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- Lauren Bayer
- Woodmere, NY
- United States
Student, Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art
This conversation is closed.
Will mind-reading eventually become a reality and what are the implications for humanity?
This week in my bioelectricity class, we learned about using electrical stimulation to mimic the electrical signals of the body. The nervous system uses electrical signals as it performs its tasks of communicating, processing information, storing memories, etc. As we learn more about the language of the nervous system, we can use advanced technology to "speak" to the body and get it to perform tasks that the body's nervous system might not be able to do. Neural prosthetics, for instance, provide electrical stimulation to the nerves that are connected to muscles, allowing those muscles which were paralyzed to move again.
As we learn more information about the "language" of the nervous system, science has begun to correlate certain actions or stimuli with specific frequencies and behavioral patterns of electrical activity in the brain. For example, many scientists studying the visual system look at firing rate patterns in the visual cortex of the brain and use the data to predict the images that are being seen.
Ultimately this reverse correlation process might be able to be applied to all parts of the brain, including memory.
This led me to wonder, do you think that there will ever be a time where we will literally be able to read people's brains? If we can one day understand how the brain processes every bit of information – then theoretically we should be able to measure the electrical activity from the deep layers of the brain and be able to predict what the person is thinking. And also in the reverse direction – what would happen if we could ever be able to use electrical stimulation to "insert" memories into people's brains?
Do you think this technology could be useful for treating patients with dementia who have lost their memories – in which patients could create a "back-up" file of their own memories in case they ever start to lose it? What implications would such technology have on humanity? And do you see ways in which it could be detrimental/beneficial?
Apr 19 2013: On one level, we read each other's minds all the time, and language and mirror neurons play a large roll in that. On a deeper level, I think some people have gifts that some would call "telepathy".
But I think your question is more about whether we can plug our brain into a device that records those thoughts in such a way that they can be played back in such a way that any person could understand the thoughts in the recording. Japanese experiments have recorded some dream images, and we are slowly mapping out other "thoughts" as well.
Mt guess: Over the coming centuries, not only will we be able to read people's minds, but we will also be able to experience their experiences, inject an "artificial" reality into their minds, The Matrix style. It's only a matter of time. Ultimately we'll be able to upload people's minds, live effectively "forever", complete with all your memories and personality, and you will still feel like you. Is it really you, or just a simulation of you? We'll let's ask you once you're in a simulation and see what you have to say.
I know many of my TED friends here do not believe that these things are even possible in principle. And many other TEDsters would not want to be part of such a future, or would want to end a natural life at their natural time.
If I am right, then ultimately, the implications for humanity are profound beyond profound, and we will eventually get to a point where the human species may well be a quaint anachronism, and souls occasionally reincarnate in human bodies (at least what they perceive to be human bodies) just to re-experience what it used to be like in the old days. Kind of like taking a vacation, a bit like the movie Total Recall for souls.
Apr 21 2013: Hi Danger,
thank you for your contribution. I'm glad to hear that you agree with some of my predictions. I am curious if man will ever be able to read our minds, and I think that depends on the very nature of the brain. If our memories and thoughts are so contextual and rely heavily on biochemical processes, then maybe our memories will not be able to be stored on an external device. However, if we can figure out a way to represent our memories and thought processes in some concrete way then perhaps it is possible.
If it would occur, I agree with you that the implications for humanity are profound, and I think it would completely change the nature of the human race. While most of the comments here have said it will affect it badly, maybe we can find ways in which this technology can enhance the human race. Maybe we'll discover how to use our minds in ways never before known, and like you said be able to keep representations of ourselves alive - that sounds a bit like living forever, which is kind of creepy - but you never know! The sci-fi movies that we've come to love and cherish, might not actually be so far from reality!
Apr 21 2013: When some people say things like "we are energy", and "energy can not be destroyed so are eternal" and so on, I strongly disagree with these points of view.
But I think they are close - I think "we are 100% information", and information for sure can be destroyed, but it can also be copied and it can also be eternal. Information requires some manner of matter or energy in which to operate, in which the information can grow and learn. [Note: It is quite possible and consistent with my thinking, for the information in our souls to persist after death, and even continue to live on and grow, but I personally have no evidence to that effect so until I see some, I will continue to assume that does not happen, but now we're down a different discussion...]
A given information pattern can be replayed on many different kinds of physical devices so long as that device supports the full fidelity of data underlying the information and allows the information to "live" and evolve over time according to its needs.
Many TEDsters here would argue that in principle, there is something about the human mind and/or brain (or soul) that is unique, and that in principle it is impossible to truly transfer key parts of our brains, such as our memories, to an external device. I disagree with that point of view.
From the perspective of information theory, I can't see how there could be any permanent dependency on biochemical processes in order to operate the information of our mind. It may be that we copy elements of biological processes in our own man made designs, which we do all the time, and maybe we do recreate parts of those biological processes outside the brain, but that is "just an implementation detail". The memory wouldn't know or care.
Paul Ven
Apr 23 2013: It's strange how people who study science always show by their findings that the Bible is more than religion. For example, the Bible says that we will ending up with a new body that we will receive from God our creator that we will be able to do more than what we now think is possible. Living in a kind off energy field in which the spirit lives and able to do more greater things in real love than now is possible at this present time. But we will be loved by JHWH our Creater. Not used and trow away.His light will be our energy suply I think. He is telling about a nwe world witout the sun becouse He wil be the energie and light. Is the bible talking about the future off mankind? In the end off time that is now! we will gain more and more knowledge!!! That's what the Bible teaches! Is the bible siencefiction?
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Hadar Cohen
Apr 19 2013: Hi Lauren!
- +4
Thanks for your question. I actually find it pretty scare to think of the consequences of mind-reading. I think a big portion of the beauty of life lies in the concept that it is unpredictable, especially when it comes to human interactions. If we produce a technology that enables us to read other people's minds, well I think that would be a great loss. I think it would prevent us from connecting with others in a very genuine way. Everything would be known, and therefore there would be no secrets, no ambiguities. Personally, I think this would hinder the way we live our lives.
To think about "inserting" memories or ideas into people's brain is even scarier. This can be used as a tool for brainwashing and a lot of negativity can result in this.
I do think there are some positive aspects to this potential advancement. For example, as you stated, it would be incredible for patients with dementia.
Apr 23 2013: Hadar,
I like the things that you mentioned above, however, I don't think that you are fully considering the amazing advances this sort of technology will have in the medical field. As Lauren addressed, people suffering from dementia and memory loss will be provided an opportunity to remember their past! How incredible of an opportunity would that be for them! I've had the opportunity to witness a relationship between a close friend of mine and his grandfather who unfortunately suffered from Alzheimer's towards the end of his life, and all I can remember my friend saying was that he wished his grandfather recognized who he was. With advancement in technology, I strongly believe, if used properly and only in these types of circumstances, could be revolutionary and heartwarming to thousands of families across the world. Maybe because I witness this experience first hand, but watch any movie or read any book or any personal experience where a character suffers from Alzheimer's and imagine how much you'd be fixing with this technology! Think about it...
Mitch SMith
Apr 19 2013: Hi Lauren,
- +3
This is a cogent question for our times.
I'll make a few observations:
1. Electrical signals are less than half the story in neuronal function. It is true that a neuron uses electrical potential as part of the process, but all the rest is chemical. If you stimulate a neuron electrically, it will eventually die if the chemical correlates are not also taken care of. So on that score, we have a long way to go.
2. Firing patterns can be used analytically, but they are a blunt instrument - the firing rate of a neuron has more to do with the phase-locking of synaptic pathways.
3. Frequencies such as beta/alpha waves etc are more caused than causal .. once again, a blunt instrument.
4. Memories in a brain are not like computer memory. They are contextual and appear to work by association rather than store/retrieve.
The whole key to what a brain is, and what it does, is the context in which it operates. The contextual framework self-organises in incredibly complex layers defined by synaptic potentials. This arrangement has been referred to as a "connectome" .. and lately, I have seen that this term has divided into 2 meanings:
1. The fine topology of synaptic potentials between neurons
2. The coarse potentials between functional areas of the brain.
Of these, it is the latter which is currently being researched to determine aspects of psychology.
Context being the key to everything - without that key, there will be no reading of minds. Context is infinite and subtle - each moment and each location possesses a unique context.
The best we could do on that front seems to be to understand how the RTPJ (Right Temporal Parietal Junction) works:
But even if we were to ultimately uncover exactly what is going on in a mind, we would not understand it - the flaw being that it will be "read" by applying it to our own context - in doing that, the meaning changes - so we will never read minds.
Apr 19 2013: Hi Mitch,
thank you for your comment. I think you bring up a really important point about context when it comes to forming the circuitry of the brain. I always wondered, if it would ever be possible to have a person who already has dementia to become who they were and remember the past through some type of treatment that focuses on rebuilding the synaptic connections that were destroyed. But I think you're right in stating that that idea might never be possible. Every event that occurs in the world around us, and thus subsequently our personal memories, are so unique and rely on so many variables that the likelihood of ever recreating that memory is slim to none.
On the other hand, science today still doesn't know exactly how memory works and is stored in our brains from a biochemical and electrical perspective. Perhaps with greater understanding, scientists could figure out a way to engineer the system for humanity?
Apr 19 2013: Well, I cannot see any means by which a destroyed synapse can be restored.
Let us suppose that the synapse itself could be regenerated .. but that is only the "house" if the original synaptic sensitivity is not also restored then it's a house with no one living in it.
Now here's a thing - if every single synapse .. around 100 trillion? .. if every single one could be mapped for it's sensitivity, its parent neuron and its target neuron (we now have 300 trillion aspects).
And then if that network could be copied .. then we would have that mind as it was at time of scanning .. but the scan would have to be instantaneous. Synaptic strengths are very dynamic .. the rate of change in them is graduated depending on its role in the entire scheme .. some change continuously, some are potentiated more and some get cemented in place .. these are the sodium calcium and myelin stages - that we know of .. then there are numbers of receptors . this tends to make it all continuous.
