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Living in Jacksonville, FL means that you need a great air conditioning system you can rely on. We have a great selection of systems, and we also offer exceptional AC services.
J & W Heating and Air — An Air Conditioning and Heating Company in Jacksonville, FL
Living in Florida has countless perks that homeowners here enjoy each and every day. Warm, sunny weather abounds for much of the year, and our heating season is pretty mild. If you want to enjoy the most comfortable living situation possible, of course, you must have a quality heating and cooling system to get you through the hottest and coldest times of the year. Working with J & W Heating and Air is the perfect way to ensure that you are able to heat and cool your home in a very reliable, efficient and effective manner. Contact us today if you have any questions at all about the HVAC services our skilled technicians have to offer.
Air Conditioning
Living in Florida means that you have a nice, hot climate to enjoy for much of the year. It also means that your air conditioner is going to get quite the workout. Make sure that your AC is ready for action by scheduling your air conditioning installation, repair and maintenance services with a member of our team. If you need a quality air conditioning company in Jacksonville, FL, we are the one to call.
While it is true that Florida is quite warm for much of the year, you must also prepare yourself for those nights when the temperature dips into uncomfortably low territory. We have a great selection of heaters for you to choose from, including heat pumps and Mitsubishi ductless heating systems. Contact us today for more information about all of your heating options. A warm climate is no excuse to neglect your heating in Jacksonville, FL.
Indoor Air Quality
You need more than just comfortable temperatures to make your home the most enjoyable living space possible. You must also ensure that your indoor air quality in Jacksonville, FL is exceptional. You deserve to breathe clean, pure air in the comfort of your own home, and our indoor air quality specialists can help make sure that this is the case. Contact us today if you have any concerns about your indoor air quality.
Energy Audits
It is a great luxury to be able to keep your home comfortable all year long, but it is even better to do so in the most efficient manner possible. This can be tougher than it sounds. If your home is not using energy efficiently, you may find that your heating and cooling costs are far higher than you'd like. With a thorough energy audit in Jacksonville, FL, though, we can help ensure that you are able to keep your home comfortable without draining your budget. Call for further details about using energy in your home more efficiently.
Commercial HVAC
Commercial HVAC systems are large, complex and costly. You need to know that your Jacksonville, FL commercial HVAC technician is handling your commercial service needs properly. For quality commercial HVAC systems 25 tons and under, we are the air conditioning and heating company you can count on. Give us a call if you have any commercial HVAC or commercial indoor air quality needs taken care of.
Whatever you may need to live and work more comfortably, J & W Heating and Air is the Jacksonville, FL air conditioning and heating company to call. Our technicians do it all, making us your one stop shop for HVAC and indoor air quality services. Please call with any questions you may have about the extensive services we offer.


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Spinal stenosis is the narrowing of the spinal canal caused by
excessive bone growth, thickening of tissue in the canal (such as ligaments or
cartilage), herniated disc, or all three. This narrowing can squeeze and
irritate the spinal cord itself or the spinal nerve roots where they leave the
spinal cord.
The main cause of spinal stenosis is the breakdown (degeneration)
of tissues caused by the normal aging process. Symptoms of spinal stenosis most
often occur in people older than age 50. Spinal stenosis is sometimes caused by other problems such as a fracture, swelling, or a tumor.
In rare cases, the spinal canal is narrowed from the time of birth because of the way the bones are formed.
Spinal stenosis occurs most often in the lower back (lumbar) area. It can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the legs, feet, or buttocks. Some
people experience low back pain. These symptoms get worse when the back is
stretched or extended, such as when a person is walking in a flat area or
downhill, standing straight, or leaning backwards. The pain gets better when
the spine is flexed forward, for example, when a person is sitting down,
leaning over a grocery cart, or walking uphill.
Stenosis in the neck area is called cervical stenosis. It can
cause stiffness, pain, weakness, or numbness in the neck, arms, and legs, as well as
problems with bowel and bladder control (incontinence). If cervical stenosis is
untreated, it can squeeze and injure the spinal cord itself and lead to nerve
damage and paralysis.
Symptoms can often be controlled using pain-relief medicine,
strength and flexibility exercises, physical therapy, or corticosteroid
injections. Surgery may be considered for symptoms that are severe, are getting
worse, or that restrict normal daily activities.
Last Revised:
February 13, 2012
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
William H. Blahd, Jr., MD, FACEP - Emergency Medicine & Robert B. Keller, MD - Orthopedics
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HotTubWorks Spa Repair Forums
Welcome to the HotTubWorks Spa Repair Forums.
- Forum
- Everything For Hot Tubs & Spas
- New Control Box or Pack
- Master Spa - OHH error
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Thread: Master Spa - OHH error
First time poster here and I hope I'm posting this in the correct category.
Hoping that someone here can provide some info. I have a 2004 Master Spa / Down East / Exeter SE with a 3 pump system. An error - OHH showed up on the panel. The manual states it's an overheating problem, spa has shut down, one of the sensors has detected 118F. It says that once the heater has cooled, reset by pushing any button. This didn't work. I let it sit for 24 hrs, still no go.
A few years back, I had to replace the system control pack due to a heater malfunction. The relay blew and lost the 240 volt circuit. The unit is a MS2000, manufactured by Balboa. I still had the old one and took the temp probes from it and tried them in the one on the spa, all to no avail. It was a long shot, but figured I try. I also checked for dirty clogged filter. This doesn't seem to be a problem. The spa will not power back on, so it seems it's pointing to a control pack problem. When I reset the power, it cycles through all phases, after it checks the 240v, the OHH error shows up on the topside panel and will not go any further.
I'm hoping I don't have to replace this unit again as it was very expensive - $560 the last time, probably more now. I removed the circuit board from the old system pack and from where the sensors are, it doesn't look like I could use the old for any replaceable components. The wiring diagram doesn't show (at least to me) where the temp sensors are connected to. There are at least five fuses on the board that I can see, all checked okay.
I've called the guy who services my pool. He has serviced the spa a little, but I think his first inclination is to replace the system control pack - he doesn't have to shell out the $560+. I was hoping to troubleshoot a little more before I go that route.
Any help here? Thanks in advance!
If sensors do not correct this and you did have good flo then it usually will be in the circuit board which can just be replaced without the entire control system. Did the heater ever come on before it went in to OHH? Was the heater hot when this happened?
Thanks for the quick reply Mary.
I can't say for sure that flow and heater were okay just before it went out as one day it was working fine, then the next day when I removed the cover, the spa was off (still powered up) and the error was on the panel. I've been unsuccessful in getting it to power up completely since. The last time it was used, both the heater and flow seemed to be okay.
When I replaced the spa pack before (just three years ago) the price for the entire pack was $544, while the board alone was $501. The three year life seems very unreasonable since my spa is not outdoors and exposed to the elements. It is in a cabana type structure that has good ventilation and never gets real cold inside. Does this seem normal to have to replace this twice in the 7 years or so I've has the spa?
Thanks again.
Well you would definately want to get a longer life out of a system but sometimes circuit boards will malfunction without any reason. If it were me I would probably try a new high limit sensor first, the correct one that goes with your current system to see if it hasn't failed.
Is the high limit sensor that you refer to the same the sensor that are referred to as sensor A and sensor B? Is your reasoning to try a brand new one since the ones I did try were out of a spa pack that went bad? This does make sense, but I was just trying not to spend more on something that would be included with a new spa pack. I'll check to see if I can get one or two and return if it doesn't fix the problem.
Thanks Mary!
If a sensor only was the problem, would the spa go through the start-up cycle, then give either a sensor error (sna or snb) rather than not even start up at all?
It could, but it could also be something in the circuit board. But before replacing a board that is why I suggested the sensor. If your system has the sensor A and sensor B on the heater those two sensors are the same part. If you have good flow out of the jets from the pump then that is why I suggest one of those two sensor may be malfunctioning.
The dilemma I'm having is that the pumps have never come on since originally getting the OHH error. I thought there was good flow out of the jets before it went out. The spa was working one day, then wasn't the next day. I've never been able to clear the error or get the pumps to start.
What you can try to do is switch the two sensors at the circuit board. Plug A into B and B into A and see if it goes out of the OHH and pump comes on.
I've tried switching the two and using two sensors from an l spa pack that I had to replace a few years ago. That spa pack had a bad heater relay and I'm quite sure the sensors were okay. I've tried just about every combination of switching all the sensors I have, all to no avail. Never gets to the point where the pumps come on.
Looks like it's pointing to a problem with the board?
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"Every second of every day, a new playwright becomes sad," reads the blog, which chronicles the faces of — you guessed it — sad playwrights.
[Sad Playwrights via Awl]
Sad face is real, y'all.
"Every second of every day, a new playwright becomes sad," reads the blog, which chronicles the faces of — you guessed it — sad playwrights.
[Sad Playwrights via Awl]
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The pilot will be directed by music video director Hiro Murai.The 25 Worst Ways to Be Killed by Arnold Schwarzenegger
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Saving on cooling costs
With energy costs going up with seemingly no end in sight it's important to know ways to save energy at home. Here are some simple ways to reduce your cooling costs for the summer.
· Switch your ceiling fan to turn in a counter-clockwise direction in the summer; in the winter, run it at low speed, but clockwise. Having the fan going the right direction at the correct speed can keep the air in your house circulating and make it feel cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter.
· Close your exterior doors and windows tightly when the AC is on. Your doors and windows weather stripping is equally important in the summer as it is in the winter. You can save more by limiting how long your kitchen and bathroom exhaust fans run.
· Change or clean your AC's air filters at least once a month to keep your system running at peak performance. If you have central air, it's a good idea to change the furnace air filter as the cool are is passed through the furnace ducts to your living areas. Keeping the filter changed regularly will improve air flow and make the fan fun more efficiently.
· Make sure your AC has a rating – or Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) – of 15. Not only will it be more efficient, you could also be eligible for a rebate up to $300.Make saving automatic: Set your thermostat fan switch to "auto" to save energy. Leaving it in the "on" position keeps air running constantly. Setting your thermostat to keep the house just a few degrees below the high for the day can also help by limiting how often it runs.
· Block the sun from overheating your home. Try to block as much sunlight from the room containing the thermostat, when you keep this room cooler it helps to not have the AC run as often during the day.
· Insulate your walls with injected foam insulation to help you save energy by keeping hot outside air from seeping through porous block walls – check with your local building supply company for details.
· Give your AC a tune-up. Running an inefficient AC system can result in high monthly bills. On top of that come tax time you can get a few bucks back from the government.
· Open interior doors so that cooled air flows freely throughout your home.
· Repair leaky ducts to reduce heating and cooling costs and qualify for a rebate up to $120 toward repairs.
· Though through thermal dynamics, e.g. heat rising, there shouldn't be much heat transfer it's a good idea to install attic insulation rated R-30 and sealing any attic leaks to reduce high home cooling costs. You'll save money each month and qualify for a rebate of $75 or more.
· Decorate for a cooler home by hanging light-colored curtains that allow light to enter a room while blocking some of the sun's rays, and light-colored paint to reflect heat.
· Close unused air vents. If you have central AC you can close air vent in rooms you're not using so you're not paying to cool them. If you have a finished basement living-room/family-room area, consider closing the ducts to this part of the house. Cool air will naturally sink, but closing the ducks to these areas you're forcing the air to the first floor which will eventually trickle down to the basement anyway.
· Plant trees to provide shade on the sunny side of your home.
· Install more ceiling fans. Because the breeze of a fan can make you feel three to four degrees cooler, you can raise that thermostat and still stay comfortable.
· Install a programmable thermostat to adjust your temperature during the day.
Implementing several of these concepts can reduce your energy costs of the long run. Many of them are tax deductible and how doesn't want a few bucks back at the end of the year?
Shop www.efaucets.com for your fans and water saving fixtures.


