D. Norman Geary is British and Irish. After graduating in mathematics from the University of Manchester in 1979, he obtained a Master's degree in mathematics from the University of Victoria, Canada (1980), a Diploma in Mathematical Statistics from the University of Cambridge (1981) and a DPhil in statistics from the University of Oxford (1987). He worked for two years (1982 – 1984) as lecturer in mathematics and statistics at the University of Ghana, Legon. He was also engaged in postdoctoral research in statistics at the University of Oxford (1987 – 1989). Since August 1995, Dr Geary has been based at Guizhou University studying and researching the Kam language and culture, as a member of SIL International. At the time of writing (August 2006), he is serving as Deputy Director of the Guizhou University Southwest Minority Language and Culture Research Institute.


A composition for alleviating inflammation locally and / or simultaneously to prevent microbial growth and debride a wound, said TiO2 nanoparticles composition having an average particle diameter (D50) of 20 to 50 nm at a concentration of 3-10 g comprising / l, preferably 4-8 g / l H2O2 at a final concentration of 2.5-25% by volume.


this paper presents Model Predictive Control (MPC) to tie three-phase quasi Z-Source Inverter (qZSI) to the utility grid. Regularly, to control the capacitor voltage in qZSI based on MPC, the inductor current is the key factor. Here, the proposed algorithm has the features of decreasing the number of sensors where the inductor current sensor is removed to improve the cost and foot print of the control implementation. The value of the inductor current is defined according to an estimation methodology that uses the previous optimized switching state and the capacitor voltage during this state. In addition, the proposed algorithm has the features of decreasing the number of iteration to improve the response of the control. The proposed technique has been explained in details over theoretical analysis and confirmed with the simulation results utilizing MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Additionally, experimental validation has been presented using the digital signal processor F28335 with hardware setup.


In this research work, physical and optical properties on glass prepared from rice husk ash (RHA) doped with MnO2 glasses were in investigated. RHA was sintered at 1,000 °C and use as a silica source for glass production. The glass sample were prepared and doped with different concentrations of MnO2 ranging from 0.0 to 1.0 mol%. The results are shown that the colors of glass samples were altered from colorless to brown with increasing of MnO2 concentration. Refractive index and density were increased with increasing MnO2 concentration. The absorption peaks at 440 nm were obtained for all Mn doped glasses.


The study aimed to present an idea to those in charge of the educational process, especially those concerned with the instructional curricula in Islamic high schools - that includes reformulating the curriculum according to the cognitive integration of both horizontal and vertical types, which most educational institutions in advanced countries have approached in terms of education.
The study demonstrated the distinction of integrative curricula over traditionalism by tracing the views of a group of specialists in educational sciences based on their experiences, and by submitting a questionnaire to a number of educational scientists that included questions through which the world is asked to express its opinion on the comparison between the integrative approach and the traditional approach in terms of:
Objectives , fields of education, the role of knowledge, the content of the curriculum, teaching methods, the role of the teacher, the role of the learner, sources of education, individual differences, the role of evaluation, the school's relationship with the environment and the family, and the nature of the curriculum.


The present invention relates to a novel dispersing agent and its preparation method, and the dispersing agent comprising a carbon-based material dispersion composition, the dispersing agent is capable of various carbon-based material is uniformly dispersed in a different aqueous medium comprising a solvent. The dispersing agent is a mixture of various oxides of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and the mixture contains more than 60 wt% of an amount of an oxide having a molecular weight PAHs 300 to 1000.


Abstract Studies on the office rent prediction models have been on the rise for the last quarter of this century. The extent of variables used in the proposed models changes significantly, reflecting variations in locational and/or economical conditions of the region. The viewpoint of brokerage firms on the effectiveness of these academically defined variables is important. The benefit of obtaining these viewpoints is two-fold. Firstly, it will provide some evidence on whether or not the reported influences of these variables remain the same in different markets, in this case, in the I˙stanbul office market. Secondly, it may define how well practitioners' criteria fit academically defined variables during the decision-making process for a new office investment, especially in the I˙stanbul office market. The study derives the currently well established locational, building, econometric and contract variables from previously published research. Two different influence scales of these variables were constructed. The first scale was based on the result of a survey study administrated to 10 leading real estate brokerage firms in I˙stanbul and the second was based on the reported influences from previous publications. Comparing the influence scales, contradictory and parallel findings were determined, indicative conclusions, revealing the unique structure of I˙stanbul, were drawn. Among the 47 comparable office rent variables, the influence of 17 was found to agree well in both scales. Except econometric variables, most variables in I˙stanbul revealed different influences than globally determined influences.


This study aimed to examine the role knowledge of context plays in supporting or interfering with middle school students' statistical thinking. A model of context knowledge use was developed based on a model of context support developed by Beck, McKeown and McCaslin (1983) to describe students' use of context knowledge. The results of the study showed that students' use of context knowledge fell into three categories.


Geographic routing is a scalable routing scheme for wireless networks, where nodes make local routing decisions using position information. Cooperative transmissions utilize spatial diversity to combat fading in wireless channels. In this paper, we incorporate cooperative transmissions into geographic routing, and propose the Location-Aware Cooperative Routing (LACR). In LACR, a node that receives Route Request (RREQ) makes an individual decision on whether and how to rebroadcast RREQ based on its position and capability to cooperate. A theoretical analysis of the impact of cooperative transmissions on the transmission range extension is presented to guide the measurement of the potential performance of each node. Through simulation, we show that LACR performs better in terms of higher probability to find a route and higher throughput in comparison to Single-Input-Single-Output (SISO) based routing protocol.


Objective: The present study is aimed to evaluate the leaf extracts of Abutilon indicum for acclaimed anti-diarrhoeal activity using albino rats. Materials and methods: Anti-diarrhoeal activity of Abutilon indicum was evaluated by gastro intestinal motility, castor oil-induced diarrhoea and prostaglandin E 2 -induced enteropooling in rats. Loperamide was used as a standard drug. Results : The study revealed that, the methanolic extract and aqueous extract possessed significant antidiarrhoeal activity in castor oil-induced diarrhoea and prostaglandin E 2 -induced diarrhoea, compared to the control group. Conclusion: Abutilon indicum showed significant anti-diarrhoeal activity as compared to loperamide and can be recommended for further studies.


Purpose: To determine the effect of intraluminal brachytherapy on stent patency and survival after metallic stent placement in patients with primary bile duct carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven patients with primary bile duct carcinoma underwent metallic stent placement; in 16 of the 27 intraluminal brachytherapy with an iridium-192 source (dose,25 Gy) was the performed. Obstruction was due to either filar (n = 14) or non-hilar involvement (n= 13). For statistical comparison of patients who underwent/did not undergo intraluminal brachytherapy, steno patency and survival were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and an independent t test. Results: The mean durations of stent patency and survival were 9.1 and 10.0 months respectively in patients who underwent intraluminal brachytherapy, and 4.2 and 5.0 months in those who did not undergo this procedure (p


This research aims at testing the influence of CEO's Overconfidence (KDB) on the values of companies registered with the Indonesian Stock Exchange in the period 2007-2015. KDB is a bias inherent in individual, particularly corporate CEO resulted from his/her great authority. A CEO with KDB will assume that his/her company has investment opportunities in the future and, thus, reduce dividend in anticipation of acquiring an investment opportunity in the future. Some opinions argue that KDB's benefit will be maximal when the confidence is at moderate level. A manager is deemed able to contribute to his/her company, have a good innovation level, have optimal motivation level, and present lower level of cost of debt or capital and optimal amount and rate of investment return. Too low or too high KDB is deemed only to pose negative impact on company value as resulted from non-optimal degree of leverage and investment.


The effects of room temperature (58-60°, 67-68°, 72- 73°, and 78-80° F) on performance, arousal, and comfort in different tasks (reading, mathematics, and memorization) were examined. Participants arrived at one of four temperature conditions and completed all three tasks and a survey regarding subjective measures of physical comfort, task difficulty, and physiological arousal. Although participants' physical comfort was dependent on ambient temperature, no performance differences based on temperature were found for any of the tasks. Interestingly, males outperformed females in both the math and reading tasks. Changes in heart rate were also related to changes in performance on word-recall and math tasks for males but not for females.


BESST - Breakthrough in European Ship and Shipbuilding Technologies Objective: The Large Scaled Integrating Project BESST "Breakthrough in European Ship and Shipbuilding Technologies" aims to achieve ...


This paper builds models of two passengers and multiple passengers sharing a taxi. Advantages and effects of taxi carpooling mode are analysed by simulation. The influences of payment ratio and carpool ratio on taxi carpooling effects are analysed. Relevant conclusions are obtained. Simulation results show that taxi carpooling mode can improve driver income, decrease passenger payment and increase passenger capacity obviously. Payment ratio and carpooling ratio have great influences on carpooling effects. Driver income and passenger capacity increase with increase of carpooling ratio. Change of payment ratio influences driver income and passenger payment simultaneously. The increase of carpooling ratio can help to develop carpooling advantages better. Appropriate payment ratio is the key to obtain good carpooling effects. When ρ is larger, appropriate θ can be found to ensure win-win for drivers and passengers, and improve taxi passenger capacity; when ρ is so small that no existing θ can ensure these effects, it needs to increase the number of taxis. These conclusions have a certain guiding significance to formulating taxi policy.


