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Jockey Rosie Napravnik is horse racing's new darling
Julie Krone has never met Rosie Napravnik in person, but the greatest woman jockey ever shares texts and Facebook posts with Napravnik, a 25-year-old lady rider who has become one of the top jockeys in the nation.
"I cannot tell you the vicarious joy that I am feeling as I watch Rosie Napravnik ride and win," said Krone, who lives in Carlsbad and in October will be inducted into the prestigious National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, N.Y., home of the Women's Rights movement. "And besides that, Wayne Lukas bet me $10,000 that a woman jockey will never win the Kentucky Derby. For Rosie to win the Derby, it would be really good for racing and a really good promotion for the sport. And I'll win that $10,000 from Wayne Lukas."
Last week, Napravnik scored her 1,500th win after a breakthrough season in which she broke longstanding records set by Krone. She finished eighth in the year-end jockey standings and earned $12,451,713. Krone finished ninth in the jockey year-end standings twice, in 1988 and 1992. Napravnik entered this weekend's big Derby prep races leading the nation's jockey's with 93 wins, and her $3,286,337 in earnings is fourth and one big stakes win away from Javier Castellano's nation-leading earnings of $3,559, 020.
Krone was the first to win a Triple Crown race, the Belmont Stakes aboard Colonial Affair in 1993, and the first to win a Breeders' Cup race, the Juvenile Fillies aboard Halfbridled in 2003.
Napravnik became the first female jockey to win the Kentucky Oaks when she rode Believe You Can last year. In 2011 she rode Pants On Fire to a ninth-place Kentucky Derby finish, the best ever for a female jockey. Krone finished 11th aboard Suave Prospect in 1995 and 14th with Ecstatic Ride in 1992. Krone and Napravnik are two of only six women jockeys to ever ride in the Derby. Diane Crump was the first, finishing 15th in the 1970 Kentucky Derby aboard Fathom.
Napravnik rides Shanghai Bobby at Gulfstream Park Saturday in the Florida Derby, a very important Kentucky Derby prep. Despite winning the Breeders' Cup Juvenile World Championship at Santa Anita in November, when Napravnik seemed to bring the big colt back from the dead in the stretch, Shanghai Bobby needs a big showing in his rematch with Itsmyluckyday, who gave him his first loss in the Holy Bull. Shanghai Bobby has 24 Derby qualifying points, but the Florida Derby will kick out 100 points to the winner, 40 points for second, 20 for third and 10 for fourth. He needs a share of that to get into the Derby.
"Even in defeat, I think (the Holy Bull) was one of his best races," said Napravnik, who is from New Jersey but has a home with her husband in New Orleans, where Mayor Mitch Landrieu gave her the Key to the City. "It's just that he's a horse that is really well put together. He's extremely athletic and he's very talented."


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Direct link: Mainnavigation | Content | Search
Home > Consortium > Comhaire nan Eilean Siar, UK
Comhairle nan Eilean Siar is the local authority for the Outer Hebrides. With annual budget that exceeds €174 million it is the islands' largest employer, employing over 1700 people.
The Outer Hebrides is a chain of islands situated off the west coast of Scotland, the total population of which stands at 26,000. Although located on the fringe of Europe, regular air services ensure that the islands are only one hour away from Edinburgh, Glasgow, Inverness and Aberdeen airports, all of which have regular connections to airports throughout Europe.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Home of Fashion Film
Report by Lou Stoppard on 7 January 2013.
While the collection may have revolved around a conflict - the social and sartorial tension between the inhabitants of a quaint rural community and an aggressive foreign visitor - the work itself was a picture of harmony. Wool suits, tartan splashes and slick oilskin came together in a focused, tight showcase that made a comment on the direction of modern menswear without screaming or shouting.
#LouDalton up close. Green mohair #LCM http://t.co/DfEktrdE
Told ya.......
Lou Dalton #lcm http://t.co/fFwpJuWf
.......and tweed. All about those Scottish heritage fabrics for AW13. Lou Dalton #lcm http://t.co/BsCgCiNB
We kicked off #LCM with the amazing @TheLouDalton - we loved the PVC and tartan touches! http://t.co/WXaKG9sN
Backstage LCM:Lou Dalton en @LondonFashionWk #londonCollections #LFW #LCMtimeline http://t.co/IKsswvC9
Lou Dalton: Oil skin, tartan trousers, perfect green coat, boiled Shetland wool, wish list jumpers - hit #fashion http://t.co/SXcsbmpf
The amazing @TheLouDalton opened London Collections: Men with a refined show of updated classics #londoncollectionsmen http://t.co/5ndy7Eyq
Victoria and Lou Dalton pvc jacket after the show #SWAG #FASH #LondonCollectionsMen http://t.co/c0yNoYFX
North sea oil boom at Lou Dalton. A simple, focused collection to kick off LC:M
Backstage for Lou dalton at London men's collection http://t.co/Vt8y71jx
Lou Dalton #menswear #londonfashionweek #fashionweek @BFC #londoncollections http://t.co/LU4fIAia
Green, slate and tartan - Lou Dalton's colour palette #londoncollections http://t.co/ZbTrCAxa
this was the best look of the Lou Dalton show #LCM #Londoncollections http://t.co/6TwEncWj
Lou Dalton gets two thumbs up from me. Highlights: metal-fronted boots, contrast panelled jackets, and shrunken suit silhouettes. #LCM
The finale at Lou Dalton @BFC #londoncollections http://t.co/rdNb6Qat
Oh hi mohair at Lou Dalton #LondonCollectionMen
So far at Lou Dalton it's all about warm Autumn maroon, plaid and patchworks #LCM -EH
omg I spot a jumpsuit at Lou Dalton #lcm
Inspired by film Local Hero, hair Lou Dalton is made to look greasy using mixture of @Bumble brilliantine + styling wax http://t.co/hLipD787
@TheLouDalton We're loving the blazer jackets and coats! #LCM
Panelled tailoring mohair and tartans #LouDalton #LCM
Lou Dalton - LONDON COLLECTIONS: MEN AUTUMN/WINTER 2013
http://t.co/7bAQVxp0 http://t.co/CtmQ6z5y
loving the plaid and colour blocked panels, very graphic at Lou Dalton #lcm #Londoncollections
Loving the panelled suiting in rich burgundy tones #LCM #LondonCollections @theloudalton
Lou Dalton looks phenomenal. Totally wearable, and right up my alley. Watch live on http://t.co/pHDoMeGO
Beautiful Victoria Pendleton gold medalist olympian front row at Lou Dalton ! #loudalton #londoncollection # http://t.co/WSxJjNPS
First look Lou Dalton #lcm http://t.co/Ef1EyfPw
Front row gold: the beautiful @V_Pendleton at Lou Dalton #londoncollections http://t.co/dQnLF0Ob
First show of an exciting #LCM, Lou Dalton. Scotland and the Northern Isles as inspiration...
#LCM http://t.co/4tL5K15w
Lou Dalton show notes suggest remote Scotland and the unforgiving elements of the Northern Isles as a key inspiration. #HomeSick #LCM
We're at London Collections Men for the next three days so expect lots of updates. First up: Lou Dalton! #LCM http://t.co/L5aOFKOu
Lou Dalton is first up at London Collections: Men this morning and Victoria Pendleton is in the house. #GoodStart
i see someone wearing marting margiela for H&M at Lou Dalton #LondonCollectionsMen
Warming up at Lou Dalton, the show is inspired by the Northern Oil Boom of the 1970s #lcm http://t.co/qu5Wzeex
Weve had our first coffee/Lady Grey of the day. Now it's time for Lou Dalton. #Londoncollectionsmen http://t.co/Dr8VbLSj
Lou Dalton menswear livestream http://t.co/DpTboDdC
Lou Dalton's Catwalk show will be featured in FIVE MINUTES ... Go to http://t.co/7V4EaSTv and Click on #LCM Live Link
Ready for @TheLouDalton to whisk you away to the Shetlands? To whet your appetite, take another look at her mood board http://t.co/U4zCoG1J
first show of the day is Lou Dalton! The show is running a bit late but so excited! #londoncollections
On my way to the Hospital Club for the first show of the day - Lou Dalton. #londoncollections
JUST ADDED! @TheLouDalton shares more behind-the-scenes images before her AW13 show tomorrow: http://t.co/TDeh3xGF #LondonCollections
To mark the upcoming @BFC #LondonCollections, today's #BestofBackstage is from Lou Dalton- her AW13 show is on Monday! http://t.co/6gthgagC


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Lenovo A1000
Lenovo tablet range on sale now starting from £11023 September 2013
Lenovo has released three new tablets which are all on sale now online. These are the 10.1-inch S6000, the 7-inch A3000 and the budget 7-inch A1000. The first tablet by Lenovo, the S6000, is an Android 4.2 Jelly Bean 10.1-inch slate. It comes with a fairly... >>
Lenovo 7-inch A and 10-inch S-series tablets offer performance and options24 February 2013
Lenovo has announced a new line-up of Android tablets at Mobile World Congress 2013 in Barcelona. Adding two 7-inch devices in the A3000 and the A1000, and a 10-inch model in the S6000, there's something for everyone. Starting at the top, the S6000... >>


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Apple Seeds iOS 7 Beta 2 to Developers with iPad Support
Two weeks after Apple released the first beta version of iOS 7 following its unveiling at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference, Apple has just released a second beta for testing. The update is currently available through Apple's over-the-air updating system on iOS devices, and should be posted soon to the iOS Dev Center.
The beta 2 appears as build 11A4400f, up from the previous 11a4372q.
iOS 7 is scheduled for release in the fall of this year, undoubtedly alongside new iOS hardware. Apple's iPhone, iPad, and iPad mini will all be due for updates in the latter portion of this year, and if past history is any indication iOS 7 should be made available to the public just a few days before the launch of the next-generation iPhone.
Updates on changes in beta 2:
- Beta 2 is available not only for iPhone and iPod touch, but also iPad. The first beta did not include official iPad, with Apple announcing that iPad versions of iOS 7 would follow in the coming weeks.
- ATFDL reports that users who installed beta 1 without officially signing up for Apple's developer program and registering their UDIDs are finding that their devices have been bricked after installing beta 2.
- In line with previous hints, the Voice Memos app has returned in beta 2.
Source: Mac Rumours


