Abstract Specific gravity of the eviscerated broiler carcasses of 100 males and 100 females (59 days old) in one experiment and 50 males and 50 females (55 day s old) in a second experiment was determined. Carcass fat was measured as ether extractable solids of the ground carcass. Yield data on starvation loss, percentage of blood and feathers, viscera, intestines, percentage carcass moisture and abdominal fat, and percentage protein and ash in the carcass were provided in both experiments. The correlation coefficients between specific gravity and percentage carcass fat were higher for females (Experiment 1, −.69, Experiment 2, −.58) than for males (Experiment 1, −.36, Experiment 2, −.31). The correlation coefficients between percentage abdominal fat and percentage carcass fat (Experiment 1, .76 males, .74 females; Experiment 2, .51 males, .71 females) were greater than the coefficients between specific gravity and percentage carcass fat. Percentage abdominal fat was a better estimator of percentage carcass fat than specific gravity which required more labor than obtaining percentage abdominal fat. Unless abdominal fat measurements are not available, specific gravity is not recommended as a means to estimate carcass fat in broiler chickens.


During the pandemic, pre-recorded videos were employed as a possible solution for asynchronous laboratories, but this approach lacked the social aspects critical in online distance learning. An alternative model of a remote online chemistry laboratory was proposed to overcome the shortcomings of video-based laboratories. The model relies on five activities (5A) and five components (5C) to provide students with ample opportunities for sustained online communications and interactions between student-student and student-instructor while forging a sense of belonging in the remote online laboratory. Even without gamification elements, students thought the online laboratory was fun, interesting and relaxing. This paper illustrates the strategic and purposeful use of instructional activities with synchronous collaborative technologies for facilitating active and collaborative learning in a remote online laboratory.


In her essay, Wilkin notes the influence of early abstract painters on works by Drapell, Feist, Haynes and Plotek. Biographical notes.


High average power, wavelength tunable, optical sources have many applications in biophysics, sensing, and telecommunications. In this work we demonstrate a fiber optical parametric oscillator with multi-Watt level output power over a 450 nm tuning range around 1550 nm. The tunability of the oscillator is a result of the wide frequency tunability of phasematched four-wave-mixing possible when pumping close to the zero dispersion wavelength (ZDW) of an optical fiber [1]. The low-frequency (Stokes) parametric sideband has an average output power in excess of 4 W between 1580 and 1680 nm, and in excess of 2 W out to 1780 nm. The high-frequency (anti-Stokes) sideband likewise has an average output power in excess of 2 W out to 1365 nm. This performance represents a considerable advance over previously reported high average power fiber oscillators [2]. High average power (2–3 W) parametric sidebands have also been reported using parametric amplification in large-mode-area photonic crystal fibers [3,4], however in these experiments the wavelength of the pump source used was fixed and no tunablity of the output parametric sidebands was possible.


The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of leverage, firm size, liquidity, profitability, and cash conversion cycle on cash holding. This study uses secondary data which was tested using Eviews Program 11.0. Samples that have been selected by purposive sampling method and selected as many as 51 manufacture companies as a sample from 153 companies that go public and listed on the IDX for the period 2017-2019. The results of the research showed that leverage and liquidity have positive effects to the cash holding, while firm size has no positive effect to the cash holding, profitability has no negative effect to the cash holding, and cash conversion cycle has negative effect to the cash holding.


Although knowledge and awareness about the importance of emo-tions in teaching and communication with children is quite developed, in practice it still clashes with the traditional model of education and beliefs regard-ing the role of the school. Interactions between teachers and students are often considered less important than the substantive content of the subjects. The re-sults of the research, as well as the author's personal experience as a didactic and trainer, indicate that young people often pay attention to the lack of emotional support from teachers, which results in difficulties both in school and in their personal life. The aim of this article is to draw attention to emotional aspects of development and the role of teachers in these processes, which are crucial for functioning and building relationships in adult life. The author cites concepts and research that confirm that teacher emotional support is an important pre-dictor of children's educational achievements and the development of their social skills. The subject seems to be more important in the face of contemporary reali-ties. The ubiquitous transformation and technological leap cause that the area of education also requires reevaluation and new directions of action.


It is well known that strong forbidden ESR transitions can be observed in some paramagnetic ions with large hyperfine (hf) constants at x -band ESR. This indicates a strong mixing of different nuclear spin states into the electron spin wavefunctions, from which simultaneous NMR and ESR transitions are expected to generate a time dependent change in the magnetic polarization of the ions and induce new coherent microwave Raman signals. It is shown that analogous solutions to the approximate ones for the density matrixes for the optical-NMR can be used in the microwave Raman in a three level ESR-NMR system. And as an application of the Raman, numerical calculations on ENDOR signals reproduced by mixing the Raman and the reflected exciting microwave are performed on Eu 2+ ions in alkaline earth fluorides placed at the closed end of the waveguide under some assumptions, and a possibility of our new ENDOR method is discussed.


Millions of consumers issue voice queries through television-based entertainment systems such as the Comcast X1, the Amazon Fire TV, and Roku TV. Automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems are responsible for transcribing these voice queries into text to feed downstream natural language understanding modules. However, ASR is far from perfect, often producing incorrect transcriptions and forcing users to take corrective action. To better understand their impact on sessions, this paper characterizes speech recognition errors as well as subsequent user responses. We provide both quantitative and qualitative analyses, examining the acoustic as well as lexical attributes of the utterances. This work represents, to our knowledge, the first analysis of speech recognition errors from real users on a widely-deployed entertainment system.


This paper describes the basic concepts of the PROMIS methodology for system's Prognostic Health Management. The key elements of the PROMIS methodology are: (i) system health is monitored by continuously measuring so-called Condition Parameters (CPs)-representing the component's physical condition-of critical system components, (ii) CPs are derived using model-based estimation processes so that the existing set of sensors is exploited as much as possible, and (iii) in order to compute the remaining lifetime of components, the effects on system health of system load is taken into account.


The vulnerabilities that exists in the design of IEEE 802.11 standard is an open door for various attacks such as session hijacking. A session hijacking attack is an exploitation of a valid network session where an attacker takes over a session of victim through masquerading as the authorized user. Many studies for addressing session hijacking attacks exist. However, majority of the techniques proposed in those studies produce lots of false positives and false negatives while some introduce more overhead of resources. This paper introduces the hybrid method, which is a triangulation three techniques: received signal strength (RSS), round trip time (RTT), and de-authentication frames analysis (DFA). Experiments were performed for evaluating the proposed hybrid model. The results of the experiment demonstrated that our proposed SHA mitigation hybrid model holds promise in terms of improving accuracy and efficiency.


Conventional wisdom about nuclear weapons decision-making argues that nuclear policy is based on material cost-benefit calculations, with systemic forces propelling states into a narrow range of choices. Nuclear proliferation is unsurprising, given the anarchical state system; non-proliferation will succeed only if the great powers can enforce it through a system of benefits and sanctions; disarmament is both unlikely and undesirable. I argue that the conventional wisdom is wrong on all counts. Nuclear weapons decision-making is more than a simple response to material conditions: ideational influences, including norms, psychology, language and beliefs, shape global nuclear futures in incontrovertible ways. As a result, nuclear proliferation is rare, nonproliferation is more often embraced than forced and the issue of disarmament has become more, not less, potent. This article will first paint the broad trends in scholarly research on the causes of nuclear exits, and then it will focus on the much smaller literature that connects civil society to nuclear exits. Next, it looks at the potential for applying social psychology to draw out best practices for civil society groups, and finally it raises important research gaps that deserve examination.


We present imaging of the HI 21cm absorption line system seen toward the nuclear regions of Mrk 231 at z = 0.04217, and imaging of the radio continuum emission at 1.4 GHz, on scales ranging from a few parsecs to a few hundred parsecs. These data indicate the existence of a sub-kpc gas disk in Mrk 231, as seen in HI 21cm absorption and in radio continuum emission. The radio continuum morphology is consistent with a disk of maximum radius of 440 mas, at an inclination angle of 45deg, with a major axis oriented east-west. The HI 21cm absorption shows an east-west gradient in position and velocity of about +/-110 km/s out to radii of 100 mas. We identify this HI and radio continuum disk as the inner part of the molecular disk seen on a factor three larger scale. The physical conditions for the thermal and non-thermal gas in the sub-kpc disk of Mrk 231 are similar to those proposed for compact nuclear starburst galaxies, and in particular to the conditions proposed for the sub-kpc gas disk in Arp 220. From the neutral hydrogen velocity field we derive a gravitational mass enclosed within a 50 pc radius of 3x10**8 solar masses. We derive a massive star formation rate in the disk of 60 solar masses per year. We also present a search for HI 21cm absorption associated with the optical broad absorption line systems toward Mrk 231. We do not detect HI 21cm absorption associated with any of the optical BAL systems. These negative results require that the neutral atomic gas in the BAL clouds be fairly warm (T > 50 K), unless the NaI abundance is higher than solar, or the dust-to-gas ratio is higher than Galactic, or the observed extinction toward the nucleus of Mrk 231 is not due to the BAL gas.


