This Chinese-German Dictionary was compiled by a group of scholars from the Central Institute of Linguistics at the Academy of Sciences in the German Democratic Republic and first published in 1985. The aim was to present the present-day language, i.e. the vocabulary of putonghua, with the stress placed mainly on the general vocabulary. In addition, the dictionary includes basic technical terms, proper names, geographical names, names of institutions and organizations, festivals and holidays, and also idioms (chengyu). Altogether it comprises more than 83,000 items, namely 8,000 monosyllabic and 75,000 polysyllabic items, thus surpassing the scope of the Chinese -German Dictionary produced at the Germany Department of the Beijing Foreign Languages Institute (over 6,000 monosyllabic and 70,000 polysyllabic items), which was also published in 1985. In comparing the vocabulary of the two dictionaries, both come off equally well, so that it would be hard to tell to which of the two one should give preference. It seems that the Beijing dictionary is a little more up-to-date, as it takes into account the early 1980s, whereas the Berlin dictionary was obviously concluded by the end of the 1970s. Only very few terms from the post-Mao era have been included in the Berlin dictionary. The "gang of four" (sirenbang) is among them, but neither the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (Zhongguo Shehui Kexueyuan) established in 1977 nor the Central Advisory Commission (Guwen Weiyuanhui) established in 1982 are listed. More important, however, are the differences with regard to practical use. Both dictionaries are arranged alphabetically according to Hanyu Pinyin, and both use the simplified characters. The advantage of the Berlin dictionary is that alongside the simplified characters the original complex forms are given, whereas in the Beijing dictionary these are listed in an Appendix which is less convenient. But it is a great disadvantage that in the Berlin dictionary the Chinese characters were written by hand and the rest was typewritten, which makes it difficult to find a Chinese character at first glance. The outward form of the Beijing dictionary is much clearer. It is a pity that the great efforts and the excellent work of the authors could not be acknowledged by a more appropriate form.


Peculiarities of blood serum immune indices in the Northern men with different histamine concentrations are studied in the paper. The histamine influence on the lymphocyte phenotypes content and phagocytic activity is ascertained. The histamine content correlated connections with the cytokine level and the А, Е, М, G antibody quantity are revealed.


John Sutton's (1991) widely acclaimed book on sunk costs and market structure contains several robust predictions. The authors' empirical results across exogenous and endogenous sunk cost markets support most of Sutton's robust predictions. Exogenous sunk cost markets have lower minimum values of concentration than endogenous sunk cost markets. Increasing market size reduces concentration's lower bound faster in exogenous sunk cost markets. These results indicate that the competitive escalation of endogenous sunk cost spending, from advertising or R&D, makes market entry more difficult. Other results indicate that, in relatively large markets, the competitive escalation of endogenous sunk cost spending blockades market entry. Copyright 1996 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.


Hydrogen Peroxide is used to bleach discoloured teeth but since its introduction in the late nineteenth century there have been concerns about its safety and efficacy. This paper reviews the literature on hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide and assesses if these products can be recommended for clinical use. The authors used a Medline search to find the literature for review and from these the findings were divided into laboratory, animal and human studies. In conclusion no dental treatment is without risk but from the evidence it seems that bleaching teeth is comparatively safe.


The purpose of the present paper is to provide a framework for the discussion of the project 'Unterrichtssprache Französichj Deutsch (UFD)'. In Part I it summarizes the most pertinent political, socio-economic and historical aspects of Switzerland äs a nation, äs far äs these aspects are relevant for the objectives of the project. Part II contains an account of the Status ofthefour language groups and the relationship between them. In this part space is given to discussing the Status and prospects of Italian and Romansch äs national languagest although they are not included in the scope of the project äs yet. Switzerland has a reputation for economic prosperity, political stability and a generally untroubled relationship between its social classes äs well äs its four language groups. But is the reality äs trouble-free äs its reputation would indicate? And is there really no friction between the language groups äs the absence of news to that effect, at least internationally, would suggest? Could Switzerland function äs a model for other countries with a diversity of cultures and linguistic groups? Anybody who gains an insight into the Situation in this country will find that, despite the fact that there is some truth in the reputation Switzerland enjoys, there is also a considerable amount of myth, particularly äs far äs the frictionless relationship between the language groups is concerned. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss this aspect and to provide the background to a project called 'Unterrichtssprache Französisch/Deutsch (UFD)', an interdisciplinary attempt to improve the level of second (national) language competence among students enrolled Multilingua 9-1 (1990), 11-45 0167-8507/90/0009-0011 $2.00 © Walter de Gruyter, Berlin


The United Nations' 2001 Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations witnessed the destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan and the Twin Towers. Manifestations of civilizations were hit by a trans-continental violence spread out by a ruling faction, the Taliban, and a nebulous organization, Al Qaeda. While the Dialogue Among Civilizations attracted little attention, September 11 stimulated debates on the clash of civilizations between the "Muslim world" and the West. This partial reading of events reflected the fact that the post-September 11 advocates of the "clash of civilizations" forgot, or did not see as fitting their intellectual construction, that before attacking the United States, the Taliban/Al Qaeda nexus had inflicted severe pain on Muslim civilization, in the name of which they claimed to have attacked the West. Because


College students have increased susceptibility towards alcohol use and high-risk behaviors which remains a concern across U.S. college campuses. A subgroup of the college student population with higher rates of alcohol consumption, binge drinking, and alcohol-related consequences including high-risk sexual behaviors is college athletes. It is of importance that college athletes are knowledgeable of responsible alcohol use, healthy sexual behaviors, and the risk of negative sexual consequences that can occur with alcohol use. The purpose of this study is to assess alcohol and STD knowledge, alcohol expectancies on sexual vulnerability and coercion, and beliefs on negative consequences of sexual and drinking behaviors before and after implementation of an evidence-based educational intervention regarding alcohol and STDs in the college athlete population. There was a significant increase in alcohol knowledge from baseline (Mdn = 20.00) to week 4 (Mdn = 23.00), z = -4.10, p = .00. There was also a significant increase in STD knowledge from baseline (M = 11.37, SD = 5.75) to week four (M = 16.46, SD = 4.63) t (40) = 6.25, p = .00. There was an insignificant increase in the females' scores of the Expected Risks subscale from baseline (Mdn = 198.50) to week four (Mdn = 205.50), z = -.457, p = .647. There was a significant increase in the males' scores of the Expect Risks subscale from baseline (Mdn = 186.00) to week four (Mdn = 201.00), z = -.2.197, p = .028. There was a significant increase in alcohol expectancies on sexual coercion from baseline (Mdn = 27.00) to week four (Mdn = 28.00), z = -2.112, p = .035. There was a small but insignificant increase in alcohol expectancies on sexual vulnerability from baseline (M = 29.15, SD = 6.28) to week four (M = 29.72, SD = 6.84) t (38) = -.46, p = .650. There was a significant positive change in alcohol expectancies relating to self on sexual coercion from baseline (M = 5.67, SD = 2.81) to week four (M = 6.62, SD = 3.03) t (38) = -2.23, p = .025. There was not a significant change in alcohol EFFECTS ALCOHOL AND STD 4 expectancies relating to men on sexual coercion from baseline (Mdn = 12.00) to week four (Mdn = 12.00), z = -.664, p = .507. However, there was a significant positive change in alcohol expectancies relating to men on sexual vulnerability from baseline (Mdn = 10.00) to week four (Mdn = 12.00), z = -2.127, p = .033. There was not a significant change in alcohol expectancies relating to women on sexual coercion from baseline (Mdn = 10.00) to week four (Mdn = 11.00), z = -.841, p = .400 or relating to self on sexual vulnerability from baseline (Mdn = 8.00) to week four (Mdn = 9.00), z = -1.703, p = .089. However, there was a significant change in alcohol expectancies relating to women on sexual vulnerability from baseline (Mdn = 12.00) to week four (Mdn = 12.00), z = -2.119, p = .034. This current study showed that an alcohol and STD educational intervention is beneficial for both female and male college athletes. It is important that future research focuses on factors that play a role in alcohol and STD knowledge. Any education that can increase knowledge or affect beliefs regarding negative consequences or alcohol expectancies can make a positive difference in a college student's life. Considering the high-risk status and demands of college athletes, alcohol and STD education should be a priority so that they are knowledgeable on healthy sexual behaviors, alcohol consumption, and the risk of negative sexual consequences that can occur with alcohol use to decrease negative outcomes.


Vrious input and output parameters of plastic injection molding machine,liaodong temperature is important parameters in the working process of injection molding machine.This paper traditional injection molding machine temperature control system for the ultra-large、regulating a long time and so inadequate,put forward a microcontroller for the control of the core,apply the fuzzy control theory,fuzzy controller design and realize the real-time temperature control of injection molding machine.Raising the temperature control of precision injection molding machine has good sense.


Juan-Luis Segundo tries a new psychological interpretation of Rom 7, which differs essentially from the German exegetic tradition. Instead of collecting a maximum of objective data, Segundo gives priority to the internal logic of the text.- The I, dominated by anxiety, follows the law to avoid any mistake. So it is lead in conflict with his lead in conflict with his desire for pleasure who will offer resistance. Making impossible the acomplishment of law. Bruised by both, law and pleasure, the I is more and more dominated by anxiety (7,7-13). Beyond anxiety, in consciousness on sonship, there is another obstacle to creative liberty. Man is not only spirit, creativity, but also matter who tends to avoid suffering. The I can't get creative without material instruments, who ignore his intentions and may break them (7,14-,23).- Segundo's interpretation shows that psychological abstracts can apport essential progress to both, exegesis and systematic theology.