Inoculation of wheat seedlings with Azospirillum brasilense Cd significantly increased the proton efflux of the roots 5 h after inoculation compared with noninoculated plants. Removal of the bacterial cells from the root surface 2, 4, or 10 h after inoculation did not affect proton extrusion, which remained similar to the proton efflux of inoculated roots with a permanent A. brasilense Cd population. Proton efflux from roots after short exposure to A. brasilense Cd was directly related to the inoculation level and to the physiological status of the bacterial cells. Active bacteria, at an optimal level for inoculation (105–107 cfu∙mL−1), produced the most proton extrusion from roots. Stressed bacteria, i.e., bacteria exposed to starvation, 45 °C, anaerobic conditions, or a high level of streptomycin before inoculation, induced smaller but not statistically significant increases in proton efflux. Inoculation with dead A. brasilense Cd cells, cell-wall fragments, or several associative nonbeneficial rhizosph...


Rubber isolation technology is an effective means to mitigate the dynamic responses of a building under seismic excitations, now it has been applied widely in engineering, from those lower stiff buildings to some complicated structures, such as large scale irregular stadium, bridges, and even high rise buildings recently. Such trends lead to higher requirements for dynamics response analysis, especially for those larger scale structure, the arisen key problem is how to simulate the nonlinear hysteresis property of the rubber bearing, and incorporate the programs in the finite element analysis. Based on the secondary development platform of ABAQUS, we program for the rubber bearing element, in which, the Bouc-Wen model is employed to describe the hysteresis behavior in lateral, while the strength-differences of vertical stiffness are treated as well. An iregular building is simulated to investigate the effects of base isolation by using the developed program.


The technology of MDA and two concepts close related to it,i.e.meta-model and model transformation are analyzed and the related concept of model transformation architecture is introduced.Then OCL and the meta-model of OCL are discussed based on model transformation language.Finally,OCL is presented based on model transformation language which provided a feasible and effective way for automated model transformation description and implementation.


The Global Innovation Index (GII) is employed to rank the innovation capability for all countries and economies in the world, which was proposed by Cornell University, the INSEAD, and the World Intellectual Property Organization. To analyze the development status of innovation capability of a country or economy at any time, this paper proposes a pairwise comparison-based global innovation capability ranking prediction approach named PairwiseGIIRank. The experimental results show that: (1) The ranking of innovation capability can be predicted with PairwiseGIIRank effectively. (2) Compared with other classifiers, the approach performs the best when the k-nearest neighbors algorithm is used as its internal classifier. (3) To achieve the desired predictive effect, at least 5 indicators are needed. The ranking of innovation capability of countries and economies around the world can be predicted with PairwiseGIIRank before the GII report is released. It provides decision-making support for decision-makers to adjust their innovation capability development policies.


In late 2008 the Republic of Armenia requested the Bank's assistance to mitigate the impact of the global financial crisis. This technical note describes how the Lifeline Road Improvement Project (LRIP) was prepared and implemented as a Rapid Response Project, prepared in only six weeks. This project saw over 150 km of roads improved and almost 12,000 person-months of employment generated during an eight month period between May to December 2009. The lessons learned may guide other projects with similar objectives.


Nutritional studies using rats have shown that the grains of Rongai and Highworth, the current commercial cultivars of lablab bean in Australia, and of CPI41222, a white-seeded accession, have low nutritive value. Diets containing raw beans of the three accessions at levels up to 12% crude protein led to severe weight losses of up to 0.89 g/day compared with weight gains of up to 2.8 g/day with autoclaved soybean meal. Autoclaving for 20 min or boiling the grain improved growth rates only marginally. Increasing the period of autoclaving reduced the feeding value; extraction of the grain with saline solution or treatment with formaldehyde failed to improve it. These results are consistent with previous reports of the presence in lablab beans of a heat-labile phytohaemagglutinin. Blood haemoglobin levels were signifycantly depressed on diets which contained Highworth beans. The proteins of all accessions contained low levels of the sulfur-containing amino acids; a deficiency of methionine was confirmed by feeding trials. The level of histidine in the lablab protein was about 50% higher than in soybean and, in supplementation trials, additions of histidine reduced growth rates. In two feeding trials, there were good correlations (R2=0.85 and 0.92) between weight gains and digestible dry matter intake, indicating that the differences in growth rates were primarily the result of differences in intake. Intakes of digestible dry matter and digestible crude protein and the digestibilities of dry matter and crude protein were all significantly lower with Rongai than with the other two accessions. These differences do not appear to be associated with the quality of the protein as shown by amino acid analyses or by the responses to supplementation with essential amino acids. They also do not appear to be associated with seed coat colour, seed size or crude protein content of the grain.


Characteristics of fertilized egg in Macrobrachium rosenbergii was studied by using histological section and biochem- ical methods.The results showed that morphologically,a mass of dense yolk substance existed at the center zone of fertilized egg,and a layer cytoplasm lied in the superficial part of the egg.Between them were yolk granules.The center zone connect- ed with either yolk granules or the superficial cytoplasm.Main components of yolk are protein and lipid(respectively,18.67±0.22(μg/egg),13.52±0.27(μg/egg)).Protease and amylase played a crucial role in fertilized egg,provided enersy for embryonic development.Low lipase activity indicated that lipid was not the main energy source in fertilized egg.Fertilized egg protein SDS-PAGE indicated that vitellin was the main constituent of fertilized egg protein.Polypeptides,which between 75.6 KD and 105 KD,were main protein source during the embryonic development of Macrobrachium rosenbergii.


In order to realize the characteristics of the positioning stage, the system identification has been developed. The location data has been interpolated and normalized so as to improve the accuracy of system identification. After data preprocessing, the identification based on ARX model and the least square method has been carried out. The results indicate that the ARX model is appropriate to describe the characteristics of positioning system.


On a first reading, "The Garden" seems to be a simple description of a delightful experience. Aware of the futility of human passion and ambition, the poet forsakes human society for the repose, innocence, and beauty which he finds in nature But if we look at the poem more carefully, we find that this innocent, " green " garden is " delicious," and that there are, especially in the fifth stanza, obvious and vivid sexual images. Since The Garden is the Garden of Eden, there is no difficulty in understanding why it is beautiful, restful, and innocent. But why is it also sexual? What kind of garden is this where all the pleasures of passion can be enjoyed among trees and flowers, where plants are sexual and man is not? Despite the efforts of the critics, this central contradiction remains. William Empson, in what is at times a brilliant explication of the poem, finds that the poet desires only respose, that women are no longer interesting to him " because nature is more beautiful." But if this is true, why should the garden possess, as Empson has pointed out, the same sexuality that is associated with women? William Klonsky in " A Guide through the Garden " sees the garden as a neo-Platonic Garden of Ideas. But again, despite many interesting analogies between Marvell and Plotinus (to which this study is indebted) no explanation is given as to why a poet who retreats from sexuality should create a garden filled with sexual symbols. Another critic of Marvell, Miss Wallerstein, comes close to finding the key to this contradiction by noting in an old Rabbinic legend ". . . that in Paradise before the Fall, Adam was an Androgyne." But Professor Wallerstein does not use this legend to interpret the poem. Therefore, the first part of this paper will show how this legend of the androgynous Adam solves the chief difficulty of the poem; and the second part of the paper will show that,


Segal's recent review of the effectiveness of social work interventions is discussed in terms of (a) his analysis of the available empirical data and (b) important issues which are relevant to the assessment of allforms of psychological treatment. Re-examination of Segal's analysis per se reveals the use of some questionable statistical procedures and furthersuggests that his argument infavorof the relative efficacy of short-term (vs. traditional) interventions is not supported by the data. Several issues are raised which question Segal'sfinal conclusion that the trends in the data on the therapeutic efficacy "point strongly in the negative direction." It is concluded, however, that Segal is correct in asserting the equivocality of such evidence, thoughfor reasons not addressed in his review. Some suggestionsfor both the design offuture work in this area and the mostfruitful sorts of questions that need to be addressed are discussed.


The ISA beam abort (extraction) system must be highly efficient, in the sense of producing minimum beam loss, and reliable to prevent serious damage to accelerator components by the circulating high-energy beams. Since the stored beams will be debunched, the low-loss requirement can be met only with ultra-thin extraction septa and/or fast-acting kickers. This paper examines the design of the ISA extraction kickers subject to a set of extraction channel constraints and a given maximum working voltage. Expressions are derived for determining system parameters for both a lumped parameter magnet and a delay-line magnet. Using these relationships, design parameters are worked out for several possible system configurations. The paper also describes the construction of a full-scale prototype module of the kicker and summarizes the preliminary test results obtained with the module.


An insecticidal protein named Vegetative Insecticidal Protein (Vip) produced by Bacillus thuringiensis during its vegetative growth is gaining its popularity as second-generation insecticidal protein because of its lethal effect on insects of class Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera. The research was designed for the confirmation of Vip3 gene presence in soil samples collected from different geographical region of Nepal. For the purpose, 36 soil samples from different places of Nepal were collected. Primers were used for PCR amplification of DNA templates extracted and product size was observed around 1621bp.Out of total sample analyzed, 10% of sample showed the presence of Vip3 gene.
Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 10(1): 71-74.


Migrant workers have greatly contributed to the urban and rural economic development.However,their health was being endangered by varied occupational hazards.The poor conditions could attribute to asymmetric information between migrant workers and employers,no incentives for local authority and employers to supervise and provide occupational hazard protection,and low costs for them to protect migrant workers.We designed a regional occupational hazard report system using spatial epidemiology method.The system aimed to ease asymmetric information,increase the costs of migrant workers'protection.