* Corresponding author. E-mail : email@example.com, Address : Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku Naka-ku Hamamatsu Shizuoka 432-8561 Abstract: In order to examine the effects of soft-fine particle peening (Soft-FPP) on the fatigue properties of gas carburized SCM420H steel, rotating bending fatigue tests were conducted for carburized SCM420H steels treated with FPP using shot particles having different hardness. The Soft-FPP treated steels pre-treated with carburizing showed higher fatigue life and fatigue strength at 107 cycles compared with the only-carburized steels. This is attributed to the increase of surface hardness and the generation of compressive residual stress induced by FPP. The carburized steels treated with FPP failed in the subsurface fracture mode from the singular microstructure beneath the carburized layer in the long life region. The transition stress for the carburized steels treated with FPP, at which the surface fracture mode changed to the subsurface one, tended to increase with the hardness of shot particles used in FPP. Furthermore, the release behavior of residual stress induced by FPP during fatigue tests was also examined. There were no noticeable differences in compressive residual stress after the fatigue tests between the two types of carburized specimens treated with FPP; therefore, the Soft-FPP treated steels exhibited same fatigue strength as the steels treated with FPP using hard shot particles. These results suggest that the effect of hardness of shot particles used in FPP on the fatigue properties of carburized steels is not observed.


Yan Zhitui's Thought of documents was constructed on the basis of those during the Han-Wei and Six Dynasties when such writing was mature. He precisely interpreted factors like qualification of writers,style evolution,function,the relationship between form and content. He advocated that Confucian tradition should be the theme of a document so as to achieve its practical objective of working on the Emperor's instruction. As for political and military decrees,he adopted a pragmatic attitude,admitting their multi-purposed social function,and stressed the importance of the ideological content,while equally treating both the literary quality and content.


The concerted efforts of black women writers, critics, as well as activists, are essential factors in inscribing race and ethnicity as criteria in feminist criticism; they successfully shift feminism both as a political movement and critical theory from the monolithic structural concept of the 1960s and 1970s to the plural feminisms of the 1990s. The feminist movement which gave impetus to feminist critical theory had been based mainly on the history of white women's experience and gender construction. By the middle of the 1980s, women of colour begin to question the basis of mainstream feminist theory, the domination of the feminist movement by white women, the omission of the experience and works of women of colour in feminist theories and critical analysis, and the inadequacy of the single focused feminist critical theories to the multiplicity of factors that constitute their experiences and inform their writings. Black women in particular, consistently use their experiences, cultural practices and history as women in fictional works and as the basis of their critical tool. The term 'feminisms' that became current in the 1990s, is an acknowledgement of the cultural and racial differences among women, including many other factors that constitute their experience and affect their conditions besides patriarchy, and a recognition of the need for new and relevant theoretical approaches. In the following pages, I argue for the concept of double patriarchy as a theoretical perspective for black feminist criticism and subsequently apply it to the background analysis of the works of black women in theatre. As a critical theory, double patriarchy highlights the issues of race, gender and class that inhabit the experience of the black woman and the different ways in which women use the vivid imageries of drama and theatre to project the multiplicity of their experience. I will conclude by examining three plays that situate African


OBJECTIVE
To study the clinical efficacy and side effects of ferrous L-threonate for treatment of iron deficiency anemia (IDA).

METHODS
It is a multicentral, randomized, double blind, double placebo and paralled comparative study with positive control. One hundred and forty IDA patients diagnosed according to the standard criteria in three hospitals were randomly divided into a test group (ferrous L-threonate plus placebo ferrous succinate) and a positive control group (ferrous succinate plus placebo ferrous L-threonate). Some iron parameters were examined 1, 4 and 8 weeks after medication. Hemoglobin, reticulocyte and other parameters for safety observation were collected every two weeks.

RESULTS
For the 2 groups, self comparison showed significant difference (P < 0.01). The total efficacy is 98.44% and 97.01% respectively with no difference. Hemoglobin rised rapidly and gradually and reached a peak in week 8, the change was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Changes of iron parameters also showed significant difference. Side-effects were similar in both groups (13.85% and 14.71%, P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION
The effect of ferrous L-threonate in IDA treatment is significant and rapid. Side-effects are few and minimal.


Understanding how species will respond to climate change is critically important for managing our ecosystems into the future. However, surprisingly little is known about the distribution of risk based on the actual thermal tolerances of species, especially plants. We used germination records from 776 species to provide a global map of plant warming risk – the difference between maximum germination temperature and the predicted 2070 temperature. We then tested a series of hypotheses about factors associated with high risk. Many of our predictions were overturned. For example, although a great deal of attention has been paid to the risks faced by tropical forests, we found that the biomes most at risk were tropical grasslands, savannas and shrublands. Similarly, while we expected Australian species to have a lower warming risk due to its already variable conditions, our data showed that Australia had the highest average warming risk. Conversely, European species faced the lowest risk, with no plants examined in this study predicted to exceed their upper limits by 2070. Plants from regions with higher seasonality and higher canopy cover had lower warming risk, but the absolute range of annual temperature had no effect on risk. Therefore, the underlying factors contributing to warming risk warrant further examination. Overall, our results highlight that the regions most at risk from warming are not necessarily those with the most warming, but regions where species are closest to their upper limits. More attention needs to be given to high risk tropical environments, especially non-forest tropical environments which face the highest risk. In summary, while much of the world's biota faces substantial threats from climate change, researchers may be surprised about where the effects are most acute.


Thermoelectric phenomena in anisotropic materials have some specific features which can be used in a number of applications. In our report we will briefly consider physical principles of the anisotropic thermoelectric material applications and will give a short review of the thermoelectric properties of these materials. The possible fields of the applications of the anisotropic devices are discussed and some parameters of these devices are estimated. The analysis shows that the experimental data only on a limited number of materials with large anisotropy of the thermoelectric parameters are available in the literature. On the other hand a plenty of compounds with anisotropic structures which can exhibit anisotropic thermoelectric properties have not been systematically studied.


Introduction: Transportation of patients from operating room to recovery can cause hymodynamic changes. Factors that can affect hemodynamic and O2sat include: type of anesthetic, duration of surgery, transportation, age, previous underlying disease, …. There are poorly documented studies about such changes in children. So, the goal of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and O2sat variabilities among children at recovery room. Findings: Mean systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure and O2sat in recovery room decreased and pulse rate increased significantly compared with the other (P<0.05). decreasing in return and cardiac output. the and the may upper depression. that careful and rapid transfer of children and O2 supplement to recovery instability of the above


This article reviews the outcome of the 2013 general election in Bulgaria, which was held against the backdrop of mass protests in January which had brought a premature end to the previous government. The election proved to be highly unusual and has resulted in a finely-balanced political situation which, the author argues, cannot be understood without reference to Bulgaria under the previous pop-ulist government. A review of this situation sets the starting point for the article, which analyses the implications of the result for the four parties which make up the new legislature, as well as for others on the political scene. There were indeed a number of 'mini-surprises' in the result, with the most important outcomes being: the end of the 'traditional right' in party political terms; the failure of certain parties to make much of an impact, including those identified with the protests; and the continued growth in the vote for nationalist parties. The author concludes that the next period is key for the continued development of Bulgaria's fragile democracy into a consolidated one.


Iron corroles and porphyrins catalyze the reactions of amines with ethyl diazoacetate extremely efficiently, leading to complete and rapid conversion into N-substituted glycine ethyl esters by simultaneous addition of the substrates to the catalysts. The selectivity toward activation of the NH bonds is remarkable and quite different from other catalysts.


Oily wastewater pollution could affect source water quality since the industrial will discharge the treated wastewater into river body. Treatment methods of oily wastewater, including floatation, coagulation, biological treatment, has different capability to remove pollutant. Aim of this study is to compare the efficiency removal of combination of solidliquid separation process to remove, organic grease, oil and organic compound simultaneously. This study applied four treatments that is floatation only (F), coagulationfloatation (CF), floatation-activated sludge (FAS), coagulation-floatation-activated sludge (CFAS). Poly aluminum chloride (PAC) coagulant 50 mg/L was added as pretreatment, floatation was setup under pressure at 30, 50, 70 psi and recycle ratio 0.25; 0.5; 75. The results shown that combination solid-liquid separation, such as FAS have shown a good performance. It was observed that PAC coagulation as pretreatment had successfully enhanced solid-liquid separation process, such as in CF and in CFAS. CFAS system performed the highest removal of BOD 70% and 95% removal of grease and oil.


With the integration of large-scale renewable energy and the implementation of demand response, the complexity and volatility of distribution network operations are increasing. This has led to the inconsistency between the actual net power consumption of power users and their optimal dispatching orders. As a result, the distribution networks cannot operate according to their optimization strategy. The study proposed a penalty electricity price mechanism and the optimal control method based on this electricity price mechanism for distribution networks. First, we established the structure of the distribution network optimal control system. Second, aiming at the actual net power consumption (including power generation and consumption) of power users tracking their dispatching orders, we established a penalty electricity price mechanism. Third, we designed an optimal control strategy and process of distribution networks based on the penalty electricity price. Finally, we verified the proposed method by taking the IEEE-33 node system as an example. The verification results showed that the penalty electricity price could effectively limit the net power consumption fluctuations of power users to achieve optimal control of distribution networks.


Many data packaging standards are available to researchers and data repository operators and the choice to use an existing standard or create a new one is challenging. We introduce the DataONE Data Package standard which is based on the existing OAI-ORE Resource Map standard. We describe the functionality Data Package provides, implementation considerations, compare it to existing standards, and discuss future extensions to the standard including the ability to describe execution environments via WholeTale "Tales"" and alternate serialization formats.


A controlled-source frequency electromagnetic sounding system needs high-power low-frequency pulse current supplied by the transmitter. And the pulse current is required to possess high current stability. The article proposes a high precision mixed-signal (analog and digital) plan for current stabilization, and illustrates the principle and design method of the plan. A sampler of transmitter is developed with the current stabilization plan, for which many logging tests have been made in Daqing Oilfield, and the testing result demonstrates that the stability of output current of the transmitter has reached 0.3%.


