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Many creation myths share broadly similar themes. Common motifs include the fractionation of the things of the world from a primordial chaos; the separation of the mother and father gods; land emerging from an infinite and timeless ocean; or creation ex nihilo (out of nothing).
The term creation myth is sometimes used in a derogatory way to describe stories which are still believed today, as the term Myth may suggest something which is absurd or fictional. While these beliefs and stories need not be a literal account of actual events, they may yet express ideas that are perceived by some people and cultures to be truths at a deeper or more symbolic level. Author Daniel Quinn notes that in this sense creation myths need not be religious in nature, and they have secular analogues in modern cultures.
Alternative creation myths abound in fantasy literature. J.R.R. Tolkien has his version in the Silmarillion; C.S. Lewis has both a Creation and an End in his Narnia sequence (Magician's Nephew and Last Battle). Also David Eddings 'Belgariad'; Robert Heinlein 'Job' and 'The Cat who walks through Walls'; Lois McMaster Bujold 'Chalion'; Charles Harness 'The New Reality'; Michael Moorcock and numerous others offer huge variety. Both Monotheist and Multitheist versions abound. The struggle between 'good' and 'evil' concept of Abrahamic religions is also a frequent element.
The Bakuba account of demiurge is as follows. Originally, the Earth was nothing but water and darkness. Mbombo, the white giant ruled over this chaos. One day, he felt a terrible pain in his stomach, and vomited the sun, the moon, and the stars. The sun shone fiercely and water steamed up in clouds. Gradually, the dry hills appeared. Mbombo vomited again, this time the trees came out of his stomach, and animals, and people, and many other things: the first woman, the leopard, the eagle, the anvil, monkey Fumu, the first man, the firmament, medicine, and lighting. Nchienge, the woman of the waters, lived in the East. She had a son, Woto, and a daughter, Labama. Woto was the first king of the Bakuba.
Mangala did not lose hope; the creator began again, this time with two sets of twin seeds. Mangala planted the seeds in an egg shaped womb where they gestated. Mangala continued to put more sets of twin seeds in the womb until he had 8 sets of seeds. In the womb, the gestating seeds transformed themselves into fish. The fish is considered a symbol of fertility in the Mande world. This time, Mangala's creation was successful. This is important, because it illustrates the idea of dual gendered twinship, an idea that permeates Mande culture.
Mangala tried to maintain this perfect creation, but chaos crept in; one of the male twins became ambitious and tried to escape from the egg. This chaotic character is called Pemba. He is a trickster figure whose first trick was to steal a piece of the womb's placenta and throw it down. This action made the earth. Pemba then tried to refertilize what was left of the womb, committing incest against his mother, the womb.
Mangala decided to sacrifice Pemba's brother Farro to save what was left of his creation. He castrated him and then killed him in order to raise him from the dead. Mangala took what was left of the placenta and transformed it into the sun, thus associating Pemba with darkness and the night. Farro was transformed into a human being and was taught the language of creation by Mangala. Farro's knowledge of words is very powerful and the tool he used to defeat Pemba's mischief. Farro and his newly created twins came to Earth and got married (not to each other). This is the basis for the foundation of exogamy in Mande.
Next, a being named Sourakata arrived from the sky with the first sacred drum, hammer, and the sacrificed skull of Farro. Sourakata began to play on the drum and sang for the first rain to come. Sourakata is a magical being who can control nature, and he taught Farro and his followers.
Damballah (Sky-serpent loa and wise and loving Father archetype) created all the waters of the earth. In the form of a serpent, the movement of his 7,000 coils formed hills and valleys on earth and brought forth stars and planets in the cosmos. He forged metals from heat and sent forth lightning bolts to form the sacred rocks and stones.
When he shed his skin in the sun, releasing all the waters over the land, the sun shone in the water and created the rainbow. Damballah loved the rainbow's beauty and made her his wife, Aida-Wedo. (Aida-Wedo represents the sky powers and is symbolized by the rainbow; wife of Damballah, she shares his function as cosmic protector and giver of blessing.)
The revelations of the loa (deity) descended upon the first faithful in Ifé, a legendary city located in Nigeria. Therefore, everything in life and all spiritual strength comes from Ifé. The homeland of all voodoo devotees, where Ifé is located, is Ginen, from where they were forced to flee in the African Diaspora. In death, the higher soul will return to Ginen (the world of the dead, said to be under the water below the earth) to reside with the loa and the ancestral spirits. Because of this, all practitioners of voodoo refer to themselves as ti guinin, sons or daughters of Ginen.
Kamui made this world as a vast round ocean resting on the backbone of an enormous trout. This fish sucks in the ocean and spits it out again to make the tides; when it moves it causes earthquakes.
One day Kamui looked down on the watery world and decided to make something of it. He sent down a water wagtail to do the work. By fluttering over the waters with its wings and by trampling the sand with its feet and beating it with its tail, the wagtail created patches of dry land. In this way islands were raised to float upon the ocean.
When the animals who lived up in the heavens saw how beautiful the world was, they begged Kamui to let them go and live on it, and he did. But Kamui also made many other creatures especially for the world. The first people, the Ainu, had bodies of earth, hair of chickweed, and spines made from sticks of willow. Kamui sent Aioina, the divine man, down from heaven to teach the Ainu how to hunt and to cook.
"Punch holes in the Earth so the water will drain away," said the King above the Sky.
The water went down. Finally, the drum bumped against the ground. The brother and sister came out of the drum and looked around. Everything was still dead.
"Where are the people?" asked the sister.
But the brother had an idea. "All the people on Earth are gone. Marry me, we can have children."
"I can't marry you, we are brother and sister."
But he asked her again and again and she said, "No."
Finally the brother said, "Let's carry the grindstones up the hill and roll them into the valley. If the stones land on top of each other, then you shall marry me."
The sister rolled her stone and then, as soon as the brother rolled his stone he ran as fast as he could down the hill and stacked the stones on top of each other.
When the sister saw the stones she cried. Finally she said, "I will marry you, because it was meant to be."
A year later the wife gave birth to a baby, but the baby was not a real baby. It had no arms or legs. It was just round like a pumpkin. The husband cut it up and threw the pieces away. One piece fell on the garden and it became the "Vang" clan because "Vang" sounds like the word for "garden" in Hmong. One piece fell on the goat house. Some pieces fell on the leaves and grass and they became the other Hmong clans. The Nhia, Mhoua, Pao, Ho, Xiong, Vue, and so on.
The next morning the village was full of houses. Everyone came to the husband and wife and said, "Mother and father, come have breakfast with us."
The husband said to his wife, "I asked you to marry me because all the people on Earth were dead. Now these people are our family -- our sons and daughters."
After the creation of the Earth itself, the first male and female couple were created out of clay. They would become the progenitors of all humanity. The various tribes and peoples were placed there with different characteristics. In the north, the men were paired with ewes as sexual mates and this was the spawn of the Mongol ethnicity while the Han Chinese were the spawn of hens while the Dorbed and the Buryats recount that they are the descendants of a coupling between hunters and Swan Maidens.
Another account tells that in the beginning, seven suns rose in the sky so that the rivers and vegetation on earth dried up, so the people asked the archer Erkei-Mergen to shoot the suns out of the sky. The archer shot down six, but while he was taking aim at the seventh a martin flew in front of the sun and was shot in the tail. From then on, the martin had a forked tail and there was a single sun remaining in the sky. The archer was so distressed that he fled to the steppe, cut off his thumbs in shame, and became the ancestor of the marmot.
The traditional creation narrative of the Orok people of Sakhalin begins with three suns shining in the sky. The earth was completely liquid, but the liquid was slowly diminishing and the earth was hardening. Under the heat, cliffs and stones boiled. At that time, on earth there were no living creatures except the family of a man named Hadau. When the earth hardened, Hadau shot arrows at two suns first killing the older sister sun with one arrow, and then the younger sister sun with another leaving only the middle sun. Sundogs are said to be the visible shadows of the two earlier suns, as if imprints of one on each side. After this, Hadau created a family of eagles and a family of ravens. Therefore upon seeing an eagle on a hunt, the Oroks call him their elder (grandfather). The flight of these birds allowed people to be dispersed across the Earth.
Beyond this, Shinto belief is that everything else has, simply, always been.
This is the only original Taoist idea about the origins of everything. All of the following myths were added at much later dates to the original core Taoist writings and only came into existence as Taoist philosophy became more structured, religious and therefore a need for a more detailed cosmology grew among its adherents. Even today there are two main traditions of Taoism: the religious tradition with its more detailed cosmology and the original philosophical tradition which does not accept any creation myths at all.
Taoist genesis appeared in two versions. The first Division-Genesis in Tao Te Ching and partially in I Ching described out of tao- nothingness or Wuji gave rise to existence Taichi, this existence splitting into the binary yin and yang, yin and yang splitting into the four realms and then the Eight countenance, and from which every beings or non-beings are created.
The myth of Pangu around 200 CE describes a universe which starts as a cosmic egg with Pangu born within. He broke it into two halves, and came out of it. Panqu was a man in a bearskin, and he had two horns. He separated Yin and Yang and turned them into heaven and earth. He himself was the center, standing on earth and supporting heaven. With hammer and chisel he produced sun, moon, and stars. In doing this, he grew a little bit every day. When the work was finished, Pangu died to make the world live. His voice became the thunder, his limbs the four quarters of the earth. His flesh became the earth, his hair the trees, his sweat the rain, his bones the stones. Finally, men were the insects which were crawling over his body. This was an allegorical version of the Division-Genesis.
Despite the fact that this tale is accepted as a legacy of ancient China, it is probable that is was imported from South East Asia. However, it is usually ascribed to Ko Hung, Taoist writer of the fourth century CE, who also wrote on the preparation of an elixir of life, and similar subjects. He also wrote Biographies of Spirits and Immortals, which is a prime source of mythological material. This clearly places it at a much later date than the core Taoist writings.