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Special Olympics videos tell the story of lives changed in Africa by the simple power and joy of sport.
Stay in touch! See inspiring stories, photos and videos in our Special Olympics newsletter.
Today, the Templeton Foundation gave its most prestigious award to my hero, Jean Vanier. For Linda and our children and me, he has also been our retreat leader, our teacher of humility, our guide.
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By Claire Walla
After strolling through the Hampton Library with their father one Saturday afternoon, nine-year-old Sean Murphree and his sister Keara (six) stumbled upon something quite unexpected.
Standing there in the middle of the library's children's section were two pooches named Lucie and Miele, panting profusely as they waited for kids like Sean and Keara to come take notice.
The dogs were visiting as part of the library's outreach initiative to help kids develop reading skills.
"The real idea behind it is to help kids relax when they read," said children's librarian Emily Herrick. "Basically, a dog is a non-judgmental listener."
It took a minute to get the high energy lab mixes to relax, but Sean and Keara quickly chose their narratives and dove into their texts. Keara — an animal lover who said she normally reads to her cat — took breaks from her book, "Sally Goes to the Beach," to address Miele directly, even petting the top of her head. Sean settled effortlessly into "A Couple of Boys Have the Best Week Ever." But eventually Keara read uninterrupted, and the dogs, like any good listeners, sat patiently absorbing every word.
"Reading out loud is a good skill to develop," Herrick said. In addition to absorbing the fundamentals of speech, she added, "It's another way of developing confidence, just like public speaking."
Lucie and Miele (who belong to Herrick) were brought in when Maxx, a white cockapoo and certified therapy dog, never showed up. Thankfully, Herrick said only one kid who signed up to read with the dog was there, and her own dogs were readily available.
"Mine are strictly pinch-hitting today," Herrick mused.
Librarians hope Maxx will be available for another reading session on August 13. Though Sean and Keara weren't expecting canine companions, they seemed to be pleasantly surprised to find them ready to listen.
"Is it more fun to read to a dog than to mom or dad?" asked Jeff Murphree, the children's father.
Both kids smiled, then answered in unison.


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Guatemalan Charged With Re‑Entering U.S. Illegally
JOHNSTOWN, Pa. ‑ A citizen of Guatemala was indicted by a federal grand jury in Johnstown on a charge of re-entry of removed alien, United States Attorney David J. Hickton announced today.
The one-count indictment named Aura Marina Ajiatas-Sapon, 44.
According to the indictment presented to the court, on Feb. 24, 2011, Ajiatas-Sapon, an alien, who on July 26, 2010, had been previously deported and removed from the United States, knowingly and unlawfully re-entered the United States. She was found in Clearfield Co., Pa., without having applied for or having received permission from the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security to re-enter the United States.
The law provides for a maximum total sentence of two years in prison, a fine of $250,000, or both. Under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, the actual sentence imposed would be based upon the seriousness of the offense and the prior criminal history of the defendant.
Assistant United States Attorney Stephanie L. Haines is prosecuting this case on behalf of the government.
The United States Border Patrol and Pennsylvania State Police, Clearfield Barracks, conducted the investigation leading to the indictment in this case.
An indictment or information is an accusation. A defendant is presumed innocent unless and until proven guilty.
Protect yourself from fraud, and report suspected cases of financial fraud to local law enforcement.


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September 2014 - May 2015 Cynthia Hager, Program CoordinatorFu Schroeder, Program Director
Just as Siddhartha left the innocence and protection of his childhood palace to seek his own path and to discover what he had to bring into the world, so must all young people leave the total dependence of childhood behind and embark on the important and complex journey towards adulthood.
The Zen Center Coming of Age Program aims to offer guidance and support that facilitates youth in their journey towards forging new connections to themselves, their community and the environment. It is also a formal celebration of that journey. We hope you will join us! Both new and returning students are welcome.
The completion ceremony begins at 9:30 am for the youth. Families and their guests should arrive by 11:15 for the ceremony in the zendo. We encourage families and guests to attend the morning lecture, which will be relevant to the Ceremony. After the ceremony there will be a reception on the pool deck. Families will be encouraged to bring a pot luck and desserts for our celebration. More details will be given concerning the overnights and the completion ceremony as we get closer to the time of those events. We are so grateful for your interest in our program and look forward to meeting you and your child. Contact InformationShould you have questions regarding the program, we would be happy to answer your questions directly. Contact Cynthia Hager, Program Coordinator, at (415) 302-5896 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Tuition
$800; $720 SFZC members, $640 low income. Note: Scholarships may be available; please call 415.389.0308.


