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This is one of a series of articles about the differences between American English and British English, which, for the purposes of these articles, are defined as follows:
- American English (AmE) is the form of English used in the United States. It includes all English dialects used within the United States of America.
- British English (BrE) is the form of English used in the United Kingdom. It includes all English dialects used within the United Kingdom.
Written forms of American English are fairly well standardized across the United States and in the overwhelming majority of their grammatical forms they are in general agreement with standard written British English. An unofficial standard for spoken American English has developed because of the mass media and geographic and social mobility. This standard is generally called a General American or Standard Midwestern accent and dialect and can typically be heard from network newscasters, although local newscasters tend toward more parochial forms of speech. Despite this unofficial standard regional variations of American English have not only persisted but have actually intensified, according to William Labov.
Regional dialects in the United States typically reflect the elements of the language of the main immigrant groups in any particular region of the country, especially in terms of pronunciation and vernacular vocabulary. Scholars have mapped at least four major regional variations of spoken American English: Northern (really north-eastern), Southern, Midland, and Western (Labov, Ash, & Boberg, 2006). After the American Civil War, the settlement of the western territories by migrants from the east led to dialect mixing and levelling, so that regional dialects are most strongly differentiated in the eastern parts of the country that were settled earlier. Localized dialects also exist with quite distinct variations, such as in Southern Appalachia and New York City.
British English also has a reasonable degree of uniformity in its formal written form. The spoken forms though vary considerably, reflecting a long history of dialect development amid isolated populations. Dialects and accents vary not only between the countries in the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, but also within these individual countries.
There are also differences in the English spoken by different socio-economic groups in any particular region. Received Pronunciation (RP), which is "the educated spoken English of south-east England", has traditionally been regarded as "proper English"; this is also referred to as BBC English or the Queen's English. The BBC and other broadcasters now intentionally use a mix of presenters with a variety of British accents and dialects, and the concept of "proper English" is now far less prevalent.
British and American English are the reference norms for English as spoken, written, and taught in the rest of the world. For instance, the English-speaking members of the Commonwealth often closely follow British English forms while many new American English forms quickly become familiar outside of the United States. Although the dialects of English used in the former British Empire are often, to various extents, based on standard British English, most of the countries concerned have developed their own unique dialects, particularly with respect to pronunciation, idioms, and vocabulary; chief among them are Canadian English and Australian English, which rank third and fourth in number of native speakers.
Over the past 400 years, the form of the language used in the Americas—especially in the United States—and that used in the United Kingdom and the British Islands have diverged in many ways, leading to the dialects now commonly referred to as American English and British English. Differences between the two include pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary (lexis), spelling, punctuation, idioms, formatting of dates and numbers, and so on, although the differences in written and most spoken grammar structure tend to be much more minor than those of other aspects of the language in terms of mutual intelligibility. A small number of words have completely different meanings between the two dialects or are even unknown or not used in one of the dialects. One particular contribution towards formalizing these differences came from Noah Webster, who wrote the first American dictionary (published 1828) with the intention of showing that people in the United States spoke a different dialect from Britain.
This divergence between American English and British English once caused George Bernard Shaw to say that the United States and United Kingdom are "two countries divided by a common language"; a similar comment is ascribed to Winston Churchill. Likewise, Oscar Wilde wrote, "We have really everything in common with America nowadays, except, of course, the language." (The Canterville Ghost, 1888) Henry Sweet predicted in 1877 that within a century, American English, Australian English and British English would be mutually unintelligible. It may be the case that increased worldwide communication through radio, television, the Internet, and globalization has reduced the tendency to regional variation. This can result either in some variations becoming extinct (for instance, the wireless, superseded by the radio) or in the acceptance of wide variations as "perfectly good English" everywhere. Often at the core of the dialect though, the idiosyncrasies remain.
Nevertheless, it remains the case that although spoken American and British English are generally mutually intelligible, there are enough differences to cause occasional misunderstandings or at times embarrassment for example, some words that are quite innocent in one dialect may be considered vulgar in the other.
In AmE, collective nouns are usually singular in construction: the committee was unable to agree... AmE however may use plural pronouns in agreement with collective nouns: the team takes their seats, rather than the team takes its seats. The rule of thumb is that a group acting as a unit is considered singular and a group of "individuals acting separately" is considered plural. However, such a sentence would most likely be recast as the team members take their seats. Despite exceptions such as usage in the New York Times, the names of sports teams are usually treated as plurals even if the form of the name is singular.
The difference occurs for all nouns of multitude, both general terms such as team and company and proper nouns (for example, where a place name is used to refer to a sports team). For instance,
BrE: The Clash are a well-known band; AmE: The Clash is a well-known band.
BrE: New York are the champions; AmE: New York is the champion.
Proper nouns that are plural in form take a plural verb in both AmE and BrE; for example, The Beatles are a well-known band; The Giants are the champions.
(Recently the American use of just with simple past has made inroads into BrE, most visibly in advertising slogans and headlines such as "Cable broadband just got faster".)
Colloquial AmE informally uses got as a verb for these meanings – for example, I got two cars, I got to go.
Though the influence of cross-culture media has done much to familiarize BrE and AmE speakers with each other's regional words and terms, many words are still recognized as part of a single form of English. Though the use of a British word would be acceptable in AmE (and vice versa), most listeners would recognize the word as coming from the other form of English, and treat it much the same as a word borrowed from any other language. For instance, an American using the word chap or mate to refer to a friend would be heard in much the same way as an American using the Spanish word amigo.
Some speakers of AmE are aware of some BrE terms, such as lorry, queue, chap, bloke, loo, and shag, although they would not generally use them, or may be confused as to whether someone intends the American or British meaning (such as for biscuit). They will be able to guess approximately what some others, such as "driving licence," mean. However, use of many other British words such as naff (unstylish, though commonly used to mean "not very good"), risks rendering a sentence incomprehensible to most Americans.
Speakers of BrE are likely to understand most AmE terms, examples such as sidewalk, gas (gasoline/petrol), counterclockwise or elevator (lift), without any problem although they would generally not use them. Terms which are heard less frequently in the UK, such as semi (articulated lorry), stroller (pram/pushchair) or kitty-corner/catty-corner (diagonally opposite) are highly unlikely to be understood by most BrE speakers.
Words such as bill (AmE "paper money", BrE and AmE "invoice") and biscuit (AmE: BrE's "scone", BrE: AmE's "cookie") are used regularly in both AmE and BrE, but mean different things in each form. As chronicled by Winston Churchill, the opposite meanings of the verb to table created a misunderstanding during a meeting of the Allied forces; in BrE to table an item on an agenda means to open it up for discussion, whereas in AmE, it means to remove it from discussion.
When saying or writing out numbers, the British will typically insert an and before the tens and units, as in one hundred and sixty-two or two thousand and three. In America, it is considered correct to drop the and, as in two thousand three; however, this is rarely heard in everyday speech, two thousand and three being much more common.
Some American schools teach students to pronounce decimally written fractions (e.g. .5) as though they were longhand fractions (five tenths), such as five hundred thirteen and seven tenths for 513.7. This formality is often dropped in common speech. It is steadily disappearing in instruction in mathematics that is more advanced and science work as well as in international American schools. In the UK, 513.7 would generally be read five hundred and thirteen point seven, although if it were written 513 , it would be pronounced five hundred and thirteen and seven tenths.
In counting, it is common in both varieties of English to count in hundreds up to 1,900 so 1,200 may be twelve hundred. However, Americans use this pattern for much higher numbers than is the norm in British English, referring to twenty-four hundred where British English would most often use two thousand four hundred. Even below 2,000, Americans are more likely than the British are to read numbers like 1,234 as twelve hundred thirty-four, instead of one thousand two hundred and thirty-four. In BrE, it is also common to use phrases such as three and a half thousand for 3,500, whereas in AmE this construction is almost never used for numbers under a million.
In the case of years, however, twelve thirty-four would be the norm on both sides of the Atlantic for the year 1234. The year 2000 and years beyond it are read as two thousand, two thousand (and) one and the like by both British and American speakers. For years after 2009, they are frequently said twenty ten, twenty twelve etc. by the BBC.
For the house number (or bus number, etc.) 272, British people tend to say two seven two while Americans tend to say two seventy-two.
There is also a historical difference between billions, trillions, and so forth. Americans use billion to mean one thousand million (1,000,000,000), whereas in the UK, until the latter part of the 20th century, it was used to mean one million million (1,000,000,000,000). It is believed that Margaret Thatcher started the change on advice from the Bank of England. The British prime minister, Harold Wilson, in 1974, told the House of Commons that UK government statistics would now use the short scale; followed by the Chancellor, Denis Healey, in 1975, that the treasury would now adopt the US billion version. Although historically such numbers were not often required outside of mathematical and scientific contexts. One thousand million was sometimes described as a milliard, the definition adopted by most other European languages. However, the "American" version has since been adopted for all published writing, and the word milliard is obsolete in English, as are billiard (but not billiards, the game), trilliard and so on. However, the term yard, derived from milliard, is still used in the financial markets on both sides of the Atlantic to mean "one thousand million". All major British publications and broadcasters, including the BBC, which long used thousand million to avoid ambiguity, now use billion to mean thousand million.
Many people have no direct experience with manipulating numbers this large, and many non-American readers may interpret billion as 1012 (even if they are young enough to have been taught otherwise at school); also, usage of the "long" billion is standard in some non-English speaking countries. For these reasons, defining the word may be advisable when writing for the public. See long and short scales for a more detailed discussion of the evolution of these terms in English and other languages.
When referring to the numeral 0, British people would normally use nought, oh, zero or nil in instances such as sports scores and voting results. Americans use the term zero most frequently; oh is also often used (though never when the quantity in question is nothing), and occasionally slang terms such as zilch or zip. Phrases such as the team won two–zip or the team leads the series, two–nothing are heard when reporting sports scores. The digit 0, for example, when reading a phone or account number aloud, is nearly always pronounced oh in both language varieties for the sake of convenience. In the internet age, the use of the term oh can cause certain inconveniences when one is referencing an email address, causing confusion as to whether the character in question is a zero or the letter O.