A second version with metaphysical reference was given in a late 20th century book called Tiantang Yiuchi in which genesis was detailed, that out of Tao or Wuji came a non-being called Xuanxuan Shangren (玄玄上人) who hatched into the Three Pure Ones the Daoist Trinity and then the Five Supremes. Three of the Five Supremes incubated the first man and woman as well as all living beings.
A bird was flying above the sea, seeking a place to make a nest and lay her eggs. She searched everywhere, but found nothing but water. Then she noticed the first dry place. In some stories it was an island, in other stories it was a boat and in other stories it was a body part of a floating being, like the wizard Väinämöinen. The place was too unstable for a nest: a big wave came and broke the eggs, spreading their parts all over. However the eggs were not wasted: the upper part of egg covers formed the sky, yolk became the sun, and lower parts of egg formed the mother earth. The first human was Väinämöinen, he was born from the maiden of air Ilmatar that was made pregnant by the sea. Väinämöinen ordered forests to be planted, and started human culture.
Hesiod, in his Theogony, says that Chaos existed in the beginning, and then gave birth to Gaea (the Earth), Tartarus (the Underworld), Eros (desire), Nyx (the darkness of the night) and Erebus (the darkness of the Underworld). Gaea brought forth Ouranos, the starry sky, her equal, to cover her, the hills, and the fruitless deep of the Sea, Pontus, "without sweet union of love," out of her own self. But afterwards, Hesiod tells, she lay with Heaven and bore the World-Ocean Oceanus, Coeus and Crius and the Titans Hyperion and Iapetus, Theia and Rhea, Themis and Mnemosyne and Phoebe of the golden crown and lovely Tethys. "After them was born Cronos the wily, youngest and most terrible of her children, and he hated his lusty sire." Cronos, at Gaia's urging, castrates Uranus. He marries Rhea who bears him Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus. Zeus and his brothers overthrow Cronos and the other Titans, then draw lots to determine what each of them will rule. Zeus draws the sky, Poseidon draws the sea, and Hades draws the underworld. The Earth was contested and no one of them had absolute sovereignty over it, as shown by Poseidon's anger when Zeus forced him to leave the battlefield in the Iliad.
Old tales I remember | of men long ago. I remember yet | the giants of lore [...] Of old was the age | when Ymir lived; No Sea nor cool waves | nor sand there were; Earth had not been, | nor heaven above, Only a yawning gap, | and grass nowhere.
In the beginning there was nothing except for the ice of Niflheim, to the north, and the fire of Muspelheim, to the south. Between them was a yawning gap (the phrase is sometimes left untranslated as a proper name: Ginnungagap), and in this gap a few pieces of ice met a few sparks of fire. The ice melted to form Eiter, which formed the bodies of the hermaphrodite giant Ymir and the cow Auðumbla, whose milk fed Ymir. Auðumbla fed by licking the rime ice, and slowly she uncovered a man's hair. After a day, she had uncovered his face. After another day, she had uncovered him completely: Búri.
Ymir fathered Thrudgelmir, as well as two humans, one man and one woman. Búri fathered Borr. Borr had three sons, Vili, Ve, and Odin, who killed the giant Ymir. In the vast flood of Ymir's blood, both the primordial man and woman died. Thrudgelmir was also drowned, although not before he had fathered Bergelmir. Bergelmir hid in a hollow tree trunk and survived. Odin and his brothers used Ymir's body to create the universe : they ground his flesh into dirt, and the maggots that appeared in his flesh became the dwarves that live under the earth. His bones became the mountains, and Odin strew his brains into the sky to create the clouds. The universe comprises nine worlds, of which this earth (Mannheim) is central.
They placed the four dwarves Nordri (North), Sudri (South), Austri (East), and Vestri (West) to hold up Ymir's skull and create the heavens. Then using sparks from Muspelheim, the gods created the sun, moon and stars. As Odin and two others (the Eddas say Hœnir and Lóðurr, these are thought to be kennings for Vili and Ve) walked along the beach, they found two pieces of driftwood. From these, they created the 'first' human beings (the previous two having drowned in the flood of Ymir's blood), Ask and Embla. Ymir's eyebrows were used to create a place where the human race could live in; a place called Midgard.
The gods regulated the passage of the days and nights, as well as the seasons. Sol is the goddess of the sun, a daughter of Mundilfari, and wife of Glen. Every day, she rides through the sky on her chariot, pulled by two horses named Arvak and Alsvid. This passage is known as Alfrodull, meaning "glory of elves," which in turn was a common kenning for the sun. Sol is chased during the day by Skoll, a wolf that wants to devour her. Solar eclipses signify that Skoll has almost caught up to her. (It is fated that Skoll will eventually catch Sol and eat her at the end of the world; however, she will be replaced by her daughter.) Sol's brother, the moon Mani, is chased by Hati, another wolf. The earth is protected from the full heat of the sun by the dwarf Svalin, who stands between the earth and Sol. The flaming manes of Arvak and Alsvid provide the light for the earth.
In the Buddhist scriptures, there is a story in the Dīgha Nikā ya about how this world has come about. It is in the 27th Sutta, the Aggañña Sutta, and the Buddha uses it to explain how castes have come about, and why one caste is not really any better than the other. At a point in time, this world contracts. When it expands again, beings are being reincarnated in it. All is water, and it is dark, but the beings are luminous. Later, earth is formed on the surface of the water. The beings start to eat from it, because this is tasty earth. Doing this, however, their own light disappears, and sun, moon, days and nights and seasons come into existence. The beings continue eating from the earth. They degenerate further: ugly ones and handsome ones come into existence. On top of that, the handsome ones get a bit arrogant. All of this makes the tasty earth disappear. Nice mushrooms take its place. The degeneration continues: beings become coarser, arrogant, and mushrooms are replaced by plants, and, then, good, ready-to-eat rice. Beings do still get coarser. They also become male or female. Sex is frowned upon, so people build shelter to be discrete. The next step is when people start to gather rice for a few meals at a time. Now, the rice's quality starts to deteriorate, and it does not grow back immediately. Later, people create rice fields with boundaries. This is the origin of theft and crime. To combat this crime, they offer a share of the rice to one of them to be their leader. In the end, all the different castes come about, originating from the same kind of beings.
In Hindu philosophy, the existence of the universe is governed by the Trimurti of Brahma (the Creator), Vishnu (the Sustainer) and Shiva (the Destroyer). The sequence of Avatars of Vishnu - the Dasavatara (Dasa—ten, Avatara—divine descents) is generally accepted by most Hindus today as correlating well with Darwin's theory of evolution i.e. the first Avatar generating from the environment of water. Hindus believe that the universe was created from the Word (Aum/OM : ॐ) - the sacred sound uttered by every human being at the time of birth. The first five great elements or Panchamahabhuta (Sanskrit: Pancha—five + Maha—great + Bhuta—elements) are: Akasha, Vayu, Agni, Ap, and Prithvi.
Hindus believe that the cycle of creation, preservation, and destruction has no beginning, Anadi. Hindus thus do not see much conflict between creation and evolution. Another reason for this could also be the Hindu concept of cyclic time, such as yugas, or days of Brahma. A day of Brahma lasts 4.32 billion years and the night of Brahma also lasts for 4.32 billion years. Days and nights follow in cycles (unlike the concept of linear time in many other religions). In fact, time is represented as Chakra, the wheel of time.
In earlier Vedic thinking, the universe emanated from a cosmic egg, Hiranyagarbha (literally, 'the golden embryo'). Prajapati was born from the Hiranyagarbha world egg. Prajapati was later identified in the Puranas with the Demiurge Brahma. Various devas are credited with certain acts of the process of creation, as personified entities representing the laws governing the universe. For instance, the act of propping apart the Sky and the Earth suggests early ideas of an expanding universe. The Purusha Sukta hymn of Rig Veda further personifies and describes the story of the creation of the universe from the remains of a gigantic primaeval Cosmic Man, Purusha, sacrificed at the Purushamedha yajna.
In Hinduism, nature and all of God's creations are manifestations of Him. He is within and without His creations, pervading the entire universe and also observing it externally. Hence all animals and humans have a divine element in them that is covered by the ignorance and illusions of material or mundane existence, as a result of avidya (ignorance).
Several scholars have attempted breaking the code of cosmogenesis of the Rig Veda. According to Rig Veda, creation happened gradually. The universe in its primitive form was made up of Ishwar Tattva, which primarily spread homogeneously throughout the universe. The complete equilibrium and homogeneity, when broke, arose an inhomogenous state of the primordial fluid, Ap. With the transformation of undifferentiated primordial fluid into differentiated fluid through polarization of opposites, the universe moved from a homogenous to inhomogenous state when particles were formed first.
When this reaches its lowest level, even Jainism itself will be lost in its entirety. Then, in the course of the next upswing, the Jain religion will be rediscovered and reintroduced by new leaders called Tirthankaras (literally "Crossing Makers" or "Ford Finders"), only to be lost again at the end of the next downswing, and so on.
(see: universe history section in the Jainism article.)
The constitution of the individual (the microcosm) is an exact replica of the macrocosm. Consequently, the microcosm consists of a number of bodies, each one suited to interact with its corresponding plane or region in the macrocosm. These bodies developed over the yugas through involution (emanating from higher planes to lower planes) and evolution (returning from lower planes to higher planes), including by karma and reincarnation in various states of consciousness.
Where the tablet picks up, the gods An, Enlil, Enki and Ninhursanga create the Sumerians (the "black-headed people") and the animals. Then kings descend from the sky and the first cities are founded - Eridu, Bad-tibira, Larsa, Sippar, and Shuruppak.
After a missing section in the tablet, we learn that the gods have decided to send a flood to destroy humankind. Zi-ud-sura, the king and gudug priest, learns of this. (In the later Akkadian version, Ea, or Enki in Sumerian, the god of the waters, warns the hero (Atra-hasis in this case) and gives him instructions for the ark. This is missing in the Sumerian fragment, but a mention of Enki taking counsel with himself suggests that this is Enki's role in the Sumerian version as well.)