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Republicans Decide Voter Fraud Is the Only Way They Can Win
Since the Virginia GOP moved forward with its bill to allocate the state's electoral votes by congressional district, there have been several great analyses of what effect this arrangement would have on a national level. At the Crystal Ball, for instance, Emory University political scientist Alan Abramowitz finds that if every state distributed electoral votes by congressional district, Mitt Romney would have won the presidency with 276 electoral votes, despite losing the popular vote by 4 points. If you adopted the exact provisions of the Virginia bill—which gives the state's remaining electoral votes to the winner of the most districts, and not the winner of the popular vote—you'd have an even larger reversal. This map, from the Huffington Post, gives you a good sense of what the election would have looked like under these new rules:
If the rules had been in effect in the six largest battleground states—Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Florida, and Michigan—Obama would have won, but by the narrowest of margins. And these are the states where this plan is most likely to happen, on account of the fact they're states controlled by Republicans where Democrats are clustered into just a few districts. Here's the Center for American Progress with a nifty chart:
For as much as it sounds fair to allocate electoral votes by congressional district, the fact is it reduces representation by making land more important than votes. It takes all the problems of the Electoral College—which itself is malapportioned—and turns them up to 11.
The only way you could make this work without disenfranchising huge numbers of people is to create congressional districts that contain an even number of Democrats and Republicans. But of course, the point of this isn't to create a new, workable way of distributing electoral votes; it's to turn the electoral college into the House of Representatives writ large, which—thanks to gerrymandering—is rigged to deliver a Republican majority regardless of the total popular vote (Democrats won more congressional votes in 2012).
It's worth reiterating a few points. First, a political party that seeks to rig the game is one that has given up on winning in the first place. The GOP shows no interest in reforming its policies or reaching out beyond a shrinking, right-wing base.
Second, another way to describe this plan is as a deliberate effort to reduce the voting strength of African Americans. Blacks vote out of proportion to their numbers in the population, providing Democrats a significant advantage in presidential elections. This scheme would weight rural voters over urban ones, which is another way of saying it would sharply reduce the value of nonwhite votes.
Finally, there is a lot of irony in the fact that—after two years of crowing over "voter fraud"—Republicans are now pushing a plan to rig elections through the mass disenfranchisement of voters who don't vote for Republicans and don't live in "real America." Indeed, if there's one surefire way of skewing elections, it's to make some voters count more than others.
Fri, 2013-01-25 11:29
Voter fraud does not mean what you think it means. Voter fraud is when dead people are voting, or ineligible illegal immigrants are voting.
A more honest title would have been "Republicans try and game rules to get more electoral votes" but I don't think you are very interested in honesty, here.
Fri, 2013-01-25 13:55
Fri, 2013-01-25 15:03
We should be totally and brutally honest - you are totally clueless. The electoral college and the rules for distribution of its votes have been open for review and amendment throughout our history and have been changed at several points along the way. What Virginia has done is not significantly different than Maine and Nebraska have been doing for a long time. Was it a cheesy way to get it done (with an absent member allowing for a majority vote) - probably. You want to talk about cheesy legislative BS, we can have a long talk about how Obamacare was put into effect.
You are going to lose the Senate in 2014 and the White House in 2016 pretty much no matter what happens between now and then unless the economy gets better and OBama is clueless about that - you have much bigger things to worry about than this.
Fri, 2013-01-25 11:33
False Premise: "For as much as it sounds fair to allocate electoral votes by congressional district, the fact is it reduces representation by making land more important than votes."
Actually, congressional districts within a state must be reasonably close in population. The number of voters in every district within a state is about the same, even if the geographic size is vastly different.
This apportionment is has long been lawfully in effect in many states. Unlike gerrymandering , it is certainly not a from of "fraud."
Fri, 2013-01-25 11:38
One of the reasons why the Electoral College has remained in effect for all of these years is because it is assumed that all of the swing states benefit so greatly from the attention and advertising dollars, that no politician from these states would advocate eliminating it. However, if the state republicans are willing to sacrifice the attention and money that comes from these contests, then they can not logically oppose shifting to a popular vote, at least not on those grounds. This could be a unique opportunity to push for the elimination of the Electoral College. Sign the petition at:
Spread the word. Let's make this the first petition to hit the new threshold of 100k signatures. Thank You.
Sun, 2013-10-06 13:23
Fri, 2013-01-25 13:43
First point is the crucial one, and the problem with our politics in general. These guys are allowed to be "too comfortable", and to continue increasing their comfort levels, which in turn diminishes the power of the public they no longer fear or have to try to appeal to. It's the same reason Harry Reid was never really interested in a talking filibuster. He's "comfortable", too "set in his ways". Without a challenge to his leadership, he had no reason to do what his base preferred. No one asked him to reach out to McConnell to get something worse than a real filibuster. When Republicans try these election-rigging schemes, they're just trying to manufacture the same kind of "comfort" Reid did when he decided he could do whatever he wanted to do.
This is a federal elections issue. If Obama doesn't publicly condemn it, and call it out as the fraud that it is until they are shamed into abandoning it for good, they deserve to implement it, and his legacy should be tarnished forever. He is the only one that can take it on all at once.
Fri, 2013-01-25 15:47
Of course this is wrong, but it goes back to the horrible problem of "gerrymandering." The very concept that the majority party can redraw Congressional districts in order to consolidate and increase their political power in just wrong. Congressional district should be drawn by non-partisan commission or the judiciary, not by politicians seeking to insure their political power.
In my state (Delaware) most of the districts have been divied up by the political parties to insure that the incumbent always gets reelected. I live in a district that belongs to the Democrats, the district next to mine is owned by the Republicans. They have done away with two-party races in most districts. The result is that the voters of the minority party in each of those districts has been effectively disenfranchised (the "other" party does not even run a candidate.
The Republicans want to continue this on a larger scale in the state's they now control, effectively destroying the votes of millions of Democrats living in Republican dominated districts.
Sat, 2013-01-26 09:00
Sat, 2013-01-26 10:57
The Republicans did a great job of gerrymandering Congressional Districts after the 2010 census. That is why they have been able to get a substantial majority in the house even though more people voted for Democratic congressmen then Republican congressmen.
The Virginia proposal is a blatant attempt to parley use ill gotten gains of their congressional gerrymandering into stealing the Presidency as well.
The Republicans have shown a cynical disregard for democracy. They will use any underhanded method to steal elections away from the majority.
This new fits in very nicely with the veto by filibuster in the Senate and the "Haestert rule"in the house that prevents any bill than does not have Republican majority support from ever getting to the floor. j
Crazy Eddy
Wed, 2013-01-30 10:29
Thu, 2013-02-21 03:54
Mon, 2013-09-16 06:17
Fri, 2013-09-20 10:50
A comprehensive, powerful and direct approach is the Renew Democracy Amendment proposal to achieve what the author rightfully points out as dysfunctional democracy from the Electoral College system. The Renew Democracy Amendment would create a constitutional guarantee of the right to vote and directly elect all candidates for whom they were qualified to vote. It would eliminate the Electoral College. It would rid corporations and all other groups and organization from influencing our representatives without attempting to strip corporations of the legal status required to regulate them and for corporations to hold contracts, property, etc. The RDA would create a campaign funding system in which nearly any American could be a politician's largest donor and it would restore the power of the individual voter by requiring our representatives to be funded solely by the individual voter. It would end the influence spiral at the source. Here is the RDA proposal
"The right of the individual qualified citizen voter to participate in and directly elect all officeholders by popular vote in all pertinent local, state, and federal elections shall not be denied or abridged and the right to vote is limited to individuals.
The right to contribute to political campaigns and political parties is held solely by individual citizens either through direct contributions and or a voter authorized public campaign funding system.
Political campaign and political party contributions shall not exceed an amount reasonably affordable by the average American.
The rights of all groups, associations and organizations to other political speech may be regulated by Congress but only as to volume and not content and only to protect the right of the individual voter's voice to be heard.
The manner and course of lobbying and petitioning of federal, state, and local government officials by all groups and organizations and those who represent them may be regulated by Congress."
Read more at http://www.renewdemocracy.org and consider signing the wall to show your support for the nonpartisan and powerful amendment proposal.
Mon, 2013-09-23 08:16
Tue, 2013-09-24 05:26
Tue, 2013-09-24 06:38
Fri, 2013-09-27 08:34
Then a mere accidental touch would restart your computer, possibly with unsaved work. Ya know, just like the nuclear device that had to be authenticated by 2 people authorized to do so, as a gta 5 crack
In light of that, I'd say 2 buttons would have been the best grand theft auto 5 crack
Fri, 2013-09-27 08:36
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Wed, 2014-01-15 11:13
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Strategic Initiatives
In support of the Mission and Vision of the University and more specifically, the Division of Student Development, these Strategic Directions define a general direction as priority in achieving who we are and how we desire to impact students during their time at SLU. These may be seen as long-term aspirations to which we are committed as a Division.
Strategic Initiative: Experiential Learning
Practice reflective learning and discernment.
- Engage students in opportunities that connect their curricular and co-curricular learning (e.g., Learning Communities and First-Year Interest Groups (FIGs)).
- Engage students in opportunities with community partners who connect to students' academic interests (e.g., volunteering, internships, on-campus jobs, service).
- Increase faculty/staff partnerships that support curricular initiatives.
- Provide measurable and reflective learning opportunities through student labor assignments, student projects and/or extracurricular activities.
Strategic Initiative: Student Success
Foster academic, career, and personal success.
- Foster academic and career success (e.g., offering guided study groups in Learning Communities and First-Year Interest Groups, providing developmentally appropriate academic advising and career counseling to meet student needs, availing academic support resources and accommodations for students, establishing facilities conducive to academic work).
- Provide peer mentoring programs that serve as examples for success (e.g., Resident Advisors, University 101 peer instructors).
- Support increased retention rate amongst all students (e.g., African American Male Scholars Program, Transfer initiatives, Commuter initiatives, supporting other programs linked with the University retention model).
- Actively expose and connect students to all student success resources (e.g., establishing facilities that make support resources readily accessible).
Strategic Initiative: Servant Leadership
Become humble, selfless leaders who are called to a lifelong commitment of serving and who aspire to affect immediate and long-term social change.
- Provide opportunities for reflection related to service and leadership experiences (e.g., iLEAD workshop discussions, Bright Ideas Grant presentations).
- Activities (e.g., service learning courses, Relay for Life leadership, Engaged program connecting ongoing service with residential living).
Strategic Initiative: Multicultural Competence
Understand self-identity in the context of communities of others.
- Specifically designed curriculum (e.g., in-class activities and discussions, participation in speaker events and written assignments) in University 101, targeting intended first-year outcomes.
- Choosing a first-year summer reading reflective of issues of social justice and diversity that are central to our University mission; providing reflective opportunities surrounding this experience (e.g., Welcome Week discussion groups, invite author to campus as keynote).
- Successfully integrate the Oath of Inclusion into every major student experience.
- Develop residential experiences that support community-building and open communication supportive of learning to appreciate differences (e.g., enforcing community standards, establishing roommate agreements, sponsoring programs reflective of multiple identities and perspectives).
Strategic Initiative: Healthy Mind, Body & Spirit
Promote healthy living for self and others.
- Foster campus culture that emphasizes responsible decision-making regarding health, with specific attention to use of alcohol and drugs (e.g., social norming campaigns, student conduct process, SHARP class, SHAPE peer educators).
- Students create healthy choices around social activities (e.g., Billikens After Dark programming, Busch Student Center support and activities, Campus Recreation sponsored-events).
- Increase student understanding of how to live a healthy lifestyle (e.g., University 101 related content, resources available through MAP-Works, intramurals and club sports).
- Provide programs and services that produce optimum health outcomes for college students and campus communities (e.g., appropriate availability of mental and physical health support resources, optimum availability of classes, programs and facilities in the Simon Recreation Center).
- Increase faculty/staff partnerships that support curricular initiatives.
- Provide measurable and reflective learning opportunities through student labor assignments, student projects and/or extracurricular activities.


