This study addresses two controversial issues in second language acquisition ; the source of the variable use of inflections known as morphological variability among L2 learners and the role of UG in the emergence and exibition of this linguistic problem. The claims of the two previous and prominent attempts to account for the source of variability in L2 ; the Failed Functional Feature hypothesis (FFFH) and the Missing Surface Inflection hypothesis (MSIH) have both focused on the syntactic consequences of the problem. The FFFH links the source to representational issue as a result of inability of L2 learners to acquire functional catagories ot instantiated in their L1 while the MSIH ascribes the source to computational issues as a result of performance limitations on production. The current thesis investigates the source of the problem among L2 English through a new account the Feature Conflict and Integation hypothesis (FCIH) which assumes that the main source of morphological variability can be traced to complex cognitive issues which would trigger both computational and representational problems.


It will be described with an antimicrobial composition, a detergent or cleaning agent. The antimicrobial composition is formed from a water-soluble silver salt and a complexing agent. The washing or cleaning agent and the antimicrobial composition can be used and for inhibiting the growth of microorganisms on fabrics and to hard surfaces in the household can be used in a method for treatment and purification verkeimter household surfaces.


Preface. Summary of Contents. Table of Contents. Abbreviations. Introduction. Part I: Traditional Approach: Sovereignty and Permanent Sovereignty as Independence. 1. Sovereignty as Independence. 2. Permanent Sovereignty Over Natural Resources as Independence. Part II: Challenges of the Traditional Approach. 3. The New Reality and the Premises of Sovereignty. 4. The New Reality and the Key Elements of Sovereignty. Part III: The Modern Approach: Sovereignty as Responsibility to Cooperate. 5. A Functional Analysis of Sovereignty. 6. Sovereignty and Permanent Sovereignty as Responsibility to Cooperate. Bibliography. Index.


This paper studies the method of using time delay and Doppler properties for signal and channel analyses.The time delay-Doppler properties of signal and channel are discussed and characterized.The ambiguity function of signal can be used to the design the transmitted waveform.Under the wide sense stationary uncorrelated scattering conditions,the channel scattering function can be used to guide channel estimation.Based on that,the joint transmitter-receiver optimization framework for delay-Doppler matched filter is proposed.It is concluded that the Overlapping area of cross-ambiguity function of transmitting-processing waveform and channel scattering function is proportional to the system performance.This method is verified by numerical simulation.


Silicon molds with various taper angles are fabricated and demolding forces are examined for the thermal imprinting of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films on a silicon substrate. The silicon mold patterns are fabricated by a switching process, which consists of sequentially alternating etching and deposition steps. The side wall angle of mold trenches is controlled by adjusting deposition step time. The demolding force for the vertical mold is 0.35 MPa. The demolding forces for the inverse taper mold angle (taper angle, 92°) and the normal taper angle (taper angle, 83°) are 1.0 and 0.2 MPa, respectively. The residual PMMA thickness is not uniform. The surface profile of the PMMA film is also curved. Both the nonuniform residual PMMA thickness and the curved profile of the PMMA surface are caused by silicon wafer deformation. It is confirmed that the variation of PMMA surface height is proportional to the residual resist thickness.


Objectives: The study investigated the dual effect of purinergic nucleotides on the secretion of insulin from pancreatic &bgr; cells. Methods: The level of insulin secretion in HIT-T15 cells of static incubation was measured using a radioimmunoassay. Results: The adenine nucleotides reduced the level of glucose-induced insulin secretion in a concentration-dependent manner, and the relative potency order (IC50; &mgr;M) was BzATP (6.9) > ATP (20.4) ≥ &agr;, &bgr;-methylene ATP (23.3) ≥ 2-methylthio-ATP (24.9). Suramin and PPADS (200 &mgr;M), which are blockers of the purinergic receptors, had a little influence on the activity of ATP. However, the inhibitory effect of ATP was reversed by preincubation with oxidized ATP (200 &mgr;M), which is a P2X7 antagonist. The level of insulin secretion in these preincubated cells exposed to the purinergic nucleotides increased in the following order: ATP > &agr;, &bgr;-methylene ATP ≥ 2-methylthio-ATP. A pretreatment with foskolin and PDBu (100 nM) potentiated the increasing effect of ATP on insulin secretion. The Western blotting showed the expression of P2X7 and P2Y11 receptors. Conclusions: Purinergic stimulation has inhibitory activity on glucose-dependent insulin secretion through the activation of the P2X7 receptor, whereas it has enhancing effect through the activation of the P2Y11 receptor in HIT-T15 cells.


Ummi shop is a company engaged in the sale of traditional cakes. The sales system used today is a conventional system, where the buyer must come directly to the Garsel Shop to see the products offered. With this system, it will take the consumer's time so that it is difficult to obtain information about the specifications of the product being offered. E-Commerce or in Indonesian, namely electronic commerce is the distribution, purchase, sale, marketing of goods and services through electronic systems such as the internet or television, www, or other computer networks. E-commerce can involve electronic funds transfer, electronic data exchange, automated inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. At this time, Ummi Store has not used the e-commerce facility so that it is difficult to offer products to consumers who are outside the city. In addition, it can also have an impact that affects the product sales process, namely the ignorance of consumers who are outside the city of the existence of Ummi Shops. The process of selling the Ummi Store will only be carried out if there are consumers who come to the store, while many consumers who are outside the city cannot come or do not know the existence of the Ummi Store. To build this e-commerce system, the tools used to describe the system model are in the form of a data flow diagram (FlowMap), context diagrams, and Data Flow Diagrams (DFD), as well as in database design using a data dictionary and Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD). With the existence of e-commerce is expected to make it easier for consumers to obtain information about product specifications offered by Ummi Stores. Make it easy for Ummi shops to offer or sell their products to consumers who are outside the city. Consumers who are outside the city can find out the existence of Ummi stores by using this e-commerce service and can order without having to come to the store. Make it easy for consumers to process payments because there are several options in the payment process. With a good product data processing or management system that is equipped with security, it will support the performance of the system.


The International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) and the European Federation of Journalists (EFJ) are deeply saddened by the death of Ukrainian ...


In the course of a few years long field research in the area of Trójmiejski Landscape Park 198 species of beetle Coleoptera were found. The research focused on three families: carabid beetles Carabidae, longhorn beetles Cerambycidae and scarab beetles Scarabaeidae. The publication is supplemented with a list of beetles from other families, caught and observed incidentally during the research.


Plant leaf stomatal conductance (g) is an important factor controlling the energy and water exchanges between canopy and atmosphere,while air humidity is a key environmental variable controlling the g. In last decade,the stomatal conductance-humidity relationships in Ball-Woodrow-Berry (BWB) and Leuning models were widely used. In this study,a new diagnostic parameter f(H) was adopted to assess the response of g to air humidity. Based on the leaf-level measurements in a cropland ecosystem,the performance of the BWB,Leuning,and newly developed power-h and power-D models was examined. The results showed that the BWB model which employs a linear relationship between g and relative humidity (hs) led to a larger underestimate of g when the air was wet,while the Leuning model which employs a nonlinear function of water vapor pressure deficit (Ds) decreased this bias but still not adequately captured the significant increase of g under the wet condition. Compared with BWB and Leuning models,the newly developed power-h and power-D models that employ a power function of Ds and a power function of relative humidity deficit (1-hs),respectively,showed better performance. The results also indicated that the models based on Ds generally performed better,compared with those based on hs.


Over the last few years our content has been dominated by randomized trials and, increasingly, systematic reviews. Both will still have priority. However prospective registration of all randomised trials is an ethical imperative, and from now on we expect the authors of all papers reporting data from randomized studies to have registered their study. The editorial explain why, how, and our policy on unregistered studies. Please read it. The transfer of care from a hospital-based to a community-based delivery of rehabilitation remains a difficult area – practically, in terms of finance, and in terms of organizational responsibilities. Two approaches are studied in this issue. One is the Early Supported Discharge after stroke service, which seems to deliver the expected benefits if properly funded and provided in line with the research. The other takes it one step further, and evaluates early days (and nights) at home, 'on leave' from the hospital which also seems effective, and cost-effective These two studies support the idea of a single stroke rehabilitation service spanning hospital and home delivery; it is the obvious answer but seems to be an anathema to funding organisations and managers who dislike the lack of certainty. Acupuncture as a possible treatment for stroke impairments has been researched for many years. A study reported here suggests that adding acupuncture may increase the effectiveness of swallowing therapy in people with dysphagia after stroke. It is large (n = 120), but the absence of any obvious rationale still makes me want replication before introducing the treatment. I also think that replication is needed before introducing pelvic floor exercises for women with urinary incontinence after stroke. The study reported here has a good rationale, but it only involved 31 women. Another study on patients after stroke found that perception of balance did not reflect measured balance in one third of people after stroke; and only actual, measured balance was associated with gait speed. Is it worth measuring balance confidence? [I do not know; this needs research]. In the study, actual balance was measured using the widely-used Berg Balance Scale which takes about 20-30 minutes to complete. A study on 53 stroke patients found the Static Balance test to be equally informative, but much quicker taking only 3-5 minutes. How many people will alter their practice? And should they without at least one confirmatory study? Arthritic pathology commonly causes hand problems, and one common treatment is compression gloves. However a systematic review found only four studies involving a grand total of 74 people! We do not know if they are beneficial, harmful, or simply wasteful. Another common musculo-skeletal problem is neck pain. The Alexander technique, a popular 'treatment' often outside traditional healthcare practice, was found to be no better than local heat or guided imagery (n = 72) – and we do not know if either of those has a sustained beneficial effect. Another study evaluating an assessment tool in musculo-skeletal disorders is reported here. The Work Assessment Triage Tool was compared with clinical judgment – and found to be no better. It should be further studied and improved before being used. Finally being an adolescent is associated with emotional disturbance (so it is said) at the best of times. Be that as it may, if a parent has a progressive disabling disorder such as multiple sclerosis it is likely that many adolescents will have problems with emotional adjustment. A study on 76 adolescent children found that disturbance was associated not with extent of patient dependence, but with the extent of the parent's emotional distress and expressed emotion. This help identify the children most in need of specialist support – and is probably the opposite of most policy which focuses on the physical care needs of a parent, not the emotional demands made on the child. Introductory paragraph 626534 CRE0010.1177/0269215515626534Clinical Rehabilitation research-article2016