But then .. we have a mind in context of a body - the specific senses and motor structures which are also subject to change.
I suppose that such a mega-trillion database is possible. This is the basis of some of the "singularity" discussion .. we could have a person "printed" into a computer simulation where it could be held for download into a cloned body with a 3-d protein-printed brain .. but then this person is a snapshot - his original would have become something else in the interim.
Here is where I go with all this: everything we understand and talk about .. our words, our deeds .. it is all in context of a self. When we say "read a mind" the subtext is "read a mind for the advantage of myself" .. that advantage might be benign or malignant .. but it is a function of the self who wants to read. There are 2 in the discussion, but the frame is just 1.
We need to know more about self before we break the barriers between selves. Such a "reading of minds" might result in the loss of 2 to make 1.
Ken brown
Apr 19 2013: Hey Mitch, Have you ever heard or read about a woman called Jean Boylan? A forensics sketch artist who rose to fame in the early 90's in the states, it was through her intuitive leap of connecting how we store our memories in a layered form of visual and scent with feelings but can become fragmented with time, especially with traumatic experiences. If she could interview a person early and counsel them she could retrieve with a high level of accuracy an almost pixel perfect image of an assailant from a victim.
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It was how she drew the image out, her techniques that made her one of the best for her time. Sadly she was never recognized for her contribution to the science and at the time it was still a mans world when she was dealing with uncooperative police and, i suppose because she was attractive, never really taken serious. I had her readers digest book but lost it and this is all i could find on her these days.
http://articles.latimes.com/1994-01-12/news/vw-11017_1_forensic-artApr 20 2013: I agree with you Lauren, that perhaps with greater understanding, scientists could figure out a way to engineer the systems. Science has made incredible progress in this field recently, and I have confidence that they are discovering more all the time.
There are two types of synapse connections...chemical and electrical. They know that in some cases, "by altering the release of neurotransmitters, plasticity can be controlled in the presynaptic cell".
"Currant FDA approved drugs support the communication process through two different mechanisms".
It appears, from information that is available at this time, that they are moving forward, and I believe that anything is possible:>)
http://www.alz.org/research/science/alzheimers_disease_treatments.aspApr 18 2013: It is an order of magnitude. You can't even read your own mind.Apr 19 2013: HI Lauran, that is quite an option, to read, and have proof of what you're thinking..
Personally I say no way Hosay :) We need our freedom to be human and one of our human abilities is to pretend. This ability we also use in order to grow mentally.
I believe our mind is in the spiritual realm and our brain is the 'receiver' of the brain in the physical world.
Is it not so that science says a change of mind alters the brain? Of course they also say that the mind is the 'outcome' or result of the brain..
In my opinion, NDE's are proof of the existence of the spiritual world. We have all heard of the first book on the subject "Life After Life" by Raymond Moody. The most convincing aspect of these experiences is their process- consistency in the millions of cases.
If you'd like to read about it, this is a book about the human mind
And this is a book about the spiritual world the mind is in.
It always seems to me as if science is talking about the car and ignoring the driver :)
Lauren Bayer
Apr 21 2013: Hi Adriaan,
- +2
thanks for your contribution to the conversation.
I think you bring up an important point about the mind vs brain. Because science today still doesn't completely understand what our mind is and how we think, there are many different theories about it actually is. Perhaps the mind, is like as you say, connected to the "spiritual realm" and links the spiritual realm to the physical world. But perhaps there is something scientific about the brain. I believe that this is one of these topics where the concept of accepting the scientific method as a mode of discovering truth about our world really applies. If you don't accept science, then you're not bound to think that the mind is something scientific, and can give spiritual and other worldly explanations. Me personally, however, do accept the scientific method, and am not willing to say that the mind is part of the spiritual realm. In my humble opinion, as a scientist, I think that there is a biochemical process occurring inside our brains, but our human minds just don't understand how it works yet. I guess we'll have to agree to disagree.Apr 19 2013: Hey Lauren,
New advancements in neurotechnology seem to be introduced on a daily basis, and it's really exciting to see how the field continues to develop.
There are a lot of different applications and developments that we could reasonably imagine could begin to be addressed by neurotechnology. For example, let's consider mind-reading. The mechanisms behind the function of the mind are so unknown that I'm not sure if it's even feasible to move technology in the direction of mind-reading - at least, as we imagine it now. I'm sure that a number of paradigms governing how we understand the function of the brain are prone to being radically changed sometime in the near future (in a manner somewhat similar to how the advent of special relativity theory influenced the understanding of physics). I say this mostly because so little is known about the mapping of the brain.
Speaking of which - have you heard about the BRAIN initiative? There's a lot of interest in mapping the brain - which could impact the way in which we imagine neurotechnological applications.
There's a similar project just getting off the ground in Europe.
Inevitably, though, I think the use of electrical stimulation in neurotechnology will lead to really important medical advances. Andres Lozano (see the link below) very recently did a TEDx talk (at CalTech!) in which he discussed the recent advances of high-precision deep-brain stimulation and its implications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
I hope that you find the links as inspiring as I did.
Apr 21 2013: Hi Osaze!
thanks so much for sharing that ted talk with me - it was really interesting! I think it highlights just how powerful brain stimulation is, and show's how our level of functioning in day to day life is very dependent on the electrical activity of our brains. This in some ways, shows the importance of understanding the "language" of the brain as I stated earlier, and what all of its electrical signals means. If we understand the electrical signal completely, then I think in some ways the treatment of deep brain stimulation is even more powerful.Apr 18 2013: Re: "theoretically we should be able to measure the electrical activity from the deep layers of the brain and be able to predict what the person is thinking."
Again, we enter the realm of contradictions between omnipotence and omniscience, free will and determinism. Knowing the future IS changing the future. If we change the future we knew was going to happen, it means that our knowledge was incorrect.
You think, you control your thoughts. But, as you are reading this, you process what I write. At this very moment I control your thoughts. Note that as I am writing it, I control your FUTURE thoughts because you have not read it yet. Weird, ha?
I believe, instant transfer of thoughts will not be meaningful or helpful. I'm quite happy that other people cannot read my thoughts before I put them in order. Direct thought exchange would not improve understanding each other.
Ability to forget information is as essential as the ability to remember. Without it, we would be extremely confused and stressed-out like some autistic people who don't have the ability to filter out and forget unimportant details (remember how Dustin Hoffman involuntary remembered all numbers from the phone book in "The Rainman" movie?) Forgetting past painful experiences is an important survival mechanism.
Apr 19 2013: Hi Arkady,
thanks so much for your insightful comment. I think you bring up a good point about our ability to forget. I think that's probably a process that occurs in our brains and everyday life that often gets overlooked. While it is important for our everyday life to learn how to forget things, if we forget too much to the point that we don't remember who we are - then isn't that bad? I was thinking originally in the cases of people with dementia that don't remember very basic things about themselves to have this technology where if they know they are going to get alzheimers - we could allow the long term memory parts of the brain to be stored in some way or another so that they could recall those long term memories when they begin to forget them.. Obviously, if a memory is already in long term - they don't want to forget it. The short term memory, however, you're right in that it's probably not worth it to save.
Apr 19 2013: Re: "if we forget too much to the point that we don't remember who we are - then isn't that bad?" Yes, everything in excess can be bad, even moderation.
Unfortunately, it's the short-term memory which people with Alzheimer's lose first. E.g., my father's friend calls him every 15 minutes to ask what time it is complaining that they have not talked for a long time; or she cannot find her keys. The long-term memory, however, is fine. Once in a while, when she is in the care facility, she would wonder why she is not home and would want to "go home" - to the address where she lived 40 years ago. It's very sad.
People with Alzheimer's are often even unaware that they forgot something. When people remind them, they often take it as complete news. They won't remember how to use a cell phone, much less how to use some high-tech device. I'm sure, they would even deny that they need any kind of "memory device". The trick with "memory devices" is remembering to use them in the first place - a notebook would do the job, if you remember where it is. It's very possible that this device that can read human memory would not read anything from the brain of a person suffering from Alzheimer's disease. (You may have guessed that I'm not a great fan of high-tech gadgets - I don't own a smart phone).
There is another interesting kind of memory called "implicit memory". http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_memory It's the one we use when we learn to ride a bicycle or pour water into a glass. It's subconscious and independent of explicit memory: "amnesic patients showed unimpaired ability to learn tasks and procedures that do not rely on explicit memory." Implicit memory also makes us believe familiar statements, even if we were explicitly warned that they are false. http://research.chicagobooth.edu/cdr/docs/FalseClaims_dpark.pdfApr 22 2013: What an interesting question! Once the mechanism by which memories are formed is completely understood, once the brain is completely mapped, it seems likely that this technology will be available for all sorts of applications - some more nefarious than others.
When I read this question, I thought of those people who wrap their heads in tinfoil to protect themselves from governments or aliens using the technology you describe. It seems that if such a thing were developed, it would be more dangerous than helpful to the public.
