Aim: HER‐2/neu amplification occurs in 15–25% of breast carcinomas. This oncogene, also referred to as c‐erbB‐2, encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor belonging to the epidermal growth factor receptor family. HER‐2 over‐expression is reported to be associated with a poor prognosis in breast carcinoma patients and in some studies is associated with a poorer response to anti‐oestrogen therapy. These patients are less likely to benefit from CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil)‐based chemotherapy compared with anthracycline‐based chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate breast carcinomas to determine hormone receptor status and if there is a difference in breast cancer specific survival for HER‐2 positive patients. Methods: A total of 591 breast carcinomas were evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC) for oestrogen receptor (ERp), progesterone receptor (PRp) and three different HER‐2 antibodies (CB11, A0485 and TAB250). Percentage of tumour cells and intensity of staining for ERp were evaluated using a semiquantitative method. Results: Of the 591 tumours, 91 (15.4%) showed 3+ membrane staining for HER‐2 with one or more antibodies. Of these 91 tumours, 41 (45.1%) were ERp+/PRp+, seven (7.7%) were ERp+/PR–, six (6.6%) were ERp–/PRp+ and 37 (40.7%) were ERp–/PR–. Of HER‐2 positive tumours, 5.5% showed >80% 3+ staining for ERp compared with 31.8% of 0–2+ HER‐2 tumours; 24.2% of HER‐2‐positive tumours showed 60% or more cells with 2+ or 3+ staining for ERp. Treatment data were available for 209 patients and no difference was observed in breast cancer specific survival (BCSS) with HER‐2 status and tamoxifen. Conclusion: Oestrogen receptor status cannot be used to select tumours for evaluation of HER‐2 status, and oestrogen and progesterone receptor positivity does not preclude a positive HER‐2 status. There is a higher proportion of ERp negative tumours associated with HER‐2 positivity, however, more than 20% of HER‐2 positive tumours show moderate or strong staining for ERp. HER‐2 positive patients in this study did not show an adverse BCSS with tamoxifen treatment unlike some previous studies.


1. Introduction: Global Variations in the Political and Social Economy of Care: Worlds Apart? Shahra Razavi and Silke Staab Section I: Care's Place Re-Imagined 2. Democratic Care Politics in an Age of Limits Joan Tronto Section II: Shaping the Policy Agenda: Care in Advanced Industrialized Economies 3. Advanced Economy, Modern Welfare State and Traditional Care Regimes: The Case of Switzerland Mascha Madorin, Brigitte Schnegg and Nadia Baghdadi 4. The Struggle Against Familialism: Reconfiguring the Care Diamond in Japan Emiko Ochiai, Aya Abe, Takafumi Uzuhashi, Yuko Tamiya and Masato Shikata 5. The Boss, the Worker, His Wife, and No Babies: South Korean Political and Social Economy of Care in a Context of Institutional Rigidities Ito Peng Section III: Different Worlds? The Challenge of Care in a Development Context 6. Beyond Maternalism? The Political and Social Organization of Childcare in Argentina Valeria Esquivel and Eleonor Faur 7. The Limits of Family and Community Care: Challenges for Public Policy in Nicaragua Juliana Martinez-Franzoni and Koen Voorend 8. Care in South Africa: A Legacy of Family Disruption Debbie Budlender and Francie Lund 9. Unpaid and Overstretched: Coping with HIV & AIDS in Tanzania Debbie Budlender and Ruth Meena 10. Between the State, Market, and Family: Structures, Policies, and Practices of Care in India Rajni Palriwala and N. Neetha Section IV: The Politics of Care 'Going Public': Actors and Institutions 11. Claims and Frames in the Making of Care Policies Fiona Williams 12. Harmonizing Global Care Policy? Care and the Commission on the Status of Women Kate Bedford Section V: Global Care Chains: The Transnational Aspects of Care 13. The Globalisation of Paid Care Labour Migration: Dynamics, Impacts and Policy Nicola Yeates


The temperature of ideal gas will rise on condition of adiabatic compression,on the contrary,it will drop on condition adiabatic expand,this is the result of conservation of energy.This article will focus on the ideal of kinematics of gas ractionary,so it's reasonable to raise a microcosmic explaination on the rising of temperature of ideal gas on condition of adiabatic compression.


Although isiZulu has been accorded official status by the constitution of the country, the language continues to be marginalised in the private and public sectors. This illustrates that there is a considerable mismatch between the language policy on the one hand, and language practice on the other hand in these sectors. This is due largely to the problems associated with the practical implementation of the language policy. This study sets out to investigate the attitudes of Zulu and non-Zulu speakers at selected private and public sector institutions to gauge how these speakers feel about isiZulu and what can be done to promote the language in this region. Against this background, an empirical investigation comprising a questionnaire survey, which produced descriptive and inferential statistical data, was undertaken. Data were gathered by means of questionnaires from a random sample of Zulu and non-Zulu speakers from the eThekwini region. Semistructured interviews were conducted with Zulu and non-Zulu speakers at selected private and public sector institutions in this region. Data gathered from the semi-structured interviews were used to complement data from the questionnaires. The main findings indicate that among Zulu speakers, isiZulu has entrenched its position in the domestic domain because it is the main language of communication with family members, friends and neighbours. However, the language has not yet established itself in the commercial sector. The findings reveal that Zulu speakers are proud of isiZulu and they feel that the language has the potential to be used in all spheres of society. The majority of non-Zulu speakers on the other hand, consider isiZulu an important requirement for employment opportunities. They also feel that the isiZulu is going to play an important role in the future and it is imperative that people acquire the language so that they can communicate effectively with the majority in this region. Since


We investigate data compensation and all fiber probe for an interferometric measurement of high-frequency dynamic displacement. In this measurement, the reference light is modulated with a high-frequency sinusoidal signal and then the displacement is derived by using the time width of produced pulsed interference signal. Error compensation based on the frequency response function of the system is introduced to correctly measure the dynamic displacement containing relatively high frequency components. In the proof-of-concept experiment that uses an optical phase modulator to simulate mechanical vibration, a 20 MHz vibration of a triangle waveform is successfully measured with reduced distortion. Additionally, we demonstrate a simple fiber probe that employs an unjacketed section as a sensitive area and measures tens-of-nanometer scale displacement with a data point interval of 100 ns.


This research aims at revealing the relationship between Ki Ageng Suryomentaran (KAS) with Ki Hadjar Dewantara (KHD). This is library research in which the data were gained through documenting the books. The triangulation of the book resources was used as the technique of data analysis. The result of the research indicates that (1) KAS and KHD lived in the same era to prepare the independence day of Indonesia, (2) both of them were in the same society called as Kliwonan, in which KAS was the leader and KHD was the secretary, (3) both of them fully participated in education by sharing roles. KAS took care of the adults through Kawruh Jiwa consisting of Kawruh Pamomong, and KHD took care of children through Sistem Among in the Taman Siswa School. The relationship, concept, thought, history and spirit of struggle of those people are interesting to be studied comprehensively to fulfill each other to become theory, concept and practice in education which comes from Indonesia that is suitable with culture and Indonesian characters.


The aim of my disertation is to analyse current motivation system within WIKY spol. s r.o., and to project efficient motivation methods based on the results of performed survey.


