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In Christianity, baptism (Greek, "immersing", "performing ablutions") is the ritual act, with the use of water, by which one is admitted as a full member of the Church, and in particular of that in which the baptism is administered.
The majority of Christians, including Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Lutherans, Anglicans, Presbyterians, and Methodists baptize infants. Many other Christian groups reject the practice of infant baptism, insisting that baptismal candidates must first have come to a personal faith in Jesus Christ ("believer's baptism").
Baptism is not usually practiced in the Quaker or Salvation Army churches.
Most Christians baptize "in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit", but some baptize in Jesus' name only.
The most usual form of baptism among Early Christians was for the candidate to stand in water and water to be poured over the upper body. Other common forms of baptism now in use include sprinkling on the forehead or complete submersion in water.
Baptism has traditionally been seen as necessary for salvation. Martyrdom was identified early in church history as baptism by blood, allowing martyrs who had not been baptized by water to be saved. Later, the Church identified baptism by desire, by which, when joined with repentance for their sins, and charity, those preparing for baptism who die before actually receiving the sacrament are considered to be saved.
By analogy, the English word "baptism" is used of any ceremony, trial, or experience by which one is initiated, purified, or given a name. See Other initiation ceremonies below.
As Christians of different traditions dispute whether immersion is necessary for baptism, the precise meaning of the Greek word has become important for exegesis.
The Greek-English Lexicon of Liddell and Scott gives the primary meaning of the word βαπτίζω (transliterated as "baptizô"), from which the English word baptism is derived, as dip, plunge, but indicates, giving as an example, that another meaning is perform ablutions.
Liddell and Scott is not the only authority to state that the Greek word βαπτίζω does not mean exclusively, dip, plunge or immerse. Scholars of various denominations point to two passages in the New Testament as indicating that the word, when applied to a person, did not always indicate submersion. It is Jewish custom that, before any meal of which bread forms a part, the hands must be solemnly washed, and this washing must be done by pouring water on the hands, not by dipping them in water. uses the verb βαπτίζω of such a ritual washing: a Pharisee, at whose house Jesus ate, "was astonished to see that he did not first wash (βαπτίζω – literally, "be baptized" or "baptize himself") before dinner." This is the passage that Liddell and Scott cites as an instance of the use of βαπτίζω to mean perform ablutions. The other New Testament passage pointed to is : "The Pharisees ... do not eat unless they wash (νίπτω, the ordinary word for washing) their hands thoroughly, observing the tradition of the elders; and when they come from the market place, they do not eat unless they wash themselves (literally, "baptize themselves" - βαπτίζω)".
Scholars broadly agree that the baptism of Jesus is one of the most authentic, or historically likely, events in the life of the historical Jesus. Jesus and his earliest disciples accepted the validity of John's baptism. Early Christianity practiced a baptism of repentance in relation to the forgiveness of sins, baptizing in the name of Jesus Christ. Christian baptism has its origin in the baptism of Jesus, in both a direct and historical sense.
The event raised the issue of Jesus' potential submission to John the Baptist and seemed contradictory to the Christian belief in the sinless nature of Jesus Christ. Attempts to address this theological difficulty are apparent in the earliest Christian writings, including the Gospels. For Mark, the baptism by John is the setting for the theophany, the revelation of Jesus' divine identity as the Son of God (). Matthew shows John objecting to baptizing Jesus, an obvious superior, and only agreeing when overruled by Jesus and omits Mark's reference to baptism for the forgiveness of sins. Luke emphasizes the subservience of John to Jesus while both are still in the womb and omits the role of John in the baptism of Jesus (). The non-synoptic Gospel of John omits the episode.
Questions over the baptism of Jesus were a theological conundrum that occupied Christian theologians and apologists throughout the early centuries of Christianity. Early explanations that have remained popular throughout history include Ignatius of Antioch's assertion that Jesus was baptized to purify the waters of baptism and Justin Martyr's explanation that Jesus was baptized in his role as the ideal example for everyone.
The passage of the Gospel of John referred to mentions both that Jesus baptized and did not baptize. Many scholars consider the statement that Jesus did not baptize, but rather his disciples baptized to be a later editorial insertion. Theologian Thomas L. Brodie asserts that the editorial-insertion explanation is unlikely, postulating that there is no need to attribute contradiction and editorial insertion; rather, the explanation presents a theme of Jesus' taking on a more distant leadership role, passing hands-on responsibility to the disciples. Additionally John the Baptizer, in describing the baptism which Jesus will provide, says that it will have a power or significance surpassing John's baptism, in that Christian baptism will involve the Holy Spirit; thus the real emphasis is not on who physically administered the baptism but on the absence or presence of supernatural participation in the baptism. Years later, in Ephesus, twelve individuals who had undergone John's baptism, and who consequently had yet to receive the Holy Spirit, were directed by Paul to be rebaptized, whereupon they received the Holy Spirit.
Gerd Theissen and Annette Merz assert that John 4:2 provides context and clarification for the preceding statements in the Gospel of John indicating Jesus baptized. That is, Jesus did not baptize directly, but rather his disciples baptized in his name. Theissen and Merz assert that ritual purification, such as baptism, was highly unlikely to be practiced by the anti-ritualistic Jesus, who emphasized an "ethical repentance" over ritual adherence. The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions also states that Jesus did not physically administer baptisms as part of his ministry.
Saint Paul and Acts both refer to baptism. For Paul, it effects and represents the believer's union with Christ, Christ's death, and His resurrection; cleanses one of sin; incorporates one into the Body of Christ, and makes one "drink of the Spirit" (). In Acts, its prerequisites are faith and repentance. Acts associates baptism with receiving the Spirit, but the exact connection is not always the same.
Acts of the Apostles states that about 3,000 people in Jerusalem were baptized in one day on Pentecost. It further relates baptisms of men and women in Samaria, of an Ethiopian eunuch, of Saul of Tarsus of the household of Cornelius, of Lydia's household, of the Philippi jailer's household, of many Corinthians, and of certain Corinthians baptized by Paul personally.
The New Testament nowhere specifically authorizes or forbids infant baptism. It considers the children of Christians to be Christians with no suggestion that they required baptism at a later age; and the absence of positive evidence of infant baptism in the New Testament has sometimes been attributed to its concentration on the spread of Christianity among non-Christians, not on the Church's growth from those brought up by Christian parents.
Baptism was typically by immersion, pouring water on someone standing in a stream or pool.
The Didache or Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, an anonymous book of 16 short chapters, is probably the earliest known written instructions, outside of the Bible, for administering baptism. Most scholars date it to about the year 100. It indicates a preference for baptizing in "living" (i.e. running, as in a river or stream) water at its natural temperature, but considers that, if necessary, it is enough to pour water of any kind on the head: "Concerning baptism, baptize this way: Having first said all these things, baptize into the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, in living water. But if you have no living water, baptize into other water; and if you cannot do so in cold water, do so in warm. But if you have neither, pour out water three times upon the head into the name of Father and Son and Holy Spirit.
In imitation of the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan, early Christians preferred rivers for performing baptisms, and this was also suitable for the baptism of large crowds. Since rivers were not available everywhere, some important writers of the second and third centuries (Justin, Clement, Victor I, and Tertullian) remarked that seas, lakes, ponds and springs are equally proper baptismal sites.
Baptism has been in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit since at least the end of the 1st century. While Acts speaks of baptism in Jesus' name, whether that formula was ever used has been questioned.
The practice of infant baptism is nowhere clearly stated or rejected in the 1st century.
Evidence for infant baptism, which would remain universal until the Protestant Reformation, has been seen in second-century writers such as Justin Martyr and Irenaeus and is more explicit in the Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus of Rome (c. 170 – c. 236).
As baptism forgave sins, the issue of sins committed after baptism arose. Hardliners periodically insisted that apostasy, even under threat of death, and other grievous sins could cut one off forever from the Church, but the Church consistently readmitted the repentant. Some early Christians delayed baptism until they were dying, as is said to have been the motive for which Constantine delayed receiving baptism.
Baptism of the sick or dying used means other than even partial immersion and was still considered valid.
Infant baptism became common, alongside the developing theology of original sin, displacing the earlier common practice of delaying baptism until the deathbed. Against Pelagius, Augustine insisted that baptism was necessary for salvation even for virtuous people and for children.
In the period between the twelfth and the fourteenth centuries, affusion (pouring) became the usual manner of administering baptism in Western Europe, though immersion continued to be found in some places even as late as the sixteenth century. Throughout the Middle Ages, there was therefore considerable variation in the kind of facility required for baptism, from the baptismal pool large enough to immerse several adults simultaneously of the 13th century Baptistery at Pisa, to the half-metre deep basin in the 6th century baptistery of the old Cologne Cathedral.
Both East and West considered washing with water and the Trinitarian baptismal formula necessary for administering the rite. Scholasticism referred to these two elements as the matter and the form of the sacrament, employing terms taken from the then prevailing Aristotelian philosophy.
In the 16th century, various Reformers broke from the Roman Catholic Church and challenged numerous church doctrines and practices.
Martin Luther recategorized all the sacraments other than baptism and the Eucharist as rites. Swiss Reformer Huldrych Zwingli differed with Luther here, denying sacramental status even of these. Zwingli identified baptism and the Lord's supper as sacraments, but in the sense of an initiatory ceremony or pledging. His understanding of these sacraments as symbolic differentiated him from Luther. However, all those Reformers and the Protestant/reformed churches in their tradition continued the practice of infant baptism.