1 Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Macdonald JS, Haller DG, Laurie JA, Goodman PJ, Ungerleider JS, Emerson WA, Tosmey PC, Glick JH. Levamisole and fluorouracil for adjuvant therapy of resected colon carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 352–8. 2 Des Guetz G, Schischmanoff O, Nicolas P, Perret GY, Morere JF, Uzzan B. Does microsatellite instability predict the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer? A systematic review with meta-analysis Eur J Cancer 2009; 45: 1890–6. 3 Popat S, Hubner R, Houlston RS. Systematic review of microsatellite instability and colorectal cancer prognosis. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 609–18. 4 Jover R, Zapater P, Castells A, Llor X, Andreu M, Cubiella J, Balaguer F, Sempere L, Xicola RM, Bujandra L, Rene J. The efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer depends on the mismatch repair status. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45: 365–73. 5 Available at: http://www.cebm.net/?o=1025. 6 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (2002) SIGN 50. A Guideline Developer's Handbook. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, Edinburgh. 7 Barrow EJ, Brierly E, Wallace J, Evans A, Hill DG, MacMahon JR. Semiquantative assessment of immunohistochemical staining for mismatch repair proteins in Lynch syndrome. Histopathology in press. 8 Barrow E, McMahon R, Evans DG, Levine E, Hill J. Cost analysis of biomarker testing for mismatch repair deficiency in node-positive colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 2008; 95: 868–75.


The present invention relates to a terminal and the base station changes the way FA (Frequency Assignment) state in the plurality of the broadband wireless access system evolved that can communicate with the FA. In the present invention, the base station changes state to one of the s (secondary) FA in order to adjust the load on the p (primary) to the FA pFA, and performs communication with the terminal through a changed state pFA. To this end, the base station transmits the (Information Element) MAP IE that request a change pFA status to the device. It is MAP IE contains a bitmap indicating the FA the action code to request a change of state pFA the state is changed. If a response is received from the terminal that the status change is done for the pFA of the base station, the base station changes the state of the pFA, it performs pFA and communications devices over the new pFA. Previous pFA between the base station and the terminal is changed to the state sFA, one of the previous sFA between the base station and the terminal is changed to the state pFA the communication is performed via the new FA. According to the present invention, since the base station will change its status from a certain terminal and FA are used as needed, it is possible to load balance between the FA. In addition, the base station may change the status of the FA was in use while still maintaining a connection to a particular terminal. Multi-FA, the frequency overlay FA status change, a BWA system


A registered nurse on the coronary care unit, and now completing her Postgraduate Diploma in Specialist Practice Nursing Cardiology at Queen's University Belfast, Charlotte Quinn reflects on the importance of nursing care, particularly amid the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic.


The closed loop consisting of production plan and production monitoring is the necessary condition of lean manufacturing in die mould manufacturing enterprises. The production monitoring is often completed by learning the real-time position information of production and processing. How to rapidly and accurately obtain the real-time position information of production and processing has become the key point of lean manufacturing of dies and moulds. To solve the problem, the neural network and naive bayes were integrated into the RFID positioning, combining with the RFID positioning technology and machine learning thought. The machine learning-based model positioning method was proposed.


The objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of the manufacturing sector on economic growth through the role of human capital. Our data cover Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries from 1990 to 2015. We use fixed effects, random-effects and Hausman-Taylor estimators. We take into account the unobservable characteristics of countries by including fixed effects or random effects in the model. Our results show that the manufacturing sector through its value added has a positive impact on economic growth in SSA countries. In addition, the interacting models show that the quality of human capital is an accelerator of the role of the manufacturing sector. The coefficient of the catch-up term is negative and significant in all models indicating that countries with a larger productivity gap relative to China are developing faster than countries closer to China. This finding is consistent with the convergence effects usually found in growth model estimates, which are either related to convergences towards a stable state or to a catching-up of growth linked to the international diffusion of knowledge.


The invention relates to an apparatus for receiving material (10) which can be wound up, comprising a cylindrical basic body (12) and at least one side periphery (14), wherein the apparatus is produced from a sheet material of a thickness less than 2 mm, the cylindrical basic body (12) is structured and the at least one side periphery (14) is configured as a fold. A method for producing the apparatus for receiving material (10) which can be wound up as well as methods for using the same are also proposed.


Objective To study the linear predictor based on slow waves of EEGs. Methods The EEG recordings were made with an 8-channel EEG Holter system in four patients with partial seizures evolving to secondarily generalized seizures. Slow waves of EEGs were extracted by wavelet transform and changes of slow-wave-energy prior seizure were observed. Results Pre-seizure transition phases of several minutes were identified. Conclusions Slow-wave-energy could be an index for seizure prediction. Further analyses should be needed in more cases.


Here we present the results of a trace-elements study of 54 pyrope grains with Cr-spinel inclusions. The majority of studied pyropes are lherzolitic with small amount of wherlitic and harzburgitic ones, according to the classification schemes (Sobolev et al 1973; Grutter et al., 2004). The concentration of Cr 2 O 3 ranges from 1.58 to 7.56 wt% at Mg # = 69.6-84.4 and Ca # = [100Ca / (Ca + Mg + Fe + Mn)] = 8.6-26.3. The TiO 2 content does not exceed 0.36 wt%. The MnO contents in the pyropes studied is in the range of 0.35–0.69 wt%, which indicates rather low temperature conditions (Grutter at al., 2004).


Background and attitude data gathered as part of a comprehensive study of the Highfields program of treatment of juvenile offenders were used to design a prediction table. The table is used on a sample of boys from Highfields and a matched sample drawn from a typical juvenile institution. The comparison of the samples shows that Highfields has a higher success rate at lower financial cost.


Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of cystatin C(CysC) in early renal impairment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hyponea syndrome(OSAHS),and to analyze the level changes of serum CysC in patients with OSAHS at different degree.Methods Forty-five patients with OSAHS and fifteen healthy control were monitered with polysomnography,the levels of CysC,β2G-MG,BUN,SCr in serum and β2G-MG in urine were determined with particle enhanced nephelometric assay,chemiluminescence immunoassay,enzyme method and picric acid method,respectively.Results The levels of CysC in serum and β2G-MG in urine were significantly higher in OSAHS patients than that in healthy control(P0.05),while the serum levels of β2G-MG,BUN and SCr had no significant difference between two groups(P0.05).The level of serum CysC in severe group with OSAHS was significantly higher than that in moderate and mild group(P0.05).The levels of Urine β2G-MG were significantly different in severe,moderate and mild group(P0.05),while the serum β2G-MG,BUN and SCr had no significant difference in three groups(P0.05).Conclusion Early renal impairment could be observed in patients with OSAHS,serum CysC and urine β2G-MG may be sensitive indicators for the diagnosis of early renal impairment.


Unless these basic facilities are improved in all primary schools we cannot expect teachers to succeed in accomplishing even the more modest aims of primary education. In a highly completive world all schools must have good infrastructure facilities. Otherwise they cannot attract more students and the objective of universal of elementary education cannot be achieved.


The viscoelastic properties of a liquid-vapor interface covered by a layer of surface active material are discussed in terms of the complex dilational modulus t = da/d In a where t is the surface tension and a is the area of a surface element. This modulus is known to be closely related to the spectrum of surface waves. We allow for diffusion between the bulk liquid and the surfactant layer as well as for evaporation, i.e., mass transport between the surface and the vapor phase. Our result is a generalization of results by Lucassen and v.d. Tempel who neglected evaporation. For practical situations, contributions to t from evaporation are about one order of magnitude smaller than those from diffusion in the liquid. We conclude that it will be almost impossible to get reliable data on evaporation from studies of the ripple spectrum.


Shajar al-Durr who began her life as a slave and en ed it as sultana was one of the very few women in Islamic history to ascend to the rone. Shajar's political importance comes from the period in which she reign d, which includes many important events in the Egyptian and Middle Eastern history. Despite the fact that she officially ruled Egypt for a very short period of a pproximately eighty days, that does not underestimate the majestic role she played in h istory. Also, her reign marked a turning point in Egyptian history, as the Egyptian sultanate shifted from the Ayyubid to the Mamluk. Concerning Shajar al-Durr's coins, t hey are all extremely rare, designed in the best Ayyubid tradition and style. D ue to the rarity of her coins, every single piece of these coins has its own value and significance, specially that her coins reflect many of the important historical facts as i t is going to be clarified through this research.


Hilbert's theorem is a key result in early differential and hyperbolic geometries, proving that no complete model of hyperbolic geometry can be isometrically immersed in R3. This expository paper presents a proof of Hilbert's theorem, much of which follows the same logic used in Hilbert's original proof.


Polysaccharides in the kernel of coconuts were isolated, characterized and quantitated. At all stages of maturation, galactomannans and cellulose were present whereas mannans, almost absent in very immature kernel, increased with maturation. The water soluble galactomannan decreased with maturity. It was 0.1% in mature fresh kernel. The 4% NaOH extractable galactomannans reached a maximum value at an intermediate stage of maturation, whereas the 17% NaOH extractable galactomannans and the cellulose components steadily increased. The galactomannans always predominated and formed 61% of the total polysaccharides in the mature kernel, followed by mannans (26%) and cellulose (13%). The presence of α-linked galactose residues in galactomannan and of β-linked mannose residues in galactomannan and mannan were observed.