This report presents research on the evaluation of service flexural stresses and cracking moment in prestressed concrete members and on the minimum reinforcement requirements that are currently controlled by the flexural cracking moment. In prestressed concrete girders, the cracking moment changes when prestressing steel quantities are adjusted. If bonded prestressing steel is considered to contribute to the minimum reinforcement, then a single minimum reinforcement quantity is not possible. Furthermore, as bonded prestressing steel quantities are increased to satisfy the minimum reinforcement, the minimum steel requirement increases proportionately. A parametric study was conducted on hollow core, Florida bulb tee, and segmental box girders to evaluate the current minimum steel provisions. New minimum reinforcement provisions were then derived based on recommendations by Leonhardt 1964. These reinforcement provisions were then compared to the existing American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318 and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) provisions using the sections from the parametric study. Ten precast, pretensioned pile cut offs from an FDOT construction project were salvaged and tested to determine cracking moment and to evaluate cracking behavior. Half of the piles were loaded monotonically to cracking and half were loaded cyclically to cracking. Cyclic loading was used in conjunction with AE monitoring and strain gage data to determine the initiation of microcracking. Structural cracking was determined using visual identification combined with interpolation from the load deflection plot. Six precast, pretensioned I-girders were also constructed and tested cyclically to determine cracking moment and evaluate cracking behavior. As both the piles and girders were loaded, microcracking and structural cracking were found to occur at lower stresses than would be calculated from the measured modulus of rupture and precompression. The stress range between the initiation of microcracking and the formation of a structural crack was found to increase with the prestress level. The current AASHTO provisions limiting tensile stress in harsh environments appear to be adequate in light of the girder test results.


Urogenital schistosomiasis may mimic or co‐exist with other disease. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for schistosomiasis in women from endemic areas and travelers to avoid significant morbidity and unnecessary interventions.


A wireless sensor network is comprised of a large number of battery-limited sensor nodes. In a predefined period, sensor nodes get data and transmit data to BS by a fixed construction. In this paper, we introduce a scheme for selecting the construction to prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor network based on energy balance. Further, an optimal math model is proposed for calculating the energy cost of each node in a predefined period. At last examples show that the scheme is feasible.


This paper brings a brief reflexion on the existence of prismatic areas related to the musical chords, through the first three frequences stationary or natural to the site. The dimensions of these areas, which can range from habitable spaces to loud-speaker boxes, can also be found among the best proportions forseen both by acoustic experts and by the most eminent architectural treatise writers.


This study focuses on multimodal artifact metrics and proposes a technique based on multimodal biometric systems that are a type of biometric identification systems. It is expected that this technique can aid in verifying the authenticity of each artifact in a more accurate manner and in increasing the level of difficulty involved in counterfeiting when compared to those of existing artifact metric techniques. This technique will ensure that artifacts will possess specific characteristics (two or more) that are extracted from different physical characteristics. The study created card-shaped samples with two physical characteristics (electrical and optical characteristics) to prove the feasibility of the proposed technique. The results indicate that two information features, namely sheet resistance and visible light image, which are extracted from the above characteristics, are different in each sample. This indicates that the two information features can correspond to the characteristic information necessary to distinguish each sample.


Abstract Prohibited acts are intentionally and without the right to distribute and / or transmit and / or make accessible electronic information and / or electronic documents that have contents that violate decency. Seeing the legal facts that occur on the internet the creators of these sites should be arrested by the authorities to account for their actions for violating the law on Information and Electronic Transactions and the Pornography Act. The crime committed by the makers of these immoral sites has made people who watch and see pornographic images and videos make a desire to do. The method of approach used by the author is the normative juridical (literature) approach to primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The nature of the research in this study is the normative juridical approach. Normative Legal Approach is a process to find the rule of law, legal principles, and legal doctrines in order to answer the legal issues faced in order to produce new arguments, theories and concepts as a prescription in solving the problems faced. The results of this study indicate that the Electronic Information and Transaction Law is a law made to follow up on the use of the internet and information technology as a means of transacting and communicating electronically. In the law there are still many things that need to be added, especially in accordance with the paragraphs to consider the letter "e" namely that the use of Information Technology plays an important role in trade and national economic growth to realize the welfare of society and the second purpose of the principles and objectives of the Information and Transaction Law Electronics namely "developing national trade and economy in order to improve people's welfare". Article 27 Paragraph (1) The Information
and Electronic Transaction Act of 2008 does not provide an explanation of what is meant by being accessible, transmitting, and the definition of decency is not explained by the definition of decency which is interpreted according to the criminal law (KUHP).
Keywords: Review, Juridical, Information, electronic transactions.


Aim Todevelop a method for the determination of matrine in Fuyanping Capsules.Methods HPLC was used.The column was: KromasilC18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);the mobile phase was: phsphate buffer(pH 6.8)- acetonitrile-methanol(66∶ 17∶ 17);the flow rate was:1.0ml/min and the wavelength was: 220nm.Results the linear range was0.400~2.000μg(r=0.999 7);the mean recovery rate was 99.6% and RSD was 0.42%.Conclusion The method is rapid,simple and accurate.


Fact verification aims to automatically judge the veracity of a claim according to several pieces of evidence. Due to the manual construction of datasets, spurious correlations between claim patterns and its veracity (i.e., biases) inevitably exist. Recent studies show that models usually learn such biases instead of understanding the semantic relationship between the claim and evidence. Existing debiasing works can be roughly divided into data-augmentation-based and weight-regularization-based pipeline, where the former is inflexible and the latter relies on the uncertain output on the training stage. Unlike previous works, we propose a novel method from a counterfactual view, namely CLEVER, which is augmentation-free and mitigates biases on the inference stage. Specifically, we train a claim-evidence fusion model and a claim-only model independently. Then, we obtain the final prediction via subtracting output of the claim-only model from output of the claim-evidence fusion model, which counteracts biases in two outputs so that the unbiased part is highlighted. Comprehensive experiments on several datasets have demonstrated the effectiveness of CLEVER.


The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has been discussing about amendment of required subdivision index 'R' of passenger ships and some amendments of R has been proposed. It is important to consider the amendment of R from not only one aspect such as technical feasibility but also the view point of cost-effectiveness. Therefore, Cost-Benefit Assessment (CBA) on Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) was carried out for 'R' of Japan's proposal in this study. In general, FSA is conducted for a generic model, i.e. for an individual ship, however, in this study, we proposed that FSA was carried out for the fleet by considering the distribution of the number of Persons on Board (PoB). As the result, the distribution of Gross Cost of Averting a Fatality (GCAF), which is an index for CBA in FSA, was obtained. The impact of amendment of the rule will be able to be considered deeper by using the method presented in this paper.


It is true that the intrinsic operational mechanism of the market economy tends to lead to the polarization between the rich and the poor. However,the true root for China's widening wealth gap is not yet the overheated or under-heated market economy,but the corruption,monopolies,and failures in carrying out part of the policy. Market survival of the fittest or the polarization of the market mechanism has not imposed great impacts in China. A full market is not the only way to cure the polarization between the rich and the poor. Instead,we must curb the corruption,improve the democratic supervision system,achieve a fair chance to compete,break the monopoly and ensure the competition from a fair starting point. To implement the human-centered concept of scientific development and to achieve the scientific and democratic decision-making are the current solutions to shorten the widening gap between the rich and the poor.


Tel Bet Yerah has provided us with an opportunity to advance the study of diasporic Kura-Araxes research in multiple ways. Reflecting on what we have learned in twenty years at the site, we summarize the evidence for an assemblage that goes far beyond Khirbet Kerak ceramics, and includes the organization of space, miniature art, stone and metal artifacts, food and fuel acquisition and consumption practices. We also reflect on our evolving understanding of migration and interaction with local cultures and on the role of intentionality in maintaining cultural and political distinction.


In order to elucidate the relation between lowering of GSH-Px activity in erythrocytes and vascular injury in progressive stage of cerebral strokes in SHRSP, fluctuations of GSH-Px activity in erythrocytes and changes of vascular endothelial cells and surrounding tissues were investigated after nutritional improvement of SHRSP in progressive stage of cerebral strokes , and the relationship was studied.


Visual observation of oestrous behavior is the best practical means to detect cows in heat. Additional symptoms of oestrus and physiological characteristics are useful guidance for oestrus detection too. Use of oestrus detection score results in a high detection rate, and the cows with greater points had a high conception rate. Some factors such as comfortable surroundings and healthy conditions of lactating cow can improve the determination efficiency.


Abstract The Office for National Statistics (ONS) is currently undertaking a substantial research program into using price information scraped from online retailers in the Consumer Prices Index including occupiers' housing costs (CPIH). In order to make full use of these data, we must classify it into the product types that make up the basket of goods and services used in the current collection. It is a common problem that the amount of labeled training data is limited and it is either impossible or impractical to manually increase the size of the training data, as is the case with web-scraped price data. We make use of a semi-supervised machine learning (ML) method, Label Propagation, to develop a pipeline to increase the number of labels available for classification. In this work, we use several techniques in succession and in parallel to enable higher confidence in the final increased labeled dataset to be used in training a traditional ML classifier. We find promising results using this method on a test sample of data achieving good precision and recall values for both the propagated labels and the classifiers trained from these labels. We have shown that through combining several techniques together and averaging the results, we are able to increase the usability of a dataset with limited labeled training data, a common problem in using ML in real world situations. In future work, we will investigate how this method can be scaled up for use in future CPIH calculations and the challenges this brings.