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South Carolina ETV
Lifeline Home | Overview | Education | Transparency in Gov | Public Safety | Quality of Life | Citizens & Communities
Dear Viewers and Listeners:
As 2012 draws to a close, we say thank you for your support over the past year.
Your efforts have enabled ETV to create and distribute an array of thought-provoking and high-quality content across radio, TV, interactive and education services. In short, it's been a terrific year, thanks to you. Here are a few highlights:
- ETV and South Carolina were center stage for a host of national efforts over the past year. Washington Week, Need to Know, Antiques Roadshow and StoryCorps all recorded programs or segments in South Carolina this year in cooperation with SCETV.
- Song Travels with Michael Feinstein launched over NPR stations, and this ETV Radio-produced series is now in production for Season II. The new lineup of shows includes an eclectic slate of guests including Wynton Marsalis, Shelby Lynne, Jose Feliciano, Aaron Neville and more.
- ETV Radio marked its 40th anniversary in South Carolina this year. And during the past three years, ETV Radio increased its audience by nearly 25 percent to 378,000 tuning in each week (Arbitron 2011).
- Several S.C. Hall of Fame video biographies were featured in special Carolina Stories—including Space Heroes, the stories of three astronauts (Charles Duke, Ron McNair and Charles Bolden), and Born to Rebel, profiling civil rights pioneer and educator Benjamin Mays. All of these biographies have been offered through ETV Education Services, reaching classrooms across the state.
December brings an array of holiday programming including highlights of the Governor's Carolighting, Dec. 3 at 7 p.m., encoring December 23 at 6 p.m.
On the horizon for 2013 is a multitude of exciting programming initiatives, including the third season of a much-awaited Masterpiece Classic and the surprising Antiques Roadshow "finds" from Myrtle Beach. Mark your calendars!
Best wishes to you and your families for a very happy holiday season.
Linda O'Bryon
President & CEO


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See M. K. Matossian, Poisons of the Past: Molds, Epidemics, and History (1989).
Molds (or moulds, see spelling differences) include all species of microscopic fungi that grow in the form of multicellular filaments, called hyphae. In contrast, microscopic fungi that grow as single cells are called yeasts. A connected network of these tubular branching hyphae has multiple, genetically identical nuclei and is considered a single organism, referred to as a colony or in more technical terms a mycelium.
Molds do not form a specific taxonomic or phylogenetic grouping, but can be found in the divisions Zygomycota, Deuteromycota and Ascomycota. Although some molds cause disease or food spoilage, others are useful for their role in biodegradation or in the production of various foods, beverages, antibiotics and enzymes.
There are hundreds of known species of molds, which include opportunistic pathogens, saprotrophs, aquatic species and thermophiles. Like all fungi, molds derive energy not through photosynthesis but from the organic matter, inside of which they live. Typically, molds secrete hydrolytic enzymes, mainly from the hyphal tips. These enzymes degrade complex biopolymers such as starch, cellulose and lignin into simpler substances which can be absorbed by the hyphae. In this way, molds play a major role in causing decomposition of organic material, enabling the recycling of nutrients throughout ecosystems. Many molds also secrete mycotoxins which, together with hydrolytic enzymes, inhibit the growth of competing microorganisms.
Molds reproduce through small spores, which may contain a single nucleus or be multinucleate. Mold spores can be asexual (the products of mitosis) or sexual (the products of meiosis); many species can produce both types. Some can remain airborne indefinitely, and many are able to survive extremes of temperature and pressure.
Although molds grow on dead organic matter everywhere in nature, their presence is only visible to the unaided eye when mold colonies grow. A mold colony does not comprise discrete organisms, but an interconnected network of hyphae called a mycelium. Nutrients and in some cases organelles may be transported throughout the mycelium. In artificial environments like buildings, humidity and temperature are often stable enough to foster the growth of mold colonies, commonly seen as a downy or furry coating growing on food or other surfaces.
Some molds can begin growing at temperatures as low as 2°C. When conditions do not enable growth, molds may remain alive in a dormant state, within a large range of temperatures before they die. The many different mold species vary enormously in their tolerance to temperature and humidity extremes. Certain molds can survive harsh conditions such as the snow-covered soils of Antarctica, refrigeration, highly acidic solvents, and even petroleum products such as jet fuel.
Xerophilic molds use the humidity in the air as their only water source; other molds need more moisture.
The koji molds are a group of Aspergillus species, notably Aspergillus oryzae, that have been cultured in eastern Asia for many centuries. They are used to ferment a soybean and wheat mixture to make soybean paste and soy sauce. They are also used to break down the starch in rice (saccharification) in the production of sake and other distilled spirits.
Several cholesterol-lowering drugs (such as Lovastatin, from Aspergillus terreus) are derived from molds.
The immunosuppressant drug cyclosporine, used to suppress the rejection of transplanted organs, is derived from the mold Tolypocladium inflatum.
Exposure to bacteria and fungus in indoor air has emerged as a significant health problem in residential environments as well as in occupational settings .
Mold spores can be allergenic, causing irritations of eye, nose, throat, and lungs. In response to this, environmental health research has yielded tests such as the MELISA test, which can determine whether or not a person is allergic to a specific mold.
Molds may excrete liquids or gases, not all of which can be detected by smell. Some molds generate toxic liquid or gaseous compounds, called mycotoxins. Molds that produce mycotoxins are sometimes referred to as toxic molds. It is thought that all molds may produce mycotoxins and thus all molds may be potentially toxic. Mycotoxins are not produced all the time, but only under specific growing conditions. Mycotoxins are harmful or lethal to humans and animals when exposure is high enough. Some of the most deadly chemicals on the planet are mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are then carried on the mold spore, mold fragments, and are found on the substrate of the surface they grow on. They can cause human illness through ingestion, but also through dermal exposure and inhalation of mycotoxin-contaminated debris or spores.
Dermatophytes are the parasitic fungi that cause skin infections such as Athlete's foot and Jock Itch. Most dermataphyte fungi take the form of a mold, as opposed to a yeast, with appearance (when cultured) that is similar to other molds.
Opportunistic infection by molds such as Penicillium marneffei and Aspergillus fumigatus is a common cause of illness and death among immunocompromised people, including people with AIDS.
Mold growth in buildings can lead to a variety of health issues. Various practices can be followed to mitigate mold issues in buildings, the most important of which is to reduce moisture levels that can facilitate mold growth. Removal of affected materials after the source of moisture has been reduced and/or eliminated may be necessary for remediation.