Mexican American Altares: Oxford Encyclopaedia of Latinos and Latinas in the US. editors in chief, Suzanne Oboler & Deena J. Gonzalez, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005)


Transport, structural, and magnetic properties of c‐axis‐oriented Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ thin films grown by off‐axis in situ rf sputtering on MgO substrates have been investigated. By varying the substrate surface preparation prior to deposition, films could be grown with systematic improvements in their dc transport and structural properties. At the same time, these films display a systematic decrease in the irreversible magnetization ΔM(H) at all temperatures. Transport and inductive critical current densities in all cases displayed a temperature dependence that could be ascribed to flux creep and/or intragrain Josephson junctions. The irreversible magnetization for the films showed sample size dependence consistent with that of the Bean critical‐state model. An anticorrelation between the transport and the magnetization critical current densities in the films was observed, which can be understood in terms of changes in the density of pinning sites as a function of substrate preparation.


The chemical composition of water and bottom sediments of four ponds without outflow, situated in St. Petersburg, has been quantitatively analyzed. A thermodynamic algorithm has been developed for calculating the detailed composition of the water and inorganic constituent of the bottom sediments taking into account possible acid-base and redox equilibria.


We shall represent an approach for the creation of the matter of Universe in the framework of a Quantum Theory, established in an 8-dimensional space. The primitive matter was being created from the Primary Vacuum and it consisted of the deuterons atoms, neutrinos and photons, From these neutral elements the attractive centres were formed and in the final stage an extremely high mass density Universe was built, and successively, the Big-Bang occurred. The problems of particle dominance, of excess of the deuterons and of magnitude of the numbers of neutrinos, etc. are discussed. MIRAMARE TRIESTE August 1993 'On leave of absence from: Hochiminh City University, P.O. Box 657, Central Post Office, llochiniinh City, Vietnam.


The use of the letter of credit as a means of payment for international trade between countries is declining. Buyers and sellers are now choosing bills for collection or open account for settlement of their international trade transactions. Since there is a good growth of export and import of Bangladesh, the Bangladeshi business houses are currently using letter of credit at large for the settlement of their transactions. But the procedure of letter of credit is a very complex and time consuming one. The other methods available for the settlement are the open account, advance payment and documentary collection. But the businesses of Bangladesh do not use the other methods frequently due to their risk exposure and regulatory requirements. But currently a strong alternative called factoring is being used by the businesses of different parts of the world for the settlement of international trade transactions. Even some of the Asian countries are also using international factoring for that purpose. The study aims comparing the four international trade payment methods along with international factoring. It also tries to look into the legal basis of factoring, the recent trends as well as the problems and prospects of introducing international factoring from the Bangladeshi perspectives.


In order to improve the overall quality of students, the state pays more and more attention to the implementation of quality education. College art courses are a very important part of quality education. Art education can not only cultivate students' skills in art majors, but also cultivate their sentiments. Students are physically and mentally healthy. College art education is also part of the cultural education of colleges and universities, and bears the responsibility of cultural inheritance. By analyzing the main problems existing in the art courses of colleges and universities today, this paper discusses the reform of college art curriculum from the perspective of cultural bearing, and hopes to provide valuable reference for the modern college art curriculum reform.


Corona virus diseases-19 (COVID-19) affects the respiratory system and the kidneys. Kidney disorders manifestations in COVID-19 patients are AKI, AKI superimposed chronic kidney disease (CKD), and COVID -19 in CKD sufferers on hemodialysis. The SARS CoV-2 virus can cause deterioration and decline in kidney function because it can bond with angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors on the surface cells of the kidney. This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study that aims to know the profile of kidney abnormalities in COVID -19 patients treated at Dustira Hospital based on the description of age, sex, type of kidney disorder, therapy, and outcome of therapy. This study takes the total sampling data in the form of medical record data from January to December 2021. During this time 275 samples were obtained. Research results show the average age of patients is 57 + 13.5 years. The majority of the patients were male (58.5%). The highest percentage of diagnosed kidney disorders in COVID-19 patients was AKI-superimposed CKD (38.2%). 53.5% COVID-19 patients with kidney disorders received conservative therapy, while 46.5% received hemodialysis With 68.7% conservative therapy and 77.3% hemodialysis, the majority of Covid-19 patients with kidney disorders were able to survive. The study concludes that COVID-19 with kidney disorders is most common in elderly men (>55 years), with the most cases developing AKI-superimposed CKD. There were a lot of patients who receive conservative therapy but endure life, and many have therapy action hemodialysis, resulting in a higher survival rate.


Resource requirements are high to develop computer-based training or automated job aides. It is also expensive to develop on-line documentation. A cost vs. benefit analysis is more likely to favor new technology when the same system can be used across multiple functions within a technical environment. The integration of training, job aiding, and on-line information is discussed in this paper. The software technologies of intelligent tutoring, expert-system job aiding, and multimedia information storage/ retrieval will be described. Example systems are from the aviation and electric power generation maintenance environments.


The reduction of sulfur dioxide at high temperature is reported. This article reveals that electrochemical reduction of SO2 is possible at room temperature. Electrochemical processes for treatment of H2S in Black Sea waters and flue gases are presented in order to minimize their environmental impact. We found suitable conditions and electro catalysts for the realization of the process to reduce the flue gases from thermal power plants along the coast of the Black Sea and to solve the problem of hydrogen sulfide in the deep Black Sea waters.


In this paper, we present the development of advanced W-band and G-band millimeter-wave monolithic integrated circuits (MMICs) and modules for use in a high-resolution radar system operating at 210 GHz. A W-band frequency multiplier by six as well as a subharmonically pumped 210 GHz dual-gate field-effect transistor (FET) mixer and a 105 GHz power amplifier circuit have been successfully realized using our 0.1 mum InAlAs/InGaAs based depletion-type metamorphic high electron mobility transistor (mHEMT) technology in combination with grounded coplanar circuit topology (GCPW). Additionally, a 210 GHz low-noise amplifier MMIC was fabricated using our advanced 0.05 mum mHEMT technology. To package the circuits, a set of waveguide-to-microstrip transitions has been realized on 50 mum thick quartz substrates, covering the frequency range between 75 and 220 GHz. The presented millimeter-wave components were developed for use in a novel 210 GHz radar demonstrator COBRA-210, which delivers an instantaneous bandwidth of 8 GHz and an outstanding spatial resolution of 1.8 cm.


Early in Pawels Briefe, Monika Maron's narrator recalls a Dutch television crew coming to interview the family for a documentary entitled "Wann werden die Deutschen endlich normal?" Although being "normal" and engaging in some normalization project are not synonymous, the question could serve as an epigraph for German Literature of the 1990s and Beyond. Ordered thematically, the work is designed to "pick up where […] Literature and German Unification leaves off" (p. xxi). It focuses on novels written from the mid-1990s on in order to explore the ways in which "the 'normalization' debate […] has been played out, and continues to be played out, in literature" (p. xxiii), thus building on two of Taberner's recent collaborative projects. Like them, it addresses an impressively large and wide-ranging corpus of "Berlin Republic" fiction (the bibliography lists over 400 primary items); and in the process its seven chapters consider many issues of vital importance to anyone interested in the directions taken by post-Wende German literature.


Open complex agent systems (OCAS) are middle-size or large-scale open agent organization. To engineer OCAS, agentcentric organization-oriented analysis, design and implementation, namely organization-oriented methodology (OOM), has emerged as a highly promising direction. A number of OOM-related approaches have been proposed; while there are some intrinsic issues hidden in them. For instance, some fundamental system attributes, such as system dynamics, are not covered by almost all of the existing approaches. In this paper, we summarize our investigation of existing approaches, and report a new OOM approach called OSOAD. The OSOAD approach consists of organizational abstraction (OA), organization-oriented analysis (OOA), agent service-oriented design (ASOD), and Java agent service-based implementation. OSOAD provides complete and deployable mechanisms for all software engineering phases. Specifically, we notice the transition supports from OA to OOA and ASOD. This approach has been built and deployed with the practical development of agent service -based financial trading and mining applications.


Objective:To elucidate the relationship between Bax/Bcl-2 heterodimer and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells in- duced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).Methods:Apoptosis was induced by NSAIDs and determined by acri- dine orange (AO) staining,laser confocal laser scanning microscopy,flow cytometry,and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay.The expression of Bax and Bcl-2 protein was detected by Western blot.The level of Bax-Bcl-2 heterodimer was deter- mined by immuno-precipitation/Western blot (Ip-Wb) analysis.Results:Apoptosis of AGS cells were induced after 24-h treat- ment with indomethacin 800 mmol/L or aspirin 8 mmol/L.The apoptotic rate induced by indomethacin was (9.34±1.99)% at 24 h and (38.97±3.36)% at 48 h.The apoptotic rate induced by aspirin was (17.60±3.30)% at 48 h.The level of Bax-Bcl- 2 heterodimer gradually increased from 6 h to 48 h in a time-dependent manner.The increase in Bax protein was significant dur- ing 6-24 h.But the expression of Bcl-2 protein was undetected.Condusion:NSAIDs could induce apoptosis of AGS cells.Bax/ Bcl-2 heterodimer might promote the apoptosis and serve as an important target for NSAIDs to regulate apoptosis.