For automotive manufacturers, intelligent fault diagnosis and prognosis techniques to ensure reliability of their products become increasingly important with the introduction of Industry 4.0. In this paper, an intelligent intermittent fault diagnosis and prognosis method is proposed for steer-by-wire (SBW) system based on composite degradation model. First, a nonlinear bond graph model of the SBW system is established, by which an integrated fault signature matrix combining analytical redundancy relations and dedicated observers is developed to enhance the fault isolability. Second, in order to identify the features (i.e., fault appearing and disappearing instants) of each intermittent fault, an improved whale optimization algorithm is proposed by introducing nonlinear convergence factor, Cauchy-Gaussian mixture mutation and greedy selection strategy. After that, the composite degradation model is established to predict the remaining useful life of the component with intermittent fault, where duration feature and frequency feature are considered with the aid of observation window. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated by simulation and experimental results.


Flooding continues to exact a significant economic and humanitarian toll worldwide. Rainfall estimates from satellite data represent an important source of information for monitoring and predicting these events, particularly in regions where radar data are unavailable and the rain gauge network is unsuitable for smaller-scale applications. This paper will present several real-time satellite-based rainfall estimation and forecasting techniques that are in use at NOAA/NESDIS that take advantage of the global coverage offered by both the geostationary and polar-orbiting satellite constellations. One is the Hydro-Estimator rainfall algorithm, which produces 4- to 5-km resolution estimates of rainfall at sub-hourly time scales from geostationary infrared data. Another is the Tropical Rainfall Potential (TRaP) algorithm, which produces 24-hour forecasts of rainfall from landfalling tropical cyclones based on extrapolation of current microwaveestimated rain rates along the predicted storm track. Examples of these and other techniques will be presented, along with future advances that are anticipated as new instruments become available on upcoming satellite missions.


Measurements of the duration of the closure of post-stress, intervocalic stops in two-syllable words, of the vowels that precede them, and of vowels preceding stops in monosyllabic words were made from the speech of one speaker with intervocalic 'voiced t'. Results for monosyllabic words indicate a vowel duration ratio of 2:3 before voiceless and voiced stops and four intrinsically short vowels, /I, ∊, Λ, U/. The duration ratio of vowels before stops in two-syllable words and those in mono-syllabic words is 2:3. There is the same indication of four intrinsically short vowels in two-syllable words. The average difference in vowel duration before voiced and voiceless alveolar stops is only 0·9 csec. while it is more than 3 csec. before the other stops. Closure duration difference between voiced and voiceless alveolar cognates was found to be insignificant as compared to the differences for bilabial and velar cognates.


IT WAS recently reported that the non-ionic detergent, Triton X-100, will solubilize over half of the proteins of the mitochondrial fraction obtained from rat whole brain honiogenates (BRUNNGRABER and AGUILAR, 1962). This extract contained several glycolytic as well as tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes. It is well established that the usual preparation of rat brain mitochondria is a heterogeneous mixture of cell particulates (HEBB and WHITTAKBK, 1958; WHITTAKER, 1959; DE ROBERTIS et nl., 1962) and that this preparation is capable of glycolysis (GALLAGHER et d., 1956; BKUNNGRAREK and ABOOD, 1960). In view of the effort in this laboratory directed toward fractionation of "insoluble" proteins derived from the particulate mitochondrial fraction, it was considered desirable to ascertain the origin of enzymes solubilized by Triton X-100. By using two methods of subfractionation, it was found that isocitrate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase, malate dehydrogenase, aspartate and alanine transaminases, and glutamate dehydrogenase in the Triton extract of the whole mitochondrial fraction originate from the "tan" particles (mitochondria), whereas the glycolytic enzymes originate mainly from the lightcr "white" particles (myelin fragments, nerve endings, synaptic vesicles and synaptic membranes).


Windows windowing system is the most widely used and the most popular operating system.Because of its extensive application the attendant impact ——other viruses, Trojan horses and other software wreak havoc. Now, the anti-virus, Trojan removal as computer users are most concerned about the issue of the most headaches. The emergence of anti-virus software to solve a serious problem, but a big tree, pointy, anti-virus software is too well-known and These have become a Trojan horse virus attacks and the primary defense target through its own variant of the technique. hidden, and the shell of their own and so on, so that many anti-virus software helpless. Windows operating system itself determines the characteristics of the virus, is to make itself into the system documentation, in the system to hide their process. Anti-virus software can solve a lot of problems, it is not a panacea, the anti-virus manual will become a required course for computer users.


www.EnvironmEntmagazinE.org voLUmE 57 nUmBEr 2 Recently, the world has witnessed a colonial-like rush and scramble for farmlands in the global south by big multinational corporations from wealthy countries, a phenomenon that has steadily increased in its scale and intensity lately and that is labeled "land grabbing" by international media due to irregularities and corruption in the acquisition process.1 Since 2000, more than 1.7% of the global agricultural area has been of the subject of some form of land deal.2 Overriding global factors, such as the so-called Triple F-Crisis—Food Crisis, Fuel Crisis, and Financial Crisis—of 2007–2008, are now identified as the main drivers of global large-scale land grabbing.3 The growth of carbon markets is also increasingly being recognized as a further driver for global land grabbing; through the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) program, investors are now acquiring land for earning credits by not cultivating it.3 The EU-RED (European Union Renewable Energy Directive), which specifies that 10% of transport fuels be supplied by renewables by 2020, and the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard, with a mandate for annual production of 56.8 billion liters of ethanol from corn by 2015 and an additional 60.6 billion liters of biofuels from cellulosic crops by 2022, are two of the most important renewable energy directives playing significant roles in the global land rush.4 As a result of these combinations of factors, large-sized farms, with operational units often exceeding 10,000 ha, belonging to multinational corporations are becoming increasingly common in landabundant countries.5 A World Bank report released in 2010 estimated that The Ecological Repercussions of Land Grabbing in Sub-Saharan Africa UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES:


The aim of the paper is to stimulate a discussion about the market for CSR practices. This entails a shift of focus from contemporary approaches of analyzing the phenomenon that largely focus on the way in which CSR actions affect businesses and the markets. In contrast, the present paper proposes an analysis of the market for CSR actions and activities as a more integrative approach to conceptualizing the complex nature of the phenomenon. Three critical dimensions are identified as determinants of CSR market outcomes, namely the content of the demand and supply forces, the origin of the market, and the institutional terrain within which the market is developed. A tentative application of the proposed context is discussed with reference to the food sector. KeywoRdS Business Ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR Paradigm, Food Sector, Institutions Strategic Planning


Several climatic, soil and topographic factors need to be considered when evaluating the impact of human actions on the environment. Such variables may be related in a complex way to environmental impact, thus making its evaluation difficult. Problems of this type emerge when evaluating the risks olive oil waste water pose to the environment when shed on cultivated soils. This paper proposes a fuzzy expert system to calculate a modular indicator, ICARO, which allows an evaluation of the potential environmental impact of the application of olive oil waste water in a field. Five modules were formulated, one ("Waste water") reflecting the nature of the waste water, two ("Groundwater", "Surface water") reflecting the risk for the most sensitive agro-environmental compartments (groundwater, surface water), one ("Crop") reflecting possible consequences on the cropping system adopted, and one ("Soil") reflecting the soil aptitude to receive waste waters.The input variables are therefore waste water amount and properties, site-specific conditions, and characteristics of the application considered. For each input variable, two functions describing membership to the fuzzy subsets Favorable (F) and Unfavorable (U) have been defined. The expert system calculates the value of each module according to both the degree of membership of the input variables to the subsets F and U, and a set of decision rules. The five modules can be considered individually or can be aggregated (again according to level of membership to fuzzy subsets F and U and a set of decision rules) into the synthetic indicator ICARO. Outcomes of a sensitivity analysis are presented. The system is flexible and can be used as a decision aid tool to authorize waste water's shedding or subordinate the distribution on fields to acceptance of some limitations (amount, timing, site, etc).


The remarks of this note are concerned with a result on transformations stated below as Theorem A, and are two-fold in nature: firstly, there are comments on the relation of this theorem to results of Perron [3] and Diliberto [1; 2], in the hope of correcting a misunderstanding that has arisen in this regard; secondly, there are remarks stressing two general properties of admissible transformation matrices which together afford a very elementary matrix proof of Theorem A. Matrix notation will be used throughout, with a vector considered as a one-column matrix. If M is a matrix then the corresponding transpose and conjugate-transpose matrices are denoted by M and M*, respectively. The symbol YI will be employed for the norm (y*y)112 of a vector y. For M-IIMiAlI, (i, j=1, , n), the corresponding lower case bold-face letter mj will denote the jth column vector of M. In particular, if M is a nonsingular n Xn matrix, and N is the unitary matrix whose sequence of column vectors nli, * * *, nn is the set of vectors obtained by applying the Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization process to the sequence of column vectors mi, * , Mn of M, then we shall write simply N=gs [M]. A nonsingular matrix Y(x) whose column vectors are solutions of (1) will be called a fundamental matrix for (1). A matrix M(x) will be termed "bounded on A" whenever its individual elements are bounded functions on this interval.


Red clover (Trifolium pratense) hydroalcoholic extract was prepared by extraction of powdered dried flowers with ethanol 70% v/v (1:13.33), by reflux for two hours. This was diluted with distilled water to give the final concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 5% (v/v) (TPEx1, TPEx2 and TPEx3). These concentrations were tested for their effects on seed germination and seedlings growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in a laboratory experiment. Distilled water was used as a control (C). After the 10 days of experiment, we evaluated seed germination and seedling growth (root and shoot length, fresh and dry biomass) of wheat.


A laser is described that operates at a wavelength of 1.54 ..mu..m and is built with stock optical components. The design ensures a low level of electromagnetic noise and sufficient stability of radiation-pulse energy. The laser operates in the free-running mode (pulse duration t = 1.2 msec) and the single-pulse mode (t/sub 0.5/ = 40 nsec). The pulse energies are 0.8 and 0.2 J, and the standard deviations of the energy in a train of 100 successive pulses are +/-2.5 and 10%, respectively.