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Dedication Ceremony: Saturday, September 6, 2014.
Construction of the Contrabands and Freedmen Cemetery Memorial has been proceeding steadily, and the project is almost completed, with only some minor replacements of trees and shrubs to go. The grass on the site is now growing thick and should be in perfect shape by the time of the September 6 dedication ceremony. All stone and artwork has been installed and inspirational inscriptions have been etched in stone blocks and bronze panels as necessary. Explore photo galleries from February and May 2014, and read more about the Contrabands and Freedmen Cemetery Memorial history, archaeology of the site, and commemoration ceremonies.
May 2014: Panels | Grave Markers
February 2014: Stonework Panels | Wrought Iron Arch | Fence | Statue | Bas Relief | Grave Markers | Other Features
Return to Main Freedmen's Cemetery Page
Artwork has been installed and inspirational inscriptions have been etched in stone blocks and bronze panels.
Stones mark the locations of 540 graves identified by archaeologists. The cemetery held nearly 1,200 additional graves.
Stonework for the Memorial walls, walkways and entry gate has now been completed.
The wrought iron arched sign atop the main gate to Freedmen's Cemetery was installed on February 27, 2014.
Wrought iron fencing has been installed to protect the Freedmen's Cemetery and the Memorial, echoing the ghost of the original wooden picket fence which long ago vanished from the site.
The memorial sculpture, The Path of Thorns and Roses, is by California based artist Mario Chiodo. Chiodo was selected after a national search to design and create the sculpture. The larger-than-life figurative sculpture captures what the artist envisioned the emotions of the Contrabands and Freedmen would have been at various stages of their Journey.
Two bas relief panels by artist Joanna Blake will honor those buried at the Contrabands and Freedmen Cemetery.
Grave markers, some outlining the coffin shapes below, have been installed across the cemetery to identify known burial sites.
Sidewalk Circle, frame for interpretive signs, and site of the former office building.
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Alexandria Archaeology Museum105 N. Union Street, #327Alexandria, VA 22314703.746.4399Fax: 703.838.6491Email
Museum HoursTuesday - Friday, 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.Saturday, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.Sunday, 1 - 5 p.mMonday, Closed
Office HoursTuesday - Saturday9 a.m. to 5 p.m.by appointment


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Across the dock from the USS Hornet in Nelson's Marine boatyard rests Cheyenne — another historic sea vessel.
The catamaran doesn't have the colorful paint job she had when she broke world records in 2001 and 2004 (shown above), but you can still recognize her.
Her two hulls are enormous. In fact, they are actually longer than the hulls on BMW-Oracle's trimaran, which measures 113 feet and won the America's Cup a few weeks ago in Barcelona.
Cheyenne's two hulls measure 125 feet each, though they started out at 105 feet when the vessel was initially built in 1996-1998. A re-build took place in 2000.
The catamaran's mast, though, is 148 feet tall, quite a bit smaller than BMW Oracle's wing tower, which measures 195 feet.
Gino Morrelli and Pete Melvin designed Cheyenne, known earlier as PlayStation (and sponsored in part by Sony), back in the '90s in Newport Beach, Ca. When the catamaran's hulls were lengthened, along with the mast and boom, in 2000, the work took place in the United Kingdom under the supervision of a New Zealand naval architect.
The boat's specifications are still posted online, as part of a website that celebrates the accomplishments of the late Steve Fossett.
The adventurer, who died in a 2007 when his aircraft crashed in the Sierras, had her built to earn world records, and she did – for a time. In 2001, Cheyenne crossed the Atlantic in four days and 17 hours with an average speed of 27.8 knots. And in 2004, she circumnavigated the globe in 58 days and 9 hours at an average speed of 15-18 knots. (The website gives two different figures.)
If the next America's Cup (the 34th such contest) does come to the Bay Area, Cheyenne could become part of a tribute to Bay Area boats and sailors…
Stay tuned for word on how Cheyenne got to Nelson's and what the Alameda Point boatyard has planned for her. And feel free to share any knowledge on how Cheyenne got to the Bay Area and how she got her current name.


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About seven years ago I had the opportunity to attend the Bob Bondurant School of High Performance Driving in Chandler, Arizona, just outside of Phoenix. Not only did taking the course help lower my lap times on the autocross and road course, it was a great education on how to become a better overall driver on the street.
I'm not going to lie; over the years some of the valuable information I learned at the school had slowly faded away—much like the algebra lessons from my sophomore year in high school. I suppose it falls under the guise of "use it or lose it." So when the opportunity once again came up to hit Bondurant for some driving fun, I grabbed my cohort, Henry De Los Santos, editor of our sister publication Chevy High Performance and headed out from Southern California for two days of getting our learn on at one of the most prestigious performance driving schools in the country.
Now, if you're thinking it's all driving from the get-go—think again. Although there is a good amount of behind-the-wheel action on the first day of the course, much of it was spent in the classroom with instructors explaining everything from proper apex entry and exit to understanding tire contact patch, and how those elements apply to quicker lap times.
One cool aspect is that Bondurant now uses late-model Camaros in their fleet of student vehicles. Besides upgraded brakes, springs, and larger front sway bars, the cars are basically stock SS's. Although what is taught throughout the course basically applies to every rear-wheel-drive car, it was good to take the course in something many of us can relate to.
Start Up
As mentioned earlier, there is some behind-the-wheel instruction on the first day, but much of it was spent in the classroom with Bondurant instructors, who are either ex or current racers. To start the day off, chief Bondurant instructor Mike McGovern gave an informative introduction and spoke a little on the school's history and then went on to explain the importance of mental focus and looking far enough ahead in order to be prepared for what lies ahead on the track, along with the importance of how points of reference can be used for proper braking and turn-in points—all basics of performance driving. Mike also explained how this knowledge can help us to become better drivers on the street as well.
Getting Acquainted
With a full morning of class time under our belts, it was time to get behind the wheel of the school's brand-new '13 SS Camaros. We were assigned a numbered car, which we would drive for the duration of the course. This is for two reasons: to become familiar and comfortable with the same vehicle and to keep track of any damage, as we were responsible for anything that happens to these cars. We break it, we buy it. So it's a good idea to pay a little extra for the insurance.
Our first driving exercise was the slalom. Starting out slow, we were instructed to take our first runs at 25 mph. From there, we gradually worked our way up to hitting the course at 40 mph through the cones. This was basically a way to get familiar with the car's handling ability and also to get used to the car's size, acceleration, and lateral motion characteristics.
01. More Classroom Time
With the slalom exercise completed, it was back to the classroom to reflect on our first driving experience. From there, Bondurant instructor Rob Knipe took over the instruction and led an in-depth and informative discussion on suspension load and weight transfer, and how those aspects affect the car's handling ability. He also he spoke on tire contact patch and how it relates to acceleration, deceleration, and hard cornering.
It's important to remember that a car is always offering "feedback," and it's up to the driver to pay attention and recognize what the car is saying so you can make an adjustment. That adjustment can mean braking a little sooner before turn in or even waiting a little longer to hit the brakes and going into a corner with a little more speed. Those are just two examples of what is explained throughout the comprehensive classroom sessions.
The Joys of Understeer and Oversteer
From there, Rob's instruction focused on the difference between oversteer and understeer, and the causes of both. Basically, understeer is when a car wants to go straight although the driver is requesting it to turn. At this point, the front wheels are turned but the car is not responding to the driver's actions. Oversteer is when the car's rear end wants to come around to the front. This is also referred to as the rear end "getting loose." This can happen with too much acceleration coming out of a turn and spinning the rear wheels. It can also be caused in certain braking situations where the weight is transferred to the front tires, causing the rear of the car to become lighter going into a corner. Just about every scenario of how and why a car acts and reacts the way it does is covered throughout the course.
02. Back in the Car
With more classroom time behind us, we headed out for more driving action. Rob took us out to the Bondurant oval course and had us work on efficiently entering a constant radius turn (one with equal entry and exit dimension). The key here is coming in to the corner high (on the outside) and using a "late apex" in order to accelerate smoothly and aggressively without upsetting the car. After about 30 or so laps, I was feeling very comfortable with braking and turning in at the proper time. At this point I was really getting a feel of knowing what the car could and could not handle.
Heel-toe Shifting
After hitting the oval we then practiced heel-toe shifting. This is truly an art that takes quite a bit of practice to master. As Rob explained, "this exercise separates the men from the boys and the women from the girls." If you are not familiar, heel-toe shifting is when you are slowing down from speed with the heel of your foot on the brake pedal and the side of your foot on the accelerator at the same time with the idea of rev-matching the engine's rpm and speed while downshifting and braking. This is done so as not to upset the car before heading into a corner and having the rear end getting loose and coming around as you brake hard into a corner. It's definitely easier said than done and takes more than a few tries to get the hang of and perform efficiently.


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Family Storytime
Wednesday, January 22 @ 11am
Join Miss Kristine and Miss Alex every Wednesday for a fun-filled hour of stories, songs, and crafts. This program is geared toward a wide range of ages, including families with toddlers, preschoolers, and elementary-aged children.
Back to bed! Come to storytime in your pajamas and experience a bedtime storytime...during the day!


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You are here
2014 Toledo Regional Alumni Event
Toledo Alumni Event
Friday, February 21, 2014
6:00 p.m. Reception
6:30 p.m. Dinner
The Toledo Country Club
3949 River Road
Toledo, OH 43614
President Dan DiBiasio and Chris Burns-DiBiasio cordially invite you to share your love for Northern and reminisce with alumni and friends at The Toledo County Club. A brief presentation will follow dinner which will include an update on the university by President Dan DiBiasio and a Northern perspective from current students. Please join us in celebrating Ohio Northern University in your area!
Cost is $25 per person.
So the chef will have enough food prepared, kindly register online at onualumnicommunity.com/toledo2014 on or before Friday, February 14, 2014. A username and password is not required to register online for events.
For questions, please call (866) ONU-ALUM. If you would prefer to write a check, please make checks payable to ONU Alumni and return to Ohio Northern University; Office of Alumni Relations; 525 South Main Street, Ada, OH 45810.