Polymeric insulation materials are widely used in power generation and energy storage apparatuses. Several examples are: dielectric films for capacitors and resistors; encapsulations for electronic components and devices; insulations for power cables and electrical machines. The dielectric breakdown behaviors of these insulation materials are dependent of electrical stress conditions, chemical structures and their application environment, such as temperature. In this paper, the electrical stress and chemical structure effects on breakdown strength of some typical insulation films are presented and discussed.


Abstract Current standards for the blast protection of buildings are primarily focused on the response of single components and do not provide adequate tools to quantify the overall performance of complex structural systems. Methodologies that can translate structural damage into information actionable by policy-makers are greatly needed to support the risk management process. The best efforts produced to date towards a comprehensive analysis of the built environment under blast threats can be classified under the umbrella of probabilistic risk assessment, which can provide the public with projections of casualties and economic loss. However, additional metrics are needed in order to capture the post-blast resilience of target facilities. The current study addresses the need of a unified risk and resilience framework, wherein new design criteria – the functionality loss index and the resilience indicator – are proposed as instrumental to the assessment of a building's post-blast functionality and resilience in an integrated fashion.


The work presented below relates broadly the legal thought of Jorge Millas. It explains the philosophical theory of Millas regarding his theory of law and, in particular, his conception of the relations between law and morality. Finally, it is explored the axiological theory of law and shows the merits, scope and limits of legal thought "in genere".


Dry socket is one of the most common post-operative complications following extraction of permanent teeth. The aetiology of dry socket is a subject of debate; it is probably multifactorial. However, its pathogenesis remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of dry socket following extraction of permanent teeth at Dental Polyclinic of Kulliyyah (Faculty) of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia. Retrospective reviews of records of 3,452 extractions of permanent teeth for various reasons from June 2009 to July 2012, were studied. Information regarding biography of the patient, indications for extraction, extraction site (upper or lower arch), extraction technique and procedure were retrieved and analysed. There were 3,452 dental extractions carried out within the study period. The overall prevalence of dry socket was 1.13%. The prevalence of dry socket with regard to gender was 1.3% in males, and 1% in females. The peak prevalence (2.24%) was in the group of patients aged below 20 years. The prevalence of dry socket cases recorded from surgical removal of impacted teeth group was 5.8%. Data evaluation based on site of extraction showed that the prevalence in the upper jaw was less (0.98%) than that in the lower jaw (1.26%). Following surgical extractions, the prevalence of dry socket was 6.88%, while in simple extraction, the prevalence was 0.77%. These results strongly suggest that the aetiology of dry socket is multifactorial, and that the healing potential of the patient ultimately determines the severity and duration of the condition. The incidence of dry socket was higher in male patients, age group of 21 – 30 years, extractions due to caries, extraction of lower teeth, and in surgical extractions.


From last decade the extensive use of Wireless Sensor Networks in different application areas and environmental conditions where human intervention is not very economical and favorable has led to an increased demand of energy efficient algorithms. Due to the use of random deployment strategy in such areas, the load must be balanced equally among the sensor nodes for efficient utilization of energy and extending the network life time. Hence, an efficient load balancing algorithm is proposed for grid-based clustering where merging and splitting of clusters is devised for sparse and dense clusters respectively and cross clustering is applied for averagely dense clusters. We have used multi-hop communication among the Cluster Heads (CHs) which reduces the energy consumption as well. The decision of cluster members to join adjoining cluster depends on its distance from both its current CH and adjoining CH. Thus communication of data, that requires the highest amount of energy, will be done for a short distance. Hence, the amount of energy spent by cluster members in communicating is also reduced. The overhead comparison with an existing algorithm depicts that the proposed algorithm being centralized in nature generates asymptotically the same amount of control packets as a distributed approach does. Our algorithm can perform better in terms of energy consumption and load balancing which eventually increases the network lifetime and minimizes creation of energy holes.


There are a number of systems available to the utility planner to implement multirate pricing structures and load management techniques. Of these, clock-activated systems are the least flexible, but have applications where only a few load control points are to be installed and the economy of scale cannot be utilized. Radio control offers a significant improvement in system versatility over clock-activated control and the technology is well developed. For the past 30 years, ripple control has been used in Europe with great success. Ripple control is being installed in Vermont by Central Vermont Public Service Corp. and Green Mountain Power Corp. With the introduction of a two-way ripple system by Zellweger, the versatility of ripple control compares with the two-way system being developed in this country. When the development of load management devices started, telephone lines were first chosen as the communication link. A test facility has been installed at Darco telemetering systems using telephone lines of an independent telephone company, but technical problems may exist. Before this system can be competitive with existing systems, the technical problems associated with implementing load management techniques and multi-rate pricing schedules must be solved, and the costs of leased telephone lines must bemore » established. It is the opinion of the authors that the most versatile system for implementing load management, multi-rate pricing, and automatic meter reading is the high-frequency two-way distribution power line communication system. Although this system does not have the field experience that either ripple or radio control has, and the economics of automatic meter reading has not been established, it has been very successful in limited test situations. (MCW)« less


Siamese orange is one of the fruits that produce vitamin C, containing 20-60 mg/100 ml. Siamese citrus production in Sambas Regency in 2016 – 2017 experienced an increase in growth of 28,937 quintals. In 2017 – 2018 it was 249,863 quintals. So that the total increase in Siamese oranges in 2016 – 2018 was 220,899 quintals. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the type of packaging on the quality of Siamese oranges during the shelf-life period. The approach technique used in this study is true experimental, with analysis using the ANOVA test. Based on the results of the analysis using the iodimetric method, it was found that for the treatment at room temperature of 27 C with a weight of 330 g there was an increase in the content of vitamin C by 6.96%, while for the skin it decreased by 14.25%. For a sample weight of 340 g, vitamin C levels increased by 1.34% and for skin, vitamin C levels decreased by 25.37%. Based on the analysis of the ANOVA test, it was found that at room temperature treatment of 27 C Fcount (1.05) was smaller than Ftable 5% (5.99) and for 1% (13.75), this showed no significant difference. Meanwhile, for the freezer temperature sample - 10 C, Fcount (1.25) is smaller than Ftable (5.99), while for 1% (13.75), the data is said to be not significantly different.


Studies were conducted on the influence of aqueous extracts of plant litter on the mobility of /sup 60/Co, /sup 90/Sr, /sup 137/Cs, and /sup 144/Ce in the soil-solution system. Results showed that the mobility of /sup 60/Co, /sup 90/Sr, and /sup 144/Ce was significantly determined by the quantitative and qualitative composition of the water-soluble plant extracts. The mobility of /sup 137/Cs was influenced by soil hydration but not by plant extracts. (HLW)


Sonogram images of normal and lymphocyte thyroid tissues have considerable overlap which makes it difficult to interpret and distinguish. Classification from sonogram images of thyroid gland is tackled in semiautomatic way. While making manual diagnosis from images, some relevant information need not to be recognized by human visual system. Quantitative image analysis could be helpful to manual diagnostic process so far done by physician. Two classes are considered: normal tissue and chronic lymphocyte thyroid (Hashimoto's Thyroid). Data structure is analyzed using K-nearest-neighbors classification. This paper is mentioned that unlike the wavelet sub bands' energy, histograms and Haralick features are not appropriate to distinguish between normal tissue and Hashimoto's thyroid. Keywords—Sonogram, thyroid, Haralick feature, wavelet.