In shear wall type apartment construction, transfer slab has been partially used to maximize the use of ground level space. Recently, transfer slab is also used under pit level to maximize the use of underground parking place underneath the apartment. In this paper, structural behavior of transfer slab used in shear wall type apartment with piloti is analyzed and practical design method for transfer slab is proposed. The paper is expected to provide not only a better understanding of mechanical characteristic of transfer slab, but also a useful reference for the economic design of transfer slab.


The study aims to find out osmoregulatory capacity of clownfish (A. ocellaris) at different dilution to saline water media. The study will be beneficial as information source for ornamental fish farming and breeding. It is expected that the clownfish will be capable of tolerating a further environment (euryhaline). The study takes place from June to August, 2014 in Fish Quarantine Station Installation, Fishery Product Quality and Safety Control Class II Luwuk, Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. The data is analyzed in descriptive on fish's osmoregulatory capacity and behaviour. The findings indicate that clownfish in treatment A with salinity level at 7 ppt and treatment B with salinity level at 6 ppt, in the fourth week, maintains osmoregulation. Mortality, however, is found to clownfish in treatment C with saline water dilution at 5 ppt in the fourth week and treatment A and B in the fifth week (at 0 ppt). Water quality in final findings is considered appropriate for clownfish (Amphiprionocellaris) life where the temperature ranges from 26-28C and pH 7.5-8.


Once you accept the position, the administrative procedure at IHEP will start and it takes a few weeks. In particular, the postdoctoral appointment requires that you will have obtained a Ph.D. degree and will present IHEP a valid Ph.D. certificate. Please note: 1. The confirmation letter with signature must be sent to the Experimental Physics Center, IHEP within one week since the applicants receive the Admission Notice. 2. Health Certificate: Health examination must be done at Beijing International Travel Health-Care Center and ONLY health eligible applicants are admitted to IHEP. 3. IHEP reserves the right to the explanations of all the related doctoral regulations.


The demand for wireless communications is growing every day which requires more speed and bandwidth. In two way relay networks (T WRN), physical layer network coding (PLNC) was proposed to double the b andwidth. A TWRN is a system where two end users exchange data through a mi ddle node called the relay. The two signals are allowed to be physicall y added before being broadcasted back to the end users. This system can work sm othly in flat fading channels, but can not be applied straightforward in f requency selective channels. In a multipath multi-tap FIR channel, the inter-s ymbol interference (ISI) spreads through several symbols. In this case, the sym bols at the relay are not just an addition of the sent symbols but also some of th e previous symbols from both sides. This not only causes a traditional P LNC to fail but also a simple one equalizer system will not solve the problem . Three main methods have been proposed by other researchers. The OFDM ba sed PLNC is the simplest in terms of implementation and complexity bu t suffers from the disadvantages of the OFDM like cyclic prefix overhead and frequency offset. The main disadvantage, however is the relatively low BE R performance because it is restricted to linear equalizers in the PLNC sys tem. Another approach is pre-filtering or pre-equalization. This method also has some disadvantages like complexity, sensitivity to channel variat ion and the need of a feedback channel for both end nodes. Finally, the maximum l ikelihood sequence detector was also proposed but is restricted to BPS K modulation and exponentially rising complexity are major drawbacks. T he philosophy in this work is to avoid these disadvantages by using a time doma in based system. The DFE is the equalizer of choice here because it provid es a non-trivial BER performance improvement with very little increase in co mplexity. In this thesis, the problem of frequency selective channels in PLNC systems can be solved by properly adjusting the design of the system incl uding the DFE. The other option is to redesign the equalizer to meet that goa l. An AF DFE system is proposed in this work that provides very low comple xity especially at the relay with little sensitivity to channel changes. A mu lti-antenna DNF DFE system is also proposed here with an improved performanc e. Finally, a new equalizer is designed for very low complexity and cost DN F approach with little sacrifice of BER performance. Matlab was used for the simulations with Monte Carlo method to verify the findings of this work thr ough finding the BER performance of each system. This thesis opens the doo r for future improvement on the PLNC system. More research needs to be don e like testing the proposed systems in real practical implementation a nd also the effect of adding channel coding to these systems.


About 50,000 cases of peripheral nerve injuries occur annually [1] resulting in patient pain or loss of touch. Methods of repairing peripheral nerve gaps is essential for aiding in patient recovery. During development, growth, and joint movement, nerves are exposed to mechanical tension that is hypothesized to aid in their growth. Neurons can grow less than .5–1 mm/day but are known to grow up to ∼3 cm/day during development, theorized from factors of stretch on cell cytoskeleton during growth [2,3]. Our focus was to investigate the effects of mechanical strain on nerve growth. We fabricated biodegradable, electrospun, polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds to create three-dimensional, nanofibrous networks for Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) neuron extension and growth. To test the effects of scaffold stretch and tension on DRG growth, scaffolds were stretched using a custom scaffold stretcher. DRG growth was investigated for 3mm changes in scaffold length on days 0 and 1 of DRG development. Further investigation of DRG growth on day 2 and 3 as well as stretches of 6 and 9mm are being performed. In addition, an incremental stretch test for total stretches of 3, 6, and 9mm will be performed.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


The development of E-commerce websites in recent years has attracted more people to buy products and services online. The development has also hooked the organizations to involve in online business processing for better growth. Generally, customers are intended to buy products with more features. Based on this traditional customer purchase behavior, the manufacturers design their product with the maximum number of features. Later, customers after using the products may get dissatisfied due to product features that are not suitable for the product. As this customer dissatisfaction is because of unwanted product features, it is termed as Feature Fatigue of a product. Nowadays customers post their opinions on E-commerce websites as reviews. For the organizations, it is the most important aspect to consider online reviews posted by existing customers. Hence those reviews may also reflect Feature Fatigue (FF) which affects the reputation and organization's growth. To solve this feature fatigue problem a novel method linear Diminishing Step and Logistic Chaos with Fruit fly Optimization Algorithm (DSLC –FOA) based Association Rule Mining (DFARM) is proposed in this paper to evaluate the product usability. In DFARM, improved Frequent Pattern – Growth (FP-Growth) Frequent Itemset algorithm has been improvised and incorporated using DSLC-FOA algorithm to evaluate the product usability. Further feature fatigue analysis is applied using Genetic Algorithm to obtain the FF Degree through usability evaluation and capability evaluation of each feature.


At scattered places of his notebooks, Ramanujan recorded over 30 values of singular moduli $\alpha_n$. All those results were proved by Berndt et. al by employing Weber-Ramanujan's class invariants. In this paper, we initiate to derive the explicit evaluations formula for $\alpha_{9n}$ and $\alpha_{n/9}$ by involving class invariant. For this purpose, we establish several new $P-Q$ mixed modular equations involving theta-functions. Further application of these modular equations, we derive a new formula to explicit evaluation of Ramanujan- Selberg continued fraction.


The front of an expanding plasma generally exposed to charge separation is shown to acquire asymptotically a speed given by self‐similar theory.


Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of vertebral pillar block implantation of percutaneous vertebroplasty in treatment of thoracolumbar vertebral fractures.Methods The study involved 21 patients with thoracolumbar vertebral fractures without neurological deficit treated with vertebral pillar block implantation of percutaneous vertebroplasty.The ratio of vertebral height,Cobb angle,Visual analogue scale(VAS)and Oswestry Disability Index(ODI)were evaluated pre-operation,after operation,at the 3-month and 6-month followed-up.Results 20 cases had been followed up for 6 to 13 months(mean of 7.2 months),one case was lost.The ratio of vertebral height,Cobb angle,VAS and ODI between pre-operation and post-operation were significantly different(P0.05),the ratio of vertebral height and Cobb angle were not significantly different compared post-operation to postoperative followed-up(P0.05).Conclusion Vertebral pillar block implantation of percutaneous vertebroplasty is a safe and effective method for thoracolumbar vertebral fractures,because it can restore the vertebral mechanical strength,maintain kyphosis correction,and reduce loss of vertebral height.


Security is a very broad concept. Because its scope covers security such as political, economic, environmental, military. This is a very complex process, as it is clear that sustainable development of a society cannot be achieved without any of the security concepts mentioned. This article discusses security and related terms.


The present invention provides a noxious organism control agent composition for agricultural and horticultural applications that is capable of efficiently controlling noxious organisms that are difficult to control by treatment with a single active substance. This noxious organism control agent composition for agricultural and horticultural applications contains either compound (I) shown in formula (I) or a salt thereof, and one or more compounds selected from drugs for agricultural and horticultural applications other than compound (I).


Purpose – While the links between customer word-of-mouth and desirable organizational outcomes have been widely studied, the possibility that customers might routinely exaggerate their consumption experience stories has been neglected. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach – The first exploratory study examined exaggerated and unexaggerated word-of-mouth and the targets of such activities. The second exploratory study focussed on customer-exaggerated negative word-of-mouth and its drivers. The two experimental studies generated deeper insights into attributions of service failure and exaggerated negative word-of-mouth. Findings – This research explicitly addresses customer exaggeration regarding service consumption and the reasons customers engaged in such behaviors. Study 1 focussed on the scope and targets of exaggerated word-of-mouth, and Study 2 concentrated on identifying the drivers of exaggerated negative word-of-mouth. Studies 3 and 4 experimentally elucidated the cogni...


