text:
Tides are the cyclic rising and falling of Earth's ocean surface caused by the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun acting on the oceans. Tides cause changes in the depth of the marine and estuarine water bodies and produce oscillating currents known as tidal streams, making prediction of tides important for coastal navigation (see Navigation). The strip of seashore that is submerged at high tide and exposed at low tide, the intertidal zone, is an important ecological product of ocean tides (see Intertidal ecology).
The changing tide produced at a given location is the result of the changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth coupled with the effects of Earth rotation and the bathymetry of oceans, seas and estuaries. Sea level measured by coastal tide gauges may also be strongly affected by wind. More generally, tidal phenomena can occur in other systems besides the ocean, whenever a gravitational field that varies in time and space is present (see Other tides).
A tide is a repeated cycle of sea level changes in the following stages:
Tides may be semidiurnal (two high waters and two low waters each day), or diurnal (one tidal cycle per day). In most locations, tides are semidiurnal. Because of the diurnal contribution, there is a difference in height (the daily inequality) between the two high waters on a given day; these are differentiated as the higher high water and the lower high water in tide tables. Similarly, the two low waters each day are referred to as the higher low water and the lower low water. The daily inequality changes with time and is generally small when the Moon is over the equator.
The various frequencies of orbital forcing which contribute to tidal variations are called constituents. In most locations, the largest is the "principal lunar semidiurnal" constituent, also known as the M2 (or M2) tidal constituent. Its period is about 12 hours and 25.2 minutes, exactly half a tidal lunar day, the average time separating one lunar zenith from the next, and thus the time required for the Earth to rotate once relative to the Moon. This is the constituent tracked by simple tide clocks.
Tides vary on timescales ranging from hours to years, so to make accurate records tide gauges measure the water level over time at fixed stations which are screened from variations caused by waves shorter than minutes in period. These data are compared to the reference (or datum) level usually called mean sea level.
Constituents other than M2 arise from factors such as the gravitational influence of the Sun, the tilt of the Earth's rotation axis, the inclination of the lunar orbit and the ellipticity of the orbits of the Moon about the Earth and the Earth about the Sun. Variations with periods of less than half a day are called harmonic constituents. Long period constituents have periods of days, months, or years.
The semidiurnal tidal range (the difference in height between high and low waters over about a half day) varies in a two-week or fortnightly cycle. Around new and full moon when the Sun, Moon and Earth form a line (a condition known as syzygy), the tidal forces due to the Sun reinforce those of the Moon. The tide's range is then maximum: this is called the spring tide, or just springs and is derived not from the season of spring but rather from the verb meaning "to jump" or "to leap up". When the Moon is at first quarter or third quarter, the Sun and Moon are separated by 90° when viewed from the Earth, and the forces induced by the Sun partially cancel those of the Moon. At these points in the lunar cycle, the tide's range is minimum: this is called the neap tide, or neaps. Spring tides result in high waters that are higher than average, low waters that are lower than average, slack water time that is shorter than average and stronger tidal currents than average. Neaps result in less extreme tidal conditions. There is about a seven day interval between springs and neaps.
The changing distance of the Moon from the Earth also affects tide heights. When the Moon is at perigee the range is increased, and when it is at apogee the range is reduced. Every 7½ lunations, perigee coincides with either a new or full moon causing perigean tides with the largest tidal range. If a storm happens to be moving onshore at this time, the consequences (in the form of property damage, etc.) can be especially severe.
Because the M2 tidal constituent dominates in most locations, the stage or phase of a tide, denoted by the time in hours after high water, is a useful concept. It is also measured in degrees, with 360° per tidal cycle. Lines of constant tidal phase are called cotidal lines. High water is reached simultaneously along the cotidal lines extending from the coast out into the ocean, and cotidal lines (and hence tidal phases) advance along the coast. For an ocean in the shape of a circular basin enclosed by a coastline, the cotidal lines point radially inward and must eventually meet at a common point, the amphidromic point. An amphidromic point is at once cotidal with high and low waters, which is satisfied by zero tidal motion. (The rare exception occurs when the tide circles around an island, as it does around New Zealand.) Indeed tidal motion generally lessens moving away from the continental coasts, so that crossing the cotidal lines are contours of constant amplitude (half of the distance between high and low water) which decrease to zero at the amphidromic point. For a 12 hour semidiurnal tide the amphidromic point behaves roughly like a clock face, with the hour hand pointing in the direction of the high water cotidal line, which is directly opposite the low water cotidal line. High water rotates about once every 12 hours in the direction of rising cotidal lines, and away from ebbing cotidal lines. The difference of cotidal phase from the phase of a reference tide is the epoch.
The shape of the shoreline and the ocean floor change the way that tides propagate, so there is no simple, general rule for predicting the time of high water from the position of the Moon in the sky. Coastal characteristics such as underwater topography and coastline shape mean that individual location characteristics need to be taken into consideration when forecasting tides; high water time may differ from that suggested by a model such as the one above due to the effects of coastal morphology on tidal flow.
Isaac Newton laid the foundations for the mathematical explanation of tides in the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687). In 1740, the Académie Royale des Sciences in Paris offered a prize for the best theoretical essay on tides. Daniel Bernoulli, Antoine Cavalleri, Leonhard Euler, and Colin Maclaurin shared the prize. Maclaurin used Newton's theory to show that a smooth sphere covered by a sufficiently deep ocean under the tidal force of a single deforming body is a prolate spheroid with major axis directed toward the deforming body. Maclaurin was the first to write about the Earth's rotational effects on motion. Euler realized that the horizontal component of the tidal force (more than the vertical) drives the tide.
In 1744 Jean le Rond d'Alembert studied tidal equations for the atmosphere which did not include rotation. The first major theoretical formulation for water tides was made by Pierre-Simon Laplace, who formulated a system of partial differential equations relating the horizontal flow to the surface height of the ocean. The Laplace tidal equations are still in use today. William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, rewrote Laplace's equations in terms of vorticity which allowed for solutions describing tidally driven coastally trapped waves, which are known as Kelvin waves.
Regarding the Earth–Moon system by itself (excluding the Sun for the moment) it is known that unless the spin axes of both partners are aligned and perpendicular to the orbital plane, oscillations are excited and these tidal deformations attribute somewhat to the tidal dissipation. This lack of alignment is the case for the Earth–Moon system. Thus, besides the tidal bulges, opposite to each other and comparable in size, that are associated with the so called equilibrium tide,additionally, a set of surface oscillations commonly known as the dynamical tide, characterized by a wide variety of harmonic frequencies, is established.
The tidal force produced by a massive object (Moon, hereafter) on a small particle located on or in an extensive body (Earth, hereafter) is the vector difference between the gravitational force exerted by the Moon on the particle, and the gravitational force that would be exerted on the particle if it were located at the center of mass of the Earth. Thus, the tidal force depends not on the strength of the gravitational field of the Moon, but on its gradient (which falls off approximately as the inverse cube of the distance to the originating gravitational body; see NASA). The gravitational force exerted on the Earth by the Sun is on average 179 times stronger than that exerted on the Earth by the Moon, but because the Sun is on average 389 times farther from the Earth, the gradient of its field is weaker. The tidal force produced by the Sun is therefore only 46% as large as that produced by the Moon. (According to NASA the tidal force of the Moon is 2.21 times larger than that of the Sun. The effect of the other planets is much, much smaller, with the largest being Venus at 0.000113 times that of the Sun.)
Tidal forces can also be analyzed in the following way: besides the outward uniform centrifugal force acting on Earth each point of the Earth experiences the Moon's radially decreasing gravity differently; they are subject to the tidal forces of Figure 7, which dominate. Finally, most importantly, only the horizontal components of the tidal forces actually contribute tidal acceleration to the water particles since there is small resistance. The actual tidal force on a particle is only about a ten millionth of the force caused by the Earth's gravity.
The ocean's surface is closely approximated by an equipotential surface, (ignoring ocean currents) which is commonly referred to as the geoid. Since the gravitational force is equal to the gradient of the potential, there are no tangential forces on such a surface, and the ocean surface is thus in gravitational equilibrium. Now consider the effect of external, massive bodies such as the Moon and Sun. These bodies have strong gravitational fields that diminish with distance in space and which act to alter the shape of an equipotential surface on the Earth. Gravitational forces follow an inverse-square law (force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance), but tidal forces are inversely proportional to the cube of the distance. The ocean surface moves to adjust to changing tidal equipotential, tending to rise when the tidal potential is high, the part of the Earth nearest the Moon, and the farthest part. When the tidal equipotential changes, the ocean surface is no longer aligned with it, so that the apparent direction of the vertical shifts. The surface then experiences a down slope, in the direction that the equipotential has risen.
The boundary conditions dictate no flow across the coastline and free slip at the bottom. The Coriolis effect steers waves to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern allowing coastally trapped waves. Finally, a dissipation term can be added which is an analog to viscosity.
Real amplitudes differ considerably, not only because of variations in ocean depth, and the obstacles to flow caused by the continents, but also because the natural period of wave propagation is of the same order of magnitude as the rotation period: about 30 hours. If there were no land masses, it would take about 30 hours for a long wavelength ocean surface wave to propagate along the equator halfway around the Earth (by comparison, the natural period of the Earth's lithosphere is about 57 minutes).
In the 2nd century BC, the Babylonian astronomer, Seleucus of Seleucia, correctly described the phenomenon of tides in order to support his heliocentric theory. He correctly theorized that tides were caused by the Moon, although he believed that the interaction was mediated by the pneuma. He noted that the tides varied in time and strength in different parts of the world. According to Strabo (1.1.9), Seleucus was the first to state that the tides are due to the attraction of the Moon, and that the height of the tides depends on the Moon's position relative to the Sun.
The Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder collates many observations of detail: the spring tides being a few days after (or before) new and full moon, and that the spring tides around the time of the equinoxes were the highest, though there were also many relationships now regarded as fanciful. In his Geography, Strabo described tides in the Persian Gulf having their greatest range when the Moon was furthest from the plane of the equator. All this despite the relatively feeble tides in the Mediterranean basin, though there are strong currents through the Strait of Messina and between Greece and the island of Euboea through the Euripus that puzzled Aristotle. In Europe around 730 AD, the Venerable Bede described how the rise of tide on one coast of the British Isles coincided with the fall on the other and described the progression in times of the same high water along the Northumbrian coast.
In the 9th century, the Arabian earth-scientist, Al-Kindi (Alkindus), wrote a treatise entitled Risala fi l-Illa al-Failali l-Madd wa l-Fazr (Treatise on the Efficient Cause of the Flow and Ebb), in which he presents an argument on tides which "depends on the changes which take place in bodies owing to the rise and fall of temperature." He describes a clear and precise laboratory experiment in order to prove his argument. The first tide table in China was recorded in 1056 A.D, primarily for the benefit of visitors wishing to see the famous tidal bore in the Qiantang River. The first known tide table is thought to be that of John, Abbott of Wallingford (d. 1213), based on high water occurring 48 minutes later each day, and three hours later upriver at London than at the mouth of the Thames.