Anabaptists ("Rebaptizers") rejected church authority so thoroughly that they even denied the validity of baptism outside their sect. They rebaptized converts. The Amish, Hutterites, and other groups descend from this tradition.
Today, baptism is most readily identified with Christianity, where it symbolizes the cleansing (remission) of sins, and the union of the believer with Christ in His death, burial and resurrection so that he may be called "saved" or "born again." Most Christian groups use water to baptize and agree that it is important, yet may strongly disagree with other groups regarding aspects of the rite such as:
A few Christian groups assert that water baptism has been supplanted by the promised "baptism of the Holy Spirit", and water baptism was unnecessarily carried over from the early Jewish Christian practice.
Submersion (also called "total immersion" or, loosely, "immersion") is the form of baptism in which the water completely covers the candidate's body. Though immersion is now also common, submersion is practised in the Orthodox and several of the other Eastern Churches, as well as in the Ambrosian Rite. It is one of the methods provided in the Roman Catholic rite for the baptism of infants. On the basis of it has been generally supposed to have been the custom of the early Church, but this view has been challenged from evidence of primitive pictorial representations and measurements of surviving early baptismal fonts.
Biblical passages such as and are often interpreted to mean that baptism is by full immersion (submersion) in water in order to represent a death and burial (when the person being baptized is submerged under the water, as if buried), and a resurrection (when the person comes up out of the water, as if rising from the grave) - a "death" and a "burial" to an old way of life focused on sinning, and a "resurrection" to the start of a new life as a Christian focused on God. is also sometimes taken as implying that baptism is by complete immersion in water to represent a birth to a new life as a Christian (when the person being baptized comes out of the water).
There are differences in views about the effect of baptism for a Christian. Some Christian groups assert baptism is a requirement for salvation and a sacrament, and speak of "baptismal regeneration." This view is shared by the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions, and by Churches formed early during the Protestant Reformation such as Lutheran and Anglican. For example, Martin Luther said:
Much later Restorationist Churches such as the Churches of Christ and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), as well as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints also espouse baptism as necessary for salvation.
For Roman Catholics, baptism by water is a sacrament of initiation into the life of children of God (Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1212-13). It configures the person to Christ (CCC 1272), and obliges the Christian to share in the Church's apostolic and missionary activity (CCC 1270). The Catholic Tradition holds that there are three types of baptism by which one can be saved: sacramental baptism (with water), baptism of desire (explicit or implicit desire to be part of the Church founded by Jesus Christ), and baptism of blood (martyrdom) (see topic below).
By contrast, evangelical and fundamentalist Protestant groups recognize baptism as an act of obedience to and identity with Jesus as the Christ. They say that baptism has no sacramental (saving) power, and only testifies outwardly to the invisible and internal operation of God's power, which is completely separate from the rite itself.
The liturgy of baptism in the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran, Anglican, and Methodist traditions makes clear reference to baptism as not only a symbolic burial and resurrection, but an actual supernatural transformation, one that draws parallels to the experience of Noah and the passage of the Israelites through the Red Sea divided by Moses. Thus, baptism is literally and symbolically not only cleansing, but also dying and rising again with Christ. Catholics believe that baptism is necessary for the cleansing of the taint of original sin, and for that reason infant baptism is a common practice. The Eastern Churches (Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy) also baptize infants on the basis of texts, such as , which are interpreted as supporting full Church membership for children. In these traditions, baptism is immediately followed by Chrismation and Communion at the next Divine Liturgy, regardless of age. Orthodox likewise believe that baptism removes what they call the ancestral sin of Adam. Anglicans believe that Baptism is also the entry into the Church and therefore allows them access to all rights and responsibilities as full members, including the privilege to receive Holy Communion. Most Anglicans agree that it also cleanses the taint of what in the West is called original sin, in the East ancestral sin.
Eastern Orthodox Christians usually insist on complete threefold immersion as both a symbol of death and rebirth into Christ, and as a washing away of sin. Latin Rite Catholics generally baptize by affusion (pouring); Eastern Catholics usually by submersion, or at least partial immersion. However, submersion is gaining in popularity within the Latin Catholic Church. In newer church sanctuaries, the baptismal font may be designed to expressly allow for baptism by immersion. Anglicans baptize by submersion, immersion, affusion or sprinkling.
Baptists argue that the Greek word βαπτίζω originally meant "to immerse." They interpret some Biblical passages concerning baptism as requiring submersion of the body in water. They also state that only submersion reflects the symbolic significance of being "buried" and "raised" with Christ (see ). Many Baptist Churches baptise in the name of the Trinity—the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. The few exceptions include full gospel churches, who note that in the Bible there were no references to such baptisms. These baptise only in the name of Jesus Christ.
According to a tradition, evidence of which can be traced back to at latest about the year 200, sponsors or godparents are present at baptism and vow to uphold the Christian education and life of the baptized.
|Beliefs about Baptism
|Type of Baptism
|Baptize Infants?
|Baptism Regenerates, Gives Spiritual Life
|Anglican Communion
|A sign of profession and a mark of separation which, received rightly, affirms the forgiveness received by a believer through faith.
|By submersion, immersion or pouring.
|No. (Except for the Diocese of Sydney)
|Apostolic Brethren
|Necessary for salvation because it conveys spiritual rebirth.
|By submersion only. Also stress the necessity of a "second" Baptism of a special outpouring from the Holy Spirit.
|A divine ordinance, a symbolic ritual, a mechanism for publically declaring one's faith, and a sign of having already been saved, but not necessary for salvation. See Baptist - Believer's Baptism.
|By submersion only.
|Baptism is essential for the salvation of a believer. It is only effective if somebody believes the true gospel message before they are baptized. Baptism is an external symbol of an internal change in the believer: it represents a death to an old, sinful way of life, and the start of a new life as a Christian, summed up as the repentance of the believer - it therefore leads to forgiveness from God, who forgives people who repent. Although someone is only baptized once, a believer must live by the principles of their baptism (i.e. death to sin, and a new life following Jesus) throughout their life.
|By submersion only
|Churches of Christ
|Baptism is a must for salvation as commanded by Jesus, Mark 16:16; Matt. 28:19. One receives forgiveness of sin, the gift of the Holy Spirit, and addition to God's church. Acts 2:38-41. This is done after one has expressed faith in Jesus Christ as the Son of God and repented from sins.
|Submersion only
|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
|An ordinance essential to enter the Celestial Kingdom of Heaven and preparatory for receiving the Gift of the Holy Ghost by the laying on of hands.
|By submersion performed by a person holding proper priesthood authority.
|No (at least 8 yrs old)
|Father, and the Son, and the Holy Ghost (The LDS church doesn't believe in the Nicean trinity)
|Eastern Orthodox Church / Eastern Catholic
|The old man dies the "New Man" is born free from ancestral sin. A new name is given. All previous commitments and sins are null and void.
|By 3-fold submersion or immersion (other forms only in emergency, must be corrected by priest if possible).
|Yes. Confirmation and communion immediately follows.
|Jehovah's Witnesses
|Baptism is necessary for salvation as part of the entire baptismal arrangement: as an expression of obedience to Jesus' command (Matthew 28:19-20), as a public symbol of the saving faith in the ransom sacrifice of Jesus Christ (Romans 10:10), and as an indication of repentance from dead works and the dedication of one's life to Jehovah. (1 Peter 2:21) However, baptism does not guarantee salvation.
|By submersion only; typical candidates are baptized at district and circuit conventions.
|Denomination (Continued)
|Beliefs about Baptism
|Type of Baptism
|Baptize Infants?
|Baptism Regenerates, Gives Spiritual Life
|Baptism is how God miraculously delivers a person from sin, death, and the devil; gives new life; and brings one into Christ's kingdom forever (Titus 3:5).
|By sprinkling, pouring, immersion or submersion.
|Methodists (Arminians, Wesleyans)
|The Sacrament of initiation into Christ's holy church whereby one is incorporated into God's mighty acts of salvation and given new birth through water and the spirit. Baptism washes away sin and clothes one in the righteousness of Christ.
|By sprinkling, pouring, immersion or submersion.
|(Various "Holiness" groups, Christian Missionary Alliance, Assemblies of God)
|Water Baptism is an ordinance, a symbolic ritual used to witness to having accepted Christ as personal Savior.
|By submersion. Also stress the necessity of a "second" Baptism of a special outpouring from the Holy Spirit.
|Necessary for Salvation
|By submersion only
|Jesus name
|Presbyterian and most Reformed churches
|A sacrament, a symbolic ritual, and a seal of the adult believer's present faith. It is an outward sign of an inward grace.
|By sprinkling, pouring, immersion or submersion
|Yes, to indicate membership in the New Covenant.
|Quakers (Religious Society of Friends)
|Only an external symbol that is no longer to be practiced.
|Do not believe in Baptism of water, but only in an inward, ongoing purification of the human spirit in a life of discipline led by the Holy Spirit.
|A necessary step for salvation.
|By submersion, with the expectation of receiving the Holy Spirit.
|Roman Catholic Church
|"Necessary for salvation for those to whom the Gospel has been proclaimed and who have had the possibility of asking for this sacrament" (Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1257)
|Usually by pouring in the West, by submersion or immersion in the East; sprinkling admitted only if the water then flows on the head.
|Seventh-day Adventists
|Not stated as the way to salvation, but a prerequisite for salvation since it symbolizes the acceptance of Jesus as your savior. A time for person to express personal faith in Christ.
|By submersion only.
|United Church of Christ (Evangelical and Reformed Churches and the Congregational Christian Churches)
|One of two sacraments. Baptism is an outward sign of God's inward grace. It is not necessary for membership in a local congregation. However, it is a common practice for both infants and adults.
|By sprinkling, pouring, immersion or submersion.
|Yes, to indicate membership in the New Covenant.
|Baptism is considered by the majority of Anabaptist Churches (anabaptist means to baptize again) to be essential to Christian faith and salvation. It is considered a biblical ordinance along with communion, feet washing, the holy kiss, the christian woman's head covering, anointing with oil, and marriage. The Anabaptists also have stood historically against the practice of infant baptism. The Anabaptists stood firmly against infant baptism in a time when the Church and State were one and when people were made a citizen through baptism into the officially sanctioned Church (Reformed or Catholic). Belief and repentance are believed to precede and follow baptism.
|By pouring, immersion or submersion.