This research was conducted in the area of Quevedo in the "Hda. Rio Lindo Low "Industrial Tropical Agricultural property, located at km 17 way Quevedo-The Splice Province of the Rios, located between the coordinates 79 ° 27 'west longitude and 01 ° 06' south latitude, at an altitude of 120 meters., was to establish the fermentation time where better physical and chemical properties provide the bokashi, economic analyzes of the study treatments, determine the transformation of plant and animal residues in organic matter; analyze chemical and biological properties bokashi.
Studied four substrates: molasses + bread yeast rice powder + flour + shell + compost + whey + balsa sawdust cocoa shell charcoal + cattle manure + poultry manure + rice + legume chaff (T1) , rice bran + sawdust cocoa shell raft chaff charcoal rice + legume + cattle manure + poultry manure (T2) cattle manure + poultry manure + rice bran + sawdust + raft + molasses bread yeast + legume (T3) and manure + legume in the (T4) was used completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications. All variables were subjected to. analysis of variance to thereby determine statistical significance Tukey test. 95% probability.
The pH in the experiment ranged between 6.13 and 7.6, the optimum moisture present it at 30 days the T1 with 53.07%, did not present statistical difference in treatment temperature average of 35-42 ° C between 20 and 30 days ideal for microbial growth, the transformation of waste index (Shrinkage) was the highest with 36.80 kg T4. to complete the investigation, in the Index Organic Matter Transformation in bokashi variance analysis presents statistical differences for treatments. In Microbiological and Chemical analysis obtained good results at 30 days. The cost-benefit ratio between the obtained treatments T4 = $ .2.41.


Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was extracted from pooled field-collected samples representing six species of black flies (Cnephia dacotensis, Simulium bivittaum, S. johansenni, S. luggeri, S. piperi, S. vittatum) and compared by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Morphospecies were molecularly distinct, with few shared restriction fragments. Eleven populations of S. vittatum were found that appeared to be homogeneous for a single mitochondrial haplotype. Ten other populations of S. vittatum showed extensive mitochondrial heterogeneity. In part, these samples contained mixtures of two cytologically recognized siblings: IIIL-1 and IS-7. About 70% of the mitochondrial genome of a population pure for sibling IIIL-1 was cloned as five HindIII fragments, which were used as hybridization probes to examine individual black flies. Thirteen mtDNA haplotypes involving permutations of 10 HindIII restriction sites were identified in individual black flies examined from 26 populations. DNA from 168 la...


The inconsistency of shear stress positive directions in planar and spatial stress states in current Material Mechanics is indicated.The shear stress positive directions of planar stress state in current Material Mechanics is suggested to be reversed.Based on the new direction,the formulas of stresses on an incline and the corresponding Mohr circle are presented.To introduce stress matrix to calculate its main stresses,main directions and the stresses in any coordinates are advised.The teaching practice proves its feasibility.


The Verleur and Barker-like multiphonon description proposed for the refined understanding of the two-mode transverse optical (TO) and longitudinal optical (LO) Raman responses from the stiff∕short Be–Se bond in the percolation range (0.19⩽Be⩽0.81) of the random BeSe–ZnSe mixed crystal [O. Pages et al., Phys. Rev. B 70, 155319 (2004)] is extended to the similar Be–Te bond in the percolation range of the random BeTe–ZnTe mixed crystal. Moreover this description is shown to remain valid just outside the percolation range, in spite of appearances. We deduce that it is not activated by the close intermixing of the stiff and soft continua at the mesoscopic scale but relies directly on the contrast in the bond properties at the microscopic scale. The whole study is supported by extensive ZnBeTe Raman data, and full contour modeling of the TO and LO Raman line shapes by using our phenomenological 1‐bond→2‐mode percolation model. Care is taken that our ZnBe(Se,Te) epitaxial layers undergo large substrate-induced ...


Natural disasters are common place in the world but the 2004 tsunami created a critical mass of WFOT member countries confronted by the monumental destructive forces of nature. Destroyed were environments and the natural occupations central to the lifestyle of citizens. Working within the WFOT Disaster Preparedness and Recovery Framework, two Indonesia occupational therapists one working in Aceh, Sumatra and the other responding to a major earthquake in south central Java (2006) were confronted by psychosocial and cultural issues which affected their assistance efforts. The unique cultural perspectives of these two distinct Indonesian geographic areas presented some very different and unique challenges. The first author worked with the two therapists to identify the critical phenomena experienced in accommodating psychosocial barriers. The analysis serves to increase knowledge transfer. Highlighted is the important contribution the profession makes to interpreting more sensitively social phenomena and its impact on disaster recovery process.


Objective To summarize the experiments of diagnosis and surgical treatment of spontaneous rupture of esophagus (Boeahavve Syndrome).Methods To review and analyze the diagnosis?treatments and results of 22 patients of spontaneous rupture of esophagus treated in our hospital in the year 1966~1998.Results Early diagnosis and operation were performed on 10 cases(48h) of the group and the mortality rate was 20%(2/10), the other 12 cases treated lately ,the mortality rate was 41.7% (5/12). 5 cases of the patients admitted primary repair after 24h, 3 were successful.Conclusion Early diagnosis and appropriate surgical treatments are the key to increase the curative effect and reduce the mortality rate.24h is not the demarcation line to determine whether primary repair should be done. Primary repair is the first choice if the condition of horizontal tear and thoracic cavity permit.


This paper presents the use of a remote access laboratory, a WebLab, with real equipments and systems that can be controlled remotely by the web. At the approach, the WebLab allows the development of multidisciplinary experiments in control and automation areas that can be used as a tool for engineering education and for research projects. This first WebLab includes an application that allows the remote access using a page on internet for drive control of a DC motor. Using this application the user can perform experiments as the open loop test in DC motor in order to obtain non-parametric system model and tuning of PID controller to ensure efficient speed and position motor control.


This paper studies the ESR spectra of samples, gamma-irradiated at -196 C, of MeHN/sub 2/, Me/sub 2/NH, and Me/sub 3/N at various concentrations in the freons CFC1/sub 3/ and CFCL/sub 2/CF/sub 2/C1. The study shows that small amounts (about 1%) of trimethylamine in diethyl ether or methylamine, which do not have a significant effect on the spectrum of these substances ta the 1% level in freon at -196 C, become important on warming. Disappearance of the methylamine radical-cations is accompanied by the appearance of intense lines due to Me/sub 3/N/sup +/ radical-cations, well resolved at -120 C.


Abstract : Occasionally the prediction equation obtained by conventional regression techniques is an unsatisfactory predictor because of its behavior over segments of the range of the independent variable(s). For such situations, a procedure is illustrated which has been found to yield a 'better fit' than that obtained by conventional regression analysis. The procedure consists of segmenting the levels of the independent variable(s) into blocks and separately fitting each block. The separate fits, however, are obtained simultaneously and the end result is a single prediction equation. Numerical examples are given typifying regression analysis problems encountered in which the proposed procedure yields a 'better fit'. In each example, the proposed procedure of blocking in regression analysis is compared with conventional regression analysis. Extensions in the application of blocking in prediction problems and in comparative problems are briefly discussed.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of profitability in Indonesian banking industry. This research defines profitability as basic earning power (BEP) and return on equity (ROE) with variables like basic condition, market structure, banking characteristics and performance as its determinants. Both credit market and deposit market channel of Indonesian banking were used to analyze the data. The Structure-Conduct Performance (SCP) paradigm was used to offer theoretical perspective. Data was collected through purposive sampling technique, randomly picked from Indonesian banks financial statements during 2001-2014. The dynamic panel GMM-Arellanno Bond was used as the tool analysis. The results show that basic condition, market structure, banking characteristic, and performance significantly influence profitability. Based on this result, the study recommends that Indonesian banking segment should improve its market structure through enhancement of performance particularly that of individual banks. It also recommends that regulations and policy planning of national banking industry should be directed to retaining and increasing profitability without relying on market power, nor requiring collusion or high interest to get higher profit. The implication of the current research will be seen in judging the durability of bank profitability and finding means to make it strong enough despite the influence of crisis, money market and inflation, although it may be still sensitive to exchange rate volatility.