William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) led the first systematic harmonic analysis of tidal records starting in 1867. The main result was the building of a tide-predicting machine using a system of pulleys to add together six harmonic functions of time. It was "programmed" by resetting gears and chains to adjust phasing and amplitudes. Similar machines were used until the 1960s.
The first known sea-level record of an entire spring–neap cycle was made in 1831 on the Navy Dock in the Thames Estuary, and many large ports had automatic tide gage stations by 1850.
William Whewell first mapped co-tidal lines ending with a nearly global chart in 1836. In order to make these maps consistent, he hypothesized the existence of amphidromes where co-tidal lines meet in the mid-ocean. These points of no tide were confirmed by measurement in 1840 by Captain Hewett, RN, from careful soundings in the North Sea.
In most places there is a delay between the phases of the Moon and the effect on the tide. Springs and neaps in the North Sea, for example, are two days behind the new/full Moon and first/third quarter. This is called the age of the tide.
The exact time and height of the tide at a particular coastal point is also greatly influenced by the local bathymetry. There are some extreme cases: the Bay of Fundy, on the east coast of Canada, features the largest well-documented tidal ranges in the world, 16 meters (53 ft), because of the shape of the bay. Ungava Bay in northern Quebec, is believed by some experts to have higher tidal ranges than the Bay of Fundy, but it is free of pack ice for only about four months every year, whereas the Bay of Fundy rarely freezes.
Southampton in the United Kingdom has a double high water caused by the interaction between the different tidal harmonics within the region. This is contrary to the popular belief that the flow of water around the Isle of Wight creates two high waters. The Isle of Wight is important, however, since it is responsible for the 'Young Flood Stand', which describes the pause of the incoming tide about three hours after low water.
Because the oscillation modes of the Mediterranean Sea and the Baltic Sea do not coincide with any significant astronomical forcing period, the largest tides are close to their narrow connections with the Atlantic Ocean. Extremely small tides also occur for the same reason in the Gulf of Mexico and Sea of Japan. On the southern coast of Australia, because the coast is mainly straight (partly because of the tiny quantities of runoff flowing from rivers), tidal ranges are equally small.
Instead of a direct calculation, the procedure for analysing tides is pragmatic: At each place of interest, the tide heights are measured for at least a lunar cycle. The tide heights are compared to the known frequencies of the astronomical tide-raising forces. The behaviour of the tide heights is expected to follow the behaviour of the tide force, with the amplitude and delays of those responses remaining constant. Because astronomical frequencies and phases can be calculated with certainty, the tide height at other times can be predicted once the response to the astronomical states has been found.
The main patterns in the tides are
The Highest Astronomical Tide is the perigean spring tide when both the Sun and the Moon are closest to the Earth.
When confronted by a periodically varying function, the standard approach is to employ Fourier series, a form of orthogonal analysis that uses sinusoidal functions as a basis set, having frequencies that are zero, one, two, three, etc. times the frequency of a particular fundamental cycle. These multiples are called harmonics of the fundamental frequency, and the process is termed harmonic analysis. If the basis set of sinusoidal functions are well-suited to the behaviour being modelled, relatively few harmonic terms need to be carried in the analysis. Fortunately orbital paths are very nearly circular, so sinusoidal variations are suitable for tides.
For the analysis of tide heights, the Fourier series approach is best made more elaborate. While the theorem remains true and the tidal height could be analysed in terms of a single frequency and its harmonics, a large number of significant terms would be required. A much more compact decomposition for the tides involves a combination of sinusoids having more than one fundamental frequency. Specifically, the incommensurable periods of one revolution of the Earth (equivalently, of the Sun around the Earth), and one orbit of the Moon about the Earth are used (for simplicity in phrasing, this discussion is entirely geocentric, but is informed by the heliocentric model).
To represent both the lunar and solar influences using one frequency would require many harmonic terms, but allowing two incommensurable frequencies requires only a few terms. That is, the sum of two sinusoids, one at the Sun's frequency and the second at the Moon's frequency, requires those two terms only, but their representation as a Fourier series having only one fundamental frequency and its (integer) multiples would require many terms. For tides then, although the process is still termed harmonic analysis, it is not limited to harmonics of a single frequency. To demonstrate this offers a tidal height pattern converted into an .mp3 sound file, and the rich sound is quite different from a pure tone. In other words, the harmonies are multiples of many fundamental frequencies, not just of the one fundamental frequency of the simpler Fourier series approach.
The study of tide height by harmonic analysis was begun by Laplace, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), and George Darwin. Their work was extended by A.T. Doodson who introduced the Doodson Number notation to organise the hundreds of terms that result. This approach has been the international standard ever since, and the complications arise as follows: the tide-raising force is notionally given by sums of several terms. Each term is of the form
Now, given that for any x and y
Remember that astronomical tides do not include the effect of weather, and changes to local conditions (sandbank movement, dredging harbour mouths, etc.) away from those prevailing at the time of measurement can affect the timing and magnitude of the actual tide. Organisations quoting a "highest astronomical tide" for some location can exaggerate the figure as a safety factor against uncertainties of analysis, extrapolation from the nearest point of measurement, changes since the time of observation, possible ground subsidence, etc., to protect the organisation against blame should an engineering work be overtopped. If the size of a "weather surge" is assessed by subtracting the astronomical tide from the observed tide at the time, care is needed.
Careful Fourier data analysis over a nineteen-year period (the National Tidal Datum Epoch in the U.S.) uses frequencies called the tidal harmonic constituents. Nineteen years is preferred because the relative positions of the Earth, Moon and Sun repeat almost exactly in the Metonic cycle of 18.6 years. This analysis can be done using only the knowledge of the period of forcing, but without detailed understanding of the mathematical derivation, which means that useful tidal tables have been constructed for centuries. The resulting amplitudes and phases can then be used to predict the expected tides. These are usually dominated by the constituents near 12 hours (the semidiurnal constituents), but there are major constituents near 24 hours (diurnal) as well. Longer term constituents are 14 day or fortnightly, monthly, and semiannual. Most of the coastline is dominated by semidiurnal tides, but some areas such as the South China Sea and the Gulf of Mexico are primarily diurnal. In the semidiurnal areas, the primary constituents M2 (lunar) and S2 (solar) periods differ slightly, so that the relative phases, and thus the amplitude of the combined tide, change fortnightly (14 day period).
In the M2 plot above each cotidal line differs by one hour from its neighbors, and the thicker lines show tides in phase with equilibrium at Greenwich. The lines rotate around the amphidromic points counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere so that from Baja California to Alaska and from France to Ireland the M2 tide propagates northward. In the southern hemisphere this direction is clockwise. On the other hand M2 tide propagates counterclockwise around New Zealand, but this because the islands act as a dam and permit the tides to have different heights on opposite sides of the islands. (But the tides do propagate northward on the east side and southward on the west coast, as predicted by theory.)
The exception is the Cook Strait where the tidal currents periodically link high to low water. This is because cotidal lines 180° around the amphidromes are in opposite phase, for example high water across from low water. Each tidal constituent has a different pattern of amplitudes, phases, and amphidromic points, so the M2 patterns cannot be used for other tide components.
Figure 10 shows the common pattern of two tidal peaks in a day, though remember that the repeat time is not exactly twelve hours but 12.4206 hours. The two peaks are not equal: the twin tidal bulges beneath the Moon and on the far side of the Earth are aligned with the Moon. Bridgeport is north of the equator, so when the Moon is north of the equator also and shining upon Bridgeport, Bridgeport is closer to its maximum effect than approximately twelve hours later when Bridgeport is on the far side of the Earth from the Moon and the high tide bulge at Bridgeport's longitude has its maximum south of the equator. Thus the two high tides a day alternate in maximum heights: lower high (just under three feet), higher high (just over three feet), and again. Likewise for the low tides.
Figure 11 shows the spring tide / neap tide cycle in the amplitudes of the tides as the Moon orbits the Earth from being in line (Sun–Earth–Moon, or Sun–Moon–Earth) when the two main influences combine to give the spring tides, to when the two forces are opposing each other as when the angle Moon–Earth–Sun is close to ninety degrees producing the neap tides. Note also as the Moon moves around its orbit it also changes from north of the equator to south of the equator. The alternation in the heights of the high tides becomes smaller, until they are the same (the Moon is above the equator), then redevelops but with the other polarity, waxing to a maximum difference and then waning again.
Figure 12 shows just over a year's worth of tidal height calculations. The Sun also cycles between being north or south of the equator and as well the Earth–Sun and Earth–Moon distances change on their own cycles. None of the various cycle periods are commensurate.
Remember always that calculated tidal heights take no account of weather effects, nor include any changes to conditions since the coefficients were determined, such as movement of sandbanks or dredging, etc.
Nevertheless, analysis of currents proceeds on the same basis as tides: At a given location in the simple case, the great majority of the flood flow will be in one direction, and the ebb flow in another (not necessarily opposite) direction. The velocities measured along the flood direction are taken as positive, and along the ebb direction as negative, and analysis proceeds as if these were tide height figures.
In more complex situations, the flow will not be dominated by the main ebb and flow directions, with the flow direction and magnitude tracing out an ellipse over a tidal cycle (on a polar plot) instead of along the two lines of ebb and flow direction. In this case, analysis might proceed along two pairs of directions, the primary flow directions and the secondary directions at right angles. Alternatively, the tidal flows can be treated as complex numbers, as each value has both a magnitude and a direction.
As with tide height predictions, tide flow predictions based only on astronomical factors do not take account of weather conditions, which can completely change the situation.
The tidal flow through Cook Strait between the two main islands of New Zealand is particularly interesting, as on each side of the strait the tide is almost exactly out of phase so that high water on one side meets low water on the other. Strong currents result, with almost zero tidal height change in the centre of the strait. Yet, although the tidal surge should flow in one direction for six hours and then the reverse direction for six hours, a particular surge might last eight or ten hours with the reverse surge enfeebled. In especially boisterous weather conditions, the reverse surge might be entirely overcome so that the flow remains in the same direction through three surge periods and longer. A further complication for Cook Strait's pattern of current flow is that the tides at the north end have the ordinary two cycles of spring-neap tides in a month (as found along the west side of the country), but the south end's tidal pattern has only one cycle of spring-neap tides a month, as found on the east side of the country. Tidal currents are much more complex than tidal heights!
Power can be extracted by two means: inserting a water turbine into a tidal current, or building impoundment ponds so as to release or admit water through a turbine. In the first case, the generation is entirely determined by the timing and magnitude of the tidal currents, and the best currents may be unavailable because the turbines would obstruct navigation. In the second, the impoundment dams are expensive to construct, the natural water cycles are completely disrupted, as is navigation, but with multiple impoundment ponds power can be generated at chosen times. So far, there are few systems for tidal power generation (most famously, La Rance by Saint Malo, France) and many difficulties. Aside from environmental issues, simply withstanding sea-water corrosion and fouling by biological growths poses engineering challenges.