The ecumenical paper Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry, prepared by representatives across a spectrum of Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant traditions of Christianity, attempts to express a common understanding of baptism, as it is derived from the New Testament.
In Roman Catholic teaching, baptism plays an essential role in salvation. This teaching dates back to the teachings and practices of first-century Christians, and the connection between salvation and baptism was not, on the whole, an item of major dispute until Martin Luther's teachings regarding grace. The Catechism of the Catholic Church states: "Baptism is necessary for salvation for those to whom the Gospel has been proclaimed and who have had the possibility of asking for this sacrament. Accordingly, a person who knowingly, willfully and unrepentantly rejects baptism has no hope of salvation. This teaching is based on Jesus' words in the Gospel according to John : "Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter into the Kingdom of God.
Catholics are baptized in water, by submersion, immersion or infusion, in the name (singular) of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit — not three gods, but one God subsisting in three Persons. While sharing in the one divine essence, the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are distinct, not simply three "masks" or manifestations of one Person. The faith of the Church and of the individual Christian is based on a relationship with these three Persons of the one God. Adults can also be baptised, if they aren't baptised already, through the Rite of Christian Inintiation for Adults (RCIA).
It is claimed that Pope Stephen I, St. Ambrose, and Pope Nicholas I declared that baptisms in the name of "Jesus" only as well as in the name of "Father, Son and Holy Spirit" were valid. The correct interpretation of their words is disputed. Current canonical law requires the Trinitarian formula and water for validity
The Church recognizes two equivalents of baptism with water: "baptism of blood" and "baptism of desire." Baptism of blood is that undergone by unbaptized individuals who are martyred for the Faith, while baptism of desire generally applies to catechumens who die before they can be baptized. The Catechism of the Catholic Church describes these two forms:
The Church has always held the firm conviction that those who suffer death for the sake of the faith without having received Baptism are baptized by their death for and with Christ. This Baptism of blood, like the desire for Baptism, brings about the fruits of Baptism without being a sacrament. (1258)
For catechumens who die before their Baptism, their explicit desire to receive it, together with repentance for their sins, and charity, assures them the salvation that they were not able to receive through the sacrament. (1259)
Non-Christians who seek God with a sincere heart and, moved by grace, try to do God's will as they know it through the dictates of conscience can also be saved without water baptism; they are said to desire it implicitly. (cf. Catechism, 1260). As for unbaptized infants, the Church is unsure of their fate; "the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God" (Catechism, 1261).
Since Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican and Lutheran Churches teach that baptism is a sacrament having actual spiritual and salvific effects, certain criteria must be complied with for it to be valid (i.e., to actually have those effects.) Violation of some rules regarding baptism renders the baptism illicit (in violation of the Church's laws) but still valid. For example, if a priest introduces some variation in the authorized rite for the ceremony, the baptism may still be valid (provided certain key criteria are met).
One of the criteria for validity is that the correct form of words be used. Latin Rite Roman Catholics and Episcopalians/Anglicans use the form "I baptize you..."; Eastern Orthodox and some Eastern Catholic Churches use the form "This servant of Christ is baptized..." or "This person is baptized by my hands…." These Churches recognize each other's form of baptism as valid to varying degrees. The Roman Catholic Church teaches that the use of the verb "baptize" is essential.
It is also considered essential that the Trinitarian formula ("in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit") be used; thus they do not accept as valid baptisms of non-Trinitarian churches such as Oneness Pentecostals. There was an ancient controversy over baptism using the formula that Oneness Pentecostals use, with some ancient authorities holding it to be valid.
Another condition is that water be used. Some Christian groups historically have rejected the use of water for baptism, for example the Albigensians. These baptisms would not be valid, nor would a baptism in which some other liquid was used.
Another requirement is that the celebrant intends to perform baptism. This requirement entails merely the intention "to do what the Church does," not necessarily to have Christian faith, since it is not the person baptizing, but the Holy Spirit working through the sacrament, who produces the effects of the sacrament. Doubt about the faith of the baptizer is thus no ground for doubt about the validity of the baptism.
Some conditions expressly do not affect validity — for example, whether submersion, immersion, affusion or aspersion is used. However, if water is sprinkled, there is a danger that the water may not touch the skin of the unbaptized. If the water does not flow on the skin, there is no ablution and so no baptism.
If for a medical or other legitimate reason the water cannot be poured on the head, it may be poured over another principal part of the body, such as the chest. In such case validity is uncertain and the person will be considered to be conditionally baptized – until such time as they can be baptized in the traditional manner later.
In many communions it does not affect validity for a single submersion or pouring to be performed rather than a triple, but in Orthodoxy this is controversial.
According to the Catholic Church, baptism imparts an indelible "seal" upon the soul of the baptized. Thus, once baptized, an individual cannot be baptized again. This teaching was affirmed against the Donatists who practiced rebaptism. Baptism is said to operate ex opere operato and is valid even if administered in heresy or schism. Like holy orders, it confers a "character" on the recipient, who can never be rebaptized.
The Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican, Presbyterian and Methodist Churches accept baptism performed by other denominations within this group as valid, subject to certain conditions. It is only possible to be baptized once, thus people with valid baptisms from other denominations may not be baptized again upon conversion or transfer. Such people are accepted upon making a profession of faith and, if they have not yet validly received the sacrament of confirmation, by being confirmed. In some cases it can be difficult to decide if the original baptism was in fact valid; if there is doubt, conditional baptism is administered, with a formula on the lines of "If you are not yet baptized, I baptize you…."
In the still recent past, it was common practice in the Roman Catholic Church to baptize conditionally almost every convert from Protestantism because of a perceived difficulty in judging about the validity in any concrete case. In the case of the major Protestant Churches, agreements involving assurances about the manner in which they administer baptism has ended this practice, which sometimes continues for other groups of Protestant tradition. The Catholic Church has always recognized the validity of both baptism and chrismation in the Churches of Eastern Christianity. On the other hand, it has explicitly denied the validity of baptism conferred in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Practice in the Eastern Orthodox Church for converts from other communions is not uniform, but even a convert received without administration of baptism is considered to have his previous baptism retroactively filled with grace by whatever form is used to accept him, such as by chrismation or confession. The exact procedure is dependent on local canons and is the subject of some controversy.
In the eyes of the Catholic Church, the baptism conferred by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is invalid. An article published together with the official declaration to that effect gave reasons for that judgement, summed up in the following words: "The Baptism of the Catholic Church and that of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints differ essentially, both for what concerns faith in the Father, Son and Holy Spirit, in whose name Baptism is conferred, and for what concerns the relationship to Christ who instituted it."
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints stresses that baptism must be administered by one having proper authority; consequently, the Church does not recognize the baptism of any other church as valid.
There is debate among Christian churches as to who can administer baptism. The examples given in the New Testament only show apostles and deacons administering baptism. Ancient Christian churches interpret this as indicating that baptism should be performed by the clergy except in extremis, i.e., when the one being baptized is in immediate danger of death. Then anyone may baptize, provided, in the view of the Eastern Orthodox Church, the person who does the baptizing is a member of that Church, or, in the view of the Roman Catholic Church, that the person, even if not baptized, intends to do what the Church does in administering the rite. Many Protestant churches see no specific prohibition in the biblical examples and permit any believer to baptize another.
In the Latin Rite Catholic Church the ordinary minister of baptism is a member of the clergy (bishop, priest or deacon), but in normal circumstances only the Parish Priest of the person to be baptized, or someone authorized by the Parish Priest, may do so licitly "If the ordinary minister is absent or impeded, a catechist or some other person deputed to this office by the local Ordinary, may lawfully confer baptism; indeed, in a case of necessity, any person who has the requisite intention may do so By "a case of necessity" is meant imminent danger of death because of either illness or an external threat. "The requisite intention" is, at the minimum level, the intention "to do what the Church does" through the rite of baptism.
In the Eastern Catholic Churches, a deacon is not considered an ordinary minister. Administration of the sacrament is reserved, as in the Latin Rite, to the Parish Priest. But, "in case of necessity (in extremis), baptism can be administered by a deacon or, in his absence or if he is impeded, by another cleric, a member of an institute of consecrated life, or by any other Christian faithful; even by the mother or father, if another person is not available who knows how to baptize".