An organised haematoma is a benign cystic lesion in which the haematoma is enclosed by a superficial fibrotic capsule. It is also referred to as chronic expanding haematoma or hematic cyst. Organised haematoma can be observed in various sites, but it is extremely rare to find it in an intramuscular location. This is a rare case of organised haematoma in the palm of the left hand of a 75- year-old female, which occurred after an accidental injury from broken bangles fifteen years ago. The swelling gradually increased in size and became painful over the years. A pre-operative Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) revealed a well-defined, large soft tissue density lesion located in the subcutaneous plane of the interdigital space between the left thumb and index finger, extending into the volar and dorsal aspects of the hand. An incision was made on the skin over the swelling, followed by excision. The patient was discharged with a good post-operative outcome.


Coronavirus 2019 has become a highly infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, a strain of noel coronavirus, which challenges millions of global healthcare facilities Coronavirus arc sub-microscopic, single stranded positive sense RNA viruses that leads to multi organ dysfunction syndrome severe acute and chronic respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia The spike glycoprotein structure of the virus causes the viral protein to bind with the receptors on the lung and gut through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 In some cases, the infected patients become hyper to the immune system because of the uncontrolled production of cytokines resulting in "cytokine storm", a devastating consequence of coronavirus disease 2019 Due to the rapid mutant strain and infective nature of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 discovering a drug or developing a vaccine remains a global challenge However some anti-viral agents certain protease inhibitor drugs non-steroidal inflammatory drugs and convalescent plasma treatment Were suggested The containment and social distancing measures only aim at reducing the rate of new infections In this view, we suggest certain traditional herbs and complementary and alternative medicine as a supporting public healthcare measure to boost the immune system and also may provide some lead to treat and present this infection


The application of fracture mechanics concepts to characterize crack growth at low and high temperatures under cyclic, creep, and creep-fatigue conditions is reviewed. The applicability and limitations of various fracture mechanics techniques in predicting cycle- and time-dependent crack growth are discussed. Also, applications of fracture mechanics to predict the fatigue life of various components and the behavior of cracks at near-threshold conditions are discussed with an emphasis given to the growth of small cracks.


Focused ion beam (FIB), assisted, gas etching has several advantages over physical sputtering in many FIB applications. Advantages include etch rate enhancements of 1–2 orders of magnitude, dramatically reduced redeposition of etched material on sidewalls in high‐aspect ratio structures, and reduced implantation of the primary ion species in the sample. Applications which benefit from FIB gas etching include photomask and x‐ray mask defect repair, integrated circuit modification for failure analysis, and sample preparation for scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope analysis. In this article, a simple model is presented which takes into account the ion beam and scanning parameters, gas flux, and basic material constants. Approximate formulas are given in terms of these parameters and compared to experimental results.


To isolate the bound aroma compounds (BVC fraction) from Quercus petraea Liebl. heartwood, two different methods, XAD-2 adsorption and liquid–liquid extractions, were applied. Only the extraction procedures per-mitted, for the first time, the isolation and separation of this fraction. The free volatiles were first extracted with pentane:dicholoromethane in a ratio 2:1 (v[sol ]v) and the bound compounds with ethyl acetate. The bound aroma was determined directly by trifluoroacetamide (TFA) derivatives analysis, and indirectly by acid hydrolysis release of aglycons. Analyses were achieved, in each case, by GC–MS (EI and CI): several bound components were isolated and different aglycons identified, e.g. whisky lactones (cis + trans), eugenol, megastigmatrienones, vanillin and syringaldehyde. Each of these can be considered as a source of potential aroma; they have a specific odour in their free form. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Historically 2,4,6!Trinitrotoluene (TNT) was the m ost widely used military explosive. TNT is toxic and mutagenic compound, having a serious impact on the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate an effi! ciency of bioaugmentation in combination with nutrient amendments and rye S.cereale . Design of 30!days soil col! umn experiment provided the control of nitroaromatics (NA) distribution from topsoil (4cm) to deeper layers of soil horizon (20cm). For bioaugmentation, consortium with 5 isolates belonging to Pseudomonas fluorescens and Steno- trophomonas maltophilia, was used. For biostimulation, molasses and plant extract was added to soil. At the begin! ning of the experiment, only topsoil was contaminated with TNT and its degradation products (75mg NA/kg). After 30 day experiment, the NA concentration in soil amended with nutrients and bacteria consortium was decreased in topsoil from 75 mg/kg to ~4 mg/kg. In the sets with planting rye and nutrient amendments, NA migration to deeper layers of soil horizon was detected. To compare microbial activity in different experimental sets, enzymatic activity (i.e. fluoresceine diacetate hydrolysis, FDA) was measured. After 30!days experiment, FDA activity in soil with bac! teria consortium was two!fold higher, as compared t o non!augmented soil. An increase of microbial enzy matic activ! ity was detected only in topsoil. Growth of rye was more active in the presence of bacteria consortium. In turn, TNT and its degradation products inhibited plant development. Thus, the results of this experiment indicated to the active role of bioaugmentation and biostimulation in the process of NA degradation. In turn, the growth of rye in the pres! ence of nutrient amendments was not efficient in terms of NA biodegradation.


This article reports the synthesis of catechol bis - (to - chloro diethylene) ether byusing PTC. lt approaches the effects on it's yield by catalyst and NaOH density.


IFN-gamma produced by CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) cells promotes protection against intracellular pathogens. Antigen activation of Th1 cells is an important mode of IFN-gamma induction, but here we analyze a second, antigen-nonspecific pathway capable of inducing full IFN-gamma transcription. IL-12 or IL-18 alone do not induce IFN-gamma mRNA, and only modestly augment antigen-induced IFN-gamma mRNA from Th1 cells. However, IL-12 and IL-18 together fully induce IFN-gamma transcription independently of TCR-activated signals, by a mechanism that does not simply involve Stat4 and NF-kappaB activation, but requires additional protein synthesis. Cyclosporin A inhibits TCR-induced IFN-gamma production, but not IL-12/IL-18-induced IFN-gamma production, biochemically discriminating between these pathways. These results suggest that the two pathways induce IFN-gamma production through functionally segregated but spatially overlapping cis-acting elements, similar to other genes under the control of two or more promoters.


Dealing with a new topic around the climate change finance, we present the carbon market and its mechanism, focussing on the link between the EUA and the CER markets as well as explaining the challenges of carbon regulation and the economy of primary and secondary CERs. Assuming polluting companies dynamically adjust their emission portfolio allocation based on their accumulated pollution processes, we postulate that in Phase II and consecutive compliance periods with banking and borrowing allowed, agents should always comply to regulation, resulting in positive permit prices bounded by the penalty level. We then consider a tractable market model for Emission Allowances (EUA) consistent with these features, select a particular growth rates for the CO2 spot price process, and compute their corresponding dynamics. By regulation, the EUA and Certified Emission Reduction (CER) being linked together at the end of the compliance period, we express the dynamics of the CER as a function of the EUA and compute in a simple way a Carbon Bond and other index-linked carbon derivatives.


The title of this study is applying team teaching to improve students' ability in understanding English narrative texts. The purposes of this study are to identify the advantages and to find out the strategies of applying team teaching to improve students' ability in understanding English narrative texts. The population of this study is the first year students of SMAN 4 Banda Aceh, and the sample are an experimental class (X IA 2) and a control class (X IA 6). The total numbers of the samples are 66 students. This research was conducted on April, 2010. In collecting data, several techniques were used namely; observation, test, questionnaire and interview. According to data analysis, team teaching gave more advantages to improve students' ability in understanding English narrative texts. Some advantages of team teaching to the first year students of SMAN 4 Banda Aceh; (1) Team teaching directed the students to focus on material, the method was not tedious and learning motivation had been increased by using it, so that their ability in understanding English narrative text had been increased. (2) The students who studied by using team teaching obtained higher score than the students who studied without using team teaching. It means the students who studied by using team teaching could improve their abilities in understanding English narrative text. (3) The students should focus on the study because the teachers observed what they do in the class comprehensively. The student also could receive knowledge not only from the main teacher, but also from the co-teacher and they could ask both teachers if they found some problems. Some advantages of team teaching to the teachers of SMAN 4 Banda Aceh are; team teaching could be effective while teaching and learning process was underway because the teachers could remind each other and they also could plan good materials. In applying team teaching to improve students' ability in understanding English narrative texts, the teachers used many strategies. One of the general strategies to apply team teaching in SMAN 4 Banda Aceh was by excercising the so called semi team teaching. The special strategies that conducted by teachers were; (1) Presenting an interesting and understandable topic in every meeting for students. (2) Making group discussion, reading the legend and translating it, giving regularly the test and games. (3) Asking the students to comprehend the generic structure of the text before coming to the class.