Herewith, magnetic Zn MOF composite material was utilized as an efficient adsorbent for direct red 81 "DR81" dye from wastewater. The synthesized magnetic MOF was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission transmission electron microscopy (FETEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), thermal gravimetrical analysis (TGA), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The adsorption profile of DR81 anionic dye onto the prepared magnetic MOF was investigated with various processing parameters such as contact time, dosage, and initial dye concentrations. The optimum dosage from the fabricated magnetic Zn MOF for decontamination of DR81 was 1.0 g l−1 at pH = 7 after 30 min. The maximum Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity of the DR81 decontamination via the synthesized magnetic MOF was recorded 67.35 mg g−1. These promising data confirmed the availability of the synthesized magnetic MOF composite as an excellent adsorbent material for the adsorption of DR81 from aqueous media.


The  Premium reserves is an obligation that a life insurance company must have to provide compensation to the heirs if there is a claim. This research aims to create a premium reserves in term life insurance with joint life status. This research is a theoretical study that examines about the calculation of the joint life status insurance premium reserves using the Canadian method using the 2019 Indonesian Mortality Table (TMI) and the case application sample. The calculation of reserves begins by forming a table of mortality and joint commutation of two insured persons, forming a formula for combined life annuity, single net premium, and annual net premium. So that in this research, the formulation of reserves for term joint life insurance premiums with the Canadian method is obtained


Twist, provides a good powder solid cosmetic excellent cosmetic durability such as shiny prevention effect. And a powder component, an oily component as a binder, the powder solid cosmetic, characterized in that a mixture of hexamethylene diamine and bis aminomethyl cyclohexane containing amide mixture obtained by amidating with hydrogenated castor oil fatty acid. It is preferable to contain the amide mixture 1.0 to 15% by weight. As a powder component, it is preferable to contain 1 to 20 mass% of spherical poly (meth) acrylate particles. The organic modified clay mineral, it is preferable to contain 1.0 to 15 wt% as the total amount of said amide mixture. As a powder component, it is preferable to contain 5 to 97 wt% of fluorine compound-treated powder.


This is the second in a series of three papers on systematic analysis of rank 1 Coulomb branch geometries of four dimensional $\mathcal{N}$=2 SCFTs. In the first paper we developed a strategy for classifying physical rank-1 CB geometries of $\mathcal{N}$=2 SCFTs. Here we show how to carry out this strategy computationally to construct the Seiberg-Witten curves and one-forms for all the rank-1 SCFTs. Explicit expressions are given for all cases, with the exception of the $N_f$=4 SU(2) gauge theory and the En SCFTs which were previously constructed. Our classification includes all known rank-1 theories plus a new one with an abelian flavor group, plus nine additional theories whose existence is more speculative. Four of those, reported in our first paper, depend on the assumption of new frozen rank-1 SCFTs. Here we also also show that the assumption of the existence of certain rank-0 $\mathcal{N}$=2 SCFTs leads to five additional consistent rank-1 CB geometries.


This paper deals with active noise control applied to a one-dimensional acoustic propagation system. The aim here is to keep over time a zero noise level at a given point. We aim to design this control using noise measurement at some point in the spatial domain. Based on symmetry property, we are able to design a feedback boundary control allowing this fact. Moreover, using D'Alembert formula, an explicit formula of the control can be computed. Even if the focus is made on the wave equation, this approach is easily extendable to more general operators.


This paper examines the e↵ect of reduced self-control on debt-taking in a laboratory experiment. We manipulate self-control using an ego depletion task and show that it is e↵ective. Following the ego depletion task, participants can anonymously buy hot drinks on credit. We find no significant average e↵ects, but find that treated individuals that have low financial literacy are more likely to buy drinks. We complement our experimental analysis with survey evidence that suggests that people with low self-control have more problems with the repayment of consumption debt, but this relationship is, in line with the experimental results, weaker for individuals with high financial literacy. JEL classification: D14 (Personal Finance), G51 (Household Borrowing), C91 (Lab Experiments)


The three stages of untreated human immune deficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection are acute HIV infection, chronic HIV infection, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is effective in treating chronic HIV infection but fails to completely clear the virus. Mutations in HIV epitopes recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) could be a major contributing factor because they result in T cell mediated immune responses with limited effectiveness. In the absence of cART, it is the viral evolution within an individual during the course of infection under the pressure of host immune response that allows the virus to persist. To better understand viral pathogenesis and develop an effective HIV treatment, it is important to identify and characterize the evolution of mutations occurring within HIV CTL epitopes.

Here I mapped the evolution of HIV CTL epitopes in chronically infected HIV-1 donors. Specifically, I fist 1) identified memory HIV CTL epitopes to HIV gag antigens p17/p24 from contemporaneous viral isolates obtained from long term HIV infected individuals and then 2) compared CTL responses to epitope sequences from the early stages of infection versus sequences after over 10 years of treatment and viral evolution. Using MHC class-1 binding predictive algorithm, the viral mutation was found to exhibit an unexpected pattern, that the reservoir variants has a higher binding affinity than its founder variant. Making use of an IFN- ELISpot Assay, the fact that the MHC class-1 binding affinity does not equal to the actual elicited CTL response has been noticed.

Overall, this study has a significance in public health as it provided important information on the ability of HIV to escape CD8+ T lymphocyte detection and potentially contribute to the cure of the disease.


This paper utilizes an event study methodology and presents an empirical investigation of property-liability (P&L) insurers' recapitalization behavior after the industry-wide capital shock, September 11 attacks. The Probit regression results provide the evidence that external capital markets are more likely to be accessed by property-liability insurers which are larger in size, have greater need to replenish capital stocks, have greater growth opportunities, higher cash flow volatilities, greater coverage, or those who already used financial debt. Poor financial quality insurers appear to be constrained.


M ANY PEOPLE, botlh those concerned witlh public hlealth nursing and those concerned with nursing education, have long felt that the curriculums of most 3-year schools of nursing leave a great deal to be desired concerniing the community aspects of lhealtlh and disease. In many schools of nursing the curriculum includes little or nothlinlg concerning eitlher the family aspects of illness or commi-unity lhealtlh agencies otlher than the lhospital aind its staff. In Butler Couinty, Pa., the faculty of a 3year school of nulrsing and the staff of the county healtlh department are working togetlher to integrate public lhealtlh into the curriculum of the nursing school.


This article deals with the main peculiarities of forming grammatical skills of students in learning modal verbs of the English language at university, as well as the principles determining the practical directivity of the grammar textbook, developed and successfully tested at the Department of contrastive linguistics IFIC KFU in order to overcome possible difficulties in studying these grammatical phenomena and to improve the efficiency of the learning process.


This paper is concerned with the study of the modifications of consonants caused by their mutual influence, taking into account the varying degrees of connectivity of the elements of the speech chain. As such, this study of vocal connections of various types is carried out from the point of view of the nature of the junction of the elements – more or less close. Thus, this paper is devoted to problems concerning the phenomenon of vocal junction as it is established in linguistics in general and in phonetics in particular.
The relevance of these problems stems from the need for disclosure and knowledge of the mechanism of internal organization of speech flow. This paper is aimed at analyzing the features of the vocal stitch and its components, which allow you to delve deeper into the mechanism of production of related speech. Thereby, this study attempts to identify modifications of elements of interdisciplinary vocal combinations, which are important for the implementation of their delimitative function, as these are manifested in the distinction of different units of speech.


Dr. Macleod's study involves a gene known as BNIP3, which has been shown to be an early biomarker for pancreatic cancer. The doctor's recent research has shown that it can be an even earlier signifier than previously believed. In addition, Dr. Macleod is focused on the significance of BNIP3 in cachexia. This is a muscle weakening and wasting process which occurs during the late stages of pancreatic cancer. This phenomenon limits efficacy of cancer treatments and hastens a patient's decline. Dr. Macleod suggests that degradation of muscle feeds the tumor in some way, and finding an effective way to suppress cachexia through BNIP3 could be an important part of treatment plans to ensure pancreatic patients are strong enough to undergo treatment. Dr. Macleod will ultimately be working with human samples, however, must first demonstrate various theories using mouse models, so as to confirm and support the next steps in the research process. Dr. Macleod's work could bring us closer to identifying early-detection mechanisms and treatments that could improve outcomes for pancreatic cancer patients. can a patient's blood sample tested to detect of in


Multiple pipeline networks are planned and under construction for long-distance transportation of some petroleum derivatives through a system of pipes typically towards the market areas for consumption. The main purpose of this paper in the form of planning problem consists of demand regulation and efficiency improvement based on optimization factors such as descend total transportation losses and increase response time to satisfy demands regarding plant specification and systematic constraints. The planning process as a scheme that defines how to transport petroleum products and batch sequences injected consecutively through pipeline polyducts with no separating device is one of the most prominent challenges facing industrial engineering. In this paper, the yearly demands are split into monthly problems so that considering two-month prediction horizons, model predictive control strategy is applied to optimize sequences which are regulating demands in the corresponding time steps to the last day of every month. The hierarchical offline reoptimization for the small-sized problem at the beginning of every month, instead of optimizing annual planning as a high dimensional and constrained problem can lead to overcoming computational complexity that is a remarkable challenge in the planning.