On the other hand, another beneficial application might be reading people's minds to determine the accurate account of a crime from a witness. This kind of technology would change how court proceeds.Apr 21 2013: Lauren it seems clear that you mean by "a reality" either a technical device to read the brain or some other means that will make it easy for anyone to do. Mind reading is already possible for some individuals and perhaps for everyone but requires effort and or perhaps a natural talent or gift. For most of us it is intermittent at best and until such time as humans overcome our lower nature it is perhaps better so. There are several dreadful futuristic stories where the ultimate authoritarian dictator masters the reading and control of human brains. The recent discoveries that we can get a response to speech from people who are unable to control their bodies, or are in various sorts of coma due to trauma or disease, by monitoring changes in their brainwave patterns seems to be a step toward reading the brain. However it seems to me the biggest unanswered question we are living through right now is whether the positive aspects of technological advances will benefit us more than the destructive power of their unintended consequences (or intended in the case of greedy individuals and corporations). Will our lagging societal (moral?) evolution catch up so that we can use the creative genius of scientists to save the species if not the planet? On TED we regularly are treated to wonderful proposals by engineers (like thorium) that could make perhaps crucial improvements to benefit all mankind but how many have been implemented on any significant scale? To be effective most of them would require a consensus that first must be translated into political will. Witness the failure of congress to pass a universal background check, even when the polls showed a super majority (90%) of the public supported them. Yes, we seem to steadily be gaining in alternative power generation but it seems too slow to me. At the current rate of improvement I am pessimistically afraid we could attain 100% renewable sources of energy a decade after we have fracked ourselves beyond redemption.Apr 20 2013: Hi Lauren,
The question you posed is both incredibly fascinating and incredibly horrifying. I personally do feel that as we map out the electrical signals in the brain and gather data on how the different signals are interpreted, we come closer to "reading people's brains". But at the same time, we do still have a long way to go. I would imagine we will start from just basic interpretation of what kind of emotions a person is feeling, happy, sad, angry, confused, etc… I say basic but of course this would be a feat of its own considering how complex emotions can be and how they manifest differently in each individual. Understanding exactly what a person is thinking is still far away, but I believe it could happen. That being said, it is interesting to imagine what that could mean for humanity. Used properly, this ability could benefit a lot of people. In terms of medical treatments, helping patients with dementia like you suggested could be very advantageous. It could be used in the justice system to glean truthful information about a case from a suspect or witness. But it could also be highly dangerous. Imagine what it could mean if abused by politicians, terrorists, or corrupt officials. I think we have a long time before such technology can be developed and trusted to exist in our society.
Apr 21 2013: Neema, I agree with you.
One day soon, we may be able to read the human brain and interpret the mind using technology. No matter how basic the mind reading is, it is a terrifying thought that technology will have advanced that far. Of course, this sort of technology can be beneficial for use as medical treatments, but imagine all of the negative possibilities it enables for mankind. In essence, we as humans need to be weary of the advancement of technology. If technology advances too fast, too quick, it has the possibility of being very harmful to the human species. What does this mean for our future, if such mind reading technologies were available? How could we trust the technology? Mankind will be a much different animal when this sort of technology is readily available and used.Apr 19 2013: Fascinating question and topic Lauren!
As you say..."As we learn more about the "language" of the nervous system", and all the other interconnected body/mind systems, it is interesting to speculate what science may discover.
Are you familier with the TED talk by Christopher DeCharms? He speaks about a real time MRI with which a person can observe the brain function and with their thoughts, actively participate in changing some of the neural patterns.
It seems like this technology, and some of the other technology you have mentioned would be very valuable to the evolution of humans. Like anything, however, it could possibly be misused.
In addition to advanced science and technology, I believe when we use all our senses and functions, including logic, reason, intuition, instinct, etc., we can sometimes "feel" some things about other people. So we may not be able to feel exactly everything a person is thinking or feeling. However, with practice, open mind and heart, we certainly can intuit some things about people.
Apr 19 2013: HI Colleen,
thanks for your contribution to the conversation!
I agree with you that if people are aware of their surroundings - they can gain intuition about other people. i don't think that that's necessarily mind reading, as I was trying to explain to carolyn below, but rather think that that's us using our previous experiences to come to conclusions and judge the situation that we're in right now. The way we act is so dependent on our previous experiences, so I believe that having intuition about other people is really our brains comparing the present situation to others that we've seen in the past in order to come to some conclusion as to what that person could be doing.
Apr 19 2013: You are welcome Lauren.
I don't think I said that intuition is mind reading. Intuition, as defined, is ..."immediate apprehension or cognition; knowledge or conviction gained by intuition; the power or faculty of attaining to direct knowledge or cognition without evident rational thought and inference".
If we use our "previous experiences to come to conclusions and judge the situation", I suspect that we would be applying cognition WITH evident rational thought and inference, so it would not be considered intuition.
The way we act is NOT always "dependent on our previous experiences.....unless.......that is how we choose to act.
Based on the definition, I do not perceive intuition to be based on "our previous experiences to come to conclusions and judge the situation".Apr 19 2013: Mind-reading is already a reality but a refused and misunderstood one. Something closed to the cellular technology if you scientists want to get an idea.
It's a tool someone learn about when he is ready for it. The preparation is a spiritual one in the way that the person has to understand certain little things about himself.
It is a question of consciousness.Apr 19 2013: G'day Lauren
This is funny because scientists laugh at what shamans & witch doctors & alike use to do now modern day science is starting to find out how they healed people for instance with just chanting & singing, one vibration effecting another & any electrical current is but another vibration that can be changed by another vibration.
MathewApr 18 2013: What about when you have a remote control where you can control your own thoughts? Will human civilization end when we all have dials where we can just turn on "happy and contented"? What about when the powers that be decide to make your brain more obedient? The military tries to desensitivize people to killing. What if they could deactivate a soldiers empathy in order to make him kill more effectively. What if you could develop a bio-weapon that increased human empathy? Instead of incinerating our enemies with explosions and fire we could just make them sympathetic in order to stop any attack on people. We have the notion of chemically castrating sex offenders. What if we could change the emotions so they would no longer commit crimes? How would society progress if every child could push a button to make themselves incredibly focused and intelligent unlocking the promise of every child?
Unlocking the mysteries of human thought leads to a lot of questions and possibilities. You can easily conjure both nightmares and dreams. You should watch the TV show Dollhouse. It explores the idea of uploading and downloading personalities. You should also watch the movie Serenity since it involves the idea of widespread through manipulation.
Apr 18 2013: Hi William,
thank you for your comment. I think you make a very good point, that this kind of technology could be extremely powerful. Many important issues will come up - like the role of the government in our lives. personal privacy, man's control over his emotions, and free will. All important things to consider when designing any new technology. I think human society would have to find a way to use this technology in the best way possible so that humans remain "human" and have the ability to have levels of privacy, think for themselves etc.. while at the same time employing the technology to further benefit mankind.
This not only applies to this kind of phenomenon - but really any new technology. For instance, with the progress of medicine , we not only have drugs that can cure diseases but also drugs that can kill people faster. It's up to humans to decide how they want to use it.
adesh saxena
Apr 18 2013: Read the mind of others at your own risk.Apr 24 2013: It would certainly bring a new tool to the interrogation of prisoners. Though it might be ruled out as a violation of privacy.Apr 24 2013: We will definitely be able to pick out the bad apples easily. Lies will not be an issue. This kind of connectivity would erase many of our problems and create new ones at the same time.
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Patients with dementia wouldn't make any sense. You could read their mind. You would most likely get signals you don't understand or maybe get pulled in with them! :)
Henry J. Woeltjen
B.S. Criminal Justice Administration
MBA Student
Blogger/Social Media Guru/Business Management ConsultantApr 24 2013: My goodness life is a mystery. I think you have an interesting concept here. We go into deep conversations like this on my weekly podcast. You can check out this past weeks here. Thanks for the support and interest fellow ted watchers vimeo.com/64609057Apr 24 2013: May be. Language, oral, verbal, graphic or any other sort, came to existence as means of better communication, shortly it became self or group expression that we call art.
Will there be art in the new language?
Whatever the answer there will always be followers of the old language shouting "We want our English back!"
I cry when languages deserve to die...Apr 23 2013: Hey Lauren,
Your question makes me think of the MIT project Sixth Sense. It could help to shed some light on possible implications for humanity if people could read each others minds... or the minds of other stuff.
http://www.ted.com/talks/pattie_maes_demos_the_sixth_sense.htmlApr 23 2013: Hi Lauren,
Interesting question. It'd be really cool to be able to model the body just as we do electrical systems. This will allow us to trace through every activity and control it. However, I think it would require extensive understanding of the body as a chemical, biological as well as electrical (and any other property) object since the electrical model of the body cannot alone provide a complete understanding of the body. Also, it would be extremely difficult to test or simulate the body whereas it is really easy on regular circuits, which allows us to better model their behavior under various conditions. In any case, I think the electrical model of the body will help us better understand the body and I'm sure we will continue to make great progress, and one day we will obtain nearly complete understanding/control of the body.Apr 23 2013: It is known that Central Nervous Systems Disorders, including, Alzheimer's disease, Cerebral Palsy, Depression, Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Schizophrenia, Spinal Paralysis and Stroke. Alzheimer's disease is a form of Dementia, including, cognitive ability and memory failures. Also, it can be found the similar symptoms with the person who has Depression.
Will "mind-reading technology" eventually become a reality and what are the implications for humanity?
It is going to be extremely "good news" for the person who has clinical depression.
Wish All In Joy & In Peace,Apr 23 2013: Fair enough, but what if a. somebody's AHA is hateful of others b. AHA intrudes when we're being logical about something completely unrelated to the AHA itself? This should probably be flagged as off-topic.Apr 23 2013: Hey Lauren! Awesome question. I've often thought about this myself, being a fan of science fiction and superhero stories since I was a child. The fact that we can discuss this question in a real-world setting is exciting and intriguing, to say the least.
I think the first part of your question brings about a really interesting moral issue. Even if it is possible to "insert" memories into people's minds, I'm inclined to believe that it's entirely immoral to do so, and that the implications would be disastrous- how can we trust witnesses in a trial if this technology exists?
The second half of your question is fascinating, for the amount of good it could do. Having a "backup file" of memories would be fantastic, however, depending on the specific disease it would correspond to, would there be a feasible way to restore memories? If a portion of the brain is damaged, no amount of electrical stimulation in replacing memories will return functionality to that part of the tissue.
On the other hand, once this technology is widespread, all memories are suddenly suspect (is this an actual memory or a fabrication?) and so they become less important, less special. I think the implications are just as much emotional and societal as they are technological, and I think this prompt could sound like either the setup of a great dystopian novel, or a fantastic foundation of the future, depending on how we as society implement this technology.