Transparent oxide has attracted increasing interest as a new TFT material, but is limited by relatively low electronic performance and poor mechanical flexibility. Here we will discuss the use of oxide /carbon nanotube composite and oxide/graphene vertical heterostructures to achieve TFTs with greatly improved electronic characteristics and unprecedented mechanical flexibility.


. OBE concept is the mainstream trend of the development of higher education in the new era. To change the traditional teaching method of Mechanical Design Basis for a long time, This paper carries out a mixed curriculum teaching reform based on OBE concept, establishes a teaching mode guided by ability training, with "online independent learning" & "offline flipping" & "pro-cess assessment" & "ability assessment" as the main line, fully mobilize students' time in the second classroom and give full play to the advantages of group cooperative learning, and adopt diversified assessment forms. Uses information platform software to connect the three stages before, during and after class, Through the implementation of PAD teaching and cooperative learning, students can truly become the center of the classroom. Creates corresponding teaching situations, explore "differentiated teaching". Through the integration of course teaching, sci-entific research and discipline competition, remarkable teaching achievements have been achieved, and the purpose of teaching reform has been achieved.


Background This challenging case required balancing the best interests of an adolescent with severe rumination (with functional gut motility issues), severe intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder against invasive interventions to provide nutrition and hydration. Case presentation Severe rumination resulted in significant weight loss, putting this young person at high risk of harm. Relevant investigations revealed no organic cause for rumination, but he could not tolerate even small amounts of oral fluid. He wanted to eat and drink but would vomit immediately afterwards, despite behaviour interventions from play specialists, intellectual disability nurses and paediatric nurses. He was unable to tolerate intravenous cannulas or nasogastric tubes (NGT) due to sensory processing difficulties. Despite reinsertions under general anaesthesia, he would remove them as soon as he woke up. Due to potential metabolic risks, he was transferred to intensive care (PICU) to be managed under sedation for a period of time. Low dose antipsychotic medication was started, to manage procedure-related agitation that worsened rumination. He learnt to tolerate the NGT upon gradual weaning of sedation. The severity of rumination improved and his weight stabilised. He was transferred back to his local hospital on a weaning sedation plan. However, rumination recurred with discontinuation of his medications. He was readmitted to PICU and rumination was re-stabilised under IV sedation. Following multidisciplinary team discussion (involving liaison psychiatry, general paediatrics, intensive care, gastroenterology and surgery) a gastrostomy was placed to break the cycle. Eight weeks on parenteral nutrition and gastrostomy feeds gave his upper gastrointestinal tract time to recover. He is currently feeding orally with minimal rumination. The gastrostomy is being used for medications and fluids. He has returned to his premorbid level of functioning, and his weight is stable. Conclusion Gastrostomies have been used in children with intellectual disability and 'avoidant and restrictive food intake disorder' linked to autism. This case, however, presented additional challenges due to the severity of rumination with sensory processing difficulties, and tested the ethical limits of intensive care. Management in these cases must be multidisciplinary, with the adolescent's best interests at the centre of decision-making.


Advances in healthcare have considerably improved the life expectancy of the human population over the last century and this has brought about new challenges. As we live longer the capacity for cognitive aging increases. Consequently, it has been noted that decline in cognitive performance in the elderly in domains of reasoning, problem solving skills, attention, processing speed, working memory and episodic memory is a significant societal problem. Despite the enormity of this issue there are relatively few interventions for cognitive aging. This may be due to our current state of knowledge on biological factors that underpin cognitive aging. One of the biological contributors to cognitive aging is chronic neuroinflammation. This review will provide an overview of the peripheral and central mechanisms involved in chronic neuroinflammation and how neuroinflammation may be related to age-associated cognitive decline. Plant based extracts including herbal and nutritional supplements with anti-inflammatory properties will be examined in relation to their utility in treating age-related cognitive decline. Plant based extracts in particular offer interesting pharmacological properties that may be quickly utilized to prevent cognitive aging.


The paper, based on a comparison of the two different ideological systems, analyses the roles Confucianism and Western ideology play in China's enterprise management and proposes a management mode that best fits the Chinese donditions.


Based on the chlorophyll-a concentration obtained from the MODIS remote sensing data in Taihu Lake,two interpolation methods including Kriging and IDW(Inverse Distance Weighted)were used to study the divisional interpolation for 8 regions of Taihu Lake,and the method of Kriging was used to evaluate seasonal application effects for the whole Lake. Results showed that in the choice of chlorophyll-a interpolation method in Taihu Lake,Kriging is more suitable,with the whole lake reasonable sampling number as 68. The spatial distribution correlation of cyanobacteria between different lake regions is apparent,with cyanobacteria spatial distribution correlation from high to low as the southern part of lake the middle of lake Gonghu Lake the eastern part of lake East Taihu the western part of lake Meiliang Lake Zhushan Lake. For the different growing stages of cyanobacteria, including the dormant period of December-February, the recruitment period of March-April,and the earlier stage of biomass increasing of April-July,the accuracy of the prediction is good;while for the later stage of biomass increasing(July-September),from the cyanobacteria floating,accumulating to the earlier stage of sleeping(July-December),the accuracy of the prediction is poor. Overall,winter and spring have a better interpolation effect than summer,and autumn is the worst.


This special edition of urbe is the product of an ongoing initiative of the University of Geneva, UCLA and City Environment Network (ICE°NET). Within this framework two colloquia gathered colleagues from academia government and the private sector to reβlect on the increasingly complex panorama of urban transformations across the planet. In 2007, a βirst group of academics and policymakers gathered in Geneva to address new sets of challenges that mid-size cities are increasingly being subject to. We then tracked signiβicant challenges that emerging dynamics of change in respect to the environment (i.e. climate change) and energy (patterns of production and consumption) are imposing on urban areas. In addition by raising the singularity of midsize cities in terms of adaptive policy formulation and monitoring, we identiβied new barriers and enablers to mitigate the impacts of those challenges. The discussions aimed to set preliminary readings of new urban transformative trajectories.


Others memory rescue states the historian's fundamental task in an effort to fight oblivion forms, uses and abuses. Therefore, a task is established to safeguard individual and social memory. Memory-history binomial, placed in time and space, define the rescue work of life stories, in order to make up a heuristic body that contributes to the hermeneutic process. Starting form an oral story methodology, it claims stimulating individuals to freely remember, in order to impinge on and propitiate biographical accounts that will permit the construction of diverse stories. Historian and informant establish a particular relationship. Subjectivity and partiality are recognized, without damaging the analysis process and the interpretation due to definite historical work. It is pretended, as a result, more than a scientific story, the construction of diverse stories that recover everyday life, individual and collective forms of thought and action, separated from political and official interests that could regulate or determine official stories, imposed by power.


Superficial thrombophlebitis (ST) of the lower limbs, also known as superficial venous thrombosis, is a condition in which there is a thrombus in the lumen of a superficial vein and an inflammatory reaction in the vessel wall and neighboring tissues. It presents as a palpable cord that is hard, hyperemic, hot and painful and follows the path of a superficial vein.


On machined plastic plate, adhesive sheet or metal sheet with number of other writing is adhered, or number or other writing is printed directy. The plastic mark plate is used for replacing availablemetal mark plate.