This paper analyses income related to foreign investments and its effect on the current account and international investment position. The foreign investment income balance depends primarily on the amount of accumulated foreign financial assets owned by residents and the amount of their foreign liabilities. However, rates of return on various types of investments, which depend on economic conditions on the domestic and international markets, also play an important role. Their importance became particularly pronounced in the aftermath of the global financial crisis, which led to significant changes in the structure of international capital flows and financing conditions. While the crisis brought about an improvement in global financing conditions, at the same time it triggered large scale deleveraging across countries, leaving equity investments, which generally carry higher rates of return, relatively more important. For this reason, the lower interest rate environment was only partly reflected on foreign investment income balances of countries that are more reliant on equity investment. With the continued economic recovery on the global level, the rates of return on both equity and debt investments could grow further, having an even greater negative effect on the foreign investment income balance of countries highly dependent on foreign capital. This could also be the case for most CEE countries and particularly Croatia, given their already highly negative international investment position and high financing needs.


What logic determines that to be frightened, overwhelmed or confused is to be 'ill' or have a 'disease'? The place of 'mental illness' in Western culture is not a story of scientific discovery. It is a story of social control, political expediency, and professional imperialism (see, for instance, Parker et al, 1995), and associating the treatment of distress with medicine has concealed the element of social control by bestowing on it scientific objectivity and respectability. The illness metaphor for distress has become installed in Western culture to the extent that it is an idea which most people can hardly think about—it is an idea which most people can only think from. The medicalisation of mental distress has, according to Moncrieff (1997), 'served to obscure the social processes that produce and define deviance by locating problems in individual biology. This obfuscation lends itself to the perpetuation of the established order by side-stepping the challenge that is implicit in deviant behaviour.' T...


In life cycle assessment (LCA) is commonly adopted a 100 year time horizon for how emissions are assessed (Brandão et al., 2011). This implies that the total amount of a release of an emission is calculated and tallied over a set time period and this value is then multiplied with a characterization factor representing the global warming potential (GWP). This approach works quite well for studies where for all processes the emissions are released in a very short time frame. The issue arises when comparing processes where the emissions are released over varying and long time frames, such as municipal solid waste (MSW) technologies, as the timing of the release here play a critical role for the interpretation.


A transmission phenomenon for a quantal particle scattered through a multi-well potential in one dimension is observed by means of an amplitude-phase method. The potential model consists of $N$ identical potential cells, each containing a symmetric well. Typical transmission bands contain $N-1$ possible energies of total transmission. It is found that certain band types contain $n$ energies of total transmission. A fusion phenomenon of this type of band with a typical neigboring band is also found. As the transmission gap between them collapse and disappear, a resulting fused single band is seen to contain $2N-1$ energy peaks of total transmission.


Summary. An elderly woman with mild von Willebrand's disease presented with acute myocardial infarction. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, to mechanically disrupt the thrombus without anticoagulation, was successfully undertaken. Haemostatic cover was also avoided.


The status of the Tevatron Collider is reviewed and highlights of the rich physics program carried out by the CDF and D0 experiments are presented.


Fully depleted SOI MOSFET's include an inherent parasitic lateral bipolar structure with a floating base. We present here the first complete physically based explanation of the bipolar gain mechanism, and its dependence on bias and technological parameters. A simple, one-dimensional physical model, with no fitting parameters, is constructed, and is shown to agree well with simulations and measurements performed on a new type of SOI MOSFET structure. It is shown that parameters which affect the gain, such as SOI layer thickness, body doping concentration and gate and drain voltages, do so primarily by affecting the concentration of holes in the body region. Thus, current gain falls dramatically with increasing drain voltage due to the associated impact ionization driven increase in the hole concentration. Gummel plots of this parasitic bipolar indicate an apparent ideality factor of 0.5 for the hole current, due to the body hole concentration's dependence on drain voltage. >


The bona fide acquisition system can also be applied to real estate in consideration of theoretical basis, component key items and legal effect. The scope of applicable estate involves the registered at part owner's disposal without permission, the registered with flaws, the unregistered without illegality and the registered but belonging to loot.


Political movements often face cardinal decisions about crucial issues which have long-range implications. Mostly, such issues are not decided unanimously, but rather by majority versus minority. It is then understandably difficult for the minority to accept such decisions, which they consider wrong and sometimes even disastrous to the movement. Consequently, the minority members find themselves in a difficult dilemma, where they must choose between the lesser of two evils. One option is to disengage and found a new movement that espouses their specific ideology, and thus promote their interests. The other option is to remain in the original movement, despite the painful blow, minimize the blow to their important principles and to wait for an opportune moment to rectify the mistakes. The paper discusses two landmark events in the history of the Zionist movement in British Mandate Palestine in the first half of the 20th century. The leaders involved in these crucial events were Ze'ev (Vladimir) Jabotinsky, and Rabbi Meir Berlin. Jabotinsky was the prominent leader of the Revisionist movement, the main opposition body to David Ben-Gurion's Labor party. Berlin was the leader of the ReligiousZionist "Mizrahi" movement, a faction within the world Zionist movement. These two political leaders responded in different ways when their opinions were repudiated by the majority. Jabotinsky decided to abandon the movement and established a new one. Berlin, in contrast, refused the demands to secede. Faithful to principle, he insisted on remaining and conducting the political struggle from within. Historically speaking, from a retrospective viewpoint, it seems that Berlin's approach was much more fruitful. Jabotinsky and his followers paid a heavy political price for their defection, as it substantially reduced their influence later. On the other hand, in the long run Berlin's "Mizrahi" movement reached many achievements by remaining inside, within the sphere of influence.


order of Paul's epistles. It is worthy of note that he considers Philippians to have been written in the course of an earlier, Ephesian, captivity. An analysis of the crises in Paul's life which bear upon his doctrinal development follows. The main theme is then considered in separate chapters devoted to 1 and 2 Thes, Phil, 1 Cor, Gal, Rom, Col, Eph, Pastorals. The development in Hebrews of the early Palestinian soteriology is treated at the beginning of the last chapter, which then provides us with an admirable synthesis of the preceding textual investigation. These thirty pages deserve to be read carefully, and most of all by those who may not have the time to go through the arduous work of analysis. I can imagine harassed lecturers in Scripture recommending this last chapter as necessary reading for seminarians, to complete a course of inevitably sketchy exegesis on the Pauline epistolary. The broad headings are: 1. God as Father is author of Christian Salvation. 2. Christian Salvation


Abstract : The structural box of the L-1O11 vertical fin, was redesigned using advanced composite materials. The box was fabricated and ground tested to verify the structural integrity. This report summarizes the complete program starting with the design and analysis and proceeds through the process development ancillary test program production readiness verification testing, fabrication of the full-scale fin boxes and the full-scale ground testing. The program showed that advanced composites can economically and effectively be used in the design and fabrication of medium primary structures for commercial aircraft. Static strength variability was demonstrated to be comparable to metal structures and the long term durability of advanced composite components was demonstrated.


Factors related to instrumental activities of daily living disability in older adults with knee osteoarthritis are unclear. This study aimed to examine the discriminatory accuracy for the presence of instrumental activities of daily living disability in older adults with knee osteoarthritis by combining two factors of gait ability and pain status.


In this survey paper, stability of linear descriptor systems (LDS) is investigated. We review here concepts on LDS and a number of results concerning stability properties of LDS. We do not try to be exhaustive but instead, by a selection of results, we would like to motivate the reader to appreciate what we consider as a wonderful research field. We emphasize that this paper also points out the directions of the potential developments.


An optical reconfigurable logic gate which uses light injection to shift the output frequency of a two-electrode DFB laser, and has a switching time of 1 ns. NOR, XOR and AND functions are obtained just by tuning a FP filter


The present invention, in organic electronic (OE) devices, in more detail in the organic field effect transistor (OFETs), dielectric structure, for example, to methods of modifying the surface energy of the dielectric layer or the bank structure.


The recent developments in turbocharging technology play a vital role for engine manufacturers in order to meet the market demand for fuel economy and to comply with local emissions regulations. It is becoming more difficult for an engine manufacturer to decide on the best turbocharging system for their application. Wastegate, variable geometry, two-stage, sequential and turbocompound systems all have their merits and compromises but choosing the best option for each application requires significant knowledge and analysis.


A simpler and more general proof of the Mandelstam representation based on Hartog's theorem is presented within the framework of potential scattering; the potential is chosen to be a superposition of the Yukawa type with no further restrictions.


Context This thesis verifies a method developed on alignment issues in different data points and is useful to validate the method in those data points. To find the alignment/misalignment problems o ...


Vehicle Restraint Systems (VRS), a necessary component of the road design, are widely implemented by transport authorities to protect vehicles from severe incidents, mainly colliding to the roadside as well as median obstacles and other potential hazards. The performance evaluation of vehicle restraint systems at the design and installation stages is largely made according to either European or American standards. The local traffic conditions and vehicle compositions in countries, which are noticeably different from Europe and North America, necessitate a customized guideline in which the design and installation of road safety barriers are more adapted to the local conditions of the country. This paper briefly reviews the main features of EN1317, and NCHRP 350/MASH standards, which are predominantly used for the design, installation, and performance evaluation of VRS in Europe and the United States respectively. Moreover, the contribution of these standards in developing the VRS guideline for the State of Qatar is explained. The study recommends customizations to the design and installation of VRS, which are presently implemented according to the guideline developed by the Public Work Authority in Qatar. The present guideline follows European as well as American standards. The recommendations are made based on empirical studies and evidence observed by undertaking a series of site visits, audits, and perform inspections of VRS components installed on Qatari roads and highways. The study findings demonstrate the performance of VRS can be enhanced by incorporating the design and selection of road safety components such as guardrails, terminals, transitions, and crash cushions at the preliminary design stage of roads and highways. This study brings about practical insights and implications for road designers, contractors, supervision teams, and road safety auditors. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091665 Full Text: PDF


The submersible buoy system is an important tool in the profile observation of marine environment. According to the lumped mass based method, the dynamic modeling of the submersible buoy system is established, then the dynamic analysis is carried out. The dynamic model is solved and analyzed by using the software MATLAB. The result provides theoretical reference for its structural design and numerical computation of the submersible buoy system.