..................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 3 Impact of Chronic Abdominal Pain ................................................................................ 4 Impact of Chronic Pain on School Functioning .............................................................. 5 Teachers' Perceptions of Students with Chronic Pain .................................................... 7 School Systems' Responses to Students with Chronic Pain ........................................... 8 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .............................................................................. 11 Participants .................................................................................................................... 11 Instrument ..................................................................................................................... 12 Procedures ..................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS ............................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER V: DISCUSSION. ....................................................................................... 16 Limitations and Future Research .................................................................................. 17 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 18 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 19 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................. 23 APPENDIX A: INFORMED CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE AS A RESEARCH SUBJECT ......................................................................................................................... 23 APPENDIX B: SURVEY ............................................................................................... 26


This paper is concerned with the problem of separation of data, by a neural based computer recognition system. To this end certain types of data which are `tricky' are studied in order to see if they can be separated (i.e. classified) by a neural network or by a Kohonen based classifier. It is shown that there exist data which cannot simply be separated by a nearest distance classifier and yet can be treated well by a neural network, these correspond to the symmetry problem in images. In this paper the question that is posed and answered is: `If we are given a set of binary images, is it possible to devise an algorithm which will enable the computer to automatically recognize those images which have an inherent symmetry or near-symmetry?' It is demonstrated that a neural based algorithm can be trained to do the job efficaciously.


Microbial fermentation process were very complex due to effects of culture medium composition and culture conditions on cell metabolism. Fermentation conditions for actinomycetes G5 were optimized with Plackett-Burman experimental design, steepest ascent experiments, and Box-Behnken design. Three main factors affecting the fermentation of actinomycetes G5screened by Plackeet-Burman design were carbon content, temperature and culture days. Then the steepest ascent experiments were conducted based on the action degree and direction of the three main factors. The optimal conditions were finally determined by Box-Behnken design. The results showed that the optimal fermentation condition for actinomycetes G5 were starch content of 21.66 g/L, culture temperature of 27.70 ℃ and culture days of 7.75 d. Under these conditions, the bacterial inhibition diameter of the acquired antibiotics against physalospora piricola was 23.00 mm, equal to the model prediction.


The classic book Parasitism and Disease by Theobald Smith (1934) was one of the first volumes I purchased after beginning entomological studies at the University of Illinois in 1934. At this time, during the depth of the Great Depression, the book quickly became dog-eared and worn from use by numerous colleagues who reveled in the astute and intellectually stimulating writing but could ill-afford to buy a personal copy. The book was lost during my subsequent worldwide civilian and military travels … but when Justus Mueller advised me of the 1963 reprint edition, I quickly ordered it. Justus, the much-admired editor of the journal of Parasitology, hero-worshipped Theobald Smith and revived my interest in the pioneer entomological, parasitological, and biomedical contributions of this great scientist. I wish that Justus could be here today to add his comments to this discourse.


Rate control plays an essential role in real video applications due to the limitation of the bandwidth and storage budget. Supported by reference picture resampling (RPR) in Versatile Video Coding (VVC), which enables resolution changes without introducing an intra-coded frame, it is possible to adjust picture resolutions to adapt to the required bit-rate. However, few rate control algorithms with resolution changes have been explored for VVC. Therefore, we propose a $\lambda$-domain rate control algorithm with resolution changes in this paper. In the proposed rate control scheme, the coding resolution of one frame is determined based on the property of the frame. To make the rate control scheme adaptive to mixed resolutions, the rate control parameters of the full resolution and the low resolution are updated separately. Furthermore, $\lambda$ and QP of the frames with different resolutions are unified to obtain appropriate coding parameters. Simulation results show that a BD-rate coding gain about 3.7% on average can be achieved with the reduction of computational complexity. Besides, negligible bitrate error can be observed at both sequence and frame level.


Students commonly have difficulty with "synthesis problems", which require a combination of typically two concepts that are taught separately in different chapters and/or at significantly different times during a course. One reason for this is that students frequently rely on a formula‐based approach, beginning by searching for mathematical equations or worked examples which often do not exist. We employed a guided scaffolding method to induce students to employ a more effective problem‐solving approach by first searching for fundamental concepts. This method includes a sequence of two conceptually‐based multiple‐choice questions that have similar deep structure as the synthesis problem, and an explicit instruction to remind students to make connections between the synthesis problem and these conceptual questions. We report our findings on the sustained effects of repeated training using conceptually‐scaffolded synthesis problems. In the last 2 weeks of the 2009 fall quarter, we repeatedly provided 3 grou...


Photograph of student holding up t-shirt at the UNT chapter of the National Association of Black Journalists' LinkedIn meeting at Willis Library.


Kenneth I. Berns, Barry J. Byrne, Terence R. Flotte, Guangping Gao, William W. Hauswirth, Roland W. Herzog, Nicholas Muzyczka, Thierry VandenDriessche, Xiao Xiao, Sergei Zolotukhin, and Arun Srivastava Powell Gene Therapy Center, Genetics Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; Office of the Dean, Horae Gene Therapy Center, and Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, and Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.


Uranium oxides in a molten eutectic mixture of NaClKCl were chlorinated by bubbling chlorine gas through the mixture. The reaction product, uranyl chloride. was soluble in the molten salt. Although UO/sub 2/ was the most common oxide used, the reaction was similar in the other oxides. Phosgene and aluminum chloride were also used as chlorinating agents. A dense, crystalline precipitate of pure UO/sub 2/ was prepared by the reduction of the uranyl chloride contained in the molten salt solution. The reduction was accomplished by contacting the salt solution with any of several metals, by reaction with hydrogen or dry ammonia gas, or by electrolysis. Several kilograms of UO/sub 2/ were prepared by electrolysis using graphite electrodes. The physical properties of the material made it potentially useful as a ceramic fuel material. The initial high particle density of the "as-produced" UO/sub 2/ was considered of great potential advantage for adapting this process to the refabrication of irradiated UO/sub 2/ into recycle fuel elements. (M.C.G.)


Abstract : While the look and feel of training support has changed significantly because of the continuous and significant advances in technology, the intent--to ensure that Soldiers and civilians have the training enablers necessary to prepare them to accomplish their mission during both war and peace--has not. This becomes increasingly challenging as we continue to operate in complex environments that require innovative training and training support solutions to ensure the success of our Soldiers and civilians, whatever their missions. One of the first steps in ensuring relevant training support solutions is establishing a comprehensive Army Training Support Enterprise that provides relevant training support capabilities responsive to the needs of Soldiers, civilians, leaders, and mission/combatant commanders and ensures Army readiness.


Objective To optimize the ultrasonic extraction condition for total saponins from the flower of Rhaponticum uniflorum. Methods Total saponins in the flower of Rhaponticum uniflorum were extracted by ultrasonic wave. The content of total saponins was used as the standard control. The experiment was designed by single-factor test and orthogonal design to investigate the ultrasonic extraction process. Results The optimum extraction conditions were to extract at 60 ℃ for 15 min, with 1 : 40 as solvent times and 140 W ultrasonic power. The RSD of verification test was 0.32%. The RSD of scale-up test was 0.25%. Conclusion Ultrasonic wave extraction is more efficient than traditional extraction. The method is economic, reasonable and reproducible.


Urban furniture can be defined as aesthetics and comfort elements that reflect the identity of a city and enable the urban space to become livable. Urban furniture is an important element of the city in order to improve the quality of urban life, to create a comfortable and reliable environment and to meet the needs of the users in the best way. For designing these elements, the social, economic, cultural and architectural structure of the city should be considered and evaluated. Urban furniture plays an active role in university campuses in terms of functional, architectural and aesthetic values. In this context, the Near East University campus is discussed in this study. Existing street furniture has been classified and evaluated. The presence of artistic objects in the campus provides a significant benefit to the spatial identity of the campus. Improvements to other city furniture, especially garbage cans, will support the spatial effect of the campus, which is very important for the entire city.


Objective To probe the risk factors in early pulmonary complication after transplantation of liver.Methods Clinical data of 154 patients of liver transplantation were analysed retrospectively.Twenty-two independent variable of peroperative period were selected for univariate analysis and Logistic regression analysis.The risk factors relating with early pulmonary complication were screened.Results The early pulmonary complication after transplantation of liver occurred in 98 patients(63.6%).Each variable of complication group and control group was analyzed with monofactorial analysis.The results showed that Child-Pugh level was C,perioperative bleeding 2 L,transfusion volume dose 10 L,during the first three days after operation,fluid balance ≤-500 mL was kept no less than one day,hypoproteinemia and infusion blood products 4 L,intensive care unit(ICU) observing time 5 days and fluid balance≤-500 mL was kept no less than two days were statistical significances.The above eight factor as independent variables,and the pulmonary complication after liver transplantation as dependent variables for Logistic multivariate regression analysis.The results showed that pre-operative hypoproteinemia,blood products of transfusion 4 L,ICU observing time 5 days and fluid balance ≤-500 mL was kept no less than two days had statistical significance.Conclusion The hypoproteinemia,blood products of transfusion 4 L and ICU observing time 5 days were risk factors of pulmonary complication after transplantation of liver.Improving pre-operative hypoproteinemia,controlling the amount of blood products-transfusion,reducing the time of observation in ICU and implementing the negative balance of liquid intake and output volume as soon as possible can reduce the incidence of pulmonary complications.


OBJECTIVE:To understand the application and management of medicines brought into hospital by patients and to provide suggestions for the development of relevant policies.METHODS:Domestic and foreign literatures were analyzed retrospectively,and questionnaire survey was conducted among 180 doctors in Xi'an city.RESULTS:Very little literature about the application and management of medicines brought into hospital by patients was found,compared with abroad;systemic elucidation of policies was absent.Among 165 doctors in returned valid questionnaires,71.5% of doctors deem there were risks in using patients' own medicines,such as the medication safety,medicines quality,medication suitability,etc.47.3% put forward the suggestions about the formulation of management policies for medicines brought into hospital by patients.CONCLUSIONS:It is an inevitable trend to reinforce the management of patients'own medicines.Most doctors have risk consciousness of the drugs.It is recommended that institutions develop policies and procedures on patients'own medicines to ensure the safety and effectiveness of drug use.