Apr 23 2013: I think it is often hard to trust our own memories, and eye witnesses can be very unreliable. The notorious implanted memories from therapists is a good example. I would hope that augmented memory would be more reliable!
Apr 23 2013: Hi Hindi and Danger Lampost!
I think I agree with Hindi on the dangerous implications of "back-up"able or reproducible memories. By providing access to people's memories, a new door is opened for false fabrication. For example, with every new social media site that comes up on the internet, there is a new set of hackers ready to exploit the information of its users. Likewise, the implementation of a memory "materializer" could result in those that exploit the figments of our imagination that were once personal and special. Materialization in this sense does not have to be physical. Data held in the cloud still has a "physical" form because we are still able to extract the information and modify it.
Hindi, I LOVE your thought on how this could be the start to a dystopian society! With every new bit of knowledge we gain, we hit new forks in the road that demand the direction we wish to take our society. I completely agree that the disadvantages of mind-reading are horrifying, but the advantages could reinvent medicine, politics, education, etc in such a positive way!Apr 23 2013: Brain Mapping? I approve ;) True knowledge is much more powerful than a combat bot. And if the knowledge is then used for the good of everybody with no cheating involved - even better. Give me a plane ticket and some LSD and I'm in!
The last statement is a joke, obviously...... But still - one should not forget that narcotic visions can feel as real as actual memories, this has to be taken into account if downloading memories is to be used in a trial. Or, to look at this less categorically - downloaded memories can maybe be treated as auxiliary factors, not as only evidence, and used only if verified by independent specialists, more than one. Sorry, I'm getting a bit carried away, I guess.
When it comes to removing bad memories - should we really? People with no bad memories have no stories to tell, few lessons to teach themselves or others. If memories are so traumatising that a person needs palliative care though, maybe it can be considered as long as we do not end up with eternal stupidity of our spotless minds... This needs good legislation, not greedy private sector. Or at least good control of the latter.
Didn't Obama, or whoever wrote the speech, steal from John Lennon by the way? (Which is a good thing!)
"Imagine if no family had to feel helpless watching a loved one disappear behind the mask of Parkinson's..." "Imagine if we could reverse traumatic brain injury or PTSD..." Now this is something worth songifying ;)
On the other hand... Before breaking the foil hats let's make sure that the people who are to break the foil hats have a free mind under their own hats...
Peace, Avi.Apr 23 2013: I believe that, in my lifetime, it will become possible to upload my self to the internet. I am unclear on whether or not this requires the death of my physical body.
I also know that my consciousness is not contained inside of my brain.
I have felt the movement and presence of another person without any contact, sight, or sound.
And I also know that if I look at someone, they usually look right back at me.
I am concerned though: what happens to me if I lose contact with the real, natural world?
I worship my divinity in the woods, my church has nor walls or roof.Apr 22 2013: Hi Lauren,
Thank you for this interesting topic. I have some questions/issues/problems/worries that I'd like to post:
1. Neural prosthetics, a positive development in itself, aside for a minute... Let's concentrate on the brain and brain alone... Do people with different kind of dementia want to have their memories installed back? How do you determine if they do or do not if regular contact with such patients is obviously limited? If you, by some means and methods, can determine that they do want this - which memories should you chose? One should never forget that some studies show that the mentally handicapped tend to be the happiest people on the planet, if not made aware of their handicap or otherness by cruel means of isolation or bullying... I'm referring to studies on autism and Down syndrome, but not only that, I'm also thinking about my personal observation of my 92-year-old grandmother with severe Alzheimer... She would throw herself at a pile of candy as a 5-year-old would and 10 minutes later she would... recite poems in Greek and Latin that she had to learn as a young girl at a border school in 1920's... While doing all that she seemed happy, although she did not remember or was able to recognise her children, she did not know who I was or that I was the daughter of her 9th son... Would she be happier if she could remember WWII anew? On the other hand, maybe downloading her memories would benefit historical and sociological studies. But would it benefit her to get them back?
2. To find out whether inserting memories, reading minds or having a backup copies of memories is beneficial, you probably need to consult not only doctors, psychologists or sociologists, but also philosophers and sci-fi writers.
Best wishes.
Apr 23 2013: Anna brings up some great points!
experiments involving memory especially have a lot of gray area. Can we remove someone's bad memories if it will make them happier (PSOD?) can we download memories of a witness in a murder trial? Of course these questions arent so important until such things are possible, but as Lauren states, this technology may very well be on the horizon!
With the Brain Mapping project proposed by President Obama, we will surely see very big advancements connected to brain activity and it will remain to be seen what the ramifications may be and how humanity responds.
Maybe Alison is right and its time to break out the aluminum foil hats.
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Apr 22 2013: But isn't it the widely discussed neuroplasticity that so many have been speaking of or trying to use to sell more self-help books?
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Apr 22 2013: Ok.
Do you have a link? :)
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Apr 23 2013: Oh yeah, sorry, didn't spot the link at first. I focused all of my brain's semantic space on the quote, while wondering if this is spam ;) And where my clean socks went.
I wonder where AHA-effect fits into the findings of this research...
Cheers.Apr 21 2013: Hi Lauren, i'm very ignorant about psicology, i studied something but not deeply.
Anyway I would like to tell you that I think it will be very possible and I please you to continue your studies!
That's what I stupidly call telepathy!Apr 21 2013: Hi Lauren,
I think it is worth adding to the discussion the observation that the brain is itself an instrument for reporting what it thinks.
My guess is that, just as it is probably not possible to replicate this sort of biochemistry in another type of chemistry i.e. it will not be possible to replace brain parts with entirely non-organic parts, nor, I suspect will it be possible to find an alternative way to report what the brain thinks apart from the type of instrumentation that the brain itself employs.Apr 21 2013: Humanity, among some other things, evolved through a process that demands some portion of our faculties to remain inaccessible. It may sound negative to answer seeking human enterprise, and I imply nothing divine in this inaccessibility, this is just a rule - and a dumb one, yes, if you view it that way.
Whatever profound we think it is individual life is a part of grand process that is essentially cyclic. Mind has shorter life spans than our physical bodies and it's not for nothing. Just like our bodies are more than few functions, our minds are more than information. If it was naturally required for our minds to be downloadable and read at will, we would have evolved very differently.
Consider, for example mindless cells, trillions of them harmoniously communicating in a chemical realm to achieve remarkable feats. It is not in the interest of their nature to develop individuality and character.
Apr 21 2013: Hi Pab,
"Consider, for example mindless cells, trillions of them harmoniously communicating in a chemical realm to achieve remarkable feats. It is not in the interest of their nature to develop individuality and character."
Do you suppose there might be a soul in charge, the same soul that split the cells and built the body from the start?
Apr 23 2013: Hi Adriaan,
No I don't suppose that there might be soul in charge that splits the cells and built the body from the start. I believe under particular environment of early earth certain organic compounds formed the building blocks of proto-cells and a code emerged in these materials, basically long chain acids that made the self splitting cells to form. After billions of years of trials and errors, always under the environment and according to its changes complex organisms formed.
I also believe that when these organisms got as complex as humans with as complex organs called brains, the complexity itself brought in an emerging quality in it what is called consciousness and it is this consciousness that gave us the idea of soul.
I do not discard the idea of soul but I believe it is something like this.
My consciousness establishes connections with objects and other consciousnesses incessantly creating a huge network that is called a connectome. My soul exists in this connectome. When I scale up this network my physical body almost vanishes beyond any practical observation only my connectome pulsates, reconfigures and grows much like a living being. I believe this connectome just don't vanish the moment my physical body dies but it keeps on pulsating and reconfigures on its own as the node from where it started (me basically) slowly fades.
So in my thinking my soul gets reconfigured as constituent parts of other objects and souls. You may say I continue to live in my creations and in people with whom I connected. If you remember me, a part of me will live in you.
Apr 23 2013: I'm sorry Pab, but living in someone's memory I do not believe is anything like living. But I do know too little about this to give the details of my concept.
But it seems as if you acknowledge the existence of a 'soul', correct?Apr 23 2013: In an unconventional way, yes I do.Apr 20 2013: There will be death of language and questions.
Apr 20 2013: You're right Pabitra but maybe it will be just another language instead and the Q's would be faster when forwarded, Multi formulative rather than a series of Q's? Those who grow up with a system like this will not suffer the passing of ways like we do and the older gens. Humans want this though, we want to communicate the full range of expression to one another and to the less educated this will be "Gold".
When you think about it, if we can transmit feeling as well then we will enter into a mess yet maybe we can circumnavigate the ego which always seems to step in when it is least wanted.
Of course i'm in sci-fi land but ask yourself this question? "Why do we sing to each other?"
Apr 21 2013: To communicate essentially. To communicate things that language cannot effectively express - things like emotions, longings, dreams. Any art for that matter does the same.
Contrary to common understanding this communication can be internally directed - a dialogue between sub conscious and conscious.
Apr 21 2013: Yep, Do you know the young American singer/songwriter Bruno Mars? He's just released a song called "Young girls" there's a part in that song that made me laugh, it's essentially male and only male but he has the vocal range to sustain it, you might not agree with me but he is a master before his time. He's calling.Apr 21 2013: If you mean, 'All these roads still be wrong but I still drive them all night long, all night long', I think I know what you are talking about.
Apr 21 2013: Oh, no, that's just the lyrics which is the typical vehicle for young peacock strutting, nope it's towards the end where he sustains a long "You" That, in my time was essentially called by my tutors a calling, designed to punch through the thinking mind. For a time i was taught in an unconventional way but never had the range but he has and many prepubescent kids do. He mastered this one superbly or who ever worked him in the studio. Some singers can layer so much.Apr 24 2013: Pabitra - or birth of a new language and new questions.
