Adversarial attacks have been viewed as the primary threat to the security of neural networks. Hence, extensive adversarial defense techniques have been proposed to protect the neural networks from adversarial attacks, allowing for the application of neural networks to the security-sensitive tasks. Recently, the emerging devices, e.g., Resistive RAM (RRAM), attracted extensive attention for establishing the hardware platform for neural networks to tackle the inadequate computing capability of the traditional computing platform. Though the emerging devices exhibit the instinct instability issues due to the advanced manufacture technology, including hardware variations and defects, the error-resilience capability of neural networks enables the wide deployment of neural networks on the emerging devices. In this work, we find that the natural instability in emerging devices impairs the security of neural networks. Specifically, we design an enhanced adversarial attack, Variation-oriented ADvERsarial (VADER) attack which leverages the inherent hardware variations in RRAM chips to penetrate the protection of adversarial defenses and mislead the prediction of neural networks. We evaluated the effectiveness of VADER across various protected neural network models and the result shows that VADER achieves higher success attack rate over other adversarial attacks.


Four complementary plastic crates dimensioned to protect from mechanical injury during transport and commercialization of weighed produce were developed in 2005. Each crate is suitable for certain fruits and vegetables, and as a group, these boxes are pallet compatible even in mixed loads, which are in high demand in Brazil. Developed to assure that the product is not compressed during handling and transportation, these crates comply with relevant Brazilian laws developed to improve logistics and ergonometry. In this study, the crates were evaluated among users and potential users by questionnaires which were applied after demonstrations. On the first questionnaire, boxes were evaluated by respondents according to their accumulated impressions about size, shape and overall compatibility of these boxes using an increasing acceptance scale of 1 to 9. In a second questionnaire, different members of the market were asked about the intention they have to buy or use these crates if they become commercially available, also in an increasing acceptance scale of 1 to 5. For vegetable producers, the scores in these two questionnaires were on average 6.9, 7.1, 7.5 and 3.6, while for the wholesalers the scores were 5.3, 6.7, 8.1 and 3.0, respectively for size, shape, overall package suitability and for potential marketability. The scores obtained were highly positive. The producers' scores were on average higher, but interestingly the score obtained at wholesale market was higher for the overall system suitability, and this single aspect may be considered the main strength of this compatible group of boxes designed to attend to packing, logistic and marketing demands in Brazil.


Rationale: The increasing use of social media on a global scale has brought with it some problems in the digital age we live in. With the reporting of many problems arising from the excessive use of social media and disrupting the daily life of the individual, the direction of research has shifted predominantly to psychological studies.


Virus-resistant genetically modified (GM) plants offer the possibility of solving local virus-related production agricultural problems for local communities in both developed and undeveloped countries. However, major concerns are held regarding the safety, health (personal and environmental) and ethics of growing GM crop plants. Such non-technical factors and regulatory processes have slowed and/or prevented the field testing and commercialisation of many virusresistant GM crop plants. The intimate relationships between food, community and the environment accentuate the need for communication between science and society. Resources for active and honest interaction between science and society must be incorporated into research programs to address the issues of the public so that new technologies are developed for the communities that they serve.


Abstract Identification of the Asundi and Triplet bands of neutral CO molecules in the spectra of comets Bradfield (1980 XV) (Cosmovici et al., 1982) and Scorichenko-George (1990 VI) (Churyumov, 1992) puts on the agenda decoding the real physical mechanism of the luminosity of the cometary CO in the visual spectral range. The results of the identification of the Triplet bands in the comet Scorichenko-George spectra, obtained with the TV-spectral scanner of the 6-m BTA reflector, are given. The g-factors of the CO molecule are calculated for the Triplet system d 3Δ i -a 3Π r (λλ 3770–7500 A) and for the Asundi band a 13Σ+ - a 3Π r (λλ 3900–8600 A). The flux of radiation, connected with the fluorescent excitation of the upper states d 3Δ i and a 13Σ+ from the x 1Σ+ ground state by the solar UV radiation, is sufficiently small. This confirms Biermann's (1976) supposition that if CO Triplet bands are observed in comets, the mentioned mechanism cannot be the single cause of their appearance.


Walking is a common exercise in people's daily life. Gait stability is an important feature of gait. The weakening of gait stability will increase the risk of falling. When people's foot dorsiflexion is limited, it will significantly change the gait stability. The study of gait stability has important research significance for the diagnosis and rehabilitation evaluation of foot dorsiflexion limitation. In this paper, the non-contact electrostatic gait measurement method is used to obtain the human electrostatic gait information, the wavelet transform algorithm is used to process the electrostatic gait signal, in order to analysis energy ratio of the information of the center of gravity conversion frequency band in the entire signal, in addition,the gait stability index is designed. The results show that the gait stability decreases as the degree of dorsiflexion limitation deepens.


Teaching students the subject of acoustics involves large amounts of technical information, including equations, derivations, and example problems. It also requires the explanation of a multitude of concepts, many of which are often difficult for students to grasp and equally frustrating for the instructor to disseminate. Part of the difficulty can be traced to the use of text (a visually based medium) to teach about sound (an aurally based medium). This presentation will describe the development of multimedia techniques for in‐class presentation of acoustics instruction. Some of the materials were developed using certain authoring applications, drawing and animation programs, sound manipulation software, as well as 3D CAD and spectral analysis applets. In addition to the classroom materials, self‐paced exercises have been developed to review the material in a student‐centered learning environment, along with scheduled interaction time with the instructor for questions, clarifications, and test administra...


A new method has been studied for the determination of trace phosphorus in iron,nickel and copper by floatation-extraction spectrophotometry with molybdate and malachite green in acid solution. Phosphorus can form a color and stable complex with molybdate and malachite green,which is floated at the phase boundary between organic phase and aqueous phase,and can be dissolved in acetone.The complex exhibits maximum absorption at the wavelength of 670 nm.Its apparent molar absorptivity is 3.73×10~5 L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1). Beer's law is obeyed in the range of 0~0.12 μg/mL for phosphorus.The detection limit is 9.96×10~(-3) μg/mL.


Definition of the micromechanism of fracture for stage I crack growth, and therefore threshold and the stage I/II transition, is of particular importance since this stage of crack growth is stress controlled instead of hydrogen transport controlled as often observed for stage II crack growth. Examination of hydrogen-induced crack growth data shows an average ratio of 1.38 exists between the stage I/II transition stress intensity (K/sub I/II/) and threshold (K/sub Th/). A quantitative model based on the stress intensity required for fracture nucleation along a single grain boundary, K/sub n/, and grain boundary orientation within the fracture process zone predicts the distribution of K/sub I/II//K/sub Th/ values in agreement with experimental data. The model shows that the fracture process zone size at the state I/II transition is twice that at threshold. Furthermore, it provides a basis for describing stage I crack growth in terms of the amount of fracture within the process zone. During stage I growth, the stresses are insufficient for fracture over two process zones (a prerequisite for crack advance). This is accomplished by an increase in the amount of fracture which shifts the stress distribution into the sample and promotes additional fracture within the process zone.


1. Experiments have been made on the phrenic nerve and diaphragm of rats and mice in vitro at 37 degrees C. 2. The administration of the anticholinesterase drugs ecothiopate, ambenonium or neostigmine resulted in enhancement of the 'twitch' response to nerve stimulation which was often followed by a prolonged contraction lasting several seconds. 3. The prolonged contraction was localized at the end‐plate. 4. Associated with the prolonged localized contractions were prolonged end‐plate currents and prolonged end‐plate potentials. 5. Procedures which diminished transmitter release or action, i.e. high [Mg2+]o, alpha‐bungarotoxin, (+)‐tubocurarine, denervation and repetitive stimulation, also diminished or curtailed the prolonged localized contraction. 6. It is concluded that the prolonged localized contractions are due to prolonged transmitter actions as a consequence of inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase, at the end‐plate.


The paper represents the results of conducted experiments on the formation of intercultural competence among undergraduate economics students of Kazan Federal University (Russia). Aimed at describing the advantages of the intercultural competence formation approach, the article focuses on the evidence of competence-based approach's effectiveness in the formation of intercultural competence. The business games, projects, discussions, brainstorming, and simulation games were used as the methods of the formation of the intercultural competence. Both a linguistic and a cultural components have become increasingly important in the personality of an international level modern economist. In addition to knowledge in the professional field, future economist needs to possess cultural, sociocultural knowledge and skills that allow him to adequately represent himself in situations of intercultural communication. This problem is widely discussed these days due to the active growth of theoretical and practical interest in issues of intercultural communication. The introduction of a two-level education system (bachelor's and master's degrees) in Russia entails a considerable number of changes, including creating courses related to the world economy in a foreign language. These programs must be compiled in accordance with the federal state standards of the generation 3+ and must be implemented in the professional training of future economists at the Institute of Management, Economics and Finance of the KFU. Hence, there is a need to increase the level of intercultural competence of future specialists in the economy field and the need for pedagogical theory and practice in the formation of intercultural competence of students in the process of teaching a foreign language at a university.


The network connectivity is one of the important parameters for ad hoc networking, where the communication between nodes relies on the multihop links. It can have a significant impact on the system performance. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the network properties for the correct interpretation of simulation results. The paper shows how to define and evaluate the connectivity probability of a mobile network where the position of the nodes and the link quality changes over time. A number of mobility models is considered including Virtual World model based on the mobility measurements of a multi-player game. Keywords— ad hoc network, mobility models, simulations, connectivity probability


An interpretation of ΔH and ΔS for the mutarotation of D-glucose, D-xylose, maltose, lactose, and cellobiose is given in terms of changes in the hydration of the reducing hydroxyl group.


