A method of estimating the parameters of the exponential growth function by direct least squares is given, and the asymptotic variance‐covariance matrix of the estimators is obtained. Some properties of the estimators are noted. A Monte Carlo study confirms the applicability of the asymptotic properties of the estimators in the case of relatively small numbers of observations.


Objective To investigate the isolated rate of extended spectrum beta-lactamases carried in Escherichia coli in People's Hospital of Yunxi County, and to analyze their drug resistance to 14 kinds of antibacterial agents. Methods A total of 181 strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from People's Hospital of Yunxi County. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 14 antibacterial agents against the clinical isolates was detected by double agar dilution method. Results Sixty ESBLs-producing strains were detected in the 181 strains of Escherichia coli, and the detection rate was 33.1%. The drug resistance rates of 153 E. coli strains of ESBLs producers to second generation cephlosporins were exceeded 90%; to other cephlosporins, the drug resistance rates were between 12.5% and 55%. For gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline,the drug resistance rates were between 70% and 90%. MIC50 for ceftizodime and amikacin was in susceptibility. For aztreonam, MIC50 has reached to intermediate. MIC50 and MIC90 for the other antibacterial agents were in resistance. However, all of these ESBLs producers were susceptible to imipenem. The difference for ESBLs-producing E. coli compared with non ESBLs-producing E. coli in amikacin and tetracycline were significant, while the resistance to piperacillin / tazobactam was insignificant; but to other antibacterial agents the resistance was highly significant. Conclusions The rate of ESBLs-producing in E. coli was 32.7%. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase producers show more prominent drug resistances to most of the antibacterial agents, while all of these detected strains remain susceptible to imipenem.


ABSTRACT - The present study was evaluated the antibacterial effect of the combination of Coptidis rhizoma,Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischet, Schizandra chinensis and Corni Fructus(1:1:1) extracts(CGSC10). Furthermore, theeffectiveness of CGSC10, sodium chlorate, and the combination of CGSC10 and sodium chlorate(CGSCS10) againstE. coli O157:H7 infection was studied using ICR female mice. During the incubation period, the dose of 5, 10, and20% CGSC10 was inhibited the growth of E. coli O157:H7 by 34.7, 60.2, and 76.4%, respectively. For 7 days aftersingle challenge with E. coli O157:H7, forty female ICR mice were divided into four experimental groups which wereadministered in drinking water with saline, 10% CGSC10, 15 mM sodium chlorate, and CGSCS10, respectively. Onthe 3rd day, the number of E. coli O157:H7 in mouse feces was significantly decreased by administration of CGSC10,15 mM sodium chlorate, and CGSCS10 (p < 0.001). On the 7th day-after administration, CGSC10, sodium chlorate,and CGSCS10 were decreased the number of E. coli O157:H7 by 27.1, 67.7, and 83.3%, respectively. According tothe results of the present study, administration of CGSCS10 to mice can reduce the severity of E. coli O157:H7 infec-tion. In addition, it is suggested that CGSCS10 represents a good candidate for the treatment of enteric infections indomestic animals. Key words: Korean traditional herbal extracts, sodium chlorate, antibacterial activity, E. coli O157:H7


It is not uncommon for retailers to impose limits (e.g., "limit one per customer") on advertised products. The attitudinal and behavioral effects of such advertised limits have been largely unexplored. The present research uses psychological reactance theory to generate insight into the effects of advertised limits. It was found that limits are both capable of attracting and repelling consumers depending upon the severity of the limit. In the experimental context that was used, age and income were found to be positively related to the effectiveness of limits.


Orthogonal space-time block coding (STBC) provides a full diversity gain over the MIMO fading channel while allowing simple linear decoding at the receiver. We consider adaptive modulation (AM) using STBC in the presence of Nakagami fading. For this type of fading channel, we first derive the outage and Shannon (ergodic) capacities of the STBC diversity scheme. We then assess the performance of AM using M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) in terms of three metrics, namely, the outage probability, the average bit error rate (BER), and the average spectral efficiency. As a reference point, we also derive the average BER for nonadaptive binary phase shift keying (BPSK) used in conjunction with STBC. It is shown that AM allows the Shannon capacity of STBC to be approached and yields a significant performance enhancement compared to fixed modulation schemes.


ABSTRACT Physical Education (PE) teachers have previous experiences that both shape their particular beliefs about the role and purpose of this school subject as well as their pedagogical practice. The present study aims to examine and deepen our knowledge of future Spanish PE teachers' previous experiences of and beliefs about PE that condition their pedagogical practice and intentionality within this school subject. The data reported on in this paper were generated through questionnaires, life-history stories and semi-structured interviews with 24 initial teacher education students in the second year of a degree specialising in PE at a Spanish university. The data was analysed using content and narrative (thematic) analysis. The students, far from being tabula rasa, in their responses show how their previous socialisation period, their subjectivities and identities constitute particular beliefs about PE teaching. More specifically, the results reveal four key themes in the student teachers' experiences and beliefs that represent four different factors influencing future PE teacher identities: (1) 'Sport'; (2) 'PE for health'; (3) 'A focus on pedagogy'; and (4) 'A critical orientation'. In conclusion, the study reaffirms the need for further reflection on how previous experiences and beliefs influence the development of professional teacher identities as part of initial teacher education in PE.


This article gives an overview of the results obtained during the PhD studies of the author. The work was developed within a cooperation between the IEETA/University of Aveiro and the Joint Research Centre in Ispra, Italy. The objective was to generate complete, high-resolution three-dimensional models of real world scenes (3D geometry and texture information) from passive intensity images (typically digital photographs) and active range sensors (such as laser range finders). Depth extraction from intensity images is a complex task. But digital photographs provide additional information about the scenes that can be used to help the 3D modelling process, in particular to define accurate surface boundary conditions. This makes active and passive sensors complementary in many ways and is the fundamental idea that motivates the work presented here.


Objective: To evaluate the safety, feasibility and efficacy of laparascopic approach in management of patients undergoing nevre-sparing radical hysterectomy for early stage cervical cancer
Material and Method: 14 patients who had early stage (1A1-1B1) and undergone laparascopic nerve sparing radical hysterectomy were analysed retrospectively.
Results: Mean age of patients was 44 (min 26 max 53), mean BMI was 30 (min 23 max 47), mean gravida was 4.7 (min0 max 12), mean parity was 8 (min 0 max 8). Mean duration of surgery- both laparascopic nevre-sparing radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection- was 228 minutes. Fifteen lymph nodes and 2.2 centimeters of vaginal tissue were extracted in average. Intestinal functions had returned in one day after surgery. Bladder catheter and abdominal drain were removed after 2.5 days (min 1 max 5) and 3.3 days (min 2 max 7) respectively. Complete surgical resection was achieved in all patients. Mean follow up duration was 15 months. No recurrence or patient death were present during this time period.
Conclusion: In treatment of early stage cervical cancer, laparascopic nevre-sparing radical hysterectomy is as effective as other surgical techniques, and a superior approach for patient's quality of life considering less altered bladder function.


In this paper,a quasi full search method for the improved motion estimation algorithm is proposed.The algorithm introduces the judgement condition for the zero DCT coefficients of the difference block into the traditional full search method.It can find the match block as soon as possible with considerable searching precision through the helix searching mode.


Noble metal nanoparticles have attracted much attention due to their unique optical properties, represented by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The resonance frequency of the surface plasmon varies with the size, shape, material, and local environment of the nanoparticles. Another appealing means to tune the optical response of the nanoparticle systems is assembling nanoparticles, instead of modifying individual nanoparticles. Coupling of surface plasmons of nanoparticles in close proximity shifts the SPR band of the assembly from that of the individual nanoparticles. The shift naturally depends on the extent of the coupling, and thus on the detailed structure of assemblies such as interparticle distance, allowing for an infinitely fine control of the optical properties. Therefore, assembling nanoparticles in a controlled fashion is of paramount importance. Recently, we developed a novel method to prepare coresatellite nanoassemblies with well-defined and easily controllable structural parameters in a colloidal dispersion state. Selective desorption of large gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) against small AuNPs from glass substrates by sonication led to the production of ultrapure nanoassemblies. The nanoassemblies consist of large core AuNPs decorated by small satellite AuNPs with a distance defined by self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanedithiol linkers. Different lengths of the alkanedithiol linkers allowed us to measure the surface plasmon couplings between the AuNP core and satellites as a function of the interparticle distances. In complex nanoclusters, the surface plasmon coupling also depends on the number of nanoparticles that constitute the nanoclusters. For example, the surface plasmon coupling band continuously red-shifts as more nanoparticles are assembled in one direction. This is intuitively understood as the red-shifting longitudinal surface plasmon mode supported by elongated nanostructures. Contrary to linear assemblies, core-satellite nanoassemblies can be regarded as multiples of a size-asymmetric heterodimer consisting of a core and a satellite. In this simplified picture, the addition of satellites should not influence the surface plasmon coupling frequencies, although it will increase the intensity of the coupling. In this respect, it is intriguing to experimentally explore the surface plasmon coupling of the core-satellite nanoassemblies as a function of the number of satellites. The new assembly method we developed enables facile control over the number of satellites in the nanoassembly. The following process was used for the production of coresatellite nanoassemblies: (1) surface functionalization of glass substrates with amine, (2) adsorption of core AuNPs (50 ± 5 nm) on the glass substrate, (3) thiol-functionalization of the adsorbed core nanoparticles using 1,10-decanedithiol (DDT) SAMs, (4) adsorption of satellite AuNPs (13 ± 1 nm), and (5) selective desorption of the core-satellite nanoassemblies into ethanol by sonication. The immersion time in step 4, allowed for the satellite AuNPs in solution to interact with the core AuNPs on the glass substrate, determines the number of satellites covering the core nanoparticles (Figure 1(a)). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of more than 100 final core-satellite


This touch panel is provided with: a sensing substrate as a transparent dielectric layer; a sensing electrode wire (51) as a plurality of first electrode wires arranged with spaces therebetween along a first direction at the obverse surface of the transparent dielectric layer; and a drive electrode wire (41) as a plurality of second electrode wires arranged with spaces therebetween along a second direction at the reverse surface of the transparent dielectric layer. At least a subset of the plurality of first electrode wires are bent wires having a plurality of bent sections (54) provided repeatedly along the Y direction, which is the direction of extension of the first electrode wires. Seen from the obverse surface of the transparent dielectric layer, each of the plurality of first electrode wires intersect each of the plurality of second electrode wires, and at least a subset of the plurality of bent sections (54) face the gaps between the second electrode wires.


