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Right now my focus is John Moraga," Johnson told MMAjunkie.com (www.mmajunkie.com). "But I think if everything goes well with this fight and I tackle this challenge and come out victorious, everybody is talking about the superfights and middleweight with Anderson Silva and Jon Jones and 'GSP.' I think there are superfights to be had in the flyweight division and bantamweight division."
Johnson, of course, used to compete in the UFC's bantamweight division and even competed once for the title in that weight class, though he ended up losing a unanimous decision to current champ Dominick Cruz. But when the UFC added the 125-pound division, "Mighty Mouse" dropped to flyweight and claimed the promotion's first title in that division. On Saturday night, Johnson (17-2-1 MMA, 5-1-1 UFC) meets Moraga (13-1 MMA, 2-0 UFC) in the main event of UFC on FOX 8, which takes place at Seattle's KeyArena and airs on FOX.
According to oddsmakers, Johnson is as much as a 5-to-1 favorite to retain his title, which would mark the second consecutive defense of his belt. While the UFC's flyweight division is still in its developmental stages, according to UFC President Dana White, Johnson believes his future could include moving back up to 135 pounds.
"When I fought at 135, I did pretty well there, and I think since my time being there, I've evolved as a fighter and got more used to fighting," Johnson said. "I think once Renan Barao and Eddie Wineland and Dominick Cruz sort their things out, if Dana White wants to do a superfight with us and obviously if the contract is right, now, let's not kid ourselves (I'd be willing to move up).
"I'm always up for that. This is about doing stuff for fun and tackling challenges and making history. I wouldn't mind being part of the first flyweight fight against a bantamweight."


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- This event has passed.
Creative Movement
October 12, 2013 @ 10:30 am - 11:00 am
Event Navigation
This unique library-based program allows kids ages 3-6 to be creative physically as well as mentally. The first thirty minutes focus on dance movements, including rhythm and coordination. Following the class will be the library's Pre-Reading Class for Kids. Parent/guardian participation is required. Space is limited. Register by calling 616-456-3232 x 4 or by visiting www.recreationgr.us.

subset: commoncrawl


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I use 8.1 in my HTPC, and first noticed this when a few of my scheduled recording failed to record after the computer went to sleep. I've since tried to create my own custom tasks and cannot get anything to successfully wake the computer (other than direct input from mouse etc). This use to work just fine on the same hardware when I had Windows 7. I've tried everything to fix it and am wondering if it could be a fundamental hardware incompatibility?
My hardware:
Foxconn A88GMV
AMD Athlon II X3 Rana 455
Seagate 2TB
nvidia GT610
Corsair CX430 430W PSU
I have gone into power options and made sure wake timers are enabled. On my scheduled task, I have it set to wake the computer. The task will run just fine if the computer is not asleep. Some of the troubleshooting I've tried so far:
- Changed the sleep state in the BIOS from S3 to S1 ( my only 2 options)
- On S3, tried with hybrid sleep enabled/disabled
- Updated BIOS to latest version
- Updated AMD 880G chipset to latest drivers
- Tried with SATA in both AHCI mode and Native IDE
- Downloaded MCE Standby Tool, which I saw helped a lot of other people. No change
- My windows account DOES use a password
- Set it to not require password when resuming from sleep
Only other thing I've found is that enabling HPET in the BIOS can help, but I see no options for this on my model. Is it possible that having a scheduled task wake the computer just isn't compatible with Windows 8 on my setup?


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1. Check in Time: after 14:00 2. Check out Time: before 13:00 If you have any special check in or check out time,... More Info »
This is a brand new Hostel in the famous ancient city of xi'an. We are in a traditional Chinese house with new and... More Info »
Xi'an Ancient City Youth Hostel is perfectly located at the center of city- Bei Da Street where the subway Line 1 and... More Info »
The brand new Han Tang Hostel is the sisiter hostel to both Han Tang Inn and Shuyuan Hostel.located just 100m from... More Info »
Shuyuan is Xi'an's original backpackers' hostel, and though often imitated we're never duplicated. More Info »
Han Tang Inn is a boutique hostel. Situated inside a traditional residential district in the city center. Staying... More Info »
you can get free beer or free coffee after you check in, also you can get one free night if you stay more than three... More Info »
We boast the best location in Xi'an, next to the Bell and Drum Towers, which is the central part... More Info »
Conveniently located in city centre, Xi'an the Facebook Hostel is an ideal accommodation for backpacker from all over... More Info »
西安市莲湖区西大街城隍庙旁边大学习巷直走看到二十五中学左拐西仓南巷33号 Located in the heart of Xi'an city, near the airport bus drop off /pickup... More Info »
DJMT guest house maybe the most article Hostel in Xi'an . You can view the ancient city wall from our big rooftop.... More Info »
A 20-minute drive from Bell Tower, PaPa's Hostel features spaceship-like capsules with free Wi-Fi. It offers a tour... More Info »
See Tang Hostel is one of the most interesting classical architecture buildings in the downtown, very close to South... More Info »
Xi'an Travelling With Hostel Zhu Que Men is located at Zhuque Gate, which is just opposite to the City Wall. Only 5... More Info »
Only a 5-minute stroll from Zhonglou and Zhonglou Subway Station (line2), Xi'an Chenke Hostel offers air-conditioned... More Info »
The finest hostel in Xi'an! Enjoy our friendly hospitality and soak up the warm atmosphere. Meet fellow travellers on... More Info »
Xi'an Your Tour International Youth Hostel is located in downtown of Xian, within the hutong (alley houses)... More Info »
Located in the city centre of Xi'an, West City Wall is only 1.2 Kilometre from the famous Bell Tower and Drum... More Info »
Lohas Dream Hostel is located in the center of Xi'an old town, only 7 minutes walk to Bell tower and Drum tower, we... More Info »
When you feel the Millennium cultural atmosphere in Big Wild Goose Pagoda, when you watch the natural and graceful... More Info »
Video guides, travel podcasts, city maps & free city guides. What to eat, where to stay and things to do and see - our travel guides have it all.Find a guide »
There's nothing like having your own transport to get around and when travelling the world it's no different.Read more »
We offer the most comprehensive selection of hostels on the internet with over 35,000 great places to stay in 180 countries. The ultimate online resource for hostels everywhere.Find great value hostels »


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Time's Up! Stay Tuned to Find Out the Dream Wedding Theme!
Vote for which theme you'd like to see at The Knot Dream Wedding, which will be live-streamed on February 14!
Voting has closed! Tune in tomorrow and watch our 1 P.M live broadcast to find out the dream wedding theme.
Modern Ice Castle
With Lucite, ice and all things modern, this ultra-contemporary event will play up the glass-enclosed venue in one of New York City's most iconic winter wonderlands, anchored in a palette of silvers and whites.
Aspen in New York City
Aspen comes to the heart of NYC for this organic winter wedding inspired by the comforting textures of winter and a color palette evoking crisp evergreens, white birch and icy blankets of snow.
Royal Russian Romance
For this regal fantasy, we'll warm up the winter with luxurious florals in rich jewel tones — aubergine, fuchsia, navy, gold and pewter — for a decadent affair.
Great Gatsby Affair
Inspired by Manhattan's Art Deco influences, this black-tie occasion cues that it's time to pop the cork and let the champagne fountains flow, as black, white, pewter and pearl bring the Roaring '20s era to life for a one-of-a-kind wedding!
> Learn more about the dream wedding contest here!
> Pin it to win it! Enter to win The Knot Dream Wedding Pin It Sweepstakes! Click here for details.


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About FlexLand
FlexLand is a classical and fully functional landing page with an improved way to convert leads into sales. It can be used for for nearly all purposes : Internet marketing, Product Launch, Optin page, and so on. It can easily be adapted and customized.
Clean, Simple and Responsive, FlexLand is built using HTML5/CSS3 with major cross browser compatibility (IE8+) and W3C compliancy.
- Internet Explorer fixes
- Css fixes (header + optin)
- Fixed Navigation + Spycontrol
The images for the preview are from the courtesy of www.pixeden.com and are not included in the package.