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The Gorge
Post Canyon
Biking Trail
Easy to Hard You'll hear more than the call of the wild at this mountain-biking mecca. Designed as a motorbike course, Post Canyon echos with the whines of 250cc engines—it's a fly-trap for adrenaline junkies who test their mettle (and bone density) by hucking themselves off massive piles of dirt. But the energy drink–slugging crowd tends to stick to the upper part of the canyon, leaving the well-maintained network of trails below to mellower bikers. Drop by Hood River's Mountain View Cycles for trail maps. And, if you ask nicely, the gearheads inside might point out some of their favorite rides—or at least tell you about the best spots to gape at the daredevils as they cheat gravity. —KC
ROUND TRIP: Varies NEAREST TOWN: Hood River DISTANCE FROM DOWNTOWN: 63 miles PACK: Mountain Biking Oregon; Adventure Maps Mountain Biking and Hiking Hood River, Oregon & South Central Washington map
Oneonta Gorge
Hiking Trail
Easy This petite hike is the perfect spot for time-pressed Gorge hikers to get their feet wet, literally. Reaching the sixty-foot Oneonta Falls—which sits at the end of a narrow chasm curtained with lichens and mosses—requires a bracing, knee-deep wade up the creek's chilly waters. (Earlier in the summer, these waters can be higher, so be sure to keep an eye—and possibly a hand—on younger hikers.) If your day planner isn't jam-packed, try parking at the Horsetail Falls lot. From here, follow Gorge Trail 400 behind the hundred-or-so-foot-tall Ponytail Falls. This diversion adds about a mile and a half, each way, to your outing, but for water babies, it's well worth it. —KC
ROUND TRIP: 1 mile NEAREST TOWN: Corbett DISTANCE FROM DOWNTOWN: 35 miles PACK: The Curious Gorge; Green Trails Map No. 428; towel
Fifteen Mile Creek
Biking Trail
Hard With numerous creek crossings, head-jerking panoramas of Mount Hood and the fruit orchards of the Hood River Valley, and an endorphin-pumping five-mile descent, Fifteen Mile Creek is one of the Northwest's finest mountain-biking spots. With so much untrammeled beauty on display, we're even willing to smile wide through the trail's merciless 1,800-foot elevation gain. If you find yourself cursing your bike (and your flailing quads) around mile seven, where the ride really gets tough, remember: if it were easy, you'd probably have to share it. —KC
ROUND TRIP: 11 miles NEAREST TOWN: Hood River DISTANCE FROM DOWNTOWN: 100 miles PACK: Mountain Biking Oregon; Adventure Maps Mountain Biking and Hiking Hood River, Oregon & South Central Washington map; Northwest Forest Pass ($5)
Wind Mountain
Hiking Trail
Hard It's little wonder that this 1,907-foot mountain once served as a Native American vision- quest site, where adolescent males would fast for days until their guardian spirit appeared. Seeing Hood, St. Helens, and Adams standing like sentinels over a serpentine Columbia River is certainly soul-stirring. You'll have to earn the vista, though, with a climb that gains 1,120 feet in just under two miles. Still, it's easier than tackling the 2,800-foot rise of nearby Dog Mountain. Even better, Wind Mountain hasn't been detailed in every Gorge guidebook ever written, so you (and your spirit) will likely have the summit all to yourself. —KC
ROUND TRIP: 4 miles NEAREST TOWN: Carson, Wash. DISTANCE FROM DOWNTOWN: 50 miles PACK: The Curious Gorge; Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area map
Coyote Wall/Labyrinth
Hiking Trail
Moderate No, you won't find David Bowie along the maze of trails. But plenty of other fantastical residents inhabit this fortresslike hunk of basalt outside of Bingen, Washington, where the landscape transitions from a lush, fir-flecked scene to the burnt-orange hues of the arid eastern Gorge. Myriad logs strewn about the top of Coyote Wall make fine impromptu benches for resting your quaking legs and marveling at the white-capped mountains lining the Gorge. Then head down the ridge into a web of trails where hidden treasures, like miniature waterfalls and rare wildflowers, await (but no goblins, we swear). —KC
ROUND TRIP: Up to 6 miles NEAREST TOWN: Bingen, Wash. DISTANCE FROM DOWNTOWN: 65 miles PACK: 60 Hikes within 60 Miles: Portland; USGS White Salmon map