For more convenient electrode-electrolyte interface impedance analysis in biosensor, a stand-alone impedance measurement system is required. In our study, we developed a PC-based portable system to analyze impedance of the electrochemical cell using microprocessor. The devised system consists of signal generator, programmable amplifiers, A/D converter, low pass filter, potentiostat, I/V converter, microprocessor, and PC interface. As a microprocessor, PIC16F877 which has the processing speed of 5 MIPS was used. For data acquisition, the sampling rate at 40 k samples/sec, resolution of 12 bit is used. RS-232 with 115.2 kbps speed is used for the PC communication. The square wave was used as stimuli signal for impedance analysis and voltage-controlled current measurement method of three-electrode-method were adopted. Acquired voltage and current data are calculated to multifrequency impedance signal after Fourier transform. To evaluate the implemented system, we set up the dummy cell as equivalent circuit of which was composed of resistor, parallel circuit of capacitor and resistor connected in parallel and measured the impedance of the dummy cell; the result showed that there exist accuracy within 5 % errors and reproduction within 1 % errors compared to output of Hioki LCR tester and HP impedance analyzer as a standard product. These results imply that it is possible to analyze electrode-electrolyte interface impedance quantitatively in biosensor and to implement the more portable high speed impedance analysis system compared to existing systems.


R. M. Goodwin modelled economic cycles of income and employment with dynamical features formally similar to the predator-prey model of V. Volterra. The present model generates similar dynamics. It features antagonistic preferences of workers and capitalists as well as economic fluctuations as proxy for associated costs. On this basis it presents optimality conditions in a-temporal and inter-temporal context. Formal aspects of the present version of predator-prey dynamics are discussed by P. A. Samuelson in more general terms. But whilst Samuelson saw no economic contents in his variational dynamic set-up, the present contribution claims plausibility for income-employment cycles which are derived in a model of class conflict with antagonistic target functions of the two opposing actors.


Preeclampsia (PE) is a medical condition characterized by hypertension and proteinuria in pregnant females following 20 weeks of gestation. It is the most common cause of fetal morbidity and mortality, which has no curative therapeutic strategy, except for delivery of the placenta. The association between PE and aberrant microRNA (miRNA) expression in placentas was first reported in 2007 and a number of other similar findings have since been demonstrated.The aim of this study was to assess the level of expression of miR-155 in Egyptian women with preeclampsia and its role in pathogenesis and prognosis of the disease. This study was a case control study included a total of 40 pregnant females; 9 cases with early onset PEdiagnosed < 34 weeks of gestation whose mean age was 32.4 years, and 21 case of late onset PEdiagnosed ≥ 34 weeks of gestation whose mean age was 32.2 years admitted to the obstetrics and gynaecology department, Banha University Hospitals, in addition to 10 normotensive pregnant women of matched age as a control group. MIRNA 155 expression level were in PE cases when compared to control groups (p<0.001). MIRNA 155 expression level showed no significant difference between early onset and late onset PE. miRNA 155 expression showed significantly higher level in PE than normotensive pregnant females with no difference between early and late onset PE.


Motivation: An important application of microarrays is to discover genomic biomarkers, among tens of thousands of genes assayed, for disease classification. Thus there is a need for developing statistical methods that can efficiently use such high-throughput genomic data, select biomarkers with discriminant power and construct classification rules. The ROC (receiver operator characteristic) technique has been widely used in disease classification with low-dimensional biomarkers because (1) it doesnotassumeaparametric formof theclassprobability as required for example in the logistic regression method; (2) it accommodates case–control designs and (3) it allows treating false positives and false negatives differently. However, due to computational difficulties, the ROC-based classification has not been used with microarray data. Moreover, the standard ROC technique does not incorporate built-in biomarker selection. Results:Wepropose a novel method for biomarker selection and classification using the ROC technique for microarray data. The proposed method uses a sigmoid approximation to the area under theROCcurve as the objective function for classification and the threshold gradient descent regularization method for estimation and biomarker selection. Tuning parameter selection based on the V-fold cross validation and predictive performance evaluation are also investigated. The proposed approach is demonstrated with a simulation study, the Colon data and theEstrogendata.Theproposedapproachyieldsparsimoniousmodels with excellent classification performance. Availability: R code is available upon request. Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com


The article examines the legal status of the Saami in the County of Finnmark, in Northern Norway. The provisions of both domestic law and international law are analyzed, as well as the main Norwegian judicial decisions. Some problematic aspects of the Finnmark Commission and the Land Tribunal for Finnmark are highlighted, also in view of the possible reform of the legislation concerning the protection of the indigenous population.


Systemic embolism, occurring during either the operation or in the post-operative period, remains a serious complication of mitral valvotomy. It causes many deaths and those who survive it may suffer a crippling permanent disability. Since 1955 anticoagulants have been widely used at the Hill Top Hospital, Bromsgrove, for the purpose of preventing clot formation and subsequent dissemination at operation, and the results of this therapy form the basis of this study.


Adiabatic approximations in time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) will in general yield unphysical time-dependent shifts in the resonance positions of a system driven far from its ground-state. This spurious time-dependence is rationalized in [J. I. Fuks, K. Luo, E. D. Sandoval and N. T. Maitra, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 114}, 183002 (2015)] in terms of the violation of an exact condition by the non-equilibrium exchange-correlation kernel of TDDFT. Here we give details on the derivation and discuss reformulations of the exact condition that apply in special cases. In its most general form, the condition states that when a system is left in an arbitrary state, in the absence of time-dependent external fields nor ionic motion, the TDDFT resonance position for a given transition is independent of the state. Special cases include the invariance of TDDFT resonances computed with respect to any reference interacting stationary state of a fixed potential, and with respect to any choice of appropriate stationary Kohn-Sham reference state. We then present several case studies, including one that utilizes the adiabatically-exact approximation, that illustrate the conditions and the impact of their violation on the accuracy of the ensuing dynamics. In particular, charge-transfer across a long-range molecule is hampered, and we show how adjusting the frequency of a driving field to match the time-dependent shift in the charge-transfer resonance frequency, results in a larger charge transfer over time.


Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Rationale: There is an intimate relationship between the endothelium and monocytes, and activated endothelial cells promote monocyte transformation to macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Recently, a subset of human DCs expressing the receptor tyrosine kinase, Axl and the lectin siglec-6 has been described and termed (AS) DCs. Objective: We sought to determine if circulating AS DCs are increased in human hypertension and to examine how Axl signaling contributes to this disease. Methods and Results: We demonstrated that circulating AS DCs are increased in hypertensive humans compared with normotensive controls. Pulse pressure in humans also correlated with plasma levels of the Axl agonist GAS6 (growth arrest specific 6). Exposure of human endothelial cells to 10% cyclical stretch increased release of the GAS6, promoted Axl signaling and caused AS DC formation; events that were inhibited by blockade of Axl with R428 or by siRNA knockdown of either endothelial GAS6 or Axl. GAS6/Axl signaling in human monocytes potentiated interleukin 1β production through NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich tepeat and pyrin domain containing protein)/caspase-1 and caused accumulation of immunogenic isoLG (isolevuglandin)-protein adducts. In mice, the Axl inhibitor R428 or global deletion of Axl attenuated hypertension and renal inflammation caused by Ang II (angiotensin II) infusion. Bone marrow transplant studies demonstrated a role of both stromal and immunologic Axl in Ang II–induced hypertension. Lastly, in freshly harvested human endothelial cells, a striking correlation was observed between the degree of endothelial cell activation as reflected by ICAM-1 (intracellular adhesion molecule 1), isoLG-adduct accumulation, and intracellular GAS6 levels. Conclusions: We define a previously unrecognized interaction of human endothelial cells and monocytes that promote formation of AS DCs in hypertension and show a critical role of GAS6 and Axl signaling in both immune cells and endothelial cells. This pathway is potentially a novel therapeutic target to reduce inflammation and end organ damage in hypertension.