The discipline of the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy and the Assyrian Church of the East is similar to that of the Eastern Catholic Churches. They require the baptizer, even in cases of necessity, to be of their own faith, on the grounds that a person cannot convey what he himself does not possess, in this case membership in the Church. The Latin Rite Catholic Church does not insist on this condition, considering that the effect of the sacrament, such as membership of the Church, is not produced by the person who baptizes, but by the Holy Spirit. For the Orthodox, while Baptism in extremis may be administered by a deacon or any layperson, if the newly-baptized person survives, a priest must still perform the other prayers of the Rite of Baptism, and administer the Mystery of Chrismation.
The discipline of Anglicanism is similar to that of the Latin Rite Catholic Church. For Methodists and many other Protestant denominations, too, the ordinary minister of baptism is a duly ordained or appointed minister of religion.
Newer movements of Protestant Evangelical churches, particularly non-denominational, have begun to allow those persons most instrumental in one's faith to baptize.
In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, only a man who has been ordained to the Aaronic Priesthood holding the priesthood office of Priest or higher office in the Melchizedek Priesthood may administer baptism.
Anabaptists ("re-baptizers") and Baptists promote adult baptism, or "believer's baptism."
Early Anabaptists were labeled such because they re-baptized persons whom they felt had not been properly baptized (having received infant baptism, sprinkling, or baptism of any sort by another denomination). Some modern Baptists do not believe baptism by submersion is the only legitimate form of baptism, they simply perform baptism by submersion for members who wish to be baptized. It does not imply that any previous form of baptism by affusion or sprinkling is invalid. Baptism is an act identifying one as having accepted Jesus Christ as Savior. And "one enters by baptism into the membership of the church which performs it.
Baptist theologians (such as John Gill) teach that baptism is only for those who can understand and profess their faith. This is called believer's baptism. Some, such as Gill, argue that the regulative principle of worship, which many paedobaptists also advocate and which states that elements of worship (including baptism) must be based on explicit commands of Scripture, is violated by infant baptism. Some would argue that according to this understanding, the re-baptisms that Baptists generally perform if a person was not regenerate when baptized also violate the Regulative Principle for Worship. Furthermore, because the New Covenant is described in as a time when all who were members of it would have the law written on their hearts and would know God, Baptist theology teaches that only those who are born again, as indicated by a profession of faith, are members of the New Covenant. They view this text as speaking of the visible church in the present age, rather than as a prophetic text of God's New Covenant in Christ administered to all saints from Genesis to the present, which will be fulfilled when Christ returns to earth. Baptism is therefore not administered to those unable to make a credible confession of saving faith in Christ prior to being baptized; but it will be administered upon making this confession, regardless of the confessor's age. Some Baptist churches take exception to this and are very hesitant to baptize young children because they want to confirm whether or not they are regenerate. A confession alone is not enough for these churches, they want to see fruit of regeneration in the life of the person to be baptized, which some argue violates the example set forth in the book of Acts, which performed immediate baptisms.
Those who hold views influenced by the Baptists may perform the ceremony indoors in a baptismal font, a swimming pool, or a bathtub, or outdoors in a creek or river: as long as there is water, nothing prevents the performance of Baptism. Protestant groups influenced by these convictions usually emphasize that it memorializes the death, burial and resurrection of Jesus which according to the grace of God has become the basis of repentance and new life for those who have professed belief in Him, symbolizing spiritual death with regard to sin and a new life of faith in God. They typically teach that baptism does not accomplish anything in itself, but is an outward sign or testimony, a personal act, indicating the invisible reality that the person's sins have already been washed away by the cross of Christ, and applied to their life according to their profession of faith. It is also understood to be a covenantal act, signifying entrance into the New Covenant of Christ (, ).
For Baptists, baptism is a requirement for church membership, rather than a necessary requirement for salvation. Once baptized, a Baptist may move their membership to another congregation by letter.
The above description applies not just to those denominations using Baptist in their names, but also to a wide variety of Protestant denominations who have taken influence from the Anabaptist tradition.
Paedobaptist Covenant theologians see the administration of all the biblical covenants, including the New Covenant, as including a principle of familial, corporate inclusion or "generational succession." The biblical covenants between God and man include signs and seals that visibly represent the realities behind the covenants. These visible signs and symbols of God's covenant redemption are administered in a corporate manner (for instance, to households), not in an exclusively individualistic manner.
Baptism is considered by the Reformed churches as the visible sign of entrance into the New Covenant and therefore may be administered individually to new believers making a public profession of faith. Paedobaptists further believe this extends corporately to the households of believers which typically would include children, or individually to children or infants of believing parents (see Infant baptism). In this view, baptism is thus seen as the functional replacement and sacramental equivalent of the Abrahamic rite of circumcision and symbolizes the internal cleansing from sin, among other things.
In the Latter Day Saint movement (Mormonism), baptism is recognized as the first ordinance of the gospel. As with many other Restorationist faiths, baptism must be by submersion for the remission of sins (meaning that through baptism, past sins are forgiven), and occurs after one has shown faith and repentance. LDS baptism does not intend to remit any sins other than personal ones, as the LDS Church does not believe in original sin.
Latter Day Saint baptisms also occur only after an "age of accountability", or the age at which a child begins to know right from wrong (similar to the age of reason), which is defined by the church as the age of eight years. Mormonism rejects infant baptism. In addition, Mormonism requires that baptism may only be performed with one who has been called and ordained by God with priesthood authority. Since the LDS Church has a lay priesthood, children raised in an LDS family are usually baptized by a father or close male friend or family member who has achieved the office of priest, which is conferred to worthy male members at least 16 years old.
Latter Day Saints do not believe that the gift of the Holy Spirit occurs immediately after baptism; rather, the gift is given by the laying on of hands in a separate confirmation ritual after baptism. This ritual is believed to be confirmed by Paul's actions in Acts 19:6, where, following the baptism of several followers of Christ, he "laid his hands upon" those who were baptized and they then received the Holy Ghost.
The process of repentance and sanctification continues by partaking of the sacrament every week, which Latter Day Saints consider to be a renewal of one's baptismal covenant with God. They also believe that baptism is symbolic both of Jesus's death, burial and resurrection and of the death and burial of the natural or sinful man and rebirth as a disciple of Jesus of the one baptized.
In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (or "Mormon" Church), baptism and confirmation are only the first of several ordinances believed to be required for exaltation. Membership into the LDS Church is granted only by baptism whether or not a person has been raised in the church. As Latter-day Saints do not recognize the validity of baptisms of other faiths, all who come into the church as converts are baptized, even if they have previously received baptism in another faith. The person being baptized must be at least eight years old. The church also practices baptism for the dead "vicariously" or "by proxy" in their temples for anyone who did not receive these ordinances while living. (LDS doctrine holds the concept of moral agency sacred, so deceased individuals baptized by proxy are believed to have the absolute right to accept or reject the ordinances done for them. Proxy baptism for the dead does not mean that the person is automatically considered a member of the church, posthumously or otherwise, only that the ordinance of baptism has been performed for them.)
Baptisms inside and outside the temples are usually done in a font, although they can be performed in any body of water in which the person may be completely immersed. In Latter-day Saint temples, where proxy baptisms are performed for the dead, the fonts rest on the sculptures of twelve oxen representing the twelve tribes of Israel, following the pattern of the "molten sea" in the Temple of Solomon (see 2 Chronicles 4:2-5). Great care is taken in the execution of the baptism; if the baptism is not executed properly it must be redone. The person administering the baptism must recite the prayer exactly, and immerse every part, limb, hair and clothing of the person being baptized. If there are any mistakes, or if any part of the person being baptized is not fully immersed, the baptism must be redone. In addition to the baptizer, two priesthood holders witness the baptism to ensure that it is performed properly.
The Book of Mormon discusses people who lived prior to the life of Jesus who performed ordinances, including baptism.
Baptism is also practiced by Jehovah's Witnesses, who believe that it should be performed by complete immersion (submersion) only when one is old enough to understand the significance of it. They teach that water baptism is an outward symbol that one has made a complete, unreserved, and unconditional dedication through Jesus Christ to do the will of Jehovah God. Jehovah's Witnesses usually baptize converts at large conventions rather than at the local Kingdom Halls.
There is no single statement of conformity on the doctrine of baptism as practiced by Churches of Christ; yet there are several similarities among the vast majority of congregations: Basically, Churches of Christ believe in the age of accountability and believer's baptism. Churches of Christ practice submersion baptism only and do not baptize infants. However, they also believe that baptism is necessary for salvation. There is no restriction upon who may perform a baptism, but it is usually done by an adult male. Adult converts are baptized, as are children who are old enough to understand that they are accountable for their sins and to understand the sacrifice of Christ and the meaning of his death, burial, and resurrection.
Scriptural Basis: Churches of Christ interpret Matthew's version of the Great Commission as evidence that baptism is a command that comes straight from Jesus Christ. compares baptism to a "burial", in their view indicating, along with other descriptions in the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles, that baptism was a submersion. They see as teaching that repentance precedes baptism and that the remission of sins occurs at baptism. They often cite this verse when discussing the doctrine of baptism. (cf. , , ). They say that ("Now as they went down the road, they came to some water. And the eunuch said, "See, here is water. What hinders me from being baptized?") and other passages assert that the baptismal burial is in water, not in some spiritual or figurative element.