Apr 24 2013: May be. We have an idea of language that is entirely dependent on non-accessibility of mind an thoughts of others. We have an idea of question foe similar reason. Perhaps that new language and new questions will be fundamentally different.Apr 20 2013: The day will come when it will be -mind sharing- not mind reading. At this point we will not longer be egocentric as individuals but, egocentric as a race. The implications are so dynamic that it is at this moment difficult to imagine but, it is fun trying. :)
CheersApr 20 2013: One other comment from the perspective of cognitive psychology and memory function. The whole purpose of creating a backup of a memory, is to be able to restore it in such a way that the memory seems authentic - just like the original memory. If you can't do that, there's no point in creating the backup, or at least greatly reduced value.
Memories are not just facts like the number 42. They are experiences. The backup must authentically recreate the experience when restored.
Once you can authentically recreate the memory, you start down this slippery slope. What if you slowly move all your memories over, one at a time, from your brain to some other mechanism, and you never feel a thing?
Or so goes that argument anyway. It's a fun ride, that one.Apr 20 2013: I think you sort of answered your own question, yes there could be.
However morally we do not have the right to use that technology in most if not all circumstances. This is on the same level as growing a new human hybrid species in a lab, it is a taboo to program people's minds or read their most private thoughts..
If you ever seen this :
A science fiction reality in which all humans are forced into a collective mind link, their thoughts altered to reflect some kind of standard, I think what emerges is losing our Humanity.
A path to say that all emotions are imbalance and need to be cured.
Apr 21 2013: Hi Uri,
thanks for your contribution to the conversation. I don't know if we'd lost humanity - but I think the proper term is lose our individual identities and personalities. Unless you're saying that what defines humanity is each human's individuality.
I think you bring up a good point about reading minds being comparable to cloning/growing a human. Both situations imply a sort of loss of the natural order, and involve a situation where one person gets to control the output of another. Very interesting comparison.Apr 19 2013: It would be called schizophrenia how would you filter the thoughts?


text:
Wi-Fi is the trade name for the popular wireless technology used in home networks, mobile phones, video games and other electronic devices that require some form of wireless networking capability. In particular, it covers the various IEEE 802.11 technologies (including 802.11n, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11a).
Wi-Fi technologies are supported by nearly every modern personal computer operating system, most advanced game consoles and laptops, and many printers and other peripherals.
The purpose of Wi-Fi is to provide wireless access to digital content. This content may include applications, audio and visual media, Internet connectivity, or other data. Wi-Fi generally makes access to information easier, as it can eliminate some of the physical restraints of wiring; this can be especially true for mobile devices.
A Wi-Fi enabled device such as a PC, game console, mobile phone, MP3 player or PDA can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network connected to the Internet. The coverage of one or more interconnected access points — called a hotspot — can comprise an area as small as a single room with wireless-opaque walls or as large as many square miles covered by overlapping access points. Wi-Fi technology has served to set up mesh networks, for example, in London. Both architectures can operate in community networks.
In addition to restricted use in homes and offices, Wi-Fi can make access publicly available at Wi-Fi hotspots provided either free of charge or to subscribers to various providers. Organizations and businesses such as airports, hotels and restaurants often provide free hotspots to attract or assist clients. Enthusiasts or authorities who wish to provide services or even to promote business in a given area sometimes provide free Wi-Fi access. Metropolitan-wide Wi-Fi (Muni-Fi) already has more than 300 projects in process. There were 879 Wi-Fi based Wireless Internet service providers in the Czech Republic as of May 2008.
Wi-Fi also allows connectivity in peer-to-peer (wireless ad-hoc network) mode, which enables devices to connect directly with each other. This connectivity mode can prove useful in consumer electronics and gaming applications.
When wireless networking technology first entered the market many problems ensued for consumers who could not rely on products from different vendors working together. The Wi-Fi Alliance began as a community to solve this issue — aiming to address the needs of the end-user and to allow the technology to mature. The Alliance created the branding Wi-Fi CERTIFIED to reassure consumers that products will interoperate with other products displaying the same branding.
Many consumer devices use Wi-Fi. Amongst others, personal computers can network to each other and connect to the Internet, mobile computers can connect to the Internet from any Wi-Fi hotspot, and digital cameras can transfer images wirelessly.
Routers which incorporate a DSL-modem or a cable-modem and a Wi-Fi access point, often set up in homes and other premises, provide Internet-access and internetworking to all devices connected (wirelessly or by cable) to them. One can also connect Wi-Fi devices in ad-hoc mode for client-to-client connections without a router.
As of 2007 Wi-Fi technology had spread widely within business and industrial sites. In business environments, just like other environments, increasing the number of Wi-Fi access-points provides redundancy, support for fast roaming and increased overall network-capacity by using more channels or by defining smaller cells. Wi-Fi enables wireless voice-applications (VoWLAN or WVOIP). Over the years, Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward "thin" access-points, with more of the network intelligence housed in a centralized network appliance, relegating individual access-points to the role of mere "dumb" radios. Outdoor applications may utilize true mesh topologies. As of 2007 Wi-Fi installations can provide a secure computer networking gateway, firewall, DHCP server, intrusion detection system, and other functions.
Wi-Fi allows LANs (Local Area Networks) to be deployed without cabling for client devices, typically reducing the costs of network deployment and expansion. Spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs.
In 2008, wireless network adapters are built into most modern laptops. The price of chipsets for Wi-Fi continues to drop, making it an economical networking option included in even more devices. Wi-Fi has become widespread in corporate infrastructures.
Different competitive brands of access points and client network interfaces are inter-operable at a basic level of service. Products designated as "Wi-Fi Certified" by the Wi-Fi Alliance are backwards compatible. Wi-Fi is a global set of standards. Unlike mobile telephones, any standard Wi-Fi device will work anywhere in the world.
Wi-Fi is widely available in more than 220,000 public hotspots and tens of millions of homes and corporate and university campuses worldwide. WPA is not easily cracked if strong passwords are used and WPA2 encryption has no known weaknesses. New protocols for Quality of Service (WMM) make Wi-Fi more suitable for latency-sensitive applications (such as voice and video), and power saving mechanisms (WMM Power Save) improve battery operation.
Spectrum assignments and operational limitations are not consistent worldwide. Most of Europe allows for an additional 2 channels beyond those permitted in the U.S. for the 2.4 GHz band. (1–13 vs. 1–11); Japan has one more on top of that (1–14). Europe, as of 2007, was essentially homogeneous in this respect. A very confusing aspect is the fact that a Wi-Fi signal actually occupies five channels in the 2.4 GHz band resulting in only three non-overlapped channels in the U.S.: 1, 6, 11, and three or four in Europe: 1, 5, 9, 13 can be used if all the equipment on a specific area can be guaranteed not to use 802.11b at all, even as fallback or beacon. Equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) in the EU is limited to 20 dBm (100 mW).
Due to reach requirements for wireless LAN applications, power consumption is fairly high compared to some other low-bandwidth standards. Especially Zigbee and Bluetooth supporting wireless PAN applications refer to much lesser propagation range of <10m (ref. e.g. IEEE Std. 802.15.4 section 1.2 scope). Range is always making battery life a concern.
Wi-Fi networks have limited range. A typical Wi-Fi home router using 802.11b or 802.11g with a stock antenna might have a range of 32 m (120 ft) indoors and 95 m (300 ft) outdoors. Range also varies with frequency band. Wi-Fi in the 2.4 GHz frequency block has slightly better range than Wi-Fi in the 5 GHz frequency block. Outdoor range with improved (directional) antennas can be several kilometres or more with line-of-sight.
Wi-Fi performance decreases roughly quadratically as the range increases at constant radiation levels.
Because of the very limited practical range of Wi-Fi, mobile use is essentially confined to such applications as inventory taking machines in warehouses or retail spaces, barcode reading devices at check-out stands or receiving / shipping stations. Mobile use of Wi-Fi over wider ranges is limited to move, use, move, as for instance in an automobile moving from one hotspot to another. Other wireless technologies are more suitable as illustrated in the graphic.
The most common wireless encryption standard, Wired Equivalent Privacy or WEP, has been shown to be easily breakable even when correctly configured. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA and WPA2), which began shipping in 2003, aims to solve this problem and is now available on most products. Wi-Fi Access Points typically default to an "open" (encryption-free) mode. Novice users benefit from a zero-configuration device that works out of the box, but this default is without any wireless security enabled, providing open wireless access to their LAN. To turn security on requires the user to configure the device, usually via a software graphical user interface (GUI). Wi-Fi networks that are open (unencrypted) can be monitored and used to read and copy data (including personal information) transmitted over the network, unless another security method is used to secure the data, such as a VPN or a secure web page. (See []/Secure Socket Layer.)
Many 2.4 GHz 802.11b and 802.11g Access points default to the same channel on initial startup, contributing to congestion on certain channels. To change the channel of operation for an access point requires the user to configure the device. Yet, this default use of channels 1, 6 and 11 gives better performance than "advanced" users choosing channels 2, 5, 7 and 9 as "unused, free".
Wi-Fi pollution, or an excessive number of access points in the area, especially on the same or neighboring channel, can prevent access and interfere with the use of other access points by others, caused by overlapping channels in the 802.11g/b spectrum, as well as with decreased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) between access points. This can be a problem in high-density areas, such as large apartment complexes or office buildings with many Wi-Fi access points. Additionally, other devices use the 2.4 GHz band: microwave ovens, security cameras, Bluetooth devices and (in some countries) Amateur radio, video senders, cordless phones and baby monitors, all of which can cause significant additional interference. General guidance to those who suffer these forms of interference or network crowding is to migrate to a Wi-Fi 5 GHz product, (802.11a, or the newer 802.11n if it has 5 GHz support) because the 5 GHz band is relatively unused, and there are many more channels available. This also requires users to set up the 5 GHz band to be the preferred network in the client and to configure each network band to a different name (SSID). It is also an issue when municipalities, or other large entities such as universities, seek to provide large area coverage. This openness is also important to the success and widespread use of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi.