Urbanisation has been increasing worldwide in recent decades, driving environmental change and exerting novel selective pressures on wildlife. Phenotypic differences between urban and rural individuals have been widely documented in several taxa. However, the extent to which urbanisation impacts mating strategies is less known. Here, we inferred extra-pair paternity variation in nestbox-breeding great tits ( Parus major) and blue tits ( Cyanistes caeruleus) in a gradient of urbanisation in Warsaw, Poland, over 3 breeding seasons. Urbanisation was quantified as the amount of impervious surface area (ISA), light pollution, noise pollution and tree cover within a 100 m radius around each nestbox. We successfully genotyped 1235 great tits and 1306 blue tits with a genotyping-by-sequencing method. Extra-pair paternity was inferred by computing a genomewide relatedness matrix on 9379 SNP markers in great tits and 12958 SNP markers in blue tits. We report higher extra-pair paternity in blue tits breeding in more urbanized areas (e.g. with higher ISA, light pollution and noise pollution, and lower tree cover). However, no such trend was found in great tits. Late-stage survival of individual nestlings in both species was not associated with paternity or urbanisation proxies, thus we were not able to detect fitness benefits or drawbacks of being within-pair or extra-pair offspring in relation to the inferred degree of urbanisation. Our results contribute to the growing body of knowledge reporting on the effects of urbanisation on avian ecology and behaviour and confirm species-specific and population-specific patterns of extra-pair paternity.


The purpose of this study is to investigate how constant changes in team allocation within a modified flipped team-based learning (FTBL) study can affect student's perception of a course (gathered by an online questionnaire) and academic performance. This teaching strategy is a team-based learning (TBL) approach combined with flipped classroom learning methodology, in which BSc students studying pharmaceutical science/biotechnology courses in a UK satellite campus in China preview online lectures and apply their knowledge in different in-class activities. The students are randomly assigned into teams in each session. The project was run across the full academic year (sixteen sessions). Students' perceptions regarding modified FTBL were statistically analyzed, and their academic performance was compared with previous results obtained by the initial FTBL study. Although students initially showed reluctance to leave their 'comfort zone'—the main limitation of this study—our findings show that learners perceived benefits to the adoption of continued random allocation, which resulted in the removal of limitations from their social clustering and eventual accustomization to this learning approach. Modified FTBL assisted students in enhancing their team-work skills, improving their academic performance, developing their reflective capabilities, improving their rapport building skills, learning and academic performance. Learners also believed that this learning strategy creates critical incidents that can simulate their future work environment, as they might be expected to work in unfamiliar situations. Therefore, the present study indicated strong support for the modified FTBL method, which was seen to work exceptionally well despite some minor problems that students experienced working in a team with different teammates in every session.


Introduction: Studies show that our body follows a daily cycle so-called circadian rhythm which affects a large number of physiological and psychological actions such as body temperature, metabolism, blood pressure, hormone secretion and athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a training session on serum concentrations of immunoglobulin A, cortisol and lipoprotein at different hours of the day in elite male Taekwondo athletes. Material & Methods: Twenty eight elite male sport of Taekwondo athletes with 23.7±2.7 years old and 10.2±5.4 years experience in sports were divided into two groups as experimental group (n=14) and control group (n=14) randomly. The experimental group did a steady training program for 60 min corresponded with 70-90 percentage of their heart rate reserve at 08:00 A.M and 08:00 P.M in two different days. The control group rested at the same time and place. Blood samples were collected before and after training. Results: Serum cortisol concentrations before and after training was higher in the morning significantly (P<0.05) and there was no significant difference between serum immunoglobulin A concentrations before training in the morning and at the afternoon. Serum cholesterol concentrations after the training in the afternoon were lower than after exercise in the morning significantly (P<0.05), serum HDL concentrations in the morning were higher than in the afternoon (P<0.05), serum vLDL and TG concentrations were higher in the afternoon than the morning (P<0.05). Conclusions: Results show that a training session is effective on concentrations of serum lipids and lipoproteins and is associated with circadian changes in some of factors, so that a training session in the morning was leading to increased in serum cortisol concentrations of the elite Taekwondo athletes.


When the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low, classical system identification methods can not produce accurate results. The results can be improved by using denoising methods with time-frequency decompositions. The chirp signal is used as a training sequence to make the time-frequency domain denoising possible. Chirplet decomposition is proposed for separation of signal and noise components. The results are compared with the Gabor transform denoising. The chirplet denoising method proposed here is less sensitive to SNR changes than the Gabor denoising proposed before. Also, the accuracy of the estimates in chirplet case is superior to the Gabor transform method.


The essay focuses on Michele Federico Sciacca's and Alberto Caracciolo's interpretations of G. Leopardi. Both authors are interested in Leopardi's nihilism which is linked to the question on the "sense of existence". The two readings reflect the philosophical and religious experiences of the authors. In Sciacca's reading there is a critical approach to Leopardi's negativity, clashing with "feeling's positivity". Caracciolo's reading instead, even if it is influenced by Sciacca, leads to a positive assumption of both "methodical nihilism" and the "religious" aspect of "Nothing". The two perspectives on nihilism complete each other, showing clearly the limit of this point of view (Sciacca) and also its implicit positive tension (Caracciolo).


. This essay is concerned with Machado's contribution to the evolution of the modern novel's form. My thesis is that, because of the innovations that he wrought, Machado now needs to be considered as one of the modern novel's great masters. In making this argument, I stress three points: 1) that Machado knew the European novel very well and that he knew in his own mind how he could improve it; 2) that Machado did improve it, breaking new ground for its form and structure in a series of works published between 1880 and 1908; and 3) that we should now rank Machado de Assis among the greatest practitioners of the modern novel and that we can regard him as the "missing link" between Flaubert and Proust.


The objective of this research was to find out whether there is a correlation between (1) reading interest and reading skill; (2) grammatical competence and reading skill; and (3) reading interest, grammatical competence simultaneously and reading skill. The method used in the research was correlation. The study was carried out in June to August 2013 at SMA Negeri 1 Karanganyar. The population was all of the tenth grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Karanganyar which consist of eight classes. The total number of the students was 272 students. The sample was 34 students taken by cluster random sampling. The instruments in collecting the data were questionnaire and test. Questionnaire was used to collect the data of reading interest, while objective test was used to collect the data of grammatical competence and reading skill. The techniques used to analyze the data were Single and Multiple Linear Regression and Correlation. The result of analysis shows that there were a positive correlation between (1) reading interest and reading skill; (2) grammatical competence and reading skill; and (3) reading interest, grammatical competence simultaneously and reading skill. It means that reading interest and grammatical competence cannot be neglected in improving reading skill.


To adopt floatation recover the cyanide tsilings's gold of a gold ore,floatation gold concentrates grade 42.11g/t,floatation Debris grade 0.26g/t,recovery reached 83.11%,in 2006 recovery gold 83378g and created profits 69.15 ten thousand RMB.


The swimming and swarming behaviour of Tritodynamia horvathi (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) has been considered to be a seasonal activity related to summer mating. However, little information has been available regarding other seasons of the year as the crabs have not been observed at the sea surface in the cool months from October until May. This is the first report of swimming behaviour observed during this low temperature season. The swimming individuals were observed in March 1991 in Yatsushiro Sound, Japan. Tritodynamia horvathi were observed swimming at a depth of 15 m, using their maxillipeds to feed. The crabs also swam in the aquarium and caught Artemia nauplii in the same manner. These findings suggest that their swimming behaviour is not a seasonal mating activity as previously believed, but a habitual behaviour associated with feeding.


In order to determine an exact model of the three tank system, this paper presents an optimization method based on the genetic algorithm (GA). This method let us find the best parameters of this system while reducing the quadratic error between simulated and measured outputs.


Series active power filters (SAPF) can effectively suppress the line current harmonics generated by voltage-type harmonics sources. Yet the performance differs much in different control approaches. Generally there are two kinds of typical control strategies: voltage-source control and current-source control. The conventional control is voltage-source control in which the SAPF is controlled as a voltage source, and works just like frequency-selective impedance. It presents zero impedance for the fundamental frequency and acts as a resistor with high resistance of K [/spl Omega/] for harmonics frequencies. In late 1990s, some publications reported a new control strategy as current-source control in which the SAPF is controlled as a sinusoidal current source in phase with the utility voltage and with the amplitude as load needs. It is claimed that the current-source control has the priority of better performance, easy to implement, less time delay in digital control system, and most of all, with no stability problem. However, it is quite amazing that how current-source control can achieve all these better performances with just same power stage as voltage-source control and what is the nature between these two control strategies. This paper extensively compared these two control strategies in the view of the whole system, and found that the two control strategies, which seem entirely different in appearance, have identical control structure and operation principles. Simulation and experimental results are illustrated to verify the theoretical analysis. What's more, some previously confusing issues are discussed at the end to thoroughly express the author's view on the operation principle of SAPF.