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Hear what students say about their experience at Post University
Inga: I watched my husband finish up his undergrad degree all online, so I realized that we could go into this program, do it together, and do it fast. I can't commit to going to a class any day of the week; my schedule is just too hectic, and I just never know if I'm going to be working late. Without the online option, there was just no way that I could have done it. The accelerated program was a big factor as well. I'm not 21 years old anymore and I kind of wanted to still have a life.
David: The flexibility was certainly a key factor. And the program – Corporate Innovation – was completely different than what any other schools offered. All the other schools had the basic concentrations, but when we saw the corporate innovation, it seemed perfect for where our company was heading. We felt it would help us lead that transition and help us take our organization from the current hierarchical structure to a horizontal, creative, innovative and agile structure. A lot of other schools offered accelerated programs, but in our eyes, Post's program was completely unique and cutting edge.
David: We're fortunate to work for UTC, which has an incredible employee scholar program where they pay for the tuition. Both Inga and I are fully engaged in our careers; advancement is our primary focus, and we felt the MBA would help us to do that, so to take any time off would have been counterproductive.
Inga: I don't think there was a choice to take time off. To take time off would have set us back in our careers.
Inga: Definitely. I think it really made me a more open-minded person, and to better understand the way management is headed. It definitely will pay off.
David: Absolutely. The knowledge that we gained, the ability to work and manage diversified groups certainly will pay off. Having the advanced degree also will help. At our company, there's a lot of MBAs, so it really brought us to the next level.
David: Yes, absolutely, I think it did. It was gratifying to be part of it at its inception and to actually help shape it. The professors were really interested in hearing our feedback. It was a high-quality course load and the teachers were excellent. Don Mroz was an excellent addition to the program, and really helped us when we got to higher level classes.
Inga: Oh definitely. I agree that it was great to be part of the program and have a say. It was great to be heard and see the changes actually take place.
David: Wow. Well, first of all I learned a lot. I think that it rounded out my knowledge base and I was definitely excited about that. At first, I was focused on just getting the degree; I really just wanted to get it done, but then it changed to really wanting to learn. That was exciting.
Inga: I realized early on that I thought really differently about myself. I started to realize that all these lessons I was learning were to expand my mind. Everything was very open, and I'd never really thought in that fashion before. It changed the way I looked at things — not just in my career, but in my life.
Inga: I really think that the way that I approach a situation or a problem has changed. I try to think about it in different ways rather than just think that I don't know how to do something. For me, it was really about change. I have better tools to help facilitate the changes that are taking place in our business.
David: I think that it enhanced my ability to strategically manage diverse, multi-disciplined, creative teams. That is where we're going as an organization. That's cutting edge. It sort of breaks us out of the box of where we've been. In order for us to succeed in this global environment, we need to be able to approach problems differently than we've been taught throughout our careers. It really opened my eyes in that regard.
David: I was able to apply it immediately. Both of our roles allowed us to use what we were learning and then try it out on the job. Our experience would then feed into our discussion board discussions with the rest of the class.
Inga: I agree 100%.
David: When I stopped being a knower and became a learner. It was my classic 'aha' moment of the program. When you actually become a learner, you open yourself up to a whole new world of possibilities -- on a personal and career level.
Inga: Creativity and the ability to think outside the box.
Inga: We made a lot of great connections. We went to school with some of the same people from the very beginning, so you really get to know them through posting on the discussion board. I also could always ask my husband because a lot of the time he was sitting right next to me. My sister also was going through the program, so we had a network of our own.
David: Some of our professional colleagues also were enrolled. And Don Mroz was not only a teacher and a mentor, but he became a friend, and that really helped us through the learning process. We got the opportunity to meet all the other students face-to-face at graduation. These were the people we'd been interacting with on a daily basis, who were strangers in one regard but also very familiar; it was such a unique experience.
David: Know what you're getting into. It is more complex than going to a class. You have to really manage your schedule, and be prepared to make a commitment. You're going to get out of it as much as you put into it, and it requires significant discipline.
Inga: I would urge someone right out of college to get a few years of experience under their belts first. It brings different things to the table; although it's not an absolute necessity. We all learned a lot from each other.
Inga: It was a great program. You need to know what you're getting into and have to put the time in. To put school on top of a work schedule is tough.
David: You're going to get the tools you need to help lead the organization to the next level. The stuff that's in this program is not taught in normal business schools. It's really cutting edge. I really believe that.
David: Absolutely. Unequivocally.
Inga: Definitely


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Abuse program policies and enforcement
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Please keep our products spam and malware free. Spam includes, but is not limited to, unwanted promotional or commercial content, and unwanted or mass solicitation. Do not use our products for phishing. Refrain from soliciting or collecting sensitive data, including but not limited to passwords, financial details, and social security numbers. We also don't allow the transmission of malware, viruses, or anything that may disrupt the service or harm others.
Speak your mind without threatening others. This means that you can publish a disagreement you may have with another person's ideas, but don't threaten to cause serious physical injury or death to that person, or rally support to physically harm others. In most cases, we find that disputes or disagreements are best worked out by the parties directly involved and not by us. However, in cases where there is a serious and imminent physical threat of injury or death, we will take action. Additionally, don't post extremely graphic or violent materials for the sake of disgusting others. Graphic materials may be used to demonstrate a political or social viewpoint, such as with regards to animal abuse or war; however, be sure that you aren't being gratuitously graphic.
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Matt is a Docs & Drive expert and author of this help page. Leave him feedback below about the page.


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THE Bassenthwaite Ospreys have moved home to live in marshes nearer to Bassenthwaite Lake.
After successfully nesting at their treetop summer home at Dodd Wood since 2008, the pair decided it was time for a change and have been gradually building a new nest since returning from their wintering grounds in West Africa.
Fortunately, the new site is visible from the Dodd Wood viewpoint so visitors can still enjoy watching the birds of prey this season.
Ospreys are normally faithful to successful nest sites, so the move was a bit of a shock for staff at the Lake District Osprey Project (LDOP). This is only the second time staff have seen the ospreys change nest in the project's 11-year history.
Nathan Fox of the RSPB's Lake District Osprey Project, said: 'It has been an interesting and exciting start to the season, with the birds deciding to move. We have been working closely with local landowners and farmers to make sure that the birds are fully protected and therefore have a good chance of raising their chicks."
A SNOW leopard which featured in a movie starring Daniel Craig and Nicole Kidman is the latest addition to a South Lakeland zoo.
Young male Pavan, one of two leopards who played the part of Stelamaria in The Golden Compass, will be housed in a walk-through enclosure at Lakeland Wildlife Oasis at Hale, near Milnthorpe.
Staff have created a homely feel for their new feline friend with the enclosure designed to look like a Himalayan village with plenty of rocks for him to climb and snooze on.
An acrylic tunnel running through the enclosure will allow visitors to see Pavan in his own habitat in what is thought to be the UK's first walk-through big cat exhibit.
Assistant manager of Lakeland Wildlife Oasis, Caroline Howard, said: "We're really excited about Pavan's arrival - he's a real celebrity cat! His new home is amazing. You can walk right through his territory while he ranges around you - even above your head!"
Pavan has arrived from UK charity the Cat Survival Trust which helps conserve endangered cats.
Once he has settled in his new environment, zoo staff hope to form a breeding pair by adding a female snow leopard to Pavan's enclosure.It is not known how many snow leopards are left in the wild but they are now classed as endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
Lakeland Wildlife Oasis is joining the captive breeding programme which is run by the European Association of Zoos and Aquariums.
A PAIR of ospreys have returned to their nesting site in the Lake District. The birds are back at Bassenthwaite Lake - 10 years after the first male osprey chose the area for a nesting site.The bird, known as No Ring, was the first to nest in the Lakes for 150 years. Experts say he has returned with the female he paired up with for the first time in 2007.
It is hoped the birds will rear an 11th generation of young after two male chicks were produced last year.
Graeme Prest of the Lake District Osprey Project said: "It is wonderful news that the ospreys have returned for another season and have already mated. With a bit of luck, the female will be laying her eggs soon."
Almost 100 people are part of a volunteer project to provide 24-hour observation on the nest. They also engage with the public about ospreys at the Dodd Wood viewpoint and Whinlatter Visitor Centre.
The public Osprey Viewpoint at Dodd Wood, near Keswick, has been opened and telescopes are being provided to see the birds.
Live images from the nest are also being beamed to a big screen at the nearby Whinlatter visitor centre. The osprey project is managed by a partnership of the Forestry Commission, Lake District National Park Authority and the RSPB.


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How to Read a Label When You Have Food Allergies
This article applies to reading labels in the United States. For the Canadian version, click here.
When you or someone in your family has food allergies, the most important thing you can do to avoid an allergic reaction is to avoid the food. Sounds simple enough, but with all the confusing ingredients on packaged goods labels, how do you know that can of soup or box of cereal at the grocery store doesn't have wheat in it, or perhaps milk?
The good news is, in the United States there are regulations that are meant to make reading food labels simpler for people with allergies. But there are exceptions, and so it's important to know what is covered by the labeling rules, and what isn't.
The first and most important thing to know, is that FALCPA, the law that governs food allergen labeling, only applies to what are known as "major" allergens, or the "Top 8". These include:
- milk
– eggs
– fish (e.g., bass, flounder, cod)
– crustacean shellfish (e.g., crab, lobster, shrimp)
– tree nuts (e.g., almonds, walnuts, pecans)
– peanuts
– wheat
– soybeans
If your allergens are included in this list, label reading will be much easier. Here are some things you'll need to know:
- Major allergens must be declared on packaged goods sold in the United States.
- Watch for major allergens either in the ingredient list or in a "Contains" statement after the ingredient list.
- These allergens must be identified in plain language. For instance, companies can't use a scientific name for a protein that's a top allergen, since that might not be clear to the consumer. So "milk" is clearly stated rather than casein, "egg" for albumen, "wheat" for flour and "soy" for lecithin.
- If these allergens are found within other ingredients, such as "natural flavor" or "spice" they must be declared, either in the ingredient list or afterwards, in a "Contains" statement.
Next: Special Notes; What to do if Your Allergen is NOT one of the Top 8