Loss of homeland at the hands of a totalitarian regime is perhaps one of the most traumatic events a person can experience. An individual's exilic trauma, when collectively experienced, becomes part of the national narrative and psyche, expressed through common culture and beliefs. The songs that begin this paper exemplify this: Estefan, Cuban-born, sings of her continued emotional identification with her ethnic homeland; Menuets tell from within Sovietoccupied Latvia of the experience of internal exile, asking their own people to join together in song to defy a system of oppression and fear; and 2001 Eurovision Song Contest winners Estonian Padar and Aruban Benton evoke the emotion of the Estonians' precarious yet tenacious hold on identity throughout occupation that brought the people of the nation back "together again," through the famous Singing Revolution. Song keeps the national memory alive and feeds the internally and externally exiled soul.


The most promising aspect of augmented reality lies in its ability to integrate the virtual world of the computer with the real world of the user. Namely, users can interact with the real world subjects and objects directly. This paper presents an experimental augmented reality system with a video see-through head-mounted device to display visual objects, as if they were lying on the table together with real objects. In order to overlay virtual objects on the real world at the right position and orientation, the accurate calibration and registration are most important. A vision-based method is used to estimate CCD external parameters by tracking 4 known points with different colors. It achieves sufficient accuracy for non-critical applications such as gaming, annotation and so on.


Previous geochemical studies have suggested that ferric and manganic oxides may be an important oxidants for the removal of aromatic contaminants from groundwater. Studies in which ({sup 14}C)-tracers were injected into various surface and subsurface sediments demonstrated that aromatic compounds could be completely oxidized to carbon dioxide in the iron-reducing zone. This oxidation was dependent upon microbial activity. Enrichment cultures were obtained which could oxidize potential aromatic contaminants such as aromatic hydro-carbons, phenol, cresols, and aromatic acids with the reduction of ferric oxides. The vast majority of these aromatics did not react with ferric oxides in the absence of iron-reducing microorganisms. These studies have demonstrated that, at the circumneutral pHs typical of most sedimentary environments, the oxidation of aromatic contaminants coupled to iron reduction is the result of enzymatically catalyzed reactions.


A valid classification is important for further understanding of the somatoform disorders. The main disorders in this grouping – somatization disorder and hypochondriasis – have lengthy historical traditions and are defined in a contrasting manner. Various authors point to distinguishing demographic and clinical features, but there have been few direct comparisons of patients with these disorders. A review of the literature indicates those domains where differences are most likely to be found. Research assessing these may serve to refine and validate these key somatoform categories and/or dimensions.


This publication on lifelong learning explains the background to the movement towards lifelong learning and describes its implications for: the workplace as a learning organisation; the university, the school and teacher training organisation; and the community, the nation and the individual. The chapters are: Introduction: into the learning century; Returning to learning: the dawn of understanding; Determining learning: what in the world is happening?; Learning learning?: schools - where lifelong learning begins; Learning for earning: learning for survival; Turning to learning: the growth of learning organizations; Yearning for learning: new visions for old, new teachers for old; Discerning learning: higher education and the incoming tide; Burning for learning: lifelong learning and the quality of life; Valediction: learning challenges for a learning age. Included as appendices are: (1) Lifelong learning: developing human potential; (2) The World Initiative on Lifelong Learning; (3) Odyssey of the Mind. Also included are references and further reading.


School of Pharmacy, China Medical Uni email@example.com; email@example.com +886-4-2205-3366 ext. 5512 Department of Health and Nutrition Biote Taiwan. E-mail: email@example.com Department of Biology, National Museum o E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sc College of Pharmacy, China Medical Uni email@example.com; Tel: +886-4-220 † These authors contributed equally to th Cite this: RSC Adv., 2017, 7, 7780


Mass discharge estimates using concentrations measured in multilevels are often made by assuming a uniform flow field; however uncertainty contributions from spatial concentration and flow field variability are often overlooked. We introduce a geostatistical approach to estimate mass discharge using transect data of concentration and hydraulic conductivity. The magnitude and uncertainty of mass discharge was quantified by conditional simulation. An important benefit of the approach is that the uncertainty from concentration and hydraulic conductivity has been accounted for during the mass discharge estimate. We used the approach for performance assessment of a source area TCE bioremediation experiment. The results show that the geostastical approach increased confidence in the mass discharge estimate, by providing a more accurate estimate with uncertainty interval. The mass discharge of dissolved parent and daughter-products of chlorinated solvent demonstrated that the engineered bioremediation has elevated the degradation rate of TCE. The accumulation of the daughter products cis-DCE and VC over the treatment period suggests that the enhanced degradation of cis-DCE and VC remains a major challenge for engineered bioremediation of DNAPL source areas.


Welcome to the Intersex and Sexuality Education special issue of Sex Education. It marks an important occasion since this is the first time that an entire issue of an education journal has been devoted to these important concerns. People born with intersex variations have atypical sex characteristics, be these chromosomal, hormonal and/or anatomical in nature (Jones et al. 2016). These variations reveal in perhaps the most corporeal way that the traditional notions of sex characteristics as discussed in mainstream puberty and sexuality education concerning human bodies may be overly simplistic, and contestable on both scientific and social grounds. People with intersex variations have long been categorised and studied in deeply problematic ways, sometimes in violation of their right to self-determination and a life free from torture. Historically, they have mainly framed as having 'disorders' and accordingly, studied via small-scale clinical studies using lenses which privilege the assumption that their bodies should be 'medically corrected' in infancy without their consent – regardless of medical and personal need (Jones 2018). All over the world, rights organisations and advocates are working to change this situation (Aissga et al. 2017; Carpenter 2016; Free & Equal United Nations for LGBTI Equality 2018; Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 2015). There are over 40 recognised different intersex variations – Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) and Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), for example. However, people with intersex variations are now more often studied or referred to as a group rather than in terms of specific variations. This broad-based grouping together has strengthened rights-based re-framings of intersex variations and related human experience – showing how humans, all of whom have the right to respect and autonomy, have a wide variety of possible bodies and sexual capabilities (Carpenter 2016, 2018; Davis 2015a). Emerging research driven by intersex communities, and informed by sociological or various alternative community-centred perspectives, has denounced enforced interventions as discriminatory (Jones 2018). Anti-discrimination protections for people with intersex variations, and calls for their full inclusion in puberty and sexuality education, are also emerging at the international level through the work of the United Nations (Free & Equal United Nations for LGBTI Equality 2018; Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 2015; United Nations 2016), activist groups (Aissga et al. 2017), and some government authorities (Malta Ministry for Education and Employment 2015; Victorian Department of Health and Human Services 2018).


To discriminate the fruits of Ziziphus jujuba and Z. jujuba var. spinosa, a binary detector fingerprint was proposed and validated by utilizing HPLC coupled with two detection techniques of diode assay detection (DAD) and evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD). Using the data fusion method, the two sets of chromatographic data were combined to a fusion data set of fingerprints, which was further analyzed with chemometric methods of hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that the presented fingerprint obtained on DAD and ELSD could better represent the chemical characteristics of the jujube samples than that obtained at a single detector. With the aid of chemometric methods, this validated binary detector fingerprints method could be used as a powerful approach for discrimination of Z. jujuba and Z. jujuba var. spinosa. Furthermore, from the results of PCA, it was found that the main differences between the fruits of Z. jujuba and Z. jujuba var. spinosa were the content variances of the flavonoids and ursane-type triterpenic acids, so these compounds were promising to be selected as the markers for distinguishing these jujube fruits.


A document file is provided comprising a back (1, 21), a connecting spine (2, 22) with top (3, 24) and bottom (4, 25) walls connecting with the spine to form a three sided enclosure with the back. A cover (5, 26) for the document file has at its free edge opposite its attachment to the spine, a sidewall (6, 30) adapted to form with the back, spine, top and bottom walls in the closed condition of the document file, a closed box. The back preferably has an extension (7, 31) extending along at least a part of its edge opposite its attachment to the spine such that it projects beyond the sidewall of the cover in the closed condition of the document file. The top and bottom edges of the cover preferably have top (10, 27) and bottom (11, 28) wall sections adapted to fit inside or outside the top and bottom walls in the closed condition.; The invention also provides a document file blank for erection to form a document file as provided by the invention.