It is argued that the nanosecond giant subpulses detected recently in the Crab pulsar are generated by means of the coherent curvature radiation of charged relativistic solitons associated with sparking discharges of the inner gap potential drop above the polar cap.


Author(s): Feshbach, Seymour; Singer, Robert | Abstract: The function of the two-day conference "Psychological Research on International Conflict and Nuclear Arms Issues" and its proceedings was three-fold: 1) to stimulate interest on the part of psychologists at the University of California, and of psychologists more broadly, in research efforts that are addressed to problems of international conflict resolution, the prevention of war, and the fostering of peace; 2) to formulate research issues that are germane to the avoidance of war and the quest for peace; and 3) to stimulate greater support by foundations, institutes, and related organizations concerned with peace and conflict resolution, of psychological research in these areas. The specific task of the conference was to formulate "requests for research proposals" (RFPs) addressed to psychological aspects of conflict reduction and the environment and maintenance of peaceful relations between nations.


A Sri Lankan refugee community provides spontaneous and sustained assistance to its Indian host community in their hour of need.


This method specification is to be used in assessing the functional properties of gravel roads. Gravel roads are divided into sections which are compared to photographs and assigned to a certain condition class regarding riding quality and cohesion. The lowest class for a 10 m stretch in a 100 m section is taken to represent the whole section. The following condition classes are used: Riding quality: Class 1, good. Good crossfall, even and firm surface. Single depressions allowed. Class 2, acceptable. Generally good crossfall, mostly even and firm. Depressions and uneven areas on some stretches. Class 3, low. Poor crossfall or deformed laterally. Large proportion uneven due to depressions and corrugations. Cohesion: Class 1, good. Little loose gravel on carriageway. No dust raised. Class 2, acceptable. Some loose gravel on some of carriageway and in small ridges at edges. Some dust raised. Class 3, low. Lot of loose gravel over whole carriageway and in prominent ridges at edges. Lot of dust raised along most of road.


As the rise in the data mining algorithm the extraction of knowledge from the large data is getting easy. But due to this new problem of Privacy of the knowledge from the stored data at various servers is introduced. So, it is required to provide privacy of the sensitive data from the data miners. This paper focuses on various approaches implemented by the miners for preserving of information at individual level, class level, etc. A detail description with limitation of different techniques security of privacy preserving is explained.


Aromatic amines and amine hydrochloride salts play an important part in certain large-scale isocyanate production chains. For the first time, via a combination of periodic-DFT calculations, infrared spectroscopy, and inelastic neutron scattering, this work provides a comprehensive vibrational assignment of 4-benzylaniline (C6H4CH2C6H4NH2), 4,4′-methylenedianiline (H2NC6H4CH2C6H4NH2), and their associated amine hydrochloride salts. Deuterated analogues are additionally utilized to assist vibrational assignments. The heightened awareness of vibrational transitions for these technically relevant reagents and byproducts provides the opportunity to apply infrared spectroscopy as an in-line diagnostic tool within the industrial-scale process operation.


Normal 0 14 false false false IT JA X-NONE The European Community has long recognized the need to further promote renewable energy. Under the overall objective to support and enhance sustainable management, the promotion of the use of forest biomass could help to mitigate climate change by substituting fossil fuel, increasing carbon stock in wood products and improve energy self-sufficiency enhancing security of supply and providing job opportunities in rural areas. To what extent Italian forests can satisfy an increased wood demand, without compromising the others Ecosystem Services (ESs) remains an open question. Our aim was to assess the potential supply of woody biomass from the network of protected areas in Italy considering the felling constraints. We estimated the theoretical annual potential increment from forest inventory data performing a correlation with the Corine Land Cover 2006 at the IV level with a 1:100,000 resolution elaborated in a GIS (Geographic Information System) environment. The average annual potential increment at national level available for felling was 4.4 m 3 ha -1 . Within the network of protected areas (EUAP and Natura 2000), the average annual increment, available to felling, was 0.98 m 3 ha -1 , respectively, 0.81 m 3 ha -1 from coppice and 1.14 m 3 ha -1 from non-coppice forests. Based on data obtained from this study, the availability of wood materials could be increased of almost 20 % at national level by pursuing an active management within the network of protected areas. In Italy, the actual level of resource utilization is rather low; increasing felling together with the implementation of an active management within protected areas could allow satisfying, theoretically, the Italian wood consumption. /* Style Definitions */
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The Ranging and Integrity Monitoring Station (RIMS) as a part of the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS). The RIMS station is a significant element of European infrastructure using to purpose of air transport as a navigation instrument to improve air navigation on the whole. These RIMS stations measure the positions of each EGNOS satellite and compare accurate measurements of the positions of each GPS and GLONASS satellite with measurements obtained from the satellites' signals.


Objective To Comparison of level of HBsAg and HBV DNA in different clinical types of chronic hepatitis B.Methods Peripheral blood was collected from 91 patients with chronic hepatitis B.The HBsAg and HBV DNA in the sera of patients with chronic hepatitis B were tested by ELISA and PCR techniques respectively.The index numbers of HBV DNA were changed into constants by logarithm.Results The level of HBsAg and HBV DNA in different clinical types of chronic hepatitis B showed significant difference(P0.05),The significance and the 95% confidence interval were 0.334,-85.05 to 29.20 and 0.510,0.59 to 1.17,respectively,with no significant difference in comparison of HBsAg and HBV DNA level between the severe hepatitis B and the cirrhosis groups.There was significant difference in the comparison of HBsAg and HBV DNA level between the severe hepatitis and chronic hepatitis B groups,and the significance and the 95% confidence interval were 0.000,163.21to -56.40,and 0.020,-1.81 to -0.16,respectively.There was significant difference in comparison of HBsAg and HBV DNA level between the cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B groups,and the significance and the 95% confidence interval were 0.006,-139.76 to -24.00 and 0.005,-2.17 to -0.39,respectively.Conclusion The mean difference of HBsAg and HBV DNA level in chronic hepatitis B group is higher than those of cirrhosis group,the mean difference of HBsAg and HBV DNA level in cirrhosis group is higher than those of severe hepatitis B.The clinical types of chronic hepatitis B might affect the HBsAg and HBV DNA level.


The synthesis of pharmaceutical products often involves the use of reactive reagents for the formation of intermediates and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Low-levels of reagents or byproducts may therefore be present in the final API as impurities. Such chemically reactive impurities may have unwanted toxicities such as genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, which have the potential impact on product quality and therefore their risk profile requires consideration and management. Alkylating agents (AAs) are classified as potentially genotoxic impurities (PGI) that require a control strategy in pharmaceutical process development and may require control in API during manufacture and storage. AAs may be used as reagents during manufacturing or can be products of side reactions, when strong acids (e.g. H2SO4) react with alcohols (used as solvents or present as impurities) to form the corresponding ester. AAs are reactive compounds that have a broad range of physico-chemical properties which requires specific analytical methodologies for the determination of each species in drug substances or intermediate stage products. The work presented in this exxperiment describes the development of a systematic approach for the detection and quantification of dimethyl sulfate (DMS) and diethyl sulfate GCMS-PHARMA Author Dr. Padmaja Prabhu Application Specialist – Chromatography Customer Knowledge Centre for Analytical Sciences PerkinElmer (India) Pvt. Ltd. Th ane – 400 615 India. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com (DES) in APIs to provide an insight to these residues in APIs. A static headspace Gas Chromatography (HS-GC) with Electron Impact ionization (EI) mass spectrometry (MS) method based on pentafluorobenzenethiol (PFBT) derivatization employing SIFI i.e. both scan and selected-ion monitoring (SIM) simultaneously has been developed. This developed method is applied successfully to determine the presence of residual dimethyl sulfate and diethyl sulfate in APIs. Both DMS and DES are not stable therefore this method is designed to detect their volatile derivatives which are more stable and can be determined easily by headspace. The resultant products are more volatile, stable, less polar and easier to extract than the parent compounds. The derivatives are therefore more amenable to GC analysis and also contain groups that significantly enhance detection. Headspace sample preparation is very easy and the derivatization step further adds specificity to the method, which could help in making this method generic for the control of residues of alkylating agents in pharmaceutical products. Stock Solution: Hundred milligrams of each of dimethyl sulfate and diethyl sulfate were weighed into the same 100 mL flask and diluted to volume with methyl tertiary butyl ether to make 1000 μg/mL mixture of dimethyl sulfate and diethyl sulfate. Solution A: Ten milliliters of the stock solution were diluted to 100 mL with methyl tertiary butyl ether to result in a 10 μg/mL mixture. PFBT solution: Accurately weighed 0.62 g of PFBT was dispersed in 100 mL of 1M sodium hydroxide and 2 mL of this was added to each of the HS vials for derivatizing dimethyl sulfate and diethyl sulfate in samples and standard. Calibration curve: One milliliter of dimethyl sulphoxide was taken in 6 headspace vials. Varying volumes of 10 μg/ mL mix of dimethyl sulfate and diethyl sulfate (solution A) was spiked to achieve the concentrations ranging from 50 ppb to 1.5 ppm (0.5 to 15 ppm w.r.t sample). Two milliliters of PFBT solution was added to each of the vials for derivatisation and the vial s were immediately sealed. The vials were equilibrated for 15 minutes and the headspace components were injected in to the gas chromatograph Sample introduction: Samples including: two pharmaceutical APIs were obtained from a local pharmaceutical firm. Headspace sample preparation was very simple. Accurately weighed samples (0.1 g ) were placed in headspace vials. One milliliter of DMSO was added to each of the vials followed by two milliliter of PFBT solution and sealed immediately. The vials were incubated at the headspace conditions and analysed. All the samples were freshly prepared and analyzed immediately. Instrumental conditions ClarusTM 600 Gas Chromatograph instrument details Analytical Column PerkinElmer Elite -624 (60 meter, 0.32 mm i.d., 1.8 μm df) GC column Flow 2.0 mL/min Helium at constant fl ow mode GC inlet temperature 220 oC Split ratio Splitless Oven temperature programme 60 oC hold for 1.0 min, 50 oC/min to 250 oC and hold for 15.0 min, runtime is 20 minutes. ClarusTM 600 C mass spectrometer MS parameters Source temperature 200 oC Interface temperature 200 oC Scan range m/z 55-300 SIM mode: ions monitored 214, 228 Scan time 4.7-7.5 min