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Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum
One of the finest civic collections in Europe is housed within this Glasgow landmark. Here you can explore collections that include everything from fine and decorative arts to archaeology and the natural world.
The number of individual items in the natural history department alone is vast. You can admire Sir Roger the Elephant or wonder at 300-million-year-old fossils of marine life from the Glasgow area.
The re-designed Kelvingrove creates a more accessible and visitor friendly attraction, with better and larger shops, café and toilet facilities. There will be more objects on display than ever before within our 19 major galleries and a wide range of educational and learning facilities for all age groups.
The intention is to create a 21st Century Museum in Glasgow's favourite Edwardian building and build an exciting future on a proud past.
Venue Type:
Monday: 10am - 5pm
Tuesday: 10am - 5pm
Wednesday: 10am - 5pm
Thursday 10am - 5pm
Friday: 11am - 5pm
Saturday: 10am - 5pm
Sunday: 11am - 5pm
Free. Some charges fro temporary exhibitions (under 16s free).
The collection of arms and armour is one of the finest in the world, and in this country is equalled only by the Royal Armouries and by the Wallace Collection in London. Among its many treasures is the earliest near-complete field armour in the world (the famous 'Avant' armour, made in Milan c1440). Also in the collection is the impressive and unique armour for man and horse made for William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke, c1550.
The magnificent fine art collection, which includes many outstanding European artworks, will be closed from mid-March 2003. However, you can still see key works from the collection at the McLellan Galleries, where they will be on display until the reopening of Kelvingrove in early 2006.
The distinctive building that houses the collections is located in the beautiful surroundings of Kelvingrove Park in Glasgow's West End. It was opened in its present form in 1902 and remains the greatest achievement in the UK of the Victorian Municipal Museum Movement. The Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum attracts more than one million visitors each year. It is the second most popular visitor attraction in Scotland and the most visited museum in the UK outside London.
Whatever your interests, you will find something at Kelvingrove to fire your imagination.
Collection details
Archaeology, Costume and Textiles, Decorative and Applied Art, Fine Art, Music, Natural Sciences, Social History, Weapons and War, World Cultures
Looking at World War One
- 11 July 2014 — 11 July 2015 *on now
Pictures and sculpture can sometimes convey feeling and emotion more powerfully than words. This was recognised in WWI by the British government which set up a Picture Department in 1916 as part of its Propaganda Bureau in order to influence public opinion about the war and promote Britain's war effort.
The artists in this display had different feelings about the war and its consequences. Through their choice of colour, texture and shape they encourage reflection on issues such as power and sacrifice, conscientious objection and immigration.
Looking at WWI offers the opportunity to pause and reflect at a time of national and international WWI centenary commemorations.
Suitable for
- Any age
Family Weekends
Come along and join our happy team of learning assistants and try something different each week from art to arms and armour. Available every weekend throughout the year, from 12.00-16.00 and suitable for all ages.
How to obtain
Activities are free and drop-in. Call the museum on 0141 2769500 for further details.
Nature Club
The Kelvingrove Museum Nature Club is for children aged 8-12 years. Sessions are 11.30-13.00 every other Saturday and include gallery tours, specimen handling, hands-on activities and games.
How to obtain
Children can choose to come along to every session or just the ones that interest them. All sessions are free. To book a place, phone 0141 276 9569.
Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum
Argyle Street
0141 276 9500
Text Phone Number
0141 276 9500/9511
- About
- | Collections
- | Exhibitions
- | Resources
- | Map


text: Alumni Weekend Save the date for Alumni Weekend 2015, October 23-24, with special Reunion celebrations for the classes of: 1955 | 1960 | 1965 | 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2014 Alumni Weekend and Reunion 2014 was celebrated September 19-20, 2014. We were excited to bring back over 500 alumni and friends for the weekend's events and celebrations! View photos from All Alumni Weekend here on our Flickr page. View photos from the Reunion Grand Celebration here through PicTage. Weekend programming included: Law School Tours Career Strategy Open House Conversation with Dean Rodriguez Rare Books Presentation with Professor Emily Kadens Tax Ethics CLE & Reception Clinic Open House Law School Community Networking Reception Alumni Family Picnic Reunion Class Celebrations Panel discussions including topics on: Young Alumni Career Development and Transitions Women's Leadership Coalition Alumnae Panel 2014 Supreme Court Decisions Entrepreneurship And Northwestern Law Collective Bargaining And College Athletics Legal Education In 2024 Northwestern Law And The International Landscape LLM programming