Cognitive impairment is commonly associated with older people. It can also occur in middle-aged people due to non-communicable diseases. The prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases (non-communicable diseases) has been rapidly increasing in Mongolia. Therefore, we aimed to overview these studies to identify whether the increasing prevalence of non-communicable disease is associated with the risks of cognitive impairment in Mongolians. Published literature between 01 January 1980 and 20 June 2021 were included in the study. We searched articles published in journals registered to PubMed and doctoral and master's dissertations registered in the Central Medical Library of Mongolia using the following keywords: "cognitive impairment", "dementia", "mild cognitive impairment", "Alzheimer", "vascular dementia", "diabetes", "Mongolia", "obesity", "stroke", "hypertension". While there were no internationally published articles in this field, seven studies were either published in local research journals or as doctoral or master's dissertations. Although few studies have been conducted in Mongolia, people with lifestyle-related conditions such as hypertension and diabetes are strongly associated with a higher risk of cognitive impairment. The increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases may be one of the factors contributing to the prevalence of vascular cognitive impairment.


In the title compound, C11H14N4O4, doxofylline [7-(1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione] molecules are linked by C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds to form weakly hydrogen-bonded dimers, which are further linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional network.


Objective: To investigate relationships between fetal biophysical score and umbilical artery blood S/D value and fetal prognosis in gestational hypertension. Methods: By using B-ultrasonic and NST, 45 patients with hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy were monitored before delivery. The results of fetal biophysical score and umbilical artery blood S/D value were analyzed. Results: Fetal biophysical score, umbilical artery blood S/D value and fetal prognosis in hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy had significant correlation, and fetal biophysical score were more significant. Conclusion: Associated monitoring fetal biophysical score and umbilical artery blood S/D value could improve diagnosis of fetus hypoxemia. Monitoring muscular tension of fetus is asensitive parameter. This parameter provides evidence to estimate fetal hypoxia and prognosis in clinic practice.


Adolescents (10-19 years) constitute 23% of Indian population but there is disproportionately low health infrastructure developed for them. Although physical health problems are less common in this group but the psychological health issues are very high and it is increasing day by day due to urbanisation and changing nature of human relationship and value system in the society. Adolescents are shy to report their problems. Even when they report parents often feel that it is a puberty issue and take a wait and watch attitude. Finally when parents decide for a medical consultation - they do not know to whom they will go for a 14-year-old boy. A paediatrician will say I dont take care of children above 12 on the other hand a physician (medical specialist) will feel reluctant to serve because the boy is yet a child. Hence the adolescent problems are not properly received or there is the possibility of late attention. (excerpt)


The present invention belongs to the field of aircraft design load, to an improved structural load on the wing transport category aircraft cargo is determined that the drop method. Wherein the step of determining the wing structural load as follows: The planes dropped cargo parameter initialization; aircraft Modal analysis; aerodynamics coefficient matrix aircraft for Calculating; planes dropped cargo movable response calculation; computer wing structural loads, dynamic response; determining when the wing structure design load drop. The present invention provides a method for determining when a load drop wing structure for an improved cargo transport aircraft, the wing structure to improve the determination accuracy of the load, and to ensure the safety of the flight safety of the aircraft wing structure.


Eventually, you will unquestionably discover a additional experience and achievement by spending more cash. nevertheless when? attain you understand that you require to acquire those every needs in imitation of having significantly cash? Why dont you attempt to get something basic in the beginning? Thats something that will guide you to comprehend even more on the subject of the globe, experience, some places, in imitation of history, amusement, and a lot more?


Objective To analyze the financial input-benefit of TB control projects in Tianxin District during the period of 2005~2009,and to provide a theoretical foundation for further making TB control strategy.Methods Financial input,TB cases detecting and treatment of Tianxin District from 2005 to 2009 were analyzed.Results Totally 702,800 were inputted during 5 years.1,214 active TB cases were detected(including 364 new smear positive cases,43 smear positive cases,and 807 new smear negative cases),and 1,526,700 treatment costs were saved.The project benefited to 3,230~4,845 individuals avoiding TB infection.161.5~242.25 new TB cases were reduced.With cured patients,287,500 were saved as missing work hours.With avoided infection,143,800~215,600 were saved as missing work hours.With cured patients,3,404.1 QALYs and 68,762,800 GDP were retrieved.With avoided infection,1,702~2,553.1 QALYs and 34,380,400~51,572,600 GDP were retrieved.Conclusions TB control projects in Tianxin District during the period of 2005~2009 were carried out with low-cost,high-benefit,and in accordance with cost-benefit principle.


The Development of China's West is of vital importance to the future of China. With the objective economic conditions taken into consideration, this paper maintains that: first, it is reasonable to increase the investment of finance with appropriate corresponding policies and to reform and perfect the state system for standard transfer payments, including the cross-sectional transfer payments mechanism from the east to the west, and the vertical special transfer payment method from the finance from the central government to the western areas. Secondly, equally urgent importance should be attached to reforming the western financial system and opening the western financial markets step by step. Thirdly, the external funds and capital should be directed into developing the west in various forms and through various channels.


Introduction: Preand post-operative hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is common in neonates with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) and Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA). The timing of injury is unknown. Early surgery for neonates with TGA results in less post-operative brain injury. This investigation was designed to compare pre-operative cerebral oxygen metabolism and blood flow in neonates with HLHS and TGA, and to determine if these are based on age at the time of surgery. Methods: Neonates with HLHS (n=28) and TGA (n=14) were included retrospectively from a cohort of neonates enrolled in a larger prospective study. Non-invasive optical imaging was performed on the morning of surgery with diffuse optical spectroscopy to quantify cerebral saturations. Diffuse correlation spectroscopy was used to evaluate cerebral blood flow. Results: Neonates with HLHS had higher oxygen extraction and lower cerebral blood flow compared to infants with TGA (p<0.01) immediately prior to surgery. When viewed as a group, there was a linear decrease in cerebral oxygen saturation (ScO2) with increasing time to surgery. HLHS neonates who had surgery at 4 days of age or older had significantly lower ScO2 than those who had surgery earlier. Oxygen extraction increased significantly in neonates with TGA and HLHS who had surgery at greater than 4 days of age, compared to neonates who had surgery at less than 4 days of age. Conclusions: Pre-operative cerebral oxygen delivery is impaired in neonates with HLHS and TGA, restricting metabolism, and likely contributes to pre-and post-operative hypoxic ischemic brain injury. Neonates with HLHS and TGA who wait longer for surgery have greater exposure to insufficient cerebral oxygen delivery.


Objectives: Acne is a common skin disease especially in adolescents and young adults. Several pathogenetic factors are implicated in causing the disease. Typically acne flares and remits in its course. Several factors can cause flares. The aim of this study was to assess the perceived factors of acne flares and the idea of sun creams causing skin darkening. Methods: A questionnaire study of the perceived factors in causing acne flares was studied in university female students. These included food, stress, hygiene and menstrual periods. In addition, the effect of sun creams on causing skin darkening was asked. Results: Food was implicated by 43.2% of patients. Stress and menstrual periods were thought to exacerbate acne by more than 70% of patients while 80% of patients did not think bad hygiene worsened acne. 40% of patients thought the use of sun creams cause skin darkening. Conclusion: More controlled studies are needed to explore the effect of food on acne. Dermatologists need to explain the benefit of using sun creams especially to acne patients while using standard treatments.


A method and apparatus (2) for encoding input data to record in solid state memory device (1) s-level memory, wherein s≥2. According to the first and second BCH code in the group includes M input data word on the input data word encoded to produce a set for each group of said M first BCH code word of the first code. Generating M first set of the codewords, such that the M first code word of at least a predetermined linear combination of said second codeword to produce a second BCH code, this is the second first BCH code subcode BCH code. Then the s memory stage (2) is recorded for each set of M first codeword. If the first and second code words each including N q-ary symbol, where q = pk, k is a positive integer and p is a prime, q and s are, respectively, by ensuring public radix r, u and v power, can so that the q-ary symbols with the letters s memory element (2) matches, where u and v are positive integers and k≥u, whereby p (k / u) v = s.


writings about the writings on the Vietnam War. 2 Some re-fight the battles - political as well as military 3 - while others explore social consequences or personal memories. 4 Add to this the Vietnam War journalism, itself a controversial topic for numerous authors. 5 Extensive press coverage of the war ensured that by 1975 as the last helicopters left the US Embassy roof in Saigon virtually everyone from that generation had some memory, however inadequate, of the war and the accompanying domestic political turmoil. Finally, Hollywood continues to present Vietnam to new generations even if it has sacrificed accuracy and context to do so. The average undergrads born long after the Tet Offensive do not recognize the names "Komer" and "Giap," but they probably recognize "Kurtz" and "Gump." 6


The Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) with three planetary boundary layer(PBL) parameterization schemes(YSU scheme,MYJ scheme and ACM2 scheme),a new mesoscale meteorological numerical model and NCEP 1°×1° reanalysis data is used to simulate two low vortex processes moving eastward over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau during 1-3 July 2008 and 29-31 July 2009,and the simulation of boundary layer over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is preliminary analyzed.The results show that the simulations with different PBL schemes can preferably reflect the change of track and intensity of the low vortex moving processes during the first 24 h,and the MYJ scheme give better agreement with the observation,while ACM2 scheme has the maximum deviation.The PBL parameterization schemes produce the diverse characteristics of the horizontal wind speed,potential temperature,vertical velocity and the equivalent potential temperature field.The temporal and spatial characteristics of PBL height over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,which the diurnal change is evident and the spatial distribution in this area are high in the west and low in the east,is simulated by using three PBL schemes.Through the contrast of surface sensible heat and latent heat fluxes,it is found that the local MYJ scheme is appropriate for simulation of latent heat flux and nonlocal schemes(YSU and ACM2 schemes) presents positive deviation of sensible heat flux because of the stronger turbulent exchange and entrainment.Based on the features of research object to choose corresponding PBL scheme,the simulations gets distinct improvement.