text: Items 37 to 48 of 55 total View 12 / 24 / 48 Previous 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 Next Simple and easy set up. By Barbra on 9/7/2013 Barbra would recommend this product to a friend I purchased this to complete my nano set up. I have a 24 gallon Nuvo by IM and this ATO compliments it well. I installed last night in about 15 minutes. Worked well when I tested it. It fits great in the back chamber. One of the best additions to my tank! By Paul on 8/8/2013 Paul would recommend this product to a friend Definitely one of the best additions to my tank so far. It was easy to set up, and I haven't had any issues with it yet. Throw the pump in a container with RO/DI, set the float where you want it, plug it in, and away you go. Water level is staying constant and salinity is stable. It's great! Going to eventually upgrade to the 3155 and use this for my QT/HT. Does what it needs to do! By Brett on 8/5/2013 Brett would recommend this product to a friend Installation was simple and easy to understand. Strong little pump. Has no problem pushing the water from the bottom of my stand to the top of the tank (JBJ 28 Gallon Nano Cube w/stand). Working great. The magnetic mounting system is fantastic. By Arabo on 7/24/2013 Arabo would recommend this product to a friend I bought this system to pump some distilled water from a 5 gallon water tank to a container that is about 10ft above. The pump was a bit too large to fit into the 5 gallon tank and I had to use a smaller submersible pump but the magnetic mounting system for the float valve alone was worth buying it. BulkReefSupply offers great customer service and support. Thank you, Aarabo Easy and high quality By Chris on 6/6/2013 Chris would recommend this product to a friend Although pricey, this system includes everything you need to safely and easily automate top offs, minus a reservoir. The builtin safety features keep your tank from overflowing or constantly running the pump in an empty reservoir. Very nice little nano ATO By tim on 6/3/2013 tim would recommend this product to a friend Small...perfect for nanos. Not all the bells a whistles as the full version, but for a nano, you can't beat it. Solid product, very strong magnets. Great for a 45 gallon tank with 15 gallon sump By Butters17 on 5/24/2013 Butters17 would recommend this product to a friend Ive been using this product for about 6 months now. Has not failed me yet. This is a must have for saltwater tanks, keeps water levels/salinity the same. my only regret is not getting this sooner.. When i eventually get a larger tank ill get the bigger tunze osmolator for sure. awesome By ReefDVMs on 5/13/2013 ReefDVMs would recommend this product to a friend Typical tunze product well built and works like a charm, recommend this to everyone with ATO system Budget Friendly By Victor D on 4/30/2013 Victor D would recommend this product to a friend Pros Compact Magnet attachment More than enough for my 29g Biocube Easy to set up (Except the tube for the pump) Only runs for 1.8 seconds but can be boosted up for bigger tanks. (No fear of flooding) Cons Float has to be Installed PERFECTLY Vertical. Mine got stuck on the first day. Luckily I was in front of the tank. I knocked the sensor and it stopped pumping. No alarms. The motor will just pulse every 10 secs. You wont hear it unless the room is silent. Does what its suppose to. If you're on a budget its a good buy. In hindsight wish I would have held out to buy the reg Osmolator with the alarms and laser eye! Great Product By Justin on 3/24/2013 Justin would recommend this product to a friend This is a great solution, especially for a nano reef. The magnet mounts are strong, and I am confident they will hold in place. The unit itself is tiny, and pretty inconspicuous, even if going into a display tank rather than a sump. The only drawback I see is it is a bit noisy when compared to my other tank, which I use an aqualifter on for the ATO.. but it is not obnoxiously loud. 1 bit of info that might be useful to include in the product description is the diameter of the pump. This could be important depending on the top off container that is used. For my purposes, I used a small potable water container designed for a boat or RV. The biggest opening was 1.75 inches, which I thought would be ok for the pump. Turns out the pump diameter is 1/8" larger, so I had to cut a new hole in the tank using a hole saw. No big deal, but would have been nice to know the size before ordering. Perfect for smaller tanks By Ronald on 3/24/2013 Ronald would recommend this product to a friend Bought this top off for our 29g tank. Set up took about 5 minutes. Very easy. I really like the back up timer of not letting the pump run for more than 2 minutes. Really assures that im not going to over fill my tank. does and donts By daniel on 3/10/2013 daniel would recommend this product to a friend ok i got this ato for to do 2 things add kalk and add top off water at same time. i put it on my redsea max 250 that i upgraded with a refugium because the filter and skimmer just dont cut it on this tank so i built a custom sump for it. after i put the tunze top off in the sump i set it up where when it tops off water right where it poors over the last chamber witch caused current to let me know it was keeping it at same lvl. if theres a little water current it will kok the float bobber some what and wont let it drop freely so make sure if you get this to make sure it tops off enough to make less water current are add something to keep current away from float bobber. other then that i found no issues so far with this product plus it has a run time that if it runs to long it wont run no more and wont until you unplug it and back in to reset it. plus the little pump that comes with it works awsome cant complain. Write Your Own Review You're reviewing: Tunze Osmolator Nano 3152 Auto Top Off *How do you rate this product? *Would you recommend this product to a friend? Yes No *Nickname *Summary of Your Review *Review Submit Review