A wireless access point connects a group of wireless devices to an adjacent wired LAN. An access point is similar to a network hub, relaying data between connected wireless devices in addition to a (usually) single connected wired device, most often an ethernet hub or switch, allowing wireless devices to communicate with other wired devices.
Wireless adapters allow devices to connect to a wireless network. These adapters connect to devices using various external or internal interconnects such as PCI, miniPCI, USB, ExpressCard, Cardbus and PC card. Most newer laptop computers are equipped with internal adapters. Internal cards are generally more difficult to install.
Wireless routers integrate a WAP, ethernet switch, and internal Router firmware application that provides IP Routing, NAT, and DNS forwarding through an integrated WAN interface. A wireless router allows wired and wireless ethernet LAN devices to connect to a (usually) single WAN device such as cable modem or DSL modem. A wireless router allows all three devices (mainly the access point and router) to be configured through one central utility. This utility is most usually an integrated web server which serves web pages to wired and wireless LAN clients and often optionally to WAN clients. This utility may also be an application that is run on a desktop computer such as Apple's AirPort.
Wireless network bridges connect a wired network to a wireless network. This is different from an access point in the sense that an access point connects wireless devices to a wired network at the data-link layer. Two wireless bridges may be used to connect two wired networks over a wireless link, useful in situations where a wired connection may be unavailable, such as between two separate homes.
Wireless range extenders or wireless repeaters can extend the range of an existing wireless network. Range extenders can be strategically placed to elongate a signal area or allow for the signal area to reach around barriers such as those created in L-shaped corridors. Wireless devices connected through repeaters will suffer from an increased latency for each hop. Additionally, a wireless device connected to any of the repeaters in the chain will have a throughput that is limited by the weakest link between the two nodes in the chain from which the connection originates to where the connection ends.
Wi-Fi availability in the home is on the increase. This extension of the Internet into the home space will increasingly be used for remote monitoring. Examples of remote monitoring include security systems and tele-medicine. In all these kinds of implementation, if the Wi-Fi provision is provided using a system running one of operating systems mentioned above, then it becomes unfeasible due to weight, power consumption and cost issues.
Increasingly in the last few years (particularly as of early 2007), embedded Wi-Fi modules have become available which come with a real-time operating system and provide a simple means of wireless enabling any device which has and communicates via a serial port. This allows simple monitoring devices – for example, a portable ECG monitor hooked up to a patient in their home – to be created. This Wi-Fi enabled device effectively becomes part of the internet cloud and can communicate with any other node on the internet. The data collected can hop via the home's Wi-Fi access point to anywhere on the internet.
These Wi-Fi modules are designed so that designers need minimal Wi-Fi knowledge to wireless-enable their products.
During the early popular adoption of 802.11, providing open access points for anyone within range to use was encouraged to cultivate wireless community networks; particularly since people on average use only a fraction of their upstream bandwidth at any given time. Later, equipment manufacturers and mass-media advocated isolating users to a predetermined whitelist of authorized users—referred to as "securing" the access point.
Measures to deter unauthorized users include suppressing the AP's SSID broadcast, allowing only computers with known MAC addresses to join the network, and various encryption standards. Suppressed SSID and MAC filtering are ineffective security methods as the SSID is broadcast in the open in response to a client SSID query and a MAC address can easily be spoofed. If the eavesdropper has the ability to change his MAC address, then he can potentially join the network by spoofing an authorized address.
WEP encryption can protect against casual snooping, but may also produce a misguided sense of security since freely available tools such as AirSnort or aircrack can quickly recover WEP encryption keys. Once it has seen 5-10 million encrypted packets, AirSnort can determine the encryption password in under a second; newer tools such as aircrack-ptw can use Klein's attack to crack a WEP key with a 50% success rate using only 40,000 packets. The newer Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and IEEE 802.11i (WPA2) encryption standards resolve most of the serious weaknesses of WEP encryption.
Attackers who have gained access to a Wi-Fi network can use DNS spoofing attacks very effectively against any other user of the network, because they can see the DNS requests made, and often respond with a spoofed answer before the queried DNS server has a chance to reply.
One serious issue with wireless network security is not just encryption, but access to the network (signal reception). With wired networking it is necessary to get past either a firewall or the security guard & locked doors. With wireless it is only necessary to get reception and spend as long as you want, comfortably out of (easy) reach of the network owner. Most business networks protect sensitive data and systems by attempting to disallow external access. Thus being able to get wireless reception (and thus possibly break the encryption) becomes an attack vector on the network as well.
Recreational logging and mapping of other people's access points has become known as wardriving. It is also common for people to use open (unencrypted) Wi-Fi networks as a free service, termed piggybacking. Indeed, many access points are intentionally installed without security turned on so that they can be used as a free service. These activities do not result in sanctions in most jurisdictions, however legislation and case law differ considerably across the world. A proposal to leave graffiti describing available services was called warchalking. In a Florida court case, owner laziness was determined not to be a valid excuse.
Piggybacking is often unintentional. Most access points are configured without encryption by default, and operating systems such as Windows XP SP2 and Mac OS X may be configured to automatically connect to any available wireless network. A user who happens to start up a laptop in the vicinity of an access point may find the computer has joined the network without any visible indication. Moreover, a user intending to join one network may instead end up on another one if the latter's signal is stronger. In combination with automatic discovery of other network resources (see DHCP and Zeroconf) this could possibly lead wireless users to send sensitive data to the wrong middle man when seeking a destination (see Man-in-the-middle attack). For example, a user could inadvertently use an insecure network to login to a website, thereby making the login credentials available to anyone listening, if the website is using an insecure protocol like [], rather than a secure protocol like [].
Wi-Fi uses both single carrier direct-sequence spread spectrum radio technology (part of the larger family of spread spectrum systems) and multi-carrier OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) radio technology. The regulations for unlicensed spread spectrum enabled the development of Wi-Fi, its onetime competitor HomeRF, Bluetooth, and many other products such as some types of cordless telephones.
Unlicensed spread spectrum was first made available in the US by the Federal Communications Commission in 1985 and these FCC regulations were later copied with some changes in many other countries enabling use of this technology in all major countries. The FCC action was proposed by Michael Marcus of the FCC staff in 1980 and the subsequent regulatory action took 5 more years. It was part of a broader proposal to allow civil use of spread spectrum technology and was opposed at the time by main stream equipment manufacturers and many radio system operators.
The precursor to Wi-Fi was invented in 1991 by NCR Corporation/AT&T (later Lucent & Agere Systems) in Nieuwegein, the Netherlands. It was initially intended for cashier systems; the first wireless products were brought on the market under the name WaveLAN with speeds of 1 Mbit/s to 2 Mbit/s. Vic Hayes, who held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for 10 years and has been named the 'father of Wi-Fi,' was involved in designing standards such as IEEE 802.11b, and 802.11a.
Sunnyvale, California became the first city in the United States to offer city wide free Wi-Fi, Corpus Christi, Texas had offered free Wi-Fi until May 31, 2007 when the network was purchased by Earthlink. Philadelphia is also trying to save the Earthlink wifi for its city. New Orleans had free city wide Wi-Fi shortly after Hurricane Katrina. City wide Wi-Fi is available in nine cities in the UK, Newcastle Upon Tyne being the first UK city host, others include Leeds, Liverpool, Norwich and London. Other cities, such as the Minneapolis metro area, have a large number of Wi-Fi hotspots so you can receive good signals anywhere, even if from different sources. In Europe, the City of Luxembourg has a city-wide Wi-Fi network.
In Latin America, Mexico City downtown has a public Wi-Fi network. Also, many public squares in towns of Puerto Rico are offering Wi-Fi Internet access.
As compared to Wireless Mesh, WiMax provides over 4 times the number of subcarriers over a variable bandwidth of 1 to 28 MHz. With more subcarriers and a variable length guard interval, the spectral efficiency has increased from 15% to 40% compared to Wireless Mesh. The error vector magnitude of Wireless Mesh is higher than WiMax. This makes WiMax have a longer range. Wireless Mesh transmits and receives functions on the same channel where as WiMax transmits and receives functions at a different channel and at a different time. In Wireless Mesh the output power is virtually fixed however in WiMax the devices closer to the base stations emit less output power whereas the ones further away emit maximum output power.
Wi-Fi can overpower WiMax if the city is meshed with hot spots. A very easy way to do it would be if mobile carriers integrate hot spots with their mobile base stations as WiMax chips are not as integrated as the Wi-Fi chips.
"Wi-Fi" was coined by a brand consulting firm called Interbrand Corporation that had been hired by the Alliance to determine a name that was "a little catchier than 'IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence'.Interbrand invented "Wi-Fi" as simply a play-on-words with "Hi-Fi", as well as creating the yin yang style Wi-Fi logo.
The Wi-Fi Alliance initially complicated matters by stating that it actually stood for "Wireless Fidelity", as with the advertising slogan "The Standard for Wireless Fidelity", but later removed the phrase from their marketing. The Wi-Fi Alliance's early White Papers still held in their knowledge base: "… a promising market for wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) network equipment. and "A Short History of WLANs." The yin yang logo indicates that a product had been certified for interoperability.
The Alliance has since downplayed the connection to "Hi-Fi". Their official position is that it is merely a brand name that stands for nothing in particular, and they now discourage the use of the term "Wireless Fidelity".

subset: commoncrawl


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Snowplanet Now Offer Full Range of Christmas Function Options
- Restaurant Equipment
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- September 5, 2012 Auckland, New Zealand (PRWEB) September 28, 2012 Snowplanet, New Zealands only indoor ski and snowboard resort now gives a variety of Christmas Purpose alternatives. Based in Auckland, Snowplanet is excellent for teams of any dimension to unwind and enjoy Holiday. thirteen Xmas Features at Snowplanet can consist of a Holiday feast, skiing or snowboarding on {Tags: Christmas, Full, Function, Offer, Options, Range, Snowplanet} {More...}


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Moderators: Tonyblack, Jason, Toothy
Square12 wrote:I have over 3,000 postcards, filling 7 albums, and 2 boxes
Tonyblack wrote:Not really . . . but I could if I wanted to.michelanCello wrote:Tonyblack wrote:I've scanned all my postcards so I can look at them on my computer.