Proponents of tidal power systems point out that, unlike wind power systems, the generation pattern can be predicted years ahead. However, weather effects are still problematic. Another assertion is that some generation is possible for most of the tidal cycle. This may be true in principle since the time of still water is short, but in practice turbines lose efficiency at partial operating powers. Since the power available from a flow is proportional to the cube of the flow speed, the times during which high power generation is possible turn out to be rather brief. An obvious fallback then is to have several tidal power generation stations, at locations where the tide phase is different enough so that low power from one station is filled in by high power from another. Again, New Zealand has particularly interesting opportunities. Because the tidal pattern is such that a state of high water orbits the country once per cycle, there is always somewhere around the coast where the tide is at its peak, and somewhere else where it is at its lowest, so that via the electricity transmission network, there could always be supply from tidal generation somewhere. The most convenient situation is presented with Auckland city, which is between Manukau harbour and Waitemata harbour so that both power stations would be close to the load.
But, because the power available varies with the cube of the flow, even with the optimum phase difference of three hours between two stations, there are still significant amounts of time when neither tidal flow is rapid enough for significant generation, and worse, during the time of neap tides, the flow is weak all of the day, and there is no getting around this via multiple stations, because the neap tides apply to the whole Earth at once. The most feeble neap tides would be when the Sun's influence is maximum whilst the Moon's is weakest, and as far as the Sun is concerned, it is closest to the Earth during the time of the southern hemisphere's summer, which is when electricity demand is the least there, a small bonus.
As a result, interest must fall on the Kaipara harbour which not only is large, but also is two-lobed in shape, and thus almost pre-designed for a tidal impoundment scheme where one lobe could be filled by high water and the other emptied by a low water, and then via a canal from one to the other generation would be possible at a time of choice.
There is scant likelihood of any such scheme proceeding because of the disruption to natural conditions.
The timings and velocities of tidal flow can be found by looking at a tidal chart or tidal stream atlas for the area of interest. Tidal charts come in sets, with each diagram of the set covering a single hour between one high water and another (they ignore the extra 24 minutes) and give the average tidal flow for that one hour. An arrow on the tidal chart indicates the direction and the average flow speed (usually in knots) for spring and neap tides. If a tidal chart is not available, most nautical charts have "tidal diamonds" which relate specific points on the chart to a table of data giving direction and speed of tidal flow.
Standard procedure to counteract the effects of tides on navigation is to (1) calculate a "dead reckoning" position (or DR) from distance and direction of travel, (2) mark this on the chart (with a vertical cross like a plus sign) and (3) draw a line from the DR in the direction of the tide. The distance the tide will have moved the boat along this line is computed by the tidal speed, and this gives an "estimated position" or EP (traditionally marked with a dot in a triangle).
Nautical charts display the "charted depth" of the water at specific locations with "soundings" and the use of bathymetric contour lines to depict the shape of the submerged surface. These depths are relative to a "chart datum", which is typically the level of water at the lowest possible astronomical tide (tides may be lower or higher for meteorological reasons) and are therefore the minimum water depth possible during the tidal cycle. "Drying heights" may also be shown on the chart, which are the heights of the exposed seabed at the lowest astronomical tide.
Heights and times of low and high water on each day are published in tide tables. The actual depth of water at the given points at high or low water can easily be calculated by adding the charted depth to the published height of the tide. The water depth for times other than high or low water can be derived from tidal curves published for major ports. If an accurate curve is not available, the rule of twelfths can be used. This approximation works on the basis that the increase in depth in the six hours between low and high water will follow this simple rule: first hour - 1/12, second - 2/12, third - 3/12, fourth - 3/12, fifth - 2/12, sixth - 1/12.
Intertidal ecology is the study of intertidal ecosystems, where organisms live between the low and high water lines. At low water, the intertidal is exposed (or 'emersed') whereas at high water, the intertidal is underwater (or 'immersed'). Intertidal ecologists therefore study the interactions between intertidal organisms and their environment, as well as between different species of intertidal organisms within a particular intertidal community. The most important environmental and species interactions may vary based on the type of intertidal community being studied, the broadest of classifications being based on substrates - rocky shore and soft bottom communities.
Organisms living in this zone have a highly variable and often hostile environment, and have evolved various adaptations to cope with and even exploit these conditions. One easily visible feature of intertidal communities is vertical zonation, where the community is divided into distinct vertical bands of specific species going up the shore. A species' ability to cope with desiccation determines their upper limits, while competition with other species sets their lower limits.
Intertidal regions are utilized by humans for food and recreation, but anthropogenic actions also have major impacts, with overexploitation, invasive species and climate change being among the problems faced by intertidal communities. In some places Marine Protected Areas have been established to protect these areas and aid in scientific research.
Intertidal organisms are greatly affected by the approximately fortnightly cycle of the tides, and hence their biological rhythms tend to occur in rough multiples of this period. This is seen not only in the intertidal organisms however, but also in many other terrestrial animals, such as the vertebrates. Examples include gestation and the hatching of eggs. In humans, for example, the menstrual cycle lasts roughly a month, an even multiple of the period of the tidal cycle. This may be evidence of the common descent of all animals from a marine ancestor.
Atmospheric tides are negligible from ground level and aviation altitudes, drowned by the much more important effects of weather. Atmospheric tides are both gravitational and thermal in origin and are the dominant dynamics from about 80 km to 120 km where the molecular density becomes too small to behave as a fluid.
Earth tides or terrestrial tides affect the entire rocky mass of the Earth. The Earth's crust shifts (up/down, east/west, north/south) in response to the Moon's and Sun's gravitation, ocean tides, and atmospheric loading. While negligible for most human activities, the semidiurnal amplitude of terrestrial tides can reach about 55 cm at the equator (15 cm is due to the Sun) which is important in GPS calibration and VLBI measurements. Also to make precise astronomical angular measurements requires knowledge of the Earth's rate of rotation and nutation, both of which are influenced by earth tides. The semi-diurnal M2 Earth tides are nearly in phase with the Moon with tidal lag of about two hours. Terrestrial tides also need to be taken in account in the case of some particle physics experiments. For instance, at the CERN or SLAC, the very large particle accelerators were designed while taking terrestrial tides into account for proper operation. Among the effects that need to be taken into account are circumference deformation for circular accelerators and particle beam energy. Since tidal forces generate currents of conducting fluids within the interior of the Earth, they affect in turn the Earth's magnetic field itself.
When oscillating tidal currents in the stratified ocean flow over uneven bottom topography, they generate internal waves with tidal frequencies. Such waves are called internal tides.
The galactic tide is the tidal force exerted by galaxies on stars within them and satellite galaxies orbiting them. The effects of the galactic tide on the Solar System's Oort cloud are believed to be the cause of 90 percent of all observed long-period comets.


text:
For anyone interested in participating, the bundle includes Saints Row 2, Saints Row: The Third, Risen 2: Dark Waters, and Sacred 2 Gold. Soundtracks for the two Saints Row titles and Risen 2 are also included.
Paying more than the average gets you Dead Island Game of the Year Edition and Saints Row: The Third The Full Package (all of the DLC). $25 gets you Dead Island Riptide and that game's soundtrack.
Payouts can be split four ways amongst Deep Silver, the American Red Cross, Child's Play, and the Humble Bundle operations fund. Please note that if you already own one of the games in the bundle, you will not get an extra version to gift. This is for charity, after all. You can however, gift the entire purchase.
Source (gameinformer.com)
For anyone interested, the thing runs till August 13

subset: commoncrawl


text:
There are but a few things that can put a damper on any summer cruise in your favorite muscle car, namely unbearable heat and humidity while on the drive. Not that we don't possess the same toughness as veteran owners did, but in today's aftermarket there is no need to endure summer's sweltering worst. An incredible selection of climate control products is available to keep us comfortable.
This month we checked out Classic Auto Air's (CAA) universal air and heating systems as well as its Perfect Fit Series for most Chevy applications. These units come with everything needed to improve heating over the factory system, including multiple fan speed controls and the addition of ice-cold air conditioning. You can further customize your particular installation, as we did, by simply calling CAA directly.
Without a doubt, Chevy High Performance readers are techno-savvy individuals, and since we provide monthly Step By Step installments, these pages will be spent on evaluating the CAA system and providing additional tips and tricks we performed as well. Our installation is in a '64 Chevelle convertible along with the provided Sanden compressor and beltdrive system from Concept One and an Edelbrock hi-flow water pump, which was covered in a previous Step by Step piece (Nov. '06). Rather than rehashing the same details here, we'll focus on the ease and fitment that the Perfect Fit Series provides in most typical installations.
Quick Notes
What We Did
Added air conditioning to improve the creature comforts of a drop-top Chevelle.
Bottom Line
The results were well worth the effort!
Cost (approx)
Complete system, $1,245 (Classic Auto Air PN 20-239) plus recharge service and freon.
How the Heck Does It Work?
Having always been fascinated by how things function, before starting the installation we did a little extra credit investigation to learn how an air conditioning system works. For the most part, an automotive A/C system is split into high- and low-pressure sections.
The cycle begins when the compressor at high pressure pushes refrigerant in superheated gas form into the condenser. Fresh air absorbs the heat of the gas as air passes through the fins. As the refrigerant cools, it condenses and turns into a subcooled high-pressure liquid. The liquid then flows through the drier, which filters out impurities and separates pure liquid from gases. This subcooled, high-pressure liquid then travels to the expansion valve, where it is metered into droplets and delivered to the evaporator found inside the car. The refrigerant cools down as it moves through the unit and as fans blow warm interior air over the fins. Heat is sucked out of the air and absorbed by the refrigerant. As the air temperature drops, the air cannot hold the same level of moisture, and this moisture collects onto the fins, eventually running out through the drain. While the low-pressure gas travels back to the compressor, the cooled air from the evaporator is pushed by the fan through the vents to the occupants inside the car.
There you have it. Pretty cool, huh?
Getting Started
As with any installation on your project, always start with the instruction sheets. In this case it is a 21-page package that commands your attention. The Custom Auto Air folks spent quite a bit of time preparing these instructions. They're written well and include several photos. You'll also find two cutting templates to guide installers though each step. A good idea is to separate the parts into groups for the underhood and interior stages. This makes selection easier later.
Tips & Tricks
While we didn't get overly creative with our installation, we did make two minor changes to our system. First, we changed the main interior vent to one that would attach as a single unit across the bottom of the dash. With the help of their sales folks, a unit from an early Barracuda kit (sorry, Chevy faithful) matched our need. It measured perfectly from the end of the console to the vent pull-handle at the far right, giving it a factory look. We also shot a quick coat of semigloss on all the black interior parts to give them a finish that matched the rest of the interior.