The recent advance of research in the interphase of thermalpalstics/carbon composites was reviewed in this paper.As matrix of composites,thermalplastics were hardly to disperse homogeneously in the reinforeed fiber to achieve eximious soakage for the reason of high melting viscosity,the coalescent of interphase was not satisfying. Thus there should be a new cognition to the optimization of interphase.The interphases would show bad combination neither for the lack of chemical bonds,nor for the connection with short chemical bonds.Hence an interphase with not only strong combination but also excellent relaxation ability should be optimized,meanwhile,the good miscibility with matrix should also be achieved.As the concept from Pluddemann "coupling agent should be parts of matrix" was concerned。 We think that the best one was polymer itself which acted as matrix in the composites.Namely,it not only bonded with fiber but also be miscible with matrix.Therefore,this would be a new method for the optimization of interphase in composites.


With steady rise in the use of social networking sites, Changes in the behavior of people are evident, especially in the psychological characteristic or trait of empathy. The current study is a quantitative study which explores two variables, i.e. the influence of SNS (Independent Variable) and empathy (Dependent Variable). For the fulfillment of the aim, a total of 100 responses were recorded and the data was compared between two groups, i.e. Male and Female. The age of the sample ranges from 18 to 40. The data was collected by using Davis's Interpersonal Reactivity Index which scores on four constructs (empathetic concern, personal distress, fantasy, perspective taking) and the questionnaire was distributed through the medium of various social media apps and sites such Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Others. The data was compared by dividing it into two categories, i.e. usage of SNS for less or more hours. Furthermore, T-test was applied to check the same. Thus, our study laid a groundwork for understanding empathy's role in facilitating interactions on social media.


Organ size is an important agronomic trait that directly affects the biomass of rice (Oryza sativa L.), thus identification and characterization of genes involved in organ size control would contribute to basic biology, as well as provide target genes for genetic manipulation of rice yield potential. Although organism or organ size is of pivotal importance, the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying it remain far from understood. Here we report the isolation and characterization of reduced organ size with early senescence1 (roses1) mutant in rice. The roses1 mutant was obtained by ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis, and genetic analysis revealed that roses1 mutation is controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. Distinct reduction in the size of organs in roses1 mutant plants was attributed to decreased cell number and cell size detected by histological analysis and the early leaf senescence with green and pale brown stripes, probably due to elevated stomata density detected by microscopy analysis. The ROSES1 gene was isolated by using map-based cloning strategy, encoding a BEL1-like homeobox transcription factor containing a plant-specific peroxidase (POX) domain of unknown function. The b-glucuronidase (GUS) activity driven by the ROSES1 promoter was strongly detected at the root meristem and elongation zone, shoot meristem, node, intercalary meristem of internode, leaf, inflorescence branch, and developing caryopsis and embryo. Differential gene expression analysis revealed potential regulatory networks involved in organ size control and stomata functioning that could be affected by the expression of the ROSES1 protein. X. Gong, Z. Zeng, and Y. Liu, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Univ., Chongqing 400030, China; X. Gong and Z. Zhang, Yudongnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 408000, China; J. Yue, W. Tang, X. Tang, X. Niu, D. Chen, and Y. Liu, College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei Univ. of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; W. Tang and Y. Liu, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan Univ., Chengdu 610064, China; X. Sang and G. He, Rice Research Institute, Southwest Univ., Chongqing 400716, China; F. Xiao, Dep. of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844. X. Gong, Z. Zhang, and J. Yue contributed equally to this work. Received 27 Oct. 2016. Accepted 22 Aug. 2017. *Corresponding author (email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com). Assigned to Associate Editor Lee Tarpley. Abbreviations: DEG, differentially expressed gene; DGE, differential gene expression; EMS, ethyl methanesulfonate; GFP, green fluorescent protein; GO, gene ontology; GUS, b-glucuronidase; LRI, Leaf-rolling index; OD649, optical density at 649 nm; OD665, optical density at 665 nm; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; POX, peroxidase; roses1, reduced organ size with early senescence1; SEM, scanning electron microscopy; SSR, simple sequence repeat; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; TF, transcription factor; WOX, WUSCHEL-related homeobox; WT, wild-type. Published in Crop Sci. 58:486–506 (2018). doi: 10.2135/cropsci2016.10.0910 © Crop Science Society of America | 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Published January 12, 2018


Rub events taken place frequently in rotor-to-stationary element are a serious malfunction in steam turbine generator set. It is one of the foundation works of power generation system for diagnosing the rubbing fault, and some technical countermeasures to prevent the machinery from further severe failures are adopted. Some main reasons, which arouse rub events in turbine machinery, and the mechanism of the rub vibration occurring and growing were introduced and discussed in this paper. The response frequency spectrum characteristics of rub vibration were also summarized up. Several key points of fault diagnosis in the field were given. The main research results and experience of diagnosing technology and measure technology, both theoretical and practical ones in recent years were reviewed and discussed. Based on these discussions and analysis on rotor-to-stationary element rub of steam turbine generation unit, some advices are given for avoiding rub vibration. The results offer an ideal reference for the optimization design and local operation of generation unit.


Abstract The angular asymmetries and relative separations of the hot-spots of FRII radio sources in a complete sample of 3CR sources have been used to study the effects of misalignment of the directions of ejection and the velocities of the hot-spots, in conjunction with a test of Barthel's models which unify radio galaxies and quasars. It is found that the observed distributions of asymmetry angles in radio galaxies and quasars are consistent with unified models, and with the source components being ejected uniformly within an angle of 6–7° about the source axis. The separation quotients are also consistent with the scheme if the velocities of the hot-spots have a broad distribution about a mean of 0.2c, with values extending at least up to 0.4c.


One of the challenges of research in science education is storing, managing and querying the large amounts of diverse student assessment data that are typically collected in many Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) courses. Furthermore, longitudinal studies across courses and ABET accreditation necessitate tracking students throughout their academic programs in which each course will have different types of data. Researchers need to manage, assign metadata to, merge, sort, and query all of these data to support instructional decisions, research and accreditation. To address these needs we have constructed a database to support both data-driven instructional decision making and research in STEM education. We have built upon existing metadata standards to define an extensible Educational Metadata Language (EdML) that enables assessments to be tagged based on taxonomies, standard psychometrics such as difficulty and discrimination, and other data to facilitate cross-study analyses. Once a collection of assessment data are available, faculty can examine their assessment data to evaluate historical trends, analyze the effectiveness of pedagogical techniques and strategies, or compare the performance of different teaching and assessment techniques within their course or across institutions.


This paper presents our initial research on calibrating developed Multi-vision Oblique Photogrammetry System (MOPS). First, 2D point control from so-called Radial Alignment Constrain (RAC) by Tsai's two-stage calibration is outlined and its potential issues to camera calibration accuracy are discussed as well. Second, we make well study on image radial distortion when principle point parameters are ignored and with perspective invariant of space line, one new radial distortion correctness algorithm is proposed based on 2D line control. Third, procedure of Tsai's two-stage calibration is modified to corporate with proposed radial distortion correctness algorithm and new steps to calibrate digital cameras are summarized in detail. Finally, calibration test was implemented on selected digital camera Nikon P5100 by means of 2D chessboard as reference object. The comparison of proposed approach with Tsai's two-stage calibration is also given in this paper and valuable conclusions are conducted as well.


Solid composite propellants are extensively used for propulsion of rockets, missiles and space applications. The composite propellant is a polymeric matrix in which the oxidizer and fuel particles are embedded in a polymeric binder. Different composite propellant mixtures have been prepared using ammonium-perchlorate (ratio 70:30) as oxidant and mixture of aluminium powder (ratio 50:50) as metal component. In the present work, RDX (Cyclotrimethylene trinitramine) has been used in successive increments replacing AP (Ammonium Perchlorate) in number of batches by varying the percentage of solid loading, and studied their different properties such as viscosity build-up, mechanical and ballistic properties.


Overall, this book makes a valuable contribution to the clinical literature dealing specifically with the therapeutic process. It would make a valuable companion text to more research-oriented texts on behaviour therapy. It does a great deal to challenge inaccurate notions of behaviour therapy as being mechanistic, and too technologically focused. Most successful behaviour therapists have long realised the importance of general clinical skills (e.g., interviewing skills, negotiating therapeutic goals, dealing with difficult clients, and so on) in delivering effective treatment. Until now this other "technology " has not been explicated with the degree of precision that has characterised the application of treatment procedures (e.g., exposure therapy).


Chemically synthesized single-crystal silver nanoparticles are used to demonstrate plasmon enhanced visible light emission from nitride semiconductor quantum wells. For ease of assembly and testing, the nanoparticles are embedded onto the surface of flexible resin films, which are then simply adhered on top of the light emitting samples. Large enhancements in photoluminescence efficiency are correspondingly measured at emission wavelengths near the nanoparticle plasmonic resonance. At the same time, when samples emitting at a sufficiently far detuned wavelength are used, the measured efficiency is not affected by the nanoparticles, which confirms the plasmonic origin of the observed enhancement.


The systematic review activity is time-consuming, error prone and labour intensive activity due to the manual processes involved; with data extraction being an extremely difficult and cognitively demanding process. Automation can save a significant amount of time and reduces the workload. However, there is no unified approach for automatic data extraction in systematic reviews. This paper presents a canonical model of structure of the papers that serves as a unified approach and a foundation for subsequent extraction of information from scientific research articles automatically. The model was developed using text mining and natural language processing techniques on one thousand (1000) published research papers. A novel approach was used to identify the various section headings from the papers. This approach achieved an accuracy of 82%. A statistical analysis of the most frequent words/phrases in the section headings was used to build the canonical model of structure of the papers.