When reading numbers in a sequence, such as a telephone or serial number, British people will usually use the terms double or triple/treble followed by the repeated number. Hence, 007 is double oh seven. Exceptions are the emergency telephone number 999, which is always nine nine nine, and the apocalyptic "Number of the Beast", which is always six six six. The directory inquiries prefix 118 is also one one eight in Britain. In the US, 911 (the US emergency telephone number) is usually read nine one one, while 9/11 (in reference to the September 11, 2001 attacks) is usually read nine eleven.
Fifteen minutes after the hour is called quarter past in British usage and a quarter after or, less commonly, a quarter past in American usage. Fifteen minutes before the hour is usually called quarter to in British usage and a quarter of, a quarter to or a quarter till in American usage; the form a quarter to is associated with parts of the Northern United States, while a quarter till is found chiefly in the Appalachian region. Thirty minutes after the hour is commonly called half past in both BrE and AmE. In informal British speech, the preposition is sometimes omitted, so that 5:30 may be referred to as half five (by contrast, in the German halb fünf is half-an-hour before five, i.e. 4:30). Half after used to be more common in the US. The AmE formations top of the hour and bottom of the hour are not commonly used in BrE. Forms like eleven forty are common in both dialects. See below for variation in written forms.
In both areas, saying, "I don't mind" often means, "I'm not annoyed" (for example, by someone's smoking), while "I don't care" often means, "The matter is trivial or boring". However, in answering a question like "Tea or coffee?", if either alternative is equally acceptable, an American may answer, "I don't care", while a British person may answer, "I don't mind". Either sounds odd to the other.
In BrE, the phrase I can't be arsed (to do something) is a vulgar equivalent to the British or American I can't be bothered (to do something). This can be extremely confusing to Americans, as the Southern British pronunciation of the former sounds similar to I can't be asked..., which sounds either defiantly rude or nonsensical.
Older BrE often uses the exclamation "No fear!" where current AmE has "No way!" An example from Dorothy L. Sayers:
This usage may confuse users of AmE, who are likely to interpret and even use "No fear!" as enthusiastic willingness to move forward.
|British English
|American English
|not touch something with a bargepole
|not touch something with a ten-foot pole
|sweep under the carpet
|sweep under the rug
|touch wood
|knock on wood
|see the wood for the trees
|see the forest for the trees
|throw a spanner (in the works)
|throw a (monkey) wrench (in the works)
|tuppence worth
also two pennies' worth, two pence worth, two pennyworth,
two penny'th, or (using a different coin) ha'penny'th)
|two cents' worth
|skeleton in the cupboard
|skeleton in the closet
|a home from home
|a home away from home
|blow one's trumpet
|blow (or toot) one's horn
|a drop in the ocean
|a drop in the bucket
|storm in a teacup
|tempest in a teapot
|flogging a dead horse
|beating a dead horse
|haven't (got) a clue
|don't have a clue or have no clue
|a new lease of life
|a new lease on life
|if the cap fits (wear it)
|if the shoe fits (wear it)
|lie of the land
|lay of the land
At the tertiary or university level in BrE, a module is taught by a lecturer (whose job title may nonetheless be professor), while in AmE, a class is generally taught by a professor (at some institutions, professor is reserved for tenure-track faculty with other members of the faculty referred to as lecturers or instructors, more closely corresponding to the BrE usage). At the primary and secondary levels, the term teacher is used instead in both BrE and AmE. The term lecturer, in an educational context, would be perceived in AmE as denoting anyone, professor or special guest, giving an actual lecture before a class.
The word course in American use typically refers to the study of a restricted topic (for example, a course in Early Medieval England, a course in Integral Calculus) over a limited period of time (such as a semester or term) and is equivalent to a module at a British university. In the UK, a course of study is likely to refer to a whole program of study, which may extend over several years, and made up of any number of modules.
In the UK, a student is said to sit or take an exam, while in the US, a student takes an exam. The expression he sits for an exam also arises in BrE, but only rarely in AmE; American lawyers-to-be sit for their bar exams, and American master's and doctoral students may sit for their comprehensive exams, but in nearly all other instances, Americans take their exams. When preparing for an exam, students revise (BrE)/review (AmE) what they have studied; the BrE idiom to revise for has the equivalent to review for in AmE.
Examinations are supervised by invigilators in the UK and proctors (or (exam) supervisors) in the US. In the UK, a teacher sets an exam, while in the US, a teacher writes or gives an exam.
Another source of confusion is the different usage of the word college. (See a full international discussion of the various meanings at college.) In the US, this refers to a post-high school institution that grants bachelor's degrees, while in the UK it refers primarily to an institution between secondary school and university (normally referred to as a Sixth Form College after the old name in secondary education for Years 12 and 13, the 6th form) where intermediary courses such as A Levels or NVQs can be taken and GCSE courses can be retaken. College may sometimes be used in the UK or in Commonwealth countries as part of the name of a secondary or high school (for example, Dubai College). It should be noted, however, that in the case of Oxford, Cambridge, London and Durham universities, all members are also members of a college which is part of the university, for example, one is a member of St. Peter's College, Oxford and hence the University.
In both the US and UK, college can refer to some division within a university such as the "college of business and economics". Institutions in the US that offer two to four years of post-high school education often have the word college as part of their name, while those offering more advanced degrees are called a university. (There are exceptions, of course: Boston College, Dartmouth College and The College of William and Mary are examples of colleges that offer advanced degrees.) American students who pursue a bachelor's degree (four years of higher education) or an associate degree (two years of higher education) are college students regardless of whether they attend a college or a university and refer to their educational institutions informally as colleges. A student who pursues a master's degree or a doctorate degree in the arts and sciences is in AmE a graduate student; in BrE a postgraduate student although graduate student also sometimes used. Students of advanced professional programs are known by their field (business student, law student, medical student, the last of which is frequently shortened to med student). Some universities also have a residential college system, the details of which may vary from school to school but generally involve common living and dining spaces as well as college-organized activities.
"Professor" has different meanings in BrE and AmE. In BrE, it is the highest academic rank, followed by Reader, Senior Lecturer and Lecturer. In AmE "Professor" refers to academic staff of all ranks, with (Full) Professor (largely equivalent to the UK meaning) followed by Associate Professor and Assistant Professor.
There is additionally a difference between American and British usage in the word school. In British usage "school" by itself refers only to primary (elementary) and secondary (high) schools, and to sixth forms attached to secondary schools if one "goes to school", this type of institution is implied. By contrast, an American student at a university may talk of "going to school" or "being in school". US law students and med students almost universally speak in terms of going to "law school" and "med school", respectively. However, the word is used in BrE in the context of higher education; to describe a division grouping together several related subjects within a university, for example a "School of European Languages" containing departments for each language, and also in the term "art school". It is also the name of some of the constituent colleges of the University of London, e.g. School of Oriental and African Studies, London School of Economics.
Among high school and college students in the United States, the words freshman (or the gender-neutral term frosh or first year), sophomore, junior and senior refer to the first, second, third, and fourth years, respectively. For first-year students, "frosh" is another gender-neutral term that can be used as a qualifier, for example "Frosh class elections". It is important that the context of either high school or college first be established, or else it must be stated directly (that is, She is a high school freshman. He is a college junior.). Many institutions in both countries also use the term first-year as a gender-neutral replacement for freshman, although in the US this is recent usage, formerly referring only to those in the first year as a graduate student. One exception is the University of Virginia; since its founding in 1819, the terms "first-year", "second-year", "third-year", and "fourth-year" have been used to describe undergraduate university students. At the United States military academies, at least those operated directly by the federal government, a different terminology is used, namely "fourth class", "third class", "second class", and "first class" (note that the order of numbering is the reverse of the number of years in attendance). In the UK, first year university students are often called freshers, especially early in the academic year; however, there are no specific names for those in other years, or for school pupils. Graduate and professional students in the United States are known by their year of study (a "second-year medical student" or a "fifth-year doctoral candidate." Law students are often referred to as "1L", "2L", or "3L" rather than "nth-year law students"; similarly medical students are frequently referred to as "M1", "M2", "M3", or "M4").
While anyone in the US who finishes studying at any educational institution by passing relevant examinations is said to graduate and to be a graduate, in the UK only degree and above level students can graduate. Student itself has a wider meaning in AmE, meaning any person of any age studying at any educational institution, whereas in BrE it tends to be used for people studying at a post-secondary educational institution.
In the UK, the US equivalent of a high school is often referred to as a secondary school regardless of whether it is state funded or private. Secondary education in the United States also includes middle school or junior high school, a two or three year transitional school between elementary school and high school.
A public school has opposite meanings in the two countries. In the US this is a government-owned institution supported by taxpayers. In England and Wales, the term strictly refers to an ill-defined group of prestigious private independent schools funded by students' fees, although it is often more loosely used to refer to any independent school. Independent schools are also known as private schools, and the latter is the correct term in Scotland and Northern Ireland for all such fee-funded schools. Strictly, the term public school is not used in Scotland and Northern Ireland in the same sense as in England, but nevertheless, Gordonstoun, the Scottish private school which Charles, Prince of Wales attended, is sometimes referred to as a public school. Government-funded schools in Scotland and Northern Ireland are properly referred to as state schools but are sometimes confusingly referred to as public schools (with the same meaning as in the US); whereas in the US, where most public schools are administered by local governments, a state school is typically a college or university run by one of the states.
Speakers in both the United States and the United Kingdom use several additional terms for specific types of secondary schools. A prep school or preparatory school is an independent school funded by tuition fees; the same term is used in the UK for a private school for pupils under thirteen, designed to prepare them for fee-paying public schools. An American parochial school covers costs through tuition and has affiliation with a religious institution. In England, where the state-funded education system grew from parish schools organised by the local established church, the Church of England (C.of E., or C.E.), and many schools, especially primary schools (up to age 11) retain a church connection and are known as church schools, C.E. Schools or C.E. (Aided) Schools. There are also faith schools associated with the Roman Catholic Church and other major faiths, with a mixture of funding arrangements.
In the US, a magnet school receives government funding and has special admission requirements: students gain admission through superior performance on admission tests. The UK has city academies, which are independent privately sponsored schools run with public funding, and which can select up to 10% of pupils by aptitude. Also, in the UK some Local Education Authorities maintain Grammar Schools (State funded secondary schools) which admit pupils according to performance in an examination(known as the 11+). Admission is usually restricted to the top 10% or less of those who sit the exam.