You do that often?
QI Elves wrote:If you visit Hawaii you can use a coconut like a postcard and send it to an unsuspecting friend. Some 3,000 coconuts pass through the US Postal Service every year; you just have to write the address and stick the stamp directly onto the coconut.
The practice may meet with resistance from the postal authorities these days (they'd rather you used a box) but it evidently works in practice; as of 2010 the post office in Hoolehua would actually sell you the coconut and help you to decorate it. Postage to mainland US is about $10.
wicked woman wrote:I'm in please.
mC how about turning a wall into a notice board? Or buying a fridge for the bedroom.
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Dima Bellydance
Bellydance in Manchester, NH
Manchester, NH | 603-970-1225
Dima is a professional Middle Eastern dancer located in Manchester, New Hampshire. With 9 years of bellydance experience, her dance delights...(more)


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22356EW33 Nachi Roller Bearing Japan 280x580x175 Spherical Bearings
Price: $8,127.88
Code: Kit10591
Product Descriptions
Nachi Spherical Roller Bearing
Bronze Cage
280mm x 580mm x 175mm
Made in Japan
22356EW33 Nachi Spherical Roller Bearings, Bronze Cage, Made in Japan, the 22356EW33 inner diameter is 280mm, the 22356EW33 outer diameter is 580mm and the 22356EW33 width is 175mm.
Nachi Spherical Roller Bearings
Nachi Spherical Roller Bearings are particularly suitable for applications where misalignment can arise from error in mounting or from shaft deflection. NACHI Spherical Roller Bearings are manufactured in a number of design and material configurations depending on the type of application and size of the bearing. Nachi Spherical Bearings have two designs, regular spherical roller bearings and spherical roller thrust bearings.


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Bags > Laguna Small Crossbody
Laguna Small Crossbody
model #: 106001
Less structured than the crossbody, the small crossbody is just the right size featuring signature buckle details and a flap closure.
- special web price $84, regular price $119
- Exterior: Leather, Trim: Polyurethane
- Interior: Polyester
- Antiqued brass tone hardware
- 10.5L x 2W x 6.5H, Drop up to 23
- Flap closure with magnetic snap
- Outside open pocket under flap closure
- back pocket with zipper closure
- Lining features one open pocket and a zippered back wall pocket
- clean with a water-based leather cleaner and moisturizer. ;;; use a protective spray to protect the leather surface.
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Thursday April 4 2013
This is the perfect bag for running around on the weekends. Lightweight and just the right size to fit essentials. I want to buy more colors!!


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The comprehensive training that students receive at Dordt College helps pave the way to medical school. In fact, 4 out of 5 Dordt graduates are accepted into medical school, compared with a national average of 1 in 3. Professional schools are looking for leaders, not just technicians. Students accepted into medical programs today should:
- care deeply about people, their problems, and their pain
- have strong academic backgrounds
- know about and enjoy solving complex problems
- understand good relationships
- act with integrity and honesty
- be involved in their community
These characteristics are best developed at an institution where a core curriculum provides an education with breadth. Dordt's core courses and Christian perspective give students a framework and a solid knowledge base for their professional studies.
Studying history, English, communication, philosophy, psychology, the arts, and sciences—all taught in the light of God's Word—help students understand how the world fits together and help them see ways to serve in whatever profession they choose. The knowledge they gain in these courses opens their eyes and heart to the needs and concerns of others.


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Construction Management major
Open House
Learn more
"I literally had companies knocking down the door offering me jobs and interviews."
–Ryan Becker, Construction Management
Employment of construction managers is projected to grow 16% through 2022, faster than the average for all occupations. (source)
Students receive the OSHA 30-hour Construction Industry completion card through successful completion of the required elements included in our Construction Safety Management course.
Accredited by the American Council for Construction Education (ACCE) effective July 2008.
Choose a degree
Bachelor of Science (B.S.)
Construction Management
- project manager
- construction manager
- estimator
- purchasing/expediting agent
- safety officer
- superintendent
Student Video
Read Construction Management news.


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Kosher Side Dishes
|Wild Rice Cranberry Apple Stuffing
A KosherEye Signature Recipe inspired by Epicurious.com
This is the most fabulous stuffing recipe we have ever made. It has lots of steps, but worth it. Most of the recipe can be made ahead and refrigerated.
4 cups water
Bring water to a boil in a 2–quart heavy saucepan, and then add rice and 1/2 teaspoon salt. Reduce heat to low and cook, covered, until rice is tender and most grains are split open, 1 to 1 1/4 hours (not all liquid will be absorbed).
Drain well in a colander and spread out in a baking pan to cool completely.
Put oven rack in upper third of oven and preheat oven to 350°F.
Spread bread cubes in a shallow baking pan and bake in upper third of oven until dry, about 20 minutes.
Melt 1 stick margarine in a large nonstick skillet over moderate heat, then sauté onion and celery, stirring, until softened, about 8 minutes. Add apple and sauté, stirring, until crisp-tender, about 5 minutes. Stir in herbs, pepper, and remaining teaspoon salt and simmer, stirring, 2 minutes. Transfer to a large bowl and toss with rice, bread, and dried cranberries.
Increase oven temperature to 450°F and grease a shallow 3-quart baking dish (13 by 9 inches).
Spread stuffing evenly in baking dish. Drizzle with stock and melted margarine. Bake, covered tightly with foil, in upper third of oven until heated through, about 20 minutes. Remove foil and bake until top is browned, 10 to 15 minutes more.
Yield: 8-10 servings
Rice can be prepared 2 days ahead, cooled, uncovered, then chilled, covered.
Instead of drying bread cubes in oven, they can be spread in a shallow baking pan and dried, uncovered at room temperature for one day.
This entire stuffing recipe can be assembled (without drizzling with stock and melted margarine) cooled and refrigerated. When ready to bake, bring to room temperature, drizzle with broth and margarine, and proceed by following cooking directions above.
* If you cannot find infused Craisins, use any sweet dried Cranberries.
Recipes: Side Dishes, Stuffing, Wild Rice, Parve or Meat, Kosher


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Adjunct Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine (Dermatology)
Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology & Biophysics
Adam Friedman, MD is Director of Dermatologic Research at the Unified Division of Dermatology of Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Dr. Friedman is currently investigating novel nanotechnologies that allow for controlled and sustained delivery of a wide spectrum of physiologically and medicinally relevant molecules, with an emphasis on treating infectious diseases, accelerating wound healing, immune modulation, and correcting vascular dysfunction. He holds several patents derived from these investigations, and has published over 90 papers/chapters and two textbooks on both his research as well as a variety of clinical areas in dermatology with an emphasis on emerging medical therapies. Dr. Friedman has presented his research in both national and international forums, and has received awards from multiple organizations such as the American Academy of Dermatology and American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. Recently, he was featured on the online forums Dermtube,DermMatters,Nanotechnology Thought Leaders, and Dermquest.
Dr. Friedman is also committed to resident and medical education. He chaired of the leadership workgroup of the American Academy of Dermatology Resident/Fellows Committee, currently serves on the Sulzberger Committee on Education, and is the Senior Editor of the Dermatology In-Review Online Workshop. Dr. Friedman serves as the Dermatology Expert for healthguru.com, publishes a column on Everyday healthy entitled The Skin You're In and in line with his research interests, as the Vice President of the Nanodermatology Society. Dr. Friedman was recently appointed as President of the Dermatology Section of the New York Academy of Medicine.
Dr Friedman is co-founder of the newly formed Einstein Emerging Leaders, a group of young professionals who host events through which they can introduce Einstein to like-minded young professionals and who have an interest in making the world a better place through the support of healthcare and research.
Dr. Friedman has appeared on television news programs such as Good Morning America, and has been quoted in numerous leading publications, including WebMD, In Style, Reuters, Good Housekeeping, and Women's Day.
Friedman, A, Han, G, Navati, MH, Chacko, M, Gunther, L, Alfieri, A, Friedman, JM. Sustained Release Nitric Oxide Releasing Nanoparticles: Characterization of a Novel Platform Based on Nitrite Containing Hydrogel/Glass Composites. Nitric Oxide 2008 19(1): 12-20.
Han, G, Zippin, J, Friedman, A. From Bench to Bedside: The Therapeutic Potential of Nitric Oxide in Dermatology. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009; 8(6): 586-591.
Martinez, L, Han, G, Chacko M, Mihu, MR, Jacobson, M, Gialanella, P, Friedman, A, Nosanchuk, J, Friedman, JM. Antimicrobial and Healing Efficacy of Sustained Release Nitric Oxide Nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections. J Invest. Dermatol. 2009: 129; 2463–2469.
Friedman, A and Friedman, JM. Novel Biomaterials for the Sustained Release of Nitric Oxide: Past, Present, and Future. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2009; 6(10): 1113-1122.
Han, G, Tar, M, Dwarakka, K, Friedman, A, Melman, A, Friedman, JM, Davies, KP. Nanoparticles as a Novel Delivery Vehicle for Therapeutics Targeting Erectile Dysfunction. J Sexu Med. 2010; 7(1 Pt 1):224-33.
Martinez, LM, Mihu, MR, Han, G, Cordero, RJB, Casadevall, A, Friedman, A, Friedman, JM, Nosanchuk, JD. Chitosan Effectively Damages Cryptococcus Neoformans Biofilms. Biomaterials 2010; 31(4): 669-79.
Zippin, J and Friedman A. An Update on Nanotechnology in Cosmetics and Sunscreens. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009; 8(10): 955-958.