When the tablet resumes it is describing the flood. A terrible storm rocks the huge boat for seven days and seven nights, then Utu (the Sun god) appears and Zi-ud-sura creates an opening in the boat, prostrates himself, and sacrifices oxen and sheep.
After another break the text resumes, the flood is apparently over, the animals disembark and Zi-ud-sura prostrates himself before An (sky-god) and Enlil (chief of the gods), who give him eternal life and take him to dwell in Dilmun for "preserving the animals and the seed of mankind". The remainder of the poem is lost. (translation of the text)
In the poem, the god Marduk (or Assur in the Assyrian versions of the poem) is created to defend the divine beings from an attack plotted by the ocean goddess Tiamat. The hero Marduk offers to save the gods only if he is appointed their supreme unquestioned leader and is allowed to remain so even after the threat passes. The gods agree to Marduk's terms. Marduk challenges Tiamat to combat and destroys her. He then rips her corpse into two halves with which he fashions the earth and the skies. Marduk then creates the calendar, organizes the planets, stars and regulates the moon, sun, and weather. The gods pledge their allegiance to Marduk and he creates Babylon as the terrestrial counterpart to the realm of the gods. Marduk then destroys Tiamat's husband, Kingu using his blood to create humankind so that they can do the work of the gods. (Sources, Foster, B.R., From Distant Days : Myths, Tales, and Poetry of Ancient Mesopotamia. 1995, Bethesda, Md.: CDL Press. vi, 438 p., Bottéro, J., Religion in Ancient Mesopotamia. 2004, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. x, 246 p., Jacobsen, T., The Treasures of Darkness : A History of Mesopotamian Religion. 1976, New Haven: Yale University Press. 273.)
This topic is covered extensively in Bahá'í Faith and science.
Bahá'ís believe that humanity, the universe and everything therein are creations of God and were both formed and developed by him. However, creation is not seen to be confined to the material universe, and individual material objects, such as the Earth, are seen to come into being at particular moment and then subsequently break down into their constituent parts. Thus the current universe is seen as a result of a long-lasting process (cosmological time scales), evolving to its current state. Bahá'ís believe that humanity was created to know God and to serve his purpose. Regarding the mechanisms or time frame of creation acts or processes, Bahá'ís refer to the religion's teachings on the harmony of science and religion.
Over time, the rival groups gradually merged, Ra and Atum were identified as the same god, making Atum's mysterious creation actually due to the Ogdoad, and Ra having the children Shu and Tefnut, etc. In consequence, Anubis was identified as a son of Osiris, as was Horus. Amun's role was later thought much greater, and for a time, he became chief god, although he eventually became considered a manifestation of Ra.
For a time, Ra and Horus were identified as one another, and when the Aten monotheism was unsuccessfully introduced, it was Ra-Horus who was thought of as the Aten, and the consequent cosmogony this inspired. Later, Osiris' cult became more popular, and he became the main god, being identified as a form of Ptah. Eventually, all the gods were thought of as aspects of Osiris, Isis, Horus, or Set (who was by now a villain), indeed, Horus and Osiris had started to become thought of as the same god. Ptah eventually was identified as Osiris.
A late version of the narrative has it that the Supreme Being (God) was Atum-Raa and he uttered the words of creation to create the Primordial water of Nu (The celestial Ocean) Naunet. Naunet contained everything in embrionic form. From this, Atum-Raa uttered the words of creation to bring life into the world. This life took the form of an egg. From this egg came Raa, the light of God who caused all life to come into existence. Raa was represented by the Egyptian solar disk (also symbolised in Nordic, Germanic, Greek & Vedic tradition by a Sun chariot as well as referenced by biblical texts Elijah (prophet)). Raa, the light of God in nature, later became manifest on earth through the disc of the sun (eten) & appeared in the form of Dosher - the sunrise at the beginning of life on earth.
It begins as God creates the elements after seeing the Cosmos and creating one just like it (our Cosmos) from its own constituent elements and souls. From there, God, being both male and female, holding the Word, gave birth to a second Nous, creator of the world. This second Nous created seven powers (often seen as Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the Sun and the Moon) to travel in circles and govern destiny.
The Word then leaps forth from the materializing elements, which made them unintelligent. Nous then made the governors spin, and from their matter sprang forth creatures without speech. Earth then was separated from Water and the animals (other than Man) were brought forth from the Earth.
The Supreme Nous then created Man, hermaphroditic, in his own image and handed over his creation. Man carefully observed the creation of his brother, the lesser Nous, and received his and his Father's authority over it all. Man then rose up above the spheres' paths to better view the creation, and then showed the form of God to Nature. Nature fell in love with it, and Man, seeing a similar form to his own reflecting in the water fell in love with Nature and wished to dwell in it. Immediately Man became one with Nature and became a slave to its limitations such as gender and sleep. Man thus became speechless (for it lost the Word) and became double, being mortal in body but immortal in spirit, having authority of all but subject to destiny.
The tale does not specifically contradict the theory of evolution, other than for Man, but most Hermeticists fully accept evolutionary theory as a solid grounding for the creation of everything from base matter to Man.
The creation narrative of Islam is split among many verses in the Qur'an. This narrative is similar to the Judeo-Christian accounts of creation. According to the Qur'an, the skies and the earth were joined together as one "unit of creation", after which they were "cloved asunder" . After the parting of both, they simultaneously came into their present shape after going through a phase when they were smoke-like . The Qur'an states that the process of creation took 6 days or epochs (depending on the interpretation).
The Qur'an states that God created the world and the cosmos, made all the creatures that walk, swim, crawl, and fly on the face of the earth from water . He made the angels, and the sun, moon and the stars to dwell in the universe. He poured down the rain in torrents, and broke up the soil to bring forth the corn, the grapes and other vegetation; the olive and the palm, the fruit trees and the grass.
God molded clay, earth, sand and water into a model of a man. He breathed life and power into it, and it immediately sprang to life. And this first man was called Adam. God took Adam to live in Paradise. In Paradise, God created Eve (or Hawa), the first woman, from out of Adam's side. God taught Adam the names of all the creatures, and then commanded all the angels to bow down before Adam. But Iblis, one amongst the Jinns (a special being in the Qur'an - who is also considered to be Satan), refused to do this, and thus began to disobey God's will.
God placed the couple in a beautiful garden in Paradise, telling them that they could eat whatever they wanted except the fruit of a forbidden tree. But Iblis (Satan) tempted them to disobey God, and eat the fruit. When God knew that Adam and Eve had disobeyed him, he cast them out of Paradise.
The Judeo-Christian accounts of creation have their basis in the Book of Genesis; beliefs regarding creation differ among Judeo-Christian groups, both today and in the past. The grammar of the opening verse of Genesis is ambiguous, and can be read as either "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth, and the earth was without form, and void..." (King James Version), or, equally valid, as "At the beginning of the making of heaven and earth, when the earth was unformed and void..."(Rashi, and with variations Ibn Ezra and Bereshith Rabba). The second reading, which supposes a pre-existing cosmos which God uses as the raw material for his work, is preferred by most scholars on a number of grounds: the phrase "heaven and earth", for example, is a set phrase in Hebrew denoting "everything," and the word commonly translated as "created" (in "God created the Heavens and the earth") is commonly associated with molding something from already-existing raw material.
Genesis has two creation narratives. In the first (Genesis 1:1-2:3), God progressively creates facets of the world during each day of a 7-day week. Creation is by divine command: God says "Let there be light!" and light is created. Mankind (the Hebrew implies the simultaneous creation of male and female, and leaves open the possibility of more than a single pair) is created after the entire world is prepared for them; they are created in the "image" of God, which probably carried the meaning that mankind was to be God's representative on earth, with dominion and care over all other created things. The final day marks the sanctification of the Sabbath as a day sacred to God. The second story (Genesis 2:4-25) is in one sense an aetiology of the origins of morality: it begins with the creation of man and woman (separately - unlike the first story, one of the themes of the second is the origin of marriage and of male dominion over the female) in God's garden of Eden; Adam and Eve live in harmony with God until they gain "knowledge of good and evil" (the Hebrew is another set phrase, meaning "knowledge of everything" rather than strictly moral knowledge) and are expelled from God's presence into the fallen world.
There is no single or comprehensive cosmology in the Hebrew bible, so that it is difficult to state with any degree of confidence just what the world created by the Hebrew God looked like. The Book of Job mentions the pillars that support the earth, the foundations for the world, the "gate" which closes the sea and marks its boundary, the celestial storerooms of the snow and hail, and the channels through which the rain to pours out of the heavens (which are plural - other Biblical verses make clear that there are three heavens, with the stars being set in one and Yahweh having His throne above the highest).
2 Peter implies belief in a Hebraic word-created, geocentric cosmos: "by the word of God the heavens were of old, the earth standing out of the water and in the water," this being the waters of chaos which filled the entire cosmos. Christianity's major innovation was the doctrine of creation ex nihilo, creation "out of nothing". The Church of the first few centuries AD, writing and thinking in Greek rather than Hebrew, and drawing heavily on Greek philosophical ideas as transmitted by the Philo of Alexandria (a 1st century BC Jewish thinker who tried to reconcile Judaism with Platonism), the Church lost the ambiguity of the Hebrew text and replaced it with Greek clarity and "In the beginning God created Heaven and Earth" became the accepted reading of Genesis 1 for both Christians and Jews.
The Church was not, however, literalist, and Biblical commentators throughout the ages discussed the degree to which the accounts of Creation were to be taken literally or allegorically. Maimonidies, in particular, commented that the account of Creation should not be taken literally.
The name of the most famous Mesopotamian creation myth goes by Enuma Elish. It opens up in a state of chaos where nothing exists but two gods named Tiamat and Apsu, in which they give birth to the first generation of gods, which one is Ea. Apsu cannot sleep because of these god children so he plans to kill them. Ea finds out and kills Apsu and Tiamat plans to avenge her husband. Ea has a son named Marduk. Tiamat assembles a huge army to avenge her husband and names Qingu the commander. Marduk is named as commander of the younger gods as long as he kills Tiamat; which he does through an arrow to the throat. Marduk splits her body in half and uses the back half to make the sky (which holds back the cosmic ocean) and the front half to make the earth (which holds the subterranean ocean). Marduk takes out Tiamat's eyes and allows some of the subterranean ocean to flow out into two streams that become the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Finally, Marduk and Ea (and other gods) decide to create human beings to bear the burden of the gods, so that they can rest and not have to do all the hard work. Marduk creates people by killing Qingu and mixing Qingu's blood with clay.