The Rumbuli Forest is in the vicinity of Riga, the capital of Soviet Latvia. In November and December 1941, the German Nazis and the Latvian fascists slaughtered most of the population of the ghetto in Riga, some 25–35,000 people, and later executed many thousands of other prisoners. In recent years, this forest became a place of pilgrimage for many jews in this area.


The aim of this paper is to present an integrated design procedure for plastic part development and manufacture. Reverse engineering (RE), reengineering (ReE) and mold design have been incorporated to infuse agile characteristics in the proposed design and development process. The integration of RE and ReE presented in this paper accelerate the design process and provide information necessary for complete injection molding process of plastic parts. The purpose is to create a new object geometrically similar to the existing object. The new object must have better mechanical properties and more favorable geometry from the standpoint of mold ability. This paper also, describes a methodology for quality geometry check of the manufactured part that is need for verified the used integrated CAD/CAE technologies. ARTICLE HISTORY Received: 16.01.2019. Accepted: 01.03.2019. Available: 31.03.2019.


An important modeling decision made while designing Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) is the choice of the potential functions over the cliques of variables. Laplacian potentials are useful because they are robust potentials and match image statistics better than Gaussians. Moreover, energies with Laplacian terms remain convex, which simplifies inference. This makes Laplacian potentials an ideal modeling choice for some applications. In this paper, we study max-margin parameter learning in CRFs with Laplacian potentials (LCRFs). We first show that structured hinge-loss [35] is non-convex for LCRFs and thus techniques used by previous works are not applicable. We then present the first approximate max-margin algorithm for LCRFs. Finally, we make our learning algorithm scalable in the number of training images by using dual-decomposition techniques. Our experiments on single-image depth estimation show that even with simple features, our approach achieves comparable to state-of-art results.


The form characters of Thickleaf spruce were tested through the different method of applies fertilizer.The growth situation of it transplant was studied.Transplant quality of Thickleaf spruce was evaluated after applied fertilizer.


Glucocorticosteroids effectively suppress several cellular immune reactions in man and in experimental animals.:+' Because lymphocytes and macrophages constitute the primary cellular components of such responses, it is likely that one or both of these cell populations is a target of these antiinflammatory agents. In steroid-sensitive species,5 it is apparent that corticosteroids induce a decrease in lymphocyte number and function, whereas in steroid-resistant species, including man and guinea pig,n the effect of steroids on lymphoid cell function is less pronounced. Moreover, lymphocyte subpopulations have different sensitivities to the action of steroids. In steroid-sensitive species, bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes are much more susceptible to steroids 6 , than are thymic-dependent (T) lymphocytes." Because it is less clear if either of these subpopulations of lymphocytes is susceptible in steroid-resistant species, studies were undertaken to determine the effect of steroids on two functions of guinea pig B and T lymphocytes, mediator production and proliferation. Additionally, the influence of steroids on the mediator target cell, the macrophage, was assessed. We have found that although steroids inhibited both Tand B-cell proliferation and chemotactic mediator production, the ability of macrophages to respond to chemotactic stimuli was not impaired.


This study aims to analyze in-depth the fraud based on Article 1328 of the Civil Code on the agreement that can result in default, as well as to examine the legal consequences of the agreement containing elements of fraud based on Article 1328 of the Civil Code, fraud can be canceled or null and void. The research method used in this research is normative research on the rule of law contained in Article 1328 of the Civil Code. The data used in this study is secondary data. The secondary data used in this study consists of primary legal materials that are authoritative which means they have authority, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The results of this study indicate that fraud based on Article 1328 of the Civil Code in the Agreement does not result in Default. Because default and fraud in civil law have different elements. Default is regulated in Article 1243 of the Civil Code, while fraud in civil law is regulated in 1328 of the Civil Code. The consequences of an agreement containing an element of fraud can be canceled or null and void by law. The condition for canceling the agreement is that the agreement to be canceled must be reciprocal, namely an agreement that gives rights and obligations to both parties, cancellation is carried out through the court so that the cancellation of the agreement is through a judge's decision, and there must be a default. An agreement can be canceled as stipulated in article 1321 of the Civil Code, while an agreement that has prohibited things causes the agreement to be null and void, based on Article 1254 of the Civil Code.


Abstract : To accommodate projected requirements of large facility class payloads envisioned for the mid-l98O's, payload auxiliary pointing systems have been proposed The most promising of the various pointing system candidates is the Annular Suspension and Pointing System (ASPS) which utilizes magnetic suspension to achieve high accuracy pointing and stability, as well as isolation of the payload from carrier vehicle disturbances. To determine the applicability of ASPS in satisfying mission objectives of large facility-class payloads, an analysis was conducted using a high fidelity simulation of ASPS, its payload, and the Shuttle orbiter. The objectives of this analysis were to define the worst case orientations of the ASPS and its payload for the various vehicle disturbances, and to determine the performance capabil%ty of the ASPS under these conditions. The most demanding and largest proposed payload, the Solar Optical Telescope (SOT), was selected for this study.


In the paper, we consider a mixed-effect coefficient linear model with the repeatedly measured data. Using the ridge method, the almost unbiased ridge estimator (AURE) of the model are given. It is proved that the AURE excels the ridge estimator (RE) under a mean square error (MSE), and the optimal value for the biased parameter is established by minimum MSE.


In order to improve the performance of manual error tagging,this paper proposes a computer assisted error identification method.Firstly,we start with the errors categories in the book The Analysis of Errors of Foreign Students in Learning Chinese Grammar,the feasibility of automatic error identification was tested as such.Secondly,taking the rule-based approach,bi constructions,ba constructions,and bei constructions were selected as the starling points to carry on the experiments of automatic error identification.Compared with manual error tagging,we can draw the conclusion that computer could aid to identify errors and ensuring the consistency of the tagging results.


We do not have an effective medicine for COVID-19, and we only have symptomatic treatment. The best treatment is prophylaxis, which in infectious diseases is based on vaccinations. Years of using vaccinations have led to the disappearance or significant reduction of infectious diseases. Currently, in Poland, we have three vaccines against COVID-19: two mRNA (Comirnaty by Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccine) and vector vaccines (COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca). Vaccines are highly effective in protecting against the onset of COVID-19 symptoms in large clinical trials. Vaccines can cause adverse vaccine reactions (any vaccine-related medical condition that has occurred within 4 weeks of vaccination). Studies show that adverse vaccine reactions after the COVID-19 vaccine occurs in about 0.03–0.2% of the vaccinated. The most common adverse reactions were injection site pain (> 80%), fatigue (> 60%), headache (> 50%), myalgia (> 30%), chills (> 30%), arthralgia (> 20%) fever (> 10%), usually mild or moderate, subsiding in a few days. Adverse reactions should be treated with painkillers and antipyretics – paracetamol and ibuprofen. Both paracetamol and ibuprofen are well researched preparations, with high safety and effectiveness. The antipyretic and analgesic effect of both drugs is similar. The condition for a good effect is the use of an appropriate, recommended dosage. Now paracetamol appears to be the drug of first choice for the treatment of pain and fever following COVID-19 vaccination. However, knowledge about immunization and vaccines is growing steadily and recommendations are changing. We need to follow up-to-date information and adapt our activities to changing medical knowledge.


The new pavement design manual will provide pavement thickness designs that are essentially the same as technical bulletin 26 if the same assumptions on design period and traffic loading are made. The new manual however requires consideration be given to the design period for which the facility is required to serve before rehabilitation and also to the repetitions of traffic loading in that design period. In addition to forcing the designer to better consider and evaluate these design parameters the procedures also aim to ensure adequate consideration is given to the factors influencing the choice between asphalt and surface sealed pavements. To ensure adequate performance of asphalt surfacing a strong pavement with low surface deflections compared to that tolerated by a chip sealed surface is required. In this respect the importance of adopting the specified base quality and thickness is stressed. The selection of an appropriate design subgrade CBR remains a most difficult matter and the resulting design pavement thickness is very sensitive to this factor.


This discussion paper is part of a larger effort within the Bank to analyze and understand the problems of governance and accountability in developing countries as they are pre-requisites for the success of the Bank's investment lending and related assistance programs. The author departs from the traditional ways of analyzing these issues and offers a conceptual framework that highlights the role of competition and public participation in promoting public accountability. He shows how the nature of the public service and of the publics involved are pertinent to the choice of the accountability mechanisms to be used.


Model calculations of the whole set of thermodynamic properties of liquid alloys for the binary Cu–Eu and ternary Al–Cu–Eu systems have been performed. Authors used the ideal associated solution model (IAS model) for calculation of the entropies and excess Gibbs energies of mixing for these systems. The binaries were given as the Redlich-Kister polynomials. The thermodynamic properties for the ternary system are described using the Redlich-Kister-Muggianu formalism. A comparison of the surfaces of excess Gibbs energy and entropy of mixing for liquid Al–Cu–Eu alloys at 1350 K demonstrates that the ordering related to the formation of rather strong associates in the Al–Eu system significantly affects the concentration dependence of the excess Gibbs energy of mixing in the liquid phase at this temperature.


Objective
To investigate the effect of albumin on expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in tubular epithelial cells.