THE essays which compose this book were written at various times, and profess to have in common as their central theme 'man in ancient religion' (p. 6). Their goal is apparently (p. 10) 'die Bewusstmachung dessen, was als griechische Mythologie einmal da war und in uns Menschen immer noch seine Entsprechung hat ' . To be quite frank, I cannot as a rule learn from them either anything about mythology as it was or about the echoes which it may evoke in men of to-day. The studies might be of value to illustrate certain turns of central European thought; only here and there have they any genuinely Greek flavour. The study which gives the book its title is really not easy to take seriously. Niobe or the two Niobes, whose identity the author assumes without any attempt to prove it, furnish interesting material enough for either an artistic or a mythological study; one might inquire for example what tradition Sappho was following, if any, when she said that Leto and Niobe (which one ?) were dear friends of old, or ask if the sculptors and painters of antiquity show any traces of the moral difficulties which Aeschylus plainly found in the pathetic tale of the daughter of Tantalos and her children. But Ker&ryi wanders off (pp. 25 ff.) into an attempt to pfove the bereaved mother a 'lunar' figure, because the various numbers of the children can by one course of reasoning or another be brought into relation to the days of a lunar month. She was the goddess of the dark fraction of the visible moon: ' Ihre tragische Verfehlung war, dass sie die Runde auseinanderfallen liess' (p. 33). I fail entirely to see any relation whatever to the facts in these fancies, or in the more general disquisition on 'Bild, Gestalt und Archetypus' in mythology which forms the second essay


Executives from leading life insurance companies will gather in Washington, D.C. October 19-21 for the American Council of Life Insurers' (ACLI) 2014 Annual Conference. This is the premier meeting for an industry that provides financial and retirement security for 75 million American families.


FIG fractal generation and rendering the game engine and the GPU based on parallel processing, the present invention relates to image the game engine GPU parallel processing technology, present an unreasonable division image data, parallel processing and the like synchronous operation command to solve the prior art structure is provided limitations to result in poor rendering performance and efficiency, can not meet the technical problem real-time rendering performance requirements and the like; and, the present invention proposes a new technical problem, in particular, in the game engine, to use two or more fractal algorithm parallel have an efficient, how to achieve high-quality image rendering. Construction rendering generation algorithm based on fractal feature software; using GPU parallel processing real-time processing geometry Fractal FIG using control flow instructions parallel algorithm and rendered with the pipeline, fast generation and rendering of the fractal graph model, to the user PC, fast and accurate display.


The relationships between blood vessels and orbital connective tissue, which forms an interindividually constant, bilateral symmetrical system of connective tissue septa bordering adipose tissue compartments, are characteristic and constant but essentially different for arteries and veins. The arteries run within the adipose tissue compartments only incidentally contacting the septa where they perforate them. The veins, in contrast to this, run within the septa, thus making up the walls of the adipose tissue compartments together with the septa. Resulting from this difference in histological relation to the connective tissue, arteries and veins show a different three-dimensional pattern. The arteries form a radiating system, whereas the veins form an anastomosing complex of venous rings which are arranged circularly inside as well as outside the muscle cone. The microvascular system has its own adaptation to the connective tissue system. It is predominantly confined to the adipose tissue compartments.


In order to provide a structure for absorbing impact energy, which efficiently absorbs energy and hence the risk of injury of vehicle occupants is reduced, a structure for absorbing impact energy is proposed which is arranged in the interior of a vehicle between the vehicle body and trim and the protection of a vehicle occupant prior to an impact wherein the structure in cross section having regions of different stiffnesses, whereby part of the impact energy is at least converted into rotational energy is used on parts of the vehicle body.


Other Psychiatric Conditions Shock therapy has been used in many psychiatric disturbances other than those described above but not on as large a scale. The results in these conditions have been rather disappointing. In general paresis, electroshock therapy has been used on those patients who have not responded favorably to fever therapy or to penicillin. In the treatment of drug addicts, electroshock has been used to prevent withdrawal symptoms. The desire for morphine is " forgotten" as a result of the "blurring" effect of electroshock, which is given for five treatments on succeeding days, permitting the sudden withdrawal of the drug. Ambulatory insulin can also be used as a method of tiding over the patient's withdrawal symptoms. In psychopathic personalities, electroshock therapy has been used without effect. In chronic alcoholism, electroshock is ineffective, whereas good results have been obtained in acute alcoholic intoxications. This applies only to the presenting symptoms and by no means can it produce a lasting cure.


The concepts of generalized quadratic stability and generalized stabilization for uncertain singular system are given in the case that parametric uncertainty F is norm bounded.With these concepts,some strict linear matrix inequalities(LMI) are developed based on these linear matrix inequalities and the matrix Schur complement.It is proved that uncertain singular,including closed-loop,systems are regular,impulse-free,stable for all admissible uncertainties.Also a state feedback controller is formulated.Finally,an illustrative example is provided to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach.


Abstract Our purpose in this paper is to display the stability analysis of Runge–Kutta methods applied to a Volterra integral equation of a simple form. As prerequisite we define, and then develop the structure of, the class of Runge–Kutta methods considered. The test equation is taken as the ";basic" equation ; the simple form of this equation permits ready insight into features which are more obscure when considering (as elsewhere [1], [2], [6]) equations of a more complicated form. Due to the structure of the methods and the nature of the test equation, the stability analysis reduces to the study of recurrence relations of the form Фk + 1 = MФ k + γk (k = 0, 1, 2, …) which are common in stability discussions in numerical analysis.


We present a novel 3D fabrication method with single X-ray process utilizing an X-ray mask in which a micro-actuator is integrated. An X-ray absorber is electroplated on the shuttle mass driven by the integrated micro-actuator during deep X-ray exposures. 3D microstructures are revealed by development kinetics and modulated in-depth dose distribution in resist, usually PMMA. Fabrication of X-ray masks with integrated electrothermal xy-stage and electrostatic actuator is presented along with discussions on PMMA development characteristics. Both devices use 20-µm-thick overhanging single crystal Si as a structural material and fabricated using deep reactive ion etching of silicon-on-insulator wafer, phosphorous diffusion, gold electroplating, and bulk micromachining process. In electrostatic devices, 10-µm-thick gold absorber on 1mm×1mm Si shuttle mass is supported by 10-µm-wide, 1-mm-long suspension beams and oscillated by comb electrodes during X-ray exposures. In electrothermal devices, gold absorber on 1.42 mm diameter shuttle mass is oscillated in x and y directions sequentially by thermal expansion caused by joule heating of the corresponding bent beam actuators. The funda- mental frequency and amplitude of the electrostatic devices are around 3.6 kHz and 20µm, respectively, for a dc bias of 100 V and an ac bias of 20 VP-P (peak-peak). Displacements in x and y directions of the electrothermal devices are both around 20 µm at 742 mW input power. S-shaped and conical shaped PMMA microstructures are demonstrated through X-ray experiments with the fabricated devices.


A description is provided of "Dr. Jose Laguna Garcia" Library, specialized in Family Medicine as well as its activities as a documentation centre. The library supports the activities of students, professors and researchers of Family Medicine facilitating access to the bibliographic material published in this discipline. (frre)


The grain-producing area is the key for the development of Chinese agriculture.Moreover, public investment has become the main driving power to promote the growth of agricultural productivity in the grain-producing areas.Therefore,this paper takes Jilin province as an example to estimate agricultural productivity of the grain-producing areas with the Malmquist index model.Furthermore,we analyze the long-term equilibrium relationship between public investment and agricultural productivity and give an empirical test to the driving effects of public investment on agricultural productivity growth with the VEC model.


In order to study the rule of semi-solid metal forming,the casting and remelted microstructures of ZL201 alloy obtained by liquidus semi-continuous casting (LSC) were investigated by electron microscope and image analysis apparatus.Results show that the microstructures cast at liquidus temperature(650 ℃)by LSC are uniform,fine and rose flowered. The average equal-area-circle diameter of grains is 43.6 μm and the average roundness is 1.88. The casting microstructures are gradually turned into equiaxed grains by remelting. After the casting billet is soaked at 620 ℃ for 20 min,the average equal-area-circle diameter of grains is 111 μm and the average roundness is 1.42. After the casting billet is soaked at 640 ℃ for 20 min,the average equal-area-circle diameter of grains is 108 μm and the average roundness is 1.58. It is indicated that fine semi-solid slurries of ZL201alloy can be obtained by SLC.