There is considerable overlap with the Babylonian version - see above.
The Aztec narrative describing creation proceeds with an Earth mother, "Coatlique", the Lady of the Skirt of Snakes. She was decorated with skulls, snakes, and lacerated hands. At first she was whole without cracks in her body -- a perfect monolith (a totality of intensity and self-containment, yet her features were square and decapitated). Coatlique was first impregnated by an obsidian knife and gave birth to Coyolxauhqui, goddess of the moon, and to a group of male offspring, who became the stars.
Then one day Coatlique found a ball of feathers, which she tucked into her bosom. When she looked for it later, it was gone, at which time she realized that she was again pregnant. Her children, the moon and stars did not believe her story. Ashamed of their mother, they resolved to kill her. A goddess can only give birth to a litter of divinity once. During the time that they were plotting her demise, Coatlique gave birth to the fiery god of war, Huitzilopochtli. With the help of a fire serpent, he destroyed his brothers and sister, murdering them in a rage. He beheaded Coyolxauhqui and threw her body into a deep gorge in a mountain, where it lies dismembered forever.
This precipitated a great civil war in heaven which crumbled to pieces. Coatlique fell and was fertilized, while her children were torn apart by fratricide and them scattered and disjointed throughout the universe. Who remained were Ometecutli and his wife Omecihuatl that created life. Their children were: Xipe Totec the god of spring, Huitzilopochtli the Sun god, Quetzalcoatl the "light one" and "plumed serpent", and Tezcatlipoca, the "dark one" and god of night and sorcery.
Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca saw that whatever they created was eaten by Coatlique who floated in the abyss eating everything with her many mouths. To stop her, they changed into two serpents and descended into the water. One grabbed the goddess by the arms while the other grabbed her by the legs, and before she could resist they pulled her apart into different pieces. Her head and shoulders became the earth and the lower part of her body the sky.
The other deities were angry at what the two had done and decided, as compensation for her dismemberment, to allow her to provide the necessities for people to survive; so from her hair they created trees, grass, and flowers; caves, fountains, and wells from her eyes; rivers from her mouth; hills and valleys from her nose; and mountains from her shoulders.
Still the goddess was often unhappy and the people could hear her crying in the night. They knew she wept because of her thirst for human blood, and that she would not provide food from the soil until she drank. So the gift of human hearts is given her. She who provides sustenance for human lives demands human lives for her own sustenance.
After all this had happened, one of the animals attached this new land to the sky with four strings. The land was still too wet so they sent the great buzzard from Galun'lati to prepare it for them. The buzzard flew down and by the time that he reached the Cherokee land he was so tired that his wings began to hit the ground. Wherever they hit the ground a mountain or valley formed.
The animals then decided that it was too dark, so they made the sun and put it on the path in which it still runs today.
After traveling for an extremely long time, they finally came to a place where the pole remained upright. In this place, they laid to rest the bones of their ancestors, which they had carried in buffalo sacks from the original land in the west. The mound grew out of that great burial. After the burial, the brothers discovered that the land could not support all the people. Chicksah took half the people and departed to the North and eventually became the Chickasaw tribe. Chatah and the others remained near the mound and are now known as the Choctaw.
The Haida have a story of a raven who was both bored and well fed, found and freed some creatures trapped in a clam. These scared and timid beings were the first men of the world, and they were coaxed out of the clam shell by the raven. Soon the raven was bored with these creatures and planned to return them to their shell. Instead, the raven decided to search for the female counterparts of these male beings. The raven found some female humans trapped in a chiton, freed them, and was entertained as the two sexes met and began to interact. The raven, always known as a trickster, was responsible for the pairing of humans and felt very protective of them. With the Raven perceived as the creator, many Haida myths and legends often suggest the raven as a provider to mankind.
In the beginning, the world was not as we know it now. It was a water world inhabited only by animals and creatures of the air who could survive without land.
Up above, the Sky World was quite different. Human-type beings lived there with infinite types of plants and animals to enjoy.
In the Sky World, there was a Tree of Life that was very special to the people of the Sky World. They knew that it grew at the entrance to the world below and forbade anyone to tamper with the Tree. One woman who was soon to give birth was curious about the Tree and convinced her brother to uproot the Tree.
Beneath the Tree was a great hole. The woman peered from the edge into the hole and suddenly fell off the edge. As she was falling she grasped at the edge and clutched in her hand some of the earth from the Sky World. As she fell, the birds of the world below were disturbed and alerted to her distress. The birds responded and gathered a great many of their kind to break her fall and cradle her to the back of a great sea turtle. The creatures of the water believed that she needed land to live on, so they set about to collect some for her. They dove to the great depths of the world's oceans to gather earth to make her a place to live. Many of the animals tried to gather the earth from the ocean floor, only the muskrat was successful. With only a small bit of earth brought onto turtle's back from his small paws, Turtle Island began to grow.
The Sky Woman soon gave birth to a daughter on Turtle Island. The daughter grew fast. There were no man-beings on Turtle Island, but a being known as the West Wind married the daughter of Sky Woman.
Soon the daughter of Sky Woman gave birth to Twins. One was born the natural way, and he was called the Right-Handed Twin. The other was born in a way that caused the death of the mother. He was called the Left-Handed Twin. When their mother died, their grandmother, Sky Woman, placed the fistful of earth that she grasped from the edge of the Sky World, and placed it on her daughter's grave. The earth carried special seeds from the Sky World that were nourished by the earth over her daughter. So from the body of her daughter came the Sacred Tobacco, Strawberry and Sweetgrass. We call these Kionhekwa. The Life Givers.
The Right and Left-Handed Twins were endowed with special creative powers. The Right-Handed Twin created gentle hills, beautiful smelling flowers, quiet brooks, butterflies and numerous creatures, plants and earth formations. His brother the Left-Handed Twin made snakes, thorns on rose bushes, thunder and lightning and other more disturbing attributes of today's world. Together, they created man and his many attributes. The Right-Handed Twin believed in diplomacy and conflict resolution. The Left-Handed Twin believed in conflict as resolution. They were very different, but all that they created is an integral part of this Earth's Creation.
Their Grandmother, Sky Woman, now came to the end of her life. When she died, the Twins fought over her body and pulled it apart, throwing her head into the sky. As part of the Sky World, there her head remained to shine upon the world as Grandmother Moon. The Twins could not live together without fighting. They agreed to dwell in different realms of the earth. The Right-Handed Twin continued to live in the daylight and the Left-Handed Twin became a dweller of the night. Both of them continue their special duties to their Mother the Earth.
To populate the Earth, Inktomi traveled to the underworld in the form of a wolf and met with humanity, telling them about a paradisical world aboveground. Inktomi convinced a man named Tokahe ("the first") to travel to the surface for a brief visit. When Tokahe emerged through a cave (Wind Cave in the Black Hills), he found the world to be strikingly beautiful. Returning to the underworld, Tokahe persuaded other families to accompany him to the surface, but upon arrival they discovered that the Earth was full of hardship. Inktomi had by this time prevented humanity from returning below ground, so the families had no choice but to scatter and eke out their livelihoods.
The stream flowed very rapidly. Then from the sky a rope of feathers, was let down, and down it came Earth-Initiate. When he reached the end of the rope, he tied it to the bow of the raft, and stepped in. His face was covered and was never seen, but his body shone like the sun. He sat down, and for a long time said nothing.
At last Turtle said, "Where do you come from?" and earth Initiate answered, "I come from above."
Then Turtle said, "Brother, can you not make for me some good dry land so that I may sometimes come up out of the water?"
Then he asked another time, "Are there going to be any people in the world?"
Earth-Initiate thought awhile, then said, "Yes."
Turtle asked, "How long before you are going to make people?"
Earth-Initiate replied, "I don't know. You want to have some dry land: well, how am I going to get any earth to make it of?"
Turtle answered, "If you will tie a rock about my left arm, I'll dive for some."
Earth-Initiate did as Turtle asked, and then, reaching around, took the end of a rope from somewhere, and tied it to Turtle. When Earth-Initiate came to the raft, there was no rope there: he just reached out and found one.
Turtle said, "If the rope is not long enough, I'll jerk it once, and you must haul me up; if it is long enough, I'll give two jerks, and then you must pull me up quickly, as I shall have all the earth that I can carry." Just as Turtle went over the side of the boat, Father-of-the-Secret-Society began to shout loudly.
Turtle was gone a long time. He was gone six years; and when he came up, he was covered with green slime, he had been down so long. When he reached the top of the water, the only earth he had was a very little under his nails: the rest had all washed away. Earth-Initiate took with his right hand a stone knife from under his left armpit, and carefully scraped the earth out from under Turtle's nails.
He put the earth in the palm of his hand, and rolled it about till it was round; it was as large as a small pebble. He laid it on the stern of the raft. By and by he went to look at it: it had not grown at all. The third time that he went to look at it, it had grown so that it could be spanned by the arms. The fourth time he looked, it was as big as the world, the raft was aground, and all around were mountains as far as he could see.
The raft came ashore at Ta'doikö, and the place can be seen today.
Time went along, and nothing happened. Alongside the shell stood a great tree. As time passed, the tree grew so large that its roots started encircling the shell. Eventually a root cracked the shell. The Wind started enlarging the crack and the Creator reached down to help the Panther take its place on earth. Next to crawl out was the Bird. The Bird had picked and picked around the hole, and, when the time was right, stepped outside the shell. Bird took flight immediately. After that, other animals emerged in different sequences: Bear, Deer, Snake, Frog, Otter. There were thousands of others, so many that no one besides the Creator could even begin to count them all. All went out to seek their proper places on earth.