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Compared with other alkali metals, sodium is generally less reactive than potassium and more reactive than lithium, in accordance with "periodic law": for example, their reaction in water, chlorine gas, etc.; the reactivity of their nitrates, chlorates, perchlorates, etc.
Sodium reacts exothermically with water: small pea-sized pieces will bounce across the surface of the water until they are consumed by it, whereas large pieces will explode. While sodium reacts with water at room temperature, the sodium piece melts with the heat of the reaction to form a sphere, if the reacting sodium piece is large enough. The reaction with water produces very caustic sodium hydroxide (lye) and highly flammable hydrogen gas. These are extreme hazards (see Precautions section below). When burned in air, sodium forms sodium peroxide Na2O2, or with limited oxygen, the oxide Na2O (unlike lithium, the nitride is not formed). If burned in oxygen under pressure, sodium superoxide NaO2 will be produced.
In chemistry, most sodium compounds are considered soluble but nature provides examples of many insoluble sodium compounds such as the feldspars. There are other insoluble sodium salts such as sodium bismuthate NaBiO3, sodium octamolybdate Na2Mo8O25• 4H2O, sodium thioplatinate Na4Pt3S6, sodium uranate Na2UO4. Sodium meta-antimonate's 2NaSbO3•7H2O solubility is 0.3g/L as is the pyro form Na2H2Sb2O7• H2O of this salt. Sodium metaphosphate NaPO3 has a soluble and an insoluble form.
Acute neutron radiation exposure (e.g., from a nuclear criticality accident) converts some of the stable 23Na in human blood plasma to 24Na. By measuring the concentration of this isotope, the neutron radiation dosage to the victim can be computed.
Salt has been an important commodity in human activities, as testified by the English word salary, referring to salarium, the wafers of salt sometimes given to Roman soldiers along with their other wages.
In medieval Europe a compound of sodium with the Latin name of sodanum was used as a headache remedy. The name sodium probably originates from the Arabic word suda meaning headache as the headache curing properties of sodium carbonate or soda were well known in early times.
Sodium's chemical abbreviation Na was first published by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in his system of atomic symbols (Thomas Thomson's Annals of Philosophy) and is a contraction of the element's new Latin name natrium which refers to the Egyptian natron word for a natural mineral salt whose primary ingredient is hydrated sodium carbonate. Which historically had several important industrial and household uses later eclipsed by soda ash, baking soda and other sodium compounds.
Although sodium (sometimes called "soda" in English) has long been recognized in compounds, it was not isolated until 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy through the electrolysis of caustic soda.
Sodium imparts an intense yellow color to flames. As early as 1860, Kirchhoff and Bunsen noted the high sensitivity that a flame test for sodium could give. They state in Annalen der Physik und der Chemie in the paper "Chemical Analysis by Observation of Spectra":
In a corner of our 60 cu.m. room farthest away from the apparatus, we exploded 3 mg. of sodium chlorate with milk sugar while observing the nonluminous flame before the slit. After a while, it glowed a bright yellow and showed a strong sodium line that disappeared only after 10 minutes. From the weight of the sodium salt and the volume of air in the room, we easily calculate that one part by weight of air could not contain more than 1/20 millionth weight of sodium.
When sodium or its compounds are introduced into a flame, they turn the flame a bright yellow color.
One notable atomic spectral line of sodium vapor is the so-called D-line, which may be observed directly as the sodium flame-test line (see Applications) and also the major light output of low-pressure sodium lamps (these produce an unnatural yellow, rather than the peach-colored glow of high pressure lamps). The D-line is one of the classified Fraunhofer lines observed in the visible spectrum of the sun's electromagnetic radiation. Sodium vapor in the upper layers of the sun creates a dark line in the emitted spectrum of electromagnetic radiation by absorbing visible light in a band of wavelengths around 589.5 nm. This wavelength corresponds to transitions in atomic sodium in which the valence-electron transitions from a 3p to 3s electronic state. Closer examination of the visible spectrum of atomic sodium reveals that the D-line actually consists of two lines called the D1 and D2 lines at 589.6 nm and 589.0 nm, respectively. This fine structure results from a spin-orbit interaction of the valence electron in the 3p electronic state. The spin-orbit interaction couples the spin angular momentum and orbital angular momentum of a 3p electron to form two states that are respectively notated as and in the LS coupling scheme. The 3s state of the electron gives rise to a single state which is notated as in the LS coupling scheme. The D1-line results from an electronic transition between lower state and upper state. The D2-line results from an electronic transition between lower state and upper state. Even closer examination of the visible spectrum of atomic sodium would reveal that the D-line actually consists of a lot more than two lines. These lines are associated with hyperfine structure of the 3p upper states and 3s lower states. Many different transitions involving visible light near 589.5 nm may occur between the different upper and lower hyperfine levels.
A practical use for lasers which work at the sodium D-line transition (see FASOR illustration) is to create artificial laser guide stars (artificial star-like images from sodium in the upper atmosphere) which assist in the adaptive optics for large land-based visible light telescopes.
At a pressure of 30 GPa (300,000 times sea level atmospheric pressure), the melting temperature of sodium begins to drop. At around 100 GPa, sodium will melt at near room temperature. A possible explanation for the aberrant behavior of sodium is that this element has one free electron that is pushed closer to the other 10 electrons when placed under pressure, forcing interactions that are not normally present. While under pressure, solid sodium assumes several odd crystal structures suggesting that the liquid might have unusual properties such as superconduction or superfluidity.
Owing to its high reactivity, sodium is found in nature only as a compound and never as the free element. Sodium makes up about 2.6% by weight of the Earth's crust, making it the sixth most abundant element overall and the most abundant alkali metal. Sodium is found in many different minerals, of which the most common is ordinary salt (sodium chloride), which occurs in vast quantities dissolved in seawater, as well as in solid deposits (halite). Others include amphibole, cryolite, soda niter and zeolite.
Sodium is relatively abundant in stars and the D spectral lines of this element are among the most prominent in star light. Though elemental sodium has a rather high vaporization temperature, its relatively high abundance and very intense spectral lines have allowed its presence to be detected by ground telescopes and confirmed by spacecraft (Mariner 10 and MESSENGER) in the thin atmosphere of the planet Mercury.
Sodium ions (often referred to as just "sodium") are necessary for regulation of blood and body fluids, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and certain metabolic functions. Interestingly, although sodium is needed by animals, which maintain high concentrations in their blood and extracellular fluids, the ion is not needed by plants, and is generally phytotoxic. A completely plant-based diet, therefore, will be very low in sodium. This requires some herbivores to obtain their sodium from salt licks and other mineral sources. The animal need for sodium is probably the reason for the highly-conserved ability to taste the sodium ion as "salty." Receptors for the pure salty taste respond best to sodium, otherwise only to a few other small monovalent cations (Li+, NH4+, and somewhat to K+). Calcium ion (Ca2+) also tastes salty and sometimes bitter to some people but like potassium, can trigger other tastes.
Sodium ions play a diverse and important role in many physiological processes. Excitable animal cells, for example, rely on the entry of Na+ to cause a depolarization. An example of this is signal transduction in the human central nervous system, which depends on sodium ion motion across the nerve cell membrane, in all nerves.
Some potent neurotoxins, such as batrachotoxin, increase the sodium ion permeability of the cell membranes in nerves and muscles, causing a massive and irreversible depolarization of the membranes, with potentially fatal consequences. However, drugs with smaller effects on sodium ion motion in nerves may have diverse pharmacological effects which range from anti-depressant to anti-seizure actions.
Sodium is the primary cation (positive ion) in extracellular fluids in animals and humans. These fluids, such as blood plasma and extracellular fluids in other tissues, bathe cells and carry out transport functions for nutrients and wastes. Sodium is also the principal cation in seawater, although the concentration there is about 3.8 times what it is normally in extracellular body fluids.
Although the system for maintaining optimal salt and water balance in the body is a complex one, one of the primary ways in which the human body keeps track of loss of body water is that osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense a balance of sodium and water concentration in extracellular fluids. Relative loss of body water will cause sodium concentration to rise higher than normal, a condition known as hypernatremia. This ordinarily results in thirst. Conversely, an excess of body water caused by drinking will result in too little sodium in the blood (hyponatremia), a condition which is again sensed by the hypothalamus, causing a decrease in vasopressin hormone secretion from the posterior pituitary, and a consequent loss of water in the urine, which acts to restore blood sodium concentrations to normal.
Severely dehydrated persons, such as people rescued from ocean or desert survival situations, usually have very high blood sodium concentrations. These must be very carefully and slowly returned to normal, since too-rapid correction of hypernatremia may result in brain damage from cellular swelling, as water moves suddenly into cells with high osmolar content.
Because the hypothalamus/osmoreceptor system ordinarily works well to cause drinking or urination to restore the body's sodium concentrations to normal, this system can be used in medical treatment to regulate the body's total fluid content, by first controlling the body's sodium content. Thus, when a powerful diuretic drug is given which causes the kidneys to excrete sodium, the effect is accompanied by an excretion of body water (water loss accompanies sodium loss). This happens because the kidney is unable to efficiently retain water while excreting large amounts of sodium. In addition, after sodium excretion, the osmoreceptor system may sense lowered sodium concentration in the blood and then direct compensatory urinary water loss in order to correct the hyponatremic (low blood sodium) state.
In humans, a high-salt intake was demonstrated to attenuate nitric oxide production. Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to vessel homeostasis by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle contraction and growth, platelet aggregation, and leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium
The most common sodium salt, sodium chloride (table salt), is used for seasoning (for example the English word "salad" refers to salt) and warm-climate food preservation, such as pickling and making jerky (the high osmotic content of salt inhibits bacterial and fungal growth). The human requirement for sodium in the diet is about 500 mg per day, which is typically less than a tenth as much as many diets "seasoned to taste." Most people consume far more sodium than is physiologically needed. For certain people with salt-sensitive blood pressure, this extra intake may cause a negative effect on health.
Sodium in its metallic form can be used to refine some reactive metals, such as zirconium and potassium, from their compounds. This alkali metal as the Na+ ion is vital to animal life. Other uses:
Sodium was first produced commercially in 1855 by thermal reduction of sodium carbonate with carbon at 1100 °C, in what is known as the Deville process.
A process based on the reduction of sodium hydroxide was developed in 1886.
Sodium is now produced commercially through the electrolysis of liquid sodium chloride, based on a process patented in 1924. This is done in a Downs Cell in which the NaCl is mixed with calcium chloride to lower the melting point below 700 °C. As calcium is less electropositive than sodium, no calcium will be formed at the anode. This method is less expensive than the previous Castner process of electrolyzing sodium hydroxide.
Very pure sodium can be isolated by the thermal decomposition of sodium azide.
Metallic sodium cost about 15 to 20 US cents per pound (US$0.30/kg to US$0.45/kg) in 1997, but reagent grade (ACS) sodium cost about US$35 per pound (US$75/kg) in 1990.
Extreme care is required in handling elemental/metallic sodium. Sodium is potentially explosive in water (depending on quantity) and is a caustic poison, since it is rapidly converted to sodium hydroxide on contact with moisture. The powdered form may combust spontaneously in air or oxygen. Sodium must be stored either in an inert (oxygen and moisture free) atmosphere (such as nitrogen or argon), or under a liquid hydrocarbon such as mineral oil or kerosene.
The reaction of sodium and water is a familiar one in chemistry labs, and is reasonably safe if amounts of sodium smaller than a pencil eraser are used and the reaction is done behind a plastic shield by people wearing eye protection. However, the sodium-water reaction does not scale up well, and is treacherous when larger amounts of sodium are used. Larger pieces of sodium melt under the heat of the reaction, and the molten ball of metal is buoyed up by hydrogen and may appear to be stably reacting with water, until splashing covers more of the reaction mass, causing thermal runaway and an explosion which scatters molten sodium, lye solution, and sometimes flame. (18.5 g explosion ) This behavior is unpredictable, and among the alkali metals it is usually sodium which invites this surprise phenomenon, because lithium is not reactive enough to do it, and potassium is so reactive that chemistry students are not tempted to try the reaction with larger potassium pieces.
Sodium is much more reactive than magnesium; a reactivity which can be further enhanced due to sodium's much lower melting point. When sodium catches fire in air (as opposed to just the hydrogen gas generated from water by means of its reaction with sodium) it more easily produces temperatures high enough to melt the sodium, exposing more of its surface to the air and spreading the fire.
Few common fire extinguishers work on sodium fires. Water, of course, exacerbates sodium fires, as do water-based foams. CO2 and Halon are often ineffective on sodium fires, which reignite when the extinguisher dissipates. Among the very few materials effective on a sodium fire are Pyromet and Met-L-X. Pyromet is a NaCl/(NH4)2HPO4 mix, with flow/anti-clump agents. It smothers the fire, drains away heat, and melts to form an impermeable crust. This is the standard dry-powder canister fire extinguisher for all classes of fires. Met-L-X is mostly sodium chloride, NaCl, with approximately 5% Saran plastic as a crust-former, and flow/anti-clumping agents. It is most commonly hand-applied, with a scoop. Other extreme fire extinguishing materials include Lith+, a graphite based dry powder with an organophosphate flame retardant; and Na+, a Na2CO3-based material.
Because of the reaction scale problems discussed above, disposing of large quantities of sodium (more than 10 to 100 grams) must be done through a licensed hazardous materials disposer. Smaller quantities may be broken up and neutralized carefully with ethanol (which has a much slower reaction than water), or even methanol (where the reaction is more rapid than ethanol's but still less than in water), but care should nevertheless be taken, as the caustic products from the ethanol or methanol reaction are just as hazardous to eyes and skin as those from water. After the alcohol reaction appears complete, and all pieces of reaction debris have been broken up or dissolved, a mixture of alcohol and water, then pure water, may then be carefully used for a final cleaning. This should be allowed to stand a few minutes until the reaction products are diluted more thoroughly and flushed down the drain. The purpose of the final water soak and wash of any reaction mass which may contain sodium is to ensure that alcohol does not carry unreacted sodium into the sink trap, where a water reaction may generate hydrogen in the trap space which can then be potentially ignited, causing a confined sink trap explosion.