Americans refer to transportation, while British people refer to transport. As transportation in Britain was a penalty for a crime, that is, deportation, the British use the word communication to include goods and persons, whereas in America the word primarily refers to messages sent by post or electronics. The British devised the term telecoms for this last use; it is not quite standard in America.
Differences in terminology are especially obvious in the context of roads. The British term dual carriageway, in American parlance, would be a divided highway. Central reservation on a motorway in the UK would be a median on a freeway, expressway, highway, or parkway in the US. The one-way lanes that make it possible to enter and leave such roads at an intermediate point without disrupting the flow of traffic are generally known as slip roads in the UK, but US civil engineers call them ramps, and further distinguish between on-ramps (for entering) and off-ramps (for leaving). When American engineers speak of slip roads, they are referring to a street that runs alongside the main road (separated by a berm) to allow off-the-highway access to the premises that are there, sometimes also known as a frontage road – in the UK this is known as a service road.
In the UK, the term outside lane refers to the higher-speed overtaking lane (passing lane in the US) closest to the center of the road, while inside lane refers to the lane closer to the edge of the road. In the US, outside lane is only used in the context of a turn, in which case it depends on which direction the road is turning (i.e., if the road bends right the left lane is the outside lane, but if the road bends left the right lane is the outside lane). Both also refer to slow and fast lanes (even though all actual traffic speeds may be at or even above the legal speed limit). UK traffic officials, firefighters and police officers refer to Lanes 1, 2 and 3 as slow, middle and fast lanes respectively. In the US the meanings are exactly reversed, with Lane 1 referring to the fast lane and so on.
In the UK, drink driving is against the law, while in the US the term is drunk driving. The legal term in the US is driving while intoxicated (DWI) or driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI). The equivalent legal phrase in the UK is drunk in charge of a motor vehicle (DIC), or more commonly driving with excess alcohol.
On British television each year of a show is referred to as a series, while on American television each year is referred to as a season. Additionally, the entire run of a show is called a series in American English and several series can take place in the same fictional universe.
Webster was a strong proponent of spelling reform for reasons both philological and nationalistic. Many other spelling changes proposed in the US by Webster himself, and, in the early 20th century, by the Simplified Spelling Board never caught on. Among the advocates of spelling reform in England, the influences of those who preferred the Norman (or Anglo-French) spellings of certain words proved decisive. Subsequent spelling adjustments in the UK had little effect on present-day US spelling, and vice versa. While, in many cases, AmE deviated in the 19th century from mainstream British spelling; on the other hand, it has also often retained older forms.
Sometimes, the words in titles of publications, newspaper headlines, as well as chapter and section headings are capitalized in the same manner as in normal sentences (sentence case). That is, only the first letter of the first word is capitalized, along with proper nouns, etc.
However, publishers sometimes require additional words in titles and headlines to have the initial capital, for added emphasis, as it is often perceived as appearing more professional. In AmE, this is common in titles, but less so in newspaper headlines. The exact rules differ between publishers and are often ambiguous; a typical approach is to capitalize all words other than short articles, prepositions, and conjunctions. This should probably be regarded as a common stylistic difference, rather than a linguistic difference, as neither form would be considered incorrect or unusual in either the UK or the US. Many British tabloid newspapers (such as The Sun, The Daily Sport, News of the World) use fully capitalized headlines for impact, as opposed to readability (for example, BERLIN WALL FALLS or BIRD FLU PANIC). On the other hand, the broadsheets (such as The Guardian, The Times, and The Independent) usually follow the sentence style of having only the first letter of the first word capitalized.
A consequence of the different short-form of dates is that in the UK many people would be reluctant to refer to "9/11", although its meaning would be instantly understood. On the BBC, "September the 11th" is generally used in preference to 9/11. However, 9/11 is commonplace in the British press to refer specifically to the events of September 11, 2001.
Phrases such as the following are common in Britain and Ireland but are generally unknown in the U.S: "A week today", "a week tomorrow", "a week on Tuesday", "a week Tuesday", "Tuesday week" (this is found in central Texas), "Friday fortnight", "a fortnight on Friday" and "a fortnight Friday" (these latter referring to two weeks after "next Friday"). In the US the standard construction is "a week from today", "a week from tomorrow" etc. BrE speakers may also say "Thursday last" or "Thursday gone" instead of "last Thursday".


text:
Spirit of the Sky™ Barbie® Doll
Spirit of the Sky™ Barbie® doll captures the powerful magic and proud heritage of a Native American woman. She wears a two-piece white ensemble. Her top has a single horse on the front and a pattern of different colors around the neck and midriff. Shirt and skirt are adorned with tan ""suede"" fringe. Her coordinating skirt is tied with a black belt. She wears matching tan "suede" boots with matching trim that adorns her blouse. Barbie® doll's hair is styled into 2 long, thick braids, each held in place with silvery accessories. She also has 3 feathers in her hair. Finally she wears a dramatic necklace that completes her Native American look.
Production doll may vary from the photo shown above. Mattel reserves the right to modify the fashion/fabrics, sculpt, hair color/style, and accessories. Doll cannot stand alone as shown.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Crack! The batter drills a sharp two-hopper up the middle. The man on third sprints for home and the man on first is in a mad dash for second. Coming out of double-play depth you field the ball cleanly at the edge of the grass. What do you do? Do you fire it home, hoping to stop the runner from scoring? Or do you flip it to the shortstop for what should be an easy double play? It's a classic fielder's choice scenario and the answer is wholly dependent on the situation.
Baseball, a team sport made up of individual feats of physical and mental skill, is 100% dependent on preparation and situational awareness. Do you have the tools and the knowledge to succeed? Are you ready to make a split-second decision that could determine the fate of the game? Have you put in the time and work needed to execute that decision? Are you prepared to win?
At Eastbay, we've built Fielder's Choice for the sole purpose of giving you the tools to be the best you can be. Whether you're on the mound or in the box, in center field, behind the plate, or in the cage working to earn a spot on the team, Fielder's Choice has got you covered — from spring training all the way through the playoffs. So go ahead, find the gear that's right for you, make that season-saving play, and be a hero!


text:
Pore leads Timbers to 2-0 win over Carolina at PGE Park
PORTLAND, Ore. – Midfielder Ryan Pore recorded a goal and an assist to lead the Portland Timbers to a 2-0 victory over the Carolina RailHawks in front of 6,742 Saturday at PGE Park. The Timbers handed the first-place RailHawks their first loss of the season.
Midfielder Brian Farber scored his first goal of the season in the first half and goalkeeper Chris Seitz logged nine saves to lead the Timbers (1-1-1, 4pts) to their first victory of the season. In his second game on loan to Portland, Seitz picked up his second consecutive shutout.
Pore's three-point performance guided Portland to its first win over the RailHawks since the 2007 season. The Timbers dealt the RailHawks their second shutout of the season and have now held Carolina scoreless in four games at PGE Park since 2007.
Midfielder John Cunliffe and forward Andiry Budnyy each recorded three shots for the RailHawks (3-1-1, 10pts), who had a four-game unbeaten streak come to an end Saturday. Carolina out-shot the Timbers 14-8 on the night.
The Timbers jumped out to an early lead on Farber's goal in the fifth minute. A Carolina foul set up a free kick for defender David Hayes 15 yards outside the box. With a quick re-start, Hayes slipped a pass down the left side of the box for Pore, who then sent a cross at the back post. Farber was there on the back side and headed a shot into the back of the net for the Timbers' first goal against the RailHawks since Sept. 1, 2007.
Led by Seitz's six saves in the first half, Portland kept the RailHawks' offense at bay through the first 45 minutes of the match. Carolina had its best chance of the opening period in the 35th minute on a shot by Cunliffe. From the top right corner of the box, Cunliffe curled a shot around a Timbers defender at the left post forcing Seitz into action, but his shot missed wide.
The RailHawks had one last chance before the break. During first-half stoppage time, Carolina midfielder Kupono Low got on the end of a corner kick, but sent his header off the crossbar and out of play.
Early in the second half, the Timbers had a chance to add to their lead as forward George Josten, making his first start of the season, found forward Mandjou Keita on the doorstep just three yards out from goal. With a defender on his back, Keita got the ball to his feet and forced RailHawks goalkeeper Eric Reed to make a reaction save to keep Keita's shot from finding the back of the net.
In the 55th minute, the RailHawks nearly took advantage of a couple Portland miscues to level the score. Defender Jeremy Tolleson brought the ball down into the box and tried to thread a pass to a teammate in the middle of the area. The ball was deflected and Seitz made a great initial stop but the ball trickled back into play, creating a scramble in the box. The RailHawks had two chances get deflected before the Timbers were able to clear the ball past the endline.
But the Timbers steadily gained momentum late in the second half starting with chances by Pore and second-half sub Keith Savage. Pore unleashed a 25-yard shot from the top of the box that looked destined for the back of the net, but hit the top right corner of the frame in the 69th minute.
Moments later, Savage helped win the ball in the offensive third and worked it across the top of the box to the left side in the 75th minute. He then unloaded a shot at the right post that rolled just wide.
The late build up late by the Timbers paid off in the 83rd minute as Pore delivered his first strike of the season. Josten started the play when he drew three Carolina defenders as he attacked the box and then found Pore open on the wing. Pore dialed up a low 20-yard shot from the top right corner of the box that snuck past the out-stretched arms of Reed and into the back of the net.
Portland hits the road for their next match on May 9 against the expansion Cleveland City Stars at 4 p.m. (Pacific). A live broadcast will be available on 95.5 The Game and online at www.portlandtimbers.com. A live video webcast of the match will be available through USL Live – now a free service at www.usllive.com.
Notes: The Timbers picked up their first win over Carolina at PGE Park since 2007 (4 matches) … Seitz made his second start for the Timbers Saturday while on loan from Major League Soccer's Real Salt Lake. He is to return to Salt Lake Sunday … Injured goalkeeper Steve Cronin is listed as day-to-day and could return as soon as the Timbers next match in Cleveland … Forward Antou Jallow made his Timbers debut Saturday against the RailHawks coming on as a sub late in the second half.