Methods
Thirty mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN) patients with different levels of proteinuria were selected, and their renal biopsy samples were stained by PAS and Masson to observe tubular epithelial cells injury and inflammatory cells infiltration. NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18, as well as different inflammatory cells, were detected by immunohistostaining. In vitro, Western blotting and real-time PCR were employed to detect NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 protein and mRNA in HK-2 cells stimulated by bovine serum albumin (BSA) (20 g/L).

Results
In MsPGN patients with high levels of proteinuria, there were obvious renal tubular epithelial cell injury and inflammatory cells infiltration (all P<0.05), and the expressions of NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 were up-regulated compared to patients with low levels of proteinuria (all P <0.05). Furthermore, IL -1β and IL -18 expressions were positively correlated with the degree of proteinuria (r=0.836, P <0.05; r=0.901, P <0.05). NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 protein and mRNA were significantly increased in HK-2 cells stimulated by BSA compared to the control group (all P <0.05).

Conclusions
Albumin is able to induce NLRP3 inflammasome activation in tubular epithelial cells, which may be the mechanism of tubulointerstitial injury and inflammation caused by proteinuria.

Key words:
Proteinuria; Inflammation; NLRP3 inflammasome


Considering the changes in the demands and needs of tourism community, sustainability is the most significant and essential guide who leads to diverse changes worldwide. Mindful of environmental, economic, cultural, and social changes worldwide, tourism community is a concept and also a fact that has a diverse range of impacts on locality and thence city life. Related to tourism, tourism is able to be seen as a relationship of three bottom lines between resource, production, and consumption. As a result of not only correlation to economic vitality due to new tourism marketing, but also development of communication and transportation, the world has literally become a local region. Not only a rapidly growing number of tourists but also a growing demand of consumption from society living in cities is one of the reasons why there is an increase in competition for resources citywide. This report will explain a combination of challenges of tourism development and restructuring of sustainable tourism community, which is involved in a new economic, social, cultural, and environmental pattern to understand the impacts of tourism with examining city of Istanbul as a case study.


Efficient actuation control of flapping-wing microrobots requires a low-power frequency reference with good absolute accuracy. To meet this requirement, we designed a fully-integrated 10MHz relaxation oscillator in a 40nm CMOS process. By adaptively biasing the continuous-time comparator, we are able to achieve a power consumption of 20μW, a 68% reduction to the conventional fixed bias design. A built-in self-calibration controller enables fast post-fabrication calibration of the clock frequency. Measurements show a frequency drift of 1.2% as the battery voltage changes from 3V to 4.1V.


Technology is always advancing; furthermore, the economy and demographics, both at global and local levels dictate changes that businesses need to consider for future planning. Like all businesses, most academic institutions need to follow trends and offer new and up-to-date learning initiatives. This chapter discusses the assessment and evaluation of Web-based postgraduate and undergraduate programmes, at the Business School of a London-based university. The study reviews relevant literature, investigates student and staff views on the use of technology in learning, and reflects on the planning and management of two Supported Open Learning (SOL) programmes. It also offers suggestions for future programmes and courses designed for use with e-learning technologies.


Actuarial risk assessment instruments have become integral to the functioning of the correctional systems in North America, the United Kingdom, and many other parts of the world. While research on the classification of female offenders has been ongoing since the 1980s, there is still more work to be done. Adding to the growing body of literature, the present study analyses agency records from a Community Supervision Department located in a Southwestern state in the United States. Findings reveal the Wisconsin Risk/Needs Assessment instrument has predictive validity for both male and female probationers. Further, successful completion rates for males and females are found to be similar.


The problem of creating global parametrizations of triangulated surfaces is fundamental for many applications in computer-aided geometric design (CAGD). Although several solutions to this problem exist, most of them become considerably slow as the number of triangles increases, because large, ill-conditioned problems have to be solved. We show how the hierarchical representation of a triangulated surface can be exploited to establish a strategy that is similar to multigrid methods and guarantees fast convergence rates.


This article presents one part of Internet Protocol Network Management of sources. It deals with the optimal assigning of the link capacity for IP traffics. Parameters Quality of Service, must be complied. We use Effective Bandwidth of input flow to determine needed capacity. We will show the advantages of Effective Bandwidth
compared to Queueing Theory in design of well-known model M/D/1. Finally we will show
how we have used this method for the design of Triple traffic in core node in terms of the project for Slovak provider T-COM.


Early childhood education has received paramount attention from international educational communities during the last few decades. As a result, many early childhood programs were developed worldwide. This study aimed at shedding light on Reggio Emilia program as one of the most successful early childhood programs. The study discusses the philosophy, principles, and educational implications of this early childhood program. A thorough review of the related literature indicated that the Reggio Emilia program was derived from both the Romantic and Progressive ideologies that tackle developmentally appropriate practices in early childhood education. Moreover, this study explained how this program views the particular roles of both the preschool teacher and the child and the nature of knowledge children learn. This study concludes with putting forward a number of implications for adopting this program in the regional Arab context in general and the Jordanian context in particular.


A group of 386 patients was studied for the possible effects of metronidazole on the white blood cell (WBC), relative percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to lymphocytes, and absolute polymorphonuclear cell counts. The only change directly attributable to metronidazole is the occurrence of neutropenia in ten of the cases. This neutropenia in all instances was transient. In the event of a failure of cure or of a reinfection, WBC and differential counts should be made before instituting another course of therapy. It would seem logical (1) to do a leukocyte and differential count before and after each metronidazole treatment in those persons showing some evidence of health deficiency, (2) to treat only proven cases of trichomoniasis, and (3) to await further studies before giving metronidazole to pregnant patients.


To assess genetic association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and diseases status, typically either logistic regression model or general linear model is employed for testing associations. However, deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium could be another approach for genetic association study. The HardyWeinberg equilibrium (HWE) is one of important principles in population genetics. Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, among case (patients) group, may provide additional evidence for association between SNPs and diseases. Our purpose here is to combine evidence from Hardy-Weinberg departures in case subjects and standard regression approaches that use case and control subjects, so that a more powerful statistical test would be developed for genetic association study. In this paper, we propose two new approaches to combine such information. One approach is using the mean based tail strength measure and another is the median! Based tail strength measure to integrate logistic regression and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test, to study the association between a binary disease outcome and a SNP on the basis of case-control data. For both mean based and median based tail strength measures, we derived exact formulas to compute p-values. We also developed an approach to obtain empirical p-values values using a re-sampling procedure. Results from simulation studies and real diseases studies demonstrate that the new approach is more powerful than the traditional logistic regression model. And the type I error probabilities of our approach were also well controlled.


This introductory chapter provides an overview of Russian and Ukrainian witchcraft from the Middle Ages to the turn of the twentieth century. Like their European neighbors, Russia and the Ukrainian lands recorded incidents of witchcraft and sorcery from the times of the earliest written sources, and along with other Christian cultures, they formally condemned the practice of magic outside of the Church. In synch with their European contemporaries, they saw spikes in formal legal prosecution during the early modern period. In the case of Russia, this was a time of ambitious state building and expansion of the tsarist court system. Formal trials of witches there began as a minute trickle in the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century, when they were already well underway or even inching toward an end in parts of Western Europe. Peaking in the second half of the seventeenth and first half of the eighteenth centuries, Russian and Ukrainian trials abated only during the 1770s but did not cease altogether until the mid-nineteenth century. Witchcraft was energetically prosecuted in Russia and Ukraine after the entire notion of magic had fallen into disrepute (or even become laughable) among most members of the educated classes in Western areas.


SUMMARY

§§ 1–5. Some 40 periods ranging from 12 to 30 days of recurrence of earthquakes, suggested by Mr. Maxwell Hall from a study of records in Jamaica, 1880–1919, are shown to be multiples of the unit 21.00 minutes or 0.0146 day.

§§ 6–9. The intervals between the means of these periods are shown to be multiples of the same unit, which can be put at 0.01458435 day.

§§ 10–22. The above results encouraged an examination of the original records which, though rough, give from their 40 years extent an improved value 0.014584341 day.

§§ 23–25. Examination of the mean result for fluctuation of maximum, and discovery of a fluctuation close to 4. years.

§§ 26–30. The fluctuation also affects the numbers of earthquakes at any moment, which is supported by Milne's general records, 1899–1911.

§§ 31–33. A possible 10-year fluctuation disappears on scrutiny.

§§ 34. A 6-month fluctuation is not well supported.

§§ 35–36. Nature of the 21-minute variation.,


The focus in the article is on creativity in the higher education sector in terms of gender perspective. The question posed concerns the relation between women's and men's patent activities and R&D expenditures. The paper is based on the data from the European Patent Office, 1999-2013 concerning creative activities performed by women and men in the higher education sector. The paper looks into the dynamics of changes in terms of the number of women and men researchers, R&D personnel and inventors, and combines them with the changes in R&D expenditures in the higher education sector. The analysis is conducted for the two groups of leading EU countries in the light of their patent activities. The objective of this exercise is to present the correlation between R&D expenditures and women and men in the R&D sectors, comparing these two groups of the EU countries.


Injection of electrons into the empty π* molecular orbitals of uracil and the DNA bases creates short-lived anion states whose energies have been determined by electron scattering. A common range of attachment energies into the lowest orbitals is observed in all the bases. Evidence for nuclear motion during the lifetimes of the anions is found in all the compounds except adenine. These properties of the bases as bridge sites along the π-stack of DNA, namely, the effective degeneracy of the anion energies and the strong excitation of vibration, are key parameters for theories of electron-transfer rate, some of which lead to inverse rather than exponentially decreasing bridge-length dependences.