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X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 10 to 0.01 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (30×1015Hz to 30×1018Hz) and energies in the range 120 eV to 120 keV. They are longer than gamma rays but shorter than UV rays. In many languages, X-radiation is called Röntgen radiation after one of its first investigators, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen.
X-rays are primarily used for diagnostic radiography and crystallography. As a result, the term "X-ray" is metonymically used to refer to a radiographic image produced using this method, in addition to the method itself. X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation and as such can be dangerous.
X-rays span 3 decades in wavelength, frequency and energy. From about 0.12 to 12 keV they are classified as soft x-rays, and from about 12 to 120 keV as hard X-rays, due to their penetrating abilities.
The rem is the traditional unit of dose equivalent. This describes the energy delivered by - or X-radiation (indirectly ionizing radiation) for humans. The SI counterpart is the sievert (Sv). One sievert is equal to 100 rem. Because the rem is a relatively large unit, typical equivalent dose is measured in millirem (mrem) - 1/1000 rem, or in microsievert (μSv) - 1/1000000 Sv -, whereby 1 mrem equals 10 μSv.
The average person living in the United States is exposed to approximately 150 mrem annually from background sources alone.
Reported dosage due to dental X-rays seems to vary significantly. Depending on the source, a typical dental X-ray of a human results in an exposure of perhaps, 3, 40, 300, or as many as 900 mrems (30 to 9,000 μSv).
The basic production of X-rays is by accelerating electrons in order to collide with a metal target. (In medical applications, this is usually tungsten or a more crack-resistant alloy of rhenium (5%) and tungsten (95%), but sometimes molybdenum for more specialized applications, such as when soft X-rays are needed as in mammography. In crystallography, a copper target is most common, with cobalt often being used when fluorescence from iron content in the sample might otherwise present a problem. )
In the X-ray tube the electrons suddenly decelerate upon colliding with the metal target and if the electron has enough energy it can knock out an electron from the inner shell of the metal atom and as a result electrons from higher energy levels then fill up the vacancy and X-ray photons are emitted. This process is extremely inefficient (~0.1%) and thus to produce reasonable flux of X-rays plenty of energy has to be wasted into heat which has to be removed.
The spectral lines generated depends on the target (anode) element used and thus are called characteristic lines. Usually these are transitions from upper shells into K shell (called K lines), into L shell (called L lines) and so on. There is also a continuum Bremsstrahlung radiation given off by the electrons as they are scattered by the strong electric field near the high-Z (proton number) nuclei. The shortest continuum wavelength is determined by the energy of the incident electron, hence by the accelerating voltage on the X-ray tube.
Radiographs obtained using X-rays can be used to identify a wide spectrum of pathologies. Due to their short wavelength, in medical applications, X-rays act more like a particle than a wave. This is in contrast to their application in crystallography, where their wave-like nature is most important.
To generate an image of the cardiovascular system, including the arteries and veins (angiography) an initial image is taken of the anatomical region of interest. A second image is then taken of the same region after iodinated contrast material has been injected into the blood vessels within this area. These two images are then digitally altered, leaving an image of only the iodinated contrast outlining the blood vessels. The doctor (Radiologist) or surgeon then compares the image obtained to normal anatomical images to determine if there is any damage or blockage of the vessel.
To take an X-ray of the bones, short X-ray pulses are shot through a body with radiographic film behind. The bones absorb the most photons by the photoelectric process, because they are more electron-dense. The X-rays that do not get absorbed turn the photographic film from white to black, leaving a white shadow of bones on the film.
For most modern non-medical applications, X-ray production is achieved by synchrotrons (see synchrotron light).
Before computers and before digital imaging, a photographic plate was used to produce radiographic images. The images were produced right on the glass plates. Film replaced these plates and was used in hospitals to produce images. Now computed & digital radiography has started to replace film in medicine, though film technology is still used in industrial radiography processes (e.g. to inspect welded seams). Photographic plates are a thing of history, and their replacement (intensifying screens) is now becoming part of that same history. Silver (necessary to the radiographic & photographic industry) is a non-renewable resource, that has now been replaced by digital (DR) and computed (CR) technology. Where film required wet processing facilities on site, these new technologies do not. Archiving of these new technologies is also space saving for facilities.
Regardless of whether the image receptor technology is plate, film or CR/DR Since photographic plates were sensitive to X-rays, they provide a convenient and easy means of recording the image, but they required a lot of exposure (to the patient). This is where intensifying screens came into the picture. The use of such, allowed for a lower dose to the patient – because the screens took the X-ray information and "intensified" it so that it could be recorded on the film lying next to the intensifying screen.
The part of the patient to be X-rayed is placed between the X-ray source and the image receptor to produce what is a shadow of all the internal structure of that particular part of the body being X-rayed. X-rays are somewhat blocked ("attenuated") by dense tissues such as bone, and pass more easily through soft tissues. Those areas where the X-rays strike the image receptor will produce photographic density (ie. it will turn black when developed). So where the X-rays pass through "soft" parts of the body such as organs, muscle, and skin, the plate or film turns black.
Contrast compounds containing barium or iodine, which are radiopaque, can be ingested in the gastrointestinal tract (barium) or injected in the artery or veins to highlight these vessels. The contrast compounds have high atomic numbered elements in them that (like bone) essentially block the X-rays and hence the once hollow organ or vessel can be more readily seen. In the pursuit of a non-toxic contrast material, many types of high atomic number elements were experimented with. For example, the first time the forefathers used contrast it was chalk, and was used on a cadaver's vessels. Unfortunately, some elements chosen proved to be harmful – for example, many years ago thorium was used as a contrast medium (Thorotrast) – which turned out to be toxic in some cases (causing injury and occasionally death from the effects of thorium poisoning). Contrast material used today has come a long way, and while there is no way to determine who may have a sensitivity to the contrast – the occasions of having an "allergic-type reaction" are very low. (The risk is compared to that associated with penicillin ... that is, just as many people are allergic to penicillin as they are to radiographic contrast material.)
Ultimately, the electrons form a virtual cathode around the anode wire, drastically reducing the electric field in the outer portions of the tube. This halts the collisional ionizations and limits further growth of avalanches. As a result, all "counts" on a Geiger counter are the same size and it can give no indication as to the particle energy of the radiation, unlike the proportional counter. The intensity of the radiation is measurable by the Geiger counter as the counting-rate of the system.
In order to gain energy spectrum information, a diffracting crystal may be used to first separate the different photons. The method is called wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDX or WDS). Position-sensitive detectors are often used in conjunction with dispersive elements. Other detection equipment that is inherently energy-resolving may be used, such as the aforementioned proportional counters. In either case, use of suitable pulse-processing (MCA) equipment allows digital spectra to be created for later analysis.
For many applications, counters are not sealed but are constantly fed with purified gas, thus reducing problems of contamination or gas aging. These are called "flow counters".
X-rays are also used in "real-time" procedures such as angiography or contrast studies of the hollow organs (e.g. barium enema of the small or large intestine) using fluoroscopy acquired using an X-ray image intensifier. Angioplasty, medical interventions of the arterial system, rely heavily on X-ray-sensitive contrast to identify potentially treatable lesions.
Practical application in medical imaging didn't start taking place until the 1990s. Currently amorphous selenium is used in commercial large area flat panel X-ray detectors for mammography and chest radiography. Current research and development is focused around pixel detectors, such as CERN's energy resolving Medipix detector.
Note: A standard semiconductor diode, such as a 1N4007, will produce a small amount of current when placed in an X-ray beam. A test device once used by Medical Imaging Service personnel was a small project box that contained several diodes of this type in series, which could be connected to an oscilloscope as a quick diagnostic.
Silicon drift detectors (SDDs), produced by conventional semiconductor fabrication, now provide a cost-effective and high resolving power radiation measurement. Unlike conventional X-ray detectors, such as Si(Li)s, they do not need to be cooled with liquid nitrogen.
Though X-rays are invisible it is possible to see the ionization of the air molecules if the intensity of the X-ray beam is high enough. The beamline from the wiggler at the ID11 at ESRF is one example of such high intensity
Since Röntgen's discovery that X-rays can identify bony structures, X-rays have been developed for their use in medical imaging. Radiology is a specialized field of medicine. Radiographers employ radiography and other techniques for diagnostic imaging. This is probably the most common use of X-ray technology.
X-rays are especially useful in the detection of pathology of the skeletal system, but are also useful for detecting some disease processes in soft tissue. Some notable examples are the very common chest X-ray, which can be used to identify lung diseases such as pneumonia, lung cancer or pulmonary edema, and the abdominal X-ray, which can detect ileus (blockage of the intestine), free air (from visceral perforations) and free fluid (in ascites). In some cases, the use of X-rays is debatable, such as gallstones (which are rarely radiopaque) or kidney stones (which are often visible, but not always). Also, traditional plain X-rays pose very little use in the imaging of soft tissues such as the brain or muscle. Imaging alternatives for soft tissues are computed axial tomography (CAT or CT scanning), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound. Since 2005, X-rays are listed as a carcinogen by the U.S. government.
Radiotherapy, a curative medical intervention, now used almost exclusively for cancer, employs higher energies of radiation.
The efficiency of X-ray tubes is less than 2%. Most of the energy is used to heat up the anode.
Other notable uses of X-rays include
Among the important early researchers in X-rays were Professor Ivan Pulyui, Sir William Crookes, Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, Eugen Goldstein, Heinrich Hertz, Philipp Lenard, Hermann von Helmholtz, Nikola Tesla, Thomas Edison, Charles Glover Barkla, Max von Laue, and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen.
There are conflicting accounts of his discovery because Röntgen had his lab notes burned after his death, but this is a likely reconstruction by his biographers. Röntgen was investigating cathode rays with a fluorescent screen painted with barium platinocyanide and a Crookes tube which he had wrapped in black cardboard so the visible light from the tube wouldn't interfere. He noticed a faint green glow from the screen, about 1 meter away. The invisible rays coming from the tube to make the screen glow were passing through the cardboard. He found they could also pass through books and papers on his desk. Röntgen threw himself into investigating these unknown rays systematically. Two months after his initial discovery, he published his paper.
Röntgen discovered its medical use when he saw a picture of his wife's hand on a photographic plate formed due to X-rays. His wife's hand's photograph was the first ever photograph of a human body part using X-rays.
Physicist Johann Hittorf (1824 – 1914) observed tubes with energy rays extending from a negative electrode. These rays produced a fluorescence when they hit the glass walls of the tubes. In 1876 the effect was named "cathode rays" by Eugen Goldstein, and today are known to be streams of electrons. Later, English physicist William Crookes investigated the effects of electric currents in gases at low pressure, and constructed what is called the Crookes tube. It is a glass cylinder mostly (but not completely) evacuated, containing electrodes for discharges of a high voltage electric current. He found, when he placed unexposed photographic plates near the tube, that some of them were flawed by shadows, though he did not investigate this effect. Crookes also noted that his cathode rays caused the glass walls of his tube to glow a dull blue colour. Crookes failed to realise that it wasn't actually the cathode rays that caused the blue glow, but the low-level X-rays produced when the cathode rays struck the glass.
The first medical X-ray made in the United States was obtained using a discharge tube of Pulyui's design. In January 1896, on reading of Röntgen's discovery, Frank Austin of Dartmouth College tested all of the discharge tubes in the physics laboratory and found that only the Pulyui tube produced X-rays. This was a result of Pulyui's inclusion of an oblique "target" of mica, used for holding samples of fluorescent material, within the tube. On 3 February 1896 Gilman Frost, professor of medicine at the college, and his brother Edwin Frost, professor of physics, exposed the wrist of Eddie McCarthy, whom Edwin had treated some weeks earlier for a fracture, to the x-rays and collected the resulting image of the broken bone on gelatin photographic plates obtained from Howard Langill, a local photographer also interested in Röntgen's work.
X-rays were first generated and detected by Fernando Sanford (1854-1948), the foundation Professor of Physics at Stanford University, in 1891. From 1886 to 1888 he had studied in the Hermann Helmholtz laboratory in Berlin, where he became familiar with the cathode rays generated in vacuum tubes when a voltage was applied across separate electrodes, as previously studied by Heinrich Hertz and Philipp Lenard. His letter of January 6, 1893 (describing his discovery as "electric photography") to The Physical Review was duly published and an article entitled Without Lens or Light, Photographs Taken With Plate and Object in Darkness appeared in the San Francisco Examiner.
Before the 20th century until the 1920s, X-rays were generated in cold cathode tubes, called Crookes tubes. These tubes had to contain a small quantity of gas (invariably air) as a current will not flow in such a tube if they are fully evacuated. One of the problems with early X-ray tubes is that the generated X-rays caused the glass to absorb the gas and consequently the efficiency quickly falls off. Larger and more frequently used tubes were provided with devices for restoring the air, known as 'softeners'. This often took the form of small side tube which contained a small piece of mica – a substance that traps comparatively large quantities of air within its structure. A small electrical heater heats the mica and causes it to release a small amount of air restoring the tube's efficiency. However the mica itself has a limited life and the restore process was consequently difficult to control.
In 1904, John Ambrose Fleming invented the thermionic diode valve (vacuum tube). This used a heated cathode which permitted current to flow in a vacuum. This idea was quickly applied x-ray tubes, and heated cathode x-ray tubes, called Coolidge tubes, replaced the troublesome cold cathode tubes by about 1920.
Two years later, physicist Charles Barkla discovered that X-rays could be scattered by gases, and that each element had a characteristic X-ray. He won the 1917 Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery. Max von Laue, Paul Knipping and Walter Friedrich observed for the first time the diffraction of X-rays by crystals in 1912. This discovery, along with the early works of Paul Peter Ewald, William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg gave birth to the field of X-ray crystallography. The Coolidge tube was invented the following year by William D. Coolidge which permitted continuous production of X-rays; this type of tube is still in use today.
The use of X-rays for medical purposes (to develop into the field of radiation therapy) was pioneered by Major John Hall-Edwards in Birmingham, England. In 1908, he had to have his left arm amputated owing to the spread of X-ray dermatitis
The X-ray microscope was invented in the 1950s.
The Chandra X-ray Observatory, launched on July 23, 1999, has been allowing the exploration of the very violent processes in the universe which produce X-rays. Unlike visible light, which is a relatively stable view of the universe, the X-ray universe is unstable, it features stars being torn apart by black holes, galactic collisions, and novas, neutron stars that build up layers of plasma that then explode into space.
An X-ray laser device was proposed as part of the Reagan administration's Strategic Defense Initiative in the 1980s, but the first and only test of the device (a sort of laser "blaster", or death ray, powered by a thermonuclear explosion) gave inconclusive results. For technical and political reasons, the overall project (including the X-ray laser) was de-funded (though was later revived by the second Bush administration as National Missile Defense using different technologies).