Objective:To explore the effects of ICAM 1 and VCAM 1 on the adherence of rIL 2 activated umbilical lymphocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC). Methods:① Activated umbilical lymphocytes were put on the surface of the cultured HUVEC sheet.After a certain period of time, the adherence rate was calculated. ② The phenotypes of adherent lymphocytes were studied with APAAP method. Results:①ICAM 1 and VCAM 1 McAb obviously lower the adherent activity of activated lymphocytes.The former decreased the adherent rate from 56.54% to 41.6%(P0.05),and the latter to 30.3%(P0.05). ② ICAM 1 McAb lowered the adherence of CD8 +,raised the adherence of CD4 +,and have no significant effect on CD56 +,while VCAM 1 McAb increased the adherence of CD8 +,lowered the adherence of CD56 + and have no significant effect on CD4 +. Conclusion:The adherent activity of activated lymphocytes is stronger obviously than that of unactivated ones.ICAM 1 and VCAM 1 may participate in the regulation of the adherence of activated lymphocytes to HUVEC.


*Corresponding author: Ginger HF Shu, MD, MPH, Department of Radiology, Chi-Mei Foundation Medical Center, Tainan City, ROC, Taiwan, Tel: 886.6.726.3333, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Citation: Lin MP, Yen-Li Chen YL, Ginger HF Shu (2018) Diagnosis of a Gangrenous, Strangulated & Incarcerated Inguinal Hernia by Identifying C-Shaped Small Bowel Loops and the Serrated Beak Appearance. SAJ Case Rep 5: 407 CASE REPORT Open Access


It is very important to determine the proper or accurate sample size in any field of research. Sometimes researchers cannot take the decision that how many numbers of individuals or objects will they select for their study purpose. Also, a set of survey data is used to verify that central limit theorem (CLT) for different sample sizes. From the data of 1348 students, we got the average weight for our population of BRAC University students is 62.62 kg with standard deviation 11.79 kg. We observed that our sample means became better estimators of the true population mean. In addition, the shape of the distribution became more Normal as the sample size increased. So it is concluded that our simulation results were consistent with the central limit theorem.


A 68-year-old woman with intercondylar fracture of the femur suffers massive (high risk) pulmonary embolism (PE) during surgery and is suc-cessfully treated with systemic thrombolysis. After limb exsanguinations with Esmarch bandage, the patient presents with sudden oxygen desaturation (99% to 80%) with subsequent dyspnea and hypotension. She is intubated and requires continuous adrenalin perfusion while the surgery is finished and until she can be transferred to the reanimation ward. We decide to perform transthoracic echocardiogram (her general condition impedes transfer to tomography) which confirms right ventricular overload and pulmonary hypertension. These findings justify systemic thrombolysis, which is performed with good results. Surgery, and in particular orthopedic surgery, increase the risk of PE. When considering high risk PE, guidelines recommend primary reperfusion strategy through systemic thrombolysis (which can be contraindicated in surgery patients) or catheter-assisted thrombus removal (less widely available). Lately, surgical pulmonary embolectomy is being discussed as a treatment option for patients with contraindication to thrombolysis, but this practice is still uncommon.


This paper discusses research on lignite deposits and kidney and renal pelvic cancers in Texas from 1980 to 1998. This study also probes the role of such factors as race, gender, and socioeconomic status on mortality rates for these cancers.


A finite difference technique has been developed to study the Newtonian jet swell problem. The streamfunction and vorticity were used as dependent variables to describe the jet flow. The boundary-fitted co-ordinate transformation method was adopted to map the flow geometry into a rectangular domain. The standard finite difference method was then applied for solving the flow equations. The location of the jet free surface was updated by the kinematic boundary condition, and an adjustable parameter was included in the free-surface iteration. We could obtain numerical solutions for the Reynolds number as high as 100, and the differences between the present study and previous finite element simulations on the jet swell ratio are less than 5%.


In order to integrate efficiently multi-agent based models(ABM)and geographic information system(GIS)and to promote the performance of computing,this paper tries to put forward a framework of an integrated urban micro-simulation software platform—GRID-ABGIS,an agent-based GIS with GRID computing.Firstly,this article reviews the characteristics of system structures in several classical researches on urban micro-simulation.Then,the authors summary an urban simulation information system by using the skills of software engineering from those researches.Secondly,the paper discusses the information processes of urban micro-simulation applications and analyzes the system requirements of a micro-simulation software platform.Thirdly,it presents a detail design for Grid ABGIS,including the system architecture of Grid ABGIS,the data model of ABGIS and the ABGIS object architecture.Finally,a series of technological problems in realizing ABGIS prototype are explored.


An overview of the films and their Studio A page that shows some places that helped inspire scenes in the movies


Combined with the current market situation of domestic Yoga clothes,it researched comfort evaluations and demands of Yoga practitioners by questionnaire investigation.The statistical analysis showed that when choosing Yoga clothes,the majority of practitioners placed most importance to fabric and structure,and hoped to improve the comfort of Yoga clothes by structural optimization.


Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is a commercial technology that allows converting synthesis gas, a mixture of CO and H2, into fuels and chemicals. This process could be one of the actors in the reduction ...


In present, the DBB(Double ball bar) measurement system which measure the motion error of multi-axis Machinine Too1s was in the limelight of machine tools industary. This DBB measurement system was more easier to using and more complexible to apply than the other Measure system(Grid encoder, Laser measurement system, Direct test). DBB measurement system will be secured reliability by The direct cutting test which is tested by machining the workpiece.


a) a fluoroplastic, b) having exactly one hydroxyl group, contains no thiol group, a hydroxyl group is bonded to an aromatic carbon, with the aromatic material, c) salt capable of forming together with the aromatic material a salt forming compound, d) a composition comprising a phase transfer catalyst optionally is provided. Further, the reaction product of the composition described herein, multilayer articles comprising them compositions and reaction products, as well as compositions, process for preparing the reaction product, and an article are also provided.


Gas chromatography shows that the coix oil extracted from coix lachrymal-jobi by absolute ethanol contains six kinds of fatty acid which components are the same as those extracted by petroleum ether on the whole. The contents of oleic acid and linoleic acid are 49.3% and 32.9% respectively. The latter is 4.1% percent higher than that extracted by petroleum ether. Liquid chromatography shows that the coix oil extracted from coix lachrymal-jobi by absolute ethanol contains VA and VE which are 16 times and 4 times higher than those extracted by petroleum ether respectively.


This article provides the result of a review of existing masculinity research within the university context. The objective of the present study was to determine the topics of analysis, characteristics, and tendencies of recent studies in this field. A search was performed in Scopus and Ebsco, using the search terms: masculinity and university students, which yielded 72 studies for analysis. The most commonly-explored topics among the investigations reviewed were as follows: the construction of masculinity, masculine social norms and gender stereotypes, romantic relationships, masculinity and health, attitudes toward sexual minorities and their effects, masculinity and violence, and masculinity and alcohol consumption. It was concluded that the shaping of masculinity in the university environment is a complex experience, influenced by the intermixing of traditional masculinity and vested with cultural, social, historical, and personal factors.


Minimally invasive medical procedures under magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance have significant clinical promise. However, this potential has not been fully realized yet due to challenges regarding MRI compatibility and miniaturization of active and precise positioning systems inside MRI scanners, i.e., restrictions on ferromagnetic materials and long conductive cables and limited space around the patient for additional instrumentation. Lorentz force‐based electromagnetic actuators can overcome these challenges with the help of very high, axial, and uniform magnetic fields (3–7 Tesla) of the scanners. Here, a miniature, MRI‐compatible, and optically powered wireless Lorentz force actuator module consisting of a solar cell and a coil with a small volume of 2.5 × 2.5 × 3.0 mm3 is proposed. Many of such actuator modules can be used to create various wireless active structures for future interventional MRI applications, such as positioning needles, markers, or other medical tools on the skin of a patient. As proof‐of‐concept prototypes toward such applications, a single actuator module that bends a flexible beam, four modules that rotate around an axis, and six modules that roll as a sphere are demonstrated inside a 7 Tesla preclinical MRI scanner.


This paper presents the results of a detailed study of the practice and management of quality control in the chemical manufacturing industry. A questionnaire survey formed the first part of the investigation, which reveals that this sector of industry makes surprisingly low use of statistical quality control techniques. Information on the organization and operation of QC suggests that the industry has well documented analysis procedures and collects large volumes of data. It is pointed out, however, that statistically valid interpretation and use of this material, particularly in process control, is not prevalent.


With the outstanding of economic and environmental conflicts, issues between them are increasingly becoming the focus of the world. This paper used the directional distance function to measure Chinese industry environmental technical efficiency during 2001-2008, and it used the efficiency to evaluate the coordination of environment, energy and industrial growth. It found that Chinese environment, energy and industrial growth in a more coordinated state, but there is still some energy saving and emission reduction space from static perspective and dynamic perspective. Through trend analysis, the technical efficiency of Chinese environment in recent years had been an upward trend, "the 11th Five-Year Development Guidelines" had achieved remarkable results; static and dynamic analysis, coordination gap between the industry was relatively large.