The varying coefficient model is a useful extension of linear models and has many advantages in practical use. To estimate the unknown functions in the model, the kernel type with local linear least-squares (L 2) estimation methods has been proposed by several authors. When the data contain outliers or come from population with heavy-tailed distributions, L 1-estimation should yield better estimators. In this article, we present the local linear L 1-estimation method and derive the asymptotic distributions of the L 1-estimators. The simulation results for two examples, with outliers and heavy-tailed distribution, respectively, show that the L 1-estimators outperform the L 2-estimators.


The objective of the present study was to enhance silymarin production in hairy root cultures of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn using fungal elicitors. The effects of different concentrations of the fungal elicitors (0, 10 and 20 mg/50 ml culture), including Fusarium proliferatum, Aspergillus niger, and Rhizoctonia solani, were studied on silymarin production in the S. marianum hairy root cultures. The hairy roots were harvested 0, 24, 48 and 72 h after inoculations. Detection and identification of flavonolignans was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography method. The maximum silymarin production for each of the fungi treatments were as follow: 10 mg A. niger / 50 ml culture (0.18 mg/g DW) after 48 h, 20 mg/ 50 ml culture F. proliferatum (0.34 mg/g DW) and 20 mg R. solani (0.22 mg/g DW) after 72 h. The flavonolignans of hairy roots treated with F. proliferatum included taxifoline (0.068 mg/g DW), silydianin (0.11 mg/g DW), silybin (0.021 mg/g DW) and isosilybin (0.015 mg/g DW) which were respectively 1.94, 1.19, 2.62 and 1.25 fold greater than that the untreated cultures. The results indicated that the type of fungi, their concentrations and exposure time have significant effect on the stimulation of silymarin production.


[1] We report observations of the "birth," formation, and evolution of compact coronal structures associated with strong localized motions generated by emerging magnetic flux in the photosphere. We use multiwavelength time series of data taken simultaneously with the Swedish Vacuum Solar Telescope (SVST) on La Palma, the TRACE satellite, and the MDI instrument on SOHO. We find that long before the magnetic pore is formed, the chromosphere and transition region show a high activity above the future site of pore formation: rising but not yet visible magnetic flux exerts a strong pressure on the overlying plasma generating highly collimated plasma flows seen in the Hα images. About the time when the magnetic pores are formed and the Hα surges bifurcate into the established arc-like flows, a system of compact coronal loops is formed, showing direct connection between the motions associated with the evolving magnetic fields and the coronal structure formation. We propose a mechanism that may lead to the observed phenomena based on the generation of currents by strong disturbances propagating upward from a limited surface area.


One lias onty to palpate a cutaneous tesion with ttie unstieattied fingers in ttie presence of a non-touctiing dermatologist, notice tiis took of disdain, and immediately realize that there are two sides to this touching question. The non-touch cutt has its roots in early dermatotogy and includes among its members many of our older and wiser dermatotogic colleagues. In a bygone era, touching an infectious lesion with the ungtoved hand was tantemount to contamination. In a period when diagnostic tests and therapeutic weapons were at best, touch and go, infection was a sentence few could bear, particularly when acquired in this innocent fashion. This non-touch cannon was naturally extended to all cutaneous lesions, and thus, the non-touch cult was bom. Lest today's unwary toucher be lutled into a false sense of security, troubte may stitt lurt< at the other end of the examining finger. One has onty to read the accounts of innoculation herpes simptex occurring in persons detivering mouth care with ungtoved hands. In addition, herpetic whitlow appears to be a most unpleasant disease. Becoming a discriminating toucher shoutd be a priority. There is a treasure of information to be tapped by touching. The eyes can perceive color, shape, and distribution of tesions. Touching, however, is necessary to


ABSTRACT Borders and the nation-state model are increasingly under stress. This article demonstrates how networks and network structures are currently holding the nation-state model together while some as-yet-unknown future model of collective action develops. Networks are particularly useful at helping to overcome three acute problems associated with the nation state: (1) the internal clash of interests, (2) system externalities, and (3) synergy dysfunction. In keeping with a quantum, holistic view of reality, borders are best viewed as dotted lines on our maps. Another way to state this argument is that networks and network structures may now be viewed as constructs to help societies maintain the belief that national borders are still meaningful although for numerous specific policies these borders mutated or even disappeared long ago. INTRODUCTION We may distinguish certain things for the sake of convenience. The word 'distinguish' means 'to mark apart.' A distinction is merely a mark which is made for convenience; it doesn't mean that the thing is broken. It's like a dotted line, whereas when we represent something as divided it's a solid line. . . . it would be good to draw only a dotted line between countries as well - because actually it's a distinction, rather than a division of two different things which are independent. (Bohm, 1994: 72) Networks and network structures (1) are holding the nation-state model together at a time when it is not yet certain what model of collective action will come next. The nation-state model for collective decision-making is under great stress because globalization and internationalization continue to accentuate how interconnected the world really is, as evidenced by the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center complex and the Pentagon. Few decisions made under the sovereign authority of one nation have limited impacts beyond the borders of that nation while numerous decisions made by subnational units of government (i.e, states, provinces, municipalities, tribes, and clans) and specific corporations have global implications. Laurence O'Toole (1997: 446-448) identifies policies that do not reach beyond the scope of a single agency as rare, and he indicates that international agreements are a growing part of the reason for this predicament. While it remains unclear what model may follow the nation-state model, it is clear that networks and network structures are being established on a regular basis to, in effect, patch the holes in the nation-state model by increasing cross-border cooperation and collaboration. The success of these networks may be heavily dependent on their ability to solve problems that cross national borders while avoiding the appearance of impinging upon national sovereignty. Sovereignty is in fact a social construction, a myth if you will. Sovereignty is the solid lines we put on maps when, as David Bohm emphasizes in my opening quote, dotted lines would be more in sync with quantum reality and his concept of thought as a system. "We" make the lines solid and "we" have the power to think of them as dotted lines instead. Being "at the cutting edge" and "pushing the limits" have undeniable appeal, yet most administrators are faced daily with boundaries and borders that they seldom seek to dislodge, expand, or supplant. Personal experience teaching organizational theory and behavior to practicing public administrators tells me that these students enjoy reading about Senge's learning organizations (1990), Gabriel and Schwartz's psychoanalytic theory to explain why people act as they do within organizations (1999), and Behn's view that public managers must be active leaders (1998). While hours of stimulating student interaction form around such topics, most of these studentadministrators do not believe they have the power to alter the basic structure and culture of their organizations. They frequently see a wide gap between such interesting ideas and their roles in creating the future of their agencies. …


The main objective of the study is the formulation and evaluation of sustained release matrix tablet of Nimesulide using pomegranate peel and acacia as natural polymer. The preformulation study of Nimesulide was conducted and λmax was found at 300 nm. The sustained release matrix tablet was prepared using Pomegranate peel as Release rate retardant, Acacia as polymer, Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 as Binder, Isopropyl alcohol as Granulation solution, Micro Crystalline Cellulose as Diluent, Magnesium stearate as Lubricant and Talc as Glidant. Several formulations were prepared by taking different drug concentration in Pomegranate peel (Release rate retardant) with varying ratio of binder to lubricants. Various formulations of sustained release matrix tablet of Nimesulide F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6 was prepared. The prepared granules were evaluated for different parameters like Bulk density, Tapped density, Angle of repose, Carr's index, Hausner's ratio which shows the excellent flow properties of formulation. The physical characteristic of Nimesulide sustained release matrix tablets (F1 to F6) such as thickness, diameter, hardness, friability, weight variation and drug content were determined and results of the formulations (F1 to F6) found to be within the limits specified in official books. The drug content of all the formulation were found to be in the range of 99.59 to 99.83 % w/w, which is within the specified limit as per Indian Pharmacopoeia 1996 (i.e. 90-110% w/w). The drug released from formulation F1 to F3 was found to be 93.7, 92.9 and 92.2 % for Nimesulide respectively. The drug released from formulation F4 to F6 was found to be 94.1, 93.9 and 92.8% for Nimesulide respectively. The release rate of F1 and F4 was found to be higher when compared to other formulations this is due to increase in the concentration of polymer. These results are indicating that has higher drug retarding ability for long duration. All the formulations were analyzed for stability testing. All the formulations from F1 to F6 were found to be stable.


The DIMMWIT (Differential Image Motion Monitor, Which Is Transportable) is a portable DIMM that can measure the Fried parameter r0 and the average wind speed of the turbulent layers. Analysing DIMM images to calculate r0 is a standard procedure, but wind speeds have rarely been calculated from differential image motion before. Here, we describe how wind speeds can be derived from either differential image motion power spectra or differential image velocities. The DIMMWIT wind speeds are then compared with a wind speed derived from the coherence times, t0, of interferometric fringes recorded simultaneously at COAST (Cambridge Optical Aperture Synthesis Telescope). Although t0, and hence the wind speed, is routinely measured by the interferometer at the COAST site, the Fried parameter had not been studied. The results of seeing campaigns at COAST and MROI (Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer) are presented, along with a comparison of DIMMWIT r0 measurements with the FWHM of long exposure images recorded at the same time.


This book is a critical examination of representations of the body in the Indus civilization, focusing on the anthropomorphic terracotta figurines from Harappa and using more flexible notions of sex, gender, and sexuality to explore Indus conceptions of sexual difference as it relates to other aspects of social difference and identity.