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Help: I need to Get 2GB installed RAM working in Win98SE
Posted 21 December 2007 - 12:37 AM
Any help would be appreciated. For now, I'm just going to start messing with the values, hoping to come across some magic, but I'm just shooting in the dark
Thanks in advance
Posted 21 December 2007 - 12:52 AM
Posted 21 December 2007 - 06:14 AM
I finally got my system to boot with MaxPhysPage=38000 and MaxFileCache=30000, but now I have a different problem. Once in Windows, I can't get a command prompt to load without it telling me I have low memory. This also happens when trying load applications, or games
Seems a bit strange to say the least. Not discussing your choices, you are willing to limit the mem used by Windows to slightly under 1 gigabyte - if my quick math is correct. The MaxFileCache value IIRC is decimal kilobytes, and 30000 seems acceptable if a tad small for your situation. As a consequence, it /should/ work... Please make absolutely certain you entered the required parameter lines in the respective right sections of your %windir%\system.ini file. The MaxPhysPage= should be under [386enh], while MaxFileCache= goes under [Vcache]. I know you must have been careful, but please... double-check before we try to reproduce or understand your problem !
Posted 21 December 2007 - 10:04 AM
galahs pointed you in the right direction.
Those threads contain all our previous discussions and findings regarding win 9x/me with lots of memory.
I'm glad you got the system to work. As for the out of memory error with DOS boxes, I do have some
ideas about what may be happening. Yet, before writing many considerations based on guesses only,
let me ask you some questions:
Are you using XMSDSK? If so, what settings are you using?
What is the AGP aperture you are using?
Did you try to use more than MaxPhysPage=38000, after you had set MaxFileCache=30000? And what happened then?
Are you using EMM386.EXE or any other UMB manager?
Posted 21 December 2007 - 12:14 PM
Are you using XMSDSK? If so, what settings are you using?
Nope. No XMSDSK here
What is the AGP aperture you are using?
I set it to 32MB, which is the lowest I could set it to
Did you try to use more than MaxPhysPage=38000, after you had set MaxFileCache=30000? And what happened then?
I set them both at the same time
Are you using EMM386.EXE or any other UMB manager?
No. Everything I'm using is default. I just did a plain install, then SP 2.1a, and the ME system files update
Posted 22 December 2007 - 12:25 AM
Posted 22 December 2007 - 07:17 PM
Posted 23 December 2007 - 04:34 PM
I could provide info tomorrow about the following:
How do you tell windows to place those files (operating system specific ones like the registry in particular) on a RAM disk
1. Swap file on a RAM drive (dead easy)
2. Registry on a RAM drive, rest of Windows on a hard drive (easy)
3. All of Windows including registry on a RAM drive (also easy)
Posted 23 December 2007 - 10:51 PM
I know how to put the swap file on there but the rest I wouldn't have a clue.
Posted 24 December 2007 - 08:27 AM
Use coa or setreg to put your registry into a ramdisk, alter the registry to point to the ramdisk letter you want to use then copy system.dat and user.dat over to it.
If you would that would be great. I'm sure some other members would love to know too.
I know how to put the swap file on there but the rest I wouldn't have a clue.
To put all of windows into your ramdisk first use subst to point to your ramdisk letter to a folder you create then install windows into that subst drive letter (similar to installing windows onto a cd)
Its all old hat preferred method for diskless win9x farms, nothing difficult and has shed loads of info of how to do it on google
Posted 24 December 2007 - 10:22 AM
I have just installed Windosws 98 SE on an Asrock 4coredual-sata2 -Intel core 2 quad processor -2 Gb of DDRII -
I believe that many new installation of windows 98 will be on a multiboot O.S. PC like mine and the one that started this post.
In a multi boot system new windows 98 users may have around 2 Gb of memory or may be even more.
The problem is what to do with this excess memory in windows 98.
Presently in my installation I have limited the memory used by windows 98 to 1Gb with the maxphispage (in system.ini) and to make the system work I had to reduce the MaxFileCache to 30000 (yes just 30000 cause more would not allow the start of dos window).
I am not very happy of the solution I have adopted and if possible I will try to put the Virtual memory on a ram drive.
I suspect that there can be some advantages and some disadvantages.
1 Disadvantage : using 1Gb of virtual memory on ramdrive and one Gb of memory can bring the risk of locking the system when the virtual memory is not enough for the system.
1 Advantage: It would solve the problems of the memory management bugs and a MaxFileCache enter would not be anymore necessary.
I would appreciate comments on this and also an explanation of why 1.8 Gb would be a good choice for virtual memory on ram drive in a system with 2Gb memory?
Infact i was thinking of something around 1 Gb for virtual memory on ramdrive in a 2Gb system.
1.8 Gb would leave just 200Mb of memory which seems not to be enough even for the agp video card memory needs.
With that setting I seriously doubt the system could work with my ATi Radeon 9600 using 256 Mb of memory.
So if someone could add some comments on how much memory give to the virtual memory ramdisk in a 2 Gb system or similar system it would be very welcome.
Also it would be appreciated some comments on how to avoid the lock up of the system after filling all the virtual memory.
Is 1 Gb of virtual memory enough to avoid any risk of lockup of the system??
Merry xmas to everyone
and thanks to all the wise posters
Posted 25 December 2007 - 10:23 PM
There is one more thread worth reading:
Try these threads:
Posted 30 December 2007 - 11:25 AM
I have Windosws 98 SE installed on an Asrock 4coredual-sata2 -Intel core 2 quad processor -2 Gb of DDRII -
I have developed the idea that the MaxFileCache entry does not solve definetely the out of memory error.
In some cases no matter what the entry for the MaxFileCache or for MaxPhysPage I got an out of memory error when starting dos.
(I have verified memory values with system monitor)
My failed attempts
Even in the most favourable situation after starting 6 instances of dos windows,
the out of memory error appears again.
At one point I was able to make XMSDSk work without problem with:
c:\ramdisk\xmsdsk.exe 500000 z: /T /Y
(in autoexec.bat.)
At that point I did loose completely the use of Dos window.
(It is like some important memory resources are taken by the video card or something else and I have no clue about what is it! even if I have developed the idea that the solution is not in the maxfilecache settings : the solution must be in some kind of wise memory management I cannot find)
My present configuration (without XMSDSK)
I have upgraded to service pack 2 for 98 SE.
and my present settings are:
mode con codepage prepare=((850) C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND\ega.cpi)
mode con codepage select=850
keyb it,,C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND\keyboard.sys
PROMPT $p$g
mouse=*vmouse, msmouse.vxd
(rest is omitted)
device=C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND\display.sys con=(ega,,1)
(I have tried and cannot use UMBPCI.SYS at the place of EMM386 cause my motherboard is not supported)
EMM386.exe did work only with the setting: X=A000-F7FF .
I do not think that EGOvoruhk either has solved the problem????
In this configuration I am able to start 2 (two) fresh dos windows before I get the out of memory at the 3rd dos istance.
XMSDSK Failure
Whenever XMSDSK succesfully creates a ram drive then my dos windows become unavailable for the "out of memory error"
MOREOVER XMSDSK does not work properly: when I start the scandisk, to check the sectors into the ramdrive Z, the write attempt fails after a while.
A more simple copy write attempts fails too.
The failure happens not at a specific point.
what happens is that I got a blue screen with not recoverable error sayng things like:
"An exception 0E has occurred at 0028:C0004D6D in VxD Vmm(01) + 00003D6D. This was called from 0028:C19359C4 in Vxd Rmm(01) + 00000254"
I have tried many different settings for XMSDSK.
(Some example :
c:\ramdisk\xmsdsk.exe 1800000 z: /T /Y
c:\ramdisk\xmsdsk.exe 1100000 z: /c1 /T /Y
c:\ramdisk\xmsdsk.exe 500000 z: /T /Y
c:\ramdisk\xmsdsk.exe 500000 z: /c64 /T /Y
c:\ramdisk\xmsdsk.exe 500000 z: /c1 /T /Y
Posted 30 December 2007 - 12:28 PM
Broken link on MSFN? You may try this. Looking for SEARCH on MSFN? Click here.
Posted 30 December 2007 - 06:03 PM
Now, Exception 0E is a Page Fault. XMSDSK is trying to access memory that isn't there. I think I know why, so bear with my somewhat longish reflection below, please.
Some time ago, Tihiy (in this post) pointed to a russian language page, by Igor Petrovitch Leyko (Nov 03, 2005), about win 98 memory problems (link), and while no automatic translator did a good job at translating it, Google Language Tools gave me a good start, and from that start I've done my best to produce a good enough English translation of a short excerpt of that page, which I find relevant to the present discussion:
"Right-click on the My Computer icon, choose Properties from the menu, then the Device Manager tab. Right-click the Computer icon (at the top of the list) and then choose Properties. In the window that appears, choose Memory. In the resulting list of addresses assigned to devices locate the first entry from the fourth gigabyte (= the range C0000000-FFFFFFFF). The entry you want is the one that has the address nearer to C0000000 or farther from FFFFFFFF (which are two ways of saying the same thing). Subtract C0000000 from that hexadecimal number you just found (using the the standard Windows calculator's Hex mode), convert the result to decimal (by selecting the calculator's Dec mode) and divide by 1024 (all of the calculation is easily done with the calculator in scientific mode). The resulting number is the maximum allowable size of the disk cache (it is stated in kilobytes). Open the system.ini file, find the section [VCache] and fill it with a string MaxFileCache = xxx, where xxx is the number you just calculated. If you later add another hardware device to the computer, it may require the repetition of these calculations, and will leave less space for the cache."
Just to avoid any misunderstandings, let me say that, in my own system, when I perform the above procedure, I find, as the device with lowest memory address range: "EC800000-EC8000FF Via Rhine II Fast Ethernet Adapter" and hence, by doing the calculations with EC800000, reach a value of 729088 kB.
But the real problem is what does this value really mean?
Well, my own experiments show that if I set MaxFileCache=729088 or to any value above 131072, I get "Insufficient Memory to Initialize Windows" and the system simply doesn't start at all. Yet, MaxFileCache=131072 still leads to a "There is not enough memory available to run this program" on starting a DOS box, usually the third or the fourth, sometimes even the first. So I settled down to use MaxFileCache=114688, and now I can start 28+ DOS boxes, before getting the "There is not enough memory available to run this program" error. All this using a XMSDSK of 262272 kB, and having an AGP aperture of 65536 kB. But if I expand or reduce the XMSDSK size, the number of DOS boxes I can open diminishes or increases, respectively. Further tests seem to indicate that the memory value reached per Igor Leyko's proposed calculation is the total memory pool available for XMSDSK, VCache, the AGP aperture, and the DOS boxes. In my system this means 262272+114688+65535=442496 and 729088-442496=286592 is the free space my DOS boxes use, when created. Bear in mind that my system has 1.5 GB of RAM and I'm using MaxPhysPage=48400 (1156 MB) now. Be warned that, except for the text from Igor Leyko that I cited, all the conclusions presented here are mine own, based solely on my limited experiments on my own computer, so: (1) I may be wrong and (2) even if I'm not, YMMV. Happy holidays!
Posted 31 December 2007 - 03:07 AM
In the Mean while
Happy new year and Best wishes for a better 2008 to everyone in this forum!!!
Posted 31 December 2007 - 05:50 PM
My Win98SE system has 512MB total RAM, with 384MB used as an XMSDSK RAM drive. After hours of image editing, browsing, emailing and whatnot, I closed all the apps apart from one Explorer window and then started a DOS box test. I ran out of memory on the 84th MS-DOS Prompt. What am I doing wrong?
Well, my own experiments show that if I set MaxFileCache=729088 or to any value above 131072, I get "Insufficient Memory to Initialize Windows" and the system simply doesn't start at all. Yet, MaxFileCache=131072 still leads to a "There is not enough memory available to run this program" on starting a DOS box, usually the third or the fourth, sometimes even the first. So I settled down to use MaxFileCache=114688, and now I can start 28+ DOS boxes, before getting the "There is not enough memory available to run this program" error. All this using a XMSDSK of 262272 kB, and having an AGP aperture of 65536 kB. But if I expand or reduce the XMSDSK size, the number of DOS boxes I can open diminishes or increases, respectively. Further tests seem to indicate that the memory value reached per Igor Leyko's proposed calculation is the total memory pool available for XMSDSK, VCache, the AGP aperture, and the DOS boxes. In my system this means 262272+114688+65535=442496 and 729088-442496=286592 is the free space my DOS boxes use, when created. Bear in mind that my system has 1.5 GB of RAM and I'm using MaxPhysPage=48400 (1156 MB) now. Be warned that, except for the text from Igor Leyko that I cited, all the conclusions presented here are mine own, based solely on my limited experiments on my own computer, so: (1) I may be wrong and (2) even if I'm not, YMMV. Happy holidays!
Edited by diskless, 03 January 2008 - 11:55 AM.
Posted 31 December 2007 - 05:54 PM
Posted 31 December 2007 - 11:40 PM
My point was that during startup Windows remaps all XMS memory already alocated before starting Windows to addresses in the fourth GB (downwards from 4 to 3 GB, starting at the highest free address) just as if that memory was owned by some hardware device, and all free memory that it can see (up to 1156 MB, AFAIK, with an unpatched VMM.VxD) in a continuous block starting at 0 GB upwards, and I have no firm idea about what it does with any remaining memory (but it seems reasonable to imagine it would be mapped just above the end of the memory Windows detects). To form a picture of what I'm talking about, just imagine the following case: 2 GB of RAM of which 512 MB is allocated to XMSDSK and 1156 MB as normal memory: where will the remaining 380 MB be allocated? Bear in mind that HIMEM sees it all... And then, there still remain the AGP aperture and VCache to consider, but such memory is mapped in the 4th gigabyte, anyway...
@gosh: very true. We're still looking for ways to overcome the Resources limitation.
@Ninho (in view of the post below): Thanks for the corrections, you are right, of course! And yes, I am talking about virtual memory addresses. Windows organizes its virtual memory arena as 1GB for devices and the like (the 4th GB) on top of 3GB of system's and applications' space, whatever the real amount of RAM present.... I have now corrected the text above, using a red font for the corrections. You rock!
Edited by dencorso, 02 January 2008 - 08:48 PM.
Posted 02 January 2008 - 08:53 AM
"And then, there still remain the AGP aperture and VCache to consider, but such memory is mapped in the 4th megabyte, anyway..."
I guess you mean GiB, not Megs... Surely a typo, though an unfortunate one since the subj is already clear as mud...
Also for things to be as clear as possible, I guess your are talking in terms of virtual, not physical addresses. This may be self evident, but I'm sure more than one has been confused over such subtleties.
With this in mind, let's see if I understood well : dare I ask, what you are saying amounts to Windows/VMM at startup remapping to system memory space (the 3rd virtual gigabyte) any XMS memory blocks that were allocated (in DOS presumably) before Win started ? Makes sense !
Posted 02 January 2008 - 03:58 PM
Some time ago, Tihiy (in this post) pointed to a russian language page, by Igor Petrovitch Leyko (Nov 03, 2005), about win 98 memory problems (link), and while no automatic translator did a good job at translating it, Google Language Tools gave me a good start, and from that start I've done my best to produce a good enough English translation of a short excerpt of that page, which I find relevant to the present discussion:
Well done job!
It inspired me to expand the translation a bit further, with your piece copied and pasted almost in its entirety (the ending of the last sentence was slightly modified to more accurately reflect the original.) This translation is approximately half of the original text (the second part of it.) If /when I have more inspiration, I will translate the introductory part of the article as well. It should be mentioned here, that in Russian forums Igor Leyko (Microsoft MVP) is a well regarded person, respected for his deep and intimate knowledge of Win Oses.
Windows 9x and lots of memory: Dotting the i's
Let's start with traditional "excuses". The functions in question, OS work specifics and applied algorithms are documented extremely poorly, or not documented at all. The information I have mined from various sources seems to be partially contradictory. I did my best to put all the pieces together, but no guarantee can be given that I'm not mistaken in some way. My attempts to reach out to people with good knowledge of internal modules of the OSes mentioned here have failed, as too many years passed. And in some cases nothing but reconstruction had to be done, similar to how with a few found bones appearance of a dinosaur would be identified. Therefore, if you find a mistake or inaccuracies, your comments would be appreciated. Now, let's get back to the subject at hand.
Although Windows 98 and Windows Me can surely be described as outdated systems, they still run on quite a lot of computers. For various reasons: computer power is not enough to "haul" a modern OS, or because of programs and hardware that will not work under Windows 2000 and XP.
And if old machines will have only one problem with memory - its deficiency, the situation with newer ones seems to be more complicated.
For example a company has a certain accounting program on an old machine written many years ago, and it still suites the needs of the user. If for some ill luck the old computer is broken, on a new one the program would not work under XP. Or someone has an old scanner, which is used occasionally and the owner is happy with it. But WinXP drivers for the scanner do not exist, you grudge buying a new one - and why shouldn't you, if the old one works!
The most evident solution in these circumstances is to install Windows 98 or Windows Me on a new computer, either in a dual boot configuration, or as a single system.
However, if your computer has a fair amount of memory, then these OSes could fail to install at all, or hang during work every now and then. It is not for nothing, that in forums and discussion groups, you hear statements about Windows 98 being unable to utilize more than 512 Mb of RAM.
Let's try to find out what's the problem here. Let's exclude at once situations when new hardware doesn't have drivers for Windows 98 (it is presumed here that Win98, if not otherwise mentioned, will comprise three operating systems Win98, Win98SE and WinMe), hyperthreading is not switched off in Pentium 4 processors and so on. We are talking about only one thing: specifics of how Windows 98 handles large amounts of installed RAM.
As a rule, with memory not more than 512 Mb you are unlikely to run into problems. With an extremely unfortunate combination of hardware and programs in use, that occupy a small amount of memory, but are processing large amounts of data, a system may hang on rare occasions even with smaller amounts of RAM, however this situation will not happen often and will usually be chalked up to system glitches.
But if memory is more than 512 Mb, problems will occur more often, leading to a complete hang, or making it impossible to install a system or load it when memory is added after installation. Or the computer will go into cyclical rebooting.
Extraction of "redundant" modules will usually prove to be a radically effective remedy, and the problems will be gone as if by magic. But this solution can hardly be called satisfying - not everyone will agree to open his computer and extract memory before Win98 launch and put it back when starting WinXP.
So what a smart user would do in this juncture? That's right: he will go to Microsoft knowledgebase site. And with some search experience he will quickly find the articles which describe this problem or similar ones: 184447, 253912, 304943, 311871.
It may well happen that after reading them your head will be swimming. Therefore, let's figure out what is written in them and how one is to comprehend that.
Carefully analyzed, the article 311871 can be set aside. Its style and comprehensiveness makes it stand out from the other ones, and it can be presumed with certainty that it was written by one of my MVP colleagues, undoubtedly with good knowledge of Windows 98 but not familiar enough with its inner layouts.
An assertion that this system is not meant to use 1 Gb of RAM is incorrect. It was designed to be used with up to 2 Gb, but as a rule, the actual limit, due to solutions inherited from preceding versions is less.
I witnessed (by correspondence, in a discussion group) the very first case of Windows 98 with a large amount of memory working abnormally. In February 1998, one of the beta testers attempted to install Windows 98 (probably, it was RC0, not beta already) on a server with one gigabyte of memory. During installation a blue screen with a message about insufficient memory to initialize Windows popped up. The installation could only be continued after the memory had been reduced to 928 Mb.
Not a single developer has ever mentioned that the system was not designed to utilize a gigabyte. Quite the contrary, the answer was something like: "the system is designed to use up to 2 Gb of RAM, therefore it must be a mistake of some sort, but for lack of time we will not look into it right now due to shipping deadline, and then it's unlikely an average user will ever encounter this issue." Undoubtedly a fair statement, if you remember a typical computer configuration back at that time. Suffice it to say that the gigabyte in that ill-fated server was made up using 16 Mb modules.
Other knowledgebase articles say that disk cache should be limited to 512 Mb, and the amount of RAM to 1 Gb, 768 Mb or even to 512 Mb - various articles will have it differently.
The article 253912 mentions briefly allocation of addresses to cache in the fourth gigabyte, it also says about a possibility of limiting the size of cache. But article 304943 says that in some cases limiting cache doesn't help, and that the amount of used RAM should be reduced.
So the knowledge base acknowledges that with large amounts of RAM Windows may refuse to boot, or will work unreliably. But what's the issue then if the developers talked about two gigabytes with confidence?
So it's clear that nothing is clear. Nobody seems to know just everything, and if somebody does - then he wouldn't tell you, and "trimming" or physical reduction of RAM is often presented as the only viable option. Let's get down to the gist of the problem.
Let's start with how Windows utilizes memory.
32 bit address space in 80386 (and up) processors is divided into memory pages sized 4 Kb each. Each of these pages is managed independently form one another. There maybe many instances of such address space, but actual (physical) address space is available only to the system kernel and drivers, and only they can directly address physical memory. Other system components and all application programs work in virtual address space, with virtual addresses.
The concept of "virtual memory" is somewhat ambiguous. Quite often it is used as contradistinction to the concept of "physical memory", but in general, virtualization should be understood as a form of abstracting from a real device. Obviously, a program can only be executed from physical memory - and not when its code is unloaded to the swap file. However, a program itself usually can not determine if its pieces are in physical memory, or unloaded to the disk. Nor can it determine where exactly in physical memory its code and data is - the operating system translates RAM addresses to which a program calls in its virtual address space, into those addresses that a program actually occupies in physical memory. If part of the virtual memory addressed by a program is unloaded to the disk, the OS halts the program and loads a needed page to the physical memory, and the program afterwards will proceed as if that page was always in the memory.
To provide for such a translation, the operating system maintains a special table of pages, in which currently mapped virtual pages, physical memory areas and swap file areas where data is really kept are indexed.
There are several such tables - for every program a separate table is kept. Different programs may use one and the same virtual addresses, but each program will have its own map of virtual and real pages, so that in reality different physical memory areas will be addressed.