Raven then proceeded to trick the man who owned the everlasting spring of water into giving him a drink, but before he could escape through the chimney, the man made a fire and blackened raven to his current color. First, he spit out water creating the Nass Stikine, Taku, Chilkat, the Alsek, and all the other large rivers. Smaller drops created the salmon creeks.
Raven then proceeded to a town that had never seen daylight. The people of the town quarreled with him, so raven decided to scare them by opening his box of daylight. Upon seeing the Sun, the villagers scattered, some to the ocean where they became sea creatures and some to the forest where they became forest creatures.
Raven made the winds, the races, and dogs who were human beings that Raven cursed to walk on all fours.
The Incan account of creation is known based on what was recorded by priests, from the iconography on Incan pottery and architecture, and the myths and legends which survived amongst the native peoples. According to these accounts, in the most ancient of times the earth was covered in darkness. Then, out of a lake called Collasuyu (modern Titicaca), the god Con Tiqui Viracocha emerged, bringing some human beings with him. Then Con Tiqui created the sun (Inti), the moon and the stars to light the world. It is from Inti that the Sapa Inca, emperor of Tawantin Suyu, is descended. Out of great rocks Con Tiqui fashioned more human beings, including women who were already pregnant. Then he sent these people off into every corner of the world. He kept a male and female with him at Cusco, the "navel of the world."
Con, the Creator; was in the form of a man without bones. He filled the earth with good things to supply the needs of the first humans. The people, however, forgot Con's goodness to them and rebelled. So he punished them by stopping the rainfall. The miserable people were forced to work hard, drawing what little water they could find from stinking, drying riverbeds. Then a new god, Pachacamac, came and drove Con out, changing his people into monkeys. Pachacamac then took earth and made the ancestors of human beings.
The founder of the first dynasty of the kingdom of Cuzco was Manco Capac. In one legend he was brought up from the depths of Lake Titicaca by the sun god Inti. In another he was the son of Tici Viracocha. However commoners were not allowed to speak the name of Viracocha, which is possibly an explanation for the need for two foundation legends.
In one myth Manco Capac was the brother of Pachacamac, both were sons of the sun god Inti who is also known as Apu Punchau. Manco Capac himself was worshiped as a fire and sun god. According to the Inti legend, Manco Capac and his siblings were sent up to the earth by the sun god and emerged from the cave of Pacaritambo carrying a golden staff, called 'tapac-yauri'. They were instructed to create a Temple of the Sun in the spot where the staff sank into the earth, they traveled to Cusco via underground caves, and built a temple in honor of the sun god Inti, their father. During the journey to Cuzco, one of Manco's brothers, and possibly one of his sisters, were turned to stone (huaca). In another version of this legend, instead of emerging from a cave in Cuzco, the siblings instead emerged from the waters of Lake Titicaca.
In the Tici Virachocha legend, Manco Capac was the son of Tici Viracocha of Pacari-Tampu (today Pacaritambo, 25 km south of Cuzco). He and his brothers (Ayar Anca, Ayar Cachi and Ayar Uchu) and sisters (Mama Ocllo, Mama Huaco, Mama Raua and Mama Cura) lived near Cuzco at Paccari-Tampu, and united their people and ten ayllu they encountered in their travels to conquer the tribes of the Cuzco Valley. This legend also incorporates the golden staff, which is thought to have been given to Manco Capac by his father. Accounts vary, but according to some versions of the legend, the young Manco jealously betrayed his older brothers, killed them, and became the sole ruler of Cuzco.
Perhaps unique among cultures, the Pirahã people of the Amazon rainforest seem to have no creation myth. They also possess no concept of time, history, mathematics, and almost no art. Despite this, linguist Daniel Everett reports that the Pirahã have "the most complex verbal morphology I am aware of [and] are some of the brightest, pleasantest, most fun-loving people that I know." Everett suggests a Sapir–Whorf hypothesis-like cause for this, "Pirahã culture constrains communication to non-abstract subjects which fall within the immediate experience of [the speaker].
For many months Pele followed a star from the northeast, which shone brighter than the rest, and migrated toward it. One morning, Pele awoke to the smell of something familiar in the air. In the distance could be seen a high mountain with a smoky haze hiding its peak. Pele knew she had found her new home. She named the island Hawai'i.
Pele, carrying her magic stick Pa'oa, went up to the mountain where a part of the earth collapsed into the ground. She placed the stick into the ground. Pele called this place Kilauea. Inside the Kilauea Crater was a large pit. She named it Halema'uma'u, maumau being the fern jungle surround the volcano. Halema'uma'u would be her new home.
There was a fire god living on Kilauea named 'Ailaau. He and Pele both wanted Kilauea for their home. They started throwing fire balls at each other, causing considerable damage. 'Ailaau fled and still hides in the caverns under the earth. Pele alone would rule the Island of Hawai'i. The people of the island loved and respected the goddess Pele. The egg her mother gave Pele hatched into a beautiful girl. Pele named her new sister, Hi'iaka'i-ka-poli-o-Pele. Kamohoali'i, the shark god, taught Hi'iaka the art of surfing.
Pele fell in love with a man she saw in a dream. His name was Lohi'au, a chief of the island of Kaua'i. Pele sent her sister Hi'iaka to fetch Lohi'au on Kaua'i to bring him back to Hawai'i to live with Pele. Hi'iaka would have forty days to bring Lohi'au back or Pele would punish the girl by hurting Hi'iaka's girl friend Hopoe. Upon reaching Kaua'i, Hi'iaka found Lohi'au dead. She quickly rubbed his body with herbs and chanted to the gods for help; bringing the young chief of Kaua'i back to life. Grateful for Hi'iaka's help, Lohi'au agreed to return with her to the Big Island.
The forty days had passed. Pele suspected that Hi'iaka and Lohi'au had fallen in love and were not coming back. In her fury, Pele caused an eruption which turned Hopoe into stone. On her return to Hawai'i with Lohi'au, Hi'iaka found Hopoe, a statue in stone. Hi'iaka, filled with sadness and anger decided to take revenge. Leading Lohi'au to the edge of the Halema'uma'u crater where Pele could see them, Hi'iaka put her arms around Lohi'au and embraced him. Furious, Pele covered Lohi'au with lava and flames.
The two sisters, anger subsided, were remorseful. One lost a friend, the other a lover. Pele decided to bring Lohi'au back to life to let him choose which sister he would love. Pele was sure Lohi'au would choose her. Lohi'au chose Hi'iaka. Pele, with aloha, gave the two lovers her blessing and Hi'iaka and Lohi'au sailed back to Kaua'i.
Pele still lives on Hawai'i where she rules as the fire goddess of the volcanoes. The smell of sulphur reminds the natives that she is still there in her home, Halema'uma'u, her fiery lava building a new island to the south, still submerged, named Loahi.
Bathala and Aman Sinaya then became fierce rivals that led them to fight each other. In one of their battles, Aman Sinaya sent a tempest into the Sky to cause a commotion. Bathala threw giant boulders to stop her. This caused thousands of islands to be created onto the surface of the Sea (which became to be the Philippine archipelago). As the situation worsened, Amihan decided to intervene. In a form of a bird, Amihan flew back and forth between them causing the Sky and the Sea to become closer than it was before. Soon, the two realms met and both gods agreed to end the fight and become friends.
As a sign of friendship, Bathala planted a seed underneath the ocean floor. It soon grew into a bamboo reed, sticking out of the edge of the Sea. One day, Amihan flew by and heard voices, coming from inside the reed. "Oh, North Wind! North Wind! Please let us out.", the voices said. Amihan pecked the reed once, then twice, and all of a sudden, it cracked open. Inside were two human beings; a male and a female. Amihan named the man, Malakas ("strong"), and the woman, Maganda ("beautiful"). Both were flown then onto one of the islands where they settled, built a house, and had millions of offsprings that populated the Earth.


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Grand Entrance™ Barbie® Doll
The second doll in the Grand Entrance™ Collection, Grand Entrance™ Barbie® doll looks positively enchanting in her lovely pink gown. With a fitted bodice top and full skirt accented with pink flowers, Barbie® personifies grace. Her long flowing hair, and dangling necklace and earrings complete this marvelous ensemble. A Guide to Collecting accompanies the doll with trivia, tips, and tidbits about collecting Barbie.
Production doll may vary from the photo shown above. Mattel reserves the right to modify the fashion/fabrics, sculpt, hair color/style, and accessories. Doll cannot stand alone as shown.

subset: commoncrawl


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text:
Just seen man, I like it mate.
Cool man!
Hey man, just letting you know bro.
Money In the Bank is the next PPv if you want to start thinking of some idea's.
I'm at work now i'll pm you later today about it
Hey bro is the time of the month that i need a poster
Can you help?
(10 Char)
Dude, can you send me the first 3 parts of the Nitro promo. I accidentally deleted it :/
hey, sorry bud I had to adjust your Hogan part of the promo. It didn't flow with what G.G.G./THBK wanted. I'll include you in the finished product so you can see what I did
Go post it in the creative cave under general discussion. My dumbass phone let me see it through email, but will there
you are my new favorite person
The Trinity
Black Ninja!
Fresh Member
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text:
It doesn't have any seats. Or carpet. Or door panels. Or doors, for that matter. But it starts and runs. And at Corvettes at Carlisle, it turned heads and raised eyebrows as it made its official debut. "It" is Project C4orce, and, in addition to being the subject of a seminar at Carlisle, it also appeared at Mid America Motorworks' site on the Manufacturers' Midway. Project C4orce was greeted with enthusiasm and curiosity at both locations-gratifying because Trey Hanson and Jody Gregg of Speed Hound Performance burned more than their share of midnight oil finishing up all the last minute details that always bite in a very tender part of the anatomy.