In areas, such as planning, state space searches are often conducted to find solutions. Usually, the heuristic is derived from knowledge of the domain. In many cases the knowledge of a domain is limited or the domain is so complex that an effective heuristic cannot be formulated. As an alternative, machine-learning techniques such as neural networks may be used to derive the heuristic. The game of Freecell was selected as a suitable benchmark domain, in which "knowledge based heuristics" and "neural heuristics" were employed to find solutions for randomly generated games. An amalgamation of the two, in which the neural network developed a heuristic from several knowledge based heuristics, was also used. Of the neural derived heuristics, the best-case architecture did not employ the "knowledge based heuristics". Moreover, neural heuristics were not able to improve upon those defined a priori.


Device 10 by, where prediction element 22, event monitor 20, comprising: an event monitor 20 and the prediction element 22 to monitor the events that occur inside of the computing device (10) If the observed sequence of events corresponds to the change and the pre-defined sequence associated with the operating parameter, it is configured to change the operating parameters associated with the power consumption of the computing device (10).


On the basis of the economy development and power supply and demand condition, in view of the situation and tasks the government faced, the Hebei DSM medium and long term plan comprehensively analyzed the economy developing and energy demanding trend and made the clear guiding ideology, objectives, key fields and projects, and the countermeasures. It is not only an important part of the medium and long plan of the energy development and energy-saving of Hebei province, but also an guiding document on scientific and economical power consumption.


Objective To know the effect of combination of community follow-up and clinic evaluation on protection and control of diabetes mellitus(DM)in community.Methods Totally 287 type Ⅱ DM patients in community were randomly selected to receive standardized management of clinic evaluation and individual guidance in general hospital as well as regular follow-up by community physicians.The changes of the relative indexes before and after one year intervention were compared.Results After the intervention,the patients′ knowledge of DM was remarkably increased (P0.01);and the compliance behavior was obviously improved (P0.01);the indexes of body mass index,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,glycosylated hemoglobin,triglyceride,lower density lipoprotein-cholesterol urine macroalbumin were significantly improved (P0.01).Conclusion The combination of Individual clinic evaluation and regular community follow-up is helpful to change knowledge,attitude,behavior and perception (KABP) and to upgrade the quality of community health care management,and thus finally an ideal control effect of diabetes in the community is achieved.


The exact solutions of two dimensional Navier-Stokes equation are discussed.Using the functional separable,the equation are reduced to ordinary differential equations.So the first exact solutions are founded.Another exact solutions are founded by the symmetric approach.The results of previous studies are extended with the two new exact solutions.


1 Stockley RA, Hill SL, Morrison HM, Starkie CM. Elastolytic activity of sputum and its relation to purulence and to lung function in patients with bronchiectasis. Thorax 1984;39:408-13. 2 Burnett D, Stockley RA. Cathepsin B-like cysteine proteinase activity in sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage samples: relationship to inflammatory cells and effects of corticosteroids and antibiotic treatment. Clin Sci 1985;68:469-74.


Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test is commonly used to detect COVID-19. However, the RT-PCR test necessitates person-to-person contact to administer and is expensive. Not only that, the diagnostic tests are still unreachable to the majority of the global population. The chest X-ray images are helpful for this purpose as the X-ray machines are available in almost all healthcare facilities. However, the chest X-ray images of COVID-19 and viral pneumonia patients are very similar and often lead to misdiagnosis. This paper presents automated noninvasive algorithms that can identify the X-ray images of COVID patients from that of pneumonia patients. This investigation has employed two algorithms based on machine learning and deep learning approaches. The lower dimension encoded features are extracted from the X-ray images and machine learning algorithms are applied. On the other hand, the deep learning algorithm relies on the inbuilt feature extractor networks to classify the original X-ray images. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithms can discriminate COVID patients from pneumonia patients with the best accuracies of 100% and 98.1% based on pre-trained deep learning and machine learning algorithms, respectively.


I grant The Pennsylvania State University the nonexclusive right to use this work for the University's own purpose and to make single copies of the work available to the Public on a not-for-process basis if copies are not otherwise available. Abstract iii ABSTRACT The study of artificial life, generally thought to have been fathered by John von Newmann, was initially of interest primarily to computer scientists and mathematicians. In the early Seventies, Thomas Schelling applied the concepts of artificial life to the social sciences in his study of urban segregation. At first the use of artificial life or agent-based computer modeling was restricted by the limited computing power of the day. As the computing power dramatically increased and programming tools became easier to use, more and more the concepts of artificial life were used by economists, biologists, sociologists, and others to study problems in their fields. This paper describes an extension of the artificial society model Sugarscape. It attempts to explore the effects of adding the capability for agents to choose from among different behaviors instead of being locked into one behavior or controlled by a global rule set over the course of a simulation. This choice of behaviors is a weighted selection, where the weight a behavior has depends on previous experience. It will do this by comparing various attributes of the population, such as average population size, average wealth of the population, etc. from runs of the simulation without learning to runs of the simulation with learning.


According to latest researches the number of mobile users will grow more than 21% in the next five years. With this enormous growth in mobile connectivity and yet the still rapidly increasing demand for data, there is a need to accommodate such a large data communication. In this paper are presented test cases and approaches for migrating from 4G to upcoming next mobile network in Bulgaria.


The Hamilton–Jacobi–Issacs (HJI) inequality is the most basic relation in nonlinear H∞ design, to which no effective analytical solution is currently available. The sum of squares (SOS) method can numerically solve nonlinear problems that are not easy to solve analytically, but it still cannot solve HJI inequalities directly. In this paper, an HJI inequality suitable for SOS is firstly derived to solve the problem of nonconvex optimization. Then, the problems of SOS in nonlinear H∞ design are analyzed in detail. Finally, a two-step iterative design method for solving nonlinear H∞ control is presented. The first step is to design an adjustable nonlinear state feedback of the gain array of the system using SOS. The second step is to solve the L2 gain of the system; the optimization problem is solved by a graphical analytical method. In the iterative design, a diagonally dominant design idea is proposed to reduce the numerical error of SOS. The nonlinear H∞ control design of a polynomial system for large satellite attitude maneuvers is taken as our example. Simulation results show that the SOS method is comparable to the LMI method used for linear systems, and it is expected to find a broad range of applications in the analysis and design of nonlinear systems.


the community, and though the Ministry of Health accepted this in the word its arbitrary decision on a betterment factor of 20% on net incomes, applied to a pool of money based on population and not on numbers of doctors, showed that it did not accept it in spirit. It must be stressed again that both sides entered adjudication on the understanding that they would accept the decision " subject to the overriding authority of Parliament." In the future the extra money awarded will be distributed according to a scheme to be agreed by the Working Party, the G.M.S. Committee's representatives on which will act on the authority of the Conference of Local Medical Committees. No doubt there will be a few voices protesting that the B.M.A. should have got the betterment factor of 120% claimed for 1951. If such there be, they will have ignored the essential feature of arbitration, which is arbitrament on evidence given by two sides to reach, a fair and just decision.' But we are confident that the great bulk of the profession will acclaim the efforts of those who have conducted these negotiations on their behalf. These efforts have been brought to a successful conclusion by first-class teamwork and by the able presentation of the profession's case by Mr. Frederick Grant, Q.C., and his colleagues. The burden of the work has fallen, in particular, upon Dr. S. Wand, Chairman of the G.M.S. Committee and Chairman of the Representative Body, and upon, Dr. D. P. Stevenson, Secretary of the G.M.S. Cominittee and Deputy Secretary of the B.M.A. Those who have joined with them in this arduous task will not hesitate to acclaim their services. The additional money to be paid in retrospect back to 1948 can be distributed only in accordance with the then method of distribution. Future payments will be on the basis now being discussed with the Ministry of Health by the joint Working Party set up to examine the distribution of general practitioners' remuneration. The Working Party's aim is to secure the best possible medical service for the public, to safeguard the standard of practice by discouraging unduly large lists, to improve the position of those practitioners now least favourably placed, to make it easier for new doctors to enter practice, and to stimulate group practice. Now that the controversy on finance between the B.M.A. and the Ministry of Health has come to an end with the award of the adjudicator they will be able to tackle these and other problems in a spirit, we may hope, of co-operation and mutual respect. Both, after all, have a common aim, and that is to provide the best possible general medical service for the public and to ensure that in the achievement of this those providing the service will be able to do so with freedom from financial anxiety and the feeling of contentment that arises from a just treatment of their claims. The problems to be solved are many and urgent, and towards the solution of these the General Practice Review Committee of the B.M.A. will make an impgrtait contribution. In what should be a new spirit of confidence and satisfaction the medical profession will the more easily turn its energies into fulfilling the intention of the B.M.A. as expressed by the then Chairman of Council, Dr. H: Guy Dain, in a letter to The Times in June, 1948, in which he said, after pointing out difficulties and deficiencies: " But in spite of all this, I believe I speak for the overwhelming majority of the medical profession when I say that there will be no shortage of good will on the part of the profession and that it will seek to make the new public service the best which ig humanly possible under present circumstances. . . . Only the best is good enough for the public service, and we shall do our utmost to provide it."


Objectives The purpose of this study is to report the clinical effects of Korean medical treatments on peripheral facial palsy. Methods In this study, 5 children were treated with peripheral facial palsy with Korean medical treatments, such as herb medicines, acupunctures, electro-acupuncture, and infrared therapy. Results As a result of the treatment, 5 children were almost recovered. The average treatment period was 42.17 days, with average recovery period of 9 weeks. Conclusions This study shows that Korean medical treatments on childhood peripheral facial palsy could be one of the viable options for this patient kind.