The characteristics of flow stability on the attachment line of a swept wing are calculated at sub- and supersonic flow velocities. Neutral curves of a swept wing with the leading edge sweep angle x = 60° and various surface temperatures and freestream Mach numbers are presented. An increase in the Mach number is shown to result in the appearance of another flow-instability region with characteristic wave numbers α 3-10. Surface heating stabilizes the disturbances corresponding to the wave numbers in the vicinity of the upper branch of the neutral curve in the main flow-instability region with α = 3-10, while cooling can have the opposite effect


Baudrillard's contribution to the art circles can be found in the fact that he provided a poetic, theoretical language necessary for the depiction of the state in which artists feel and criticize that the art world became no more than the exchanges of tastes and goods and such tastes were not differ...


In this paper, we first propose differential space- time spreading (DSTS) with multiple transmit antennas. With the assumption of no channel state information at either the transmitter or the receiver, the DSTS signal is differentially encoded and decoded. The proposed method achieves full transmit diversity gains. As compared to the coherent space-time spreading (CSTS) method, the proposed scheme has 3-dB performance degradation, but avoids the demand of perfect channel estimation. We then combine DSTS with segment selective repeat (SSR)-based automatic repeat request (ARQ). By utilizing the estimated channel gain of DSTS at the receiver, only the worse corrupted portion of the data is retransmitted upon error to improve efficiency. It is shown that the proposed DSTS with SSR-based ARQ achieves higher throughput than DSTS with Type-I ARQ while maintaining similar bit error rate (BER).


A new dinuclear zinc(II) complex, [Zn2(L1)2(N3)2] (1), and a new polynuclear cadmium(II) complex, [Cd2(L2)2(NO3)(μ2-dca)]n (2), where L1 and L2 are deprotonated forms of 2-[(2-ethylaminoethylimino)methyl]-6-methylphenol and 2-[(2-ethylaminoethylimino)methyl]-4-methoxyphenol, respectively, have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The thermal stability and fluorescence of the complexes were also investigated.


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Effect of microbial fertilizer on soil ecosystem and chlorophyll fluorescence of grape leaves.The results showed that used microbial fertilizer could increase soil bacteria fungi and actinomyces,remedy the soil ecology,improved soil fertility,reduced soil bulk density,increased the cation exchange capility and increased soil available phosphorus,nitrogen and potassium content.The treatments used microbial fertilizer also could increased the chlorophyll fluorescence dynamics parameters,Φ_(PSⅡ),Fv/Fm,qP and deceased non-photochemical quenching efficient(NPQ) in grape leaves.This indicates antimicrobial fertilizer could enhance light utilization efficiency of grape leaves.


Background and Aims: Altered thyroid hormone levels following exposure to perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have been found in some animal studies. Published epidemiological findings are not consistent and m...


Objective To prepare the recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7(rhBMP-7)′s antibody,and lay the foundation for the clinical application of BMP-7.Methods New Zealand white rabbits were immuned 4 times by rhBMP-7 in the way of subcutaneous multi-point injection,with the time interval of 2 weeks.Then the blood samples were obtained through carotid artery intubation,and the valence of antiserum was detected by using the method of ELISA,the antiserum′s specificity,the best degree of dilution and sensitivity were measured by West blotting.Results The valence of rhBMP-7′s antiserum was 1∶640 000.The BMP-7 which extracted from the bone and kidney of mouse showed that the antiserum had high specificity.The best degree of dilution was 1∶5 000 to 1∶50 000,while the sensitivity was 1 to 100 ng.Conclusions The antibody of rhBMP can be prepared successfully,which possess high specificity and sensitivity.


In this paper we give some applications to integral equations as well as homotopy theory via Suzuki  type fixed point theorems in partially ordered complete  - metric space by using generalized contractive conditions. We also furnish an example which supports our main result.


The air course system of air loom is analysed.The airflow embranchment is added by plugging shortcut plug and setting up accessorial gas storage.The airflow embranchment is neatened and controlled by confluence valve and electromagnetism valve in order to weave two-double velveteen fabric.Then correlative date is tested by using dummy apparatus to prove that the new air course system is suit for weaving double velveteen fabric.


Higher education plays an important role in the implementation of quality education. And the quality education immersed in the respective subjects of higher education is the inevitable requirement of higher education to cultivate innovative talents with high quality. Moreover, implicit knowledge is the source of students' innovative ability. This study intends to investigate a new type of multi modal English teaching method to teach the implicit knowledge. Based on the experimental data, it proves that as implicit knowledge is acquired, quality education and students' innovative ability can also be completed.


Ethanol extracts from twigs of Eucalyptus plants(E.citriodora,E.urophyla×E.grand,E.urophyla) were assessed for their nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne javanica by using dipping method.The results demonstrated that all 3 plant extracts showed strong nematicidal activity against the second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne javanicaand inhibited its egg hatching;with 20 mg/mL concentration and 72 h treatment,the mortality of juveniles was about 90%.Cucumber and water spinach pot trial showed,when 15 mL Eucalyptus plants twigs powder was applied to 1 L soil,the root knot disease caused by Meloidogyne javanica could be effectively controlled,and the galls and the eggs of egg mass were reduced.


The article reviews the book "Learning to Communicate in Science and Engineering: Case Studies From MIT," by Mya Poe, Neal Lerner, and Jennifer Craig.


ABSTRACT For many children living in Northern and mountainous regions of the world, playing in snow is enticing and connotes childhood for many adults. Even so, researchers have paid little attention to children's play in/with snow and ice. This paper aims to contribute to the growing knowledge on children's competencies and child-nature relationships by exploring how a group of children build their understanding of themselves and their environment during playful explorations in demanding winter landscapes. The study is framed by (1) a phenomenological-hermeneutic approach, (2) an analysis of selected evocative empirical examples of ways children play in/with winter materials, and (3) perspectives on 'Bildung' as dialectical processes of being-and-becoming. Data were generated through ethnographically inspired fieldwork, including 20 children aged four to six, in a Norwegian Nature Kindergarten, emphasizing children's self-initiated outdoor play as educationally important. The fieldwork was conducted in 2018 during the coldest time of the year and draws on participant observation, children's photographs and on-site conversations. The study is inspired by the work of [Ingold, T. (2011). Being alive. Oxon: Routledge], [Merleau-Ponty, M. (2012). Phenomenology of perception. London: Routledge], [Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates], and the Continental European philosophy of Bildung [Biesta, G. (2002). Bildung and modernity: The future of Bildung in a world of difference. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 21(4–5), 343–351] and applies Ingold's concepts of 'lines', 'knots' and 'dwelling', to explore children's playful movements and experiences along lines in an ever-evolving meshwork. Three themes are analyzed. First, the ever-transforming qualities of snow and ice are discussed as existential materials and cultural conditions in the children's dialectical process of being-and-becoming. Second, the kindergarten's snow-covered playground is seen as attractive and challenging from the children's perspective. Third, as the children increase their competence in the dynamic winter environment through movement, they embody existential knowledge and skills about the socio-material context of which they are a part. Thus, they familiarize themselves with their environment as being-and-becoming winter children.