Objective To observe the efficiency and safety of 0.1% sodium hyaluronate(SH)eye drops and basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF) eye drops in simplex dry eye and dry eye after LASIK. Design Randomized controlled study. Participants 70 cases with simplex dry eye(group Ⅰ) and 40 post-LASIK cases(group Ⅱ) from January 2012 to August 2012. Method There were two subgroups in group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ respectively. 0.1% SH(A) and bFGF(B) eye drops were used randomly, four times a day for 14 days in group Ⅰ and 30 days in group Ⅱ. Changes of symptoms and signs were observed at different times. Dry eye symptoms including asthenopia, foreign body sensation, eye dry, burning sensation, swelling sensation, ophthalmodynia, conjunctiva congestion and photophobia were scored using questionnaire survey. Main Outcome Measures Score of dry eye symptoms, tear break-up time(BUT), Schirmer TestⅠ,corneal fluorescein staining(FL), symptoms changes of self-evaluation. Results Ocular symptoms and signs improved significantly after treatment in both subgroups of group Ⅰ(P0.05). 0.1% SH eye drops was better than bFGF eye drops in improving asthenopia(P=0.006) and ophthalmodynia(P=0.040) at 14 days after treatment(P0.05). SH was better to improve BUT(P=0.055) and Schirmer TestⅠ(P=0.573),and bFGF was better to reduce corneal fluorescein staining(P=0.375), but the different was not significant. Significant change of symptoms in patients using SH eye drops and bFGF eye drops were 94.3% and 78.6%, respectively. In group Ⅱ, there were symptoms in 1and 3 days after LASIK, and improved in 10 and 30 days post-operation. SH eye drops was better than bFGF eye drops in improving foreign body sensation(P=0.004), burning sensation(P0.001), swelling sensation(P=0.005) and conjunctiva congestion(P=0.007). BUT and Schirmer TestⅠ decreased in 10 days after LASIK, but increased in 30 days, than that of 10 days after operation(groupⅡA BUT:P=0.142, Schirmer TestⅠ: P=0.053; groupⅡB BUT: P=0.006, Schirmer TestⅠ: P=0.010). Corneal fluorescein staining aggravated in 10 day after LASIK, and improved in 30 days, with significant differences(groupⅡA P=0.005, groupⅡB P=0.079). There was no significant difference between groupⅡA and groupⅡB in changes of dry eye signs. No side-effect was found during observation. Conclusion SH and bFGF eye drops can facilitate corneal epithelial repair, improve tear film stability, and alleviate various symptoms in simplex dry eye and post-LASIK patients. SH eye drops is better than bFGF eye drops in improving certain symptoms including asthenopia, foreign body sensation, burning sensation, swelling sensation, conjunctiva congestion and ophthalmodynia.


Superconductor–insulator–normal metal–insulator–superconductor (SINIS) and SINS′NIS junctions (here S, I, and N denote superconductor, insulator, and normal metal, respectively) were fabricated using Nb/Al technology and characterized at low temperatures. It is shown that asymmetric SINIS junctions with different transparency of the two tunnel barriers may have higher critical voltages than analogous symmetric junctions at 4.2 K. Also, SINS′NIS junctions were fabricated and investigated. If the thickness of the S′ layer is very thin, these junctions have quasiparticle current–voltage characteristics similar to those of conventional SINIS junctions at 4.2 K, but the Josephson critical current densities, and therefore, the critical voltages, are much higher than the corresponding values for conventional SINIS junctions.


Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of four different irrigation regimes on removal of smear layer and smear plugs at the tubular apertures in the middle and apical thirds of the root canals by using Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM). Settings and Design: In vitro material science study. Materials and methods: Twenty human mandibular first premolars were used for this study. The teeth were divided into 4 groups-Group I,0.9% physiological saline, Group II ,5.25% alternate use of sodium hypochlorite and 3% hydrogen peroxide, Group III, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, 3% hydrogen peroxide and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and Group IV,5.25% sodium hypochlorite, 3% hydrogen peroxide and ethylene glycol-bis (β-amino ethyl ether) -N'N'N', N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). The split halves of the root surfaces were examined under a SEM and the images were analyzed for the amount of smear layer using a three score system. Results: There was a significant difference in the effectiveness of different irrigation regimes in removing the smear layer at the middle and apical thirds. Groups III and IV differed significantly from Groups I and II, but did not differ in their ability to remove smear layer, although Group III showed a lower score in the apical third. Conclusion: Though the use of EGTA effectively removed smear layer from the root canals without inducing erosion of the tubules, the most effective irrigation regime was the use of EDTA in combination with NaOCl and H2O2, as it completely removed the smear layer from both the middle and the apical thirds.


In the second and last part of this paper the genus Pseudobaeospora is redefined, its taxonomic position is discussed, and the possibilities of a formal infrageneric classification are considered. Because of the recent discovery of another new species, viz. P. mutabilis Adamcik & Bas, emendations of the key published in the first part of this paper (Bas, 2002), are proposed. Descriptions and drawings of all European taxa known are presented. Extralimital species are discussed and compared with European species. With the rapid increase in the number of species of the genus Pseudobaeospora in Europe from one or two 'classical' ones before 1995 to 14 to 16 species at present, also the morphological diversity of the genus has increased considerably. Therefore a new circumscription of the genus has become necessary, herewith emending the two most recent ones by Singer (1986) and Bas (1995).


The present invention relates to an anti-histamine or an anti-allergic pharmaceutical composition comprising a chopping Porta sustaining salicylate, a method for their preparation and the active ingredient, it is represented by the following general formula (1), chopping Porta sustaining salicylates in accordance with the present invention is chemically stable, and in addition to the excellent optical stability by reducing the decrease in optical purity due to racemization by the moisture as a non-hygroscopic substance, so can maintain a high-purity quality, it can be useful as anti-histamine or an anti-allergic pharmaceutical composition. Formula 1 Vespa Porta Destin, salicylic acid, antihistamines, anti-allergic


Objective To observe the germicidal efficacy and use safety of the compound hand antiseptic solution containing methenamine and benzalkonium bromide.Methods Suspension quantitative germicidal test and animal test were used to carry out laboratory and field observation.Results The killing logarithm values of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli exposed to the diluted solution containing 1 636mg / L benzalkonium bromide and 3 254 mg / L methenamine for 0.5 min were both 5.00.The killing logarithm values of Candida albicans with the same diluted solution for 1 min was 4.00.The actual oral LD50 of the five times the concentration of application solution for mice was greater than 5 000mg / kg.bw.The five times of the compound disinfectant produced mild irritation on intact skin.The result of mouse bone marrow cell micronucleus test was negative.Conclusion The hand antiseptic solution has good efficacy on killing vegetative forms of bacteria and yeasts.It belongs to nontoxic substance,has mild irritating effect on intact skin and does not cause micronucleus formation.


Objectives: To identify the frequency and patterns of proximal femur fractures in a tertiary center in Jordan to aid in the identification of the requirement of the orthopedic department and assist in the future planning for founding country-based preventive and treatment guidelines. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed 706 proximal femur fractures admitted from July 2018 to December 2021 at King Hussein Medical City in Amman, the capital of Jordan. Fractures were assessed concerning age, gender, mechanism of injury and variation over the years. Results: Proximal femoral fractures account for one-fifth of all orthopedic hospital admissions. Females represented most patients (60.9%) and the left side was most affected (52.1%). Intertrochanteric fractures were the most common, followed by intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck; both accounted for about 90% of all fractures. Patients with femoral neck fractures are ten years younger than the intertrochanteric group. Falling from the floor was the most common cause. Fractures of the proximal femur occur in elderly patients with a mean age of 70.81 years (±18.97). However, femoral head and hip dislocation occur in young patients. We notice an annual increase in the number of admissions. Conclusions: Proximal femur fractures are the leading cause of hospitalizations in the orthopedic department. This study provides information on proximal femur fractures in Jordan. However, multicenter studies are needed to evaluate proximal femur fractures adequately, provide guidelines for treating and preventing these injuries and determine our institute's supply needs.


The establishment of electronic equipment and more operating conditions of knowledge acquisition simulation environment, considering the failure of electronic equipment failure caused by the internal laws and mechanisms, to the essence of the phenomenon of electronic failure analysis, combined with the physical prototype test results and raw statistical data, research the actual process of using electronic equipment, considering the state of properties, condition monitoring parameters and the integration of traditional knowledge, expertise and reasoning techniques to be applied to physical prototype of a certain conclusion, not only for the early prediction of potential failures, laid the theoretical foundation for forecasting , and fault prediction system for the electronic equipment, the development provides important data and technical support to solve the electronic equipment maintenance and support tasks needed problem.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To form a contact without the use of excessive space by a method, wherein a pair of conductive members which are embedded in a body contact subset and connect a conductive layer and a device layer, are formed and a body contact is formed between a transistor body and the embedded conductive layer using the conductive members. SOLUTION: An additional nitride spacer 32 is formed on the exposed sidewall of an aperture for the purpose of forming a body contact. A self-aligned body contact aperture, to be used for body connect which connects a buried layer and the body in a device layer 10, reaching a p + -buried layer 32, is formed in an SOI 10 and a back oxide 20 by etching. P + -polysilicon 35 is filled in the contact aperture formed as above. By making a hole on the P + -polysilicon 35 as deep as to the surface of the SOI 10 using an arbitrary method such as RIE, a body contact is formed between the P + -buried layer 32 and the transistor body in the SOI layer 10. COPYRIGHT: (C)1996,JPO


Dilated cardiomyopathy is a heart muscle disease of unknown aetiology, characterized by left ventricular dilatation and impaired systolic function. Data on the incidence and prevalence of the disease is ambiguous, due to geographic variations, patient selection and the diagnostic criteria adopted.

Methods All the post-mortem and clinical cases observed in a consecutive series of 5252 patients resident in Trieste during the period November 1987–November 1989 were studied.

Results Incidence of the disease discovered at autopsy was estimated at 4·5/100 000/year (24 cases), while clinical incidence in the same period was 2·45/100 000/year (13 cases). This is a total incidence of 6·95/100 000 new cases a year. A possible family history of heart muscle disease was found in three patients (12·5%). In 15 patients (62·5%) deaths were due to cardiological complications. Endocardial thickening ( P =0·03), fatty infiltration ( P =0·01) and arterial involvement ( P =0·04) were found more frequently in older patients (>65 years).