Mobile technologies are proving transformative in enabling financial inclusion across both the developing and developed worlds. Policymakers in developing countries are at the forefront of innovative financial inclusion policies. In Australia however, the nearly universal access to banking draws attention away from a growing underbanked population, and technology-enabled financial inclusion is not yet on the policy radar. Remote Indigenous communities are the most financially and digitally excluded group in Australia. The literature on the use of mobile phones in these communities, and patterns of money management and banking is fragmentary. For underbanked Indigenous participants, their remoteness, combined with cultural preferences for face to face banking, means that many people pay higher account keeping and transaction fees. Though many have access to mobile phones (half of which are smart phones), mobile phone banking is not yet popular. An ongoing study of money, banking and mobile phones in remote Indigenous Australia frames the design and policy problems for industry and government. It outlines a methodology for gaining evidence about the underbanked and identifying user problems. It also suggests ways of designing 'culturally appropriate' financial products, services and education programs, which can be followed to address financial exclusion of other underbanked communities in Australia.


The background of this text is formed by Hartmut Rosa's theory of resonance, developed in his latest book; Resonanz: Eine Soziologie der Weltbeziehung (2016). At the Kolleg Postwachstumsgesellschaften of the FriedrichSchiller-Universität Jena, I wrote a working paper (Between Alienation and Resonance: Atomization and Embedment from Schopenhauer to Camus, from Hegel to Honneth, and from Thoreau to Houellebecq) in which I analyzed different Weltbeziehungen as developed by a wide range of authors – both philosophers and literary writers – in regard to the question of how they could contribute to an understanding of "resonance" (M. Peters, 2015). I will return to this concept below.


To validate a model to stratify patients with obstructive nephropathy due to malignant ureteric obstruction, associated with a poor prognosis, into different prognostic groups, as a recent report identified low serum albumin, degree of hydronephrosis and number of events related to metastatic disease as prognostic indicators before palliative decompression.


Population-based studies in high-income countries have failed to find that male circumcision protects against sexually transmitted infections. Using evidence from several sources, we show that male circumcision does protect against HIV during insertive intercourse for men who have sex with men. Key Messages Population-based studies in high-income countries have generally failed to find protection of male circumcision (MC) against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This stems from the overrepresentation of men who have sex with men (MSM) in national STI statistics, with inability of MC to protect against STIs during receptive anal intercourse. Studies of men from settings where MC is performed early in life showed lower prevalence of STIs in circumcised men. However, a Danish database study reported an association of early MC with an increased risk of STIs. The study's findings were underpowered, contained questionable statistical methods, failed to consider receptive anal intercourse by MSM, and failed to adequately exclude non-ethnic Danes. Biological plausibility of infant MC in reducing infection risk is supported by its well-established ability to protect against infant urinary tract infections, as well as pathogenic bacteria and other microorganisms, across all ages. Childhood MC appears effective for protection against various specific STIs irrespective of the country where it was performed.


Information about chemicals' properties, potential hazards and regulations can be found in hundreds of Web sites from the EPA to state governments. Chemical information is critical for a multitude of business and government sectors in inventory management, environmental impact assessment, emergency response and public health. The Webbased Environmental Knowledge Assessment Tool (EKAT) developed for the United States Marine Corps catalogs more than 14,000 chemicals and queries policy and health regulations by jurisdiction via Web search. To leverage chemical information, Web services were developed in combination with an ArcGIS tool to integrate chemical knowledge with features stored in a geodatabase. Chemical information is linked to common features such as land parcels, buildings, soil or geologic formation, well/boreholes, streams/rivers, and transportation networks in existing data models. The power of ArcGIS spatial modeling and analysis can be harnessed for environmental modeling and assessment, hazardous substance inventory tracking and management, emergency and hazmat response.


THE Avignon Piet'a (Fig. 1) is to be distinguished from most earlier Pieta's.' The theme of the Virgin supporting the body of her dead Son had from its earliest appearances in mediaeval art and literature been expressed in a highly emotional manner. Alost often the Virgin had been imagined clutching the body of her Son as if unable to relinquish Him to the tomb, or dreaming that she held Hin in her lap once more as an infant. The tone is frequently violent, shrill, or morbid whereas the Avignon Pieta exhibits an ordered restraint. At the center of the painting the hands of the Virgin, rather than holding the body of her Son, are pressed together in prayer; their axial form is repeated in the larger, similar form of her upper body, also a narrow, upright triangle. The torso of Christ is horizontal, its direction extending to include the ministering hands of the Magdalene, holding the jar of ointment, and of John, removing the Crown of Thorns. The arrangement is stable and self-contained, suggesting associations with the liturgy rather than the theater or novelistic accounts of the Passion such as that of PseudoBonaventura. Less regular forms, especially the bending and shadowed face of the Virgin and the long, slanting legs and right arm of Christ, modify the character of the center; their psychic equivalent is a pathos which alters but does not disrupt the prevailing dignity, as when a liturgical ritual is informed by strong personal feeling. The following notes attempt to provide sources for the Avignon Pieta in the history of religious thought and imagery.


Objective To assess patients' self-management behaviors and examine factors influencing self-management behaviors in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.Methods This research was conducted as a descriptive survey by 125 patients from a hemodialysis clinic in Tianjin.The data were collected with self-management behaviors questionnaire of hemodialysis patients and self-efficacy scale for managing chronic disease.Results Regression analysis revealed sex,educational level and selfefficacy were independent predictors for self-management behaviors.Conclusions Hemodialysis patients' self-management behaviors need to be improved in the future.Healthcare professionals should recognize the factors hindering self-management behaviors from the patients' perspective while assisting them with appropriate skills in making behaviors changes possible.

Key words:
Hemodialysis;  Self-management behaviors;  Related factors


Verbal coding research suggests that many mnemonic processes can be explained in terms of the control transformations necessary to produce them. This experiment compared learning of a categorized noun list across both imagery and clustering instructional sets. Twelve control subjects received no instructions. In each instructional group (N = 72, ns = 12), half of the subjects saw the category names before learning, and the alternate half did not see the names. Mnemonic conditions did not differ in words recalled, and the control subjects remembered significantly fewer words than either mnemonic group. Providing names before list learning did not affect the amount recalled. An analysis of organization scores essentially supported previous findings involving intermnemonic comparisons.


Angiolipomas are benign lesions that are frequently found in subcutaneous cellular tissue, but are rarely located in the gastrointestinal tract. Here we discuss a case of colonic angiolipoma that presented as a mass near the hepatic flexure, occupying approximately 90% of the colonic lumen. The diagnosis was made by endoscopy and computed tomography. The mass was resected successfully and diagnosis was confirmed by histological studies and immunohistochemical tests.


The rapid development of tourism needs more talent urgently,but nowadays there appears great contrast between tourism personnel training and tourism market demand.Hence,the vocational colleges should change philosophy of schooling,foster group of teachers with qualifications of teacher and vocation,and build perfect laboratory on campus and long-run practice base outside the col-leges.Meanwhile,the tourism management major should train students' professional spirit and hard-working ability,improve their cul-tural quality and humanistic awareness,take the training mode of cooperation between colleges and enterprises,and reach the aim of graduation with two certifications and mutual application of the two certifications.


Deposition of PZT with UV laser ablation for realization of thin film sensors and actuators. Deposition rate of more than 3 micron/hour was attained by pulsed KrF excimer laser deposition, which is fairly better than those obtained by other methods like sputtering and sol-gel process. Perovskite phase was obtained at room temperature deposition with fast atom beam (FAB) treatment and annealing. Cohesion between substrate and PZT were also improved with FAB irradiation during deposition. Smart MEMS is now a subject of interest in the field of micro optical device, micro pump, AFM cantilever devices etc. It can be fabricated by deposition of PZT thin films and micromachining. The reported thin films have been mostly prepared by sol-gel process and sputtering process. However PZT film of more than 1 micron thickness is difficult to obtain because of low deposition rate for sputtering process. However PZT film of more than 1 micron thickness is difficult to obtain because of low deposition rate for sputtering and accumulated thermal stress in sol-gel process. This is the reason why we applied excimer laser ablation for thin film deposition. Deposition was done in an ultra high vacuum chamber with 6 targets and a 3 inches wafer size substrate which can be heated up to 1273 K. Targets and substrate were rotated during deposition for improvement of thickness uniformity of deposited layer. Effects of deposition parameters such as LASER wave length, power density and radiation conditions were investigated on deposition rate and film properties. Effect of annealing was also investigated with XRD analysis. Relative dielectric constant is measured for thin films, and the micromachined cantilever beams were fabricated for measuring the deflection of the beams.


This study aims to construct a model of earnings management consisting of: audit quality and audit committee as independent variables, professional commitment as moderating variables and earnings management as the dependent variable. The population of this study includes: first, the financial reports of manufacturing companies on the IDX in 2022 totaling 193 companies. Second, there are 193 public accountants who audit the company's financial statements. Then, the number of samples was determined by the Ferdinand formula (2018), then taken by random sampling to obtain 130 data each. Primary data in the form of audit quality and professional commitment variables were obtained by sending questionnaires to public accountants as respondents via the Google form. Secondary data in the form of the company's financial statements and the audit committee were collected by accessing idx.co.id. After the data is collected, it is then analyzed with Partial Least Square. Before being analyzed, first tested: validity, reliability, linearity, and goodness of fit. The hypothesis was tested by t-test. The results prove that the earnings management model is constructed by: first, audit quality and audit committee as independent variables capable of reducing earnings management practices. Second, professional commitment as a moderator can strengthen the negative relationship between audit quality and audit committees and earnings management.


Subtitle: One hundred years ago, the Honourable Charles Stewart Rolls was laid to rest at the early age of 32, his life terminated after his aircraft failed structurally in mid-air.