SESSION OVERVIEW The overwhelming majority of consumer research literature focuses on consumers perceiving, choosing, purchasing, and using objects. While researchers often examine consumers' experiences with these objects, the consumption of experiences and activities that leave a low material trace such as vacationing, attending sporting events, and arts participation, remains under explored. Philosophers and social scientists often present a moralizing dichotomy between the acquisition of the material and the acquisition of experiences, placing 'the doing' of experiences on a higher moral and spiritual plane than 'the having' (Belk 1985; Sartre 1956; Sirgy 1998; Van Boven 2005). This is reinforced in the materialism literature, which finds that materialism, the belief that the acquisition of objects can bring happiness, leads to negative psychological states such as dissatisfaction with life (Sirgy 1998), social anxiety (Schroeder and Dugal 1995), deficit disorder, conduct disorder and narcissism (Cohen and Cohen 1996). From Packard (1957) to Ewen (1976/2001), to Klein (2000), Ritzer (1993) and Schor (1998; 2004), a sociological cottage industry is devoted to the proposition that consumer materialism is a degrading outcome of untrammeled marketing power. Other research into the relationship between experientialism, materialism, and happiness has begun to emerge in psychology; however much theoretical work remains to be done on the types of people who value the experiential, the sociocultural impact of their valuation of the experiential, and the interrelationship between materialism and experientialism. This session drew noted scholars together to explore the role that consumption experiences should play in our theoretical and empirical conceptualizations of materialism. Through retrospective examinations of research on experiences and revisiting the materialism scale with an eye towards experiences, a rich dialog surrounding this important and underdeveloped component of consumption emerged. The presentations were provocative rather than definitive reports in order to facilitate discourse on the topic during the third part of the session and throughout the conference. The goals of the session were to increase thoughtful, scholarly investigation into the role of experiences in contemporary consumer culture, to further dimensionalize the materialism construct, and to begin the development of an organizing framework for the concepts presented. Each paper drew on the considerable expertise of the presenter(s), bringing together social psychologists, anthropologists, and sociologists to deeply reflect on how materialism and experientialism are similar and different, and the implications of experientialism for well-being. In the first presentation, Marsha L. Richins discussed and reflected on the underlying data that led to the creation of her materialism scale (Richins and Dawson 1992). She began by explaining the creation of the object-centered materialism scale. In this presentation, for the first time she reflected on the original exclusion from the scale of experientially-oriented items. She further discussed the role that consumption of experiences might play in the materialism construct. As the developer of the mostwidely used materialism scale and an expert on the materialism construct, Professor Richins' insights and reflections helped to provide a common base of understanding for discussion amongst session participants and attendants. In the second presentation, Michelle F. Weinberger examined the centrality of material and experiential consumption in contemporary society, and identified cultural values undergirding this valuation. Weinberger's background in cultural sociology and her current research on consumption experiences provided another disciplinary perspective on the topic. Using data from depth interviews and ethnographic participant-observation, she discussed the role that experiences play for consumers of different social classes, and suggested that across status groups, consumers strategically collect experiences and objects in different ways to display cultural capital (Bourdieu 1984; Holt 1998). This perspective raises questions about differences between materialism and experientialism as currently conceived, and suggests new dimensions for evaluating the conceptual relationships among materialism, experientialism, social class, and well-being. Finally, Eric J. Arnould and Linda L. Price put forward a new approach to considering materialism and experience. Professor Arnould's anthropological perspective and Professor Price's social psychology background as well as their research on extraordinary experiences provide substantial expertise for the session. Through examining the concept of well-being and consumers' use of marketplace resources for its creation, they presented a three dimensional matrix as an organizing framework for thinking about the interrelationships between well-being, materiality, and culture. Taken together, the presentations provided a solid conceptual platform for discussion on the interrelationship between the experiential and the material and the implications of experiential acquisition for materialism research. During this last part of the session, the discussion was led by Professor Melanie Wallendorf whose own research into materialism (Wang and Wallendorf 2006) and consumption experiences (Belk, Wallendorf, and Sherry 1989; Wallendorf and Arnould 1991) uniquely suited her for this role. Rather than just discussing the papers, she facilitated a discussion and brainstorming session between participants and the audience on the belief that material possessions or experiences are essential in producing happiness.


Kinetic parameters governing the adsorption of copper were determined in calcareous soils that differed in physical and chemical properties. The kinetics of copper adsorption in soils conformed to a second order reaction. Calcium carbonate, clay and organic matter serve as a seat of Cu retention in soils. The rate constant and residence half-life time of copper in soil solution varied from 0.28 x 10−2 to 3.80 x 10−2 mg−1 L minot and 146 to 2232 minutes, respectively, in different soils. The dry matter yield of barley was negatively correlated with rate constant of copper adsorption in soils (r = -0.707*). The organic matter and clay content exerted pronounced influence on the rate of Cu adsorption by calcareous soils.


Theoretical background - models of urban spatial structure, the gravity model, other urban simulation models, monocentric models, discrete choice models, ecological models the policy interface, transportation, urban labour and housing markets the region, the data, and the model, geographic scope, data, model specification results and interpretation, model estimation results, model specification alternatives, interpretation of results conclusions and directives for future research.


Objective Diabetes represents a significant challenge for Chinese healthcare providers. Healthcare decision-making is generally based on many data sources, including randomised controlled and real-world studies; however, good-quality data from Chinese diabetes patients are scarce. We performed an initial validation to assess the representativeness of one source of real-world data—the Diabetes Adelphi Disease Specific Programme (DSP) in China. Setting China, UK. Participants The Chinese DSP included 2060 patients with previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) sampled by 200 physicians. The reference Chinese population comprised 238 639 patients with previously diagnosed T2DM. The UK DSP contained 1481 patients with T2DM sampled by 125 physicians; the reference UK population comprised 289 patients with diabetes. Primary and secondary outcomes The primary outcome was comparison of unweighted China DSP and reference data for sex, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), patients achieving glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c)<7%, total cholesterol, coronary heart disease and dyslipidaemia. The secondary outcome was comparison of weighted UK DSP and reference data for BMI, BP, mean HbA1c, total cholesterol, smoking and insulin status. Results Comparison of unweighted China DSP and reference data revealed statistical equivalence for BMI, systolic BP, proportion of patients achieving HbA1c <7%, total cholesterol, coronary heart disease and dyslipidaemia. Sex, age, diabetes duration, diastolic BP and mean HbA1c level were not equivalent, although differences were generally small. Weighting of data did not substantially affect the results. A similar pattern was observed for UK data. Conclusions This study provides evidence that the methodology used for the China and UK parts of the Diabetes DSP produces representative samples that are comparable with other independent sources of patient treatment outcomes data, which may ultimately inform public health decision-making. Although this method could be used in other countries, the current validation applies to UK and China. Further research is required for other countries.


In this paper, the performances of two techniques for generating switching signals for a three-phase four-wire four-leg shunt active power filter are compared under balanced and unbalanced load conditions. The techniques used for this comparative study are the traditional method of the hysteresis control and the method of 3D SVM control. The comparisons are made on the basis of simulations in Matlab/Simulink environment. Through this study, it is shown that the switching losses of the converter and the harmonics of the source current are reduced for the 3D SVM technique. The regulation of the current and voltage is accomplished by PI regulators, with use of the pq0 theory in the αβο-axes for the generation of reference signal harmonic.


Gold price has significant nonlinear, time-varying, many influence factors and more difficult to determine. In order to improve the precision of forecast gold price, this paper proposes a gold price combination forecasting model based on pursuit algorithm and neural network. Firstly, projection pursuit algorithm is used to choose the influence factors, and then the selected impact factors are used as BP neural network input variables to learn and establish gold price forecast model, finally forecast performance is tested by simulation experiments. The test results show that combined model can well depict the gold price trend, simplify network structure, accelerate the network learning speed, and improve the prediction accuracy of gold price. It provides a new forecast method for gold price.


Several permanent magnet alloys based on the ternary Nd2Fe14B (2-14-1) composition have been prepared by inert gas atomization (IGA). The microstructure and magnetic properties of these alloys have been studied as a function of particle size, both before and after heat treatment. Different particle sizes have characteristic properties due to the differences in cooling rate experienced during solidification from the melt. These properties are also strongly dependent on the alloy composition due to the cooling rate's effect on the development of the phase structure; the use of rare earth rich compositions appears necessary to compensate for a generally inadequate cooling rate. After atomization, a brief heat treatment is necessary for the development of the optimal microstructure and magnetic properties, as seen from the hysteresis loop shape and improvements in key magnetic parameters (intrinsic coercivity Hci, remanence Br, and maximum energy product BHmax). By adjusting alloy compositions specifically fo...


Extending previous work of J. B. Olsson, cf. [7], [8], and of K. Erdmann and G. O. Michler, cf. [2], on the number of p-spin blocks of defect zero (p prime) of a double covering group of the symmetric group Sn, we prove that this number is positive for all n whenever p ≥ 7. More precisely, it is shown that sp(n) > 0 if p ≥ 7, where sp(n) denotes the number of bar partitions of n which are p-cores.