With a view to the 19th German Traffic Court Day to be held in Goslar, 1981, the author expresses his personal opinion with regard to alcohol levels. 1. The socalled 0.8(per mille) Act has not served its purpose. 2. It would be more appropriate to fix a uniform BAC limit, whatever value this may be, and to consider this or a higher level as proof of a crime. 3. More attention should be paid to intensifying police surveillance. DWI


The study was designed to fathom the magnitude of the problem of destructive wild animals in western Serengeti.  Information was collected through literature reviews ad fieldwork.  A sample of five villages was investigated.  The area suffers from wildlife crop damage valued at US$ 484,000 annually.  Problem animals are elephants and wildebeests.  Elephants have increased since 2000 due to increased anti-poaching activities.  Food insecurity has increased as livelihood strategies are changing.  Wildlife has not seriously threatened human life.  Attacks on livestock have been relatively low.  Farmers have been unsuccessfully chasing animals by tin noises, hot chillies and fencing with tobacco and chilly shrubs.  Game scouts have used blank cartridges and live ammunition.  Culling of elephants, allowing for controlled ivory trade, paying compensation, and empowering game scouts were frequently mentioned strategies for solving the problem.  Establishment of a Wildlife Management Area is arguably an alternative economic enterprise to agriculture.  Existence of skewed power relations in villages needs to be adjusted to enhance blossoming of democratic processes that are a prerequisite for sustainable development.


A mathematical method for real-time calculations of cloudshine doses/dose rates used for purposes of online assimilation of model predictions with observations incoming from terrain is proposed. Model predictions of cloudshine doses have to be calculated simultaneously in an array of positions located on terrain around a nuclear facility. A modification of the classical straight-line Gaussian solution of the near-field dispersion problem is proposed. Movement of radioactive cloud driven by changes in meteorological conditions is described according to the segmented Gaussian scheme. Advanced 5/ µ concept based on integration up to five times mean free path of a γ photon ensures a quicker assessment of the doses of irradiation and predetermines the proposed procedure to be a proper tool for data assimilation analysis.


Introduction Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) has a prevalence of 1-3 per 10,000 births and contributes to 15-17% of perinatal mortality in twins. It occurs in 10-15% of monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twin pregnancies but is rarer in monochorionic-monoamniotic (MCMA) twin pregnancies. The fetuses who survive often have cardiac, neurologic, and developmental anomalies. There are only a few cases of TTTS with hydrops fetalis reported in the literature.


In this study despite the many changes included in our regulatory system under the labor of Constitutional Amendment No 45, focuses on systematic analysis of Law 11.280 of 2006. We have made clear that our business has no intention to bring closed positions on the issue, but only arouse interest in our community of scholars that many aspects are controversial and may even raise the nuances of the position with regard to labor magistrate front of the Democratic Rule of Law, by binding the prescription "ex officio" and our Constitution of 1988.


Objective: To establish an easy、practical、reliable method for the purification culture system ofdorsal root ganglion neurons derived from rats.Method: Dorsal root ganglions harvested from newly- born ratswere digested with trypsin and produced into single cell suspension, then plated in DF12 media containing10% FBS and glial cell line- derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF).Cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons werepurified by cytosine arabinoside for 48 hours.The purificational rates were evaluated according to cell countand neuronal specific enolase (NSE) immunocytochemistry stain.Result: Cultured dorsal root ganglion cellscould survive healthily.The purification rate of neurons was 90% or so.Conclusion: The dorsal root ganglionneurons cultivated in the DF12 media with fetal bovine serum and GDNF can survive with nomal cell pheno-type, neurite synapse growth and the expression of neurifilament protein is available.Which is a useful modelfor the further studies.


Increased interest in high-current, short-pulse electron beams for a wide variety of applications, including free-electron lasers, has generated a demand for high-performance, high-reliability induction accelerators. Advances in this technology will be reviewed. Designing the drive pulse sources is particularly challenging because the sources must deliver multi-gigawatt pulses with rise times of a few nanoseconds and pulse lengths of a few tens of nanoseconds. Recent developments in all-solid-state nonlinear magnetic drivers will also be discussed. 5 figs.


Laser Powder Bed Fusion has become a widely adopted method for metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) due to its ability to mass produce complex parts with increased local control. However, AM produced parts can be subject to undesirable porosity, negatively influencing the properties of printed components. Thus, controlling porosity is integral for creating effective parts. A precise understanding of the porosity distribution is crucial for accurately simulating potential fatigue and failure zones. Previous research on generating synthetic porous microstructures have succeeded in generating parts with high density, isotropic porosity distributions but are often inapplicable to cases with sparser, boundary-dependent pore distributions. Our work bridges this gap by providing a method that considers these constraints by deconstructing the generation problem into its constitutive parts. A framework is introduced that combines Generative Adversarial Networks with Mallat Scattering Transform-based autocorrelation methods to construct novel realizations of the individual pore geometries and surface roughness, then stochastically reconstruct them to form realizations of a porous printed part. The generated parts are compared to the existing experimental porosity distributions based on statistical and dimensional metrics, such as nearest neighbor distances, pore volumes, pore anisotropies and scattering transform based auto-correlations.


Deposit taking institutions play a crucial role in the economy. Despite, most of them have had difficulties in their operations leading to slow growth in profitability and some going under, probably due to weak working capital management practices. Purpose of this study was to investigate influence of working capital management techniques (management of accounts receivables, inventories and accounts payables) on financial performance of deposit taking institutions. Descriptive design was used to examine the three savings and credit cooperative societies licensed by SACCO societies' regulatory authority of Kenya with target population being 45 respondents. Census technique was used. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire and secondary data obtained from audited financial statements which was then analyzed using descriptive statistics. From the findings, study established that management of accounts receivables reduces the amount of cash that is tied up in the hands of customers which then leads to increased profitability of firms. Accounts payables of firms continue to shoot up every day to a point that delivering of services is threatened and for organizations to remain profitable, inventory should be kept at the right quantities since if kept idle would involve holding cost which reduces profitability.


The authors deseribe a woman with visualloss and epilepsy that were caused by removal of a meningioma on the right sphenoidal ridge in an operation 5 years prior to presentation. The patient started to improve neurologically after omental transplantation to the injured optic chiasma and right temporal lobe. The epileptic seizures virtually disappeared after this surgery, and vision gradually improved over 3 months. These results indicate that placing omentum directiyon injured nervous tissue can lead to neurological improvement.


Magnesium is a promising element to be hydrogen storage material. One of magnesium alloy that is widely developed for metal hydride is MgAlNi alloy because the addition of aluminum and nickel on magnesium could absorb hydrogen as much as 3.02 %wt. In this research, mechanical milling method is done by Modification Horizontal Ball Milling machine that has horizontal rotation principle for prepared Mg-Al-Ni alloy. As starting materials, Mg 80%at, 10%at Al, and 10%at Ni powder is synthesized by milling for 10 and 20 hours followed by, heat treatment at 400°C for 2 hours. For studied hydrogen absorption properties, Mg-Al-Ni alloy powders were hydrogenated at 400°C in H2 atmosphere 5 bar for1hour. All of those sample then characterized by XRD, SEM, and TGA. X-Ray Diffraction is aimed to identify phase of the sample. Micro structure is identified using SEM-EDX. TGA had done for observed dehydrogenation process. Mechanical alloying for 10 hours followed by heat treatment at 400 C had resulted solid solution of Mg0.9Al0.1 while MgH2 can be obtained during hydrogenation at 400°C.


Finding a region of an image which matches to a query from a large number of candidates is a fundamental problem in image processing. The exhaustive nature of the sliding window approach has encouraged works that can reduce the run time by skipping unnecessary windows or pixels that do not play a substantial role in search results. However, such a pruning-based approach still needs to evaluate the non-ignorable number of candidates, which leads to a limited efficiency improvement. We propose an approach to learn efficient search paths from data. Our model is based on a CNN-LSTM architecture which is designed to sequentially determine a prospective location to be searched next based on the history of the locations attended. We propose a reinforcement learning algorithm to train the model in an end-to-end manner, which allows to jointly learn the search paths and deep image features for matching. These properties together significantly reduce the number of windows to be evaluated and makes it robust to background clutters. Our model gives remarkable matching accuracy with the reduced number of windows and run time on MNIST and FlickrLogos-32 datasets.


Regarding more and more restrictions to the use of electric bicycles in cities of current China, the authors hold different views and indicate from its development, advantage and market demand that it is necessary to have a moderate development in medium and small cities, with appropriate administration to achieve harmonious development with other means of transport.