Since we have touched memory allocation, let me mention here, that memory is allocated to a program only on its calls. The operating system can deny a program memory allocation, but it can not allocate memory to a program more than it has called for. Therefore, questions asked sometimes: "Why does not the OS release all the memory to my favorite program, when we still have lots of free memory" are pointless. To "overfeed" a program with memory, that is - force it into using more than it wants itself is impossible.
So, we have figured out that physical addresses space should be distinguished from virtual one. One of the operating system kernel components - memory manager, among other things takes care of translating virtual addresses used by programs and other kernel components to physical memory actual addresses.
In Windows 98 memory is allocated as follows (see the diagram below.) On the left - actual allocation of address space of programs and the system is shown, on the right side, an example of allocation of physical memory.
All programs virtual address space is divided into four areas. The first area occupies the range of addresses from zero to 4 Mb and is not addressable by Windows programs. For DOS programs and drivers the situation is slightly different, but discussing those specifics will distract us from the topic, therefore we will not go into details here.
The area from 4 Mb to 2 Gb is the working area for programs. From a programs' standpoint this area is filled with RAM up to the quantity needed by a program (and of course, not more than 2 Gb), as already mentioned, each program has its own memory, which has nothing to do with the memory allocated to other programs.
The third gigabyte is used as virtual address space, common for all the programs and the system. Windows loads its graphical core into this area, as well as dynamic libraries. Obviously, in reality these modules are located in the actually available physical memory in areas of significantly lower addresses, but a mechanism is needed to enable programs to address the system modules. Virtualization is such a mechanism.
The fourth gigabyte (addresses from c0000000-ffffffff) is also common for all programs and the system, but it is used for several purposes. Firstly, the system loads its kernel there, drivers and other modules which work on kernel level (if there are such modules in the system.) This area is virtualized just as the third gigabyte is.
Secondly, in this address space an area of memory is allocated to be used by disk cache (VCACHE), also virtualized.
Third, in this same gigabyte there are memory addresses (actual, not virtualized) of those IO devices that provide for direct access to their memory.
Fourth, it is here that address space is allocated for DOS virtual machines.
Let's see more details of how the fourth gigabyte is used.
The system kernel is allocated address space in the same way as common modules, and doesn't need additional explanations; therefore let's get straight to talking about the disk cache.
When more than ten years ago, Microsoft started developing its dynamically changing disk cache (VCACHE module first appeared in Windows 3.11 for work groups, released in 1993), gigabyte memory sizes seemed as something from science fiction. For those who didn't know, the first IBM PC, released in 1980 had 64 Kb of RAM, and in 1993 computers with four megabytes were the norm. Extrapolating to our time, it would seem that in 2006 one would expect 256 Mb of RAM in mass manufactured computers. Besides, no one even thought, that this OS and its direct offspring would last this long.
So programmers had no reason to be concerned with economizing address space, and openhandedly the fourth gigabyte was allotted among other things, also to address space of the disk cache. It turned out to be less to one's cost to allot linear virtual address space to variable size cache, and afterwards map it through a memory manager to actually used physical memory, than constantly taking stock of allocated memory in the cache module itself.
For this reason, during system boot, part of the address space in the fourth gigabyte is reserved for use by the disk cache. The size of this part depends on the operating system version, some hardware characteristics, and amount of RAM installed on the computer. Usually it equals the amount of RAM, but has an upper limit of 800 Mb.
Another purpose for using the fourth gigabyte is to provide access to device memory. If you lived in the times of DOS, you should know that to boost work speed, it was not uncommon for programs to write their data directly to device memory, video adapter for example (EGA or VGA.)
With advent of 32 bit processor work mode, nothing has changed in this regard. As before, direct write remains the quickest way of calling a device, only device memory addresses have been removed from the first megabyte to the end of the area being addressed, to that same fourth gigabyte. And also, there is usually a layer in the form of a driver
between a program and a device.
DOS virtual machines also have their address allocation in this very fourth gigabyte, where your DOS programs are executed. With all this going on, there comes the need for a dual retranslation: when a program calls an address in the first megabyte, instead of it a corresponding address of a virtual machine is given, (in the fourth gigabyte), and since this is a virtual address, a second redirection is taking place - to an address of the physical memory, where a required page of the virtual machine is located. Such is the cost of support for old programs. However, the actual burden isn't that big.
But let's get back to the common problems of the fourth gigabyte.
Unlike Windows XP and other NT based OSes, Windows 98 has one, and only one address space for two upper gigabytes. It turns out to be shared by both virtual memory and device addresses, and it has to be sufficient to be used in all modes, otherwise the work of the system will be broken.
As a rule, the OS can't influence the use of addresses of the device memory - these addresses, in most cases, are fixed by the hardware.
Let's see now how memory is allocated during Windows boot. The very first phase is DOS boot. Afterwards, from there Windows kernel is loaded - VMM.VXD. This file has many modules, and one of them is VM manager (in particular, it manages memory allocation,) by its structure it's a plain DOS program. But only by its structure. And only to make it possible to be started from DOS. Once started, it shifts the processor to protected mode and uses DOS mainly as a driver for various services, first of all the disk and video adapter.
Then VM manager starts loading into memory other modules (drivers) which are located in VMM.VXD, drivers which are referenced in the registry or in system.ini, and also those called earlier by loaded DOS programs (as an example, disk caching program smartdrv can be given, which on Windows boot passes a demand to it to load the smartdrv.vxd module, which is kept in the body of smartdrv.exe.)
But here we have a vicious circle. To load a driver to memory, this memory needs to be allocated to it, and while being allocated - correspondingly indexed in the pages table. And to allocate space for pages table, memory needs to be distributed in advance. Therefore, VM manager performs allocation in two moves: first, a small, but absolutely available area of memory is allocated, into which driver bodies are loaded. A table of pages is also built there. In the second phase of actual initialization, drivers' requirements for memory are analyzed and they are allocated virtual addresses in the fourth gigabyte.
If your boot log is on during Windows boot, these phases will be clearly visible there (bootlog.txt). First come pairs of messages Loading and LoadSuccess for each driver, VM manager and drivers initialize: SYSCRITINIT and SYSCRITINTSUCCESS.
The main "hog" of address space, undeniably is VCACHE. As mentioned earlier, it demands for itself address space approximately equal to the amount of RAM, but not more than 800 Mb. As result, total demands of this and other modules can exceed the gigabyte allotted to them. WinMe in this respect is more effective and more efficiently allocates address space, therefore given a choice, it is preferable to chose it over the other 9xs.
But if it's still impossible to allocate all the virtual memory required by the system and all the drivers, then as a rule, Windows 98 will give a warning about insufficient memory, and Windows Me will reboot (although it can be the other way round too). But since there will not be enough address space next time - rebooting becomes cyclic. At that, there is no initialization entry in the log, it ends when drivers are loaded.
If address space deficiency is not too big, it's possible that the system will load in safe mode, when the number of drivers and the required address space decrease. But don't hold your breath.
Sometimes you have enough address space for initialization, but you have practically, almost run out of stock. In this case the system will boot normally, but an attempt to start a DOS program will lead to a mistaken warning. If free address space still remains, but not too much of it, then some DOS programs may start, but those that require more memory – will fail.
But what can be done if there's not enough address space and the system will not boot, or DOS programs do not start? Alas, the problem can only be solved in two ways. If you have Windows 98, you may try switching to Windows Me. The second, more universal, but less productive way is to limit the amount of the used memory (detailed instructions are in the end of this article).
Apparently, you have a question: if the issue is disk cache that does not have enough virtual address space, then why not shrink its size, as Microsoft knowledgebase would suggest? Unfortunately, it will not help. As a matter of fact, memory allocation is performed by VM manager, and it looks only to its own section of the system.ini file [386Enh]. And cache size limitation is determined in some other section, and it affects only how cache itself will work, in particular how it will use its allocated address space.
However, shrinking the size of cache most probably will prove to be a useful operation. Why? That's what exactly we'll talk about now.
So, the system boots, DOS programs can start, but no work can be performed - shortly thereafter the system either hangs or it shows a blue screen of mistake. What else does it need?
Let's draw an approximated address space layout in the fourth gigabyte (this is how it looks on authors' Windows 98 computer, some details have been omitted for simplification); at that we will have two diagrams: one for physical space, the other for virtual one.
Note: To avoid misunderstanding, it should be mentioned that booting only Windows kernel without the graphical interface has nothing to do with booting with BootGUI=0 parameter set. In the latter case, Windows as a matter of fact does not load at all; it is only MS-DOS, which is part of it that loads. However, some documentation mentions also "real kernel mode Windows".
Also, note that part of the addresses range occupied by an AGP video adapter has been occupied in two instances (if the adapter uses PCI-E bus, the picture will change less, and therefore we will limit ourselves with the most common situation.)
If this address area is being used by a video adapter, then why the system has allocated it to the cache virtual memory?
The answer is very simple: modern display drivers usually consist of two parts - the core, in the form of a virtual device driver (vxd) and a main part, in the form of dynamically loaded libraries. When the system kernel loads, only the core of a video adapter is loaded too. It only provides for realization of basic functions of the video adapter, approximately at the VGA level, that's why it does quite well with corresponding addresses area in the first megabyte or in addition to that, small areas of memory occupied by the adapter in the upper addresses of the fourth gigabyte. When initializing memory VM manager allocates to the video adapter core the area it has called for, but it can not get the information that later at graphical subsystem and all driver files load, this driver will need some more areas of the address space. So the manager allots free areas to VCACHE address space.
Afterwards the graphical core of Windows is started, and with it comes the video adapter driver in full. This driver initializes all the functionality of the video adapter and in the addresses zone used by the adapter a physical device appears. If the same zone is also allotted to the disk cache, when VCACHE is trying to address it a conflict arises between the device driver and cache. Normal work of the system is interrupted.
It's important to know that the conflict arises not because cache has been allocated this area of addresses, but because it starts to work with it. This makes avoiding conflicts pretty simple: all that needs to be done is to limit a maximum cache size.
As a rule, AGP devices use addresses starting from E0000000, that is 3,5 Gb. Disk cache at that can use a half gigabyte. This is exactly what determines a recommendation to limit cache to the value of 524288 Kb (512 Mb). Normally, such a limit will be effective. But not always a video adapter will be allocated exactly this address area, besides other devices may behave in similar ways. TV tuners, for example. Therefore, more radical limitation of cache may be required.
Let's get to practical recommendations now - how to install Windows 98 on a computer with more than 512 Mb of RAM.
1. What's needed done first is to forget, once and for all, EMM386 and other memory managers, more or less stable work, or even (system) booting can't be guaranteed with them.
It is also desirable not to place an explicit call for himem.sys in config.sys - let Windows load it automatically. Although, I have no explanation whatsoever for this piece of advice and can't myself understand why does it have to be this way, but in some cases, it does work.
2. When installing WinMe, have a boot disk, or some other bootable media. It should come with a text editor, as you may need to edit the system.ini. file.
For a Win98 installation no diskette is required, as DOS can always be loaded (Command prompt only) and edit started from there.
3. Let's start an installation. Three options are available:
1. Leave less than, or 512 Mb, in the computer, do a system install and tune up, and only afterwards add all the memory, followed by another tune up.
2. Tune up is performed in advance - stricter than required - and after the installation, reduce the limitations so long as the system still works.
3. Start a system install, and adjust the parameters as needed.
To my personal liking, point 3.3 is the way to go.
What is needed for point 3.1 is pretty clear: take nearly all the memory out of the machine. If a RAM module is 1 Gb, or more - this option is obviously not acceptable.
To follow point 3.2, prior to installation, the system.ini file needs to be created, with a single short entry. On the disk with Windows to be installed, create an installation directory (usually it's Windows). Create a file named system.ini there, with two lines:
Once done, you can proceed with installation. These lines will force VM manager to use from the outset only 256 Mb of RAM. If this amount of RAM is what you need, you can keep this setting for your work and not waste your time on adjusting it to the current configuration.
To install as in point 3.3, nothing needs to be done in advance if you are installing Windows 98; however, it's a must to have a bootable diskette (or other media) in case of a WinMe installation.
Start a normal installation. If Windows gives a warning about insufficient memory for initialization, or goes into reloading - in Windows 98, press Ctrl key during load, and select Command prompt only from menu. In Windows Me you will have to boot from a diskette or other media.
Open system.ini file for editing, go to [386Enh] and a line MaxPhysPage=value. In Windows 98 you can start with the value 40000, in WinMe - 60000. Save the file and reload the computer, to try proceed with installation. In case of a failure, re-edit the file and reduce the first digit of the value by one. Continue this procedure till a successful installation.
4. Once the installation is complete, it makes sense to sort out a maximum amount of physical RAM. To do this, repeat once again the procedure in point 3c (?) - only this time increasing the value, until the system stops loading.
Afterwards, go back to the previous value and increase it by a smaller amount. It will be convenient to use an increment reduced by a factor of two. For example, if the system loads with the value of 40000 and does not load at 50000, it's worth trying an average value 48000 (this value is hexadecimal - and it shows a number of pages of physical memory the system can use.) If the system loads - try 4c000, if it doesn't - 44000 and so on. Don't go too far however - one in the fourth order means 16 Mb, and therefore, three zeroes in the low order are not worth touching - the benefit will be scanty.
1. Running programs under DOS may require an additional cap on the amount of memory. Run your DOS programs or games to check on how they work. If a program doesn't load or crashes, reduce the value of the parameter by 1-2 units in the fourth order. Most of the time this will be enough.
5. Setting the disk cache.
This setting does not require matching, but preferably it should be done after all the drivers are installed.
Right-click on the My Computer icon, choose Properties from the menu, then the Device Manager tab. Right-click the Computer icon (at the top of the list) and then choose Properties. In the window that appears, choose Memory. In the resulting list of addresses assigned to devices locate the first entry from the fourth gigabyte (= the range C0000000-FFFFFFFF). The entry you want is the one that has the address nearer to C0000000 or farther from FFFFFFFF (which are two ways of saying the same thing). Subtract C0000000 from that hexadecimal number you just found (using the standard Windows calculator's Hex mode), convert the result to decimal (by selecting the calculator's Dec mode) and divide by 1024 (all of the calculation is easily done with the calculator in scientific mode). The resulting number is the maximum allowable size of the disk cache (it is stated in kilobytes). Open the system.ini file, find the section [VCache] and fill it with a string MaxFileCache = xxx, where xxx is the number you just calculated. If you later add another hardware device to the computer, it may require the repetition of these calculations, and further shrinking of the cache size.
Now, you shouldn't have problems caused by large amounts of memory.
If Windows 98 is the only OS on your computer, let me give you a piece of advice. Do not try to increase the amount of memory above what Windows can work with. In some cases a converse effect can be observed: after adding another (RAM) module, you may need to set a new, lower limit of the usable RAM.
Sometimes, another gigabyte added to a machine that works with 1 Gb of RAM, forces the amount of used RAM to a limit of approximately 900 Mb - in other words not only the amount of used RAM does not increase, but it even decreases. On my computer with 2 Gb, WinMe needs just a slight limiting of memory, and adding a third gigabyte of physical memory, the amount used by Windows has to be limited to 1.5 gigabytes. That is, increasing the actual amount of RAM reduces the amount that the system can use.
So before investing in memory, try checking first how exactly your computer and OS will react to its expansion. In reality, the upper limit most of the time is slightly more than one gigabyte for Windows 98, and slightly less than 2 Gb for WinMe.
Igor Leyko, MS-MVP
Nov 03, 2005
Posted 02 January 2008 - 08:53 PM
Well done job!
It inspired me to expand the translation a bit further, with your piece copied and pasted almost in its entirety (the ending of the last sentence was slightly modified to more accurately reflect the original.) This translation is approximately half of the original text (the second part of it.) If /when I have more inspiration, I will translate the introductory part of the article as well. It should be mentioned here, that in Russian forums Igor Leyko (Microsoft MVP) is a well regarded person, respected for his deep and intimate knowledge of Win Oses.
Way to go, GreyPhound! Thanks a whole lot! You do rock!
BTW, let me ask you one thing, please: does, perchance, "железа" mean "hardware"?
Edited by dencorso, 02 January 2008 - 09:07 PM.
Posted 02 January 2008 - 09:46 PM
With this in mind, let's see if I understood well : dare I ask, what you are saying amounts to Windows/VMM at startup remapping to system memory space (the 3rd virtual gigabyte) any XMS memory blocks that were allocated (in DOS presumably) before Win started ? Makes sense !
Thanks for the heads up. I've, now, corrected my post.
But I forgot to answer your question, so I'm doing it now:
Yes, you've got it right. That's exactly what I meant.
And XMSDSK is just a good example of a program that allocates XMS from DOS (run from autoexec.bat or from config.sys), before Windows even begins to load. There are other examples, but I think ramdisks are the most useful nowadays. I think Igor Leyko didn't cover this subject in his article because it would render even more complicated a subject that, as you yourself have said, is not easy at all. But in the present thread it is unavoidable to consider the case of ramdisks, because, IMHO, they are a must for systems having more than 1GB of RAM installed.
Posted 03 January 2008 - 12:47 AM
In computer parlance - yes it does. However, the prime, 'dictionary' meaning of the word is 'iron'.
BTW, let me ask you one thing, please: does, perchance, "железа" mean "hardware"?
Posted 03 January 2008 - 09:57 AM
Thanks a lot for your swift reply. You rock!
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Nelvyn in FL
Mui buen servicioRead All Reviews
Brian in OR
I wanted a pair of quality winter gloves that aren't too bulky for me to feel my controls, that didn't break the bank, and wouldn't fall apart after the first couple rides like my last ones did. I got these last fall, it's now late spring and they've done what I expected. They look nice, material and stitching are quite good, and they're even armored. Use of the controls was not as perfect as with my summer gloves, but I could still easily feel the tiny controls on my old '87 XL600 dual-sport, which is far better than most winter gloves. I have short fat fingers and though tight, generally wear a size med because I hate bunching at the tip of my fingers. They are true to size. I ordered both sizes L and M just in case, and ended up keeping the medium. While trying the size L, an old lady was coming at me in my lane and I couldn't even find the horn in time because the bunching in the finger tips. That day they were packed and shipped back. Please note that these gloves are a trade-off. Below about 45F can get uncomfortable for anything but short local rides. I added silk liners but all they did was make the gloves much easier to take on/off, which was worth it on it's own, but didn't really help with the cold. I pleasure ride in the pacific northwest (Portland, OR). Gloves do not leak. Rain showers are a part of life here, but I avoid heavy rain. I made several 4-6 hour rides while the roads were still iced over. Don't do this in these gloves unless you can take the pain. Many stops to warm hands over warm motor. For me tactile feedback wins over comfort at temps below 45F. If you are a daily commuter, you might want a different glove. Overall very satisfied with quality, features and price.Read All Reviews
Tommy in UT
I was never that into soft luggage until I got my first set of Cortechs, High quality bag that functions the way you think it should. Its almost like the engineers ride too. Tons of straps and mounting points make this bag ideal for running with side bags or for running solo and strapping another bag to the top. Good zippers, thick material, quality bag.Read All Reviews
Tommy in UT
This is my third set of sport bags, the previous 2 sets being a good old set of chase harpers and a first generation set of cortech bags. These bags are roughly on par with the first generation bags (which were awesome) good thick material, beefy zippers and a more structured feel. the bags hold enough gear for a few days through death valley and have room for water too. When used with the tail bag the side bags snug up and hold very well. They look good on the bike and look good enough that you don't feel like a tool hauling them through the casino up to your room. 3000 miles in, these bags are worth every penny. Highly recommend them.Read All Reviews
Glenn in NY
I got these as an all around glove that could also be used for track days. I'm very pleased with the quality of the glove for this price range. I've only had them a week so I can't comment on how robust they are, but they appear to be constructed well. They're also pretty sweet looking (better than the photos online). Fit was pretty normal. I usually wear a large and ordered these in a large which seems slightly snug right now, but they'll break in. They are very well vented so I wouldn't hesitate to wear them on a hot day but they're not much good for the 40 degree mornings that we have in upstate NY.Read All Reviews