Long-span bridges located in thunderstorm-prone areas can potentially be struck by downburst transient winds. In this study, the downburst time-varying mean wind was simulated by an impinging jet model based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). To make the simulation results fit well with the measurements, a parameter optimization method was developed. The objective function was established based on the errors between the simulated characteristic points and the target values from the measurement data. To increase the effectiveness, a Kriging surrogate model that was trained using data from numerical simulations was used. The parameter optimization method and the Kriging model were verified using five groups of test samples. The optimization efficiency was significantly increased by replacing the numerical model with a surrogate model during the optimization iteration. The simulation accuracy was clearly improved by the numerical modeling of a downburst based on optimized parameters. Subsequently, the nonstationary turbulent downburst wind was obtained by the combination of the Hilbert-based nonstationary fluctuations and the CFD-based time-varying trend. Finally, the dynamic response of a long-span bridge subjected to the moving downburst was presented. The results based on the simulation validate the optimized downburst wind field and highlight the significant influence on the bridge's aerodynamics and buffeting response.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of bank interest rate spread in Sub-Saharan African countries, which were categorized into macro-specific, bank-specific and institutional variables.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors used fixed effects estimations to analyze the data. The data were drawn from a pool of 20 Sub-Saharan African countries for a period of ten years spanning 2003–2012. The countries were categorized into low-income, lower middle-income and upper middle-income countries based on World Bank income classifications.

Findings
The results show that inflation has a negative and significant effect on interest rate spread, while operating costs and bank concentration have a positive and significant effect on interest rate spread. Similarly, government effectiveness, rule of law and political stability are negatively related to the interest rate spread.

Practical implications
The paper provides evidence that interest rate spread is determined by both bank-specific, macro-economic and institutional variables. The paper also indicates that the income status of a country is important in explaining the variations in the interest rate spread across the region. Therefore, the policy makers should design policies that take into account the variables in order to help in planning by all economic agents, including banks.

Originality/value
The paper uses data from Sub-Saharan Africa and introduces institutional variables in the model, which have been found to be critical in the context.


The present study involves the degradation of ammoniacal nitrogen using Nitrosomonas species as nitrifying bacteria in the first stage of nitrification process. The effects of various parameters such as an effluent medium ratio, pH, temperature and ammonium concentration on the nitrification process were studied with synthetic ammoniacal water as well as industrial effluent from a local steel plant. The maximum biodegradation rate was observed when the effluent is diluted to 50% with the medium, in the pH range of 8.3-8.8 and at the temperature of 30°C. Moreover, the study also reveals that the rate of biodegradation is same irrespective of the initial concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen in both synthetic and effluent samples. This study serves as a basis for the development of a cost effective biotreatment system for the removal of ammonium from industrial effluents.


A PP2C gene named BdPP2C2 was isolated from Brachypodium distachyon, and the result of sequence analysis proved that the length of its ORF was 1 368 bp. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that BdPP2C2 had the closest genetic relationship with AtPP2C56. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR) assay reveale that the expression level of BdPP2C2 was induced by ABA, ethylene, H2O2, NaCl and cold treatments. These results indicated that BdPP2C2 was a response factor in the condition of abiotic stresses, and it might be regulated by relevant signaling molecules.


Explanation-Based Learning (EBL) fails to accelerate problem solving in some problem spaces. How do these problem spaces differ from the ones in Minton's experiments [1988b]? Can minute modifications to problem space encoding drastically alter EBL's performance? Will PRODIGY/EBL'S success scale to real-world domains? This paper presents a formal theory of problem space structure that answers these questions. The central observation is that PRODIGY/EBL relies on finding nonrecursive explanations of PRODIGY'S problem-solving behavior. The theory explains and predicts PRODIGY/EBL'S performance in a wide range of problem spaces. The theory also predicts that a static program transformer, called STATIC, can match PRODIGY/EBL'S performance in some cases. The paper reports on an array of experiments that confirms this prediction. STATIC matches PRODIGY/EBL'S performance in each of Minton's problem spaces.


PURPOSE: A cleaning apparatus using pulsation water current is provided to prevent aging and alopecia of skin by promoting blood circulation of scalp. CONSTITUTION: A cleaning apparatus using pulsation water current comprises a main body, a pump(120), and a power transmission unit. In the main body, the water provided from outside is filled in. The pump comprises a discharge unit, an opening, a piston(123), and a piston valve(124). The discharge unit discharges water in front and back ends of a cylinder to outside. The piston is installed inside the cylinder to be able to move front and back. The piston valve is installed to be able to move front and back within predetermined range. The pump discharges pulsation water current which is generated by movement of the piston through the discharge unit.


As a resource center of literature information, a college library assumes the main responsibility of promoting the campus cultural construction and initiating reading. In recent years, positive research into and effective practice of the reading month activity has been implemented in Yangzhou Polytechnic College. This paper makes a review and analysis of this activity. Meanwhile, it comes up with some corresponding considerations and suggestions.


The Internet of Things (IoT) enables continuous monitoring of phenomena based on sensing devices as well as analytics opportunities in smart environments. Complex Event Processing (CEP) comprises a set of techniques for making sense of the behavior of a monitored system by deriving higher level knowledge from lower level system events. Business Process Management (BPM) attempts to model processes and ensures that executed processes con-form with a predefined sequence. In IoT scenarios frequently a large number of events has to be analyzed in real-time to allow an instant response. While BPM reaches its limits in such situ-ations, CEP is able to analyze and process high volume streams of data in real-time. The evaluation and execution of rules and models of both paradigms are currently based on separate formalisms and are frequently implemented in heterogeneous systems. The presented paper integrates both domains by proposing an execution approach for multi-perspective declarative process process models completely based on CEP. The efficiency of the combined paradigms is validated in an implemented demonstration with simulated and real-life sensor data.


The utility model relates to a rubber connecting rod of an auto absorber, in particular to a connecting rod used for buffering and damping between an auto front suspension and an engine/gearbox, belongs to the technical field of auto vibration absorption, and adopts the specific technical scheme that the rubber connecting rod comprises a connecting rod and a mounting bracket, wherein through holes are formed in two ends of the mounting bracket respectively; the upper ends of bushing inner pipes are tightly connected to the through holes; the circular arc-shaped end part mounting holes of the connecting rod are arranged on the outer circumferences of the bushing inner pipes in a sleeving manner; rubber layers are vulcanized between the mounting holes and the bushing inner pipes. The rubber connecting rod has the advantages that the structure is simple, compact and reasonable; the reliability is high; the durability is high; the vibration absorbing effect is good; the processing is simple; the mounting is convenient; the use is favorable; the part reliability, the durability and the vibration absorbing effect are guaranteed, and the product cost is greatly reduced, so that the market competitive power is improved.


The paper discusses segmental phonology of Dagbani dialects-Tomosili, Nayahili and Nanunli, a Mabia language spoken in the northern part of Ghana. The paper is premised on the framework of Lexical phonology (LP) and argues that the application of phonological processes is conditioned by the morphological and phonological domains in which potential target sounds occur. It shows that the processes that lead to dialectal variation in Dagbani phonology are deletion, compounding, lengthening and shortening. It is observed that Dagbani dialects exhibit ordering of strata in their lexicon as [[[base] S1] S2] indicating that stratum 1(S1) suffixes are attached to the base while stratum 2 (S2) suffixes are attached to the form [[base] S1] as input. Based on the data available, it also examines how neutral suffixes have no phonological effect on the base to which they are attached while the non-neutral suffixes affect the segments of the base to which they are attached. It suggests that Great Vowel Shift (GVS) changes the quality of underlying vowels such as /a/ as in da ʔ - ʊ 'stick' to a surface vowel [ɔ] as in d ɔʔ - ʊ 'stick' and this results into dialectal variation showing vowel alternation of [a~ɔ]. It also demonstrates how  GVS rules on vowel alternation triggers S1 suffixes to change [+ATR] long vowels /ee, oo, uu/ in a CV + stem to lax vowels [e, ɔ, ʊ] showing the order of [[base]S1] in complex words. The paper concludes that among the three dialects of Dagbani, it is only Nanunli dialect that has the word-order of [S1affix [base] S1affix]. Keywords : Dagbani, Dialects, Segment, Strata, Variation.


[Objective] Taking Xijing Mountain for example,this study investigates characteristics of roadside plant communities and width changes of trampled vegetations by the tourist road,analyzes influence of tourism activities on environment.[Method] Characteristics of roadside plant communities are studied by applying species diversity index,coverage and other such indexes;from the bottom to the top of Xijing Mountain,investigation objects are selected along the tourist road to measure the trampled width of vegetations.[Result] Characteristics of plant communities,trampled vegetations are both closely related to the design of tourist road.[Conclusion] Suggestions are proposed for the design of tourist road.


Sequences for two serine isoaccepting maize plastid tRNAs have been previously reported (Steinmetz, et al., 1983; Krebbers et al., 1984). We now report the location and DNA sequence of the third isoaccepting species. The gene is located at maize chloroplast coordinate 102.078 to 102.165 (see Larrinua et al., 1983), in fragment BamHI-2, approximately 3.6 kb upstream of and coded for on the same strand as tRNA s e r (UGA). DNA sequence of the maize tRNA s e r (GCU) isoacceptor has only 5 nucleotides different from the tS-GCU sequence reported in tobacco (94%; Deno and Sugiura, 1983). The flanking regions are also similar in maize and tobacco; 126 bp upstream of the tRNA there is a 51 amino acid uORF which is 77% conserved at the nucleotide level between the two plants. Sequence conservation among the maize serine isoacceptors is lower (tS-UGA, 70%; tSGGA, 68%). The flanking regions of the three maize serine isoacceptors show little homology to one another, however, all three contain "promoterlike" sequences 5' to the gene.