POR: GK Seitz, D Thompson, D Knowles, D Danso, D Hayes, M Farber (Jallow, 89), M Claesson (Savage, 58), M McManus, M Pore, F Josten (Nimo, 88), F Keita (McLaughlin, 68)
CAR: GK Reed, D McKenney, D Schulte, D Rusin, D Tolleson (Gilkerson , 88), M Lowery, M Low, M Watson (Glinton, 67), M Cunliff, F Budnyy (Gardner, 77), F Bundu (Diallo, 58)


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Beth A. Jones, PhD, MPH
Research Scientist in and Lecturer in Epidemiology (Chronic Diseases)
Research Interests
Breast Neoplasms; Environment and Public Health; Neoplasms; Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation; Health Status Disparities; Health Care
Research Organizations
Research Summary
Dr. Jones is a cancer epidemiologist who works on health disparities. Her research is focused on racial/ethnic differences in the incidence, morbidity and mortality of cancer, particularly breast cancer. Using a multidisciplinary approach, she is evaluating the role(s) of tumor characteristics, selected genetic alterations and genetic polymorphisms, as well as social class, medical care, and psychosocial factors, in explaining the lower cancer survival of African Americans as compared with Whites. Additionally, she is researching the process of screening mammography and the racial/ethnic-specific factors that influence future screening and screening outcomes. Another area of her cancer prevention research includes a study of African American/White differences in the prevalence and correlates of high-risk breast density patterns.
Extensive Research Description
- Cancer Screening Behavior in Hispanic/Latinas Living in the Northeast United States
- Psychosocial Factors, Race, and Cancer Survival
- Breast Cancer In Situ: Mammographic Risk Factors
- Communicating with Low Health Literacy Patients about their Mammogram Result
- Neighborhood and Mammography: A Multilevel approach to Cancer Screening Behavior
Selected Publications
- Dailey AL, Kasl SV, Lewis T, Holford T, Jones BA. Neighborhood- and Individual-level Socioeconomic Variation in Perceptions of Racial Discrimination. Ethn Health. 2010 Apr;15(2):145-63. PMID: 20407967
- Jones BA, Christensen A, Wise J, Yu H. Glutathione S-Transferase Polymorphisms and Survival in African American and White Colorectal Patients. Cancer Epidemiology. 2009; 33(3-4): 249-6. PMID: 19748847
- Calvocoressi, L., Sun, A., Kasl, S.V., Claus, E.B., and Jones, B.A. Mammography Screening of Women in their 40s. Impact of Changes in Screening Guidelines. Cancer 112: 473-480, 2008
- Jones BA, Liu WL, Ararujo A, Kasl SV, Silvera SN, Soler-Vilá H, Curnen MCG, Dubrow R. Explaining the Race Difference in Prostate Cancer Stage at Diagnosis. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 2008;17(10): 1-10.
- Jones, B.A., Reams, K., Calvocoressi, L., Dailey, A., Kasl, S.V., and Liston, N.M. Adequacy of Communicating Results from Screening Mammograms to African American and White Women. American Journal of Public Health 97: 531-538, 2007
- Dailey, A., Kasl, S.V., Holford, T.R., Calvocoressi, L., and Jones, B.A. Neighborhood-level Socioeconomic Predictors of Non-adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 16(11): 2293-2303, 2007
- Jones BA, Dailey A, Calvocoressi L, Reams K, Kasl SV, Lee CH, Hsu H. Inadequate Follow-up of Abnormal Screening Mammograms: Findings from the Race Differences in Screening Mammography Process Study. Cancer Causes and Control 2005;16:809-21. PMID:161327
- Soler-Vila, H., Kasl, S.V., and Jones, B.A. Cancer-specific Beliefs and Survival: A Population-based Study of African-American and White Breast Cancer Patients. Cancer Causes and Control 16(2): 105-114, 2005
- Jones, BA, Kasl SV, Howe CL, Lachman M, Dubrow R, Curnen MM, Soler-Vila H, Beeghly A, Duan F, Owens P. African American/White Differences in Breast Cancer Tumors: p53 Alterations and Other Tumor Characteristics. Cancer 101:1293-1301, 2004. PMID: 15368321
- Jones BA, Kasl SV, Curnen MGM, Owens PH, Dubrow R. Black/White Difference in Stage at Diagnosis of Breast Cancer: Severe Obesity as an Explanatory Factor. American Journal of Epidemiology 146:394-404, 1997. PMID: 9290499


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text: Close-Up Profiles When Barbara first met John Stropko, she said, "I was crazy about him." Almost 30 years later, they are still joined at the hip. In fact, I would say the Stropkos are living a life they love. They are in love with each other, in love with nature, in love with art, and in love with their business. So their business, New Desert Gallery, Inc., is truly a labor of love. More


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Whether you're trying shed weight or gain several pounds, you need alter the way you eat and exercise. Then handful of basic to keep track among the changes in your body composition to measure how well you're progressing. The most commonly used measurement is your total body weight. It's good to measure your weight, but since every body is different, it helps even more to know how much of your body is fat and how much is lean mass.
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Nassau County Review 19150528
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Nassau County Review Official Paper of Nassau County FREEPORT, N. Y., FRIDAY, MAY 28. 1915 VoL XX, No. 22 t Freeport Social and Personal In the Fraternal Orders Local Topics News of the Churches Village Tritstees In the Fire Department Single copies of the Kc-vicw tor sale at (Jre^-nlilatt's and Brnithwaite'.'<, Uail- roari Avenue; .Michnoff's, Nassau County Review, Da.Silva's and flo- tietz's". Main Stir-ff; l)aSilva'R,West Merii(4; Roa.l. tf. HKiHWATtK TIDE TABLE TlK-^e timi«« arfl for Sandy H<K)k. De<ln.-t .12 liiiniitm for H<Tn|.^teH.I Bay) Friilav, .May M.inir About Cuc.U, ViiiU and P.rtien ol Freeporter. and Their Friend. Saiurday, Sunday, Monday. Tuesday, .lune WednpRiih>. ThurfiiH\, Friday Saturday, 2S 29 30 31 1 7:21 a. m. >i:l() a. m. 9:11 a. m. li):09 a. in. 11:07 a. m. 12:ii9 |). m. 1 :07 \i. m. 2.01) p. ni. 3:ii7 t). in. X)y. .1. .S. Hhapero hH..< opened an up- to-date denlLitry ollice at 71 S<iuth Main Strtet. Tlie Casino, under the inanaKenieril of Leo ("arillo, operjed for the -casun on Saturday evening. If you don»'t put.your Hmk out any other dny in the year, he nure that it in out ne\! .Monday, DecorHtmn l)(i> AUenli'in i.s called lo the adv..itise- inent ill this issue of n sale of aniiijUf luniilurc, i(. he held next "vVedneHiii>. A iJi^r replica of an old Dutch wind¬ mill h.c^ incn erected as a gHrii;;e < n proficr;., of Otto.lung on the cH^t liiiril; I.f lianilall Um:. .¦\ ii:ovinK |;icture -l;rjw '.v!:l I.. hcM I.r till- rrvfitul IliLaire tlii^ l''i iduv ev cnii't;, ;.!iiy '2^^. fur henefn < ; tl.- i "d- tral i!i.sf')!il! rinh. Mr. and Mr;^. Alfred U. Torres of Brooklyn have taken a cottage on .North Bergen Place lor the summer. Mr. and .Mrs. T. W. Nicholson have closed their Brooklyn house to locate for the .sumnitr at 41 North Bergen Place. A surprise party was tenderei) to Mrs. A. E. Dorlon of East Street, Sat¬ urday evening. (.!ards and games were played during tne evening, foi- ' lowed by lefreshnient". Those [uc-ient were Mr. and Mrs. .M. Milhank, Mr. and Mrs. F. E. Devlin and Master Wesley Devlin, .Mr. and Mrs. (Jeorge ' Reynolds and .Miss Adeline Reynolds, Mr. and Mrs John Stephenson, Hert Stevenson, Mr. and Mrs. VV. K. Hern- ing. .Mr. and Mr«. .Inhn Fawcett and, the .Vlisses Olive and Estelle Fawcett, .Ml. and Mrs. E. A. Dorlon, Frank Dorlon, .Miss Decker, .Miss Nina Dnr- I'll) nnd I.ita Rhorles. My-. A. .1. S"i;tt, and her 3on,'"<Tt,i- eral Scolt, with hii wife and young ..^lln, haw returned to f-rt eport after sj.'-iiil- ing the winter ut West Palm ijeacii. H' ridn. .Mr. and .Mrs. .1. li. .\osrtoithy liHVe ni ived from Pearsall Avenue \.i tlm li'.ii.se formerly occupied hy .Mr. nnd .Mr-. Henry E. liidci- nn U'liiiiicc Str-i't. ."('r. aivl .Vlrs. Uiiler huve I:.. '.' I.' 'll '. i'.v'.y ' 'li..r h:iiwr rn C, i.n.I Avi,;,. . Doinct in the lecret fraternal orcanizationc of Freeport and vicinity, I. <). O. F.~On Monday evening the first clegree was conferred on two can¬ didates. Next Monday evening the second degree will be conferred, Commrnti and ^piplanatiom not entirely of • newi nature, on village affairn by tbe editor WHERE IS THE POLITICii.' Under the heading "political para¬ graph from Suffolk t.'ounty," the Brooklyn Eagle puhlishes the follow¬ ing: Samuel P. Hildreth has heen re-ap- On Saturday evening, June 5, at the room.s of .Massapequa Lodge, F. and A. M., in the Rockville Centre Bank Building. W,-. William Morrison, po'nted counsel to thji^n.ityville trus- Oriental Grand Master, assisted by the '***• .iiOff*^ Oriental t^onductor, J. W. Twaddle, ¦ I cannot bflt wondw what the ap- and full staff of officers will confer the i pointment o^a village counsel has to degree of Tall Cedars of Lebanon upon • do with politics, a large class of candidates. This will he thij first time that the Oriental De¬ gree has heen worked in Ro:kville Centre. The Fellowcraft Cluh, of wbich W. •. John J. Lewi.s is president and :'. H. Richards.jn, ."ecretary, will have charge V"' . of the arrangements. The initiation fee of one dollar will entiHe ail those who survive to life membership in the Oriental (Jrand Lodge uf the Altituil- inous Timbers. .All .Master .Masons wishing tl tak" the degree can secure aiiplicatiiid cards frum ''. H. Kii'hanl- soii. Ko.x -(jtj, Lynbrook. ProgresNive (.'oimcil, D. id' 1.., will hiilrl a cUmiitiii and euchre in thcii lodge roiiii 1. n Tuesday evt nin;^, .1 Jiie 1. .NEW JR. O. U. A. M. COl'Nt 11. .Npxt Friday evening. June 4. ii neu I iiuncil will lie instituted by tiie Nm'. Vork Statf ('laiiuMl, Jr. oZu. A. M., t'n;in the section srouiid Rosedale .