. A corner is a triple of points in Z 2 of the form ( x, y ) , ( x + d, y ) , ( x, y + d ) where d 6 = 0. One can think of them as being 2D-analogues to 3-term arithmetic progressions.Inthisshort note, we extend ideas of Green-Wolf from this latter setting to the former, achieving slightly better constructions of corner-free sets.


In this paper, the authors have offered an overview of various teachings that fall under the umbrella of humanism. Although the paper primarily focuses on the humanist doctrine, it is often not easy to distinguish the theory of humanism from humanism in practice. In both cases, it turns out that humanism is such a wide-ranging concept that perhaps it is instructive to talk about humanisms instead. Although a single review article cannot present a detailed and comprehensive history of (the idea of) humanism and all the variations it has gone through, the authors believe that this work can provide readers with a basis for understanding and a framework for further research and reflection on humanism/humanisms.


As more libraries automate for the First time or migrate to more sophisticated integrated systems in a time of fiscal restraint and, in many cases, down‐sized staffing, the ability to automate as many functions as possible (particularly tedious ones, such as database cleanup) would seem desirable. The project described in this article is a good example. If the microcomputer program for cleaning up Kent State University's NOTIS database was not written, the project, which probably should have begun years ago, would still not have been implemented. The solution presented here addresses these key issues realistically, within the confines of the programming resources available within many libraries.


The review as a genre has not so far received enough critical attention. Its various forms have been acknowledged but without a deeper consideration for the evolution of the genre. The article analyzes the reviews from the periodicals and newspapers from the 19th and 20th centuries. The author points out that the character of reviews depended on the type of a periodical, the section, and the character of the reviewed work. He also outlines the development of the genre, starting from the reviews focused on book summary and ending with the reviews that aim at assessment and interpretation.


Literature review procedures are currently regarded as research approaches that play an essential part in research and scientific publication. However, virtually all junior researchers lack a thorough comprehension of the literature review process, which results in missing, insufficient evidence, or a concentration on specific research concerns. It is one of the major causes of research and scientific publishing failures. Furthermore, study findings and publications on this issue are still fragmented, with particularly limited publications in Vietnamese of literature review research methodologies to advise undertaking research. This article investigated many types of literature review methods and suggested a basic procedure for performing an overview study as well as particular instructions for each approach. The research findings provide a systematic guideline to assist researchers in understanding the review process and using it to improve the quality of scientific research in the Vietnamese context.


Recently I visited several families and found that parents feel strongly about the indiscriminate charging of school and public expenses to the schoolchildren.


THE FIRST EVIDENCE of a dual hormone secretion from ovaries was probably collected by Lipschiitz (1), and has been more recently studied and analyzed by an increasing group of workers (2–13). Some investigators (9, 14, 15) have found some androgenic activity as a result of injection of corpus luteum materials in castrated male rats although negative results were obtained in the mouse (5). Takewaki (7, 8) has studied the effect of ovarian androgens on the mouse adrenal, and also the effect of transplanting the adrenal. Zuckerman and Groome (11) recently made an interesting and thorough study of an intersexed pig, and discussed the presence of structures and possible correlation with physiology. Lipschiitz (12,) stated, relative to his work in the guinea pig, that experimentally produced ovarian androgenie activity was in no way correlated with histological changes suggestive of intersexuality. He further stated that medullary ovarian tubules and epithelial development does not necessarily mean androgenic a...


For us, beyond as well as between theories of cinema spectatorship that attribute a pure passivity to the spectator and those that grant him a pure mastery, and beyond as well as between those that present themselves as purely text based and those that present themselves as purely context based, lies something, something missing from consideration that calls for acknowledgement, something integral to cinema spectatorship as it is to cinema "as such," as it is to ̈lm spectatorship and to ̈lm "as such" – animation, ̈lm and media studies' "blind spot."


When comparing two proportions, it is often desirable to have more information than simply the p-value from a hypothesis test. The SAS® procedure FREQ provides both an approximate and an exact p-value, as well as an approximate confidence interval for the ratio of the two proportions. Calculation of the difference of two proportions and any confidence interval for this difference, however, must be done in a DATA step. I have written a SAS® macro to calculate exact confidence intervals for the difference of two proportions based on an algorithm previously only implemented in FORTRAN (Coe and Tamhane 1993). I have also written a SAS® macro to calculate exact confidence intervals for a single proportion. As well as being more accurate, exact confidence intervals have the added advantage over approximate confidence intervals of being welldefined even if one or both of the observed proportions is close (or equal) to 0 or 1. The algorithm used constructs confidence intervals which are, in general, less over-conservative (and consequently narrower) that those calculated by the commercially available software package StatXact®.


Purpose – This study aims to determine the near optimal welding process parameters (beam power (BP), travel speed (TS) and focal position (FP)) using grey relational analysis by simultaneously considering multiple output parameters (depth of penetration and bead width). Further, the optimized parameters were evaluated through the microstructural characterization and hardness measurements across the weld zone.Design/methodology/approach – It is appropriate to apply Taguchi's technique to a complex system like welding process. Therefore, this study is made to determine the near optimal welding process parameters (BP, TS and FP) using grey relational analysis by simultaneously considering multiple output parameters (depth of penetration and bead width).Findings – Taguchi experimental design for determining welding parameters was successful. The hardness of the Argon shielded weld metal was comparatively lesser than the Helium shielded weld metal. The Helium shielded weld metal microstructure comprises of fin...


The studies of the ideal and the ideal education,all must grasp the ideal forming process.Grasping the ideal forming process,following the rule characteristic of ideal forming process,can receive the ideal effect of the ideal education.The ideal forming process follows three processes:the ideal formation is the developing process of the physiology and the psychology from immaturity to the maturity;the ideal formation is the conversion process from the external request of society to inwardly in the self-need;the ideal formation is clearly the value process from blur to the clear.The ideal forming process presents the characteristic which is the gradual maturity of the physiology and psychology,transformed process of the request of society,defined process which the physiology of the pursuing value.These characteristics have the regularity,which carries the important value on the effective of ideal education based on the understanding ideal forming process as well as according to the characteristic rule.


Injury of open flowers often occurs in fruit crops by late winter or early spring frosts and can result in significant reduction in yield. In this study, freezing tolerance of open flowers of five highbush blueberry cultivars, Bluecrop, Elliott, Hannah's Choice, Murphy, and Weymouth, was determined using two freezing methods. Methods involved either placing whole plants in a radiation frost chamber or detached shoots in a glycol- freezing bath. In both methods, plants (or excised shoots) with opening flowers were exposed to temperatures ranging from -2 to -10 8C. After freeze treatments, several flower parts were evaluated for damage and the lethal temperature50 (LT50) determined. In order, from the most sensitive flower part to the least sensitive on average, were the corolla, filament, anther, style, exterior ovary, stigma, ovules, interior ovary, and placenta. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) found no significant effect of the freezing method on the calculated freeze damage to most of the various flower parts. However, a significant genotype effect was found on freeze damage to the style, filament, anthers, and exterior ovary. Overall, 'Bluecrop' was the most sensitive to freezing, whereas 'Hannah's Choice' and 'Murphy' were the most freezing-tolerant. In conclu- sion, genotypic variability in frost tolerance of open highbush blueberry flowers was detected, which can be exploited in breeding for more frost-tolerant cultivars.


In this paper we deal with the problem of testing for the quality of $k$ probability distributions. We introduce a generalization of the maximum mean discrepancy that permits to characterize the null hypothesis. Then, an estimator of it is proposed as test statistic, and its asymptotic distribution under the null hypothesis is derived. Simulations show that the introduced procedure outperforms classical ones.


Background: The demand for transplantable organs has increased in Singapore. However, organ donation has been consistently lower than international standards. Donation after brain death (DBD) most commonly follows intracranial haemorrhage (ICH). Objective: Our aim was to identify missed opportunities for organ donation among those who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) and died following ICH. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out for all cases of ICH presenting to the ED from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2017. The patients' medical records were reviewed for identification of potential donors and actualisation of organ donation. Results: There were 615 cases of ICH, with a mortality rate of 6.0%. Among those who died, 28 (75.7%) died in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and nine (24.3%) patients had withdrawal of care in the ED. Thirty patients (81.1%) were potential donors but organ donation was actualised in only three (8.1%) patients. Thirteen organs, as well as heart valves and iliac vessels were retrieved from the organ donors for transplantation. Conclusion: There were missed opportunities for organ donation. EDs have an important role to play in the national organ donation programme by identifying potential donors for organ donation and considering admitting these patients to ICU to facilitate organ donation.


Objective: To evaluate the effects of combined and sequential consumption of chlorhexidine and listerine mouthwashes on plaque indices. Material and Methods: Sixteen dental students, both genders, were selected. After prophylaxis, four mouthwash regimens were used, such that in each period, mouthwash was used for 5 days and after each period there was 4 days of washing out. During the mouthwash period, the participants did not use any mechanical plaque control tool. The four regimens included: first regimen, first chlorhexidine then listerine; second regimen, listerine then chlorhexidine; third regimen, only listerine; fourth regimen, chlorhexidine alone. At the end of the period, individuals were evaluated for plaque indices and investigated for bleeding during probing using ANOVA variance analysis and post-hoc Tukey test. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: Regimen 1 with a plaque mean of 0.55 ± 0.25 had significantly lower plaque than other regimens. The maximum rate of plaque was observed in regimen 3. Probing did not cause bleeding in any of the individuals who used the four mouthwash regimens. Conclusion: The use of 0.2% chlorhexidine and listerine has the highest effect on plaque reduction.