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Chapter 1 Introduction
Travel Medicine Data Collection: GeoSentinel & Global TravEpiNet
During the past 2 decades, the knowledge base of travel medicine has been enhanced by medical provider networks designed to systematically collect data about travelers. This chapter discusses 2 of these networks, GeoSentinel Surveillance Network and Global TravEpiNet, both of which involve active participation of travel and tropical medicine clinics. Whereas GeoSentinel collects data from ill patients seen at clinics primarily during and after travel, Global TravEpiNet focuses on optimizing medical advice and care before travel.
GeoSentinel, a global surveillance system of travelers and migrants, operates under a cooperative agreement between the International Society of Travel Medicine and CDC and receives data from 54 travel and tropical medicine clinics on 6 continents. GeoSentinel conducts provider-based surveillance of travel-related illnesses and injuries to detect and respond to sentinel events, document ongoing disease trends, and provide a repository of data for analyses to improve epidemiologic expertise in the field of travel medicine. In addition, to facilitate communication and reporting of atypical and noteworthy events within the travel medicine community, GeoSentinel maintains a network membership of >200 travel medicine practitioners worldwide.
GeoSentinel clinics use a standard online data collection template to relate a specific diagnosis to a place and time of exposure. Exposure, if determined, can be at the country level or locally if ascertainable. Ancillary information submitted in real time to the central database includes country of residence, history of recent and previous travel, reason for travel, presenting signs and symptoms, pre-travel medical consult, and whether the patient is a classic traveler, an immigrant, or an expatriate. Records are segregated by clinical setting, which includes during or after travel and inpatient or outpatient. Specific diagnosis codes are used, and several codes are designated as "alarming diagnoses" to prompt more immediate attention.
GeoSentinel initiated data collection in 1997, and by the end of 2011 had generated >160,000 records on travelers seen at GeoSentinel site clinics. Of the patients with travel-related conditions reported by GeoSentinel clinics through the end of 2011, approximately 50% were seen after travel, 31% during travel, and 14% for illnesses related to their initial immigration travel. Among those seen after travel, 57% were leisure travelers; 14% were business travelers; 14% were missionaries, volunteer researchers, or aid workers; 12% were people visiting friends and relatives (VFR); and 2% were students. The most common destinations of returned travelers seen at GeoSentinel clinics were Mexico, Brazil, Egypt, Kenya, India, Thailand, and Indonesia.
GeoSentinel surveillance data have been used to report the spectrum of disease, document longitudinal disease trends, and detect sentinel events among traveling populations. Numerous reports using GeoSentinel data have been published; a list of publications, presentations, and citations can be found on the GeoSentinel website at www.istm.org/geosentinel/publicat.html. In 2006, a report was published describing spectrum of disease in 17,353 returning travelers from developing countries seen at GeoSentinel clinics and documenting both overall disease trends and regional disease occurrences. Additional studies using GeoSentinel data have been published, including reports focused on specific diseases such as dengue and malaria, animal-associated injuries, specific populations such as VFR travelers, destination-specific reports including the 2010 World Cup in South Africa and response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and outbreaks of leptospirosis and suspected sarcocystosis.
A continued focus of GeoSentinel will be to maintain systematic and timely data collection from sites, document trends and changes of illness patterns in travelers, and report new and unusual events in traveling populations. GeoSentinel will also seek to add new sites and expand its network membership. Further information on GeoSentinel can be found at www.istm.org/geosentinel/main.html.
Global TravEpiNet was formed in 2009 to advance the pre-travel health care of US international travelers, particularly those at higher risk of travel-associated illness because of itinerary, purpose of travel, or existing medical conditions. Global TravEpiNet performs this work by systematically evaluating the health characteristics and pre-travel health care of travelers, developing evidence-based web tools for travelers and practitioners, and assessing the effect of pre-travel health interventions. As of September 2012, the Global TravEpiNet Consortium was composed of a network of 25 clinical sites across the United States, including primary care clinics, academic travel medicine practices, pharmacy-based practices, public health clinics, and occupational health clinics; many are registered to administer yellow fever vaccine.
Clinicians at Global TravEpiNet sites use a web tool to systematically collect data about the pre-travel health consultation. Data collected from the pre-travel consultation include demographics, travel itinerary, travel purpose, immunization history, vaccines administered, medication provided, and reasons for not administering a recommended vaccine. Data on >33,000 pre-travel consultations have been collected as of June 2012. More than 80% of travelers seen at Global TravEpiNet sites are visiting resource-poor destination countries. Africa is the most commonly visited region, and nearly a third of travelers visit multiple countries. Leisure (49%) is the most commonly reported purpose of travel, but business (15%), service work (15%), and VFR travelers (11%) are also common. Fifty-nine percent of travelers report an existing health condition before departure; 3% have an immune-suppressing condition of some type.
Patients declining recommended vaccines during the pre-travel consultation, particularly the influenza and rabies vaccines, have been identified as an area of concern within Global TravEpiNet. In particular, being a VFR traveler is an independent predictor of declining any recommended vaccine (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.31–1.60). Global TravEpiNet is exploring the reasons that lead travelers to decline vaccines. Other areas of active research include determining the cost-effectiveness of the pre-travel consultation, evaluating specific traveling populations (such as VFR, pediatric, and immunocompromised travelers), and assessing the use of specific pre-travel interventions (such as yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and rabies vaccines).
Global TravEpiNet has identified that VFR travelers are less likely to seek timely pre-travel medical care and are more likely to decline recommended vaccines, even when they have sought medical advice. Because the Internet and primary care providers are common sources of health information for international travelers, especially VFR travelers, Global TravEpiNet has developed a number of web-based tools to optimize pre-travel health care for high-risk international travelers (Box 1-02). These publicly available web tools link directly to up-to-date recommendations from CDC. The Global TravEpiNet Consortium is also actively recruiting primary care and public health clinical sites that provide care to VFR and other high-risk travelers. More information on Global TravEpiNet, its web tools, and its membership can be found at www.healthful.travel.
Box 1-02. Publicly available travel resources from Global TravEpiNet
- All resources are free, do not require registration, and can be accessed at www.healthful.travel.
- The Travelers' Health Tool encourages international travelers to seek pre-travel health advice and provides quick, itinerary-specific recommendations based on CDC guidelines.
- The Healthcare Providers' Tool guides clinicians through preparing a person for international travel and is up-to-date with CDC recommendations.
- CDC. Notes from the field: acute muscular sarcocystosis among returning travelers—Tioman Island, Malaysia, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012 Jan 20;61(2):37–8.
- CDC. Update: outbreak of acute febrile respiratory illness among college students—Acapulco, Mexico, March 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001 May 11;50(18):359–60.
- Esposito DH, Han PV, Kozarsky PE, Walker PF, Gkrania-Klotsas E, Barnett ED, et al. Characteristics and spectrum of disease among ill returned travelers from pre- and post-earthquake Haiti: The GeoSentinel experience. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Jan;86(1):23–8.
- Freedman DO, Weld LH, Kozarsky PE, Fisk T, Robins R, von Sonnenburg F, et al. Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 12;354(2):119–30.
- Gautret P, Schwartz E, Shaw M, Soula G, Gazin P, Delmont J, et al. Animal-associated injuries and related diseases among returned travellers: a review of the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. Vaccine. 2007 Mar 30;25(14):2656–63.
- LaRocque RC, Rao SR, Lee J, Ansdell V, Yates JA, Schwartz BS, et al. Global TravEpiNet: a national consortium of clinics providing care to international travelers—analysis of demographic characteristics, travel destinations, and pretravel healthcare of high-risk US international travelers, 2009–2011. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Feb 15;54(4):455–62.
- LaRocque RC, Rao SR, Tsibris A, Lawton T, Barry MA, Marano N, et al. Pre-travel health advice-seeking behavior among US international travelers departing from Boston Logan International Airport. J Travel Med. 2010 Nov–Dec;17(6):387–91.
- Leder K, Black J, O'Brien D, Greenwood Z, Kain KC, Schwartz E, et al. Malaria in travelers: a review of the GeoSentinel surveillance network. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Oct 15;39(8):1104–12.
- Leder K, Tong S, Weld L, Kain KC, Wilder-Smith A, von Sonnenburg F, et al. Illness in travelers visiting friends and relatives: a review of the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 1;43(9):1185–93.
- Mendelson M, Davis XM, Jensenius M, Keystone JS, von Sonnenburg F, Hale DC, et al. Health risks in travelers to South Africa: the GeoSentinel experience and implications for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010 Jun;82(6):991–5.
- Schwartz E, Weld LH, Wilder-Smith A, von Sonnenburg F, Keystone JS, Kain KC, et al. Seasonality, annual trends, and characteristics of dengue among ill returned travelers, 1997–2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Jul;14(7):1081–8.
- Page created: August 01, 2013
- Page last updated: August 01, 2013
- Page last reviewed: August 01, 2013
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The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) is the largest mental health and addictions facility in Canada, and a Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre. For 2012, CAMH has been named one of Canada's Best Diversity Employers, one of Greater Toronto's Top Employers, as well as winning a Silver Quality Healthcare Workplace Award.
CAMH is recognized for its uniqueness and its ability to provide a complete continuum of care in one setting; integrate the treatment of alcohol, drug and mental illness; be a health-promoting hospital; and conduct leading-edge neurological, social and clinical research, making major advancements in the treatment of a number of diseases and translating it into practical treatment and tools.
Our supportive learning environment offers on-site training, workshops, professional development courses and an on-site B.Sc.N. Baccalaureate degree program. Located in downtown Toronto, we are easily accessible by transit. We offer a balance of work and lifestyle including on site day care facility, discounts on membership at the University of Toronto Athletic Centre, on-site pool (at the Queen Street location) and gymnasiums.
Opportunities are available for most health care professionals.


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The New York Times Archive - Oversized Cars - 1954
- Online Only
Please Select Size: 15.25 x 13.25"
Please Select Color:
- Overview
Three classic cars in Yonkers, New York are not only a study in form and shape, but also a reflection on stillness and rest. At first glance, they look as if they're moving but the absence of drivers makes you slow down and take a second look. An online Pottery Barn exclusive, this photo is offered in partnership with The New York Times Archive.
- Black/Espresso Frame: 15.25" wide x 13.25" high
- Black Frame: 19.5" wide x 16.5" high
- Espresso Frame: 20" wide x 17" high
- Black Frame: 25.5" wide x 21.5" high
- Espresso Frame: 26" wide x 22" high
- Selected from the historical images of the New York Times archives.
- Includes a certificate of authenticity from the New York Times.
- Backed with a label giving time period and full story of the image.
- Offered exclusively through Pottery Barn.
- Framed in ramin wood with a black or espresso finish.
- White archival-quality, acid-free, beveled-cut mat.
- Black and white image printed on 260-gram paper with a satin finish.
- Plexiglas front.
- Dimensions & Care
- Backed with an attached braided wire for mounting.
- Backed with a label giving time period and full story of the image.
- Includes a certificate of authenticity from The New York Times archives.
- Frame Overall: 15.25" wide x 13.25" high
- Frame: 1" wide
- Mat Opening: 10" wide x 8" high
- Mat: 2" wide
- Black Frame Overall: 19.5" wide x 16.5" high
- Black Frame: 1" wide
- Espresso Frame Overall: 20" wide x 17" high
- Espresso Frame: 1.375" wide
- Mat Opening: 14" wide x 11" high
- Mat: 1.75" wide
- Black Frame Overall: 25.5" wide x 21.5" high
- Black Frame: 1" wide
- Espresso Frame Overall: 26" wide x 22" high
- Espresso Frame: 1.375" wide
- Mat Opening: 20" wide x 16" high
- Mat: 2" wide
- Wipe with a slightly damp cloth.
- To avoid scratching, do not use household cleaners.
- Shipping Info
- Please allow approximately 4 weeks for delivery.
This is a general shipping item. This item will ship directly from the manufacturer and is not eligible for rush shipping.
View our Shipping Information
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At Pottery Barn, we take great pride in the quality and craftsmanship of our products. Attention to design, materials, safety and construction is our priority. We carefully inspect your order prior to shipment. Upon receipt, please inspect your purchase and notify us of any damage; we will arrange for a prompt replacement. If, within 7 days for Quick Ship upholstery and 30 days for all other products, you are dissatisfied for any reason, you may return your purchase for a refund of the merchandise value.
We cannot accept returns on monogrammed, personalized, special-order items, or on items damaged through normal wear and tear. We also cannot accept returns of final-sale items which are identified by a price which ends in .99.
For returns of items purchased from your Pottery Barn registry, we will gladly provide a refund or exchange for the merchandise within 90 days of your event or within 90 days of purchase, whichever date is later.
You may return merchandise through the mail for a refund or replacement. For detailed procedures for returning items through the mail, please contact Customer Service at 1.888.779.5176, 7 days a week, 5:00am - 9:00pm (PT).