Two ecological homologue fruit fly species, viz. Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) and B. tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Dacini) are most pernicious pests of most cucurbits in India and many other countries. Studies/ experiments were carried out on their comparative morphology, biology, population dynamics and effect of weather components on the same, and control strategies by using different combination of baits, attractant and insecticide. Notes are given on the nomenclatural status and distribution of these Bactrocera species. Comparative morphological descriptions and illustrations have been given for immature stages, viz. eggs, three larval instars and pupae of these two Bactrocera species. Length and width of eggs of these species were 1.20-1.38 and 0.25-0.30 mm and 1.3-1.6 and 0.22-0.24 mm, respectively. In egg of B. cucurbitae anterior area behind micropyle was mammilate. Larval instars of these species had differences in the structures of their cephalopharyngeal skeletons, spiracles and caudal segments. Mouthhooks of third instar larvae of B. cucurbitae have small preapical teeth and the same was absent in B. tau. Numbers of tubules on outer margin of anterior spiracles were 17-20 and 14-16 in B. cucurbitae, and B. tau, respectively. These species had 7-14, and 14-18 spiracular hairs in dorsal and ventral bundles while their numbers were 4-7, and 5-9 in lateral bundles. Mature larva of B. cucurbitae had a dark line on intermediate area of caudal segment which was absent in B. tau. The pupa of B. cucurbitae had a dark line across the middle of posterior end. Adults of both species had three pairs of frontal setae. Gena is also yellowish in B. cucurbitae while in B. tau it has a dark spot below compound eye. Scutum is mostly rufous in B. cucurbitae and orange-brown in B. tau and three postsutural yellow vittae were present in both species. B. tau scutum has conspicuous black markings in areas between lateral and median postsutural vittae and also in areas behind humeral calli. Costal bands were continuous in both species. Wing of B. cucurbitae had a small spot on crossvein r-m and a large spot around crossvein DM-Cu while these spots are absent in B. tau. Abdominal tergites of both species had characteristic black markings. Characters of male genitalia and female ovipositors of these species have also been discussed and illustrated. Host range and nature of infestation and damage done by both species is discussed. Life history traits of both species include brief notes on adult feeding, mating, oviposition and larval activity. The preoviposition periods in B. cucurbitae and B. tau were 14-17 and 11-13 days, respectively while the number of eggs laid/ day by the female fly of these species varied between 8-15 and 6-12, respectively. Average incubation period; average larval duration; average pupal duration and total duration (egg to adult emergence) in B. cucurbitae and B. tau were 1.14, 1.24 days; 6.91, 7.10 days; 9.00, 10.40 days and 17.05, 18.74 days, respectively. The egg hatchability of B. cucurbitae and B. tau was 87.50 and 77.50 per cent, respectively. Average survival of their larvae and pupae were 82.50, 80.00; and 81.25, 75.00 per cent, respectively. Sex ratio (male: female) of these species were 1:1.36 and 1:1.27, respectively. Population dynamics of these Bactrocera species was studied at three locations during the years 2010-11 and 2011-12 by weekly count of male flies trapped in plastic bottle traps containing protein hydrolysate (as bait), cue-lure and spinosad. Adults of both species were available throughout during both years and exhibited somewhat uniform pattern in terms of their numbers during different months. Maximum mean weekly population of both species was observed in the months of August during both years of experimentation at all three locations and thereafter a decreasing trend was observed. The population of both species was either nil or negligible in the months of December and January and subsequently an increasing trend was observed in the populations of these two species. Besides this, the population of B. cucurbitae was much higher than B. tau. At all three locations maximum and minimum temperatures, minimum relative humidity at 14 hrs and rainfall showed a positive and significant correlation with populations of both species during both years while morning relative humidity at 7 hrs exhibited a negative correlation in all cases. Efficacy of different combinations of baits, attractant and insecticide was evaluated for annihilation of males of two Bactrocera species. These formulations were used in traps and had differences only in bait component. Maximum numbers of males of both species were annihilated in August followed by July. From September a decline was observed in the number of annihilated flies which reached at lowest level or nil in the months of December and January. Subsequently the rate of annihilation increased gradually with an increase in temperature. The formulation consisting of 5g Protein bait + Cue-lure (1ml) + Spinosad (0.5ml) was found most effective in annihilation of males of both species while the treatment without bait annihilated minimum numbers of flies. The results also suggested that more number of flies of both species were annihilated in first year of experimentation than second year.


Abstract This article considers the processes by which teachers acquire the ability to engage in reflection on their teaching. The discussion draws on the author's experience with practising teachers who attended university seminars on the topic of teacher thinking. The work of Freire is used to suggest three stages which are important in working toward the development of self‐reflexiveness, to account for some of the difficulties experienced by both teachers and instructor, and to generate approaches to the enhancement of teachers' ability to reflect critically on their practice.


Blasting technology is the common driving methods, in order to improve the speed of excavation, and the driving quality of roadway, normally in the course of blasting the around eyes should be a low detonation velocity, low density, high sensitivity, high-explosive detonation stable, and low-power explosive. In engineering practice, after the cut holes blasting explosive charges, only the top broken rocks of the department were thrown, while the remaining compression cylindrical charge only have exerted effects, less energy for the rock throwing, so the larger part of the still stuck remained in the groove, the reason is that dynamite charge did not explode generate sufficient amount of gases. About throwing effects, are generally considered by detonation, shock wave and stress wave interaction, in which the most significant effect were expansion effect and the gas of explosion generated. By some experiments, the results showing that explosives and gunpowder joint charges compare with dynamite charge has a significant difference. Firstly, joint charges is a kind of detonator sensitivity of low detonation velocity, low power explosives, the project would be conducted without the help of the air interval charge to achieve the detonating effect, and it will charge directly; Secondly, the joint charges of the detonation gases volume are greater than dynamite charge, markedly enhanced air wedge effect, and the crushing effect has also improved, so to the rapid blasting excavation charge, it will provide a reasonable basis.


Information science is concerned with human actions to the extent that it deals with their constitutive elements of communication. Today, a large part of information actions is configured in the virtual technological plane. For us to think of the possibilities of signification of information in the rhizomatic and interactive spaces of communication, we propose to broaden the cognitive matrix of information science in favor of a pragmatic (Wittgensteinian) perspective of understanding of language, and then, of information. We further venture to rethink based on the pragmatic concept, the instruments of intermediation of information broadly developed in the area, therefore, considering the complex and dynamic nature of the language that is constituted in its use in acts of communication (virtual or not). 1: The repositioning of the subject and the use of language in the virtual field We feel that information science hovers over (and even "crosscuts") human actions to the extent that it deals with their constitutive elements, that are related to the "communication of communication". To pin its object of study to some physical or symbolically static substrate would be to reduce its power to that of a simple intermediary area of knowledge. However, this science should have the competence to germinate and fructify knowledge. Sustaining and basing itself on theories, on concepts and methodologies that broaden its perception of the subject and its interrelationships (between them, between them and the world, and between those that intermediate with the world), we believe that such an area will have the conditions to do justice to its potentiality, independently of technological tendencies and developments. At the present time, the technological configurations of communication known as post-media hold as their horizon of perfection the communication of everyone with everyone and, in real situations, they increasingly extend and contemplate the interaction between the offer of information and its demand. We use the concept of virtual, in the first place to designate applications, planes and technological configurations that contemplate information, computerized or not, available on the World Wide Web, on the Internet. In the current technological mediations characterized by the Internet, and that we judge to be close to a rhizomatic structure (Deleuze & Guattari 1997, 221), we situate three conditions for information production and use: • the virtual syntactic planes, in which contents offered do not necessarily pass through institutional filters, being in a certain way decontextualized in terms of origin and authorship. They configure themselves as a syntactic set of data that will be retrieved, generally by computer search engines, based on logical connections established by the system. This system, in turn, will link the descriptor used by an individual in an information search, to the descriptor used in the content of the documents. But this operation does not consider the context of the proposition in which the concept was registered and neither the context in which it was found; • the virtual semantic planes, in which propositional contexts of use of concepts become considerations in the connective actions of the retrieval of information; • the virtual pragmatic planes in which contents are constituted and retrieved interactively on the basis of direct or indirect interventions between their searchers.


Samples of two types of insulating oil used in transformers and switch-gear components in Egypt are experimentally tested to determine the breakdown-change of their dielectric constant and of their breakdown voltage. A standard oil tester is used to apply high voltage to the samples at two different rates and two different time intervals. The breakdown voltage of each sample is measured at the two rates. At each value of the breakdown voltage we measure the dielectric constant of the oil sample by a novel method using a laser beam. This method employs a research ellipsometer composed of a polarizer, a compensator, and an analyzer. The ellipsometer is used in the straight-through position and in the null mode. Selected experimental results obtained for one type of oil (GSA) at one time interval between successive breakdowns (one minute) at two different rates of application of the high voltage (500 and 3000 V/sec) are presented in this condensed form. Other results for the same type of oil at two-minutes time intervals, and for samples of Diala B insulating oil at the same test conditions are obtained and referred to.


Calamity visited the Han Dynasty more often than not,and consecutive calamities brought endless hardship and misery to Han governments and the people.Facing with the hard situation and terrorized by the thought of calamity as God denounce,the ruling regimes put into practice certain anti calamity measures.Institution,law,practicing process and classical learning for anti calamity deal appeared in this period.Effects of anti calamity measure were affected by financial and official conditions.