This question deserves a broad answer, considering how much has changed since the old high-resolution CT (HRCT) scans with 1-mm slices and 1-cm intervals.1-3 The advent of multidetector row CT has had a significant effect on the versatility and diagnostic capabilities of CT in general. Coupled with novel processes of image postprocessing—including quantification of lung disease using advanced software—the availability of multiplanar projections and the opportunity to perform virtual bronchoscopy have led to an improvement in what is available for the evaluation of COPD.


The portable terminal device 18 is selected for a plurality of operators as possible (6B, 6C) and the information processing devices connected by a network of the roaming destination of the operator (for example, 6A) installed in a portable terminal device which is connected by a communication line a and a. The information processing apparatus reads out the operator information on the operator having a service area by receiving the operator information, the data base (30A, 30B) and a specified area of the roaming destination from the portable terminal device is stored, in the specified area from the data base cell and a signal transmission unit for transmitting the information signal to the terminal device [control unit (28A, 28B)]. In addition, the mobile terminal apparatus is an operator having a service area in the specified area by the storage unit [SIM card 20, the memory 54, data storage unit (84) that stores the operator information, specify the area of the roaming destination It receives the transmitted signal (配 信) of the operator information and an information processing unit [CPU (52)] to register in the storage unit on.


Several highly unusual solar particle events occurred in August 2002, with high ^3^He/^4He ratios and enormous enhancements of heavy isotopes [5]. By examining
proton, electron, and heavy ion intensities, Hα, X-ray, and radio flares and particle arrival times relative to them and to coronal mass ejections, we find that the 20 August 2002 event was the largest impulsive event yet seen in this solar cycle at energies >10 MeV/nucleon.


The Bell Curve, published in 1994 by Harvard psychologist Richard Herrnstein and public policy analyst Charles Murray, is about the role of intelligence in US society. Its discussion of racial differences in intelligence, especially, generated much controversy. This entry summarizes the book's content and discusses its impact.

Keywords:

affirmative action;
education;
inequality;
intelligence;
race


Indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films were deposited by magnetron sputtering with different oxygen flows rates (%O2 = 1 % to 0 %). The films were deposited by RF discharge in argon/oxygen atmosphere with a RF power W = 150 W at substrate temperature T = 175° C and pressure P = 6 mTorrs. Photoelectric parameters of fabricated ITO films were characterized by four-point probe method and transmittance measurements. It was found that reducing oxygen concentration the sheet resistance decreases. For samples fabricated in oxygen atmosphere the transmittance reached values above 90 %. However, the sample with post-deposition thermal treatment at T = 300 °C in oxygen atmosphere shows the best transmittance (95 %) and lowest value of sheet resistance (Rs= 27 ohms-square). Finally, the transparent conducting oxides were applied in hybrid organic-inorganic photovoltaic structures. The best power conversion efficiency in AM-1 sunlight η = 2.13 % was obtained for a structure with ITO fabricated at oxygen concentration %O2 = 0.25 % in comparison with an efficiency η = 1.87 % obtained for a structure fabricated with commercial ITO.


Some groups of English phraseological units that express consequences of success, wish of success and luck have much correspondence with Russian idioms. The process of achieving success may be presented in both languages in different ways. The results of comparative semantic analysis of idioms show the national specific character of expressing success by native speakers.


An intelligent semiconductor laser tympanitis therapeutic apparatus comprises an input circuit, a real-time inspection circuit, a single-chip system, a power source control circuit, a power control circuit, a display circuit, an execution circuit, a laser driving circuit 1 and a laser driving circuit 2. The outputs of the input circuit and the real-time inspection circuit are connected with the single-chip system. The output of the single-chip system is connected with the power source control circuit, the power control circuit, the display circuit and the execution circuit. The output of the power control circuit is connected with the laser driving circuit 1 and the laser driving circuit 2. The laser produced from the semiconductor laser is adopted to shine and treat the tympanitis of patient. The single-chip computer is used to control the laser energy for treatment and the treating time. The utility model has the advantages of reasonable design, simple structure, small volume, light weight, low cost, convenient operation; safe and reliable use and distinct treating effect, and can be used to treat a plurality of diseases in ear, nose and throat and recovery treatment after surgery.


Expression of the Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) encoded nuclear antigens (EBNA 1 to 6) and membrane‐associated protein (LMP) was investigated by immunoblotting in 83 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) biopsies and 25 other tumor and normal tissue specimens from the head and neck region. Fifty‐eight of the 83 NPC biopsies were large enough to yield parallel data on virus DNA and viral expression. All 16 cases of clinically diagnosed and histologically confirmed NPCs from North Africa contained EBV DNA and expressed EBNA‐1. Of 31 clinically diagnosed NPCs from China, 29 contained EBV DNA and 25 of these expressed EBNA‐1. One control tissue biopsy from the oropharynx of NPC patients contained EBV DNA, but none expressed EBNA‐1. The latent membrane protein (LMP) was detected in 22/31 of the Chinese and in 10/16 of the North African NPC biopsies. None of the NPC biopsies or control tissues expressed detectable amounts of EBNA 2 or any of the other 4 nuclear antigens which are invariably expressed in EBV‐transformed B cells. A smaller number of tumors from Malaysia and East Africa exhibited a similar pattern of expression. EBV was rescued from a nude‐mouse‐passaged North African NPC tumor by co‐cultivation of the tumor cells with umbilical cord blood lymphocytes. The tumor expressed EBNA 1 and LMP, but not EBNA 2 or the other 4 EBNAs. The resulting LCLs expressed all 6 nuclear antigens, EBNA 1 to 6 and LMP. Our data suggest that expression of the EBV genome is regulated in a tissue‐specific fashion.


Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a spontaneous hemorrhage occurring within the ventricular system, 30-45% often associated with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Evaluating accurate and precise daily activity in post-stroke patients is critical for the quality of care and measurement of post-stroke outcomes.


The interaction of thiacloprid (TL) to bovine hemoglobin (BHb) under physiological conditions was investigated by using fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) and molecular modeling. The fluorescence intensity of BHb decreased regularly with the gradual increasing concentration of TL. It is observed that there was a prominent interaction between TL and BHb. The binding constants KA at 288, 298 and 308 K obtained are 8.04, 5.26 and 3.08 × 10 4 l · mol −1 ,r e- spectively. The standard enthalpy change (ΔH 0 ) and the standard entropy change (ΔS 0 ) are calculated to be −34.54 KJ · mol −1 and −25.77 J · mol −1 · K −1 , which indicated that hydrogen bonding forces play major role in the interaction between TL and BHb. The alternations of protein secondary structure in the presence of TL were determined by CD spectroscopy. The results revealed that the content of α-helix was decreased from 51.85% in free BHb to 48.14% in TL-BHb complex. Molecular model- ing study and our experimental results both showed that the binding mode of TL-BHb complex could be attributed to hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction.


In the 21st century, health systems wanted to strengthen their structure and operation by focusing on a wstrategy of Primary Health Care through high-quality human resources. Ambitious policies are needed in the training of competent and sufficient human resources to align health systems based on these strategic values. Family Medicine is the axis that allows health system strengthening by providing healing-oriented, comprehensive and continuous healthcare, with health promotion, disease prevention and the provision of services across various levels of care.The family doctor goes through residency training before going into practice. In Latin America there are few residences in Family Medicine, and many programs do not provide the quality needed to form competitive medical human resources. The response of academic institutions in most Latin American countries has been very diverse; and in some cases they served to bridge the gap between the need for personnel and the training offered, due to the political and governmental urgency. This article wants to show the relevance of training programs in Latin America. Methods: A literature search was performed in multiple virtual libraries and gray literature of scientific societies. Data were collected from opinion leaders in the "Fifth Iberoamerican Summit of Family Medicine" held in Quito, Ecuador, in April 2014. Results: The following data were obtained: Training in Family Medicine in Latin American countries varies between 2 and 4 years; 61% of countries (11 of 18) offer 3 years of training, 22.2% four years, and 11% 2 years (Cuba and Venezuela); in 63.6% (7 of 11 countries), the degree of Family Medicine is required for practice. Conclusions: In Latin America, residency  programs in family medicine aimed to correct deficiencies in the training that had been present in general practitioners and to close the gap to meet the public health need. However, these programs still lack many elements of family medicine training to reach worldwide standardized competencies. Furthermore, if the training programs are not training to competency and if their requirements are not based on international standards, then the resulting training does uality physicians, capable of resolving 80% of the medical problems that patients present to them.


To study the effect of large doses of phenobarbital used for a suicide attempt during pregnancy for fetuses to estimate the teratogenic potential of phenobarbital.


The purpose of the following study is to present and examine the two main commercial cooperation agreements, namely, the commercial agency agreement and the commercial distribution agreement, as precisely as possible, in the context of International and European Commercial Law. The study focuses on adequately analyzing the two agreements, by examining their particular characteristics. For this purpose, there is a first approach of the reasons, which led to the wide application of these commercial agreements in commercial transactions. Then, the topic of specific types and forms, as well as the appropriate choice of applicable law is addressed, which are subjects relevant to and applicable to both agreements. Thereafter, each agreement is analyzed separately, as far as its particularities and manifestations are concerned, and the further topics of special interest it may present. Finally, an attempt is made to compare the two agreements, by analyzing their similarities and differences.