The structure of apatites allows large variations of composition given by the generic formula (M 10 (XO 4 ) 6 Z 2 ) including partial or complete substitution of both the cationic as well as the anionic sites, formation of nonstoichiometric forms and solid solutions. More than half of naturally occurring elements can be accommodated by apatite structure in a significant extend. The sixth chapter of this book is divided into five sections. The first, second and the third part deals with many examples of substitution including cationic substitution of M sites, anionic substitution of X-site and anionic substitution of Z-site, respectively. The remaining two sections continue with solid solution of apatites and ends with description of trace elements and their isotopes in the structure of apatite, respectively. c-axis through the substitution of a portion of OH radicals. The molecular


We introduce a new self-contained and self-aware interface for musical expression where a recurrent neural network (RNN) is integrated into a physical instrument design. The system includes levers for physical input and output, a speaker system, and an integrated single-board computer. The RNN serves as an internal model of the user's physical input, and predictions can replace or complement direct sonic and physical control by the user. We explore this device in terms of different interaction configurations and learned models according to frameworks of self-aware cyber-physical systems.


This article describes the development and some initial outcomes of a framework for strengthening media resources outreach support, as a component of the new University of Minnesota Libraries, Media Services program.


This paper considers a three-phase two-way relay system in which two single-antenna transceivers exchange data with the help of a multi-antenna energy harvesting relay. An SNR maximization problem is formulated under fixed total power and fairness constraints. Given the fraction of energy harvested by the relay in the first two phases, a closed-form expression for the optimal power allocation between the transceivers is derived. Simulation results show that three-phase two-way relaying can have better performance than conventional two-phase two-way relaying, especially if the number of antennas at the relay is large.


Nowadays, Internet-of-Things (IoT) have shown great potential to improve the performance of different applications. However, the advances of IoT also make the security issue become one of the biggest challenges for these applications. Researchers in the past have shown that Symmetric key cryptography is generally considered infeasible and public key cryptography, at times, fails to provide sufficient security and integrity to data. In contrast to this prejudice, our paper presents a novel approach that establishes security to data through encryption techniques like RSA. Moreover, it identifies the shortest path to route messages from the source to the destination and ensures that packets are delivered safely even when intermediate nodes are attacked by identifying Alternate paths between the source and the destination. We implement and evaluate our design by using J2ME, and the evaluation results show the effectiveness of our design.


Abstruct-High reliability space and military electronics generally conforms to the IPC Class 3 acceptance criteria for electronic assemblies, while less critical applications conform to Class 2 criteria. IPC J-STD-001 specifies a minimum heel fillet height of the solder standoff thickness plus the lead thickness for gull wing leaded components on Class 3 assemblies, and the solder standoff thickness plus 50% of the lead thickness for Class 2 assemblies. We have shown that for gull wing leaded packages that are interface bonded to the PWB, Class 2 heel fillets meet the reliability standards for space flight electronics, and the performance of Class 2 and Class 3 heel fillets are nearly identical. Tests were performed with gull wing leaded quad flatpacks, which were interface bonded to the board assembly. The components covered a wide range of package sizes and had varying amounts of solder in the heel fillet. All of the gull wing solder joints, including those with very small heel fillets, survived testing with no crack formations when subjected to vibration at greater than launch level, and equivalent thermal cycling in excess of expected mission life. Cross sections of the solder joints after vibration and thermal cycling did not reveal any evidence of cracks or other anomalies. Numerical modeling of heel fillet thermal cycling showed that under conservative conditions, both Class 2 and Class 3 heel fillets on a large 352-lead quad flatpack should survive over 100 years in low earth orbit. We conclude that Class 2 heel fillets on gull wing leaded components are acceptable for high reliability space flight electronics, provided that the packages are interface bonded. '.


Airlines are constantly on a look out for partnerships that could facilitate an increase in revenue without having to invest as much. Codesharing is one such solution, where a marketing carrier sel ...


Locust swarms are a major threat to agriculture, affecting every continent except Antarctica and impacting the lives of 1 in 10 people. Locusts are short horned grasshoppers that exhibit two behaviour types depending on their local population density. These are; solitarious, where they will actively avoid other locusts, and gregarious where they will seek them out. It is in this gregarious state that locusts can form massive and destructive flying swarms or plagues. However, these swarms are usually preceded by the formation of hopper bands by the juvenile wingless locust nymphs. It is thus important to understand the hopper band formation process to control locust outbreaks. On longer time-scales, environmental conditions such as rain events synchronize locust lifecycles and can lead to repeated outbreaks. On shorter time-scales, changes in resource distributions at both small and large spatial scales have an effect on locust gregarisation. It is these short time-scale locust-resource relationships and their effect on hopper band formation that are of interest. In this paper we investigate not only the effect of food on both the formation and characteristics of locust hopper bands but also a possible evolutionary explanation for gregarisation in this context. We do this by deriving a multi-population aggregation equation that includes non-local inter-individual interactions and local inter-individual and food interactions. By performing a series of numerical experiments we find that there exists an optimal food width for locust hopper band formation, and by looking at foraging efficiency within the model framework we uncover a possible evolutionary reason for gregarisation. Author summary Locusts are short horned grass hoppers that live in two diametrically opposed behavioural states. In the first, solitarious, they will actively avoid other locusts, whereas the second, gregarious, they will actively seek them out. It is in this gregarious state that locusts form the recognisable and destructive flying adult swarms. However, prior to swarm formation juvenile flightless locusts will form marching hopper bands and make their way from food source to food source. Predicting where these hopper bands might form is key to controlling locust outbreaks. Research has shown that changes in food distributions can affect the transition from solitarious to gregarious. In this paper we construct a mathematical model of locust-locust and locust-food interactions to investigate how and why isolated food distributions affect hopper band formation. Our findings suggest that there is an optimal food width for hopper band formation and that being gregarious increases a locusts ability to forage when food width decreases.


PurposeSchools in resource challenged communities require principal approaches that break patterns of low expectations and low student achievement. This study identifies Alabama's "outlier" schools that have been consistently successful in attaining higher student outcomes than their neighboring schools despite their similar community conditions. Then, it describes the perspectives and practices of principals leading these outlier schools. The purpose of this paper is to discuss findings on principal leadership in five of Alabama's outlier schools.Design/methodology/approachIn a sequential, explanatory mixed-methods design, the authors first use state administrative data to identify which Alabama schools had better results than their peers as evidenced by standardized testing between 2016 and 2020. Then, through semi-structured interviews, they examine the beliefs and approaches of five principals who are currently leading an outlier school. The frame of contextual leadership provides a deeper understanding of how these principals navigate successful schools in the midst of challenging community influences.FindingsThe evidence demonstrated that (1) community factors of low education, high unemployment, single-parent households and generational poverty are associated with considerably lower levels of student growth and achievement; (2) measured school and community factors do not explain student growth and achievement in these outlier schools; (3) outlier principals have a realistic view of their community's challenges but focus on supporting students through a context sensitive, relational approach that emphasizes assets over limitations.Originality/valueWhile research has attended to leadership in turnaround schools and effective schools, there is little literature on principals leading in positive outlier schools. This study contributes to the literature on school leadership in resource challenged contexts by identifying high performing, resource challenged schools and then showing the perspectives and practices of principals who lead in schools that have consistently achieved better than expected student outcomes. It extends the construct of "outlier leadership" in education and connects it to contextual leadership in schools.


The
aim of this study was to identify the relationships between the variation of
match variables and teams' match performance. Data from all 768 matches played at
the group stage of the UEFA Champions League from season
2009/1010 to
2016/2017 were analysed. The non-clinical magnitude-based inferences were used
to identify the differences of technical variation between the teams. Autocorrelation
function, correlation analysis and generalised linear model were used to
examine the relationships between the variation of match variables and teams'
match performance. Results showed that the qualified teams demonstrated
a more stable match performance on the variables related to goal scoring,
attacking and
passing, while the non-qualified teams displayed a more stable match
performance on the variables related to defending. The coefficients of
variation (CV) of all the variables related to goal scoring and
the variables
related to attacking and passing showed negative relationships with the
teams' match performance, while the CVs of the variables
related to
defending showed positive relationships with the teams' match performance. Findings
of this study can provide useful information about the fluctuation of match
variables, contributing to the development of specific training
interventions to enhance teams' performance in key indicators.


In this communication a low-cost technique for low distortion measurements at high-frequency is presented. We need to characterize the dynamic range of very low distortion linear integrated circuits over a range of 100 dB at video frequencies (around 10 MHz). Instead of buying costly distortion measuring equipment, we have preferred to build a simple and economical system for this propose.


Polyaniline (PANI) wrapped Ti2Nb10O29 (TNO) micro-spherical composites were successfully synthesized via a solvothermal approach combined with a facial post in-situ polymerization method. Effects of different amounts of the PANI coatings on the
 composite microspheres' electrochemical properties were studied in detail. Results showed that the electrochemical performance of TNO@PANI anodes with 5 wt% PANI is the optimum among all the samples, giving capacity values as high as 272 mAh/g (1 C) and 190.1 mAh/g (20 C), respectively.
 Moreover, the electrochemical impedance measurements exhibited that 5 wt% TNO@PANI composite electrode material possess a weaker charge transfer resistance. This indicates that an appropriate amount of polyaniline coating can effectively improve the electronic conductivity of TNO microspheres
 and subsequently the electrochemical properties. In this work, we have demonstrated that 3D TNO@PANI composite microspheres not only deliver a higher initial Columbic efficiency but also can serve as next-generation lithium-ion battery electrode material with enhanced rate performance.