Aside from the inevitable 11th hour adjustments and alterations, Project C4orce has been proceeding fairly smoothly. After Trey installed the Vmax Motorsports-modified cylinder heads and an LS6 intake manifold (that Speed Hound Performance had leftover from a supercharger project), he completed the intake system with a cable-actuated Camaro/Firebird throttle body, which had also been modified by Pete Incaudo of Vmax. Modified (or ported) throttle bodies are available from a variety of sources, but we've found a fair amount of variation in both the quality of the modifications and the results they produce. Pete has a truly unique understanding of air flow, which invariably translates into cylinder heads, intake manifolds, and throttle bodies that offer unrivalled performance. (I'm frequently reminded of that when someone in a uniform asks me for my license and registration.)
At this point in time, we don't have actual horsepower numbers because the car isn't in "dynoable" condition, but according to the flow bench, we've got a killer throttle body. Its flow characteristics will definitely allow the engine to take maximum advantage of the performance potential of the new camshaft and cylinder heads.
Considering the vast array of off-the-shelf camshafts that are available, you may be wondering (then again, you may not) why we elected to have Comp Cams grind a special "C4orce profile." Unless your departure from the turnip truck is fairly recent, you're probably well aware that developing a "combination," as opposed to simply choosing components out of a handful of catalogs, is the key to maximum performance. Since our turnip truck days were more years ago than we care to remember, we wanted a cam profile optimized for this particular engine and the conditions under which it will operate.


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A MAN who discovered a 48-year-old bar of Kendal Mint Cake in his loft believes it may be the oldest-surviving bar of the famous confectionery.
Peter Truelove, 68, of Windermere, bought the bar of Robert Wiper's Original Mint Cake when he and a friend visited Kendal as 21-year-olds in 1964.
The pair were on a 'boy's adventure' which took them from their homes in Kent to John O'Groats, the most northerly point on the Scottish mainland.
"We travelled the distance in an Austin 7 and it took us a week," said Mr Truelove, of Hill Top. "The car only did 35mph at best and it was blizzard weather – the snow was coming into the car.
"We called at Kendal on the way back and we'd heard about the mint cake, so when we saw some we thought we'd buy a bar."
Mr Truelove said he was not sure why he had kept the bar in a box in his loft.
"It was on a shelf as a memento of the trip but it's been in the loft since we moved to Windermere 16 years ago," he said. The bar is still in reasonable condition although some of the sugar is seeping through the wrapping.
Although the original Wipers recipe is still used, the company was sold to Romneys in 1987.
Managing director John Barron said: "We have been making it all these years and I don't think we have any that old – it's impressive.
"It wouldn't do him any harm to eat it now but I don't expect it would taste very nice."
Mr Truelove said what was also interesting to discover was the journal he wrote while travelling, which documented the stop-off in Kendal. He said: "I had to record everything we spent because my friend and I were splitting the cost of the trip. It's funny now to look back and see that someone offered to sell us a car engine and gear box for £2.50, and that 15 litres of petrol was 60p.
"Unfortunately, the price of the mint cake wasn't included, although I did write that we'd visited and purchased it."
ONE of the most important collections of watercolour paintings in the world is heading our way.
More than 40 works from the exquisite holdings of Sir Hickman Beckett Bacon (1855-1945), an avid collector of English watercolours between 1895 and the First World War, will be on show at Abbot Hall Art Gallery, from January 12 until April 14.
Now owned by Sir Nicholas Bacon, the precious paintings will be loaned to the Kendal gallery for its next exhibition - Turner and his Contemporaries: The Hickman Bacon Watercolour Collection.
Abbot Hall chief executive Gordon Watson was thrilled at the prospect of the eminent display, which should have the eyes of the nation's arts world focused on the important regional gallery.
In fact, a fitting time to stage such a grand show as Abbot Hall celebrates a half century since its opened its celebrated doors.
Gordon added: "Fifty years ago on September 28, 1962, Her Royal Highness Princess Margaret officially opened the gallery and since then Abbot Hall has established itself as one of the most significant and ambitious galleries in the north of England."
Rarely aired in public, the collection will be shown alongside highlights from Abbot Hall's own permanent collection of watercolours.
Sir Nicholas said that he was delighted to be able to lend the paintings to Abbot Hall.
He continued: "My great uncle Sir Hickman Bacon (Hicky) had unusual tastes for his time and thus the collection is very strong in the type of late, ethereal Turner watercolours that only became widely popular with the advent of abstract painting in the 1940s and 50s. Equally, John Sell Cotman, an artist who had only just emerged from total obscurity, was of particular interest.
"Hicky's collection represents English watercolour painting at its greatest; like so many collectors he was not interested by the fashion of the day, but he was committed to collecting those objects which fulfilled his heartfelt love of beauty."
Born in 1855 into a family of landed gentry, Sir Hickman was educated at Eton. He joined the army, later returning to his old-fashioned family mansion. He suffered from ill health early in his life, and remained a bachelor until he died in 1945. He also collected fabrics, wall hangings, ceramics and Japanese prints – a collection he gave to the Japanese Government.
Abbot Hall collections manager Nick Rogers said that an exhibition of watercolours from the 'remarkable' Hickman Bacon collection was a cause for celebration wherever it was held. He added: "That it is taking place in Kendal, Cumbria, is particularly appropriate, as this is an area that played a significant role in the development of watercolour as the medium of choice for the itinerant artist in the late 18th and early 19th Century."
STUDENTS have been advising Westmorland General Hospital on how it can provide more cost-effective and 'greener' heating.
Sixth-formers from Ripley St Thomas Church of England Academy in Lancaster worked with Morecambe Bay NHS Trust on the 'Hands On' project for eight months.
The pupils investigated the hospital's annual energy consumption to see how it could be done differently to cut carbon emissions and suggested using local suppliers as one option.
MORE than 10,000 people flocked to Crooklands at the weekend to celebrate quality local produce.
Country Fest — organised by Westmorland Agricultural Society — showcased the finest food and drink the area has to offer.
Independent food and drink producers and suppliers, who give the region its culinary reputation, tempted the senses at the County Showfield and gave visitors an insight into where their food comes from.
The family event also included a pets' corner, 'meet the farmer', sheep shearing demonstrations, music and dance, a 'grow your own' area, crafts, beer festival, trade stands and dog shows.
Sheep dog trials were a new addition this year and The Westmorland Gazette hosted a wedding fair.
Richard and Barbara Mathews, from Kendal, were impressed with the range of items on sale and stocked up on locally-produced pies.
"We have such a wide variety of food here," said Mr Mathews.
"We have got a lot of farmers who are extending what they do into other products and we like to support them."
Tommy Brady, also from Lancaster, said: "The amount of food that is available is amazing. There are umpteen different types of sausage and pies — you want to buy it all."
Christine Knipe, chief executive of Westmorland Agricultural Society, said: "The sunshine did bring people out on the Sunday and it was very busy.
"The feedback was positive."


text:
The Conference Board Economics Watch®
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by LouisianaSweetPea Apr 11, 2004 7:49 PM
Hippeastrum x johnsonii
This is one of my favorite plants for a shady spot. ... read more
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For Immediate Release: February 10, 2012
The Alexandria Park and Recreation Commission will receive a briefing on the open space elements and related recreational components of the Beauregard Small Area Plan on Thursday, February 16, 7 p.m., at the Jerome "Buddie" Ford Nature Center located at 5750 Sanger Ave. Public comment is invited.
Individuals who are unable to attend this regular meeting of the Commission can view the Beauregard Small Area Plan at http://alexandriava.gov/BeauregardPlan. Individuals may send written comments on the open space elements and related recreational components of the plan to the Department of Recreation, Parks and Cultural Activities, Attention: William Chesley, Deputy Director, 1108 Jefferson St., Alexandria, VA 22314, or e-mail email@example.com.
The City of Alexandria is committed to compliance with the City's Human Rights Code and the American with Disabilities Act. To request a reasonable accommodation or to request materials in an alternative format, please call William Chesley at 703.746.5426 (TTY 703.838.4902) or e-mail email@example.com.
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text: February's Full Moon Catch up with Peter in February's update which just scrapes in under the full moon – we've had a few technical hitches putting this one together. Watch the video for news of The World Economic Forum, new music, new ideas and artist as curator. Watch the update in The Full Moon Club. Share : Tweet ‹ BBC Radio2 Folk Awards Jan Fairley interviews Peter Gabriel for The Scotsman. ›


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Recent Blogs
sometimes i wonder if there is anyone out there i have friends and people i say hey to in passing but still day by day i feel so alone and empty inside i really wish i knew wht this life is all about i can never shake these fucked up memories tht stay with me for forever in the back of my mind and everyday im fucked with and teased by my fuck ups in life i jus wish i could erase them or some...
I do not mean to sound like those people that seem strange or creepy but if i can i would be more than ecstatic to meet jonothan Davis. It sounds like every korn fans dream but i feel as if it is my goal to learn from him and if possible live the life he does. I know i am not a person with a sickness or disorder but i wish to have a chance if this message ever gets read by a korn member,...
okay so I posted a couple of months ago regarding korn doing a show in australia. Still I havent found or heard any new news concerning this. Ive been looking forward to seeing them again for a while now and dont know whats going on. Not sure if there isnt enough support or sponsors for them to come down here again, but I just wish theyd come down already. I can see they have nothing...
Well, I got my new Ianez five string recently and it's the best!! It sounds 1,000% better than my other bass and it works perfectly! And to make it better, I finally got a lock on strap so when I play it like Fieldy does, it won't come up and smack me in the face like my other one did... it's also one of my favorite colors (neon green). I may post videos/pictures somewhere, but I don't...


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The Barnard Education Program
invites BC, CC, SEAS and GS students to attend:
Tuesday, November 13th
6:30 p.m. - 7:30 p.m.
Milbank 324
The Barnard Education Program
TODAY - Apply for the Degree Event: Thursday, November 8th from 10am- 2pm in the Lerner Auditorium
Seniors graduating in May 2013… Did you know you have to apply for your degree??
Not applying for your degree by December 1st may delay the arrival of your diploma and prevent you from being considered for honors.