Churches of Christ sites quote ("Baptism doth also now save us") and take it to mean that baptism is essential to salvation. And the same verse goes on to say, "not the removal of dirt from flesh [i.e., with water], but the appeal of a clean conscience to God." The second part of this verse confirms their belief that there is nothing magical about the water, but rather it is the act of obedience that results in salvation. states that baptism puts one into the death of Christ, and that baptism clothes one in Christ. has also been cited to exclude salvation without baptism.
Water baptism found early in the book of Acts is, according to this view, now supplanted by the one baptism foretold by John the Baptist (, , ). The one baptism for today, it is asserted, is the "baptism of the Holy Spirit" (). This, "spirit" baptism, however, is unlikely given the texts and facts that the baptisms of the Eunuch and the household of Cornelius were explicitly in water. Further evidence points to the humanly administered Great Commission which was to last until the end of the world . Therefore, the baptism the Ephesians underwent was water by context (). Likewise, Holy Spirit Baptism is recorded as only occurring twice in all the book of Acts to selected individuals (). Finally, it is argued that only Jesus possessed the power to baptize with the Holy Spirit and with Fire which eliminates any mortal ever doing, , .
"John answered, saying to all, "I indeed baptize you with water; but One mightier than I is coming, whose sandal strap I am not worthy to loose. He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire" ()
Many in this group also argue that John's promised baptism by fire is pending, referring to the destruction of the world by fire (, ).
John, as he said "baptized with water," as did Jesus's disciples to the early, Jewish Christian church. Jesus himself never personally baptized with water, but did so through his disciples (). Unlike Jesus' first Apostles, Paul, his Apostle to the Gentiles, was sent to preach rather than to baptize but did occasionally baptize, for instance in Corinth and in Philippi in the same manner as they (cf. ). In he also taught the spiritual significance of the submerging in baptism and how one contacts the atoning death of Christ in such.
Many cultures practice or have practiced initiation rites, with or without the use of water, including the ancient Egyptian, the Hebraic/Jewish, the Babylonian, the Mayan, and the Norse cultures. The modern Japanese practice of Miyamairi is such as ceremony that does not use water. In some, such evidence may be archaeological and descriptive in nature, rather than a modern practice.
Apuleius, a second-century Roman writer, described an initiation into the mysteries of Isis:
The priest brought me to the next baths, surrounded by the pious troop, and after I had had an ordinary bath, he prayed for the grace of the gods and cleansed me completely, sprinkling me with water from all sides.
This initiation of Lucius, the character in Apuleius's story who had been turned into an ass and changed back by Isis into human form, into the successive degrees of the rites of the goddess was accomplished only after a significant period of study to demonstrate his loyalty and trustworthiness, akin to catechumenical practices in Christianity.
Mandaeans, who abhor Jesus and Moses as false prophets, revere John the Baptist and practice frequent baptism, a rite therefore of purification, not of initiation.
The Sikh initiation ceremony, which involves drinking, not washing, dates from 1699, when the religion's tenth leader (Guru Gobind Singh) initiated 5 followers of his faith and then was initiated himself by his followers. The Sikh baptism ceremony is called Amrit Sanchar or Khande di Pahul. The Sikh has taken Amrit once they have been initiated. In Sikhism, the initiated Sikh is also called an Amritdhari literally meaning Amrit Taker or one who has Taken on Amrit.
Khande Di Pahul (Amrit ceremony) was initiated in the times of Guru Gobind Singh when Khalsa was inaugurated at Sri Anandpur Sahib on the day of Baisakhi in 1699. Guru Gobind Singh asked a gathering of Sikhs, who was prepared to die for God? At first, the people hesitated, and then one man stepped forward, and he was taken to a tent. After some time, Guru Gobind Singh came out of the tent, with blood dripping from his sword. He asked the same question again. After the next four volunteers were in the tent, he reappeared with the four, who were now all dressed like him. These five men came to be known as Panj Pyares or the Beloved Five. These five were initiated into the Khalsa by receiving Amrit. These five were Bhai Daya Singh, Bhai Mukham Singh, Bhai Sahib Singh, Bhai Dharam Singh and Bhai Himmat Singh. Sikh men were then given the name "Singh" meaning "lion" and the women received the last name "Kaur" meaning "princess".
Filling an iron bowl with clean water, he kept stirring it with a two-edged sword (called a Khanda) while reciting over it five of the sacred texts or banis — Japji, Jaap, Savaiyye, Benti Chaupai and Anand Sahib. The Guru's wife, Mata Jito (also known as Mata Sahib Kaur), poured into the vessel sugar crystals, mingling sweetness with the alchemy of iron. The five Sikhs sat on the ground around the bowl reverently as the holy water was being churned to the recitation of the sacred verses.
With the recitation of the five banis completed, khande di pahul or amrit, the Nectar of Immortality, was ready for administration. Guru Gobind Singh gave the five Sikhs five palmsful each of it to drink.
Islam recommends a sort of washing called Ghusul (Arabic word means washing) which should include the washing of the whole body in special order or immersion of the whole body (submersion), in a river for instance. This Ghusul is required for an adult when adopting Islam, after each sexual intercourse or a wetdream or a menstrual flow. Also is required to be done for dead bodies. The notion that prayers must be invoked to ask God for forgiveness from impure thoughts and actions is incorrect; it is only desirable.
Such Ghusul is very different from practices in other religions. A person performs it alone privately, whenever it is indicated or desired.
Apart from this, washing before daily prayers is essential and is called Wudu. Muslims believe no one should approach God in prayer, before first asking God to forgive them their sins. Formal prayers are offered five times per day. While washing, one prays to God asking for forgiveness of the sins committed throughout the day, whether intentional or unintentional. This is a Muslim's way of reminding him/herself that the goal of this life is to please God, and to pray to attain His forgiveness and grace.
Christian baptism is challenged in the Quran in the verse: "Our religion is the Baptism of Allah; And who can baptize better than Allah? And it is He Whom we worship". It means that belief in the monotheism of God in Islam is merely sufficient for entering in the fold of faith and does not require a ritual form of baptism.
The Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica, or Gnostic Catholic Church (the ecclesiastical arm of Ordo Templi Orientis), offers its Rite of Baptism to any person at least 11 years old. The ceremony is performed before a Gnostic Mass and represents a symbolic birth into the Thelemic community.
Although even the use of water is often absent, the term baptism is also used for various initiations as rite of passage to a walk of secular life.
The word "baptism" or "christening" is sometimes used to describe the inauguration of certain objects for use.


text:
No place for Holt in England squad
Last updated at 16:11, Wednesday, 16 May 2012
CUMBRIAN-BORN former Barrow AFC striker Grant Holt, who has been banging in goals for fun at Norwich City this season, has not been included in the England squad for this summer's European Championships.
Calls to include the powerful 31-year-old forward in the 23-man squad were ignored by new England manager Roy Hodgson, who selected Wayne Rooney (Man United), Danny Welbeck (Man United), Andy Carroll (Liverpool), Jermain Defoe (Tottenham) as his strikers.
England squad for Euro 2012:
Goalkeepers: Joe Hart (Man City), Rob Green (West Ham), John Ruddy (Norwich)
Defenders: Glen Johnson (Liverpool), Phil Jones (Man United), John Terry (Chelsea), Joleon Lescott (Man City), Gary Cahill (Chelsea), Ashley Cole (Chelsea), Leighton Baines (Everton)
Midfielders: Theo Walcott (Arsenal), Stewart Downing (Liverpool), Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain (Arsenal), Steven Gerrard (Liverpool), Gareth Barry (Man City), Frank Lampard (Chelsea), Scott Parker (Tottenham), Ashley Young (Man United), James Milner (Man City)
Forwards: Wayne Rooney (Man United), Danny Welbeck (Man United), Andy Carroll (Liverpool), Jermain Defoe (Tottenham)
Standby players: Jack Butland (Birmingham City), Phil Jagielka (Everton), Jordan Henderson (Liverpool), Adam Johnson (Manchester City), Daniel Sturridge (Chelsea).
Add your thoughts on the squad and the absence of Holt in the comments box below
See Thursday's Evening Mail for reaction from some of Holt's former Barrow team-mates
First published at 13:29, Wednesday, 16 May 2012
Published by http://www.nwemail.co.uk
Have your say
Hopefully Holt can make Team GB instead? As lets face it they have more chance of winning than England? Either way i'll still be getting behind both teams over the summer.
First of all, am a big england supporter, and am quite suprised at the decison of a couple of players, Stuart Downing scored 2 goals in the season and one of them was against oldham, and most importantly he didnt get a single assist!! for a winger that is dreadful, He shouldnt be on that plane!Andy Carroll, He plays fairly well in his last couple of games, and is in the limelighht, them two games got him in the squad, Would have choose Crouch over Carroll any day, especially with croucheys record and experience,
Both liverpool players!
We as Fans can only hope!!
View all 3 comments on this article

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Carboplatin, Paclitaxel, and Bevacizumab With or Without Everolimus in Treating Patients With Metastatic Malignant Melanoma
Recruitment status was Recruiting
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy, such as carboplatin and paclitaxel, work in different ways to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Monoclonal antibodies, such as bevacizumab, can block tumor growth in different ways. Some block the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread. Others find tumor cells and help kill them or carry tumor-killing substances to them. Everolimus may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth and by blocking blood flow to the tumor. It is not yet known whether combination chemotherapy given together with bevacizumab is more effective with or without everolimus in treating patients with metastatic melanoma.
PURPOSE: This randomized phase II trial is studying how well carboplatin, paclitaxel, and bevacizumab work when given with or without everolimus in treating patients with metastatic malignant melanoma.