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Ford showcases facelifted Fiesta
Sharper face, award-winning Ecoboost engine and special tech to curb wily teenagers
Posted: 06 Sep 2012
This is the new Ford Fiesta. And it is like a little mobile parent.
Ford has revealed its rather delectable little supermini - a version of which helped our Jeremy storm a beach with the help of some marines a while ago on TG telly - has been subject to the surgeon's scalpel, but also the attention of stern parents.
Because it debuts special new technology that will help prevent your troublesome teens from wreaking havoc on Britain's roads. The new Fiesta features something called 'MyKey', which allows parents to configure the car in a way that Ford reckons "limits risk at the wheel".
Owners can set the top speed and audio volume limits, as well as muting the music until seat belts are fastened, each of which cannot be deactivated. It also sets the driver aids and safety systems, so your progeny receives the warm blanket of Ford's protection.
This sharper Fiesta will also now feature the award-winning 1.0-litre EcoBoost petrol engine - the recipient don't forget, of the 2012 International Engine of the Year award - previously only available in the Focus. That diddy three-pot petrol is rather awesome; it helped a 500kg Formula Ford race around the 'Ring quicker than a ruddy Enzo.
Ford has lavished in-car connectivity (Bluetooth, voice-activated calls, etc) as well as a system designed to prevent low speed collisions called 'Active City Stop'. Any more assistance and you're in the realms of a Philip K Dick version of a dystopian future where Fiestas literally control your brain.
More details will be revealed when the new Fiesta takes the stand at the upcoming Paris Motor Show. Have a click through the pics and tell us if you think the facelift was worth it...


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Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum) and atomic number 50. This silvery, malleable poor metal that is not easily oxidized in air and resists corrosion, is found in many alloys and is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion. Tin is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, where it occurs as an oxide. It can be alloyed with copper to make bronze. Pewter alloys contain from 85% up to 99% tin.
The word "tin" has cognates in many Germanic and Celtic languages. The American Heritage Dictionary speculates that the word was borrowed from a pre-Indo-European language. The later name "stannum" and its Romance derivatives come from the lead-silver alloy of the same name for the finding of the latter in ores; the former "stagnum" was the word for a stale pool or puddle.
In modern times, the word "tin" is often improperly used as a generic phrase for any silvery metal that comes in sheets. Most everyday materials that are commonly called "tin", such as aluminium foil, beverage cans, corrugated building sheathing and tin cans, are actually made of steel or aluminium, although tin cans (tinned cans) do contain a thin coating of tin to inhibit rust. Likewise, so-called "tin toys" are usually made of steel, and may or may not have a coating of tin to inhibit rust. The original Ford Model T was known colloquially as the Tin Lizzy.
Historical Cornwall was the major tin producer, this changed after large amounts of tin have been found in the Bolivian tin belt and the east asian tin belt stretching from China through Thailand and Laos to Malaya and Indonesia. The tin produceres founded in 1931 the International Tin Comittee followed in 1956 by the International Tin Council a institution to control the tin market. After the collapse of the market in October 1985 the price for tin nearly halved.
In 2007, the People's Republic of China was the largest producer of tin, where the tin deposites are concentrated in the southeast Yunnan tin belt, with 43% of the world's share, followed by Indonesia and Peru, reports the USGS.
Tin is produced by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace. This metal is a relatively scarce element with an abundance in the Earth's crust of about 2 ppm, compared with 94 ppm for zinc, 63 ppm for copper, and 12 ppm for lead. Most of the world's tin is produced from placer deposits. The only mineral of commercial importance as a source of tin is cassiterite (SnO2), although small quantities of tin are recovered from complex sulfides such as stannite, cylindrite, franckeite, canfieldite, and teallite. Secondary, or scrap, tin is also an important source of the metal.
Tasmania hosts some deposits of historical importance, most notably Mount Bischoff and Renison Bell. New deposits are also reported to be in southern Mongolia.
It is estimated that, at current consumption rates, the Earth will run out of tin in 40 years. However Lester Brown has suggested tin could run out within 20 years based on an extremely conservative extrapolation of 2% growth per year. However this is offset by the increased use of secondary, or scrap tin, as a readily available source of the metal.
See also Tin minerals
See also Tin compounds
Triorganotins are very toxic. Tri-n-alkyltins are phytotoxic and depending on the organic groups, they can be powerful bactericides and fungicides. Other triorganotins are used as miticides and acaricides.