text:
- Musician's Friend Best Selection, Price & Service. Guaranteed.
Call our Gear Heads
at: 800-449-9128
Call our Gear Heads
at: 800-449-9128
Great sound, on the go.
Just punch out a pick from these colorful Clayton Pocket Picks Guitar Pick Cards, and you'll feel the added punch it gives to your guitar playing. Made of customized polycarbonate for a comfortable feel, these picks produce a clean and smooth sound with soft tone. If you like speed picking, you'll love Clayton Pocket Picks. Card fits in a billfold for availability on the go.
Don't leave home without one. Order today.
Review Snapshot®by PowerReviews
Reviewed by 1 customer
Best Uses
Comments about Clayton Pocket Picks Guitar Pick Card:
I got to two heaviest ones (The purple and the blue) and the picks are really nice to use, I've used two out of the blue and one of the purple. They are a bit larger than a credit card, but they still fit into my wallet. I greatly enjoy them. They are decent quality, but I personally wouldn't use them as my main picks.
Our product catalog varies by country due to manufacturer restrictions. If you change the Ship-To country, some or all of the items in your cart may not ship to the new destination.


text:
Instant classic — starring Becky Stern and Ladyada…
This tutorial covers how to talk to a knitting machine! Once the interface cable is made, we can create cool custom patterns and load them from a computer! Adventures in communicating with the Brother KH-930e knitting machine!
Watch the video on CRAFT.
Related Topics


text:
(based on 43 reviews)
of respondents would recommend this to a friend.
Best Uses
Reviewed by 43 customers
Sort by
Displaying reviews 1-10
Back to top
Previous | Next »
Great Buy
By Super Dave
from Alborn Mn
About Me Avid Cyclist
See all my reviews
Comments about Nashbar Shadow 2-Bike Hitch Rack:
Very easy to put together. Loading and unloading of bikes is simple and no effort is involved. It seems to be well constructed and sturdy. We will have to wait and see about durability.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
- You may also flag this review
Comment on this review
Good bang for the buck
By Traveler
from Palm Harbor,Fl.
About Me Casual/ Recreational
I will be using the rack to carry two diamondback mountain bikes behind a car attached to a RV. The max wt. for the carrier is 90 lbs. and the two diamondbacks come a little under 80 lbs. and seem like a lot of weight on it. I actually added a strap from the top of the carrier to the top of the car for additional support. As long as it holds up with those bikes I will be satisfied. I will up date in 6 mths.
Nice rack but poor design
By Bruce
from Pittsburgh
Overall this rack is solidly constructed but a poor design. The rack is heavy and very bulky. It takes up a lot of room when off of the car and not easily stored. A simple fix would be to make the vertical mast slide into the horizontal tongue piece and secured with a quick release pin. This would make the rack capable of being mounted in two separate pieces and more easily stashed in a trunk, I ended up returning this item. Very unusual for me for Nashbar branded products.
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
Very well constructed!
By Mattski
from Chicagoland
I have been looking for a hitch-mounted 2 bike rack for a while. I wanted to stay in the $150-$175 price range. After a lot of online research I decided on this one. I believe it was the right choice. The construction is very heavy duty, including a powder-coated finish. If you are not familiar with that term it is paint that is basically baked on and very durable with a textured finish. I have not used it yet (it's below freezing here in Chicago right now) but I have no reason to believe that it won't work great. ONE TIP: DO NOT FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS WORD FOR WORD! The instructions tell you to assemble the wheel hoops and then slide them onto the bar. Good luck with that. The fit is very snug. That coupled with the fact that a small plastic cap potrudes out from the top of the bar makes it all but IMPOSSIBLE to slide them on after assembly. Fortunately there is an easy work around. Just assemble the two inner plastic halves on the bar and then slip on the u-shaped steel component, drop in the hoop and slide thru the carraige bolt. Voila! By the way, my box arrived all crushed and taped together with a hole in it the size of my open hand! I thought for sure there would be damage or missing parts, but luckily all seems to be well. Bottom line: buy this hitch! You won't be disappointed
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
works fine
By jimmy of the north
from state college, pa
This rack works just fine, is relatively fast and secure.I bought some 1" fastex clips and made my own wheel straps for faster / gloved finger use. The rack doesn't really fold down with bikes on it....the pin comes out, but because the bikes are attached to the articulating mast (wheels on the fixed part) it just flexes down a bit. Better than nothing, but it's not truly a fold-down type and you won't be able to drop your tailgate with bikes on this rack. Without bikes, it folds down just fine. It takes me about 30 seconds to take 2 bikes off....so...it mostly works ok.Also - helpful tip - When you walk around the vehicle in the dark, just remember that you installed this large black thing made of steel, or you just may receive credit for inventing some new four letter words.
Great Product, Great Price!
By Roadie
from Troy, MI
I bought this when I sold my Suburban and could not fit my bike inside my Explorer with other gear I haul around. I use it to take my road bike up north on weekends (250mi each way) and it has worked out great. Bike fits firmly in rack and I don't worry about it on the long drive.
Much better than I expected!
By KG Solarman
from Murrieta, Ca
I was getting tired of throwing my bike in the back of the truck so I was looking to try a hitch mounted bike rack. I bought this rack because of the low price, About half the price of comparable racks. Was surprised at the quality and how good the rack is. The welds on the unit are well done. I expected the rack to be made of much lighter gauge steel-but I was again surprised to see that they used the more durable heavier gauge steel- which means I'll be using this rack for years- not months. My only negative comment is: They should not pre-install the rubber end caps - you need to take these off anyway temporarilly to slide the components on the square tubes.With that being said- Been using the rack for a while now and love it! Well worth the money!
worked great
By bikers wife
from Grand Rapids, MI
We changed vehicles recently and therefore had to change bike carriers. Saw the great reviews for this product and decided to give it a try. It lived up to our expectations. We traveled 2200 mile with this rack carrying our bikes and loved the ease of use, portability, and secure feeling of the carrier. Glad we made the purchase.
A First-Rate Rack
By CapnSnuff
from Houston Texas
Rack arrived quickly, but (through a hole in the box) a part was missing. A call to Bike Nashbar's service department quickly remedied the problem, with a replacement part in my hands in about 4 days' time.Assembly is straightforward and relatively easy. The carrier is completely adjustable to frame height and wheelbase, and the clamps hold the bikes securely. A major plus (and the main reason I bought this model) is the wheel cages, which hold the wheels (especially the front) from thrashing about when driving.The only Minus I have found is the 2inch hitch receiver adaptor. The pin is sized to be universal for either 1 1/4 or 2 inch receivers, and is small for the pin opening in the 2in receiver. This will let the carrier move around while driving, which makes for some annoying noise and the potential to shear the pin. Also, you can't use a locking receiver pin with the setup as it comes. My solution was to ream out the hole with a 1/2 inch diameter drill bit; now I can lock the carrier to the car with a locking hitch pin. Run a cable through the safety chain slots and lock it around the bike frames, and your bikes are secure from opportunistic thieves. I would have given five stars except for the issue with the pin....A good value for the money- I'm satisfied.
VALUE, VALUE, perfect for the need
By Hans the biker
from Williston, VT
I bought this for my Jeep Wrangler - leave it on all the time. I mountain biking 2 or 3x weekly. (This is NOT my main family rack... need to carry 5 bikes for whole family!) For my fatbike (5" tires) I installed the wheel holder upside down and use bungie cords to hold wheels down and not slip off as they sit on TOP of the wheel holders instead of down in sideFor my FS mountain bike this works great (tire holders mounted regularly). I don't think you even need to cinch down the wheels with the flimsy velcroFor the price it was a no brainer to stop using my fork mount roof rack and switch to this. No more removing the wheel, no more lifting. I get to the trail, bike comes off in seconds, I jump on and away I go.
Item No. »
We Make Shopping Safe, Secure and Easy
© 2015 Nashbar. All Rights Reserved.
Return to Mobile


text:
works well with:
Customer Reviews
- Impressed Review by NYGaL73
Price Value Quality
Been a Devoted, Lifelong Maybeline Great Lash User & received this Sample in my last Order & gotta say, Wow! Sure gives it a serious run for the Money. Very Impressed with how well it applies & stays on.
(Posted on 8/21/14)
- Great mascara! Review by Tiffany
Value Quality Price
Love this mascara! I am terrible about taking my mascara off before bed and when I wake up my mascara looks like I just put it on. Does not bleed or flake off. Awesome.
(Posted on 4/9/14)
- Love Lash Boosting Mascara Review by Barb
Quality Price Value
I LOVE this mascara!!! I have thin, short lashes and after applying this mascara I now have amazing lashes! I even had co-workers ask me about my lashes and what I was using.
(Posted on 9/26/13)
- Disappointed Review by Wendy
Price Value Quality
I hate this mascara! It comes out thick on the brush. The brush itself isn't good. I love all the other products I have bought, but this is a waste of money.
Note from gloProfessional: Thank you for your honest feedback on this product, Wendy. We have passed it along to our product development team.
(Posted on 6/14/13)
See More Reviews


text:
Nassau County Review 19191003
|1 of 8
small (250x250 max)
medium (500x500 max)
Extra Large
large ( > 500x500)
Full Resolution
All (PDF)
This page
Loading content ...