¦uii! ; St. .Mbiins, to be known us Unity Coon . il No. ti. The institution wiil take place in the Cnuncil rouMs; of Frtep< it A COOD CUSTOMER The Long Island Railroad Company continueg to be the best cu.stomer that the Village of Freeport water plant has. Their hill for services for water year, up tn .Mav 1, was *-^i48.n:!. A SERVICE WELL KKNDKRHD At the last regular meeting of the Viiliig<- Hoard of Trustees. Counselliir Sidney H. Swezey rendcied his bill for service for collection of atrearage? ni taxes, and I have never seen a state- men of services rendered which has been as car.'ful and explicit and ga\e iiinre \a.ue for the inimey than this ili.I. It was almost incomprehensible- to grasp the fact that .Mr. .Swezey had collected a tntal of ^'J^;¦<L'i2' for ar¬ rearages on lot pi o|i(-itie.-. This amount on other pro|i'rtv miu'hl Iihvg ¦ been colli.i-ted more easily, but the.'"e whs' not so large un niiiulliit nwiiig. and ill many case." it invc Ived cxpcmli- - turi a licvond tbe aniounl of the !a;; it- ..\ . I, .liill incotirg n A;-^-icr:;' I'.i; I.f Freepo ;. v>ill I.K Held a! ihi' Crc.i hou^^t.' lhi.- (' ening at ¦ -¦ i ,¦ ' k Ciiurc;. oi' '/Ul * D'lnii'l ;:. Knymu- j/.v. j v: .':. . Ei'. Ill -: I's liom : V 1. liv.'V 'e\ .Ml',: I mi ,' ;-');u.;l I Sdin: r "¦' ' ¦"'¦ '¦ ¦' '•¦'" " '•' ;. r, :\t n- ,mi.'-'I . lu . •1 l.il:,.! V n Ir. Hir.l .\Ir.- t'.uncil N:j. 'll, whost' licgrtc tcaiiis ' will wdik nil thri'fi degrees on ..be now • ci:is8. Till' riiHtting vviii op. n at 7:311 p. III., .-" the Ccuic.ril can ^.ct tiitir busines.- tran.-iicli'd iiirly. Stiit.' 1'<iu:r.'ilor I.eil;, uf .-\m;igiiii.-;elt. aiiu mail.' other St;i:ti i.thcvis wiil lie pris- 1 ii;t on ihi-J I'Vi'iiiiii,'; filso ileleg:ttio:; < i;.;iib iring Council.^. Tiie ll' !hi' (l-'t;'!ee T>'a'H-; ai'" ." ni'fO'-nt lliis l''ridii\ .--.i iha: li-'ld in tjiiepiiniliiiii ior •¦i-!f. ill order to aHcertain thr correct •iivii''r-' of the propertie.;, and .¦=. nd tin liill.j where thev bei'nit'.ni.'. .Mr. S.-'ez- (ly uImi collected Ir.jii, iK.scrintivt pro;.rrty .¦:aill''.i.ii:;, 'ii: i .-M'iil.liL' foi watt/r icnlals, a lotiti nl nvcr .'lil'ii. which has been put ii Si the villiig.. trc:i-iur»' ¦: •(! i';;peiid.'- ! i-'i the rc^iniiir •ivay. F.iv t!ii; .--frvic "' ¦ •. " bill wns .•:;! 1. T,S, »'y.' his customers as nr.ic;. '.-,¦ li.id tlif village fur I : --• time .mil eNpeiulit'ii i - invnlvi : Subject of Sermoiu. Scrrices of the week and other dotnr* in tlie churches ¦ nd church locieties First (¦hurch of Christ. Scientist. Services Sunday mot ning at 11 o'clock ; Hempstead Bank Building; subject. next Sunday, May 3(», "Ancient and Modern .\ecroniancy, alias Mesmerism and Hypnotism, Denounced." In Conjunction with the regular nieetinf! of the W. (". I. U. to be held at the home of the prestrlent. Mrs. Clinton M. Flint, next Thursday, .lune 3, a luncheon will be given hy the io.e- log side in the recent membership con¬ test. The winning side will pay \n cents each. Talks on the Bahai Revelation, sig¬ nifying "Glorious Revelation." as foretold by Christ and the other Bro- ohets. at b4 .lay Avenue, Sunday af¬ ternoons at :f :3n p. m.; subject for Ma\ 3(1 " The Focr Stations of Man and what development and unfoidnieiit is essential in order to really uppre heiid the Bible and Religion- t.iod's Revealed Truth." .Ml are welcome: no charge. 'lhe Wiiiniin'.-. .Missionary Societ> oJ Ihe Pr('sbw,rian Church uill ini'et in the chapel iie.vt Wednesday, .lune '2. at '2 p. m. Th." sulijt'Cts for the moiitti ,hie "Alaska" and "Orient and (i"ci- dent." 'J'he response fo rnllcall will he "Aiid Item from .Maskii.'' .A'i women of the oiiuich me invited to at tend. .'si'Xl Suiitlas nmrniiij.'. .May .'..i. the stinioti lit the Lri'-h.\ 1> llill) ('h.iich will be in recognition nf ?>lcnioiiiil Day, tb.' tonic will be "Tnn Kiithl Tn Fighi," a discusoiini of tlu' F'resid'. llL'^ iiilerin i-'iation of tl'.c moral q.ih ity nf ovir attitude toward war. ill th' evriiiiifr tne pa.--:or wi i preach on "Jesus' Uli-':BriiiL', (.'nndennia! i..'i ni ShiiM." (oind iiiu?ic, apprnpniin'' ¦iiii|^ve;i I'ciidered, unrichi s tinth niorn- ;..:.l . . . llin;.' Wi't.-liM'. .At the meeting of the Village Board of Trnatees last Thursday afternoon. Dr. VVilliatii M. Runcie stated that in had received a visit from Dr. ''Kerton. sanitary inspector, who urged that S'lmeth rg be done in the way of pri- \iding sewer- for the village. It was (i»cidrd tn call a sjiecial public meet- inir tn consider the matter. Road Commissioner Bund stated that he considered the best way of li\- iiig the IVekskili gravel roads was sioiilar to the nieth.ul he had tried to one small piece nn Bronklyn .-Avenue, for experimentation, and it was decid ed to rent a road machine from An drew^ Brothers »l »'l^ per day, includ ing a man to operate the machine, f<ir improving roads as necessary, in this manner. .Mr. Bond was in favor of the village puichasing a lu-tmi machine, whicii could be done on "easy terms" of rental, for ¥3t)iiii, including a scan- tier. .A rt'iiresentativfe of a roller company was present, and quoted a price of .'fSTiiii, whicti he said could tie paid in four years, on a rental basis, anti the compar.y would keep the ma¬ chine in repairs di'ring that time. After some evident discussion. Trus¬ tee Randall offered a motion which was carried, that the niachiiie be hired fmiii .Andrews lims., as above noted. Tlie application of .Iohn T. Cotlev, whicii hav been lii'fnr.' the Beard f'>r t'.vo m 'itli-, r.-rjuisting an increase of ^liHIy lis a-siifant engineer at the piwi'i' nn..ia>.., wjs huujiht U(i, This nnd !h . .1 iaid u.e!' ..li .-LVetai .'.'C.i- sl:ii.s. and at th- la-t iiiietiag i.v;;s ai.iiin lail ..,•. r I- ¦•¦.•.u-v "!' tlv ab-eiie.e nf Trustee Randall, 'until a full Board WHS present." Tile absence nf Tun tee Me:;. II wa.-: nnted at this meetitu'. bi*l President L^iiidi said tluit hi tin ught Trustee 1^'dtll would be v,ill iu-j, In lill a- the otlier.<. and a innlion was made ny 'i'ru.iU-o Randall thai tlU'- saiirie- al liie nvver luiUs..- remain as tliey ar.' .\n i.iie else ;-ei"ilK'illg i'l ¦ uVotinii, Pr.'-]d..iil l.aitin -ani ib';: would <ecui..l it ;;. "M 1 In 'nil,, it I i'nr,' ;i.. ... .-rin^, and nn : i' r ' '¦ M«t<ers of interact to and about tha fir«f¥iaa < n our local dapartmant b, H.E. P. Hose 1 took the "rubber" game from J'ruck 1 Sunday morning by the score of 8 to A. Truck 1 won the tirst game, and Hose 1. the secondhand third. Friday evening a cail went in over "4011" foi a fire in the garage of C. A. Fulton, West .Merrick Road. There was quite a blaze for a few moments, but Mr. P'ulton and snme friends ex- tinguisheld it and sent word that the TSepartinent waa not needed, before the whistle could be blown. A special meeting of the Fire Coun¬ cil will be held at the truck house Sat. urday afternoon at three o'clock lor the purpose of considering the ques¬ tion of additional motor apparatus for the department. It is miiiorlant that all wardens be nresent if rins-.|lile. SI'ARKLFTS .\ spark neglected makes a nii^ihty :iie It has been said of lires as nf iiirlhs two-ibirils n\ tlirm nccur in the niglit Incendiari.-rii is .i,'!ie:iteiy termed ¦•jii.iling .lUt tn the insuraii'-'e cnnipan III Kii'jland beer Iih.~ iieeii utilized frequently to extiim>ii.-h lires when water was s'.'arce. Fire insurance pnlicits were lii si i.-sue''iii Lniidiiii ill It'.i;;, fciilowing llle great lire of the previou" yi.ar. Steam 'ire engines wert lirst intro¬ duced 111 .Niiiemb.'r^,' in Ki-'iT. Ill l.-f^S, at St. I'liiii, a ivliral cle\ Ml- nr was siill I uriiiiT.; inurteen moiilhs aft r the mi^'iiial .¦ui.llHgriitinn Fir.' eii;T;ii..,, at- -111.I :n hav..' been iriv.-n'. !¦¦ .'¦ - : :- . ¦.. - l.,.i..... Ci; 'VI e'iiior Kt» .Vlain C5treei, 1 i m..^ ) , : ek. The ni'W iiiiiii- agi I .. :,i!iini;iu:i s that tivi e v. iil be sti (¦¦ml . ij.ictiiiiis, and tli:i' it is their int»i.ti' ; I 1 operate a clean, lirst <'ias'j ,pla.' ', .";.t linj.: ijniy to 'he best pcoide of lb' .. niinunity. Attention is called to till .! Mdvertisement in this i.f?ue. The : er Sui H inue,- SiiuHi I tin' .