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Jennifer Barrett
(801) 408-2182
MURRAY, UT (2/19/2010) — Three months after a national panel issued relaxed guidelines for mammography screening and in the midst of a slumping economy, the number of women who have the test for breast cancer is falling in Utah, and cancer specialists fear the result will be thousands of potentially preventable deaths nationwide.
"Some of our hospitals in the Salt Lake Valley have seen a decline of more than 30 percent in mammography screening," says radiologist Brett Parkinson, MD, director of the Breast Care Center at Intermountain Medical Center.
Data show a decline of more than 14 percent in women having mammograms at Intermountain hospitals statewide in January, compared to the same period a year ago. This is especially troubling considering that even before the recent decline, only 64 percent of Utah women were getting recommended mammogram screenings.
"Last year we worked on President's Day because we had such a backlog of women who wanted a mammogram. This year, we took the day off. We have a lot fewer women trying to get in," says Loy Hunt, a mammography technologist at Logan Regional Hospital.
Anecdotal evidence shows that the decline extends far beyond Intermountain facilities in Utah, and even beyond Utah's borders.
"We've also heard from colleagues throughout the valley and in places like New Mexico, Connecticut, and Florida that they're seeing a similar decline," says Dr. Parkinson. "This is very alarming news."
In November, the United States Preventive Services Task Force changed its recommendations for mammography screening, advising women of average risk to wait until age 50 to get their first screening, and then only every two years. It also excluded women older than 75 from regular screenings altogether. Previous recommendations called for tests every one to two years for all women beginning at age 40.
The changes sparked heated controversy, with several groups rejecting the new guidelines. The American Cancer Society, the National Cancer Institute, the American College of Radiology, the American College of Surgeons, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services have all urged women to follow to the old recommendations.
"Today, I think we're seeing the dangerous fallout of this confusion. Women will pay with their lives," says Dr. Parkinson. He says other factors could also be contributing to the declines, including loss of jobs and insurance, and the weak economy.
Nearly 20 percent of breast cancers occur in women age 40 to 50. If these women stop getting screenings this year, there will be an additional 12,000 deaths nationwide due to late diagnosis of breast cancer, says Dr. Parkinson. There will also be more unnecessary deaths for women over the age of 75.
"These estimates are based on the task force's own statistics," he says.
Treatment is also likely to be more invasive and aggressive if women wait until they feel a lump to seek treatment. Advanced cases require procedures such as a mastectomy or chemotherapy.
"I know some skeptics will say that hospitals only want women to have mammograms to bring in more dollars. But the reality is that hospitals make more money when women delay diagnosis. Advanced cancer is more expensive to treat than cases caught at an early stage," says Dr. Parkinson.
He continues to advise all his patients that mammography screening should begin at 40 and continue for as long as a woman is healthy enough to endure the treatment for breast cancer. And he reminds women age 50 and older who may not have insurance that they can get a free or reduced-cost mammogram from the state-run Utah Cancer Control Program by calling 1-800-717-1811.
"Women should not see this as an optional procedure. Mammography saves lives. That is the bottom line," he says.