Objective The aim of the present article is to detect the apoptosis of hepatocarcinoma cells HepG2 induced by recombinant tumor endostatin 42 peptide (T42) ,with an emphasis on the signaling pathways involved. Methods Observed the morphological changes associated with the apoptosis of HepG2 cells by using AO/EB. Apoptosis rate were dentified by using flow cytometry. Mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated by using JC-1 fluorescent staining. The distribution of cytochrome C(Cytc ) was estimated by using western blot. Results Compared with the control group, there was significant difference in apoptosis rate of cells HepG2 under 18μmol /L of T42. (22.4% vs 3.70% ,t =7.75, P<0.05). Mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased by T42, and cytochrome c was reduced significantly compared with the control group. Conclusions The result demonstrated that the T42 enhanced the apoptosis of HepG2 cells and its potential mechanism was related to the decreased of mitochondrial membrane potential, an increase in Cytochrome C released into the cytosol, and reduced activation of Caspase-3 channels.

Key words:
Recombinant tumstatin ;  Apoptosis ;  Mitochondrial membrane potential ;  Cytochrome C ;


We derive for the first time the N/N ratios in a sample of near solar metallicity Galactic AGB carbon stars of different spectral types. The analysis is based on CN lines at ∼ 8000 Å using high resolution and high signal-to-noise spectra. High quality spectra at 2.2 μm were also used to measure accurately CNO abundances and the metallicity in some of the stars. A differential chemical analysis was done with respect to the normal (N-type) carbon star TX Psc to minimise systematic errors. The analysis reveals that the N isotopic ratio in normal carbon stars is similar to that in TX Psc (1700), and covers nicely the range found in the mainstream SiC grains. This result supports their carbon star origin. In stars of SCtype we find typically lower ratios ([N/N]TXPsc ≤ −0.5 dex), which opens the possibility that some of the SiC grains with low N isotopic ratio may have been formed in these peculiar stars. Finally, J-type stars present nitrogen isotopic ratios close to those of N-type stars. However, considering the low C/C ≤ 15 ratios usually found in these stars, we conclude that there is a contribution to the SiC grains of AB type from J-type stars.


Rooted in Industrial Ecology (IE) theory, this report evaluates how urban agricultural concepts and techniques, can contribute to improved ecological sustainability within the inner city boundaries ...


Multivariate skew distributions continue to gain popularity as effective tools in data analysis for a wide variety of data types. They also feature in several modern computational statistics techniques, including model-based clustering approaches. Two well-known formulations of skew distributions have been used extensively within the model-based clustering literature over the past few years. We investigate the properties of these formulations and, in doing so, we refute various claims that have been made about these formulations of late. Our position as to the inaccuracy of these claims is supported by theoretical arguments as well as real data examples.


This paper endeavours to show that the indirect, downstream and long-term costs of a mandated lockdown in response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) producing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are too often ignored. The New Zealand Government did not much talk about them at the time it implemented a strict lockdown based upon its elimination strategy. Yet rational public policy requires these costs need to be taken into account and weighed against the benefits of the strict lockdown approach that New Zealand adopted. Furthermore, the costs and benefits of a milder mitigation strategy (of the kind Sweden adopted) also need to be estimated and compared to the strict lockdown approach. I argue the mitigation strategy was and is a preferable one once the indirect and long-term costs and benefits are taken into account.


The MINTEQ code is a thermodynamic model that can be used to calculate solution equilibria for geochemical applications. Included in the MINTEQ code are formulations for ionic speciation, ion exchange, adsorption, solubility, redox, gas-phase equilibria, and the dissolution of finite amounts of specified solids. Since the initial development of the MINTEQ geochemical code, a number of undocumented versions of the source code and data files have come into use at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL). This report documents these changes, describes source code modifications made for the Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) program, and provides comprehensive listings of the data files. A version number of 4.00 has been assigned to the MINTEQ source code and the individual data files described in this report.


It is shown that the no-cloning theorem and the principle of no-increasing of entanglement under local actions and classical communication are equivalent and can be considered as two faces of one physical law. The result is discussed in the context of the relations between quantum and classical information. PACS numbers: 03.65.Bz, 42.50.Dv, 89.70.+c Typeset using REVTEX


ABSTRACT It has been argued in recent years that Western ethnographic curiosity and writing grew significantly during the late medieval period. Surprisingly, the Latin East has remained almost completely neglected within this scholarly context. The present paper aims to fill this lacuna by exploring a discourse within the kingdom of Jerusalem which focused on customs and ways of life of non-Latins and which was based on observation rather than hearsay and stereotypes. The paper traces the beginnings of this tradition and follows its development, shedding light on the figures and milieus involved as well as on its innovativeness and richness. It also explores the complex relations between this discourse and some of the earliest Latin works about the Mongols. The picture that emerges is of a society which did not lack in ethnographic curiosity, and where knowledge of other cultures was not always dominated by, or harnessed to, a polemical discourse.


In this paper, we prove the local null controllability property for a nonlinear coupled system of two Korteweg–de Vries equations posed on a bounded interval and with a source term decaying exponentially on [Formula: see text]. The system was introduced by Gear and Grimshaw to model the interactions of two-dimensional, long, internal gravity waves propagation in a stratified fluid. We address the controllability problem by means of a control supported on an interior open subset of the domain and acting on one equation only. The proof consists mainly on proving the controllability of the linearized system, which is done by getting a Carleman estimate for the adjoint system. While doing the Carleman, we improve the techniques for dealing with the fact that the solutions of dispersive and parabolic equations with a source term in [Formula: see text] have a limited regularity. A local inversion theorem is applied to get the result for the nonlinear system.


One of the effective ways to deal with climate change is to develop a low-carbon economy,in which low-carbon consumption plays an important role. With the "Agriculture,Countryside and Farmer"issues being resolved and the improvement of countryside economy,the problems of high energy consumption,high emission,and high pollution have become more seriously in the process of farmers' consumption. To some extent,these environmental problems in rural areas have blocked the way of new rural construction and ecological civilization construction. As a result,it is necessary to set up a pattern of low-carbon consumption to strengthen eco-environment protection in rural area. Therefore,it is urgent to construct eco-village to provide an effective way and pattern for solving these problems. Taking Hua Xi district as an example,based on the analysis of relations and impacts between low-carbon consumption behavior in rural areas and ecological civilization construction,we discussed policies that should be putting forward to promote the development in rural areas. Advantageous resources should be developed reasonably to promote rural economic development.Low-carbon consumption pattern should be advocated to improve production and lifestyle. Policies should be improved to protect the ecological environment.