Aim Inter-facility patient transfers form an important share of out-of-hospital patient transport. In many countries these transfers are commonly done by small ambulance companies and by the local emergency medical services. The aim of this observational study was to report the operation of the only centralised inter-facility transfer service in Finland. Method Helsinki University Hospital patient transfer service is responsible of all inter-facility transfers in the region with 1.6 million inhabitants. During a three-month cohort (1.9–31.11.2016) all patients transferred by the transfer service ambulances were selected for the study. The patient reports were collected and quality deviations during transport were registered based on predetermined criteria. Results In a total of 3034 transfers, lights and sirens were required in 73 (2.4%) cases. In 45 (1.5%) transfers the patient was accompanied by a physician and in 35 (1.1%) a nurse from the referring hospital. The most common issues requiring treatment during transport were pain (numeric rating scale ≥4) in 191 (6.3%) and hypoxemia in 119 (3.9%) transfers. Moreover, 147 (4.8%) patients carried microbes important for hospital hygiene. Quality deviations were registered in 338 transfers (8.4%). The most common deviations were insufficient or missing written reporting in 244/338 cases (72.2%). Problems were also encountered with patient monitoring and treatment in 80/338 transfers (23.7%). Adverse events were registered during 16 transfers (0.5%). Conclusion In daily inter-facility transfer service operations, the need for lights and sirens was uncommon. Acute pain and hypoxemia were the most common issues to be addressed during transport. Adverse events were rare. Conflict of interest None Funding None


TPS474 Background: Adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 in patients with resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) improved the 5-year survival rate to 44.1% and therefore has been a standard of care in Japan. Recent epidemiologic data has revealed possibility of metformin (a drug for type II diabetes) improving the prognosis of PDAC. In this context, we compare the efficacy and safety of S-1 plus metformin with S-1 alone as adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with resected PDAC. Methods: This multicenter-randomized-phase II study is conducted at 29 institutions in Japan (Registry Number; UMIN000020681). Key eligibility criteria are age 20 years or more with good performance status; histologically proven PDAC of stage I-II without macroscopic residual tumor. Patients receiving preoperative treatment for PDAC and previously treated with DPP-4 inhibitor, GLP-1, and metformin are excluded. After giving written consent to the study, patients are randomly assigned either study group (S-1 plus metformin) or control group (S-1 alone), balancing residual tumor status, nodal status, and institutions. S-1 is given orally for 2 weeks in a 3-week cycle. Cycles are lasted for 6 months. In the study group, metformin is administrated together with S-1 for 2 years. The treatment would be discontinued when the patient has either recurrence or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint is 2-year OS, and the secondary endpoints are relapse-free survival and incidence rate of adverse events. Sample size was calculated based on the data in previous trials, with an expected 2-year survival rate in the control group of 65%. An improvement in 2-year-survival rate from 65% in the control group to 78% in the study group, yielding a hazard ratio of 0.58, is considered clinically relevant in this population. A total of 73 events in each group were required for a power of 80% at a two-sided alpha 20% to detect a difference in OS using an unstratified log-rank test. A total of 160 patients (80 per group) were estimated to achieve the specified number of events in the scheduled follow-up. Duration of this study would be 5 years and it has been started from January 2018. Until September 2018, 17 patients have been enrolled. Clinical trial information: UMIN000020681.


(57) [Abstract] are dense wavelength division multiplexing ( "DWDM") optical multiplexer and demultiplexer for fiber optical communication system is disclosed. As a multiplexer, the device spatially combining the optical signals from the respective number of laser sources having different wavelengths, functions to incident spatially combined laser beams into a single optical fiber. As a demultiplexer, the apparatus a plurality of different wavelengths of optical link which is wavelength division multiplexed spatially separated and to enter each of the plurality of different wavelengths to different optical fibers. In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises a bulk optical devices, both the integrated optical components. Spatial separation or spatial synthesis of a plurality of laser beams of different wavelengths may be achieved by the use of bulk diffraction gratings. Also, optical components bulk by corrugating collimates a plurality of laser beams propagating in the free space, allows efficient coupling of light in a single mode optical fiber.


In 1567, the First Provincial Council of Goa was held in the city that became the seat of the homonymous Archbishopric and capital of the Portuguese conquests located in Asia. Within the scope of the Portuguese overseas empire, the Provincial Councils of Goa stand out for the relative regularity with which they were held, totaling five councils celebrated between 1567 and 1606, and for their role in the production of ecclesiastical legislation to be applied in territories and societies as diverse as those under the jurisdiction of the Archbishopric of Goa. This chapter analyzes how the relationship between Catholics and non-Christians was intended to be governed by the Church and the Portuguese Crown in the Archbishopric of Goa. By analyzing the decrees of the Provincial Councils of Goa as well as some specific regulations utilized in the Estado da Índia, the actions aimed at promoting the conversion of local populations and eradicating non-Christian beliefs can be examined. Simultaneously, it is necessary to consider the multiple concrete circumstances in which Catholics and non-Christians coexisted and interacted in the territories of the Estado da Índia. The first section discusses the nature of the Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean and its establishments, demonstrating that the ecclesiastical organization of the Estado da Índia was built amid a diversity of establishments and communities under the influence—directly or indirectly—of the Portuguese Crown. The second section summarizes the historical contexts and main products of the five Provincial Councils of Goa. Additionally, the essence of the decrees contained in the Second Action of the minutes from these councils are analyzed, with attention to the regulations aimed at dealing with non-Christian social groups and the idealized means for promoting conversions to Catholicism in the Archbishopric of Goa. The determinations


This document should be considered as a tutorial to elliptic curve cryptography. It is assumed that the reader has a basic understanding of cryptography and additionally, has a basic understanding of abstract algebra and elementary number theory. A lot of dierent aspects are discussed, but lots of things are spared. The motivation of this document is to provide the reader with facts about the use of elliptic curves in cryptography, so lots of (beautiful) maths is not included for the sake of concreteness. Enjoy reading!


Several experiments were set up to see the effects of the Centre for Mycorrhizal Culture Collection (CMCC) culture and local leaf compost treatments on different crops. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of leaf compost material and mycorrhiza application on tomato, alfa-alfa, marigold, sorhgum, maize and bar seem growth, and nutrient uptake. The experiment was carried out in a polyhouse at the Centre for Mycorrhizal Research, TERI. The growth media was leaf compost and soil was used for seedling production. Plants were inoculated with 200 spores of CMCC culture from in-vitro, trap culture and monosporal culture per pot was placed 3 cm below the seeds. The result showed that compost materials contained different amounts of nutrients. Sorhgum and totamo seedlings showed different responses to each compost material. The results also showed that the mycorrhizal inoculation signifi cantly increased plant root length, shoots, and phosphorus (P). Mycorrhizal inoculation also increased root colonization depending on compost materials. Introduction Compost is one of the main organic fertilizers. For optimum growth and balanced nutrition, plants need to be fertilized because soils are very low in plant nutrients, especially in P. P is an essential element for plant development and growth making up about 0.2% of plant dry weight. Plants acquire P from soil solution as phosphate anions. However, phosphate anions are extremely reactive and may be immobilized through precipitation with cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, and Al3+, depending on the particular properties of soil. In these forms, P is highly insoluble and unavailable to plants. As a result, the amount available to plants is usually a small proportion of this total. With rising environmental concerns about heavy fertilization polluting the soil and water, it is very important to produce mycorrhizal inoculation in order to reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers. Also very recently there has been a great demand for organic based agriculture. Mycorrhizal fungi (MF) are the most common symbiotic organisms, occurring on nearly 90% of plant species. Most horticultural plants are colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) whose presence can enhance the growth of the host plant (Ortas and Varma 2008). MF can expand effectiveness of root surface area for better nutrient and water uptake. Also it has been reported by Douds et al. (1997) that MF seem to be stimulated in cropping systems, which incorporate crop rotations, green manures, reduced tillage, and minimize pesticides and chemical fertilizers while utilizing organic amendments. Materials and methods The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Cente for Mycorrhizal Research, TERI. Domestic leaf compost material was produced, and its phosphate content was analysed. Three levels of phosphate were achieved by adding 60 gm, 120 gm, and 180 gm respectively. The corresponding results achieved were low, medium and high level respectively. The six different hosts were inoculated with AMF from CMCC. 200 mycorrhizal spores from three different sources – such as in-vitro, trap culture, and monosporal – were placed 3 cm below the seeds. The experiment was carried out in three ways using 60 gm, 120 gm and 180 gm of leaf compost on the basis of low, medium, and high content of P. The inoculated pots were left for three months incubation in a polyhouse at room temperature. Plant roots and * Centre for Mycorrhizal Research, The Energy and Resources Institute, Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003, India


The study of the Muscidae of the Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Sofia, Bulgaria revealed 1.279 Muscidae collected in the 1960s in different regions of Poland. The material was examined between 2014 and 2019 and 99 species belonging to 25 genera and five subfamilies of the family Muscidae were identified and the sites of collecting were documented. Although the muscid fauna of Poland is well studied, two species, Myospila alpina Hendel, 1901 and Spilogona tatrica Gregor & Rozkosny, 2007 are reported for the first time from the country. Both species originate from the mountains in Southern Poland, close to neighbouring Slovakia. The number of Muscidae known from the country is raised herewith to 293.


This paper presents a coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) model enriched with a buckling-type criterion for progressive spalling. In the first part of the paper, a general fully coupled multi-phase THM model describing the behaviour of concrete at moderate and high temperatures is presented. Then the spalling criterion and its numerical implementation in the framework of the finite element method are presented. Finally, a simple 1D numerical example will illustrate the effectiveness of the implemented numerical approach.


Superfluid $T_c$ of liquid helium-3 and its pressure dependence are calculated by using a relation obtained from our macro-orbital microscopic theory. The results agree closely with experiments. This underlines the accuracy of our relation and its potential to provide superfluid $T_c$ of electron fluid in widely different superconductors and renders experimental foundation to our conclusion related to the basic factors responsible for the formation of (q, -q) bound pairs of fermions and the onset of superfluidity in a fermionic system.