Ignorance: How It Drives Science Panel Discussion
Wednesday, November 14, 6:00 p.m. Miller Theatre
Marx Reloaded Film Screening and Panel Discussion
Monday, November 12, 7:00 p.m. Miller Theatre
Final Exams are Friday, December 14 – Friday, December 21
Your Final Exam Schedule is available through SSOL under the "My Exam Schedule" link on your "Student Schedule" page.
Spring 2013 Registration is NEXT WEEK!!! Monday, November 12 - Friday, November 16
- Seniors start: Monday, November 12
- Juniors start: Tuesday, November 13
- Sophomores start: Wednesday, November 14
- First-Years start: Thursday, November 15
- All students register: Friday, November 16
**please check SSOL for your on-line registration times**
Thursday, November 15th
…is the Last Day to Drop a Fall 2012 Class for SEAS students!!
Please double and triple check your schedule on SSOL (NOT CourseWorks) to make sure that you are registered for the classes you have been attending. If you see a problem, make an appointment with your Advising Dean ASAP!!
The Last Day for Columbia College Students to Choose the Pass/D/Fail Grading Option for Fall 2012 is NEXT THURSDAY, November 15th
You must fill out an Add/Drop form before the (11/15) Thursday 5:00 p.m. deadline and turn it in to the Registrar's Office. The Registrar is located in 205 Kent Hall and is open until 5:00 p.m. Monday – Friday.
You can print an add/drop form HERE


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Chapter 2 The Pre-Travel Consultation
The Pre-Travel Consultation
The pre-travel consultation offers a dedicated time to prepare travelers for the health concerns that might arise during their trips. The objectives of the pre-travel consultation are to assess the traveler's trip plans and determine potential health hazards; to educate the traveler regarding the anticipated risks and methods for prevention; to provide immunizations for vaccine-preventable diseases and medications for prophylaxis, self-treatment, or both; and to empower the traveler to manage his or her health throughout the trip.
Much evidence has accumulated relevant to travelers' health and forms the basis of pre-travel advice. Providers of pre-travel consultations should possess a general knowledge of the evidence base, understand disease epidemiology as well as routes of transmission and preventive measures, and be able to explore and discuss the risks clearly with travelers.
The outcome of a pre-travel consultation likely depends on the expertise and communication skills of the provider, as well as the health beliefs of the traveler. In-person counseling by trained staff can effectively deliver some messages, in particular with regard to malaria risk and prevention. Familiarity with the traveler's destination, its culture, infrastructure, and disease patterns generates credibility for the advisor. An advisor with a passion for travel and personal travel experience may ably infuse vitality into the consultation and impart sound and memorable information.
Various disciplines of medicine provide pre-travel consultation, including primary care physicians, infectious diseases specialists, and travel medicine specialists. Primary care clinicians may have access to the traveler's medical history but may not have detailed knowledge of travel medicine. Travel medicine specialists have in-depth knowledge regarding immunizations, risks associated with specific destinations, and the implications of traveling with underlying conditions. Therefore, a comprehensive consultation with a travel medicine expert is indicated for any traveler with a complicated health history, special risks, or exotic or complicated itineraries.
Effective pre-travel consultations require attention to the health background of the traveler and incorporate the itinerary, trip duration, travel style, and activities, all of which determine health risks (Table 2-01). Advice should be personalized, highlighting the likely exposures, and also reminding the traveler of ubiquitous risks such as injury, foodborne and waterborne infections, respiratory tract infections, and bloodborne and sexually transmitted infections. Written information is essential to supplement the oral advice and enable travelers to review the abundant instructions from their clinic visits. Balancing the cautions with an appreciation of the positive aspects of the journey leads to a more meaningful pre-travel consultation.
Assess Individual Risk
Many elements merit consideration in assessing a traveler's health risks. These factors can be incorporated into a paper intake form or electronic module to document the consultation (Table 2-01). Certain travelers may confront special risks. Recent hospitalization for serious problems may even lead the advisor to recommend delaying travel. Air travel is contraindicated for certain conditions. Other traveler characteristics that are associated with specific risks include travelers who are visiting friends or relatives, long-term travelers, travelers with chronic illnesses, immunocompromised travelers, pregnant travelers, and travelers with small children. More comprehensive discussion on advising travelers with specific needs is available in Chapter 8.
Manage Risk
Immunizations are a crucial component of pre-travel consultations, and the risk assessment forms the basis of recommendations for travel vaccines. At the same time, the pre-travel consultation presents an opportunity to update routine vaccines (Table 2-02).
The scope of pre-travel consultations includes preventive and self-treatment medications, such as malaria chemoprophylaxis, self-management of travelers' diarrhea, and prophylaxis or treatment for acute mountain sickness. Along with immunizations, prevention of malaria and travelers' diarrhea are key topics. If a traveler anticipates the need to treat motion sickness, jet lag, or severe allergic reactions, consider medications for self-management, such as motion sickness therapy, a sleep aid, and epinephrine. Prescribing multiple medications, particularly for travelers already taking medications, warrants a review for possible drug interactions.
The pre-travel consultation also provides the ideal setting to review wellness strategies with travelers and to remind them of healthy practices during travel (Table 2-03). For travelers going to malaria-endemic countries, discuss malaria transmission, ways to reduce risk, and recommendations for chemoprophylaxis. Because of the frequent occurrence of travelers' diarrhea, advise travelers regarding food and water precautions and discuss a strategy to treat diarrhea if it occurs. Other topics to be explored are numerous and could be organized into a checklist, placing priority on the most serious and frequently encountered issues. General issues such as preventing injury and sunburn also deserve mention. Concise, written handouts can effectively summarize the salient issues.
Travelers with underlying health conditions require attention to their health issues as they relate to the destination and activities. For example, a traveler with a history of cardiac disease should carry medical reports, including a recent electrocardiogram. Asthma may flare in a traveler visiting a polluted city or from physical exertion during a hike; planning for treatment in case of asthma exacerbation can be lifesaving. Any allergies or serious medical conditions should be identified on a bracelet or a card to expedite medical care in emergency situations.
In addition to recognizing the traveler's characteristics, health background, and destination-specific risks, the exposures related to special activities also merit discussion. For example, river rafting in Africa could expose a traveler to schistosomiasis, and spelunking in Central America could put the traveler at risk of histoplasmosis.
Many medical issues that arise during travel can be self-managed. Therefore, travelers should be encouraged to carry a travel health kit with prescription and nonprescription medications. More detailed information for providers and travelers is given in Chapter 2, Travel Health Kits; Chapter 8, Travelers with Chronic Illnesses; Chapter 8, Humanitarian Aid Workers; and Appendix B.
Attention to the cost of recommended interventions may be critical. Some travelers may not be able to afford all of the indicated vaccines and medications, a situation that requires prioritization of interventions. (See Perspectives: Prioritizing for the Resource-Limited Traveler section later in this chapter.) Finally, a comprehensive pre-travel consultation should include providing the traveler with a record of immunizations administered.
Table 2-01. Information necessary for a risk assessment during pre-travel consultations
|Health Background
|Past medical history
|Special conditions
|Immunization history
|Prior travel experience
|Trip Details
|Reason for travel
|Travel style
|Special activities
Table 2-02. Vaccines to update or consider during pre-travel consultations
|Routine Vaccines
|Haemophilus influenzae type b
|No report of travel-related infection, although organism is ubiquitous.
|Hepatitis B
|Recommended for travelers visiting countries where HBsAg prevalence is ≥2% (see Map 3-04). Vaccination may be considered for all international travelers, regardless of destination, depending upon the traveler's behavioral risk as determined by the provider and traveler.
|Human papillomavirus
|No report of travel-acquired infection, although causal relationship is difficult to establish.
|Outbreaks have occurred on cruise ships, and 2009 influenza A(H1N1) illustrated the rapidity of spread via travel.
|Measles, mumps, rubella
|Infections are common in countries that do not immunize children routinely, including Europe. Outbreaks have occurred in the United States as a result of travel.
|Outbreaks occurred with Hajj pilgrimage, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia requires the quadrivalent vaccine for pilgrims.
|Organism is ubiquitous and causal relationship to travel is difficult to establish.
|Unimmunized or underimmunized travelers can acquire poliovirus, as occurred in a case reported in association with a stay with a host family in Latin America that had been declared polio-free.
|Common in developing countries, although not a common cause of travelers' diarrhea in adults. The vaccine is only recommended in young children.
|Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis
|Rare cases of diphtheria have been attributed to travel. Pertussis has occurred in travelers, recently in adults whose immunity has waned.
|Infections are common in countries that do not immunize children routinely, as in most developing countries. Naturally occurring disease also occurs later in tropical countries.
|Travel (a form of stress) may trigger herpes zoster, but causal relationship is difficult to establish.
|Travel Vaccines
|Cholera (not available in the United States)
|Cases in travelers have occurred recently in association with travel to the Dominican Republic and Haiti.
|Hepatitis A
|Prevaccination incidence was 3–20 cases/1,000 person-months of travel, but recent surveillance indicated a decline to 3–11 cases/100,000 person-months of travel. Prevalence patterns of HAV infection may vary among regions within a country, and missing or obsolete data present a challenge. Some expert travel clinicians advise people traveling outside the United States to consider hepatitis A vaccination regardless of their country of destination.
|Japanese encephalitis
|Rare cases have occurred, estimated at <1 case/1 million travelers to endemic countries.
|Rabies preexposure immunization simplifies postexposure immunoprophylaxis.
|Tickborne encephalitis (not available in the United States)
|Cases have been identified in travelers with an estimated risk of 1/10,000 person-months in travelers. Endemic areas are expanding in Europe.
|UK surveillance found the highest risk to be travel to India (6 cases/100,000 visits), Pakistan (9 cases/100,000 visits), and Bangladesh (21 cases/100,000 visits).
|Yellow fever
|Risk occurs mainly in defined areas of sub-Saharan Africa and the Amazon drainage of South America. Some countries require proof of vaccination for entry. For travelers visiting multiple countries, order of travel may make a difference in the requirements.
Abbreviation: HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen.