Let R be a prime ring with center Z. Suppose that d is a derivation on R such that d"(x) c Z for all x, where n is a fixed integer. It is shown that either d'(x) = 0 for all x E R or R is a commutative integral domain. Moreover, the same conclusion holds even if we assume that d"(x) E Z merely for all x E I, where I is a nonzero ideal of R. Let R be a pnrme ring with center Z and a derivation d. Suppose that d(x) E Z for all x E R, then one can easily show that either d = 0 or R is commutative [3, Proof, Theorem 2]. If d2(x) e Z for all x e R, we have the same conclusion when R is not of characteristic 2 [3, Theorem 3]. On the other hand, in case charR = 2 there exist nonzero derivations d on R such that d2 = 0 provided R is not a domain. One might naturally ask what we can conclude in general if d n(x) E Z for all x E R, where n is some fixed integer. Certainly, this condition is fulfilled when d is nilpotent of nilpotency n or when R is a commutative ring. We prove here that these are indeed the only two possibilities where d n(R) c Z can happen. THEOREM 1. Let R be a prime ring with center Z and d a derivation on R such that d n( R) c Z for some natural number n. Then either d n = 0 or R is commutative. PROOF. First note that if Z = 0 there is nothing to prove. So we assume that Z # 0 and proceed to prove by induction on n. When n = 1, the conclusion holds as we mentioned at the beginning. Now assume that n > 1 and the theorem is true for < n. Suppose that charR = p; then 8 = dP is also a derivation on R. If n is divisible by p, the assumption reads SnIP(R) c Z. Since n/p < n, it follows from induction hypothesis that either d n = 3n/p = 0 or R is commutative. So we may henceforth assume that R is of characteristic 0 or a prime p not dividing n. For a E Z and x E R, we have dn(adn-1(x)) E Z. That is, n dn(a)dn-l(x) + n ()dn-i(a)d n+il(x) E Z i=l for all a E Z, x E R. Note that each term in the summation is already in Z, therefore dn(Z)dn-'(R) _ Z. Consequently, either dn(Z) = 0 or dn-1(R) _ Z. If d "-l(R) _ Z we are done by induction hypothesis. So we assume that d n(Z) = 0. Received by the editors July 29, 1985 and, in revised form, September 4, 1985. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification (1985 Revision). Primary 16A72.


Virtual reality and visualisation technologies developed over the past thirty years have been readily accessible to the archaeological community since the mid 1990s. Despite the high profile of virtual archaeology (Reilly 1991) both within the media and professional archaeology it has not been taken on board as a generally useful and standard technique by archaeologists. In this article we wish to discuss the technical and other issues which have resulted in a reluctance to adopt virtual archaeology and, more importantly, discuss ways forward that can enable us routinely to benefit from this technology in the diversity of archaeological practice.


Abstract : White phosphorus from exploded munitions is a difficult contaminant to characterize in the environment. Spatial heterogeneity of concentration estimates is extreme, varying over many orders of magnitude for closely spaced discrete samples. To provide cost-effective data upon which decisions may be made, two composite sampling methods were designed to aid in characterizing the site and monitoring the remedial process for an area contaminated by white phosphorus. For each method, closely spaced discrete samples were collected on a grid pattern and pooled to form composites. The composites were then divided by size fractions. Mean white phosphorus concentrations were estimated for the fine-grain-size fraction that was obtained by suspension with water. The presence of highly toxic solid white phosphorus particles, the form that may be ingested by feeding waterfowl, was determined in the coarse-grain-size fraction that was obtained by sieving.


This article discusses the performance work by disability activist, Maria R. Palacios who is a Latina feminist writer, poet and spoken word performer. Using narrative inquiry as a method of investigation, performances by Palacios are analyzed within the context of sexuality and disability studies. Specific performances are reviewed under the framework of the nonprofit organization Sins Invalid: An Unshamed Claim to Beauty in the Face of Invisibility, and include the following pieces by Palacios: Maria Full of Sin (2008), Testimony (2009), Hunger (2009), My Sexy Disability (2010) and Vagina Manifesto (2009). As a performance project, Sins Invalid notes in its mission statement that its 'performance work explores the themes of sexuality, embodiment and the disabled body', and the performances are designed to inspire visions of beauty and sexuality that disrupt heteronormative, as well as ableist, paradigms. A portion of this work will be centered on the Sins Invalid website focusing on entries in the form of blog postings dedicated to the performances by Palacios. Additionally, her autobiographic and culturally focused spoken word pieces and poems, such as Making Love to Woman in a Wheelchair (2007), will be thematically analyzed regarding her embodied subjectivity as a sexualized and self-identified disabled Latina. In conclusion, an examination of how performance, in conjunction with narrative research, provides a critical lens regarding visibility and the embodiment of dis/abled women of color for future studies is shared.


Nutrient enrichment of Sawa lake water was made using different nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations during autumn and spring at three stations. Different concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and N: P ratios were used to test variations in phytoplankton population dynamics. Nitrogen at a concentration of 25 µmole.l '1 and N: P ratio of 10:1 gave highest phytoplankton cell number at all stations and seasons. A total of 64 algal taxa dominated by Bacillariophyceae followed by Cyanophyceae and Chlorophyceae were identified. The values of Shannon index of diversity were more than one in the studied stations.


This research work is aimed to study the physicochemical properties and elemental analysis of citron and pomelo fruits peels pectins which have been extracted. In the present work, determination of some physicochemical parameters such as color, moisture content, ash content, setting time, equivalent weight, methoxyl content, anhydrouronic acid (AUA), degree of esterification (DE), molecular weight and elemental analysis of the prepared pectins have been performed. The color of citron peel pectin and pomelo peels pectins were determined by eye test. Moisture contents were determined by oven drying method, ash contents were determined by the method used in the food analysis, setting times were determined by a simple method of Owens, equivalent weights, methoxyl contents, anhydrouronic acids (AUA) and degree of esterifications (DE) were determined by titrimetric method, molecular weights were determined by viscometric method and elemental analysis were determined by Energy Disperse X-ray Fluoresce (ED XRF) analysis. Physicochemical properties of the citron and pomelo peels pectins were found to be white-yellow and brown-yellow colors, 7.96% and 2.15 % of moisture contents, 1.07 % and 5.72 % of ash contents, 5 minutes and 12 minutes of  setting times, 2380 and 2500 of equivalent weights, 1.86 % and 2.29 % of methoxyl contents, 17.95 % and 20.06 % of anhydrouraonic acid contents and 58.83 % and 64.92 % of degree of estrifications and 6.61´ 104and 5.62 × 104 Da of molecular weights respectively.
In the citron pectin, the relative abundance of Ca, K, Fe, Cu, Sr 20.06 % of anhydrouraonic acid contents and 58.83 % and 64.92 % of degree of estrifications and 6.61´ 104and 5.62 × 104 Da of molecular weights respectively. In the citron pectin, the relative abundance of Ca, K, Fe, Cu, Sr and Zn has been found to be 61.87 %, 22.67 %, 7.94 %, 3.11 %, 2.29 % and 2.13%, respectively (determined by ED XRF technique). Whereas in the pomelo pectin, the relative abundance of Ca, K, Fe, Cu, Sr and Zn has been found to be 66.32 % 11.82 %, 11.73 %, 2.75 %, 2.32 % and 5.06 %, respectively.


Introduction: Severe sepsis is a leading cause of death in the United States and costs health care systems up to $20 billion annually. Methods have been developed to electronically monitor patients for severe sepsis, but few have provided predictive capabilities to enable early intervention.Hypothesis: Patient length of stay (LOS) and in-hospital mortality rate decrease with the use of a machine learning-based severe sepsis prediction algorithm in the intensive care unit.Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted at two mixed medical-surgical intensive care units at UCSF from December 2016 to February 2017. This factorial, open label trial was designed to test whether InSight®, a machine learning-based severe sepsis prediction algorithm, was better than the current Electronic Health Record (EHR)-based severe sepsis detection system. All adult patients (18+) admitted to the participating units were eligible for study. Enrolled patients were automatically assigned to a trial arm according to a rando...


