash.
Better quality than expected
By Dennis
from Coon Rapids Mn.
About Me Avid Cyclist
I ordered this helmet because I needed to replace my Specialized that cost $40.00 more I wondered if this would be as good a helmet as my Specialized, and it was much better, it fit better the quality seems just as good if not better and it cost $40.00 less, and the part I really like it looks good. I love the helmet!
Very pleased
By Grandpa on a Bike
from Greenville, SC
I loved my old helmet but it was 8 years old and needed to be replaced. After much comparison shopping I decided the time was right to try Louis Garneau. It fit perfectly right out of the box. My head measurement was right on the border line of small and medium so I feared medium would be a bit too big, but the closure system tightens just right. There is room for a sweat band in summer or beanie in winter. Wind noise was slightly more noticeable at first, but the extra cooling from more vents more than made up for that. A helmet you put on and forget about, it's that comfortable.
Great helmet Well worth the moeny
By Gofasts-10
from Reynolds Station, KY
this is a great helmet. I've had 3 other helmets and this is by far he most comfortable one yet. The padding is very nice easy to adjust the chin strap and back of helmet to get the perfect fit. the knob in back turns real easy. This helmet comes with extra padding but i didn't even bother putting it in as there's plenty without it. I ride a High Racer recumbent and the only problem I have with this helmet is my headrest hits the back of the helmet where the knob is for adjusting but other then that it's a great helmet for the money.
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Great for Someone New to Road Biking
By KenBikes
from Lehi, UT
You can't even tell you are wearing a helmet it is so light. With a few adjustments I was able to get the perfect fit for this helmet, and the ventilation is fantastic in hot weather. I will buy this exact same helmet again when I need a new one.
Louis Garneau Oz-zy Road Helmet
By Sam
from Clinton, MD
Great fit. My favorite helmet to date
I'll buy anything from L G
By Tonybiker
from Tampa Florida
This helmet fits great. I have another helmet fromLouis Garneau that is also as well made. You always get upscale features without paying high end prices. I love the soft rubber padding on theadjustment. Most other brands use hard plastic.
Great helmet
By Seven
from Sharpsburg, GA
Wasn't sure about which helmet to buy to replace my previous helmet (it was getting old). Saw the reviews on this and decided to buy it. Glad I did! Price was right, great fit, although you need to put some glue on some of the pads as they do not stick to the velcro that well, but this is not a big deal for me. I like all the ventilation on it, great for this hot summer!
(0 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
Tight fit
By Mark
from NJ
I had to return this. It was very tight on the sides, even though my head measurement was well below the recommended size. Perhaps due to a rounded head. I find the Bell helmets to be a better fit, so I exchanged it for another one.
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
Item No. »
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Portal Website Templates
We have a collection of 1 designs in this area!
If you run a portal for anything from cars to food, to movies or even racing, you're likely looking for themed website templates. There is a wide variety of portal website templates in this category for just about any subject. Boating portals, car portals, cooking portals, restaurant portals, customer service portals, and various dreams are being created every day. Don't wait, setup your dream portal with one of these portal website templates today!
Our Portal Website templates are premade web designs that can be used as a starting point for an internet website. The majority of these portal templates consist of HTML and static images. Some of these portal templates may use Adobe Flash in the headers, but all of the templates will have a non-Flash version included. The templates are completely customizable and ready for immediate download once purchased.


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Only hotels in Rutherford are listed below. Explore our guide for inexpensive and discount hotel/motel rates in or near Rutherford, CA for your upcoming personal or group trip. We provide the best Rutherford, California hotel and motel rooms. Browse the Rutherford area hotels to find the perfect lodging! Please use the provided map of the Rutherford hotels. Group booking? Search Rutherford Group Hotel RatesThe Rutherford center is about 4 miles from Downtown St. Helena and 4 miles from Silverado Museum.
Rutherford Hotels/Motels & Accommodations
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It doesn't really matter if the transfer window is open or closed, the rumour mill will never stop.
The best players are always linked with moves around Europe, but some stars are linked with more shocking switches than other others.
I guess in football, anything is possible, but surely the following five rumours won't happen anytime soon, will they?
Let's take a look at five of the craziest transfer rumours of recent time.