Nassau County Review OfBdal Pkpw* Vilage of Freflport FREEi>ORT. N. Y., FRIDAY, OCTOBER 3,* 1919 VoL XXn, No. 40 AROUND THE TOWN (B. T. B. C.) When I passed the comer of Smith Street and Long Beach Avenue and saw that bunch of men who were busy tearing down ihe brush that has ob¬ structed that comer for years, I was rather elated that one of my first items in that column miffht have had such good effect, but upon inquiry I find that Harry Van Riper has bought the corner and is to build houses there, and that is the reason, rather than any comment of mine, for the corner being cleared. Never mind, so long as the result is the same, and further auto accidents will be obviat¬ ed at this comer, which was a good place for picking up several news items during a summer seasc^i. voj-ageIirustees At the regular meeting of the Vil¬ lage Board Wednesday afternoon it was decided to place a lamp on Be¬ dell Street, between Smith and Ray¬ nor Streets. Communications were received from the War Camp Community Service thanking the Board for its interest in the work during the time the Club House had been open, for the past two years; and from William H. Pat- . terson. Commander of the G. A. R. for the interest the Board had shown in the Welcome Home Day event, and their courtesy to the Po.st. Increases in salary were granted to C. O. Niles and H. K. Rider, %o per month, and Street Commissioner M. F. Bond, $10. Applications for sidewalks were granted to William J. Schumacher, Pine Street, and H. E. VanRiper, At¬ lantic and -©cean Avenues. Applica¬ tions for water service were granted to G. Patterson. On request of Clarence A. Edwards, representative, it was decided to transfer the boiler infection and in¬ surance from the Hartford Company, in which it had been carried ever since the municipal plant was estab¬ lished, to the Travelers Company, which Mr. Edwards represented. A special representative of the latter company claims that their policy was more liberal than that of the Hart¬ ford Company. SOOAL AND PERSONAL Brlat 1Ub« CoBCVmlBf Rasldanta •! Our " Caaauolty, agi Thatr Cu»U, Visit* ami aoclal Affair* James C. Vetter formerly of Free- port has moved to his Merrick Road property, Bellmore. Mrs. Henry Kamp, formerly of Freeport, has been appointed to the choir of the Brick Presbyterian Church. Fifth Avenue and 37th Street, New York City. Previous to this Mrs. Kamp has been soloist in the Greenwood Baptist Church of Brook¬ lyn. ABOUT THE CHURCHES (U*au in thi* column ar* w*koaMd IrMn th* paator* of churchc* an<l *«cr«tari** or othar ofltcial* of church •aciati**. Thaa* itama, within the limit* of our apaca, ap- paar a* fumi*h*d. Episcopal The Ladies' Guild is hold a rummage sale. FRATERNAL' ORDERS Doinc* ot tha 3«crat Fratamal Orfaaizatlona ot Froaport and Vicinity LOCAL TOPICS Eastern SUr A short meeting of Freeport Chap¬ ter No. 586 was held Saturday even¬ ing, September 27, and after the meet- planning to I jpjj a kitchen shower was given by j the" members for Miss Jennie Fulton, Anna F. Brand, of El Paso ! who will be married next week. The | who presented the following: party was enjoyed by all, coming as a ConinMfita ami axplasatiana aat oatirely of a now* natur*. on v<lla(« affair*, by tha aaitar. What la Americanism? The prize of $50 offered by The De¬ lineator for the best interpretation of Americanism was awarded to Mrs. , Texas, MERRICK Thi* colann i* edited by Bar. W. H. UU tabrandt aad all Kama •hould b* *«nt to hlM to intar* tniartian nndar thb haadlnc. Services at the Church of the Re¬ deemer Sunday, the sixteenth after Trinitv, at 7:30 and 11:00 o'clock a. m. and 8:00 o'clock p. m. Celebration of the Holy Communion at the early service. Litany, sermon and Celebra- "My child, remember that the land ' tion of the Hofy Communion at 11:00 ' Lutheran Christ Lutheran Church, 61 North I surprise to Miss Fulton, and was fol Grove Street; Rev. Carl H. Miller, lowed by a box luncheon, pastor. f • Sunday School at 9:30. Our staff I The Companions of the Forest will . . , ,. 'of teachifrs are men and women with [hold a euchre, pinochle and domino | hi"'d of your fathers and brothers to-j House each Thuiigday at 2:30 p. iii personalities that attach the child tol noxt Thursday ovenine, October, 9 at day. You—who will inherit this price-i Choir practice is held in the church on in which you live was bought by the | o'clock. Evening prayer and sermon. blood of your forefathers, that every The Sunday School meets in the Par- man might live in freedom and justice, i jsh Houae at 10:00 a. m. The Wo- It is being kept safe for you by the man's Auxiliary meets in the Parish Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Kolisch i them, draw out the worthy qualities j thair rooms on Merrick Road. and daughters Miriam and Rose of , in them, and unconsciously make these I New York spent Sunday with Mr. and j virtues in the mind of the child thej Albin N. Johnson spent !P"riday and Mrs. Morris Miller, South Main St. , rule and standard of his daily conduct, j Saturday last at Poughkeepsie and The morning service starts at 10:30 Newburgh as a member of the State Rev. D. A. Jordan and Mrs. Jordan a. f" \ series of short meditations i Promotion Committee of the Unite<l haveretumed to Freeport after spend- .based upon several texts will be given i Commercial Travelers of America. ing the summer at Lone Pine Camp, | by the pastor. Big Moose, N. Y. ; The evening service begins at 7:45 Maxons I Theme: "The Lord's Supper." | At its regular meeting Tuesday ev- Mrs. Edward W. Lovesey of New, Communion ./will be adminis(tered enintr, Spartan Lodge No. 956, Free Haven, Gonn., has retumed home after : at the moming service. All are in- : and Accepted Masons, voted to meet spendmg a week with her mother,, vited to partake. 1 the second and fourth Tuesdays of each Mrs. M. H. Cornelius of 58 Grand I | nionth instead of every Tuesday as Avenue. i Presbyterian Rally Sunday j now. The next meeting will be held I The Presbyterians of Freeport an- [ on Tusday evening, October 14, when Howard E. Pearsall, for many years nually rally with more or less enthus- the Kntered Apprentice Degree will associated with the Nassau County ! iasm to their church activities on the be conferred. Review, which position he left to go | first Sunday of October. This year with a fire supply company in New i there is more enthusiasm and pur-, .Masons York, has taken a position with the | pose than usual and next Sunday bids I ,\t ^y^^, regular meeting Tuesday ev- Observer-Post at Rockville Centre. j fair to be a great day. ; ening a resolution was carried chang- —; The Sunday Schoel which meets at j in^ the meeting night to the second Meads Leaving Freeport 9:30 in charge of Austin I. Mosbacher, ] and fourth Tuesdav of each month, Mr. and Mrs. Walter A. Mead in "as been gaming momentum for two | i"stead of every Tuesday evening, as severing their co-.inections with the I Sundays past and expects to go over before. The next meeting will be held Arcade Pharmacy desire to express the top clear and clean. Jon Tuesday evening, October 14, when their appreciation for the patronage; The morning .service at 10:30 is the | the r-"irst Degree will be worked on a and many kindnesses of their Free-1 next on the liat and the increasing in-|j.].,>,^ ^f fiyg candidates, port friends. After making new bus-! terest of two past weeks promises iness connections at Caimanera, Cuba,: well. The pastor will preach on many fond recollections of •Freeport , "Loyalty to Christian Leadership." will be added fuel for the inevitable The music will be of a high worship- feeling of homesickness. M. i fal type. Worship and not mere en¬ tertainment is the guiding idea. The eveiiing service will cap the cli less possession—are a child of liberty, Thursdays at 8:00 p.m. The Boy an America-,!. Walk upright in your Scouts meet weekly in the Parish native land; fear no man; harm no House Thursdays at 7:30 p. m. A cor- man. Reverence that flag beneath ' dial invitation is extended to all to at- which^-ou stand. God grant you may | tend the services of this church and to never stain its folds by any act of in- become identified with its community justice to another little brother whom I interests. it protects—it matters not what his | color or creed. Be honest; be pure; be truthful; that men may look into your eyes and say, 'Here grows a man for .America.' " Good .Morning! In grunting "Good morning," We give you fair warning. You're passing good fellowship by. In growling "Good morning," All cheerfulness scorning. You're due for a growl in reply. In chirping "Good morning," The day you're adorning .And making an excellent start. So honor each meeting With a pleasant greeting. And say it right out from tho heart. —.Selected. Schwartz & Albright, building con tractors, was struck by an eastbound trolley at 9:35 Tuesday evening while 1? a \M Ikl [going north on Long Beach Avenue rreeport man now ^ I in his auto. The trolley was in charge State Fire President;of Motorman John Wilson and Con- Archer B. Wallace is now president of the State Fire Association, his term of oflice dating from October 1. He has announced the appointment of the following committees: Auditing Committee—Philip Peters, Maspeth; Patrick J. Kelljt Brooklyn; and George F. Patterson, Beacon. Law Committee—Charles F. O'Don- nell, Jamaica; George J. Schneller, Elmhurst; William P. Goebel, Brook¬ lyn; Charles R. Milford. jr., Syracuse. The fifth member to be chosen and chairman to be named after Ocober Topics Committee—Chairman, Sam¬ uel S. Winterson, Garnerville; Leon Boasue dit Lyonnais, West Brighton; Joseph C. Kinzly, North Tonawanda; Joseph M. Hoffman, Lockport; James W. Eaton, Babylon; Joseph R. Alten, Sea Cliff: J. P. Kislingbury, Roch¬ ester; John Mallon, Richmond Hill; James L. Murphy, Ithaca; Seth T. Cole, Catskill. Exhibit Committee—Chairman, H. E. Pearsall, Freeport; George B. Fales, Troy; Joseph Monds, Rockville Centre; Albert H. Marquis, Brooklyn, and Henry C. Albers, Roosevelt. Mr. Wallace is now engaged by the Department of Justice on a special mission, which will take him out of the country for several we«ks, pos¬ sibly for several months. William Ensko's Family Located Through the items published in the various local papers the chairman of the Freeport Welcome Home Com¬ mittee has been able to forward the medal of William Ensko to his sis¬ ter, Mrs. Milton Horn. The receipt of a communication from Emma R. Campbell, secretary of the Women's Welcome Home Committee at Rocka¬ way Beach, is especially appreciated. She says: "Mr. Ensko was killed in an automobile accident last July, 1918, while in service abroad.' Mr. Ensko is also mourned at Rockaway Beach, where he attended school and lived for many years." Resource* of Freeport Banks In our issue'this we^k, we print the report of the First National Bank and in our last issue that of the Free- port Bank, showing the total resourc¬ es of the two banks of over 2^ mil¬ lion dollars. Joins American Legion Named in Honor of Flyer He Saw Killed X II If'II HA ' A f tne evening service win cap me cii- A remarkably coincidence was not- 1 rolley ^lUS IVlan in /VUtO imax of a rich and full day. Music ed at the organization meeting of the Reginald Schwartz, aged 49, of 56 j will dominate. Hymns that catch the | William Clinton Story Memorial Post East Milton Street, of the firm of j heart and hold their grip. "Forgot-j Friday evening. A young veteran by ten F^avorites" are announced as the j the name of George Maxim, now