\r ThiH 111 ei( .1 i II 111. :nt notes V. of th 1 'l.v'if. '1 vis'i' Cl Jusiic' n vei.ii TJ).. ot th ' I wer.' ^1 asphalt Works The I afltr I folk, ai and the .M, Ed* ripeal id' Dayten Hed.ges, forin- :vi-ie.' of Sulfnik ('ciinty, frmii • it, recovered by S, Dinioi' Frerport. was submitted to . Hate Uivision on Monday hist, p al was 'rom a judgment en! Nassau County last January ing to ii;8(.in0 recovtred iMuin two 'iiich Mr. Smith held as H-aignie :'ioneer Iron Works of Bninl. Iv attorney fnr the ex Super- iiteiideil that Supreme Cnuit irane was wrong in permitili! -. ,'t for the full amount. :, the fourth appeal arising mit ansactiin for which the nUi s \.'!ii. to wit, tiie building of an plant by the frioneer Iron for Mr. Hedges. ' liitcrests of Hedges are biiiki»'i y County Ju.lge Vunk of Suf 1 the attorney for Mr. Smith I'ioneer Iron Works is Elvin irda of Freeport. Chii'Ken Wire, Ifiil.ft; rol I.HWi; Mowers, $',i.9S. I. Da Silva, West Merrick Road Tel. Hs.-.-W. .\<lvertl-tement lhe Smith & Bedell Pharmacy build¬ ing is being repainted. ^avertlsemer.t. I" :i: I nu ll. a nesv vvciti . addMl at il :3:i ii. ii;.. i.i . ... .-^ :11! n. m. On tlie Sunday ;i . M new triiin is adde , a! ;-'i^" and the lime of eveninu trai.;i eliaiij.'ed consideruldy, Lrsttad if "nn triiiii ll.. ti :4n and aiiot'cr at >:!_'. there lill iinw trains at 7:!-' 7:5: :.:.d it:-3--. I I.l tastiiniind trains a iievv fain '.- !;,lde.l al 6:38 a. in. all] a new .-atiir- ll .\ train at 1 :".iii ii. m. * )n th.- Sun ll ly U'liins a new oni; is addi il at Id :riii a. ni. .ir.d instead of the , n:; ,, n,.. liieie ari' now trains at n' ' ' " . ' ¦ •'• South Shore Yacht €(ub Opens lhe Me.ltii Shni,. Yaebt Club i. ^-..u 1 ; eiud lot lb'- s.'asnn. ,iii'l dar.cmg l.-^ in order ev^ry d:iy duiing tiie week excepting Sunday, comir.enciii ¦¦ ! leco- latii'ii Day, aud continuing lliruughout the season. .-Saturday evening there will be specuii musi'/ bv I'mf. i ordeii On Monday, May 31,'the Club wi:l hnld Its annual np-ming Uecorutinn Day Regatta, with a viception and dance in the evening. .-V change ha.- been made in tiic course this vear, .ilmrteiiing it to tliri.e miles, 'witii an increase iiiiiiiber of laps, Thi.s '.sill result in keeling the iioats mure con- stai'tly in view of tbt spectators, dur ing the contests, and do away with tbe ditliculties at the Pomt Breeze turn, where the-water was very shoal. Fourteen Years Ago Items of inierot from the Review lile :i'iuti'eii ye;irs ago this w.'ek i ".An you going to plant some shrub- l.iy ..nd trtes this Spring? First class goods at right prices can be ob tained at John J. Randall'i Nurseries, Ocean and Randall Avenuei, Freeport, L. I. Call and look the stock over and make your own selections." Advertlaemant. ; Try my apecial box of cut flowera, 75c for tbe weekend. C. R. Anker.s, florist, Rockville Centre, L. I. Tele¬ phone connection; delivery anywhere. Advartlaanaaat. ' "Th« Qovernor'a Boas," Freeport'a' photo-pi ay; Jun« 2 snd S; n)«tin«« i •¦eh day at 8:80 p. m.; admiiaioD, , matinee 10 and 15c: evening 10 and | SOc. A«T«rtto«iMBt ' The following editorial appeared in our issue of May 31, IHOl ; "The (Ier¬ man press ia now predicting an early clash between the United States and Great Britain, because of commercial rivalry. Let Germany look for its own wara, and Uncle Sam will do the same." The Catholic Church haa progressed so rapidly aa to w^rant the announce¬ ment that a resident priest will be pro¬ vided. A Trouser Sale this and next we^k at Baraacb'a, 65 So. Main Street, Freeport. N. Y. See tbe adv. in tbia iaaQ* and tbe 1bw prices. The man | who makea this his clothing store takes i no c|tanc«8. i ii'jsyat tr)'!;;.al Lake House '1', .-iiturday the cllicial li'i ling nt tlie t'lystal Lake House for the sum mer -.ai/n '.vill take place. It ii- planned In make this the bign.'-t yi..r 111 the e.sislence of the hniel T^i "Vine Uii'jii." lias been coiii|ili'teil ad tho grill entirely reiinvated Tin rvw iiianageineri', 1'. .1. Fi.sher and .M. T. Jucksnii, are endeavoring tn make the ry-tal Lake House one of theseasim's attraetirns. .A .•iirniri'l will be a [lermaiient feat- urn tlirouubout the .-ea.-on every even¬ ing fiu.ii '¦-¦ tn \2. o'clock and for. those w!:ii di'iiire dancing "'Usie v.ill be pro- Viili'd. This openim; is the anni\ '•. ;-^Hry nl ihe spectacu'sr fire v ! i. ;¦, ...,•- curred a year hl'd, Tue.-^day, .May 2<a. The note! has been entirely renovated and is now considered among thetintsi nil Long lalanil. Forbes Interested in New Auto r. I' C. Fotbes, beitir kiiiiwn as ¦'Tommy" Forties, i.s hack in tiie atj.tn- rlnbile lield after an absence of sever« al years, f^orhes was one of the spec¬ tacular figures in tht rarly days of the antoronbiie, having been identitied with R M. Owen and John N. Tilly-. The magnet that has drawn him back into the autnniobile maeUtrnm is the new Moiarch eight-cylinder car, about whi:h there has been considerable sec¬ recy. It is built by the .Monarch Mot¬ or t'ornpany of Detroit, of which R, (". Hupp is president. Several New York financiers are back of the company and on the directorate. Five thousand eights will be built this season, and Forbes says the first 125 cars will be ready for delivery in .lune. A vigorous selling campaign, which will be hacked with strong ad¬ vertising, has been started. The car will be a seven-passenger model with 125-inch wheel base and will retail at $1500. Mr. Forbes is vice president and di¬ rector of sales nf the ' Monarch Motor Company and will have control of the distribution of the product throughout the United States. He is bosy allot- ting territcry right now. — World. At the Plaza. Monday, May 13, S. Miller Kent in Clyde Fitch's thrilling romance of the plains, "The Cowboy and tbe Lady." Matinee 8:30 p. m.;. admission 10c; evening 10 and ISc. Aarertlssmsnt .M. v.. t liiiich at hrreiiurt. Ke... Snul (). Curtice and other:- '.vill address us. The iadies of the Relief Cnrps vill escort tlie I'o.st to t'oth iiarniiii; 'ind afternnoii service.-. ith--Tl!e coinradi s of :,'i.itt Fn-i ..'ill assemble al the ['n.-it Rni;i5l*^"t In a. iii. on .May IJI, to Imid lhe memorial ser¬ vice i.ver the graves of our ikccas.-d comrades at the Fr.eiiort Cemetery. The l.'onirade.'- will leturii ti. ih;- !'. ¦^i Room I'or iunrh. .At 1 ::'i) p. 111. we will take trolley to iJrecnIieid Ceiiieleiy to tak.' part in the .Memorial exercises in enn uiiM'tion with tl,. r. embers m Hie .M. A. ibdil- wiii I'ns' iNo. ."i U. ."¦lib Th" billies ol llie \\'vtr),-n'- Re¬ lief Corps will tak.. fiurt in a.i .-.xer eise.1 . 1, that day. William II. Patter.^nn, ''onip ander .^di^ltant. ln.'ll\ : ;.Cii;iMj. . , Miss Ma-'V I .Mrs. liiii ri' : Marin '. ¦¦• The eiiiMiiTi .,: ;if Ou- llniy Redi lia/.iiai this Wee!:, la: church. T-i • !hi~ Friday ami S. The Colored I. r'.eetuii.'s on , Weill llie JLiiry Stre.. Eijua' h-''<nchi.se C luh Mecls small "Speed Trap" At Work 'I'he automobile speed tiap of tbg I'ulice Department tor fhe lir. t time tills season waa operated Sunday along Kast Merrick Road. Cnief Lamb was urged to stop projjiective danger, and he put h;s full force on duty at the "speed trap." I'welve auiu dris .Ts were arrested for viclating the speed ordinances; all but one pleading guilty when arraigned before Police Justice Flint. The one who declined to acknowledge guilt was James Gordon, of Brooklyn. He claimed his atrest an outrage and de¬ cided to fight the case. Mr. Gordon deposited cash bail for his appearance at trial. The others who pleaded guilty and the amount of the fines tbey paid to help enlarge the village treasury were: Arthur McDermott, |5; Beverly Jones, $5; Harry Thurston, $5; Stanley Sweet, $5; James J. O'Hara, $10; Henry Engel. $1; Archibald J. Connor, $6; Julius Celain, %f>; Frank Heath* coet. $6; Edward F. Keating, S5, and John Leighton, $10. Capt. Dsrenberg arrested Charle.<4 Ebert for violating the traffic ordin¬ ance. Ebert insisted in trying to cut corners. He tried to explain the law lo tbe captain, and the captain con¬ ducted him before Justice Flint, who admonished Ebert and relieved biro of $3. The u-ua! sirvn:!'-. ' i tlie Hapti-t I'iuirc!) will be held next Sunday. In 'ii>. morning the pastor will preacii upon the suhject, " .Nevenhel.fss," I'll tbe evtning he will preach a sermon in harnnny with .Memorial Day. The subject svill be "('nkiifiwh Heroes on Life's Battlcfitld." A very cnrdial invitation is extendfd to all. The s.icial of the .Nearrr and Farth er Lights held last Wednesday evening at the home 'if the .Misse- Guest on Rose Street, was largely attended. A splendid program was rendtred "^nd re freshments were served. A group missionary meeting to be composed of the women nf the Baplifit Churches in the central section of the Island will be held in the Baptist Church on June In. .Mrs .Montgomery of Brooklyn and Miss Cody, a returned missionary from China, will rieliver addresse.s. At the .Methodist Church Dr. Cur¬ tice will preach morning and evening next Sunday. The Sunday School haa arranged to hold a special memorial service next Sunday at 8 p. m. The D. B. P. Mott Post. G. A. R., with the Woman's Relief Corps, will be the guests of honor, and the other Sunday Schools of the village have been in¬ vited. Miss Harriet tU. Smith, of Brooklyn, daughter of Rev. Arthur J. Smith. D. D., pastor of tbe Fourth Avenue Methodist Episcopal Churb, will deliver an nddresa on "Tbe Liv ing Lincoln." All are welcome. ipiicKly a< :¦¦ ¦,,.., r. ' ly realize ll ;¦ an infatii. sn 1. •; .in-. 