Melanoma (Skin)
Biological: bevacizumab
Drug: carboplatin
Drug: everolimus
Drug: paclitaxel
Phase 2
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Allocation: Randomized
Primary Purpose: Treatment
|Official Title:
|A Randomized Phase II Trial of Carboplatin, Paclitaxel, Bevacizumab, With or Without Everolimus for Therapy of Metastatic Malignant Melanoma
- Progression-free survival [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Toxicity as assessed by NCI CTCAE v4.0 [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
- Confirmed tumor response rate (complete or partial response) according to RECIST criteria [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Overall survival time [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
|Estimated Enrollment:
|Study Start Date:
|April 2010
|Estimated Primary Completion Date:
|June 2015 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Assigned Interventions
Experimental: Arm I
Patients receive bevacizumab IV over 30-90 minutes on days 1 and 15, paclitaxel IV over 60 minutes on days 1, 8, and 15, and carboplatin IV over 30 minutes on day 1. Courses repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
Biological: bevacizumab
Given IVDrug: carboplatin
Given IVDrug: paclitaxel
Given IV
Experimental: Arm II
Patients receive bevacizumab, paclitaxel, and carboplatin as in arm I. Patients also receive oral everolimus on 3 days a week. Courses repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
Biological: bevacizumab
Given IVDrug: carboplatin
Given IVDrug: everolimus
Given orallyDrug: paclitaxel
Given IV
Detailed Description:
- To assess whether there is sufficient promise of an impact of the addition of everolimus to the combination of carboplatin, paclitaxel, and bevacizumab on progression-free survival that it would be recommended for further testing in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma.
- Estimate the confirmed tumor response rate in patients treated with carboplatin, paclitaxel, and bevacizumab with or without everolimus.
- Estimate the distribution of overall survival time in patients treated with these regimens.
- Assess the safety profile of these regimens in these patients.
- Examine the impact of therapy on angiogenesis and immune homeostasis.
- Assess common genetic variants in mTOR and associated genes that may impact response to therapy.
- Collect circulating tumor cells in a valid and reproducible way and assess target marker expression using immunofluorescence and reverse transcriptase-PCR.
OUTLINE: This is a multicenter study. Patients are stratified according to elevated LDH (above upper limit of normal) at baseline (yes vs no), location of metastatic disease (M1a [skin, subcutaneous tissue, or lymph node only] vs M1b [lung] vs M1c [other visceral sites]) and prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease (yes vs no). Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 treatment arms.
- Arm I: Patients receive bevacizumab IV over 30-90 minutes on days 1 and 15, paclitaxel IV over 60 minutes on days 1, 8, and 15, and carboplatin IV over 30 minutes on day 1. Courses repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
- Arm II: Patients receive bevacizumab, paclitaxel, and carboplatin as in arm I. Patients also receive oral everolimus on 3 days a week. Courses repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
Blood samples are collected at baseline and periodically during study for analysis of plasma VEGF levels by ELISA; changes in immune homeostasis by immunophenotyping, tetramer assay, and ELISPOT assay; and analysis of genetic variants in mTOR and associated genes by polymorphism studies.
After completion of study therapy, patients are followed up every 3-6 months for up to 5 years.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|18 Years and older
|Genders Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Histologically* confirmed malignant melanoma
- Stage IV disease
- Not amenable to surgery
- NOTE: *Biopsy may be of locoregional disease in the setting of clinically evident stage IV disease, but primary tumor alone will not qualify
Measurable disease, defined as ≥ 1 lesion whose longest diameter can be accurately measured as ≥ 2.0 cm by chest x-ray OR as ≥ 1.0 cm by CT scan, CT component of a PET/CT scan, or MRI scan
- No disease measurable by physical examination only
- No radiographically documented tumor invading major blood vessels
No primary brain tumor or brain metastases by MRI or CT scan
- Patients who have had primary therapy for brain metastases (e.g., surgical resection, whole brain radiotherapy, or stereotactic radiotherapy) are not eligible, even if the metastases are stable
- ECOG performance status 0-1
- Life expectancy ≥ 4 months
- ANC ≥ 1,500/mm^3
- Platelet count ≥ 100,000/mm^3
- Hemoglobin ≥ 9 g/dL (transfusion allowed)
Total cholesterol ≤ 300 mg/dL AND triglycerides ≤ 2.5 times upper limit of normal (ULN)
- Anti-lipid therapy to lower elevated serum levels of cholesterol or triglycerides allowed
- Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 mg/dL (elevated bilirubin levels allowed in patients with documented Gilbert's syndrome)
- SGOT ≤ 2.5 times ULN
- Alkaline phosphatase ≤ 2.5 times ULN
- Creatinine ≤ 1.5 times ULN
- Urine protein:creatinine ratio < 1.0 OR proteinuria < 2+ by urine dipstick OR ≤ 1g of protein by 24-hour urine collection
- Not pregnant or nursing
- Negative pregnancy test
Fertile patients must use effective contraception during and for 8 weeks after completion of study therapy
- Hormonal contraceptives are not acceptable as a sole method of contraception
- Willing to provide mandatory blood samples for research purposes
- Willing to follow a diet low in fat and cholesterol while taking everolimus
No other medical condition including, but not limited to, the following:
- History of liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, chronic persistent hepatitis, or hepatitis B or C [positive hepatitis B antigen or hepatitis C serology])
- Active infection requiring parenteral antibiotics
- Poorly controlled high BP (i.e., systolic BP ≥ 150 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥ 100 mm Hg) despite treatment
- NYHA class II-IV congestive heart failure
- Serious cardiac arrhythmia requiring medication
- Myocardial infarction or unstable angina within the past 6 months
- Clinically significant peripheral vascular disease
- Deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolus within the past year
- Active bleeding or pathological condition that carries a high risk of bleeding (e.g., known esophageal varices)
- Serious, non-healing wound (including wounds healing by secondary intention), ulcer, or bone fracture
- Abdominal fistula, gastrointestinal perforation, or intra-abdominal abscess within the past 6 months
- History of CNS disease (e.g., vascular abnormalities), clinically significant stroke or TIA within the past 6 months, or seizures not controlled with standard medical therapy
- History of hypertensive crisis or hypertensive encephalopathy
- Uncontrolled diabetes, defined as fasting serum glucose > 1.5 times ULN
- Severely impaired lung function, defined as DLCO that is 50% of the normal predicted value and/or 0_2 saturation ≤ 88% at rest on room air
- Known history of HIV seropositivity
- No peripheral sensory neuropathy ≥ grade 2
- No other malignancy within the past 5 years except basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin treated with local resection or curatively treated carcinoma in situ (e.g., of the cervix, breast, prostate, etc.)
- No active hemoptysis (≥ ½ teaspoon of bright red blood per episode) within the past 30 days
- No significant traumatic injury within the past 4 weeks
- No known hypersensitivity to any of the components of everolimus, bevacizumab, carboplatin, or paclitaxel
No more than one prior chemotherapy-based regimen for metastatic melanoma
- No prior taxane-based regimens
- Prior adjuvant non-taxane-based chemotherapy and/or adjuvant immunotherapy allowed
Any number of prior biologic, immunologic, or targeted therapies allowed
- More than 2 weeks since any prior biologic, immunologic, or targeted therapies
- More than 3 weeks since prior chemotherapy
- At least 7 days since prior and no concurrent drugs that are known to be strong inhibitors or inducers of CYP3A4
- More than 4 weeks since prior investigational agents
- More than 4 weeks since prior major surgical procedure or open biopsy
- More than 7 days since prior fine needle aspiration or core biopsy
- More than 4 weeks since prior adjuvant radiotherapy
- More than 2 weeks since prior palliative radiotherapy
- No prior radiotherapy to > 25% of the functioning bone marrow
- No prior treatment with agents disrupting VEGF activity (e.g., bevacizumab, aflibercept, or anti-VEGFR monoclonal antibody) or targeting VEGFR (e.g., sunitinib malate or sorafenib tosylate)
- No prior mTOR inhibitors (e.g., sirolimus, temsirolimus, or everolimus) for melanoma
- No concurrent major surgical procedure
- No concurrent anti-platelet therapy other than low-dose aspirin (i.e., 81 mg of aspirin 81 daily)
- No concurrent full-dose oral or parenteral anticoagulation or prophylactic anticoagulation
- No concurrent grapefruit or grapefruit juice
- No concurrent radiotherapy
- No other concurrent chemotherapy
- No concurrent enrollment in another clinical trial involving investigational procedures or agents to treat the primary malignancy
- No planned immunization with attenuated live vaccines ≤ 7 days
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00976573
Show 310 Study Locations
|Study Chair:
|Robert McWilliams, MD
|Mayo Clinic
Additional Information:
No publications provided
|Responsible Party:
|Jan C. Buckner, North Central Cancer Treatment Group
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00976573 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|September 11, 2009
|Last Updated:
|February 21, 2013
|Health Authority:
Keywords provided by National Cancer Institute (NCI):
stage IV melanoma
recurrent melanoma
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Neoplasms by Histologic Type
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue
Neuroectodermal Tumors
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Nevi and Melanomas
Angiogenesis Inhibitors
Angiogenesis Modulating Agents
Anti-Bacterial Agents
Anti-Infective Agents
Antibiotics, Antineoplastic
Antifungal Agents
Antimitotic Agents
Antineoplastic Agents
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic
Growth Inhibitors
Growth Substances
Immunologic Factors
Immunosuppressive Agents
Mitosis Modulators
Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action
Pharmacologic Actions
Physiological Effects of Drugs
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on July 05, 2015


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Promotional Outdoor & Leisure | Promotional Fans
Come summer, outdoor activities can be tiring, especially when you feel sweat dripping down your face. A fan is a must have. If you happen to have an even held outdoors during the hot season, you must get promotional fans and viewers and custom fans and viewers. Enjoy the price slash from its usual market cost if you decide to order in bulk. With that great discount thrown in, it's possible to order a lot of these to give out to the attendees. Cater to the needs of the people joining your event and freely give it to everyone. Add in your logo and design for your customized fans and viewers and personalized fans and viewers. Become popular with these imprinted fans and viewers. Let people know who you are simply by including your name in the giveaway items. We will take care of your orders, so sign up now.