The aim for doing this study is analyzing the relationship between the basic skills of middle level managers and running the strategic plans in Center of Social affairs organization in North Khorasan Province in 2013. The basic skills in this study are: Interaction skill, Allocating skill, Monitoringskill and Organizing skill. The population sample was X person who were chosen from middle level managers of Center of Social affairs organization in North Khorasan Province. The method was used was for sampling the population and were asked to fill out a questionnaire to analyze them. The SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Using the statistic of coordinate samples and tests and variance, the alternative hypothesis was confirmed 99 percent. And it was proved that between basic skills of middle level managers and running strategic plans successfully is a significance relationship, and it is a significance relationship among gender, age, academic degree, marital status and years of experiences with doing strategic plans successfully. The results of data analysis shows that in main hypothesis between basic skills of middle level managers and doing strategic plans there is a positive and significance relationship and the results from peripheral hypothesis shows that among under study variables in all peripheral hypothesis i.e. interaction variables, allocation, organization, supervising and running strategic programs of middle level manager has a positive and significant relationship. Based on incapability of some of these middle aged managers in running strategic programs was one of important reasons of not doing efficiently the strategic programs in the central organization of social affairs. Helping these managers to increase their skills and following the scientific obligations which are necessary for having these responsibilities we can enhance our success in running strategic programs.


Many Asian orchids are threatened by extinction because of over-collection, habitat destruction and poor germination percentage (2%) in nature. In an attempt to develop a suitable protocol for the asymbiotic germination of Calanthe hybrid seeds, modified Hyponex medium supplemented with different concentrations of activated charcoal (0, 0.01, 0.1 g l-1), α-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg l-1) were tested. Addition of 0.1 g l-1 activated charcoal without NAA or BA in the modified Hyponex medium significantly accelerated the rate of seed germination. Whereas, the effect of NAA or BA without activated charcoal on the rate of seed germination was shown to be non-effective. However, addition of 0.1 mg l-1 NAA or 0.5 mg l-1 BA in combination with 0.1 g l-1 activated charcoal in the germination medium was proven effective to enhance rate of seed germination compared to other treatments. Meanwhile, the rate of seed germination and number of protocorm formation increased with increasing ultrasonic pre-treatment time (up to 10 min) without destroying embryos, showing significant effect especially for the cultivars characterized as low germination capability in nature.


Summarized the technology of carbon capture and also the history of carbon exchange. Aimed at their advantages and defects, presen-ted a new thinking to capture the carbon from the clean air. And also suggested to specificate the rule of carbon exchange. Indutrialized planting is a safe and low cost way to fix carbon.


In this chapter, the authors are presenting opportunities for the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in town. Methods for the optimization of flight routes of UAVs in the dependence of target tasks in the city are presented, for example, area monitoring; search and rescue operations; retransmission of communication (in places, where the antenna coverage cannot be set due to terrain specifications); organization of logistics as the safe, cheap, and fast transportation method of goods; for aerial photography, for controlling traffic; for the provision of the first aid to people in emergencies; unmanned taxi. It is done using air navigation information and mathematical methods. Authors suggest dynamic programming methods, GRID analyses, expert judgment method, and fuzzy-logic methods for estimation of risk/safety of flights in the city. Optimization of flows and flexible redistribution of UAV routes in multilevel airspace is provided according to air navigation requirements and standards.


This paper proposes a method to detect change points in dynamic social networks using Fr\'echet statistics. We address two main questions: (1) what metric can quantify the distances between graph Laplacians in a dynamic network and enable efficient computation, and (2) how can the Fr\'echet statistics be extended to detect multiple change points while maintaining the significance level of the hypothesis test? Our solution defines a metric space for graph Laplacians using the Log-Euclidean metric, enabling a closed-form formula for Fr\'echet mean and variance. We present a framework for change point detection using Fr\'echet statistics and extend it to multiple change points with binary segmentation. The proposed algorithm uses incremental computation for Fr\'echet mean and variance to improve efficiency and is validated on simulated and two real-world datasets, namely the UCI message dataset and the Enron email dataset.


The aim of this research is to know the effect of service quality and price perceptions on customer satisfaction and loyalty on Gojek passengers in Denpasar. Data collecting method used survey questionnaire as a data collection tool. The number of samples in this study were 120 respondents of transportation service users of Gojek by using purposive sampling technique. This research use path analysis technique with the help of SPSS program. The result of the research shows that all hypotheses are accepted, 1) service quality had positive and significant effect on satisfaction, 2) price perceptions had positive and significant effect on satisfactions, 3) service quality had positive and significant effect on customer loyalty, 4) price perceptions had positive and significant effect on customer loyalty, 5) satisfaction had positive and significant effect on customer loyalty. Keywords: service quality, price perceptions, satisfaction, customer loyalty.


Today, in a tense context of globalisation of economics and finance, education and training must obey global requirements. Computer science and new learning environments have become crucial in developing countries. Information and Communication technologies (ICT) are present in telecommunications, the banking sector, health and education itself. This article underlines the role of eand distance learning in education, research and societies. Frontiers are shown and ways for best practices are presented. Furthermore, it underlines the challenge of teaching computer science in a poor industrial environment. Technological background is discussed as well as financial and pedagogical aspects. 1 Learning as a Challenge Education is facing a lot of challenges in the actual globalisation process. In a seminal book L'éducation en Afrique, published in 1961 and re-edited in 1996, the late Abdou Moumouni (Moumouni, 1961) was predicting the difficulties and proposing an adjustment of the formal education system to African realities. The different challenges of higher education in Africa cover lack of motivation, absence of adequate training infrastructures, increasing student population, lack of a policy etc. But the problems are deeper. They start already at the roots as mentioned by Henry Tourneux and Olivier Iyébi-Mandjeck in their book L'Ecole dans une petite ville africaine (Maroua, Cameroun) (Tourneux & Iyébi-Mandjeck, 1991). The modern formal education as existing today has not adapted itself to the context of African realities. Both authors studied different primary government schools in Maroua, a town located in the northern part of Cameroon. Their results showed that the modern education system is not compatible to the education system as found in traditional groups of the region. Local case studies carried out by Kolyang Dadaï and Kolyang Dina Taïwé in Na jon Hrage / Les jeux Tpuri show that there is a strong need for a new educational


Limits for the compression of frequency-modulated light pulses, the chirp of which is a result of non-linear optical interactions in non-resonant and resonant media, are dealt with. In extracavity pulse compressors with non-resonant, non-linear samples the minimum pulse duration decreases with increasing field strength of the input pulse, the maximum of which must be restricted to avoid high-order non-linear effects and optical damage. Compression down to about 5 fs seems to be possible. In intracavity pulse compression, successfully used for example in passively mode-locked lasers, the chirp is generated by quasi-resonant interaction between light pulses and saturable absorbers or depletable amplifiers. Here the minimum achievable pulse duration is limited mainly by the frequency-selective action of the quasi-resonant samples.


Downdraft gasifiers are known for generating producer gas with relatively high concentrations of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with low levels of tar and particulates. An exploratory downdraft gasifier was designed, fabricated and extensively tested. This design has an internal separate combustion section where turbulent, swirling high-temperature combustion flows are generated. High temperatures in the cyclonic section facilitate biomass pyrolysis. Combustion products from the cyclonic section pass through a char gasification chamber where additional tar cracking takes place. Gasification tests on 11.6% dry basis switchgrass show the oxidation zone temperatures in the range of 1003 to 11100C. Gas components of greatest interest (volume basis) were CO: 19.2 – 24.4%, H2: 9.8 – 12.0%, CO2: 7.9 – 13.7% and CH4: 2.5 – 4.5%. Dry product gas yield ranged from 1.7 to1.8 Nm3/kg dry biomass. Specific gasification rates varied from 507 to 736 m3/h of dry gas per square meter combustion zone area.


The Russia has presented the ongoing war in Ukraine by the term special military operation, whose goals were declared by Russian President Putin in terms of demilitarization and denazification of Ukraine. In the wider context, there is an imperial effort of Russia to enforce its power and influence in the region by an offensive and aggressive war. The authors define the fundamental difference between a special operation and the so-called special military operation in the context of contemporary interpretation of the Kremlin. They further argue the way in which Russia is trying to justify the war and discuss its reality in terms of international law.


approved: Stephen L. Kaattari Redacted for Privacy The foundation of the research compilation presented here began with the derivation of an improved method for obtaining optimal in vitro mitogenic responses in salmonid lymphocyte cultures by utilizing autologous or homologous plasma as the primary serum supplement. It was observed that lymphocytes which were previously unresponsive to mitogenic challenge in vitro, when cultured in fetal bovine serum, responded well when cultured in the presence of homologous plasma. Salmonid plasma sources not only repeatedly enhanced the mitogen-specific proliferation of the lymphocyte cultures, but enhanced the antibody response as well. A prolonged kinetic response further supported the contention that former conditions of salmonid lymphocyte culture, employing only fetal bovine serum, not only fail to provide the optimal conditions for cell growth, but in many cases the essential conditions. Enhancement of the mitogenic response was observed for three distinct species, using a common plasma source, suggesting utilization of plasma as an alternate serum supplement has broad applications and may be adapted to many fish systems. With this improved culture system, examination of the regulation of lymphocytes, specifically B cells, was undertaken. Evidence for the existence of a natural regulatory cell population located in the anterior kidney is presented. Addition of anterior kidney cells to either autologous peripheral blood or spleen cell cultures resulted in significant suppression of the mitogen response. The degree of suppressor activity appears to be correlated with the anterior kidney lymphocyte's ability to respond to mitogenic stimulus. It is demonstrated that a decrease in the anterior kidney mitogen response correlates significantly with an increase in the suppressor activity observed upon coculture of these same cells with peripheral blood lymphocytes. Interestingly, while addition of anterior kidney cells to spleen plaque forming cell cultures also resulted in suppression, anterior kidney cells had either no effect or enhanced the antibody response of the peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures. It is postulated that the mediator of this anterior kidney activity is a suppressor cell population which may possess an important immunoregulatory function. In Vitro Regulation and Cultivation of Salmonid Lymphocytes


With the rapid development of Location-based social networks (LBSN), there is a growing demand for location services. How to use the users' historical check-in data for exploring their visit patterns and preference characteristics to realize personalized point-of-interest (POI) recommendation has become an important topic. Finding valid features from the check-in data is the key to POI recommendation. Deep learning is a multi-level representation learning method, which can better explore the relationship between features. Therefore, a new POI recommendation model named DLM based on deep neural network is proposed in this paper. This model incorporates topic features, user preference features and geographical factor features in the LBSN into the POI recommendation tasks, thereby it improves the efficiency of users' personalized POI recommendation. A lot of experiments on public data set Foursquare have proved the advantages and effectiveness of the proposed method.