'i.'id n.inv.'i I'l sue stri'OgtIi an:i .-ize, largely due t<i li- .strnnv' li'iuristinient of tboufht ai i) gpeecii, Mfiiiiinistered by ttnit earnest' e.xfioner t of the cause, .Mfs. .lean .Mar¬ ion Doane, and the able leadership ol the ( iiiv isin.'ial pie.-iden', .Mrs. C. G. Hill. « .Mr.-. D'lane's topitr wa* "The T'lSsi- ble IV'iitical effect of 'Sulfrhgo on Ihe Stat'.' Karnr^-tness of purriose and desire for accurate information, on this subji'c , on v/hich we shall soon be actively engage:, was depicted on each listener's face. .No "pink tea". fur thi-rn. but the strong meat of knowledge, for liKe Eradne in "Shi s that Pass in the .Night " they wanted to know. A [irominent member of the local ciergy recently stated that just as he was born an American citizen, so wus be born Suffragist, for, he said, does not tbe Constitution say we are born free and eijual, and is not thi« an ano¬ maly, it applied to only one-half of the citizens? Tbe growing support of the clergy, and the fact that the better class of newspauers and periodicals are devot¬ ing more and mure space to Woman's SafTrage, is a po-A-eriul factor towards ita ultimate success. Is it not com¬ monly knjwn that "tbe pen is might, ier than the tword?" tha' As I. ¦"jdh. ph-.n ' wii ¦ fl 1 sbnuld Irier.e tie any Will usually settle to the .¦.specially if the [larti b-.s a size that there .vould In .stopping tho discliHrgi ': tie nr nn danger 'd deterin aeiy^und sod i iiisidn of a is'daied. Sometimt'.'on |" a little of the nnA» roluti way into thf acid and this ger that must be guardei Editor.) ¦-fire and WHter I eid and ;.iir.- sili- nr it acts rvfuction as ::tiijrif (icid, : ui a frac- : ' rand of 'UCCi fiH, "ediment H finiioni and are nf sach \ danger in "here is lit- ration of the year when • inf to n fire nn finds itl is the dan- I against. -• tiyineering Weekly Weather Report (I'or our readers in other localities) Friday, overcast and rainy all day; , heavy uhower in night. Saturday, warm and muggy, two heavy thunder showers, in afternoon. Sunday, fine Spring weather, clear and cool. Mond»>, stormy again, rained hard all day intermittently; foggy in even¬ ing. Tuesday, about tbe same a» Sunday. Wednesday, overcast and chilly, raia in p. m. ; clear at night. Thursday, windy and cold: clear. Mare Freeport News m Page 8 Buy your coal now before you need it. Freeport Coal Company. Aivs
Object Description
|Nassau County Review 19150528
|Nassau County Review 19150528
Nassau County Review
Official Paper of Nassau County
VoL XX, No. 22
Social and Personal In the Fraternal Orders Local Topics News of the Churches Village Tritstees In the Fire Department
Single copies of the Kc-vicw tor sale at (Jre^-nlilatt's and Brnithwaite'.'<, Uail- roari Avenue; .Michnoff's, Nassau County Review, Da.Silva's and flo- tietz's". Main Stir-ff; l)aSilva'R,West Merii(4; Roa.l. tf.
HKiHWATtK TIDE TABLE
TlK-^e timi«« arfl for Sandy H
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Interactive Seminar at Black History MuseumSaturday, April 6, 2013
The Alexandria Black History Museum and Port of Harlem magazine host the Build/Renovate Your Own Castle V interactive seminar, on Saturday, April 6, 2013, from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m.
This biennial seminar is free and open to the public. Space is limited so reservations are required.
The event is for future and current home buyers, renters, and homeowners. The speakers will include James Jordan, the principal architect at Millennium Design Architects, and Noel Shepherd, Citibank Home Lending Specialist. Sherry Ways, an Interior Designer and author of Feel Good Spaces: A Guide to Decorating for the Body, Mind & Spirit will end the seminar with an interior design "game." Light refreshments will be provided and door prizes will be awarded.
The Alexandria Black History Museum is located at 902 Wythe Street, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, in the Parker-Gray Historic District. The Museum is five blocks from the Braddock Road Metro Station on the Yellow or Blue lines. Street parking is available. To make reservations, call the Museum at 703.746.4356.
For more information, please visit www.alexblackhistory.org .
Buy tickets to Historic Alexandria events?
Comply with archaeological preservation laws?
Conduct my own research on local history and genealogy?
Donate items of significance to Alexandria collections?
Learn about events for families?
Obtain an easement for an historic property?
Receive timely information on Historic Alexandria events?
Rent a historic property for a private event?
Schedule a group tour or program?
Office of Historic Alexandria
Administration Offices
Lloyd House220 North Washington StreetAlexandria, VA 22314703.746.4554Fax: 703.838.6451Email
Office HoursMonday - Friday8 a.m. to 5 p.m.


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We ended Part 1 of this story last month with a quote from Chevy General Manager Semon "Bunkie" Knudsen, who told Corvette chief engineer Zora Duntov to "stick it to the Cobras." Duntov happily followed Knudsen's order by agreeing to lend three Grand Sports to John Mecom, a young Texas oil tycoon who also loved racing. Mecom agreed to add the three Corvettes to his racing team and let Duntov care for them. Duntov had chassis Nos. 003 and 004 returned to Chevrolet from racer Dick Doane in Chicago and Gulf Oil in Pittsburgh. He and his team refurbished the two cars by adding larger wheels, tires, and fender flares. A 377ci aluminum small-block was also installed with four 58mm DOCE sidedraft Weber carburetors. Chassis No. 005 was completed with the same improved specs, and all three cars were painted in a Cadillac light metallic blue. The finished Corvettes were then shipped to Mecom in Texas, just in time to be sent on to the Nassau Speed Weeks event in the Bahamas.
The Grand Sport driver teams included such legendary figures as Roger Penske, Jim Hall, Dr. Dick Thompson, Augie Pabst, and John Cannon. Many Corvette engineers, meanwhile, took semi-official vacations to watch over their charges. Much to Carroll Shelby's dismay (and Knudsen's delight), the Grand Sports whipped the Cobras. Duntov said later, "Even though we designed the Grand Sports quickly and they lacked proper development, Nassau proved they were more than equal not only to the Cobras but the Ferrari GTOs."
After the big success in Nassau, Duntov set his sights on Daytona. He ordered that the two remaining coupes, Nos. 001 and 002, be cut down into roadsters to improve their aerodynamics. But just five weeks after Nassau, GM officials closed all the remaining loopholes in the corporate racing ban, and Duntov's racing activities were again halted.
While his dream of winning an overall victory at Le Mans in a car of his design would never be fulfilled, he did accompany several production Corvette teams to Le Mans to offer his support and technical assistance. These included the Cunningham team in 1960 and the L88 Heinz/Johnson effort in 1972. This writer met Duntov while spending time with the Heinz/Johnson team, at which time the engineer shared his frustrations over GM's no-racing policy. Ford had captured several overall Le Mans victories, after all; why not the Corvette?
The car photographed for this story, chassis No. 004, has the most colorful background of the five Grand Sports built. Its rsum includes the model's first victory, which came at Watkins Glen in 1963. Later that year, Roger Penske drove the car to Third Place overall and First in the GT class in the Nassau Governor's Cup race. The car was then returned to Chevrolet, rebuilt, and sold to the Gulf Oil Company, where its racing efforts were managed by Grady Davis. Don Yenko and Delmo Johnson both drove the car during its time with Gulf.
Davis eventually sold the car for $8,000 to Johnson, who was also a Chevrolet Dealer in Dallas. Johnson ran the car at the 1964 12 Hours of Sebring, along with co-driver Dave Morgan. To prep the car for Sebring, Johnson installed a CB radio and a large whip antenna grounded with an X-shaped patch of metal tape. After suffering numerous mechani-cal problems, the team finished 32nd overall.


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STUDENTS have been advising Westmorland General Hospital on how it can provide more cost-effective and 'greener' heating.
Sixth-formers from Ripley St Thomas Church of England Academy in Lancaster worked with Morecambe Bay NHS Trust on the 'Hands On' project for eight months.
The pupils investigated the hospital's annual energy consumption to see how it could be done differently to cut carbon emissions and suggested using local suppliers as one option.