With the constant improvement of quality request about smooth surface, cleaning technology has become important technology in super smooth surface manufacture. It is introduced the elementary theory of super smooth surface cleaning, pointed out the problems existing in current cleaning process, systematically analyzed the principle and the effect of the current cleaning technology, and summarized the development trend of cleaning technology, which will provide the reference for choosing appropriate cleaning technology.


A methodology is presented for simulating the dynamic electrothermal behavior of power electronic circuits and systems. In the approach described, the simulator simultaneously solves for the temperature distribution within the semiconductor devices, packages, and heat sinks (thermal network) along with the currents and voltages within the electrical network. The thermal network is then coupled to the electrical network through the electrothermal models for the semiconductor devices.<<ETX>>


A spice is a dried seed, fruit, root, bark or vegetative material used in nutritionally insignificant amount as a food supplement for the reason of flavouring and imparting taste. Spices are defined as "a strongly flavoured or aromatic substance of vegetable origin, obtained from tropical plants, commonly used as a condiment". In ancient times, spices were as valuable as metal gold; and as noteworthy as medicines and perfumes. No country in the world cultivates as a lot of kinds of spices as India with quality spices come from Kerala, an Indian state. Because of the varying climates in India-from tropical to sub-tropical, temperate-almost all spices are grown in this country. In almost all of the 28 states and seven union territories of India, at least one spice is grown in profusion. Spices used by tribe as herbal ethno medicine to treat several common diseases such as fever, indigestion, diarrhoea, dysentery, vomiting, asthma, heart diseases, headache, boils, leucoderma, bold disorders, piles and insect bites etc. were documented. High level of commercial use as ethno medicinal practices adversely affect the physical, social and economic welfare of the tribal community of Chittorgarh ,Rajasthan . A survey (December 2012 to December 2013) reported data on four-teen spices belonging to twelve families identified from this region. Brief information about the scientific names with family, common names (English), plant part used, way of application of plant parts and their uses against diseases have been presented. Present study reveals that some species are important in primary healthcare sys-tem of tribal communities. This paper deals with the biodiversity of spices and their ethno medicinal uses by the tribal communality for conservation and utilisation in Chittorgarh ,Rajasthan.


Purpose: The Cold Intolerance Symptom Severity (CISS) questionnaire was introduced by Irwin as a tool for measuring cold intolerance of hand patients. Although there have been many articles on cold intolerance and CISS from Europe, a very few were from Asia. We translated the CISS into Japanese. The aim of this study was to identify a cutoff value for the Japanese CISS in normal population and to evaluate its validity and reliability in hand patients. Translation Process: The original CISS was translated into Japanese by 2 Japanese professional translators independently. The 2 translations were synthesized and then translated backward into English by 2 professional English native translators. An expert panel, consisting of translators, a hand surgeon, and hand therapists, was held to finalize the Japanese CISS. Materials and Methods: One hundred forty-three healthy volunteers answered the Japanese CISS during winter season. The cutoff value was determined using 95% confidence interval. The validity and reliability of the Japanese CISS in hand patients were also investigated. During winter season, 111 outpatients with hand injuries completed the questionnaire and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) (9 nerve injuries, 18 finger replantations, 11 tendon injuries, 24 phalangeal fractures, 35 distal radius fractures, 10 complex injuries, and 4 others). The mean age was 52.8 years (range, 16-84). To evaluate the test-retest reliability, 62 patients answered the questionnaire again with a 2-week interval. Statistical Analysis: DASH was used to assess concurrent validity of the Japanese CISS. The Spearman correlation was calculated to assess the correlation between the Japanese CISS and DASH. To evaluate the reliability of the Japanese CISS, Cronbach alpha and the intraclass coefficient (1.1) were calculated for internal consistency and test-retest analysis. Results: In a normal Japanese population, the average CISS score was 16.3 (standard deviation [SD], 15.2). Scores more than 50 were considered to show abnormal cold intolerance. In the hand patients, Spearman correlation between the Japanese CISS and DASH was 0.358, suggesting modest correlation. Cronbach alpha and the intraclass coefficient were 0.917 and 0.896, respectively, which showed the internal consistency, and the test-retest reliability of the Japanese CISS was both very good. Discussion: A cutoff value of the Japanese CISS was 50; it was similar to that of the Swedish version of the CISS. The Japanese version of the CISS was proved to be reliable with high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. It indicates good conceptual equivalence of Japanese version and comparability of interpretation.


The International Criminal Court is considering adding 'aggression' to the crimes for which individuals can be prosecuted by the Court. Michael Glennon's recent article on the subject criticizes this effort from many angles, but a close consideration of his objections shows that each of them misses its target. I use his argument to suggest that there are five important legal and political questions that the ICC must answer to defend its project. Glennon's article helps raise these questions but does little to answer them.


The definition of Ⅱ-Jordan nilpotent matrix is defined and its transmission to a simpler form is discussed in the present paper.One construction of Cartesian authentication codes from Ⅱ-Jordan nilpotent matrices over finite fields is presented and its size parameters are computed.And assuming that the encoding rules are chosen according to a uniform probability distribution,P_I and P_S denote the largest probabilities of a successful impersonation attack and a successful substitution attack respectively,then P_I and P_S are also computed.


The purpose of this study was to determine the authority given by the central government through the Regional Autonomy Law to the Government of Aceh and the extent of the authority of the Aceh government in the implementation of regional autonomy. This type of research uses normative juridical method, the main data source in this study consists of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. Data collection was carried out through literature study, namely the search of library materials, which included primary legal material in the form of provisions mentioned in the legislation, secondary legal materials in the form of literature books relating to the problem under study. Analysis of primary and secondary data obtained from analytical descriptive research with a normative juridical approach is carried out qualitatively. The results of the study, namely the birth of a special autonomy status for the Aceh region, have eroded some of the authority that is the authority of the central government. The central government is only fully authorized on several matters, namely defense and security, religion, fiscal, education and foreign policy. Apart from this authority, the local government can do this. The implementation of the special autonomy law for the Aceh region with the birth of Law Number 11 of 2006 indicates that the implementation of autonomy is fully held by the region. All matters that become government affairs are further regulated in the Aceh Government law. It is suggested to the government in terms of determining the policy of making the laws of the next regional government so that more attention to all aspects of the affairs of the regional government and the nature of the regulation must be absolute decentralization. It is also advisable to the government to pay special attention to regions with special autonomy status such as Aceh, and it is expected that all implementing regulations which have been obstacles for Aceh in carrying out Aceh's authority can be realized properly. Keywords : Authority, Aceh government, regional autonomy.


A compound with antibacterial activity has been isolated from cem-cem (spondias pinnata (L.f) kurz). Antibacterial activity test towards Erwinia chrysanthemy resulted in VIII fraction. Fraction V effectively inhibited the growth of Erwinia chrysanthemy. The analysis of the active fraction with GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mas Spectrophotometer) showed that the active fraction contains Methyl Ester.


Graciosa is a mid-Pleistocene to Holocene volcanic island that lies in a complex plate boundary between the North American, Eurasian, and Nubian plates. Large fault scarps displace the oldest (Middle Pleistocene) volcanic units, but in the younger areas recent volcanism (Holocene to Upper Pleistocene) conceals the surface expression of faulting, limiting neotectonic observations. The large displacement accumulated by the older volcanic units when compared with the younger formations suggests a variability of deformation rates and the possibility of alternating periods of higher and lower tectonic deformation rates; this would increase the recurrence interval of surface rupturing earthquakes. Nevertheless, in historical times a few destructive earthquakes affected the island attesting for its seismic hazard. Regarding the structural data, two main fault systems, incompatible with a single stress field, were identified at Graciosa Island. Thus, it is proposed that the region is affected by two alternating stress fields. The stress field #1 corresponds to the regional stress regime proposed by several authors for the interplate shear zone that constitutes the Azorean segment of the Eurasia-Nubia plate boundary. It is suggested that the stress field #2 will act when the area under the influence of the regional stress field #1 narrows as a result of variations in the differential spreading rates north and south of Azores. The islands closer to the edge of the sheared region will temporarily come under the influence of a different (external) stress field (stress field #2). Such data support the concept that, in the Azores, the Eurasia-Nubia boundary corresponds to a complex and wide deformation zone, variable in time.


In this paper, a plan of system locating in IP telephony network with H.323 protocol is proposed. The prototype of plan is set up on the thread tree. The request of interaction between nodes will be delivered directly to their nearest co-ancestry node through thread in nodes and the job of locating will be done completely in its subtree. By this way, the time of system locating in operating system may he shortened significantly, and the burden of channel between domains may be reduced also.


Objective To observe the clinical effect of ultrasond-guided percutaneous nephrostomy in the treatment of urinary tract obstruction due to calculus. Methods One hundred and ninety-seven patients with renal insufficiency and hydronephrosis due to urinary calculus( unilateral or bilateral) were treated with percutaneous nephrostomy before operation and double-J tube internal drainage. The patients' renal function were checked and urine volume were observed before and 1 week after percutaneous nephrostomy. Results Compared with Scr,BUN,UA and u- rine volume in patients before nephrostomy, Scr,BUN,UA in patients significandy decreased,and urine volume significandy increased after nephrostomy ( P 0. 01). Conclusion Percutaneous nephrostomy guided by ultrasound can relieve urinary tract obstruction safely and effectively, alleviate kidney' s intracapsular pressure,keep the patients' urine volume,protect the patients' renal function and reduce the Scr,BUN,UA of the patients with renal insufficiency obviously. Percutaneaus nephrostomy is a better method for treating hydronephrosis due to calculus.