Conclusions The study confirms that dilated cardiomyopathy in Europe has a higher incidence than previously suggested and emphasizes the need for greater diagnostic sensitivity, particularly since pharmacological treatment is now so effective.


The Multisource Assessment of Social Competence Scale was developed, based on the School Social Behavior Scale and examined to test the factor pattern and the consistency of the ratings of self, peers, teachers, and parents. The findings of the confirmatory factor analysis supported a four-factor solution consistent with two main dimensions (prosocial and antisocial), each divided into two subdimensions (cooperating skills, empathy, impulsivity, and disruptiveness). The resultant model was cross-validated with a new sample. The fit indexes implied that the factor patterns were invariant for the two samples. The correlations between the four social agents were statistically significant, albeit quite low, indicating that the different sources tend to provide divergent pictures of a child's social competence. Statistically significant differences in social competence were found between educational settings and between genders.


This article examines the processes through which innovation is created from the perspective of innovating towards the building of a low carbon society, what types of social change will take place due to those innovations, and finally considers how a low carbon society will be created through the analysis of case examples. This article assumes 2 types of innovations. These are product innovation led by business, how the products (and services)created by business are supported by markets, and the social innovations that are created as those product innovations infuse throughout society. This article makes the assertion that the effective joining and linking up of these 2 types of innovation will lead to the creation of a low carbon society.


Since 2000, the Russian government has been seeking to promote a new attitude towards Soviet history. This article argues that conventional analyses offer a one-sided view of Russian history politics. The core argument is that the Kremlin has sought to build consensus in a society that is deeply divided over its own history. In doing so, the Kremlin borrows from both sides of society's divide and is creating a new narrative which is supposed to constitute the basis for a shared understanding of the past. The problem is that the Kremlin's narrative includes mutually exclusive understandings of Russian history and conflicting values, giving it an incoherent or dual nature. Indeed, the irony is that the Kremlin's attempt to create a historical narrative that can generate societal consensus merely perpetuates the very division that the Russian leadership seeks to overcome.


This paper introduces the components of material handing system in CIMS. It analyses the task and move style of the transport and store system, the common carrying equipment and the choosing method of them is also presented.


Submitted for the MAR07 Meeting of The American Physical Society How cells decide between life and death: predictions from stochastic simulation SUBHADIP RAYCHAUDHURI, ERIC WILLGOHS, THUC-NGHI NGUYEN, University of California Davis — Recent experiments show that cells experiencing oxidative stress conditions trigger both apoptotic (programmed cell death) and survival pathways. Cross-talk between those two complex signal transduction networks, in turn, crucially decides between life and death of a cell. We have developed a Monte Carlo stochastic simulation method that can predict the outcomes of cellular decision-making (between life and death) under oxidative stress in a probabilistic manner. Even under identical cellular conditions our stochastic simulations can lead to differential cellular response as observed in recent in vitro experiments. Interestingly, our numerical experiments indicate that spatial heterogeneity and localization of signaling molecules, in addition to the structure of the signaling networks, are crucial to such a stochastic outcome of cell signaling. By performing sensitivity analyses under a variety of physiological conditions we are able to identify some of the critical regulators of apoptotic cell death signaling under oxidative stress. Subhadip Raychaudhuri University of California Davis Date submitted: 20 Nov 2006 Electronic form version 1.4


It is one important part of the CPC' works to construct the CPC branch about teaching and administrative staff in colleges and universities. Innovation must be done well about the new ideas, administrative system and guiding methods in order to bring into play well the role of fighting bastion of the Party branch, strengthen the cohesive force and combat effectiveness of the Party branch.


In the paper, the chemical oxidization method is used to prepare doping polyaniline. Then PANI is composited with iron oxide with different doping amount. The composite is characterized by IR, thermal analysis, as well as conductivity. By comparing the conductivity and thermal stability with doping amount, the reasons for the changes are analyzed.


The 1 kW class PEFC stack system with a new function of variable gas flow channel has been developed to keep stable operation with high efficiency in a wide range of load. This stack system with the new function was turned out to suppress a flooding phenomenon by switching the connection of the channel from parallel to series flow to expel the remained water within the channels with increase of gas flow velocity at the low load less than 100 mA cm"2. This system will be beneficial for the practical PEFC stack system as a power source capable to use for the wide range of load. 50 mA cm'2 using four types of combination flows in series and parallel. The evaluation of voltage-stability test after switching the connection of the channels for only air was conducted at 300 mA cm'2. The evaluation of stability performances on continuous operation of the stack with suitable connection of the channels was conducted at constant current density of 50 and 300 mA cm'2.


While Chinese literature of the new period is realistic in essence,it is full of gloomy tragic coloring.New realistic novels belong to realism,but they focus less on politics and tend to portray the living condition and ideological state of common people in a realistic manner close to naturalism,as such,new realistic fiction is the variation and development of traditonal realism.There are in the school of new realistic fiction many important writers,the representatives of whom are Chi Li and Fang Fang.They take it upon themselves to picture the ordinary life of mediocre people and adopt as themes of their novels the minor but emotional persons and "folklore".In their works,they depict the common life of common people and their joys and sorrows and centre on the very nature of life and on the description of the characters' living background,living conditions,sexual desires,etc.,thus having exhibited the universal meaning of life and enabled readers to have some insight into history,society and life.


We study an S= quantum-spin ladder system with four-spin cyclic exchange, using the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) and exact diagonalization methods. Recently, the phase transition and its universality class in this system have been studied. However, controversies remain on whether the phase transition is second-order type or another type and on the nature of critical phenomena. In addition, there are several arguments concerning where the transition point is. Analyzing DMRG data, we use an approach to determine the ordered phase which appears after the phase transition. We find that the edge state appears under the open boundary condition by investigating excitation energies of states with higher magnetizations. We also estimate the correlation length and discuss the critical behavior.


The Soviet Union is adept at exploiting her tech nological and other achievements to make news around the world. The general impression to be gained from the press over the last several years and at the present time is that the Soviets have been ahead in the propaganda war and, perhaps, in other matters as well. The question is of goals and of how to achieve them. It can be granted that the peoples of both sides want peace. Their governments seek to obtain it for them in different ways. The Soviet Union believes that the way to maintain peace is to establish physical police control over more and more territory until all the world is united. The United States has sought an ordered world through strengthening a voluntary association of states, namely, the United Nations, which the Soviet Union has sought to destroy. Actually, the ideological conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union is a short-term problem. More basic and more abiding in the sense of history are the issues of na tionalism and the revolution of rising expectations. National ism has caused wars in the past, and it is apt to do so in the future as long as nations depend on their own power for their security. In this generation, advances in communications and transportation have made underprivileged and underdevel oped people everywhere conscious of higher standards of liv ing, and they seek these standards for their own. The issue of communism is important, but no war or peace will be won until the issue of nationalism and the revolution of rising ex pectations are successfully met.—Ed.


A strategy allowing the computation of sorption isotherms, up to high penetrant activities, in glassy matrices has been designed. The new scheme permits an equilibrium repartition of the solute molecules in the matrix. The scheme is coupled to an efficient methodology for the calculation of the penetrant fugacity, namely, the direct particle deletion method, a generalization of the staged particle deletion method. The sorption isotherms of CO2 in atactic polystyrene (PS) and the induced polymer swelling have been calculated in the temperature range from 308 to 405 K for pressures up to 300 bar. The results compare favorably to available experimental data. Larger deviations are observed at low temperatures and high pressures, most probably due to the long relaxation times of the polymer matrix. Derivative properties, such as the partial molar volume and the partial molar enthalpy of CO2, have been calculated in good agreement with experimental findings. The segmental dynamics of PS have been analyzed, and ...


"Now that the Genesis creation story is generally interpreted in religious rather than in historical terms, Adam's rib is popularly afforded little more than facetious comments. In what follows, such ribbing will be discounted in an attempt to look at significant treatments of the rib motif in the Judeo-Christian tradition. We can designate the various kinds of commentary under the heads of 'androcentric,' gynocentric, and'egalitarian' interpretations."


The influence of spark discharge on Al(i) and AlO emission intensities in femtosecond laser-induced aluminum plasmas is investigated; the Al(i) emission is sensitive to the discharge voltage, but not the AlO emission.


The present invention relates to a system and a method of a verifiable non-contact induction label. The system comprises a reader used for generating a first verification code according to a first dynamic value and generating an authorization request according to an authorization code; an induction label used for obtaining the first verification code of the reader in a non-contact manner, generating a second verification code according to a second dynamic value, carrying out the encryption operation according to an identifier, the first verification code and the second verification code to generate the authorization code, and transmitting the authorization code to the reader in a non-contact manner; and a verifying device used for receiving the authorization request of the reader, and carrying out the decoding operation on the authorization request to obtain the first dynamic value and the second dynamic value, thereby determining whether the induction label is real.


On the basis of fatigue strength experimentation and working loads testing of diesel engine crankshaft, the probability statistical method is used to analyse the probability distribution function of fatigue strength and working loads, thus obtaining the working reliability of crankshaft under certain confidence level based on stress strength interference theory,the results are satisfactory.