em- special hymns for interpretation by I ployed in the Curtiss plant at Garden the pastor. One of these is a hymn \ City, came in to join the Post, having that the first time it was sung by I been informed that one was to be or- Phillip Phillips in Washington, Presi-j ganized, and officers elected, at this dent Lincoln asked to have it repeat- meeting. When he arrived, he was ed. Another is one that has tugged Uold the name of the Post, the William ductor Joseph G. Post, and from the fact that it carried the large touring car a hundred feet, it must have been going fast. Mr. Schwartz, with his wife and daughter EtheLjcame from the Bay Ridge section of Brooklyn last May and entered the bailding busi¬ ness with Herman Albright of South Long Beach Avenue. He had taken Mr. Albright home and was return¬ ing to his own home when he was struck by the car. He was taken to Nassau Hospital where he died a cou¬ ple of hours later. Mr. Albright was a member of the Knights of Pythias organization in the Jersey City branch. William C. Story Post Elects Officers Mr. and Mrs. Allah B. Downing of Ancram, N. Y., were guests at the rectory on Monday and Tuesday. R. P. Kent and family left the vil¬ lage on Tuesday to spend the winter at Pelham, N. Y. Mrs. Irving Bedell, who fell down the stairs of her home on Miller place about two weeks ago, breaking her right arm and bruising herself severe¬ ly, has returned to her home after spending ten days at the Nassau Hos¬ pital. A cake and tea sale will be held in the Palish House by the Girls' Friend¬ ly Society and the Hand-in-Hand League tomorrow afternoon, Satur¬ day, from three to six o'clock. Freeport American Legion Expects To Ite Largest on Long Inland The second meeting of William Clinton Story Post No. 342 was held at the War Camp Community House last Friday evening. The following were elected to oflice: President, Merritt D. Cutler; first vice presi¬ dent, Joe Pettit; second vice presi¬ dent, Chester Reese; recording secre¬ tary, Robert Campbell; financial sec¬ retary, Walter Schmidt; treasurer. at the heartstrings of many a way-j Clinton Story Memorial, he immedi- r-'^J'"'''^ '^•. ^*'y"'"' ward l^d and led him back to Moth- i ately exclaimed, "Why, is that Story er's God and Mother's arms. i who was killed while flying?" !Ie w^s All members are expected to be I told that it was and he said he was present and those not members will i flying in the same field at the same be welcomed just as cordially. [time, and saw the accident which " ! caused Mr. Story's death in February, Methodist 11918. He went on to explain that Rev. Everett A. Burnes, Minister j Story waa one of seven who were , Sunday will be observed as "Rally I'""ed within one week because of the Day." 10:30, morning worship and arrangements made for their flying, rally day sermon, "All togethei;." hy which two machines came together Elks to Have Grand Reunion A reunion of "Parents, Child and Infant" will be held at the Club House of Freeport Lodge of Elks, No. 1253, next Thursday evening, October 9, when Queensborough, known as the mother of Freeport Lodge, and Patch¬ ogue Lodge, known as the child of Freeport Lodge, will be guests. There will be a special entertainment, with refreshments, the affair being in charge of a special committee con¬ sisting of Charles A. Sigmond, Chas. J. Betzig, Archer B. Wallace, Chester A. Fulton and William F. Connolly. The Lodge is renewing its activi¬ ties after the summer rest. The qUota of Freeport Lodge for the Treasury Savings Certificates, War Savings and Thrift Stamps of J15,526, and a com¬ mittee consisting of Peter S. Beck, Miles E. Brown, Chester A. Fulton, George H. Papermayer, Albin N. Johnson and Harold C. King, has been appointed to take charge of this work. 'The Lodge is already getting ready for the Chicago Convention in 1920, and has formed an organization for that purpose with Alfred H. Voigt, president; George H. Papenmeyer, vice president; John S. Dugan, treas¬ urer; and P. E. R. Archer B. Wallace, secretary. ' 2:30 p. m., special program in the Bible School with an address by Geo. W. DuBois, Superintendent of Public Schools. 6:45 p. m., Epworth League from what he termed a "blind angle," neither being able to see the other He said that after the death of Story, steps were taken by Which ftfrther ac- rally devotional meeting; subject, j cidents were avoided. Maxim is now "Not Our Bit But Our Best" The]* member of the Post which is named ofllcers will lead; special music. 7:30 '" honor of his former associate, p. m., mu&ical service when the choir ] The organization has 63 paid up will render a sermon in song entitled members, and 100 have signed en- "The Homeland." The following | roHment cards. The secretary urges choir numbers will be rendered: Male I^H to get "in on the ground floor." quartet, "Some Blessed Day;" soprano All who join before November 11 will solo, "One Sweetly Solemn Thought;" he the charter members. duet, "Crossing the Bar;" quintet, "Hark, Hark My Soul;" anthem, "The Homeland;" duet and quartet, "Face to Face;" anthem, "There's a Friend in the Homeland;" solo, "The Holy City." The service will be so arranged as to be progressive in character and will carry us in thought into the midst of the great city of gold. The quar¬ tet. Miss Freida Rochen, soprano; Mrs. Women Petition for Improved Streets At the meeting of the Village Board of Trustees Wednesday afternoon a petition was received requesting the Board to see that proper sidewalks were placed on Broadway, between Main and Jay Streets. There were 31 signers to the petition, 25 of whom Cora Griflin, alto; Albert Hammond, are women. The signers are as fol tenor; Arthur P. Davisson, bass, will lows: Mrs. Olive B. Gardiner, Mrs be assisted by Miss Minnie Aldridge, | J. F. Doyle, W. R. Doyle, John J soprano, and a chorus. This is ev-1 Whelan, William M. Gardiner, Mrs erybody's church. You are welcome, i Baron, N. Hirschthal, Mrs. M. Levy, ¦— jMrs. J. R. Wood, Mrs. E. E. Daniels, Baptist I Mrs. William Dunker, Mrs. Frank Sunday School sessions begin at Johns, Mrs. Emile Schmidt, Cavie 45 a. m. We want the parents of I ^°^^\> M". G. Gilbert, Mrs. B. G Commg Events The Freeport Mothers Club holds its first meeting of the season 1919- 1920 at the Grove Street School, Wed¬ nesday, October 8, at 3:30 p. m. All women of Freeport are invited. Miss Ruth Raymond of our schools will ad¬ dress the meeting, also Dr. Mabel Weed of Garden City. The price of coal is increasing. Buy your next winter's supply now and save money. Sinclair Raynor, tel. 184; 8 No. Main St. Advartlaamant BENZOMINT The household remedy for Sore Throat and Tonsilitis. It do«a the work. Keep a bottle in the house. AfivoMtoaaamt If vou eaiiBot set stove eoftl for >x>ar xumace, try Briquets, made from eoaldnst Gosl witib the slate ledK ont Siaelair L. Bsyaor, 8 No. tlaln Street, tsL 184. AdwtinaMM Y. W. C. A. Activities The Liberty Girls have recently re¬ organized as a Y. W. C. A. Blue Tri¬ angle Club thus joining in the general movement which is being firmly es¬ tablished on Long Island through the establishment of similar clubs for girls in business, high schools and in grade schools. In this vicinity Rock¬ ville Centre, Mineola, Roosevelt and Hempstead have already formed as¬ sociations and athletic tournaments and joint social events will be held during the coming months. Girls of the sixth, seventh and the eighth grades are forming Girls Re¬ serve Corps in which they will have opportunities for good times, hikes and community service. The Y. W. C. A., through its local secretaries. Misses Johnson and Han¬ na and ttirough the New York secre¬ tarial staff, expects to bring' to the girls of these villages the same op¬ portunities for recreation and devel- opn!ent enjoyed in the larger cities. On Tuesdav evening the Blue Tri¬ angle Club had its first basketball practice with Miss Margaret John¬ son as coach. Saturday afternoon the Girls Re¬ serves had a three mile hike and a camp fire supper. boys and girls to help us do our part -Cornell, Mrs. Wilson Terry, Mrs. W. in the great State problem represent-1E- Stevenson, Mrs. C. !• owler, Mrs. ed by the 800,000 boys and girls un- I V" Yongen, Mrs. C. W. Anderson, Mrs. touched by either the Catholic, He- J; """"PSy' ^^- '^''^^ Southard, Mrs. brew or Protestant Churches. New 5*- *"• ",^^li **•"*¦ "^''^ f- Kreyer, York State has now undertaken glJamei W. Burrows, Mrs. J. W. Bur- campaign to help these boys and girls I '"ows, Mrs. Olaf Magnusson, A. Mag- by getting them into the Sunday | ^"l*?"' ^"- ^- ^- Schumann, Mrs. J. Schools. The campaign is financial "'• Shea The price of eo«l la isereasinc. Buy your next wiatet'a supplr now axia save money. Sinclair Rayaor, taL, 184; 8 No. Main St to this end, and capable workers headed by Eugene M. Travis as the chairman, will present the problem to the pastors, workers, Sunday School This street is in a busy section of the village, but so far no attention has been paid to orders of the vil¬ lage authorities for the construction superintendents and others, and willi9' Proper siaewaiKs and the resi call upon the Christian people of the ?«"*« "a^* «">* decided that it is time State to assist in this great work. Our ]<* demand something more than re- doors are open for this purpose and i*'"™?.'* "'" tnem. . we request parents to earnestly co-i,.T»je Board of Trustees instructed operate with us eind with the other 1 *'?*' C'*'"'' *° ""^l'^ the owners of the schools of our town | abutting property on both sides of The Sunday morning service begins i ?,''o«<l"'?.y. ^o Put sidewalks in passa- at 11:00 o'clock, immediately succeed- '*'« condition at once, ing the Sunday School session. The L, », . i »>" i pastor will speak on the subject: "The I INew National Bank Holy Land and the Bible." Has the | (f.r Pr*«nnrt Bible anything to sav about it? What| ^^' rreeport is the heart of the. political problem | Application has been made to the of Palestine 'and its people ? What I Banking Department at Washington will ita future be? These are ques tions rather obscure some years aigo, but now have beconie tlie keynote of international discussion. You will like to know what the Bible says in the litjbt of current events relative to the land and its people. ¦^-.^Jhe evening service begins at 7:45 with male trio selections and anthems by the choir. Practical message by the pastor for all. We earnestly in¬ vite you to this helpful evening ser¬ vice and to the atmosphere of our fellowship. Thursday evening stud¬ ies ii|i the Apocalypse at 8:00 o'clock. OUa^Tiaapafi Newa «¦ Pai* S) for a charter" for the Citizens Nation al Bank of Freeport. The applica¬ tion is made bv Stephen P. Pettit, Ed¬ ward J. Keogh, Dr. William H. Ron- cie, Simon Bauman and Clarence A. Edwards. The bank will probably be located at the comer of Idain Street and Railroad Avenue. The subscription sheets for stock are now out and the stock had al¬ ready been largely over-subscribed. .