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This promotion is for loyalty members only. If you want to take advantage of exclusive offers like these, join Office Depot OfficeMax Rewards now! Already a member? sign in here.
- Home /
- Technology /
- Computers & Tablets /
- Laptops /
- Product Details
- 15.6" diagonal touch-screen display for easy, intuitive use. Lets you run programs with the touch of a finger. Truelife technology offers crystal-clear viewing.
- High-performance Intel Core i5 processor. Handles the demands of today's complex software and is great for multi-tasking.
- Extra-large 6GB memory lets you run your most demanding programs.
- 500GB hard drive easily holds thousands of songs, photos and documents.
- Wireless-N (802.11n) for high-performance, cable-free networking. Lets you access wireless networks to share files, surf the Web and exchange email. Fully compatible with 801.11b/g. Wired networking is also supported.
- Bluetooth® wireless. Permits short-range data transfers at up to 30' with other Bluetooth-enabled devices, including mice, phones and printers.
- Plays and burns CDs and DVDs.
- Memory card reader for fast, easy file transfers. Transfer your digital photos, music and other files from 8 types of memory cards.
- HDMI port lets you view videos and photos on your HDTV. (HDMI cable sold separately.)
- Built-in front camera/webcam and microphone lets you keep in touch with others.
- 2 USB 3.0 ports for ultra-fast data transfers. Up to 10 times faster than USB 2.0, yet fully compatible with USB 2.0 devices.
- Up to 6.6 hours of battery life. Battery life will vary depending on the product configuration, product model, applications loaded on the product, power management setting of the product and the product features used by the customer. As with all batteries, the maximum capacity of this battery will decrease with time and usage.
- Microsoft® Windows® 8. The latest version of Windows.
- Greener choice—complies with EPA's Energy Star® standards.
- Intel, the Intel Logo, Intel Inside, Intel Core and Core Inside are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and/or other countries.
Product Details
|Item #
|Manufacturer #
|diagonal screen size
|15.6 inches
|processor speed
|processor brand
|maximum memory capacity
|optical drive
|DVD±RW/DVD+R Double Layer
|hard drive type
|Hard Drive
|memory speed
|wired connectivity
|10/100 Ethernet
|integrated speakers
|Dell, Inc.
|video hardware
|integrated Intel HD Graphics
|postconsumer recycled content
|peripherals included
|front camera/webcam
|wireless connectivity
|802.11b/g/n; Bluetooth
|Operating Systems
|Windows 8
|no modem
|5.12 lb
|operating system details
|Windows 8
|brand name
|memory type
|processor type
|Core i5
|maximum battery life
|6.6 hours
|hard drive capacity
|screen resolution
|1366 x 768
|numeric keypad
|memory card reader
|total recycled content
|processor model
|Core i5-3337U
|2 USB 3.0; 2 USB 2.0; 1 Ethernet; 1 HDMI
|Maximum Turbo Speed
|2.7 GHz
|warranty length
|1-year limited
|model name
|Inspiron 15R (i15RMT-5099sLV)
|audio hardware
|Waves MaxxAudio 4.0
From the Manufacturer|
What's new with Windows 8.1?
Note: Some features require Windows 8.1. Update available through Windows store for Windows 8 users. Internet access required; fees may apply.
The devices shown in the videos are displayed only for demonstrative purposes to showcase the touch features of the Windows operating system. Similar mice and keyboard keystrokes can be used on non-touch devices. Please check the specs of the machine on the page to know what features are included.
It's new, but you know it.
- Start up in the familiar desktop to get stuff done or the Start screen to easily access all your favorite apps and sites.
Easier than ever to use.
- New navigation features make it faster and easier to access, close, minimize and switch between open apps.
- Pin favorite apps to the Start screen, the taskbar, or both for quick and easy access to what you use the most.
More productive.
Greater speed and ease in finding what you are looking for including new apps to love.
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Check out why Windows just got better and you can make your Windows device the way you want it.
It plays as hard as it works.{"assetWrapper":"rich-features","sources":[{"width":960,"height":540,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/Play_Hard_1080p_EN-US.mp4.flash.flv","profile":"FLASH"},{"width":960,"height":540,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/Play_Hard_1080p_EN-US.mp4.mp4full.mp4","profile":"MP4FULL"},{"width":480,"height":270,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/Play_Hard_1080p_EN-US.mp4.mobile.mp4","profile":"MOBILE"},{"width":180,"height":102,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/Play_Hard_1080p_EN-US.mp4.blkbry.mp4","profile":"BLKBRY"}],"isAdaCompliant":false,"src":{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/Play_Hard_1080p_EN-US.mp4"},"caption":"It plays as hard as it works.","duration":86.869333,"runtimePoster":{"sources":[{"width":960,"height":540,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/Play_Hard_1080p_EN-US.mp4.poster.jpg.w960.jpg","profile":"W960"},{"width":480,"height":270,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/Play_Hard_1080p_EN-US.mp4.poster.jpg.w480.jpg","profile":"W480"},{"width":240,"height":135,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/Play_Hard_1080p_EN-US.mp4.poster.jpg.w240.jpg","profile":"W240"}],"runtimeSrc":{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/Play_Hard_1080p_EN-US.mp4.poster.jpg.web.jpg"},"src":{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/Play_Hard_1080p_EN-US.mp4.poster.jpg"}}}Windows 8.1 gives you the power to quickly browse, watch movies, play games, polish your resume, and pull together a killer presentation — all on a single PC. Now you can organize up to three apps on your screen at once in a single view.
The apps you want.{"assetWrapper":"rich-features","sources":[{"width":960,"height":540,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/AppsVideo_1080p_EN-US.mp4.flash.flv","profile":"FLASH"},{"width":960,"height":540,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/AppsVideo_1080p_EN-US.mp4.mp4full.mp4","profile":"MP4FULL"},{"width":480,"height":270,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/AppsVideo_1080p_EN-US.mp4.mobile.mp4","profile":"MOBILE"},{"width":180,"height":102,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/AppsVideo_1080p_EN-US.mp4.blkbry.mp4","profile":"BLKBRY"}],"isAdaCompliant":false,"src":{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/AppsVideo_1080p_EN-US.mp4"},"caption":"The apps you want.","duration":60.138667,"runtimePoster":{"sources":[{"width":960,"height":540,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/AppsVideo_1080p_EN-US.mp4.poster.jpg.w960.jpg","profile":"W960"},{"width":480,"height":270,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/AppsVideo_1080p_EN-US.mp4.poster.jpg.w480.jpg","profile":"W480"},{"width":240,"height":135,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/AppsVideo_1080p_EN-US.mp4.poster.jpg.w240.jpg","profile":"W240"}],"runtimeSrc":{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/AppsVideo_1080p_EN-US.mp4.poster.jpg.web.jpg"},"src":{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/AppsVideo_1080p_EN-US.mp4.poster.jpg"}}}In addition to great built-in apps for email, people, photos and video editing – you can also download thousands of popular apps from the Windows Store, including Netflix, ESPN, Skype and Halo: Spartan Assault.
Mouse, keyboard—and now touch.
Windows 8.1 works harmoniously with various types of devices, including touch, mouse-and-keyboard, or both. Whatever kind of device you have, you'll discover fast and fluid ways to switch between apps, move things around, and go smoothly from one place to another.
Make it yours.
New ways to personalize with more Start screen tiles sizes, colors, and backgrounds.
Your files, everywhere.
Stay connected to your photos and important files and access them on your phone, tablet or PC with OneDrive. By signing in with your Microsoft account to any of your PCs running Windows 8.1 and you'll immediately see your own background, display preferences, and settings.
Multitasking made easy.It's easy to do up to four things at once. Snap multiple apps side by side in a single view for easy multitasking and enhanced productivity.
Stay up to date and more secure with built-in privacy and security protection with Windows Defender and SmartScreen.
It's fast.
Windows 8.1 starts up faster, switches between apps faster, and uses power more efficiently than previous versions of Windows, including Windows 7.
Works with what you have.
Easily connect to your printers, cameras and more with built-in USB ports. With Windows 8.1, you can run all of the programs that you had on Windows 7.