The present invention relates to a reflective liquid crystal display device using a cholesteric liquid crystal color filter. Collet Since cholesteric liquid crystal color filters lead to a mirror reflection, depending on the direction of incidence of the light intensity at a particular angle is superior, while the other field of view in the falls reflection luminance, is the wavelength of the light is reflected according to the incidence angle different from the reflected the different colors of light. Cholesteric of the light path of the light and reflected incident to a liquid crystal color filter by using a reflection type liquid crystal display device, the cholesteric multiple forms a projection cholesteric liquid crystal color filter on the upper surface of the liquid crystal color filter according to the invention , that is, by controlling the angle, and the luminance of the light reflected from the main viewing angle range uniformly, it is possible to improve the color characteristics The cholesteric liquid crystal, mirror reflection, the brightness, rotation pitch


Ludwig's angina is often an infection of odontogenic origin affecting the soft tissues of the submandibular, sublingual and submental area. Objective: This review aimed to analyze the existing literature regarding the clinical features, applications for diagnosis and treatment modalities of Ludwig's angina. Literature review: Because it is a disease of rapid evolution, and if not previously identified, may compromise the patient's general health and even lead to death. Conclusion: Therefore, it is important to identify the correct diagnosis based on careful and complementary clinical examination, together with an effective drug coverage and early surgical intervention to provide greater control of the patient's health.


This case study aims to discover the undergraduate students' emotional response towards supervisors' Written Corrective Feedback (WCF) in their thesis and examine its impacts on their thesis writing process. This research was conducted at one university in Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia by involving three undergraduate students as the participants. Semi-structured interview was used to collect data then it was analyzed using thematic analysis from Braun & Clarke (2006). The results revealed that the emotional responses felt by students included positive emotional responses consisting of acceptance of feedback, satisfaction, and feeling of happiness; and negative emotional responses consisting of rejection of feedback, dissatisfaction, distraction, frustration, disappointment, and sadness. Meanwhile, its impacts on their thesis writing process were improving undergraduate students' consciousness in writing thesis, enthusing to complete the thesis immediately, and discontinuing writing thesis for a certain period of time.


T OUTPUT AND EMPLOYMENT gains of 1966 brought the U.S. unemployment rate to the lowest point since 1953. But these gains were accompanied by the fastest rise of prices since 1957. Once again, after years of absence, an old set of questions reappeared: (1) How far can unemployment be reduced without inflation? (2) If there is a "trade-off" between lower unemployment and price stability, how do we choose between them? (3) What ways are available to change the terms of such a trade-off; how can we reduce unemployment further and maintain reasonable price stability? An analysis of recent U.S. experience throws some light on these important questions, but it provides no simple answers. The remarkable economic record of the years 1961-65 demonstrates clearly that, when surplus labor and plant capacity abound, fiscal and monetary policies to expand demand can reduce unemployment substantially, and at stable prices. But, in 1966, as unemployment hovered just below 4 percent of the labor force, prices rose at a clearly unacceptable rate. As shown in Chapter 2, some of this rise can be attributed to temporary and nonrecurring factors. Some was the result not of getting to 4 percent unemployment but of getting there too fast. There is good reason to expect that, this year, an expansion of production which will hold unemployment at the present level will be consistent with a substantially smaller price advance. Nevertheless, the experience of 1966 clearly suggests that expanding demand cannot lower the unemployment rate much below the present level without bringing an unacceptable rate of price increase. Under present conditions, an over-all unemployment rate close to 4 percent appears to be associated with an approximate balance between supply and demand in most labor markets. A higher level of demand for goods and services would create inflationary pressures in both product and labor markets. If the economy is now in the range of trade-off between falling unemployment and rising prices, then the second question above needs to be faced: how should we rank the advantages of fuller employment against the disadvantages of rising prices?


A theoretical analysis is made of the generation of the second harmonic of optical radiation in an open resonator. A study is made of the conditions for the maximum transfer of power to the second harmonic in the presence of linear energy losses in the resonator and equivalent losses due to the conversion of energy into the second harmonic. It is shown that, depending on the linear losses and the power of incident radiation, one can find the optimal value of the reflection coefficient of the mirrors at the wavelength of the fundamental-frequency radiation.


First off, this study will search for a valid method to forecast future demand for innovative
strategic processes. Secondly it will test the selected method in the innovative market of RFID
based real-time services.
Being able to forecast market demand is of great interest in business context, because
planning a new business requires a large number of decisions to be made in advance of the
actual launch of that service. Common market research typically collects information from an
existing market. For innovative products and services however, such historical data and past
experience does not exist. Forecasting future demand for innovative products can therefore
only be done by estimation. Commonly accepted methods for this kind of estimation are the
Delphi method (Jolson and Rossow, 1971), scenario planning, conjoint analysis and the lead
user method (von Hippel, 1986). These methods are less adequate when forecasting for
radically innovative products, because of functional fixedness, an effect that causes subjects
to experience great difficulty in generating novel product concepts that deviate from the
familiar.


The traditional traffic flow modeling lacks a reasonable analysis of the driver's psychological expectation. Combined with fuzzy inference, this paper constructs a car following model to adapt to the driver's psychological expectation and safety driving braking strategy. The empirical intuition method is adopted to divide the input and output variables into fuzzy interval through the triangular membership function. Then the inference rules of the divided fuzzy interval is carried out through Mamdani model. After the fuzzy rules are obtained. The center of gravity method is used to defuzzify the fuzzy system. Finally, the security of the defuzzification results is analyzed. The simulation results show that the model is safe and available in driving scenarios.


Mastitis is a problem in breastfeeding causes nutritional deficiencies in the baby. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the bacteria that causes mastitis. Betle leaf (Piper betle L.) has been used in several health problems and has antimicrobial activity. This study aims to explore the potential of betel leaf (Piper betle l.) against Staphylococcus aureus to cure mastitis. A systematic review was carried out according to the PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted in three databases namely PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Search using keywords according to the Mesh term, namely 'betle leaf (Piper betle l.)', 'Staphylococcus aureus' and 'Mastitis'. 198 articles were found in a database search. 8 studies were analyzed. All studies found that both types of pipers betle, both green and red, showed positive effects in the treatment of mastitis. Processing techniques, storage, and certain concentrations such as boiling temperature affect the optimum inhibition zone of bacteria. The addition of certain formulas also increases the antimicrobial activity. The use of antibiotics and betel leaf extract can be used simultaneously to treat mastitis. Betle leaf (Piper betle L.), has a positive effect on the management of mastitis, but processing techniques, concentrations, and adjuvants need to be studied further.


Addis, Laird, Of Mind and Music, Ithaca, Comell University Press, 1999, xi + 146, £22.95 (cloth). Armour, Ellen T., Deconstruction, Feminist Theology, and the Problem of Difference: Subverting the Race/Gender Divide, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1999, x + 262, US$45.00 (cloth), US$18.00 (paper). Bevir, Mark, The Logic of the History ofldeas, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999, xii + 337, $110 (cloth). Blackburn, Simon, Ruling Passions: A Theory of Practical Reasoning, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1998. Boatright, John R., Ethics in Finance, Oxford, Blackwell, 1999, xi + 209. Bordo, Susan (ed.), Feminist Interpretations of Rend Descartes, University Park, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999, ix + 348, $US19.95. Callan, Eamonn, Creating Citizens: Political Education and Liberal Democracy, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1997, x + 262. Carroll, Noel, A Philosophy of Mass Art, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997, xii + 425, $45.00 (paper). Clark, Stephen R.L., The Political Animal: Biology, Ethics and Politics, London, Routledge, 1999, viii + 207, £14.99 (paper). Coetzee, P.H. and Roux, A.P.J. (eds.), The African Philosophy Reader, London, Routledge, t998, xiii + 467, £16.99 (paper). Cohen, Martin, lO1 Philosophy Problems, London, Routledge, 1999, xvi + 213, £8.99 (paper). Collingwood, R. G., The Principles of History and other writings in philosophy of history, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999, lxxxvii + 293, £48. Dagger, Richard, Civic Virtues: Rights, Citizenship, and Republican Liberalism, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997, xiii + 258, $42.95 (paper). Eilan, Naomi, McCarthy, Rosaleen and Brewer, Bill (eds.), Spatial Representation: Problems in Philosophy and Psychology, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999, xi + 409, £16.99 (paper). Eisenbach, Eldon J. (ed.), Mill and the Moral Character of Liberalism, University Park, Penn State University Press, 1999, vi + 336, US$48.50 (cloth), US$18.95 (paper). Fedyaev, A.P., Extraphysical Reality, Kazan, Kazan University Publishing House, 1999. Ferreira, Phillip, Bradley and the Structure of Knowledge, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1999, ix + 309. Flyvbjerg, Bent, Rationality and Power: Democracy in Practice, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1998, xiii + 290, £35.95 (cloth), £13.50 (paper). Ganeri, Jonardon, Semantic Powers: Meaning and the Means of Knowing in Classical Indian Philosophy, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999, x + 266, £40.00 (cloth). Gardner, Sebastian, Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason, London, Routledge, 1999, xiv + 377, £8.99 (paper). GIadstein, Mimi Reisel and Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (eds.), Feminist Interpretations of Ayn Rand, University Park, Penn State University Press, 1999, xiv + 413, US$60.00 (cloth), US$19.95 (paper). Hare, R.M., Objective Prescriptions and Other Essays, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999, vii + 229, £35.00 (cloth). Harman, Gilbert, Reasoning, Meaning and Mind, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999, viii + 291, £40. Humphreys, Paul W. and Fetzer, James H. (eds.), The New Theory of Reference: Kripke, Marcus, and its Origins, Dordrecht/Boston/London, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998, xiii + 290. Jarvie, Ian and Pralong, Sandra (eds.), Popper's Open Society after 50 Years: The Continuing Relevance of Karl Popper, London and New York, Routledge, 1999, x + 217, £25. Jones, David H., Moral Responsibility in the Holocaust: A Study in the Ethics of Character, Lanham, Rowman and Littlefield, 1999, x + 255, US$55.95 (cloth), US$15.95 (paper). Kernohan, Andrew, Liberalism, Equality, and Cultural Oppression, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998, xiv + 130, $26.95. Kirk, Robert, Relativism and Reality: a contemporary introduction, London, Routledge, 1999, x + 192, £13.99 (paper).