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It may not have been a perfect game for the Starkville Lady Yellowjackets in the first game of 2013 Tuesday night, but it was pretty good.
The Lady Jackets jumped out to a 25-9 lead after the first quarter against the visiting Aberdeen Lady Bulldogs and went on to secure a 66-29 victory at home.
"Being the first game of the second half of the season, to be a home game and come out and play as hard as we did, it was great," SHS girls coach Kristie Williams said. "At the end of December, we lost a tough one. To come back and practice hard like we did and to get this win, it feels good to get the first win under our belt."
Point guard Blair Schaefer scored the first five points of the game with a basket and free throw at the 7:26 mark of the first quarter and another hoop 30 seconds later.
She agreed with her coach that the Lady Jackets wanted to set a positive tone for the new year.
"We came out really strong and wanted to start the year off with a win," Schaefer said. "It's always nice to win at home. When we are at home, we need to get those wins."
Schaefer also made a pair of free throws to close the first quarter as Starkville started the second quarter by outscoring Aberdeen 12-2 to really take control of the game.
The Lady Jackets led 46-18 at halftime.
In the second half, SHS turned up the defense even more and only allowed 11 points, while playing mostly reserves.
Imane Montgomery led the Lady Jackets with 14 points, while Schaefer and Kelsye Reed added 11 points each.
Starkville struggled shooting the basketball from the field overall by hitting 24-of-64 for 38 percent, but held Aberdeen to 24 percent (11-of-46).
The Lady Jackets had 30 turnovers, but forced 34 Lady Bulldog miscues.
"We can always find something to build on to get ready for the next one," Williams said. "With Yazoo (city) coming up, that is another district game so we've got to get a little bit more of our kinks out. On the road at Yazoo is going to be a tough environment."
Starkville makes the trip to Yazoo City Friday night for the Class 5A, Region 2 outing.View more articles in:


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Posts tagged as 'Oxford shirt'
Check out all of the posts tagged with 'Oxford shirt' below. If you still can't find what you are looking for, try searching using the form within the right side navigation of this page.
British Workwear 2012
Monday, 30th Jul 2012
Fred Perry, three times Wimbledon champion was the son of a Stockport cotton spinner. This season's British Workwear range draws on this heritage, inspired by the factory floor and the working men's clubs of the 1930s and 40s.
Styles have a utility influence, fabrics are relaxed yet durable, colours are warm - greys, tonal greens and blues feature alongside autumnal browns; punctuated with copper hardwear and herringbone twill details. Pure wool tailored jackets are teamed with heavyweight canvas workwear trousers. Chunky rib and Aran cable knits are layered over soft chambray shirting and seasonal stripes. Shirts are finished with reinforced collars, cardigans with patch elbow details and heavy duty copper zips - all reminiscent of traditional work wear styles.
1940s bus ticket inspired prints are seen on sweats and t –shirts.The classic Royal Oxford Shirt with button down collar is given a seasonal update with reinforced panelling and a 'ticket' inspired woven patch.
Heavy duty scotch grain leathers and canvases are used across the accessories range – with both footwear and bags complete with copper hardwear and functional style details.


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The remote land of Ladakh has always fascinated people. Images of a stark and barren landscape juxtaposed alongside lush green fields, monasteries precariously perched on mountaintops, and an intriguing blend of cultures.
Leh, the capital city of Ladakh, was once the central meeting-point for trade caravans from Central Asia and the plains of India. Religious ceremonies and monastic festivals are regular features of the Ladakhi landscape. Crafts such as metal-work, painting, weaving, and wood-carving are widely found in the region. Archery and polo are the traditional sports here.
For seven months a year, Leh airport is Ladakh's only link with the outside world. Transport, boarding and lodging facilities are available to suit every pocket and there is sufficient novelty, antiquity and hospitality for all.
Ladakh is one of the only few places where one can experience Tibetan Buddhism being practiced in its original form.
Population: Approx 15,000 people
Climate: Dry, warm days with temperatures ranging from 25°C in summer to 10°C in winter and cool nights between 8°C and 14°C with heavy snowfall in winter should sum it up. Winters can be particularly harsh with temperatures going down to the minus figures.
Main Language(s): Hindi and English Time Zone: GMT + 05:30 Phone Area Code: 01982
Best Time To Visit: Throughout the year, but the extreme winters can be harsh on your system if you are travelling here for the first time. June through November are the best months to visit.
Airport Distance from City Center: 4 kms Taxi Rates from Airport to City: Rs.150 Approximately
40 kms from Leh, Hemis is one of the richest, biggest and most famous monasteries in Ladakh. Its popularity stems from the major annual festival held during summer in honour of their Guru Padma Sambhava 's birth anniversary. It was built during the 1630s. Of its many frescoes, the most famous is the Wheel of Life.Shankar GompaThe Shankar Gompa (monastery) is famous for its numerous statues of pure gold and a number of interesting paintings. Close by are the Leh Palace and the cottage industries emporium.Alchi Gompa70 Kms from Leh on banks of the Indus, is Alchi Gompa dating back a thousand years. One of its walls features thousands of miniature-sized pictures of the Buddha. Three large sized images made of clay and painted brightly are its focal attraction. This monastery consists of six temples, with seated statues of Buddha and exquisite paintings. Its exquisitely painted walls depict the events of the Buddha 's life, lamas and musicians.Leh - SheyShey, about 15 kms from Leh was once the residence of the royal family and is famous for its gilded statue of Buddha that stands at a height of 7.5 meters. A visit to this monastery, however, needs prior permission from the Lama.Leh - StokStok was the Palace of the banished royal family. This is the only inhabited palace in Ladakh. A museum in the palace displays fabulous period costumes and jewellery of the royalty. Interesting historical objects like coins, seals, armour, weapons, precious jade and porcelain can also be found on display. The palace is about 200 years old.Leh - LamayuruThe oldest holy site in Ladakh, Lamayuru was once a lake. According to legend it was blessed by a lama and the water of the lake receded into the mountains leaving place for the monastery to be built. It is also famous for being a 'free-zone' since not even a criminal can be apprehended in this place. It is mostly in ruins and only the main hall exists today.Leh - LikirThis monastery dates back to the 18th century. Majestically situated, it commands a spectacular view. There is a statue of the Matreya Buddha within the Likir Gompa. The Matreya Buddha is the incarnation of Buddha ready to come into the universe.Leh - Spituk8 kms from Leh, Spituk stands on top of a hillock overlooking the Indus valley. This 15th century monastery houses a collection of ancient masks, antique arms, and an awe-inspiring image of Kali. The face of the Kali image is kept covered and revealed only at the annual function in January every two years.Leh - ThikseyA fine example of Ladakhi architecture, Thiksey is one of the largest and most impressive gompas. There are several temples in this gompa containing images, stupas and exquisite wall paintings. It also houses a two - storeyed statue of Buddha which has the main prayer hall around its shoulder. This monastery has an outstanding collection of art in its chambers.
Leh has its own distinct cuisine, totally different from Chinese food. Flat noodles and momo dumplings are quite popular, though not available everywhere. The main Ladakhi dish, thukpa, is a stew of meat and vegetables. In most parts of Ladakh it is thickened with barley-flour. There are numerous Tibetan restaurants in Leh, as well as some multi-cuisine restaurants.
Devi Tibetan Restaurant
Near the State Bank of India
Main market
Main market
La Montessori
Main market
Mona Lisa
Near the State Bank of India
Mughal Durbar
Main Market
Tibetan Friends Corner
Near the Taxi stand
Tibetan Kitchen
Fort Road
Wok Tibetan Kitchen
Main market
Hemis festival: One of the festivals, which are famous and celebrated with zest, is the Hemis festival. Hemis is the biggest monastery of Ladakh and the spiritual centre of Buddhists. People from all over Ladakh come to attend this two day long festival which is held end of June. Before the festival begins there is seven days of prayers in the monastery. The most impressive part of the festival is the famous mask dance which lamas of the monastery perform continuously for two days. The masks represent various gods and demons. The whole festival signifies the triumph of good over evil. The day marks the birthday of Guru Padmasambhava, the founder of the red sect.
Other monasteries also hold similar festivals at different times of the year.
Ladakhi Festival: This festival showcases the best in Ladakhi culture and traditional sports like archery and polo. Admission to all events is free. The polo grounds within Leh is the hub of most activities. The inauguration ceremony is a must see. Colourful processions start the parade. Contingents in their traditional costumes come from every part of the district. Some contingents represent particular arts (theatre for instance), rather than regions. The inaugural show at the polo ground is virtually an abridged version of the entire festival.
© Jet Airways (India) Ltd.


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Moderators: Tonyblack, Jason, Toothy
Tonyblack wrote:Welcome Ray! You're practically a founder member.
RACKU wrote:Oh goody Let's hope my typing doesn't go to waste!
My name is Juliet, I'm 14, and obsessed with the series. I wonder if I'm too young to read them, but I do believe I have a good grasp in the English language for a person my age
(Seriously, I'm supposed to be out playing video games, talking to 20 people on MSN at one time, and doing homework!)
I live in Australia, and no more locational information provided! I don't seem to have much else to say, other then the fact that Terry Pratchett's books have inspired me to write my own book one day. Or after a multitude of days. Writing a book in one day doesn't seem possible in my standards. I'm more of the steady procrastinator.
Oh, and I wish to go someday to England (when I'm older and able to leave the house legally..), and hopefully visit a convention and get a book signed by my literature hero, Terry Pratchett!
Really, I doubt there is anything else I want to say. I bet some of this I've repeated but anywho..
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A friend of mine told me something that happened to her kid in Walmart last week, I tried my best to turn it into a joke.
Little Johnny was at the local Wal-Mart, playing an arcade machine. After about 5 minutes the machine was still letting him play.
Little Johnny ran over to the checkout and told his mom "Mom, I'm playing for free!"
The Cashier looked at Little Johnny and said "I bet you believe in Jesus too".
Little Johnny said with a confused face "Yes, why?"
The cashier replied "Sorry to break it to you kid, Jesus isn't real and that machine isn't letting you play for free."