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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Department of Health & Human Services
Emergency preparedness and response. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Available at:
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/vaccination/vaccine.asp. Accessed November 30, 2012.
Medication guide: Smallpox (vaccinia) vaccine, live. Food and Drug Administration website. Available at:
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/UCM142576.pdf. Updated October 2009. Accessed November 30, 2012.
Smallpox. World Health Organization website. Available at:
http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/en. Accessed November 30, 2012.
Smallpox disease overview. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Available at:
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/overview/disease-facts.asp. Updated February 6, 2007. Accessed November 30, 2012.
This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.
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Bar Leaders Conference
For all bar associations
the state of Texas, this conference sheds valuable light on what it
means to be a bar leader.
With the critical support and help from local bar associations and Texas Young Lawyers Association affiliates, this conference continues to enjoy success, year after year.
Join other local bar leaders for a two-day training program that addresses common concerns for volunteer leaders. In addition, meet the State Bar of Texas and TYLA elected leaders as you learn about resources provided by the State Bar.
2015 Bar Leaders Conference
The State Bar of Texas, Texas Young Lawyers Association and the Texas Access to Justice Commission invite you to the 2015 Bar Leaders Conference at the Westin Galleria in Houston, July 24-25.
Future Bar Leaders Conference Dates
2014 Bar Leaders Conference
Click here to access the 2014 conference material!


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Main Content
This item ships within two business days.
$4.99 flat rate shipping. See other shipping options.
The Lost Board Bash boardies are like a party on your pants — because of their multilayered surfboard print. They are not, however, an excuse to bash your board on the ground for the heck of it. Not sure why you'd want to so that in the first place, but the warning's there, just in case.
- 11" Inseam on Size 30
- 70% Cotton/30% Nylon
- Back flap pocket
- Engineered print
- Hook and loop fastener at fly
- Imported
- Lycra gusset
- Tie front with four grommets
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Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


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Now before i start, I know this isn't a permanent fix, there are some dents that need professional attention, the only reason i used this scratch remover is it was a cheap option to try and mask the damage as best i can, until after Christmas when i can afford the £500 to fix it.
I used some G3 Scratch Remover Paste, there is still a bit of paint chipped off the door which will have to wait until i can afford a professional fix.
This took around 30mins in bad light, if i spend some more time carefully giving attention to all areas im sure it will look better,
Some before pictures...
And some after...
It has done well to make the damage less obvious, now all i need to do is find £500
I am very happy with this product, however is there anything else you guys reckon someone like me could do to make it even better?
Many Thanks! x


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Rose Mary Haggar Rose Garden
Located within the DeGolyer Gardens, this classically designed pocket rose garden contains over 200 Hybrid Tea Roses of 16 different varieties.
This beautiful space truly comes alive during Dallas Blooms in the spring and Autumn at the Arboretum in the fall. With hundreds of blooms, the Rose Mary Haggar Rose Garden creates an incredible backdrop for many an intimate wedding held in this charming space.
View more named gardens and features:
The Trial Gardens
Rory Meyers Children's Adventure Garden
Trammell Crow Visitor Education
Pavilion and Entry Plaza


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Italian Cheese Collection
- Exclusive
- Online Only
- Summary
Conjure the Italian countryside with this collection of three old-world cheeses, all made in small batches. Hand picked for us by the Italian cheese specialists at Fresca Italia, our collection includes something for everyone.
Two-Milk Robiola: A smooth and creamy blend of cow's and goat's milk from the Piedmont region. Each milk adds its own characteristics for a lush, supple cheese with layers of flavors ranging from fresh cream, yeasts, grasses, butter and hay.
Brunet: A dense, cake-like, creamy pasteurized goat's milk cheese from Piedmont, featuring a bloomy rind and a robust, milky flavor that make it a great match for sparkling wines.
Pecorino di Rocca: This Tuscan sheep's milk cheese has a slightly grassy aroma, a sweet, nutty flavor, and a firm yet moist, crumbly texture.
- Collection includes: 8.8 oz. Two-Milk Robiola, 8 oz. Brunet and 12.35 oz. Pecorino di Rocca.
- Shipped chilled.
- Made in Italy.
- Because the items in this collection are crafted in limited quantities, we may occasionally have to make substitutions with similar items of equal quality.
- Use & Care
Storing & Serving
- Refrigerate cheese upon receipt. It is best stored in a vegetable bin or container away from the refrigerator fan. To experience the cheese's full flavor, serve at room temperature. Wrap leftover cheese in parchment or waxed paper (plastic wrap is not recommended). Serve cheese within one to two weeks of receipt.
- Ingredients
- Two-Milk Robiola: cow's milk, sheep's milk, rennet, salt.
- Brunet: goat's milk, rennet, salt.
- Pecorino di Rocca: sheep's milk, rennet, salt.
- Shipping
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To ensure freshness, perishable items are shipped overnight from the supplier and are not eligible for rush shipping. Please allow up to one week for delivery.
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At Williams-Sonoma, we take great pride in the quality and craftsmanship of our products. Attention to design, materials, safety and construction are our priority. Upon receipt, please inspect your purchase and notify us of any damage; we will arrange for a prompt replacement.
We cannot accept returns on monogrammed, personalized, special-order items, custom upholstery, items shipped direct from the vendor, or on items damaged through normal wear and tear. Final sale items ending in .97 or .99 cannot be returned. View Full Return Policy.


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23 March 2014
UK public support for Sport Relief to help vaccinate children in Africa and Asia
Support for GAVI Alliance in the race to immunise children announced at London 2012 Olympic stadium.
04 November 2013
Ghana to vaccinate girls against HPV with GAVI support
School girls in four districts to be immunised against leading cause of cervical cancer.
07 August 2013
At Dakar conference, countries showcase increased efforts to fund their own immunisation programs
Sabin Vaccine Institute convenes government officials to discuss progress on sustainable immunization financing programs (News release: Sabin Vaccine Institute).
29 May 2013
Vaccines against cervical cancer and rubella to benefit health of women and girls
Two new vaccines that help protect against cervical cancer, measles and rubella spearhead the GAVI Alliance's commitment to improving the health of girls and women.
28 May 2013
Voices from the Global Forum on Cervical Cancer Prevention
Over 400 Government leaders, policymakers, healthcare professionals, NGOs and corporate leaders gathered for the first-ever Global Forum on Cervical Cancer Prevention on 27 May.
14 May 2013
Kenya first country to protect girls against cervical cancer with GAVI support
Kenya becomes the first country to protect girls against cervical cancer with GAVI-supported human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines.
08 May 2013
Millions of girls in developing countries to be protected against cervical cancer thanks to new HPV vaccine deals
Historic agreements show power of innovative public-private partnership
11 April 2013
GAVI review of health system strengthening in Sierra Leone
GAVI's Transparency & Accountability Policy Team (TAP) has finalised its Audit of Health Systems Strengthening (HSS) in Sierra Leone and the findings have been officially communicated to the Government.
25 February 2013
Statement on Ms Zainab Bangura and GAVI's review of Sierra Leone
The GAVI Alliance has been requested by Ms Zainab Hawa Bangura, a former Minister of Health of Sierra Leone, to clarify certain details of its on-going review of GAVI Health Systems Strengthening (HSS) funding support to Sierra Leone.
04 February 2013
GAVI funds vaccines to protect girls against cervical cancer
More than 180,000 girls in eight developing countries are set to receive protection against the leading cause of cervical cancer thanks to human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines funded by the GAVI Alliance.
Ethics hotline
Concerned about the misuse of Gavi resources? Report it now.
© Gavi 2015
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Mfg.: Teknor Apex,Apex Matting
Model: APEX Foodservice Mats 0065-587
APEX Matting & Foodservice Products is an industry leader in foodservice flooring. They produce lines of runners and carpeting, bar mats, anti-fatigue mats, grease-resistant floor mats, and more to meet the needs of every facet of foodservice. They create can custom flooring in most any size, complete with the designs and logos your company provides. For more information on custom rugs or flooring, or a quote on a custom piece or an alternate size mat, please contact one of our sales associates at (404)-752-6715.
ITEM: Apex Matting 3' x 5' Finger Scrape Rubber Foot Scraper Floor Mat
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Color can evoke the simplest thought or the most complex metaphor, bringing richness to our world. Without color, would we understand emotion? Taste? Beauty? Ball State Dance Theatre explores how color can create and define movement and shape space.
Tickets: General Public-$14, Faculty/Staff-$13, Senior Citizens-$10, Students-$8
Box Office Hours: Monday-Friday 12pm-5pm and one hour before each performance
For more information, please contact the University Theatre Box Office at 765-285-8749. Tickets go on sale August 26, 2013.
Copyright © 2015 Ball State University 2000 W. University Ave. Muncie, IN 47306
800-382-8540 and 765-289-1241