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Boxer Muhammad Ali, Actors Shirley Temple and Charlie Chaplin, civil rights leader Susan B. Anthony, First Lady Michelle Obama, children's poet Shel Silverstein, comic book artist Stan Lee, "Simpson's" creator Matt Groening—even 25-year-old Shaun White made it to the Sag Harbor Elementary School auditorium for this year's Wax Museum.
Above: Max Mensch as "Simpsons" creator Matt Groening and Adam Arrequin as John Glenn.
The event, which took place last Thursday, April 5, marked the end of the annual biography project completed by the fifth-grade class at Sag Harbor Elementary School. After choosing a historic or otherwise accomplished person with his or her own biography, students were tasked with writing a report on that person, then taking on his or her appearance and posing, motionless, as if statues in a wax museum.
"There were books in a room and they gave us a choice," explained Cooper Schiavoni who wore a grey wig and a white suit, and held a corn-cob pipe in his left hand. When asked why he picked the person he did, he simply said, "I thought this guy looked pretty cool."
Schiavoni was of course referring to southern novelist Mark Twain. Standing next to him in a black turtle neck and jeans, Schiavoni's friend Adam Janetti accessorized his costume by holding a black iPad.
"I read his whole biography," Janetti said of the 600-page story of Steve Jobs, which was released last year. Janetti said he was particularly impressed with the fact that Jobs made a camera when he was in the third grade.
Malone acknowledged there was a healthy dose of technology-driven choices this year. These included prominent computer innovators, like Steve Jobs and Bill Gates, as well as media moguls Mark Zuckerberg and Shigeru Miyamoto—never heard of him?
"Neither had I, when I got him," Tristan Remkus admitted after removing a moppy, black wig.
Remkus said the biography he chose told the story of a boy who grew up in rural Kyoto, Japan, a land filled with mysteries.
"One day [Shigeru Miyamoto] was walking on a hillside when he realized it was a cave," Remkus said. "He finally gathered the courage to enter, and he found out it was actually a ginormous, underground cave-tunnel."
"He used it in his video games," Remkus added.
These you may have heard of: Super Mario World, Donkey Kong, Zelda, among others. Of all the books in the room, Remkus said, "I was very happy that I saw one that had to do with Nintendo."
This is part of the thrust behind the Wax Museum project, Malone explained.
"What's really interesting about this project is that the children gravitate toward somebody that shares their interests," he continued
"The piece that makes me so proud is the reports," Malone added. It's not about the name recognition or star quality, he said, "What the children really come to understand is their contribution to making people's lives better."


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Posted 29 November 2012 - 14:58
Posted 29 November 2012 - 15:12
Man, you're in for a media manager, not a player.
Hell has frozen over, About time they ditched the windows media player 1.0 look wonder if they will add an integrated library for tagged files like xbox video
Posted 29 November 2012 - 15:45
I'm jelly now... I wanna have a long flight to somewhere nice, too!
Glassed Silver:mac
Posted 29 November 2012 - 15:48
I love flights.
I know what you mean about feeling like jelly as I haven't had a proper holiday in over a year.
I'm looking forward to reaching my destination but I'm not looking forward to the long flight. VLC on my Surface would definitely make it easier though
Posted 29 November 2012 - 15:55
This proves there is a market for Windows 8 after all.
Posted 29 November 2012 - 16:07
Honestly, I didn't have the balls to point that out, because I try to stay more diplomatic around here now and don't get my head into discussing W8 anymore.
How does this prove it? I have VLC on my RPi, does that mean there is a market for RPi? I have seen KS Projects for completely absurd things, that actually have backers. I am not saying this is one, but a KS Project, or the fact that VLC will work on 8, means nothing about the market, especially for an OS.
Posted 29 November 2012 - 16:08
I love flights.
I love long flights.
I love traveling by train.
I love long train journeys - my best one has been my longest one that took about 14 hours. (from my place to Pistoia, Italy (Florence region))
I love traveling in general. The more the better.
Glassed Silver:mac
Off topic, but 22 hour flight...!?
Posted 29 November 2012 - 16:19
Just to play Devil's advocate, wouldn't the fact that teams are using a kickstarter project rather than just creating the application mean that they are testing the level of interest in their product, and seeing if it is worth the bother? Following on, wouldn't that mean that they are not sure about the popularity of Metro Apps (and possibly Windows 8) at this point in time?
This proves there is a market for Windows 8 after all.


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Interestingly enough, what I pursued the MBA degree for, has significantly changed within just one year. I joined the program in pursuit of getting a MBA done while completing all of the credits to sit for the CPA exam. Now, I find my self on the Leadership Advisory Board for the part-time program, I am an ambassador, and am going to at least one event per month to network.
Continue reading CSOM MBA has Endless Opportunities.


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Kept suspense moving, enjoyed how it unraveled (with nothing stupid getting in the way). It was entertaining and well worth the listen. The DNA and co..Show More »
Easy to listen to. It held my interest throughout.
If the narrator was better!
I didn't read the print version.
I would recommend This book it was very exciting.
There are no listener reviews for this title yet.
This one will have your head spinning. The plot has intrigue. The characters are unique. The settings are gruesome. You ought to love this one if y..Show More »
Exciting and fast paced, Scarpetta, Marino and Wesley finally tackle a3-book serial killer in downtown New York...away from her native Virginia. It wa..Show More »
Kay is the new and inproved Dr. of the dead. She is way more hands on and fun with all the characters she happens to come in contact with. I liked h..Show More »
While the story was exciting and full with deep characters the narration by C.J. Critt was stilted, awkward and distracting. Very un-enjoyable.
There are no listener reviews for this title yet.
There are many reasons why a book might be unavailable.
Sometimes a book goes temporarily out of print - and sometimes no audio version has ever been recorded. Audible wants to give you the most complete selection we can and we'll keep adding series and filling in gaps as quickly as possible.
It is with mixed feelings that I write a review of a Patricia Cornwell book and give it less than a stellar rating. Unfortunately, in good conscience,..Show More »
The narrator really captured the energy of Cornwell's characters as well as Cornwell's impressive storytelling style. They make a good team.
Nothing had happened after an hour and a half so I gave up. Dont bother with this. I think Ms Cornwell is just trading off her reputation from years..Show More »
Although I love Patricia Cornwell's books, it is difficult for me to get used to the way in which this narrator, Lorelei King, reads the book. Since I..Show More »
I have read other reviews here, and while I can understand some of the frustration, I would not classify this as one of Cornwell's "worst". I was mor..Show More »
I am very sorry I ever downloaded this book. The writing style is very weird, the characters act like children - actually worse. The profanity is unbe..Show More »
All several characters seemed to do throughout the whole book was to whine. It made their dialogue very boring. Marino's character, whom you started..Show More »
I really enjoyed this book once I got into it. The first couple of chapters were a bit of a drag but after that the book was rally good
Slow, boring plot. The Cornwell of old is gone. I have been a big fan of hers for years, but its time to move on.
A brilliant Scarpetta novel - when Patricia Cornwell still kept the tension high. It would help to have read the book before to understand some of th..Show More »
I've found since the "death" of Benton Wesley that the books have taken a very dark turn. There doesn't seem to be any joy in them at all. Even when t..Show More »
While the plot is good, Kay Scapetta's constant anger, resentmet, and certainty that she is at the center of everything that happens, turns a "must re..Show More »
I enjoyed this book but sometimes the story did tend to woffle on about nothing. The narrator was good and so was the plot. If you like Patricia Cornw..Show More »
The maddeningly endless dialog of worthless detail that has little to do with the story.
Yes, in my opinion this is one of the better recent Scarpetta novels. It's got a good range of interesting characters and explores subject matter that..Show More »
Where is the confident, take no prisoners Scarpetta gone? Over the last 20 books she has steadily deteriorated. Readers want humanistic heroes, but ..Show More »
Slow drawn out storyline with the usual frantic finish. Not the worst book in series.
The technical & procedural parts of the Scarpetta stories are fantastic but I am so tired of the depressing Benton, the desperate Marino, and the dysf..Show More »
I keep hoping to re-capture my initial love of the stories from this author, however it does not happen. This story line is weak; continual complaints..Show More »
There are so many things about the novel I do not like, I hardly know where to start. The novel starts with seven pennies against a wall and a shootin..Show More »


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Animation, Family
Santa Claus is ready to retire and pass on the family business to his three sons, Daryl, Roy and Mel. But when the trio proves to be incompetent bumblers, Santa and Mrs. Claus turn to Snorkel for help--unaware that the evil elf has some sleigh-driving aspirations of his own.
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Cast: Harland Williams, Bryan Cranston, Kevin McDonald, Richard Kind, Caroline Rhea
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Running time: 1hr 20min
Opens: Dec 01, 2007 Limited


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LiveSOMERSET FLOODS: Deputy PM Nick Clegg says lack of dredging was "a mistake"
This live event has finished
- Deputy PM Nick Clegg says lack of prolonged dredging "a mistake" but adds it is not the time for "finger-pointing" blame.
- 20,000 sandbags to be deployed across Levels.
- Petition calls for Environment Agency chief to be sacked.
- Somerset braced for another week of wet weather.