Foreward: Justice and the Outsider by David ColeAcknowledgmentsList of Abbreviations1. Open Markets, Militarized Borders?: Immigration Enforcement Today (Philip Kretsedemas and David C. Brotherton)Part I: The Expansion of Immigration Enforcement: Before 9/112. Unchecked Power Against Undesirables: Haitians, Mariel Cubans, and Guantanamo (Mark Dow)3. Immigration, Terrorism, and Secret Pirsons (Dan Malone)4. Democracy and Immigration (Ira J. Kurzban)Part II: Noncitizens as Security Threats: After 9/115. Racializing, Criminalizing, and Silencing 9/11 Deportees (Irum Sheikh)6. Presumption of Guilt: September 11 and the Americal Muslim Community (Arsalan Iftikhar)7. American and British Constructions of Asylum Seekers: Moral Panic, Detention, and Human Rights (Michael Welch and Liza Schuster)Part III: From Incarceration to Deportation8. Exiling New Yorkers (David C. Brotherton)9. Invisible Removal, Endless Detention, Limited Relief: A Taste of Immigration Court Representation for Detained Noncitizens (Abira Ashfaq)10. Why Black Immigrants Matter: Refocusing the Discussion on Racism and Immigration Enforcement (Tamara K. Nopper)Part IV: Inside the Immigration Prison Systems: Activist Perspectives11. Rafiu's Story: An American Immigrant Nightmare (Malik Ndaula with Debbie Satyal)12. Familes for Freedom: Against Deportation and Delegalization (Subhash Kateel and Aarti Shahani)Part V: Looking for "Illegals"13. Bordering the Other in the U.S. Southwest: El Pasoans Confront the Local Sheriff (Kathleen Staudt)14. Framing the Debate on Taxes and Undocumented Workers: A Critical Review of Texts Supporting Proenforcement Policies and Practices (Jorge Capetillo-Ponce)15. What Does an Undocumented Immigrant Look Like?: Local Enforcement and the New Immigrant Profiling (Philip Kretsedemas)Conclusion: Immigration Reform at a Crossroads (Philip Kretsademas and David C. Brotherton)Appendix: An Annotated List of Immigration LawsGlossaryAbout the ContributorsIndex


Pro‐oxidative stressors suppress host immunity via generating oxidized lipids with Platelet‐activating Factor‐receptor (PAF‐R) agonist activity. Since many chemotherapeutic agents are potent pro‐oxidative stressors, the present studies investigated if chemotherapy could thwart host anti‐tumor immunity against melanoma via PAF‐R activation. We demonstrate that treatment of melanoma cell lines and tumors with chemotherapeutic agents generates PAF‐R‐agonists. In a dual tumor model, we show that intratumoral chemotherapy with melphalan or etoposide of one tumor significantly augments the growth of other (untreated) tumor in wild‐type but not in PAF‐R‐deficient hosts. Chemotherapy‐mediated PAF‐R‐dependent increased tumor growth is blocked by systemic administration of antioxidants and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitors. In addition, depleting antibodies against regulatory T cells (Tregs) significantly attenuated chemotherapy‐mediated enhanced tumor growth, suggesting the role of Tregs. Moreover, using FoxP3EGFP transgenic mice, we show that COX‐2 inhibitor blocked intratumoral Tregs, indicating that Tregs are downstream to COX‐2. Finally, PAF‐R agonists were identified in perfusates of melanoma patients undergoing isolated limb perfusion with melphalan chemotherapy. These findings provide evidence for a novel pathway by which PAF‐R agonists produced via chemotherapy modulate tumor growth via COX‐2‐Treg pathway. These studies explain some instances of chemotherapy treatment failure and provide potential therapeutic targets that could enhance the overall anti‐tumor effectiveness of chemotherapy.


The goal of this study is to argue that the — yiqtol construction has an evidential meaning when employed with reference to the past. The yiqtol functions in these situations as an evidential strategy and is used to express the source of information. For instance, Exod. 15:1, which famously begins with , should be understood as 'then (as reported / as they say) Moses sang'. The words added between brackets refer to the source of information. In most biblical passages where this rare and puzzling construction is attested the evidential yiqtol appears with deictic markers that tie the world of the narrative to that of the authors and of the audience. Interestingly, paratextual elements and redactional observations support the idea that we are dealing with evidential strategies. Finally, the Hebrew Bible seems to contain additional instances of the evidential yiqtol in a similar construction ( — yiqtol).


This paper addresses the relative position coordinated control problem for spacecraft formation flying under an undirected communication graph, whilst considering mass uncertainties, external disturbances, and limited communication resources. A new event-triggered information transmission mechanism is first presented, where each spacecraft only requires accessing to the states of neighbors intermittently. Subsequently, a novel event-based coordinated control scheme is proposed by combining a smooth adaptive projection rule that confines the parameter estimations to well-defined bounded convex hypercubes. Under the proposed control framework, the information exchange among spacecraft occurs only when the specified event is triggered, thereby significantly reducing the communication load and saving the onboard resources. Furthermore, a positive lower bound on interevent time intervals is guaranteed to exclude Zeno behavior. By virtue of Lyapunov stability analysis and graph theory, it is proved that the relative position tracking errors can converge to small invariant sets around the origin, and that all closed-loop signals are bounded, even in the presence of mass uncertainties and external disturbances. Finally, numerical simulations are given to evaluate the effectiveness and highlight the advantages of the developed control algorithm.


In recent years, essential oil has been the subject matter of many investigations due to its eco-friendly and bio-degradable nature. Geranium oil is one of the various essential oils that are used as mosquito repellent. However, stability is one of the issues related to essential oil fonnulations. Incorporation of essential oil in a control-release formulation could solve the problem and it also offers several advantages. In this work, a new delivery system for mosquito repellent based on the incorporation of geranium oil into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) has been studied. The following has been employed for the production of geranium oil loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (GO-SLNs): 5-15% (w/w) stearic acid as the lipid, 0.5-3% (w/w) soy lecithin as the emulsifier, 0.5-3% (w/w) Tween 80 as the co-emulsifier, 5-20% (w/w) dichloromethane also as the co-emulsifier and 8% (w/w) geranium oil as the active ingredient. GO-SLNs were prepared using ultrasonicsolvent emulsification technique. GO-SLNS were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photon cross correlation spectroscopy (PCCS), gel filtration and gas chromatography (GC). Results showed that the variation in the amount of ingredients affected geranium oil loading capacity and mean particle size. Increasing the concentrations of lipid, emulsifier and co-emulsifier resulted in the increase in the mean particle size from 46 nm to 114 nm. Geranium oil encapsulation efficiency (EE) was in the range of 92-99% (w/w). Production of high quality SLNS loaded with geranium oil has been demonstrated.


Existing marketing literature within the electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) research stream is not considering the unique characteristics and implications of social networking sites (SNS) as they derive from traditional Word of Mouth (WOM) characteristics as well. Exploring the role of eWOM within SNS will contribute to the academic understanding of what drives consumers to share information about products or services in this novel area, which then can be used to illustrate marketers in terms of how to communicate or influence their consumers.


The function of a state, as law institution, is about to make certain the leader competence that is to continuously perform ijtihad (effort) as inseparable part siyasah syar'iyyah (the politic of government). This is completely a dynamic domain as well as able to create flaming desire in the body of Islamic community since the era of khulafaur rasyidin up to present time. On the management of politics and government, it is undeniable that Islam appears as the most powerful force that finally takes to the great, authoritative, and accepted civilization in world politics.  In this context Umar Ibn al-Khattab became the champion. This article describes the form of political effort buildings of Umar Ibn al-Khattab manifested maslahah mursalah as an integral part and the destination of Islamic government's political concept.   It also turned to be political effort priority at any fields, the implementation of contextual fiqh (Islamic law) in the Islamic government from the perspective of siyasah syar'iyyah meaning context as the basis of public prosperity and profits.


The aesthetic education of college students should break down traditional education ways and mewns,bring up noble quality of virture,open up intellectual of aesthetic and lift and make personality perfect.


Purpose

The fluid flow in a rotating channel is obviously different from that in a stationary channel due to the existence of Coriolis force, which, in turn, enhances the heat transfer on the trailing side and reduces the heat transfer on the leading side. The purpose of this paper is to study various rib configurations combined with channel orientation on heat transfer and frictional loss in a rotating channel.

Design/methodology/approach

In the present study, the k-ω SST model was used as the turbulence model. The fluid flow direction in the channel is radially outward. The angle between the rotation axis and leading side is 45°. The channel aspect ratio (W/H) is 2, the blockage ratio (e/Dn ) is 0.1 and the pitch ratio (P/e) is 10. The Reynolds number is fixed at 10,000 and the rotation number varies from 0 to 0.7. Angled ribs, reversed angled ribs, standard V-shaped ribs and outer-leaning V-shaped ribs, are examined.

Findings

It is found that the reversed angled rib configuration and the outer-leaning V-shaped rib configuration display better heat transfer performance than the V-shaped ribs in rotating condition, which is in contrast to stationary condition. At the leading side, the reversed angled rib and the outer-leaning V-shaped rib show better performance in recovering the heat transfer recession due to the negative effects of the Coriolis force.

Research limitations/implications

In the present study, the fluid is incompressible with constant thermophysical properties and the flow is steady.

Practical implications

The results of this study will be helpful in design of ribbed channels internal cooling for turbine blade.

Originality/value

The results imply that the rib configuration combined with channel orientation significantly impacts the heat transfer performance in a rotating channel. The reversed angled rib and the outer-leaning V-shaped rib show better heat transfer performance than standard V-shaped ribs, especially at high Rotating numbers, which is in contrast to stationary condition. The outer-leaning V-shaped rib has a relatively good heat transfer uniformity along the widthwise direction.