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Posted 23 March 2013 - 11:07
Posted 23 March 2013 - 13:06
Its your turn in SSG2!!
was worried when I seen the topic, but very good post.
Posted 23 March 2013 - 13:10
Posted 23 March 2013 - 13:17
Firstly let me start off, the following will be purely my opinion. It's well known some people will not like those and have different opinions to mine which I'm glad to listen to and have a civil discussion, if you can't manage to keep it civil keep it to yourself please.
Recently the fines that companies keep getting from EU/US etc. I'm fine with those as well since there are laws what regulate or when a company itself decides not to follow what they promised to do (MS Ballot screen?) but insane fines like 700m for that, nah I really am not fine with that since for me it seems like bs.
Now to the writers. More and more I see people complaining on John's pieces, let it go already, the headlines (Slam is the most "hated" word lately for some reasons) must be attractive for new people on this site and "search engine friendly" - by that I mean he does a good job predicting what regular people could search on google. I actually like his pieces, they are easy to read and have no grudge with the headlines.
Like one person said on a yesterdays piece "Buy what you want and fits you and shut up about it" - this couldn't have been said any better.
Posted 23 March 2013 - 13:24
as it's again confrontational and is dismissive of other people's opinions
Telling people who can't "keep it civil" not to post here is asking for trouble
Posted 23 March 2013 - 13:29
I just think people are too hostile to the lovers but they are more accepting of haters.
Just like how it's more acceptable in society to blow people's brains out with an SMG but if you show a ###### it's the worst thing ever.
Posted 23 March 2013 - 13:32
Technology enthusiasts tend to get excited about technology and they like to express that and discuss it on tech oriented sites like Neowin. You can't expect people who care passionately about something to simply keep it to themselves. In fact advertisers rely on people passionate about their products to build brands, to get people excited about upcoming launches and to tell their friends and family. To expect people on a tech site not to talk about what they like and dislike about tech / tech companies is rather... bizarre. However, that's not to say that there aren't some users who take things too far - even the best of us take things too far on occasion.
Anyway, you made some interesting points. I don't agree with most of them but I still respect that you took the time to express them.
Posted 23 March 2013 - 14:10
I personally don't think it's asking for trouble. This part of a sentence "keep it civil" shouldn't even be said in the first place but since lately some topics are getting way out of hand I just mentioned it.
About creating headlines, I think we have different opinions on that mostly. If I understand correctly it is about ad revenue (like you said) and as far as I know writers are somehow "Paid" on that revenue alone. No revenue, no writers, no site/forum. Don't really think that's better than a few sensationalist headlines.
Also about this part, I never said (or at least didn't mean to say) that people shouldn't express what they like/dislike about a company but I think it should stick to rational boundaries still. Lately it's become more like "I love this company so all others must be **** " which I really don't think is rational. Or maybe I'm just falling into topics like those.


text:
The albedo is an important concept in climatology and astronomy. In climatology it is sometimes expressed as a percentage. Its value depends on the frequency of radiation considered: unqualified, it usually refers to some appropriate average across the spectrum of visible light. In general, the albedo depends on the direction and directional distribution of incoming radiation. Exceptions are Lambertian surfaces, which scatter radiation in all directions in a cosine function, so their albedo does not depend on the incoming distribution. In realistic cases, a bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) is required to characterize the scattering properties of a surface accurately, although albedos are a very useful first approximation.
| Typical
|Fresh asphalt
| Conifer forest
|0.08, 0.09 to 0.15
|Worn asphalt
|Deciduous trees
|0.15 to 0.18
|Bare soil
|Green grass
|Desert sand
|New concrete
|Fresh snow
Human activities have changed the albedo (via forest clearance and farming, for example) of various areas around the globe. However, quantification of this effect is difficult on the global scale.
The classic example of albedo effect is the snow-temperature feedback. If a snow covered area warms and the snow melts, the albedo decreases, more sunlight is absorbed, and the temperature tends to increase. The converse is true: if snow forms, a cooling cycle happens. The intensity of the albedo effect depends on the size of the change in albedo and the amount of insolation; for this reason it can be potentially very large in the tropics.
The Earth's surface albedo is regularly estimated via Earth observation satellite sensors such as NASA's MODIS instruments onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites. As the total amount of reflected radiation cannot be directly measured by satellite, a mathematical model of the BRDF is used to translate a sample set of satellite reflectance measurements into estimates of directional-hemispherical reflectance and bi-hemispherical reflectance.
Albedo can then be given as:
Directional-hemispherical reflectance is sometimes referred to as black-sky albedo and bi-hemispherical reflectance as white sky albedo. These terms are important because they allow the albedo to be calculated for any given illumination conditions from a knowledge of the intrinsic properties of the surface.
Enceladus, a moon of Saturn, has one of the highest known albedos of any body in the solar system, with 99% of EM radiation reflected. Another notable high albedo body is Eris, with an albedo of 86%. Many objects in the outer solar system and asteroid belt have low albedos down to about 5%. Such a dark surface is thought to be indicative of a primitive and heavily space weathered surface containing some organic compounds.
The overall albedo of the Moon is around 7%, but it is strongly directional and non-Lambertian, displaying also a strong opposition effect. While such reflectance properties are different from those of any terrestrial terrains, they are typical of the regolith surfaces of airless solar system bodies.
Two common albedos that are used in astronomy are the geometric albedo (measuring brightness when illumination comes from directly behind the observer) and the Bond albedo (measuring total proportion of electromagnetic energy reflected). Their values can differ significantly, which is a common source of confusion.
In detailed studies, the directional reflectance properties of astronomical bodies are often expressed in terms of the five Hapke parameters which semi-empirically describe the variation of albedo with phase angle, including a characterization of the opposition effect of regolith surfaces.
The correlation between astronomical (geometric) albedo, absolute magnitude and diameter is
where is astronomical albedo, is diameter in kilometres, and H is the absolute magnitude.
Studies by the Hadley Centre have investigated the relative (generally warming) effect of albedo change and (cooling) effect of carbon sequestration on planting forests. They found that new forests in tropical and midlatitude areas tended to cool; new forests in high latitudes (e.g. Siberia) were neutral or perhaps warming.
At the scale of the wavelength of light even wavy water is always smooth so the light is reflected in a specular manner (not diffusely). The glint of light off water is a commonplace effect of this. At small angles of incident light, waviness results in reduced reflectivity (from as high as 100%) because of the steepness of the reflectivity-vs.-incident-angle curve and a locally increased average incident angle.
Although the reflectivity of water is very low at high and medium angles of incident light, it increases tremendously at small angles of incident light such as occur on the illuminated side of the earth near the terminator (early morning, late afternoon and near the poles). However, as mentioned above, waviness causes an appreciable reduction. Since the light specularly reflected from water does not usually reach the viewer, water is usually considered to have a very low albedo in spite of its high reflectivity at low angles of incident light.
Note that white caps on waves look white (and have high albedo) because the water is foamed up (not smooth at the scale of the wavelength of light) so the Fresnel equations do not apply. Fresh 'black' ice exhibits Fresnel reflection.
Clouds are another source of albedo that play into the global warming equation. Different types of clouds have different albedo values, theoretically ranging from a minimum of near 0% to a maximum in the high 70s. "On any given day, about half of Earth is covered by clouds, which reflect more sunlight than land and water. Clouds keep Earth cool by reflecting sunlight, but they can also serve as blankets to trap warmth.
Albedo and climate in some areas are already affected by artificial clouds, such as those created by the contrails of heavy commercial airliner traffic. A study following the burning of the Kuwaiti oil fields by Saddam Hussein showed that temperatures under the burning oil fires were as much as 10oC colder than temperatures several miles away under clear skies.


text:
A present for Terry. Thanks for all the laughs.
Crones & Bones
Three old crones, and a bundle of bones, crouched down by a fire bright
In the lee of a hill 'neath a cloud wracked sky, all on a darkling night
Said one old crone 'burn that bundle o' bones and keep the fire alight
them'll make it burn higher, make a real big fire, and chase away the night'
Now upon those words something strange occurred, it would never have happened in day,
up stood the bones, with rattles and groans, and slowly walked away.
They walked away with a nod of the head, as if just to be polite,
but the skull fell off and began to roll, away from the fires light.
It hit a stone, did that old bone, and gleefully bounced away
and the bones they strolled after the skull that rolled, heading where ever it may
They pursued its flight, walking quite upright, as the skull it bounced away
if they kept the head, caught the skull instead, they'd go home and there they'd stay
But bones is bones and have no right to be up and about in the middle o' the night
when some old crones, who're not abed, but crouched 'round a fire on the moor instead,
got a sudden fright as the bones stood up, knocked over their only drinking cup, and slowly walked away
Said the second old crone 'it don't seem right to chase them bones into the night
They just wants warm, just a bit of heat, to warm the bones of their bony feet
Up spoke the third, 'til now unheard (but she had the most to say)
'To think that we sat, us three and the cat, 'til them bones just walked away
They could've said, 'fore they lost their head, and wandered from the fire
that they didn't want a seat, just a nice warm heat, was all that they desired'
The bones returned to the rest they'd earned but without the missing head
although they thought they'd just been spurned, they should've been glad they'd not been burned,
but they felt quite sad instead
They'd have to find that errant skull before their winters sleep; they'd have to search through rain and snow,
a'hunting they would have to go, their rest would have to keep.
And so they went, but nice and slow, climbing high and looking low
from nearly there, to far away, for many a mile and many a day
up lots of hills (and quite a few stairs), no sitting down (no handy chairs)
Until, at last, on a bleak hillside, they found the skull (crows nest inside)
and danced a rattling kind of jig, not giving a hoot nor yet a fig
if anyone heard or even saw, ignored the crows' indignant caw, set skull upon their neck
Now they'd found that shiny skull, that gleaming bone receptacle
that said, with softly, whispering voice 'you don't really have a choice'
you need to hear, inside this head,
'I'm still here' and 'I'm not dead'
Deep in the ground's where bones is found, and not on the moor just lying around
in a hole that's sometimes six foot deep in a nice little plot that's clean and neat
where the only sound is the creak of the ground, as the frost digs down,
As the frost digs down, but not too deep, so it won't disturb their lasting sleep.