\ committee was appointed to vis¬ it ;i'|i,.i-'T- vi"-"-? vhtrc iiu posts are located to enroll nienibers and lo j jj, ^ few'^days endeavor to make Freeport Post the largesti and most active American Legion center on Long Island. Dr. Lindsay attended the Nassau County Convention held at Mineola on September 27. One delegate rep¬ resenting first fifteen members, and one representing every hundred there¬ after, instead of one to every fifteen as was previously reported. New charters will be issued to all American Legion Posts in the coun¬ try on November 11 by the National Committee who will meet at Minne¬ sota; all enrolling up to that time will be charter members. A letter was received from Mr. Pearsall, secretary of the W. C. C. S. offering their services to the Legion. The Legionaires expressed their ap¬ preciation of the good work done bv the W. C. C. S. The Post gave a rising vote of thanks to Harold E. Brown in appre¬ ciation of his endeavors as mostly through his work the Post has been organized. At the next meeting, which will be held at the W. C. C. S. House on Thursday, October 2, a decided stand will be taken on many important questions. Our Postmistress,Mrs. Harry Leich, is about to 1,'ive up the post office ow¬ ing to her inability to secure help to care for her home properly. Mrs. Leich's philosophy is wholesome. If business interferes with the home, give up the business. However, we shall all miss Mrs. Leich. The ser¬ vice she has rendered the village has heen satisfactory in every way. It is proposed to re-establish the Men's Club of the Church of the Re¬ deemer which suspended its opera¬ tions during the war because of the varied outside interests demanding attention and the absence of some of its members in the army. A meeting reorganiziiticn will be called wiLh- About sixty-five women of the vil¬ lage were at the Parish House on Tuesday afternoon to hear Mrs. Schuyler talk upon the work of the Ameri^»n Committee for Devastated France. Tea was served. Church H<Jding Big Fair The Methodist Protestant Churclj of Baldwin is holding a fair and ba¬ zaar on Thursday, Friday and Satur¬ day of this week, October 2, 3 and 4. On Thursday evening a play, "Aunt Dinah's Quilting Party," was sched¬ uled to be given by the young ladies of the church. The following were to take part in the program: Dinah Peabody, Rena Carmen Deacon Peabody, Helen Applegate Hetty Peabody, Lucy Bedell Mirandy Spriggins, Minnie Doty Parson Goodboy, Delia Bedell Widow Spooner, Mamie Siegel Mrs. Marks, Susie Jackson Mrs. Parker, Abbie Morrison Mrs. Doolittle, Vera Verity Mrs. Martin^ Olive Southard Cicely Martin, Marguerite Bedell Grandma Pepper, Matilda Sparke Freday, Marguerite Joy Mr. Robert Hunter, Olive Bedell Nellie Sanderson, Emma Joy Rueben Holcraft, Jessie Nostrand Young People: Fern Baldwin, Flor¬ ence G. Southard, Florence L. South¬ ard, Dorothy Bedell, Mary Stupple- been, Emma Bedell. This Friday evening a hot supper will be served at six o'clock. Tickets will be 50 cents. On Saturday a cak« sale by the Helping Hand Club of the Sunday School will be held and there will be useful and fancy atticles, ice cream, and home-made candy on sale. The proceeds are for repairs of the church. Don't forget the cake and candy sale by the Girls' Friendly Society and Hand-in-Hand League in the Par¬ ish Hall of the Church of the Re¬ deemer on Saturday of this week, Oc¬ tober 4, from 3 to 6; hot tea and cake for sale. WANTAGH At the Sunday evening service of the Memorial Congregational Church there was a large attendance to greet the-.*ni inent speaker, Rev. Charley SheHon, secretary of the Home Mis¬ sionary Society of the State of New York. His theme was the patriotic church of today and are we ready to meet the demands on the Christian Church in the crisis of the world to¬ day? Everyone thoroughly enjoyed Mr. Shelton's talk. There was a solo by Mrs. McDonald and Mrs. J. J. Fus¬ sell presided at the organ. The Ladies' Aid Society met with Mrs. Arthur D. Southard on Thurs¬ day. Case Against Kerr Dismissed The case against C. Herbert Kerr before Judge Clinton RUnt on com¬ plaint of Mr. Johnson, a real estate dealer, has been decideid by Mr. Flint favor of Mr. Kerr, after hearing the testimony. Mr. Johnson attempt- T# »— ...«.»* t^* m*t.,^ --W.1 g^ ted to have Mr. Kerr put under bond, yolf^r^^^^^aSSfJ^ ?.r;d"'S'^do''h?m Wi.^TarT *^*^- coal dust. Coal with fha alata left out *"*<^ ^ <*«'>™, ^^''^ *'»™\ . ,. Smclair L. Raynor. 8 No. Main Btraat, ""'iy ^^ ^^'^^J^^'*^ ^^ **»* taL 184. . plaintdi, and G. Morton Levy for de- fendaat Next Tuesday, October 7, the Kings Daughters Circle will meet with Mrs. Charles Schafer and all members are requested to attend as matters of im¬ portance are to be transacted, also the pledges brought in, and those who cannot attend are asked to send their pledges to the treasurer. Miss Delia F'ussell, positively by October 20, as the District Convention will be held in Jamaica, October 24. The Red Cross Auxiliary held a meeting at the fire hall on Wednesday afternoon to roll gauze bandages for the wounded soldiers. Lyman G. Fussell has gone to Co¬ lumbia University in New York to take up the study of medicine. Erwin Fussell, who had his throat operated on, is getting along nicely but slowly. Next Sunday night at the Memorial Church there will be stereopticon views on the congregational work from the beginning and we hope there will be as large a congregation as last Sunday, as this is extremely in¬ teresting to the young folks as well as the older ones. On Saturday evening, September 27, Mr. and Mrs. James M. .Seaman and son entertained Mr. and Mrs. CTharles W. Abrams, the Misses Lil¬ lian, Viola and Eunice Abrams of Lynbrook and Mr. and Mrs. Charles Schafer, it being the birthday anni¬ versary of Mrs. Seaman and Mr. Abrams. Mrs. Charles Schafer has gone to visit friends at Bumell Beach, Mil- ford, Conn.
Object Description
|Nassau County Review 19191003
|Nassau County Review 19191003
Nassau County Review
OfBdal Pkpw* Vilage of Freflport
FREEi>ORT. N. Y., FRIDAY, OCTOBER 3,* 1919
VoL XXn, No. 40
When I passed the comer of Smith Street and Long Beach Avenue and saw that bunch of men who were busy tearing down ihe brush that has ob¬ structed that comer for years, I was rather elated that one of my first items in that column miffht have had such good effect, but upon inquiry I find that Harry Van Riper has bought the corner and is to build houses there, and that is the reason, rather than any comment of mine, for the corner being cleared. Never mind, so long as the result is the same, and further auto accidents will be obviat¬ ed at this comer, which was a good place for picking up several news items during a summer seasc^i.
At the regular meeting of the Vil¬ lage Board Wednesday afternoon it was decided to place a lamp on Be¬ dell Street, between Smith and Ray¬ nor Streets.
Communications were received from the War Camp Community Service thanking the Board for its interest in the work during the time the Club House had been open, for the past two years; and from William H. Pat- . terson. Commander of the G. A. R. for the interest the Board had shown in the Welcome Home Day event, and their courtesy to the Po.st.
Increases in salary were granted to C. O. Niles and H. K. Rider, %o per month, and Street Commissioner M. F. Bond, $10.
Applications for sidewalks were granted to William J. Schumacher, Pine Street, and H. E. VanRiper, At¬ lantic and -©cean Avenues. Applica¬ tions for water service were granted to G. Patterson.
On request of Clarence A. Edwards, representative, it was decided to transfer the boiler infection and in¬ surance from the Hartford Company, in which it had been carried ever since the municipal plant was estab¬ lished, to the Travelers Company, which Mr. Edwards represented. A special representative of the latter company claims that their policy was more liberal than that of the Hart¬ ford Company.
Brlat 1Ub« CoBCVmlBf Rasldanta •! Our " Caaauolty, agi Thatr Cu»U, Visit* ami aoclal Affair*
James C. Vetter formerly of Free- port has moved to his Merrick Road property, Bellmore.
Mrs. Henry Kamp, formerly of Freeport, has been appointed to the choir of the Brick Presbyterian Church. Fifth Avenue and 37th Street, New York City. Previous to this Mrs. Kamp has been soloist in the Greenwood Baptist Church of Brook¬ lyn.
(U*au in thi* column ar* w*koaMd IrMn th* paator* of churchc* an
Add tags for Nassau County Review 19191003
Post a Comment for Nassau County Review 19191003


text:
This is a list of American words not widely used in the United Kingdom.
fanny pack : pouch-like bag that ties or snaps around the wearer's waist (UK: bum bag). See also fanny in [DM]. faucet : water outlet (UK and US: tap [DM]) feedlot *: (see article) flack: a publicist or press agent; sometimes also an alternate spelling of flak "negative commentary", which is used in the UK. Although flack "press agent" was first recorded just one year after flak "Flugabwehrkanone", the two are likely unrelated. flashlight : portable battery-powered electric lamp (UK: torch) flatware : knives, spoons, and forks (as opposed to holloware); (UK usually cutlery [DM], although flatware is used in the UK antiques trade as a specialist word) freeway : (see article) French press : Device for making coffee (UK: cafetière) freshman *: a first-year student in college or high school (also fresher in UK) (French) fries : pieces of potato that have been deep-fried. Originates from Belgium style of cooking potatoes (UK sometimes distinguishes between thick chips [DM] and thin fries) frosting : A confection applied to cakes (UK: "icing")


text:
2-1 or 1-1 SA. No doubt SA will lose a test here (heck they lost one to Sri Lanka ) but I don't think they'll lose the series.
RIP Craig Walsh (Craig) 1985-2012
RIP Hughesy
Proudly supporting the #2 cricketer of all time.
3-0 to South Africa, but we'll pull their pants down every so often before reverting to type.
But please give us
69.1; >Bowler< to de Kock. OUT! It was short and wide, but de Kock edges straight down the throat of Watling behind the stumps.
OMG they're playing a test in Dunners?! Sweeeeeeeeeeeeet!
President of SKAS - Kat is King | Proud member of CVAAS - One of the best | LRPLTAS - Rosco rocks!
Go Tigers!
R.I.P. Fardin & Craig
Last edited by Quaggas; 26-01-2012 at 10:32 PM.
On second thoughts I will take your bet straight up. SA to win the series. I was going to make a multi element bet around counting how many centuries and 5 wicket bags but I figure SA will win that as well.
So yes one month - go easy on me if/when you win though.
Willing to do a year long avatar bet with Briony.
You're going to regret that.
Since there's a bit of confidence (say whaaa?) from CWers in us, I'm willing to do a month long avatar bet that we won't win a test.
I don't think this qualifies as Gambhiring. Look at their attack.
I suffer for my beliefs.
Proteas to win because that warm up 20/20 game will give us the edge for the tests :
There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)


text:
Chevron Long Maxi Dress
Style # 210365
IN an ultra-soft fabric with an always-chic chevron pattern and a spring-worthy color palette, this bebe maxi dress is a sure ticket to sexy. Try it with a pair of embellished black sandals and matching oversized tote.
- 100% rayon
- Center back to hem: 52" (132 cm)
- Lining
- Adjustable straps
- Dry clean
- Imported
- Model is 5'9" and is wearing a US size S
Rated 2 out of 5�by 1 reviewer.
Rated 2 out of 5�by HollyJ Size down once or twice Purchased online in size Small since I own another maxi dress in this style in size medium, which fits me perfectly, but this dress was too large. I am normally a size XS/S, but this dress was just not a good fit in small. I'm 5'2 95 lbs for reference. May 25, 2013
1-1 of 1


text:
Skip to content
Text Size
You can find out more about NPF's National Medical Director, Dr. Michael S. Okun, by also visiting the NPF Center of Excellence, University of Florida Center for Movement Disorders & Neurorestoration.