Coastal marine monitoring is a specialized field of research requiring the acquisition of long-term datasets regarding the main physico-chemical and biological variables that characterize the aquatic environments as a key strategy to depict the environmental status and its possible changes due to natural or anthropogenic stressors. During the last few decades, the devices used in this research field underwenta great evolution. This progress has been made possible by the advancement of the technologies and data processing that have resulted in the availability of new systems for autonomous monitoring. This paper reviews the state of the art of coastal marine monitoring systems developed since 1988 at the Istituto Sperimentale Talassografico—Experimental Thalassographic Institute of Messina (CNR IST), a part of the Italian National Research Council, and continued when the Institute was incorporated into the Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero—Institute for Marine Coastal Environment (IAMC). The research activity focused on coastal marine monitoring starting at the end of 1988 and lasting for about 30 years, up to the re-organization of the CNR Institutes. This event led to the redistribution of former marine research centers into new Institutes, with missions different to those characterizing the previous structures. Monitoring experiments were performed, and new automatic devices were developed and tested. Some of these systems, including water samplers and integrated data acquisition and transmission systems, are reported.


A novel coronavirus, called COVID-19, was found in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and hasspread to various urban areas in China as well as to 24 different nations. The number of confirmedcases is proliferating on a daily basis and has been declared a pandemic lately. In this brief currentstudy, we present a new mathematical model where we show how protection, exposure, immigration,death and cure rates affect the healthy and infected population with time.


This study considers the impact of a range of potentially traumatic events on a cohort of police officers. All RUC officers who were involved in critical incidents (July 1993–January 1994) were contacted at 7–10 months post incident. Following their verbal agreement to participate in the survey, officers received a questionnaire booklet requesting further details and subjective evaluation of the index incident. The booklet contained a checklist of PTSD symptoms (MPSS-SR), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and a brief measure of support (Crisis Support Inventory - CSI). Analysis of returns indicates that around 5% of the sample would fulfil current criteria for PTSD. In addition 25% of officers reported symptoms consistent with at least mild to moderate depression (BDI). Regression analysis noted that three factors: BDI score, Injury Rating and Present Satisfaction with Support explained 50% ofthe variance in PTSD total. The relationships between PTSD, Depression and Injury are discussed. In addition some li...


Survey responses from 1,962 students attending Florida State University during the Spring 2007 semester were analyzed for a preferred sensory learning mode, number and variety of study methods, a match between sensory learning mode and sensory preference within the study habits, and passive versus deep learning processes. The students were found to demonstrate a sensory learning mode preference, but did not report using study habits that matched this sensory mode. Most of the students were found to employ too few study methods to allow for the development of true study strategies, were found to use memorization as a primary study method, and to utilize passive learning rather than deep learning processes.


In 2002, the United Nations reported that by 2025, freshwater shortages will affect almost half of the world's population. In fact, the western United States is already feeling the effects of water shortages on the region's environment and economy. In 1950, Montana, Wyoming, and North Dakota attempted to avoid the adverse impact of water shortages by entering into an interstate compact that governed their shared access to the Yellowstone River. The Yellowstone River Compact's (Compact) preamble expressly stated that its goal is to "remove all causes of present and future controversy between said States . . . with respect to the waters of the Yellowstone River and its tributaries." After almost sixty years of relative quiet among the Compact's signatories, the States find themselves litigating the permissibility of improved irrigation techniques that adversely affect other water users. In Montana v. Wyoming, the Supreme Court will address


To address the global energy crisis, it is imperative to develop effective, renewable and clean energy carriers. As one of the most promising candidates, hydrogen has a high energy density and is e...


The redbeds of Prince Edward Island are of Stephanian-late Early Permian age and represent the youngest known on-land exposed strata of uk post (Acadian) orogenic Maritimes Basin of eastern Canada. The Island redbeds have previously been informally subdivided into four Fining-upwards megacyclic sequences I, II, HI and IV, on the basis of variations in grain size and composition. It has also been past practice to informally assign the redbeds to the top of the Pictou Group of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick with which they merge uninterruptedly at depth below the Island.

Regional variations in conglomerate composition, maturity and sediment dispersal trends indicate tiiat the redbeds comprise two separate lithofacies sequences representing: (1) die relative distal platformal Pictou Group lithofacies of New Brunswick to the southwest, and (2) the more proximal Cumberland Sub-basin Pictou Group lithofacies of Nova Scotia to the south.

It is suggested here that lithostratigraphic purpose may be best served by die following changes: The Northumberland Strait Supergroup be established to accommodate die Pictou Group below (grey and red terrestrial strata, locally coal measures) and the Prince Edward Island Group (redbeds) above. The Prince Edward Island Group is to be subdivided on the basis of their internal megacyclic order into five formal formations and two members. From oldest to youngest these are: Miminegash, Egmont Bay, Kildare Capes, Hillsborough River and Orby Head formations. The Hillsborough River Formation is further subdivided into die Malpeque and Wood Islands members.

The Stephanian-late Early Permian age of the Prince Edward Island redbeds is reasonably well established on the basis of paleontological evidence.

 RESUME
 Les series rouges de L'lie du Prince-Edouard, d'âge compris entre le Stephanien et la Fin du Permien precoce, representent les plus jeunes strates connues du Bassin post-orogenique (post-acadien) des Maritimes a affleurer sur la lerre ferme. On a auparavant subdivise ces series de facon informelle, en raison de variations dans leur granuloma trie et leur composition, en quatre megasequences granodecroissantcs (I, II, HI et IV). H etait aussi coutume d'attribuer de facon informelle ces series rouges au sommet du Groupe de Pictou (Nouvelle-Ecosse et Nouveau-Brunswick), auquel elles s'incorporent continument, et ce en profondeur sous l'ile.

 Les variations regionales dans la composition des poudingues, la maturite des sediments ainsi que les tendances dans la dispersion des sediments demontrent que les assises rouges s'articulentendeux series distinctesde lithofacies representant (1) vers le sud-ouest (Nouveau-Brunswick), le lithofacies de plate-forme plus externe du Groupe de Pictou et (2) vers le sud (Nouvelle-Ecosse), le lithofaceis plus proximal du Sous-Bassin de Cumberland dans le Groupe de Pictou.

On suggere que la lithostratigraphie serai t favorisee par les changements suivants: que le Supergroupe de Northumberland Strait soit etabli pour concilier en bas le Groupe de Pictou (strates terrestres grises et rouges, veines de charbon locales) et en haut le Groupe de Prince Edward Island (series rouges). On subdivise de facon formelle le Groupe de Prince Edward Island en cinq formations et deux membres en s'appuyant sur leur disposition megacyclique interne. De la plus vieille a la plus jeune, celles-ci englobent les formations de Miminegash, d'Egmont Bay, de Kildare Capes, de Hillsborough River et d'Orby Head. On subdivise aussi la Formation de Hillsborough River en deux membres: les membres de Malpeque et de Wood Islands.

L'âges stephanien-eopermien tardif des assises rouges de l'ile du Prince-Edouard est raisonnablement etabli sur des bases paleontologiques.

[Traduit par le journal]


The Orientale impact basin is the youngest and best‐preserved lunar multi‐ring basin and has, thus, been the focus of studies investigating basin‐forming processes and final structures. A consensus about how multi‐ring basins form, however, remains elusive. Here we numerically model the Orientale basin‐forming impact with the aim of resolving some of the uncertainties associated with this basin. By using two thermal profiles estimating lunar conditions at the time of Orientale's formation and constraining the numerical models with crustal structures inferred from gravity data, we provide estimates for Orientale's impact energy (2–9  × 1025 J), impactor size (50–80 km diameter), transient crater size (∼320–480 km), excavation depth (40–55 km), and impact melt volume (∼106 km3). We also analyze the distribution and deformation of target material and compare our model results and Orientale observations with the Chicxulub crater to investigate similarities between these two impact structures.


This paper presents a survey of cutter path generation methods for three-axis NC milling. The methods are classified according to hour the geometric shapes are defined: simple 2-SD-based systems, sculptured surface systems and 3D solid modelling systems


s and Full-text Links from recent journals of interest to Hospitalists: http://beckerinfo.net/JClub Hospitalists are invited to peruse the articles and to post comments


Random nonlinear photonic crystal (NPC) structures formed by as-grown domains in a non-ferroelectric strontium tetraborate (SBO) are investigated. The domain shape and orientation are similar to those in ferroelectric KTP. Nonlinear diffraction is the simplest way to detect, evaluate and characterize these structures. Reciprocal superlattice vectors spectra of NPC in SBO are very wide and enable broadband efficiency enhancement of nonlinear optical processes. Second harmonic (SH) generation of femtosecond Ti:sapphire oscillator radiation with 1.9% efficiency is obtained using nonlinear diffraction geometry. Random quasi phase matched generation at the wavelengths of fourth harmonic of Ti:sapphire laser is obtained with average power up to 1μW.


The invention discloses a method for controlling microorganism in wheat flour, comprising the following step of taking activated stable chlorine dioxide solution as wheat-wetting water for wetting thewheat in the process of milling the wheat flour without needing to change the original technique for producing the wheat flour. The method can obviously reduce the content of microorganism (comprising sporeformer, mycete and saccharomycetes) in the wheat flour and milled byproducts thereof, and has no bad effects on the quality index of the wheat flour and the milled byproducts thereof. The processed wheat flour has no chlorine dioxide residue, no pollution and lower microorganism content, is good for long-time storing and post processing, and greatly improves the edible security of the wheatflour; and the method is simple, has low cost and convenient popularization, and can reduce economic lose caused by the pollution of the microorganism.


In the light of the characteristics of new attack technology and lag of protection measurements,etc,the challenges on information security are analyzed.In addition,the corresponding countermeasures on information security control and management are discussed.A viewpoint is finally established to ensure information security,that is,to raise security consciousness,standardize information management,enhance security education and training,build up informa-tion security management system,be independent in innovation of in the information security technology.