Get more done with Office.{"assetWrapper":"rich-features","sources":[{"width":960,"height":540,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/7029c0b4-8a79-4a7a-be61-f84eb20f3da4.mp4.flash.flv","profile":"FLASH"},{"width":960,"height":540,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/7029c0b4-8a79-4a7a-be61-f84eb20f3da4.mp4.mp4full.mp4","profile":"MP4FULL"},{"width":480,"height":270,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/7029c0b4-8a79-4a7a-be61-f84eb20f3da4.mp4.mobile.mp4","profile":"MOBILE"},{"width":180,"height":102,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/7029c0b4-8a79-4a7a-be61-f84eb20f3da4.mp4.blkbry.mp4","profile":"BLKBRY"}],"isAdaCompliant":false,"src":{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/7029c0b4-8a79-4a7a-be61-f84eb20f3da4.mp4"},"caption":"Get more done with Office.","customPoster":{"sources":[{"width":960,"height":540,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/6b601365-037e-4fa1-9f9b-c3791bca5871.JPG.w960.jpg","profile":"W960"},{"width":480,"height":270,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/6b601365-037e-4fa1-9f9b-c3791bca5871.JPG.w480.jpg","profile":"W480"},{"width":240,"height":135,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/6b601365-037e-4fa1-9f9b-c3791bca5871.JPG.w240.jpg","profile":"W240"}],"runtimeSrc":{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/6b601365-037e-4fa1-9f9b-c3791bca5871.JPG.web.jpg"},"src":{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/6b601365-037e-4fa1-9f9b-c3791bca5871.JPG"}},"duration":69.563,"runtimePoster":{"sources":[{"width":960,"height":540,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/7029c0b4-8a79-4a7a-be61-f84eb20f3da4.mp4.poster.jpg.w960.jpg","profile":"W960"},{"width":480,"height":270,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/7029c0b4-8a79-4a7a-be61-f84eb20f3da4.mp4.poster.jpg.w480.jpg","profile":"W480"},{"width":240,"height":135,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/7029c0b4-8a79-4a7a-be61-f84eb20f3da4.mp4.poster.jpg.w240.jpg","profile":"W240"}],"runtimeSrc":{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/7029c0b4-8a79-4a7a-be61-f84eb20f3da4.mp4.poster.jpg.web.jpg"},"src":{"width":1280,"height":720,"src":"/_wc/cp/products/1349378363028/tab-55c2794b-7de2-47fd-af30-3759d7cea358/7029c0b4-8a79-4a7a-be61-f84eb20f3da4.mp4.poster.jpg"}}}Office at its best on Windows 8 devices. Discover new and better ways to create, edit, and browse—using a keyboard or touchscreen. Please review the specifications on this Windows device and, if Office is not already included, don't forget to add it to your purchase.
Windows Q&A
- Why should I buy a Windows device?
Windows devices are available in all shapes and sizes to match your lifestyle and they can also be customized with your favorite apps, colors, and backgrounds to match your personality. Multitask with ease on a Windows device. Run Office side-by-side with your web browser, or make a Skype video call while you check email. Windows devices also work with stuff you already have, they include ports for printers and cameras and work with your favorite apps.*
*Windows RT 8.1 devices only runs built-in apps or apps that you download from the Windows Store.
- Does Windows have the apps I want?
Right out of the box, Windows 8.1 comes with apps to do all the basics and a lot more. There are apps to stay in touch, save your files to the cloud, and keep track of your photos and videos in new and easy ways.
Plus, you can visit the Windows store to choose from over 100,000 apps for games, music, news, weather, and entertainment, to just name a few.
- Did the desktop disappear?
No. You'll also still be able to work with the familiar desktop just as you did in earlier versions of Windows. If you spend most of your time on the desktop, you can even set Windows to go there instead of the Start screen when you first turn on your PC.
- I have heard it is for touchscreens. Can I still use a mouse and keyboard?
- Yes. You can use it the way you want: touchscreen, mouse and keyboard, or both. You'll also still be able to work with the familiar desktop just as you did in earlier versions of Windows.
Note: The touchscreen functionality is dependent on the specifications of the device's screen. Please check the specs of the machine on this page to know what features are included.
- Can I use my current software and printers?
Windows 8.1 is compatible with almost all of the peripherals (printers, cameras, keyboards, mice, etc.) that you're using today with your Windows PC or tablet. You can also use most of the desktop programs you currently use, including Office programs.
- What if I buy a PC running Windows 8? Can I update to Windows 8.1?
Yes. If you're running Windows 8 you'll be able to get the free update to Windows 8.1 through the Windows Store.
Thank you for submitting your question
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text:
Draft Tracker:
Check out our Draft Big Board and Results Chart! Based on TheOpenMat.com's rankings, it should help everyone keep track of things better and raise the level of competition in the league. As we draft, I'll highlight the wrestlers that have been taken on the "Big Board" tab and update both of the "Results" tabs.
1) Starting Time. The draft will begin Monday, October 15, at 7 a.m. PACIFIC Time (10 a.m. eastern).
2) Time Limit. You have 3 hours from the time of the pick before you to make your pick. If not, the person after you is free to make their pick, and so on and so forth. You may make your missed pick at any time, but you are missing out on wrestlers.
Furthermore, official time limits will only apply between 10 am and 10 pm Eastern Time. If your pick is scheduled outside of those hours, you may make that pick, but no time limit will be enforced on the next league member until the official opening.
Ex: If thaxton makes his pick at 8:30 pm, then Herkey#1 is not required to make his pick at 11:30 pm, but by 12:30 pm (just after midday) on the next draft day. 1 1/2 hours from the night before WILL count on your time limit. However, Herkey#1 is free to make his pick at any time, say at 1:30 in the morning. Then, yakrider may make his pick at any time before 10 am, or he has until 1:00 pm on the next day.
3) If you can't be at your computer and need to take the full 3 hours, fine. The intent of the 3 hour limit is for people who simply cannot get to the computer to make a good pick because they are at work, on the road, etc. HOWEVER, if you have been notified that it is your turn and are able to look at the computer, please try to make your pick within a half an hour. That should be more than enough computer time to make an educated decision. The intent of the 3 hour time allowance is to accommodate schedules, not to give you 3 hours to deliberate on each pick.
4) When it's your turn, you will receive a text message alerting you. This will help us keep the draft running smooth. If something about the draft days or phone system isn't going to work for you, let me know and we will try to accommodate you.
5) Keeper picks must be announced by Friday, October 12, at 8 p.m. Pacific Time. If you do not declare a keeper by then, you will not keep any wrestlers.
Let me know if you have questions or think I'm missing something here. This is basically the same as it was last year.
Date & Time:
- Begins Monday, October 15, at 7 am PACIFIC (10 am Eastern)
- Will run from 7 am-7 pm PACIFIC every week day until the draft is over.
- Picks won't be timed on weekends, but we want to make as many picks on the weekend as we can.
Draft Order:
1. WhippetGrappler
2. kr1963
3. thaxton
4. Herkey#1
5. yakrider
6. GaCoach
8. tigerfan
9. Gold
10. buckvader
11. gobigred
12. vaisforlovers
The order will snake each round.


text:
The power of BlackBerry
on your computer and tablet
No wires, no saving to a cloud, no transferring between devices. It's just there.
Join over 4,000 professionals already BlackBerry certified
With BlackBerry Enterprise solutions deployed by thousands of organizations worldwide both large and small, the demand for skilled BlackBerry professionals is greater than ever. Show off your skills and boost your credibility with the BlackBerry® Certification Program.
Demonstrate your drive, ambition and knowledge of the BlackBerry solution by getting BlackBerry certified. The BlackBerry 10 Certification Program is an industry standard in excellence, designed to validate both skill level and knowledge of specific BlackBerry products and services. BlackBerry® 10 exams have been developed using IT certification industry standards and will help identify the experts who support, manage and develop for BlackBerry.
With the BlackBerry Certification credential management system, you can monitor your certification progress and view your exam history. Log in to the BlackBerry Certification credential management system
Be the first to become certified in the following BlackBerry 10 credentials:
BCP-240 exam (PDF): Supporting BlackBerry® 10 Devices
BCP-340 exam (PDF): Supporting BlackBerry 10 Devices and a BlackBerry® Device Service in an Enterprise environment
BCP-440 exam (PDF): Managing the BlackBerry Device Service
BCP-842 exam (PDF): Developing Applications Using the BlackBerry® 10 WebWorks™ SDK
BCP-843 exam (PDF): Developing Applications Using the BlackBerry® 10 Native SDK and Cascades™ UI Framework
Visit the Prometric website to schedule your BlackBerry 10 exam at a local Prometric testing facility.


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Quatro Slip On Bike Toe
WeatherSMART: ALL-WEATHER, WATER-RESISTANT SHOES
Comfort meets function with this all-weather, waterproof leather slip on dress shoe. This basic slip on dress shoe makes life easier and goes perfectly with professional attire.
• Full grain waterproof leather upper with HP HydroX technology provides complete waterproof protection
• Side gore for easy on and off
• A new waterproof membrane, HP HydroX protects the foot from water penetration offering the best water defense for footwear. Designed to keep water out in even the harshest weather conditions
• Sheepskin leather and mesh fabric linings provide climate control and moisture wicking away from the foot
• Padded collar area for cushioning around ankle area
• ComfortFusion® instant and forever comfort. This comfort system provides the ultimate in comfort and durability
• Strobel construction provides flexibility without an insole board
• ABS shank supports the mid-foot and heel areas of the foot
• Full length EVA footbed covered with a layer of latex soft cushion foam and sheepskin cover
• Direct attach polyurethane outsole creates a permanent chemical bond between the upper and outsole providing long wearing durability and shock absorbing comfort