Han, G, Martinez, LM, Mihu, MR, Friedman, A, Friedman, JM, Nosanchuk, J. Nitric Oxide Releasing Nanoparticles are Therapeutic for Staphylococcus aureus Abscesses in Murine Model of Infection. PLoS ONE 2009; 4(11): e7804.
Cabrales, P, Han, G, Roche C, Nacharaju, P, Friedman, A, Friedman, J. Sustained Release Nitric Oxide from Long Lived Circulation Nanoparticles. Free Rad Med. 2010; 49(4):530-8.
Englander, L and Friedman, A. Nitric Oxide Nanoparticle Technology: A Novel Antimicrobial Agent in the Context of Current Treatments for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections J Clin Aesth Dermatol. 2010; 3(6): 45-50.
Nasir, A and Friedman, A. Nanotechnology and the Nanodermatology Society. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010; 9(7): 879-882.
Cabrales, P, Han, G, Nacharaju, P, Friedman, AJ, Friedman, JM. Reversal of Hemoglobin-Induced Vasoconstriction with Sustained Release of Nitric Oxide. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011; 300(1):H49-56.
Nacharaju, P, Friedman, AJ, Friedman, JM, Cabrales, P. Exogenous Nitric Oxide Prevents Collapse during Hemorrhagic Shock. Resuscitation. Published Online 2/21/11.
Friedman, A, Jacobson, M, Mann, R. Extensive Ulcerated Pigmented Nodules. J Am Acad Dermatol.2011; 64(5): 994-996.
Friedman, A, Blecher, K, Sanchez, D, Tuckman-Vernon, C, Gialanella, P, Friedman, JM, Martinez, L, Nosanchuk, J. Susceptibility of Gram Positive and Negative Bacteria to Novel Nitric Oxide-Releasing Nanoparticle Technology. Virulence. 2011; 2(3). Online
Friedman, A, Blecher, K, Schairer, D, Tuckman-Vernon, C, Nacharaju, P, Sanchez, D, Gialanelll, P, Martinez, L, Friedman, J, and Nosanchuk, J. Improved Antimicrobial Efficacy with Nitric Oxide Releasing Nanoparticle Generated S-Nitrosoglutathione. Nitric Oxide. 2011; 25: 381-386.
Schairer, D, Martinez, L, Blecher, K, Chouake, J, Nacharaju, P Gialanella, P, Friedman J, Nosanchuk, J, Friedman, A. Nitric Oxide Nanoparticles: Pre-clinical Utility as a Therapeutic for Intramuscular Abscesses. Virulence 2012; 3(1):1-6.
Blecher, K Martinez, LR, Tuckman-Vernon, C, Nacharaju, P, Schairer, D, Chouake, J, Friedman, JM, Alfieri, A, Guha, C Nosanchuk, JD, Friedman, A. Nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles accelerate wound healing in NOD-SCID mice. Nanomedicine 2012 Mar 6. [Epub ahead of print].
Marcherla, C, Sanchez, DA, Ahmadi, M, Vellozi, EM, Friedman, AJ, Nosanchuk, JD, Martinez, LR. Nitric Oxide Releasing Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Candida albicans Burn Infections. Front. Microbio. 2012;3:193. [Epub 2012 Jun 8.]
Tuckman-Vernon, C, Maier, KE, Chouake, J, Friedman, A, Cabrales, P, Friedman, JM, Nacharaju, P. A Nanoparticle Delivery Vehicle for S-nitroso-N-acetyl cysteine: Sustained Vascular Response. Nitric Oxide. 2012 Jun 15. [Epub ahead of print]
Chouake, J, Schairer, D, Kutner, A, Sanchez, D, Makdisi, J, Blecher-Paz, K, Nacharaju, P, Tuckman-vernon, C, Gialanella, P, Friedman, JM, Nosanchuk, JD, Friedman, A. Nitrosoglutathione Generating Nitric Oxide Nanoparticles as an Improved Strategy for Combating Pseudomonas aeruginosa – Infected Wounds. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012; 11(12):1471-1477.
Friedman, AJ, Phan, J, Schairer,D, Champer, J, Qin, M , Pirouz, A, Blecher, K, Oren,A, Modlin, RL, and Kim,J. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of chitosan-alginate nanoparticles: a novel targeted therapy for cutaneous pathogens. J Invest. Dermatol. 2013;133(5):1231-9.
Sanchez, D, Schairer, D, Tuckman-Vernon, C, Chouake, C, Kutner, A, Makdisi J, Friedman, J, Nosanchuk J, Friedman, A. Amphotericin B Releasing Nanoparticle Topical Treatment of Candida in the Setting of a Burn Wound. Nanomedicine. Published online 6/14/13.
Schairer, D, Chouake, C, Kutner, A, Makdisi J, Nosanchuk J, Friedman, A. Evaluation of the antibiotic properties of Glutathione. J Drugs Dermatol. In Press
Nanotechnology in Dermatology. Ed. Nasir, Friedman, Wang. Springer Publishing LLC. 2013, XVII, 291 p.
Nanomedicine in Drug Delivery. Ed. Kumar, Mansour, Friedman and Blough. CRC Publishing LLC. 2013, 450 p.
Development and Therapeutic Applications of Nitric Oxide Releasing Materials. Ed. Friedman and Friedman. Future Science Group. In Press.
Click image to enlarge
More Information About Dr. Adam Friedman
Material in this section is provided by individual faculty members who are solely responsible for its accuracy and content.
George Washington University
22nd & 1st Street
2nd Floor
Washington, DC 20037
Tel: 202.741.2600
Good Housekeeping interviews Dr. Adam Friedman about nutrients in food that slow the skin's aging process and protect against UV damage, including vitamin C, lean protein, fatty fish and beta-carotene.
WABC-TV interviews Dr. Adam Friedman about the importance of applying sun block frequently - and before going outside - to protect skin from sun exposure.


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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Children With Disabilities
- Home
- Your Health
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Children With Disabilities
(GERD—Child With Disabilities; Chronic Heartburn—Child With Disabilities; Reflux Esophagitis—Child With Disabilities; Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease—Child With Disabilities; GORD—Child With Disabilities; Heartburn—Child With Disabilities; Reflux—Child With Disabilities)
|Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
|Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
- Problems with the nerves that make the valve open or close
- Increased pressure in the stomach—such as too much food in the stomach or pressure on the abdomen
- Irritation in the stomach or muscles of the valve
- Problem with the valve itself
- Swelling and irritation of the esophagus
Risk Factors
- Birth defects
- Neurological impairment
- Premature birth
- Down syndrome or intellectual disability
- Cerebral palsy
- Head injury
- Hiatal hernia
- Food allergies
- Obesity
- Certain medications
- Exposure to tobacco smoke
- Abnormal pressure to the valve
- Narrow or short esophagus
- Delayed emptying of the stomach
- Difficulty swallowing or choking with feedings
- Apnea or blue skin, which occurs when not enough oxygen gets to the airways
- Refusal to eat
- Increased mouth secretions
- Regurgitation or vomiting
- Bloody vomit
- Weight loss or poor weight gain
- Pain in the abdomen or chest
- Frequent pneumonia or respiratory problems
- Coughing or wheezing
- Hoarseness
- Arching back while feeding
- Irritability or restlessness while feeding
- Upper GI series
- Nuclear medicine scan
- Swallowing evaluation
- Upper endoscopy with biopsy
- 24-hour pH monitoring to keep track of acid levels
Feeding Management
- Histamine-2 receptor drugs—to decrease acid production and promote healing
- Proton pump inhibitors—also decreases acid production and promote healing
- Keeping the medical team informed of changes in your child's health
- Learning how to care and use the feeding tube
- Keeping a diary of your child's symptoms and progress
GI Kids—North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition http://www.gikids.org
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases http://www.niddk.nih.gov
Canadian Digestive Health Foundation http://www.cdhf.ca
About Kids Health—The Hospital for Sick Children http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children and adolescents. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases website. Available at: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/ger-and-gerd-in-children-and-adolescents/Pages/facts.aspx. Updated August 2006. Accessed May 10, 2013.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Updated June 22, 2012. Accessed May 10, 2013.
Pediatric GE reflux clinical practice guidelines. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;32:S1-S31.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: Kari Kassir, MD
- Review Date: 03/2014 -
- Update Date: 05/05/2014 -


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Fresh Member
TNA 10: Top 5 Matches
After a long think I have decided to add a few more blogs to the TNA 10 series. Before I do the Top 10 wrestlers I will be counting the Top 5 tag teams, the Top 10 X division wrestlers and the Top 10 knockouts. Without further ado here are the Top 5 tag teams of the past 10 years in TNA. The reason this list is 5 long instead of ten is because I only really wanted
Following on from the top 10 moments in TNA history, I bring you the top 10 matches to come from TNA in the past 10 years. These matches will be based on both the quality of the match as well as the impact (no pun intended) they had. So without further ado here is the 10 ten matches of TNA.
10. America's Most Wanted vs Triple X (Six Sides of Steel: Turning Point 2004)
TNA 10: Top 10 moments
In this blog I will be counting down my top ten moments in TNA history, I believe myself to be fan of both WWE and TNA and more importantly professional wrestling as whole. I proudly say I have watched TNA since the first PPV from Huntsville, Alabama (mainly because it was on free television here in the UK). I stopped watching a few times but always kept up on the storylines.
Welcome to Part two of my Wrestlemania preview and predictions. Sadly I had to split it up too two blog posts because it was too big to fit into the one. Here are your main event matchs and my predictions to go along with them.
Michael Cole (with Jack Swagger) Vs. Jerry 'The King' Lawler (Special Guest Ref – Stone Cold Steve Austin)
Who am I kidding here if I try to come up with
Wrestlemania is only a few days away now; the entire wrestling world revolves around this event and this particular time of year. You will not find better storylines and in some cases better matches than at Wrestlemania. At the Royal Rumble it was looking like it could be one of the weakest Wrestlemania's for many years, however, the following two months produced some captivating television with