Abstract This paper develops a method of structural optimisation for stiffened FRP panels allowing optimisation between cost and mass. The approach uses genetic algorithms for optimisation combined with elastic stress modified grillage theory for stiffener structural analysis and third-order shear deformation theory for the plate structural analysis. For top-hat stiffened panels, optimum designs following first principles and classification society rules are compared, showing considerable potential for cost savings by using a first principle approach.


Simple Summary Head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment poses several challenges in clinical practice, and treatment side effects can be debilitating due to the close proximity of important anatomical structures. Cancer recurrence post-treatment presents some of the most challenging HNC management issues. This prospective study identifies high-risk groups for recurrence of head and neck cancer, based on commonly accessible clinical parameters. In this study with 272 HNC patients, elevated pre- and post-treatment CRP levels, low BMI and advanced stage at admission indicate higher risk for recurrence of disease. Using these parameters, a risk model is proposed which may be useful for estimating the probability of cancer recurrence and allow the identification of high and low-risk patients. Abstract This prospective study identifies high-risk groups for recurrence of head and neck cancer by BMI and circulating inflammatory response markers. Head and neck cancer patients from three Swedish hospitals were included (n = 272). Leukocyte and thrombocyte counts, CRP levels, and BMI were measured pre-treatment and post-treatment. Associations between the four factors and treatment failure (residual tumor, loco-regional failure, general failure/distant metastasis) were assessed using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for sex, age at the initial visit, smoking status, cancer stage, and hemoglobin count. CRP level was the only significant single variable, with an average increase in risk of recurrence of 74% (p = 0.018) for every doubling. The predictive power of a combined model using all variables was highest during the initial months after treatment, with AUC under the ROC curve 0.75 at the 0–3 month timepoints. Patients with elevated pre- and post-treatment CRP levels are at higher risk for recurrence of disease. Male patients with low post-treatment BMI, advanced stage, and high CRP at any time post treatment are at high risk for recurrence. The combined model may be useful for stratifying post-treatment patients into low and high-risk groups, to enable more detailed follow-up or additional treatment regimens.


The object of the present paper is to derive some sufficient conditions for p-valently close-to-convexity, p-valently starlikeness and p-valently convexity.


Canadian survey data indicate that information technology (IT) use is generally associated with increased odds of participation in home-located production (HLP), but this relationship is particularly strong for employees in routine (versus knowledge) occupations. Where IT use and HLP are associated with the odds of experiencing time-related work stress, it is in the direction of increasing the odds.


Materials that can absorb all incident light are essential to fabricate efficient light detectors. Very good light absorbers exist, but absorption occurs in a layer that is much thicker than the wavelength of light. To construct an efficient and sensitive detector, the absorption must occur in a volume that is as small as possible in order to detect the energy deposited into the material. We have investigated the potential of niobium nitride (NbN), which can absorb all incident light in a very thin, 4.5nm-thick film (about 200 times thinner than the incident-light wavelength used in our experiment). The absorption process in NbN converts light energy to heat. Thinner detectors are more sensitive because the same amount of heat in a small volume leads to a larger change in temperature. In fact, the layer in our study is so thin that it can be used for detectors that are sufficiently sensitive to detect absorption of a single photon.1 Typical detectors (see Figure 1) currently have limited efficiencies (10–20%), largely because of their limited optical absorption. Improving efficiency requires a deeper understanding of the optical properties of thin NbN films. We considered the simplest geometry, consisting of a thin film with dielectrics on either side. Absorption is a function of film thickness, and its absorption properties can be calculated using Fresnel's equations for reflection and transmission. If the film is too thin, most of the light is transmitted, while if it is too thick, it becomes a good reflector. At normal incidence, an optimal film thickness exists where the absorption (A) is maximal,2 A = n1 n1 + n2 . (1)


It has been established that the most likely period of breakthrough wave occurrence is the time of spring flooding or heavy rain when water-head facilities are subjected to significant loads that lead to the collapse of their individual elements or the entire structure. In addition, the possibility of man-made accidents that can occur at any time cannot be ruled out.
It has been proven that breakthrough wave formation depends on the nature of the destruction or the overflow through a water-head facility. For the study reported in this paper, a model of the kinematics of riverbed and breakthrough flows was used, which is based on the equations of flow, washout, and transport of sediments that are averaged for the depths of the stream. The differential equations describing the nonstationary flow averaged for depth are solved using the numerical grid system FST2DH (2D Depth-averaged Flow and Sediment Transport Model), which implements a finite-element method on the plan of a riverbed's topographic region. These tools are publicly available, which allows their wide application to specific loads and boundary conditions of mathematical models.
The construction of an estimation grid involving the setting of boundary conditions and the use of geoinformation system tools makes it possible to simulate the destruction of a culvert of the pressure circuit and obtain results for a specific case of an actual riverbed and a water-head facility.
It has been established that there is a decrease in the speed of wave propagation along the profile, from 3 m/s to 1 m/s.
The impact of bottom irregularities, the effect of floodplains, and the variety of bottom roughness have also been assessed, compared to the results of their calculation based on one-dimensional models given in the regulatory documents.
Hydraulic calculations were carried out taking into consideration the related properties of the main layer of the floodplain, which consists of peat accumulations, and the heterogeneity of the depths and roughness of floodplain surfaces of soils. It has been established that there is almost no erosion of supports in the floodplain zone in this case.
It was found that as the distance between the flow and breakthrough intersection increases, there is a decrease in the height of the head from 2.1 m to 1.25 m.


The utility model relates to an electric operating device for a circuit breaker and a miniature circuit breaker. The problems of easy damage of parts, difficult control of action, poor stability, low precision and short service life in the use of a closing transmission mechanism are solved. The device comprises a bracket, a rotating arm, a motor, a fan-shaped gear, and a cam. The cam is in linkage connection with the rotating arm. The motor drives the fan-shaped gear to do circumferential reciprocating movement. The fan-shaped gear and the cam are in one-way transmission. The fan-shaped gear rotates for a certain angle relative to the cam, the cam is pushed to synchronously rotate to the rotating arm to carry out switching on through clamping coordination, the fan-shaped gear rotates clockwise relative to the cam to separate and is in the clamping coordination with the cam, and a circumferential travel that the cam reversely rotates to form rotating arm switching off is formed. According to the electric operating device, the fan-shaped gear and cam one-way transmission coordination is used, in the time of switching on, the cam is driven by the fan-shaped gear to rotate, a handle is driven to rotate by the cam through a linkage mechanism, and the electric operating device and the miniature circuit breaker have the advantages of high safety, good stability, good transmission effect and long service life.


576 Background: C225, a monoclonal antibody against the epidermal growth factor receptor, has been shown to inconsistently improve response rates (RR), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in the first-line treatment of advanced CRC Pts with K-ras WT tumors.

METHODS
We performed a meta-analysis of four trials where K-ras WT Pts received a Fp (capecitabine (C) or bolus (b) or infusional (CI) 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)) and oxaliplatin (oxali) or irinotecan (CPT) ± C225 (CRYSTAL, OPUS, COIN and NORDIC VII trials) and one trial, where K-ras WT and mutant Pts received C225 with capecitabine (C) and oxali or CPT (AIO study). We sought to determine if the choice of Fp affects the response to C225. A mixed effects model similar to that of DerSimonian and Laird was fit by restricted maximum likelihood and used to obtain an overall estimate of the effect of C225 in the presence of CI 5-FU, an indirect estimate of the decrease in the effect of C225 in the presence of C/b5-FU relative to CI 5-FU, and an estimate of the study-to-study variability.

RESULTS
Only Pts treated with CI 5-FU based chemo derived benefit from C225. Relative to CI 5-FU, Pts treated with C or b5-FU based doublet chemo had a decrease in RR, PFS and OS. The choice of oxali or CPT did not affect responses to C225.

CONCLUSIONS
The lack of benefit for C225 with C or b5-FU chemo is unexpected. A possible explanation is increased toxicity with C225, which led to dose reduction of C only in the C225-arm of the COIN study; however, increased toxicity was not seen in the NORDIC VII study. Pending further study, only CI 5-FU regimens should be used with C225. [Table: see text].