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KENTUCKY (10/16/13) – SurfKY News would like to share with you what has happened on this day in history.
•1793 - Marie Antoinette, queen of France, beheaded at 37
•1854 - Birthday - Oscar Wilde, [Fingal O'Flahertie Wills], Dublin, (Pic of Dorian Gray), (d. 1900)
•1925 - Texas School Board prohibits teaching of evolution
•1925 - Birthday - Angela Lansbury, London England, actress (Jessica-Murder She Wrote)
•1956 - "Love Me Tender" with Elvis Presley premieres
•1972 - Creedence Clearwater Revival breaks up
•1984 - Baboon heart transplanted into a 15-day-old baby girl
•1986 - Marie Osmond marries Brian Blosil
•1987 - Mike Tyson TKOs Tyrell Biggs in 7 for heavyweight boxing title
•1987 - Jessica McClure rescued 58 hrs after falling 22' into a well shaft
•1962 - Flea, [Michael Balzary], bassist (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
•1977 - John Mayer, American musician
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© Copyright 2015 SurfKY News Group, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, or rewritten without permission. SurfKY News encourages you to share this story on social media.
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Dodgy SOB
Joined: Jun 2005
Location: Eastern Cape, South Africa
Oddometer: 279
Angola; it's not like they said.
This trip was going to be different.
I for one, have never updated my will before any other trip. And I wasn't alone. Out of the five of us that were going, three updated their wills and/or life insurance policies in the weeks before we left.
Where were we going?
Ok, so it may have been a bit of an over reaction, but I had a couple of concerns about this trip. Most of these concerns turned out to be baseless. Some turned out to be valid.
I'll get back to these as the trip unfolds.
For those who are unfamiliar with Angola, a short intro:
Angola was under Portuguese colonial rule since the 1500's. Around 1961 a violent uprising of the indigenous people signalled the start of a civil war that finally ended in 2002. Yes, only 5 years ago.
In 1975 when the Portuguese granted Angola independence, three new factions called the MPLA, FNLA and Unita, received military backing from Cuba (Soviet puppet) and South Africa (American puppet) respectively. All combatants planted landmines, some with maps, some without and many individual mines that did not form part of a mine field.
In 1994, during a lull in the fighting, studies were conducted on the landmine situation and estimates of between 1 and 2 million mines were mentioned. That is 1-2 mines per person in the country! Since then there has been an extensive ongoing clearing operation run by many different groups.The clearing of mines is clearly having a positive impact. In 2003 there were 270 reported new mine casualties, in 2004 191 and 2005 only 96.
Today the country is trying to stand up from the ashes. Fourty years of war leaves a lot of ashes.
So much for the history lesson, back to the trip.
The merry band of adventurers;
and finally me
Not much to say about the 3500km trip to Ruacana in Namibia except that we did manage to get some shuteye.
Against all expectation we find that Ruacana boasts a very nice new lodge with accomodating staff that are quite happy to let us leave the bus & trailer in their grounds for 2 weeks.
We load up and finally throttles get twisted and the trip starts.
First up is the border post. And for the first time (for me), at a Namibian border post, all the engine and chassis numbers are checked. Minutely and in detail. Which then also teaches Nardus that his 950's chassis number differs from his registration papers with one digit. Almost stops his trip right there. But sanity prevails and we finally mosey on over to the Angolan Customs and Immigration.
Now here's an interesting bit. You can only visit Angola by invitation. In order to get a 30 day visa you have to have a written invitation from a resident who will be responsible for you while you are there. So they are not really big on tourism.
Also stories abound about the border guards making travellers unpack all they carry down to the last tin, unless you offer a bribe. We had none of that. Although we know no Portuguese and they cannot speak English and all the forms are in Portuguese only, we had no trouble at all and found the customs and immigration people very friendly and helpful.
With high spirits we hit the road for all of about 60m before we get sidetracked for a beer break. Excellent, I like this country already.
In short thrift we are joined by the border police guy and the customs guy from the Namibian side? None of this officious officialdom shit over here. I like it.
Ruacana is a minor border post and it shows.When we hit the road again it's off into the bush on an enjoyable track. One rest stop later and we pull into Chitado. Chitado is one of those towns that were shot to shit and not yet rebuilt.
Some images of the town.
We manage to find the local pub. Check out the stock.
The first day of our trip and Fred is already missing his family.
An old timer getting comfortable. It was bloody hot, even the walls of the building was hot to the touch.
A not-so-old-timer getting comfortable. Notice the red ochre and fat mix that is rubbed into the skin. This is the Himba tribe. They are nomads that live in Northern Namibia (Kaokoland) and South Western Angola.
We socialize here for quite some time and the locals enjoy having their pictures taken. The digital camera again shows it's myriad of benefits. This woman belongs to the Herero. They share a language and distribution area with the Himba, but the two tribes do not inter-marry.
We reluctantly take our leave and the road turns into a lovely fast red strip with bouncies.
This lasts until we leave the main road and turn west. Almost immediately the twin track gets sandy and twisty and Fred gets his first opportunity to lie down with his bike. This was to turn into a common theme. A little later in the afternoon Nardus got his chance, Hennie early the next morning and myself shortly thereafter. Michnus made it to day three before he had his first lie down. All of us continued to get regular opportunities on a daily basis.
A short rest stop amongst some Baobabs.
As I mentioned, it's nice and hot and a bit of shade is welcome.
We start hitting river beds and Nardus gets some excercise.
Michnus on the throttle.
Nardus piloting his leisure liner.
We decide to make camp under a huge tree in the river bed and it's good to get the kit off. Still hot as hell though. It only cooled down just before dawn the next morning.
Sunset on day one and no body or bike is broken. Yeah baby, life is good and it's gonna get better.
If it makes you happy, how can it be that bad?
Trip reports:
Transkei dual sport trip**Am I the Camel Man?**Goat meat, good friends & riverbeds**Mozmalzambots, a Southern African loop**Angola, it's not like they said**Niassa, Chucky Norris and John The Baptist**Namaqualand and three girls (by Michnus)**The Wife, the Ex and the Kid**Zambian Joyride
metaljockey screwed with this post 03-29-2009 at 09:47 AM
Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: Jun 2006
Location: Marin, CA
Oddometer: 409
Wow! Looking forward to the rest of the story. Fantastic start!
Beastly Adventurer
Joined: May 2003
Location: Paris, France via OC California
Oddometer: 2,232
when you say Angola single track, this is what i visualize.
you have any problems?
Quo Vadimus?
Dodgy SOB
Joined: Jun 2005
Location: Eastern Cape, South Africa
Oddometer: 279
No, thankfully not.
If it makes you happy, how can it be that bad?
Trip reports:
Transkei dual sport trip**Am I the Camel Man?**Goat meat, good friends & riverbeds**Mozmalzambots, a Southern African loop**Angola, it's not like they said**Niassa, Chucky Norris and John The Baptist**Namaqualand and three girls (by Michnus)**The Wife, the Ex and the Kid**Zambian Joyride
Dodgy SOB
Joined: Jun 2005
Location: Eastern Cape, South Africa
Oddometer: 279
The next day were' up and at it early. It only starts feeling like a trip to me if the day starts with me waking up on the ground somewhere next to my bike.
The day starts out with no plan to reach any place in particular. Let me explain. The route we are planning on following is the source of most of my concerns. It goes through a wilderness area where we need to be self sufficient in all respects.
Depending on terrain, we expect it to take 4 - 6 days to reach civilisation again. This presents 4 problems.
1 - Fuel. We would have to carry a full tank plus an extra 30l each. That's a shitload of weight and space. One solution would be to take a backup vehicle. None of us were keen on that idea though. It is after all a BIKE trip.
2 - Food. We would have to carry enough food for a week. This is not too difficult. Generally one can survive comfortably on a tin of canned food a day. So each rider just have to carry 6 or so tins of bully beef or chilli sardines (for the gourmets) or whatever tickles your fancy.
3 - Water. This is a bigger problem. Riding would require you to have at least 4-5 litres of water per person per day. There's just no way you can carry that on top of the fuel load. And fuel gets preference. And when you are short of water things can turn very unpleasant.
What we do is each rider carries 5l of water. That's enough for one day or maybe even two if the riding is easy. Our route will take us to the mouth of the Kunene river where we can stock up on river water. We figure we could reach the river mouth (Foz do Cunene) at the end of day two. (We were wrong of course, it took us 4 days.)
4 - Medical emergency. There is always a possibility of getting hurt on any trip. Here however, help was going to be far far away. We were able to obtain a couple of ampules of Pethadine for that crushed-pelvis-with-bones-protruding situation. We also hoped to be able to secure a satelite phone, this however didn't happen. So if you were not able to ride out, you were going to have to wait at least 5 days for someone to come get you.
I don't deal well with pain.
So that's why we aren't going anywhere in particular. With all the beer drinking yesterday we know we have no chance of reaching Foz do Cunene by nightfall. So we are just going to ride to where we get to.
The morning ride is excellent, varying from splendid sightseeing to some more challenging stuff.
We meet some locals along the way.
They have good looking cattle.
But the people are even better looking. This girl is bringing the cattle to drink.
We take a break here and try the water but our stomachs would never make it.
We have some lively discussion regarding where we are going to sleep. There is a road (I use the term loosely) heading down to the Kunene river. There is also a track leading from the river which intersects the road we are on some ways further. It would be good to sleep at the river and it wouldn't hurt filling up our water supplies.
On the other hand, the track leading from the river has this warning on it.
If we can follow this track we won't have a problem. If we can't and have to backtrack, we may run out of fuel before we get to Tombwa (civilisation).
Why do we believe that we may be able to follow this track?
Next installment will explain all.
continued here
If it makes you happy, how can it be that bad?
Trip reports:
Transkei dual sport trip**Am I the Camel Man?**Goat meat, good friends & riverbeds**Mozmalzambots, a Southern African loop**Angola, it's not like they said**Niassa, Chucky Norris and John The Baptist**Namaqualand and three girls (by Michnus)**The Wife, the Ex and the Kid**Zambian Joyride
metaljockey screwed with this post 10-17-2007 at 11:27 PM
Rider of passion
Joined: Feb 2004
Location: Zuerich, Switzerland
Oddometer: 1,487
Helluva great story! Finefine pics!
Tuscany for Friends NEW
Tuscany, my love affair.
The Black Forest Teaser '07
Half of a Black Forest Report '07
Corsica Pig Loop '07
You know you're close to heaven when.
Routedes Grandes Alps, Grd Canyon d Verdon, Liguria '06
Dirtroad ridingon the Isle of Crete, Greece
Dolomites and Alps; Their original purpose
Corsica for Friens '09
Find all my reports here, or more stuff at www.cooltours.ch
1200 GS Rider
Joined: Aug 2006
Location: Camas, WA
Oddometer: 2,329
Wow! What a true adventure.
Really enjoying your story, and wonderful pics...
2006 R1200GS; 2009 Husaberg Rally 570; 2011 Husaberg FE570
"Speak to me of summer, long winters longer than time can remember;
Setting up of other roads, travel on in old accustomed ways."
Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: Jun 2007
Location: used to be Lubbock Tx, now Massachucets.
Oddometer: 153
thats and adventure...
Born to ride, forced to work...
Joined: Sep 2006
Location: Pittsburgh
Oddometer: 71
Fantastic story so far!
Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Dec 2005
Location: Pacific NorthWet, Napa Valley North
Oddometer: 5,859
"Dead End.. Landmines Further."
[edit, stupid fingers...]
Joined: Jan 2005
Location: Freelard
Oddometer: 14,188
Wow, a cliff hanger.
Excellent writing, thank you.
"Great minds discuss ideas; average minds discuss events; small minds discuss people.
(Eleanor Roosevelt)
Don't Move Here
Joined: Dec 2004
Location: NC since 1743!
Oddometer: 384
A trip into Angola, that's impressive. Nice report so far...thanks for showing us a country that we rarely see.
Did you run into Robert Young Pelton?
What has been my greatest lesson from this bout with death? The sun still rises each morning; birds sing and the coffee is strong and hot. Hope and faith draw forth another breath, and the air need not be bitter. I should not judge another human being through the temperance of my own mind and emotions.
~Tim McLaurin, R.I.P.
Joined: Aug 2004
Location: Stumptown
Oddometer: 1,823
most excellent so far gents, keep it coming.
"it's easier than just waiting around to die"
Townes Van Zandt
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CCC Launches Initiative to Bolster Retention of Black Students
The Cross Cultural Center (CCC) launched its newest effort, the African-American Male Scholars (AAMS) Initiative, on Sept. 1, with an informational session and networking reception.
More than 50 Saint Louis University affiliated attendees discussed AAMS's mission, goals and purpose in the Sinquefield Stateroom of DuBourg Hall. While there, prospective student-participants took the opportunity to interact with University administrators, staff, faculty, graduate/professional students and alumni in a reception that immediately followed.
The primary ambition of the AAMS Initiative is to improve the retention and graduation rates of the University's African-American male undergraduate students.
"Saint Louis University is committed to the success of all students, which includes closing degree attainment gaps that may exist among student populations" said Kent Porterfield, vice president for Student Development. "A SLU education should create opportunity and change lives. This program for African-American male students is a good example of that commitment and aspiration."
Although the retention and graduation of the students is important, AAMS's aspires to achieve a larger objective in facilitating the personal success of the participants. The Initiative's stated goals are to provide:
- Experiences that enable African American male students to better understand themselves in the context of the larger community and demonstrate pride in their own cultural heritage.
- A supportive campus community for African American male students by assisting students in building relationships with their peers, faculty, staff, administrators, alumni and members of the local community.
- Exposure to campus and community resources that will enable African-American male students to realize their potential for academic success and to impact the campus and community as servant leaders.
- Awareness of issues that affect African-American male college students among campus and community stakeholders.
Major components of the AAMS Initiative include faculty/staff/alumni/peer mentorship and networking, college success workshops and community service/engagement. More than twenty SLU African-American male faculty, staff, administrators, graduate/professional students and alumni have already committed to serving as mentors in the program. Those mentors and student participants will connect in mid-September and continue to build their relationships throughout the remainder of the undergraduates' academic career.
"I am happy to be part of a network so dedicated to seeing young black men achieve," said Andre Benson, program coordinator of Student Support and Retention in the CCC.
As a part of the network, Stefan Bradley, Ph.D., AAMS advisory council co-chair and associate professor of history and African-American studies, contends that "AAMS is a winner for all those involved, as it creates a cadre of successful students who will learn to love the University and become loyal alumni in the future."
The AAMS Initiative is open to all African-American male undergraduates with a specific focus on freshmen and sophomores. To find out more about AAMS or to recommend a student, please contact the CCC staff at email@example.com.