One of the most common questions that we receive on both on the National Parkinson Foundation Ask the Doctor forum, and on the 1-800-4PD-INFO Helpline is "when should I start medications for my Parkinson's disease." This months What's Hot in PD column will focus on this simple, but critically important question.
The most important factor in initiating medications for an individual patient is whether Parkinson's symptoms are affecting quality of life, or alternatively whether symptoms are affecting work performance. Bothersome Parkinson's symptoms commonly include motor issues (tremor, stiffness, slowness, walking, and balance problems), and/or non-motor issues (depression, anxiety, sexual dysfunction, other issues). Most experts agree that there is no benefit to delaying medication therapy if bothersome symptoms appear, and there may be risks in delaying treatment, especially if a treatment delay results in unsteadiness, falls, and fractures.
Over the last 10-20 years the thinking has evolved on when and how to initiate medication therapy for early Parkinson's disease. Most experts agree that the medication dosage and the timing of the medication dosage should be carefully monitored in order to maximize the control of potentially responsive Parkinson related symptoms. The recommendation that patients should be started on dopamine agonists instead of levodopa (Sinemet) has faded over the last decade, especially with the emergence of impulse control disorders and other dopamine agonist associated side effects.
The best advice we can offer Parkinson's disease patients is to not fear treatment, and to especially not fear dopaminergic therapy. Sinemet and other Parkinson's therapies have not been shown to be toxic or to accelerate disease progression. Dopamimergics never "stop working," however they may require adjustment over time. If Parkinson's disease symptoms are affecting quality of life, the work performance, or if there exists a risk of falling, treatment should be initiated. Many practitioners will start with a MAO-B drug (selegiline, rasagiline, dissolvable selegiline, other), but Parkinson's patients should be aware that the symptomatic effects of MAO-B's are extremely mild. It is in fact rare to remain on this drug without other Parkinson's drugs for any significant period of time. Dopamine agonists (ropinerole, pramipexole, cabergoline, rotigotine, others) and levodopa (Sinemet, Madopar) are both excellent choices for early Parkinson's disease therapy. The choice of agent should however, consider the individual's comprehensive medical picture (age, co-morbidities, types of symptoms, history of neurological/psychiatric issues) as therapy should never be viewed as a "one size fits all." Finally, patients should remember that if depression, anxiety and other issues persist following dopaminergic treatment, then antidepressant therapy may also be warranted.
Other drugs such as amantadine may be used early in Parkinson's disease therapy, however most practitioners reserve amantadine for treatment of dyskinesia which may or may not occur later in the disease course. Patients should keep in mind that exercise is like a drug, and that a daily routine is often a great symptomatic supplement to any medication regimen. Many practitioners wait to utilize physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy later in the disease, however these modalities can often be powerful treatments when employed early in the disease. Finally, all Parkinson's disease patients should have a general practitioner and a dermatologist involved with their care. The reason for involving "other doctors" is because with adequate Parkinson's treatment, they will be far more likely to encounter difficulties with other medical illnesses (heart disease, prostate cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, etc.). Melanoma occurs more frequently in Parkinson's disease populations.
Browse current and archived What's Hot in PD? articles, the National Parkinson Foundation's monthly blog for people with Parkinson's written by our National Medical Director, Dr. Michael S. Okun.
June 2015
Short and Long-Term Problems with Anticholinergic Drugs used for Sleep, Bladder, and Tremor Symptoms
May 2015
Leaps in Deep Brain Stimulation Technology
April 2015
What to tell Parkinson's patients about diet and taking statin drugs
March 2015
Everything a Parkinson's Disease Patient Needs to Know About the New Dopamine Pump
February 2015
Tips for Parkinson's Disease Patients Switching from Sinemet or Madopar to Rytary (IPX066)
January 2015
More Evidence Linking Gut Bacteria to Parkinson's Disease: A Guide for Patients
December 2014
Two New Therapies for Parkinson's Disease Patients to get Excited About: Vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies
November 2014
The Importance of a Monitoring Strategy When Prescribing Dopamine Agonists: Lessons from the National Parkinson Foundation Data
October 2014
Is Midlife Migraine Related to Late Life Parkinson's Disease?
September 2014
Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease: NPF Congratulates Mahlon DeLong and Alim-Louis Benabid and Looks to a Bright Future in Human Neural-Network Modulation
August 2014
Everything You Need to Know About Medical Marijuana and Parkinson's Disease
July 2014
The End for Levodopa Phobia: New Study Shows Sinemet is a Safe Initial Therapy for Treatment of Parkinson's Disease
June 2014
Is light therapy a potential treatment modality in Parkinson's disease?
May 2014
How does the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's Disease (LRRK2) cause Parkinson's disease and could it be used to help develop a better therapy?
April 2014
An Update on DAT Scanning for Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis
March 2014
Could Northera (Droxidopa) Be an Alternative Treatment for Low Blood Pressure and Passing Out Symptoms?
February 2014
The Dream of a Pill Free Existence and the Continuous Dopaminergic Pump for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease
January 2014
Should I take Inosine to Raise my Uric Acid Levels and Treat my Parkinson's Disease?
December 2013
Could Fungus and Mold be an Important Contributor to Parkinson's Disease?
November 2013
Pimavanserin and the Hope for a Better Drug for Hallucinations and Psychosis in Parkinson's Disease
October 2013
Halting of the Creatine Study
September 2013
The Importance of Identifying and Treating Caregiver Strain
August 2013
Putting Parkinson's Disease Information into the Palm of Your Hand: Parkinson's Enters the Smartphon
July 2013
What Parkinson's Disease Patients Need to Know about H. Pylori Gastrointestinal Infections
June 2013
A2A Receptor Antagonists and Parkinson's Disease Treatment
May 2013
Another Setback for Trophic Factor Treatment in Parkinson's Disease
April 2013
IPX066 and What Patients Really Want in New Carbidopa/Levodopa (Sinemet) Formulations
March 2013
The Weather Forecast for Parkinson's Disease Calls for Worldwide Economic Storm
February 2013
Defeating the Barriers to Implementing Exercise Regimens in Parkinson's Disease Patients
January 2013
When should you start medication therapy for Parkinson's disease?
December 2012
Neurologist Care Reduces Hospitalizations in Parkinson's Disease
November 2012
A Victory in Court for Parkinson's Disease Patients who Require Ongoing Rehabilitative Therapies
October 2012
Given the recent FDA announcement about Mirapex (pramipexole), should I be worried about dopamine agonists?
September 2012
What about the new Parkinson's Disease Vaccine? What should I know?
August 2012
Caffeine as a Potential Treatment for Parkinson's Disease
July 2012
Time to Consider GPi DBS for Parkinson's Disease: A Shift in the Practice of Patient Selection for DBS
June 2012
A New Treatment for Parkinson's Disease-Related Constipation
May 2012
Too Many Pills: Improving Delivery Systems for Parkinson's Disease Drugs
April 2012
Measuring Quality and Assessing Depression in Parkinson's Disease
March 2012
Watch out for Unexpected Obstacles if You Use a Cueing Strategy to Break Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease
February 2012
Pill Color, Generic Medications and Insurance Issues: Important Medication-Related Tips for the Parkinson's Disease Patient
January 2012
Are Blood Tests for Parkinson's Disease on the Horizon?
December 2011
Placing Stem Cells in Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease: Another Important Step
November 2011
Important News for the Parkinson's Disease Community: More Evidence that Sinemet and Madopar are Not Toxic and do Not Accelerate Disease Progression
October 2011
The Case for All Parkinson's Disease Patients to be Co-managed by a Primary Care-Neurologist Team
September 2011
Scientists say Research on Brain Proteins Involved in Parkinson's Disease is "Shaping" Up
August 2011
Who Actually Takes Care of Most of the Parkinson's Patients Worldwide: The Need for Education and the Parkinson's Toolkit
July 2011
If you are Dizzy or Passing Out, it could be Your Parkinson's Disease or Parkinson's Disease Medications
June 2011
How Will Group Visits for Parkinson's Disease Fit into the Future of Parkinson's Disease Care?
May 2011
Why Patients Should be Wary of Chelation Therapy for Parkinson's Disease
April 2011
Opening the Door to Gene Therapy in Parkinson's Disease: The Need for Refinement of the Technology and Approach
March 2011
Does it Matter if I Can't Get Brand Sinemet?
February 2011
Should I get a DaTscan or PET scan to confirm my diagnosis of Parkinson's disease?
January 2011
A Critical Reappraisal of the Worst Drugs in Parkinson's Disease
December 2010
Environmental Risks for PD: Manganese, Welding, Mining, and Parkinsonism
November 2010
Calling for the FDA to Revise the Eight Sinemet a Day Rule
October 2010
Dry Cleaning Solvents and Potential Environmental Risks for Developing Parkinson's Disease
September 2010
Maintaining the Balance: Why Parkinson's Disease Patients Need to Understand Drug Recalls, Withdrawals, and Safety Alerts
August 2010
Shining a Light on Parkinson's Disease: Optogenetics Has a Bright Future in Research
July 2010
Poor Medication Management of Parkinson's Disease During Hospital Admissions: Patients and Families Can Improve Their Hospital-Based Management
June 2010
Why Are Patches and Continuous Release Technology a Big Deal to Parkinson's?
May 2010
Is the PD SURG Trial Another Surge Forward for DBS Therapy?
April 2010
Cycling in PD in Those Who Can't Walk: Is it Possible?
March 2010
New iPS Stem Cells for PD: What Does it Mean?
February 2010
Time for Comprehensive Care Networks for PD
January 2010
Is Parkinson's Disease a Prion Disease?
December 2009
Parkinson's Disease Linked to Gaucher's Disease
November 2009
Brain Cells Keep Time Stamps: Implications for Parkinson's Disease Therapies
October 2009
Is it Safe to Have an MRI with a DBS in Place?
September 2009
Take Care of Your Bones as They Are Affected in Parkinson's Disease (Even in Men)
August 2009
Is it Time to Start Paying Attention to Pain Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease Patients?
July 2009
Glutathione Fails to Demonstrate Significant Improvement in PD Symptoms
June 2009
Keeping an Eye on Trials Important to the Parkinson's Disease Patient
May 2009
Increased Risk of Melanoma in Parkinson's Disease
April 2009
Finally a DBS Expert Consensus Statement Aimed at Their True Customers: The Patients
March 2009
Pesticides and Environmental Exposure in Parkinson's disease: Should We Stay Away From the Stink Truck?
February 2009
Is Exercise Effective Treatment and Protection Against PD?
January 2009
Why are Transplant Trials Struggling to Succeed in the Treatment of PD?
December 2008
Are Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Disease Modifying or Neuroprotective in PD?
November 2008
Update on Gene Therapy for Parkinson's Disease
Each month, we will feature a new column by NPF's National Medical Director, Dr. Michael Okun, on the latest developments in Parkinson's disease research. Read the latest "What's Hot in PD?" below.
© 2015 National Parkinson Foundation | Privacy & Terms of Use