Abstract : The relationship between electronics job activity complexity, as perceived by maintenance technicians, and the intellective scale value of these activities, as perceived by psychologists and physicists, was investigated. Guilford's Structure-of-Intellect model was employed as an intellective referent. Magnitude estimation methods, based on the separate and independent judgments of the technicians, the physicists, and the psychologists, were employed to derive the required data. Moderate to fairly strong relationships were found between the scale values of the intellective factors involved in the job activities and the perceived complexity of the activities. The results may be employed for such purposes as establishing the intellective characteristics required in the jobs of electronics maintenance personnel, in curriculum content development, and posttraining performance evaluative device and instrument development. (Author)


Diffraction limited 1.4 W pulsed output power is demonstrated from a two‐dimensional 144 element surface emitting laser array placed in an external Talbot cavity. Phase locking of the array is achieved with a parallel phase sensing and control system based on phase contrast imaging used in combination with a liquid crystal array in the laser cavity. Diffraction limited cw operation is also demonstrated.


Healthcare organizations are discovering that it requires more than a training class, reminder posters on the walls and a couple of portable lifts to measurably impact worker injury rates. With the average patient body weight and size on the increase, and recommended lifting weight limits on the decrease – now at 35 pounds – different solutions need to be applied in this industry to make a substantial impact.


The scientific interest about the whole-bodyvibrations exercise (WBVE) has grown along of thetime worldwide. WBVE is generated in an individualin contact with the base of a vibratory platform.Hence, mechanical vibration produced in theplatform is transmitted to the body of the individual.This mechanical vibration is a physical agent thatis characterized by an oscillatory, harmonic anddeterministic motion; and biomechanical parameters,as frequency and peak-to-peak displacement must bewell defined to the safety and feasibility of the WBVEintervention.Clinical and experimental studies have beenperformed to try to improve the comprehension ofthe effects of the WBVE. Publications have suggestedthat biological effects would be associated with thetonic vibration reflex and/or to the neuroendocrineresponses.Several important clinical effects of the WBVEhave been described, such as (i) increase of the trunkflexibility, strength and power muscle and bonedensity, (ii) improvement of the quality of life, ofthe balance and cognition, and (iii) decrease of bothpain and risk of falls. Therefore, WBVE can be used interms of fitness, disease treatment, in rehabilitationprogram, and, in general termos, for the preventionand promotion of health.WBVE has been used as an intervention in variouspopulations, as (a) trained and untrained, (b) healthyand unhealthy and (c) young, adult or elderly. Somebenefits have been reported. Animals (dog, horse) havealso been submitted to the WBVE.In sports, improvements in the fitness have beendescribed in soccer players, divers, swimmers andcombat athletes, athletic throwers, dancers, and icehockeyplayers.Several publications have shown investigationswith postmenopausal women evaluating the action ofWBVE related to the frailty and in the improvementof the bone density and in reduction of the fallrisks. Individuals with metabolic syndrome, kneeosteoarthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,diabetes and obesity have had benefits due to WBVEintervention. The rehabilitation of subjects holdingsome disability related to diseases, such as cerebralpalsy, osteogenesis imperfecta, spinal cord injury,multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, stroke, when usingWBVE has revealed the relevance of this intervention.In addition, studies about the applicability of wholebodyvibration therapy in intensive care patients havealso been reported.Putting together all the previous considerations, itis very important to highlight the importance of thisspecial issue of HUPE Journal to all Health Sciencesprofessionals that have common interest in thetreatment and prevention of diseases, as well as in thepromotion of the health.The readers of this issue will have the opportunityto verify, in the the original papers section, thepossibility of applications of the WBVE to cardiacsurgery postoperative care. In individuals withmetabolic syndrome it is shown the improvementof the flexibility and the reduction of the pain level.Considering the aging, a significant increase in themuscle strength of the hip adductors and the kneeextensor muscles in elderly is also reported. Immediateeffects of WBVE on thermal symmetry of the lowerlegs and ankles of healthy subjects are revealed. Inaddition, the applicability of WBVE as a new tool inVeterinary Medicine is shown. Besides all WBVE uses,it is possible to point out that this clinical interventionis safe, feasible, and cost-effective.The human cutaneous mechanoreceptive afferentsresponse and the benefits of WBVE to individualswith knee osteoarthritis are reviewed, together withapplications of the WBVE in Intensive Care Unit.


This report describes capacity and needs assessments of youth services in the District of Columbia. These assessments were conducted by the Urban Institute, Georgetown University, and the University of the District of Columbia (UDC) in the Summer of 1999. (Available in CD-ROM format only).


Welty presents a vivid and striking picture of the American southern farmers, who are stricken by tiredness, poverty, cold and desperation in the short story. This paper tries to analyze how the stylistic features contribute to the development of the plot, illustrates the theme of the story and strengthen the reliability of the work from the perspective of point of view, and speech and thought presentation.


With reflection being absent in the pragmatic world of consumerism, the roles of marketing and marketing communications are strengthening. Marketing communications have already been studied largely by quantitative research approaches as well as qualitative research approaches based on focus groups and interviews. The present monograph is based on the findings that are the result of a different methodological approach. Ethnography is used to obtain extensive, in-depth descriptions of the phenomenon given. Focusing on the features of marketing communications processes, the ethnographic study was performed in two different organisations. Discourse analysis was used to interpret data, as well as the philosopher Zizek's work which relates to Lacan's 'objet petit a.' The purpose of the monograph is not to give answers, guidelines, recommendations and 'recipes' for successful and effective marketing communications practice. It considers the marketing communications phenomena from a different angle compared to traditional marketing communications literature. The in-depth discourse allows critical discussion on the pitfalls of everyday marketing communications practice, paying attention to the unconscious processes and paradoxical situations, and opening up questions about new and different marketing communications dimensions.


Culbreath, A. K., Kemerait, R. C., Jr., Brenneman, T. B., Tsai, Y. C., Stevenson, K. L. and Cantonwine, E. G. 2015. Effect of in-furrow and early-season banded applications of fungicides on incidence of early leaf spot of peanut. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-RS-15-0029. Field experiments were conducted in Tifton, GA, in 2012-2014 to determine the effect of in-furrow applications of prothioconazole and early-season banded applications of prothioconazole or pyraclostrobin on incidence of early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea). In each year, border rows were planted in May as a source of inoculum for plants in the treatment plots. Plots were planted in August or September after epidemics of early leaf spot were severe in the border plots. Fungicide application regimes included two rates (100 and 200 g a.i./ha) of prothioconazole applied in-furrow at planting, and 200 g a.i./ha of prothioconazole or 164 g a.i./ha of pyraclostrobin applied concentrated in a 30-cm band 21 days after planting (DAP). Incidence (percent of leaflets with one or more leaf spot) of early leaf spot was monitored until 54 to 57 days after planting in each year. In all years, disease incidence was below 10% at 28 DAP in plots treated with 200 g a.i./ha of prothioconazole in-furrow compared to over 40% in nontreated plots at the same time. In-furrow applications of 100 g a.i./ha of prothioconazole were less effective, but suppressed leaf spot incidence compared to the control. Banded applications of either fungicide at 21 DAP resulted in a decrease in leaf spot incidence, and prevented increase in leaf spot incidence for 19 days or longer.


Single crystal whiskers of nano-periodic layered structure of Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu2.5Te0.5Ox for fabricating SET devices were successfully grown. The observation of multi-branch structures means that the grown whisker works as an interlayer-tunneling stack of series array and can use as a new electronic device using intrinsic Josephson effects. The electrical transport characteristics and size dependencies of these whiskers owing to the growing parameters like component ratio, heating temperature, oxygen flow rate and growth time will be discussed for applying SET devices.


Oconomowoc, Wis., Feb. 28, 1898. To the Editor: —Miss B. applied for treatment at Sanatorium Waldheim, Nov. 21, 1897, on account of a hacking cough, bloody expectoration, general emaciation and night sweats. The patient is single, a servant, 21 years of age. Both parents are dead; father died of tuberculosis; cause of mother's death unknown. Patient says she has always been well up to May, 1897, when she took a severe cold, causing a cough which lasted through the summer and increased toward autumn. She weighs 104 pounds, is anemic, cheeks slightly flushed and gives the impression of one in the second stage of tuberculosis. She coughs mostly toward night, expectorates (with difficulty) a small amount of blood-stained sputum and often vomits after a severe attack of coughing. She has anorexia, night sweats, and does not sleep well. Expansion of chest is fair, with slight dulness over both apices, harsh


This paper will review the current state of the art of internal photoemission infrared detectors. That is, detectors which sense in a multi-step process, beginning with photon absorption in an electrode and terminating in emission of an excited carrier over a potential barrier into a semiconductor depletion region. Internal photoemission (PE) is a surface barrier sensing process similar to vacuum photoemission. This differs from competing bulk detection processes where both photoabsorption and carrier measurement takes place in the semiconductor. The PtSi/p-Si Schottky photodiode is the most advanced and best documented infrared PE device. Our interest is more general however and we will include devices where the photoemission 'electrode' may be a metal, a metal silicide or a degenerate semiconductor.