Table 2-03. Major topics for discussion during pre-travel consultations
|Malaria chemoprophylaxis
|Travelers' diarrhea
|Other vectorborne diseases
|Altitude illness
|Other environmental hazards
|Personal safety
|Sexual health and bloodborne pathogens
- Angell SY, Behrens RH. Risk assessment and disease prevention in travelers visiting friends and relatives. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2005 Mar;19(1):49–65.
- Askling HH, Rombo L, Andersson Y, Martin S, Ekdahl K. Hepatitis A risk in travelers. J Travel Med. 2009 Jul–Aug;16(4):233–8.
- CDC. Tick-borne encephalitis among US travelers to Europe and Asia—2000–2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010 Mar 26;59(11):335–8.
- Chen LH, Hill DR. PIER Module: Travel immunizations. Philadelphia, PA: American College of Physicians [cited 2012 Feb 12]. Available from: http://pier.acponline.org/physicians/procedures/physpro272/physpro272-wn.html (requires ACP membership for access).
- Chen LH, Wilson ME, Davis X, Loutan L, Schwartz E, Keystone J, et al. Illness in long-term travelers visiting GeoSentinel clinics. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Nov;15(11):1773–82.
- Christenson JC. Preparing families with children traveling to developing countries. Pediatr Ann. 2008 Dec;37(12):806–13.
- DuPont HL, Ericsson CD, Farthing MJ, Gorbach S, Pickering LK, Rombo L, et al. Expert review of the evidence base for self-therapy of travelers' diarrhea. J Travel Med. 2009 May–Jun;16(3):161–71.
- Freedman DO. Clinical practice. Malaria prevention in short-term travelers. N Engl J Med. 2008 Aug 7;359(6):603–12.
- Freedman DO, Weld LH, Kozarsky PE, Fisk T, Robins R, von Sonnenburg F, et al. Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 12;354(2):119–30.
- Hartjes LB, Baumann LC, Henriques JB. Travel health risk perceptions and prevention behaviors of US study abroad students. J Travel Med. 2009 Sep–Oct;16(5):338–43.
- Hatz CFR, Chen LH. Pre-travel consultation. In: Keystone JS, Freedman DO, Kozarsky PE, Connor BA, Nothdurft HD, editors. Travel Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2013. p. 31–6.
- Hill DR, Ericsson CD, Pearson RD, Keystone JS, Freedman DO, Kozarsky PE, et al. The practice of travel medicine: guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Dec 15;43(12):1499–539.
- Hills SL, Griggs AC, Fischer M. Japanese encephalitis in travelers from non-endemic countries, 1973–2008. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010 May;82(5):930–6.
- International Society of Travel Medicine. The body of knowledge for the practice of travel medicine. Atlanta: International Society of Travel Medicine; 2006 [cited 2012 Sep 18]. Available from: https://www.istm.org/WebForms/Members/MemberResources/Cert_Travhlth/Body.aspx.
- LaRocque RC, Rao SR, Tsibris A, Lawton T, Barry MA, Marano N, et al. Pre-travel health advice-seeking behavior among US international travelers departing from Boston Logan International Airport. J Travel Med. 2010 Nov–Dec;17(6):387–91.
- Mackell S. Traveler's diarrhea in the pediatric population: etiology and impact. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Dec 1;41 Suppl 8:S547–52.
- Mali S, Kachur SP, Arguin PM, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria (CDC). Malaria surveillance—United States, 2010. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2012 Mar 2;61(2):1–17.
- McCarthy AE, Mileno MD. Prevention and treatment of travel-related infections in compromised hosts. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2006 Oct;19(5):450–5.
- Patel TA, Armstrong M, Morris-Jones SD, Wright SG, Doherty T. Imported enteric fever: case series from the hospital for tropical diseases, London, United Kingdom. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010 Jun;82(6):1121–6.
- Pitzurra R, Steffen R, Tschopp A, Mutsch M. Diarrhoea in a large prospective cohort of European travellers to resource-limited destinations. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:231.
- Schlagenhauf P, Petersen E. Malaria chemoprophylaxis: strategies for risk groups. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008 Jul;21(3):466–72.
- Steffen R, Amitirigala I, Mutsch M. Health risks among travelers—need for regular updates. J Travel Med. 2008 May–Jun;15(3):145–6.
- Talbot EA, Chen LH, Sanford C, McCarthy A, Leder K, Research Committee of the International Society of Travel Medicine. Travel medicine research priorities: establishing an evidence base. J Travel Med. 2010 Nov–Dec;17(6):410–5.
- Toovey S, Moerman F, van Gompel A. Special infectious disease risks of expatriates and long-term travelers in tropical countries. Part II: infections other than malaria. J Travel Med. 2007 Jan–Feb;14(1):50–60.
- World Health Organization. International travel and health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012 [cited 2012 Sep 25]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ith/en/.
- Page created: August 01, 2013
- Page last updated: August 01, 2013
- Page last reviewed: August 01, 2013
- Content source:


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A wrongful death lawsuit filed more than four years ago by family members of slain Okaloosa County Sheriff's Deputy Anthony Forgione has been settled.
Dixie Dan Powell, attorney for the family, said the lawsuit filed against Fort Walton Beach Medical Center, its parent company HCA Healthcare and individuals including former hospital CEO Wayne Campbell was settled late Wednesday. Final details were ironed out Thursday.
"It's been a long case. I'm just glad it was resolved," Powell said Friday afternoon. "Everybody's pleased with it."
Forgione was fatally wounded July 22, 2008, when he entered a vacant house in Ocean City to retrieve mental health patient Mark Rohlman, who had "eloped" from Fort Walton Beach Medical Center after being admitted under the state's Baker Act.
Rohlman, who family members said was delusional and paranoid in the days before, fired on Forgione at close range as he and other deputies entered a room of the house on Plymouth Avenue.
Rohlman then shot himself in the head and died.
Forgione, 33, was the first Okaloosa County sheriff's deputy to be killed in the line of duty.
Forgione's estate, his mother Charlene Forgione Dietz and brother Joey Forgione were named as plaintiffs in the lawsuit filed May 15, 2009. It sought compensation for mental anguish, lost earnings and other damages.
Although Forgione's widow, Jessica, declined to be a part of the case, his two children were represented as parties to his estate.
Terms of the settlement were "strictly confidential," Powell said Friday.
Powell and Mitch Mongell, the current chief executive officer of Fort Walton Beach Medical Center, offered nearly identical statements regarding the settlement.
The statements were approved by Okaloosa County Circuit Judge William Stone, who was to preside over a civil trial that was scheduled to begin Monday, exactly five years after Forgione was killed.
"The parties in this case have resolved their differences by agreement, litigation has been ended and the terms of the agreement are confidential," Mongell said in his emailed statement.
"We are pleased this has been resolved and look forward to continuing our mission of providing the highest quality healthcare services to our community," Mongell said.
Rohlman's ability to walk out of the hospital not once, but twice in a 24-hour period before he killed Forgione was a primary issue in the lawsuit.
It called the hospital's treatment of Rohlman "egregious and negligent."
Rohlman, 47, was in the hospital involuntarily the day before the fatal shooting after being placed there by his brothers. They had received an ex parte order from a judge for mental evaluation under Florida's Baker Act.
Rohlman walked out of the hospital and battled law officers after they located him. He was returned to the hospital, where he later threatened a staffer ordered to watch him and left again.
Rohlman's brothers had warned officials that he was violent and had access to weapons. They had prepaid Fort Walton Beach Medical Center almost $5,000 for a private room and mental treatment.
That Rohlman would try to leave should have been foreseeable, the lawsuit claimed, because there had been 21 escapes from the hospital in the previous six months.
The lawsuit also claimed that patients escaped regularly from other HCA hospitals, calling it a trend that "bothered law enforcement officers and mental health advocates for years."
In the months following Forgione's death, state and federal agencies ordered Fort Walton Beach Medical Center to improve its security. A moratorium was placed on Baker Act admissions there for a time, but was lifted after the state found the hospital had come into compliance with a "corrective action plan."
When asked a week ago, Mongell declined to talk about security changes at the hospital in the five years since Forgione was killed.
"For obvious reasons, it is not appropriate for us to share the details or the changes made," he said in an email July 12.
The hospital recently became the county's only facility operating an "inpatient crisis stabilization unit" and is the only one able "to receive Baker Act patients who otherwise could be left on the streets, risking harm to themselves or others," Mongell said in the email.
"I can tell you that despite the challenges associated with providing behavior health services, we are filling a needed gap left in our community," he said. "We will continue to take the necessary steps to ensure safe and effective healthcare services are provided to everyone we serve."
Contact Daily News Staff Writer Tom McLaughlin at 850-315-4435 or email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @TomMnwfdn.


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|Amount Per Serving
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|Calories from Fat
|Total Fat
|1 g
|Soy Lecithin
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Contains: Soy.
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Vitacost Soy Lecithin -- 1200 mg - 300 Softgels
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|Amount Per Serving
|% Daily Value
|Calories from Fat
|Total Fat
|1 g
|Soy Lecithin
|1200 mg
Supports healthy cholesterol levels already within normal range.* Promotes healthy cognitive function.*
What is soy lecithin?
Lecithin, which can be found in soy, eggs, organ meats and nuts, is a compound made of fatty acids and choline (also known as phosphatidylcholine). It's found in cell membranes throughout the body. Lecithin also functions as a precursor of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and has been shown to have a positive effect on brain and memory functions.*
Phosphatidylcholine is the most abundant phospholipid component in cells, supporting many functions throughout the body, from the brain to the liver and gallbladder.*
How does soy lecithin support health?
Why choose Vitacost Soy Lecithin?
About Vitacost
Vitacost nutritional products are manufactured to high standards of quality, efficacy and safety. Each Vitacost product meets or exceeds the standards and requirements set forth in the FDA's Code of Federal Regulation (21 CFR, 111) Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMP).
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
As a dietary supplement, take 1 softgel daily with food or as directed by a physician.
Store in a cool, dry place.