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(Australia 24 Sep 1946 – )
45.0 x 59.5 cm blockmark; 84.0 x 63.6 cm sheet
The Appassionata series is the most detailed account of the principal experiences in the life of Salvatore Zofrea, focusing on his birth and early life in Borgia, Southern Italy, his migration to Australia, his travels, maturation as an artist, family, personal relationships and friends.
Zofrea is one of the finest exponents of woodcut in Australia. His work as a painter and printmaker is inextricably linked - his woodcut prints have been influenced by his work as a painter especially in the richness of their texture, composition and ambition, as has his painting by his activity as a printmaker - his paintings have become simpler in expression and design since he has been making woodcuts.
The series is in an edition of 14 with 6 artist's proofs, four of which are on Japanese paper textured by the wooden boards on which the paper is dried after couching.
Australian Art Department, Art Gallery of New South Wales, 2002
Hendrik Kolenberg and Anne Ryan, Salvatore Zofrea: Appassionata woodcuts, 'The artist's commentaries', pg. 16-45, Sydney, 2000, 74 (illus.). cat.no. 73
Salvatore Zofrea 'Appassionata': one hundred woodcuts:


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For IDE -> AHCI, you follow these instructions:http://www.neowin.ne...s-8-build-8250/
but what if you already have AHCI and want to go to RAID? Do you just delete that key for IAStoreV? My IAStoreA does not have a StartOverride, but I'm currently using the IAStoreA driver for AHCI. if I delete the StartOverride option for IAStoreV, to enable RAID, will it hose anything?