Department of Defense and U.S. Army policy has long been to adjust measured helicopter noise levels upwards to account for the special character of helicopter noise in terms of human and community annoyance. In the U.S., the A-weighted Day/Night Average Sound Level (DNL) descriptor is used most often for this purpose, but research has shown that it is not completely adequate. Also, many questions remain about human perception of, and response to, helicopter noise and the rattles and vibrations it causes. Since sound exposure level (SEL) is the fundamental building block to DNL, SEL has been used as the unit of study in this research. This study is an extension of earlier research in which an Army UH-1H (Huey) helicopter was flown over a test site that included a farmhouse, a tent, and a new mobile home. This report documents a follow-up test done with six different helicopters at a California Marine Corps air station to replicate and expand on the findings from the earlier study. Overall, the data indicate that the A-weighted DNL is inadequate for assessment of helicopter noise. The C-weighted scale was also tried and found inadequate. Helicpoter noise measurement by either scale must be corrected to assess the noise in a way that correctly corresponds to human perceptions. For indoor situations, use of A-weighting to assess helicopter noise requires an offset that varies with helicopter A-weighted sound exposure level (ASEL). This offset changes based on the type of helicopter (e.g., number of blades). For two-bladed helicopters, a correction factor of approximately 10 dB should be added to the measured ASEL of the helicopter sound. An 8 dB correction factor should be added to the measured ASEL of a multibladed helicopter.


In this paper, we studied the method that improves the downlink performance of cellular relay system in multiple-cell environment by using cognitive radio. When relay stations in the network have spectrum agility, they can establish downlink channels which are orthogonal to downlink of base station. In this way, interference between base station and relay station can be reduced and spectral resource can be utilized more efficiently as well. To investigate the performance gain with spectrum agility, we quantify channel usage of the incumbent systems by i.i.d ON/OFF model and evaluate the normalized system capacity of spectrum-agile cellular relay network. The result of this paper shows that the spectrum-agile cellular relay network relieves other-cell interference and thus the system capacity is improved.


The compounds of the invention correspond to the general formula, wherein X represents O, S, SO or SO2. Applications: anti-allergic and anti-asthmatic drugs, particularly in dosage units for administration in amount of 0.5 to 100 mg per kg of body weight once or more per day.


PURPOSE: A structure member with a core is provided to reduce production costs thereof by reducing the loss of raw metal materials and strengthening mechanical rigidity, and to reinforce bending strength and restoring elasticity. CONSTITUTION: A structure member(1) with a core comprises an external body(10) and a core(20). The external body is made of a metal material including aluminum, and is formed in a polygon-shaped pipe type including a closed space(S). The external body includes one or more ribs which support the core. The core comprises a bamboo laminated bar(21) and is inserted in a longitudinal direction into the inside of the closed space of the external body. The core can be made of one of a fiber member, a synthetic resin material, a glass fiber composite, and a carbon fiber composite.


An integrated amplifier and speaker system is disclosed which is designed to use air waves produced by the excursion of the speaker diaphragm together with a heat sink for maintaining the temperature of the power transistors within a safe operating range at or below a desired maximum temperature level. By integrally designing the speaker and the amplifier, the increase in cooling capability provided by the speaker diaphragm excursion allows for the use of a heat sink having an area or heat dissipating capability lower than that required had the system not been integrally designed.


Objective Preoperative evaluation of bronchovascular structures is useful for prevention of accidents in pulmonary lobectomy. The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency and multi-detector row-computed tomography (MD-CT) appearances of bronchovascular anomalies between the right middle and lower lobes. Methods 1116 consecutive chest CT examinations were analyzed in the present study. On display, the bronchovascular anomalies between the right middle and lower lobes were searched. When anomalous structures were observed, three-dimensional images were reconstructed. Sixty-seven cases with anomalous findings (6.0%) were observed. In 20 patients (1.79%), the right middle lobe bronchus and artery supplied the lower lobe, while the lower lobe artery supplied the right middle lobe in 46 patients (4.12%). In one patient (0.09%), the above two patterns were observed concomitantly.


In large area micro hot embossing, the process temperature plays a critical role to both the local fidelity of microstructure formation and global uniformity. The significance of low temperature hot embossing is to improve global flatness of embossed devices. This paper reports on experimental studies of polymer deformation and relaxation in micro embossing when the process temperatures are below or near its glass transition temperature (Tg). In this investigation, an indentation system and a micro embosser were used to investigate the relationship of microstructure formation versus process temperature and load pressure. The depth of indentation was controlled and the load force at a certain indentation depth was measured. Experiments were carried out using 1 mm thick PMMA films with the process temperature ranging from Tg-55 degrees C to Tg +20 degrees C. The embossed structures included a single micro cavity and groups of micro cavity arrays. It was found that at temperature of Tg-55 degrees C, elastic deformation dominated the formation of microstructures and significant relaxation happened after embossing. From Tg-20 degrees C to Tg, plastic deformation dominated polymer deformation, and permanent cavities could be formed on PMMA substrates without obvious relaxation. However, the formation of protrusive structures as micro pillars was not complete since there was little polymer flow. With an increase in process temperature, microstructure could be formed under lower loading pressure. Considering the fidelity of a single microstructure and global flatness of embossed substrates, micro hot embossing at a low process temperature, but with good fidelity, should be preferred.


Magnetotactic bacteria are a kind of Gram-negative bacteria with the capability of swimming along geomagnetic field lines,the most distinguished characteristic of the bacteria in common is capable of synthesizing unique prokaryotic organelles-magnetosomes,which are membrane-enveloped,nano-sized crystals of Fe3O4 or Fe3S4 that are aligned in well-ordered intracellular chinas,and have species-specific morphologies,sizes and arrangements.Because of the special properties of these magnetic crystals,magnetotactic bacteria have been exploited for a variety of applications in diverse disciplines from geobiology to biotechnology.In addition,magnetosomes have served as a powerful model system for the study of biomineralization and prokaryotic organelles.The proteins associated with the formation of magnetosomes have functions in vesicle formation,magnetosomal iron transport,and the control of crystallization and intracellular arrangement of magnetite particles.The proteins associated with the formation of magnetosomes are discussed especially and the future research perspectives of magnetosomes' proteins are also proposed.


Nanotechnology has come a long way showing major contributions in the field of agriculture
and food production. The use of nanoparticles (NPs) is increasing day by day as they possess
better solubility, enhanced magnetic and optical properties, and better surface to charge ratio.
The affirmative effects due to the use of NPs have been explained, including enhanced germination,
increased root and shoot length, and the overall increase in plant biomass along with improvement
in physiological parameters like photosynthetic activity. Recently, the toxicological effects of NPs
in agriculture have become a matter of concern. The current review focuses on the generation of reactive
oxygen species (ROS), oxidative damage and defense mechanism in response to phytotoxicity
caused by the use of NPs. The other aspects in this review include the effect of NPs on macromolecule
concentration, plant hormones and crop quality. The review also discusses the future prospects
of NPs on plant phytotoxicity and growth. Furthermore, it also discusses the possible
measures which can be taken for plant protection and growth while using NPs in agriculture.


Abstract In this paper we report of a technique to design optimal feedback control laws for hybrid systems with autonomous (continuous) modes. Existing techniques design the optimal switching surfaces based on a singular sample evolution of the system; hence providing a solution dependent on the initial conditions. On the other hand, the optimal switching times can be found, providing an an open loop control to the system, but those also are dependent on the initial conditions. The technique presented relies on a variational approach, giving the derivative of the switching times with respect to the initial conditions, thus providing a tool to design programs/algorithms generating switching surfaces which are optimal for any possible execution of the system.


Objective:Trypsin was modified with maltose by oxidation method with sodium periodate.Whether this method could improve the stability of trypsin was checked.Method:Maltose was modified with sodium periodate,in order that there was aldehyde group which could combine with amino-group of enzyme molecule in it,so it could modify trypsin chemically under certain conditions.Result:The optimum conditions for modifying maltose were as follows:Concentration of sodium periodate 0.05g/mL,Mass ratio of sodium periodate and maltose 1.1∶1,Initial pH 1.0,Reaction time 3h,Reaction temperature 30℃;The optimum conditions for modifying trypsin were as follows:pH 6.0,Mass ratio of modified maltose and trypsin 1∶1,Modification temperature 4℃,Modification time 24h;After trypsin was modified under the optimum conditions,the activity of the original trypsin and the modified trypsin dropped 15.8% and 9.8% of their highest activity respectively within pH8.9-10.0;Under 50℃ for 2h,the activity of the original trypsin and the modified trypsin retained 88.7% and 94.7% of their activity under 4℃ for 2h respectively.Conclusion:This method could improve stability for resisting alkali and heat of trypsin.


Numerical investigations on the effects of varying inflow conditions on the tip leakage flow field of an isolated low–speed compressor rotor and the respective rotor tip section cascade were performed at corresponding operation points. Inlet flow variations at each flow rate were obtained by means of varying the boundary layer thickness in such a manner that the non-dimensional integral parameters of the simulated inflow boundary layers were identical for the rotor and cascade. In order to describe the flowfield through the tip gap and its interactions with the incoming flow accurately, a fully–gridded tip gap region was employed. The numerical predictions for comparable inflow conditions agree well with experimental results from previous investigations on the endwall boundary layer separation due to tip clearance flow. It is demonstrated by the simulations that thickening the inflow boundary layer forces the roll-up point of the clearance vortex to move towards the leading edge. By its effects upon leakage flow, varying the incoming boundary layer has a deleterious effect on stall mass flow similar to increasing the tip clearance height. The investigations further reveal a great deal of similarity between the steady state clearance flow in the cascade and the rotor overtip leakage flow.© 2002 ASME