The steady march of Moore's law demands ever smaller feature sizes to be printed and Optical Proximity Correction to correct to ever tighter dimensional tolerances. Recently pitch doubling techniques has relieved the pressure on CD reduction, which instead of being achieved lithographically are reduced by subsequent etching or chemical interaction with spin-on layers. CD tolerance reductions, however, still need to match the overall design rule shrinkage. The move to immersion lithography, where effective Numerical Apertures now reach 1.35, has been accompanied by a significantly reduction in depth of focus, especially on isolated contacts. To remedy this, RET techniques such as assist feature placement, have been implemented. Certain local placements of assist features and neighboring contacts are observed to result in highly elliptical contacts being printed. In some layouts small changes in the aspect ratio of the contact on the mask leads to strong changes in the aspect ratio of the printed contact, whereas in other layouts the response is very weak. This effect can be described as an aspect ratio MEEF. The latter type of contact can pose a significant challenge to the OPC recipe which is driven by the need to place the printed contour within a small range of distance from target points placed on the midpoint of edges of a nominally square contact. The OPC challenge naturally will be compounded when the target layout is rectangular in the opposite sense to the natural elliptical shape of the printed contact. Approaches to solving this can vary from intervening at the assist feature placement stage, at the possible loss of depth of focus, to accepting a certain degree of ellipticity in the final contour and making the OPC recipe concentrate on minimizing any residual errors. This paper investigates which contact layouts are most challenging, discusses the compromises associated with achieving the correction target and results are shown from a few different approaches to resolving these issues.


Techniques and procedures employed to obtain data concerning the known asteroids from IRAS observations are discussed. The IRAS observations covered 95 percent of the sky with at least four scans of the telescope field of view. A search was first carried out for geometrical intersections of the trajectories of a given asteroid and the telescope boresight, following which a matched sighting was sought for each such intersection among the actual IRAS point source detections. By using ground based measurements of visual magnitudes, IRAS observations of IR brightness, and a thermal model, albedos and diameters have been computed for 1,822 known asteroids, increasing the amount of this kind of information by about an order of magnitude.


The article examines current trends in transfer pricing as a means of minimizing tax manipulation, including operations with non-residents. The concept of transfer pricing and controlled transactions, the criteria that indicate that the transaction is under control, including operations with non-residents has been disclosed. The methods of establishing compliance with the conditions of the controlled operation of the «outstretched arm» principle and the basis for their application, as well as penalties in the field of transfer pricing have been analyzed. The international and domestic regulatory framework for transfer pricing has been considered, the features of globalization of tax legislation in this matter have been identified. Features of the subjectivity of national legislation in the field of transport pricing have been highlighted and ways to minimize the risk of enhanced monitoring by regulatory authorities have been presented. The changes that have taken place in transfer pricing since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic have been disclosed.


This study aims to analyze the implementation of ESD-based critical thinking performance assessment in the online learning process and to find out the difficulties that occur when using critical thinking performance assessment instruments during the online learning process. The research was conducted in elementary schools. This research uses descriptive qualitative research method. The subjects used in this study were high school elementary school teachers. Data collection techniques used in this study were interviews and documentation studies. The results of the study indicate that teachers have difficulty in evaluating critical thinking performance in Education for Sustinable Development (ESD) based learning which contains three perspectives, namely environmental, social and economic which is carried out online. Teachers cannot use performance appraisal instruments optimally due to several reasons such as the lack of supporting facilities and infrastructure for the implementation of the online learning process and teachers also cannot see directly the work of students' assignments.


In order to overcome difficulty of some variables online measurement in industry processes, a inferential estimation strategy based on ANN and nonlinear partial least square is proposed. Firstly partial least square is used to analyze historical data. Then RBFN is used to establish inner relations between principal components. Simulations show that this inferential estimator possesses features of fast tracking speed and high estimation accuracy, with performance much better than that of inferential estimators based on primal radial basis function networks.


Background: Pharyngo-tonsillitis represents a major public health problem all over the world. Recent studies in Sudan have revealed alarming results reporting antibiotics over prescription in the management of acute tonsillitis. Objectives : The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Group A Beta hemolytic streptococci and document the appropriateness of using antibiotics in the treatment of acute tonsillo-pharyngitis in Jaafar Ibn Auf Pediatrics Hospital. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional hospital based study was conducted in the period January to August 2012 in Jaafar Ibn Auf Hospital, the largest tertiary pediatrics hospital in Sudan. The sample size was 100 including children aged 2-17 years and got antibiotics treatment for their current sore throat. A pharyngeal swab was collected at presentation from tonsils and posterior pharynx. Gram staining was done first, and then Group A Beta hemolytic streptococci were isolated and identified in the laboratory by their growth characteristics. All children included in the study were assessed clinically and subjected to a structural questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 19. Results: The estimated prevalence of Group A Beta hemolytic streptococci tonsillitis and/or pharyngitis was 22%, nevertheless the proportion of antibiotic prescription was 100%. Conclusion: Most children were treated inappropriately regarding the need for using antibiotics, the type of antibiotics used and the duration of management. As many studies suggested that increased using of antibiotics may be due to uncertainty of diagnosis, requesting scoring system or rapid diagnostic test can contribute to the reduction of the rate of antibiotics prescription. Keyword : Pharyngo-tonsillitis, inappropriate, children, antibiotics, Sudan


Abstract The article presents the methodology of optimal selection of material and the form of semi-product for the rotors of the spindle-less spinning machine. The multicriteria approach was utilized taking into account versatile criteria. The applied procedure consists of two stages: the optimum method in the Pareto sense and the method of distance function. Based on the analysis of the spinning head work, rotor and availability function, six different materials and three forms of semifinished products (extruded bar, forged element, and cast element) were considered. In consequence, the admissible set consisting of nine elements was obtained. For the evaluation of technological quality of the rotor, the following criteria were proposed: index of functionality of the material σf/ρ, maximum height of the surface peaks, Sp, and maximal hardness on surface of oxide layer μHV0,1. Finally, taking into account the economical criterion (unit cost), the Pareto-optimal set of solutions was determined based on four criteria. Due to the fact that this set contained five variants, the distance function was utilized for choosing the best final variant. The optimal material and the semi-product (because of the assumed criteria) chosen were as follows: alloy AlSi1MgMn and the forged element—because in this case the value of distance function was minimal.


Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is a condition also referred to as sporadic IBM. It is a rare variant of a broader group of diseases described under the banner of inflammatory myositis. In general, myositis/myositides tend to present with a varying cluster of symptoms such as muscular weakness, aches and/or pain. Myositis has been linked to multiple causes or triggers, but generally share the common feature (present to a variable extent) of inflammatory changes within skeletal muscle tissue. In addition, some associations (e.g. Sjogren's disease and systemic lupus erythematosus – SLE) have been reported for IBM. Some medication classes (e.g. statins and fibrates) may present a risk to certain individuals developing drug-associated myopathies. IBM can be challenging to diagnose, and may be mistaken for many other causes of muscle weakness e.g. polymyositis. Furthermore, IBM tends to affect muscles asymmetrically, and runs a typically progressive and chronic course. Consequently, over time IBM may result in significant functional impairment, activity limitation, and participation restriction. This case report describes an older woman with a clinical diagnosis of probable IBM complicated with oesophageal dysmotility. She presented to hospital with progressive dysphagia, breathlessness, and a productive cough for which treatment was started for aspiration pneumonia. The report considers some broader 'principles of management' of a chronic myositis. In the current absence of a definitive curative treatment, we also discuss some realistic and practical pharmacological treatment options that may be used for the selective care of patients presenting with an incurable chronic myositis such as IBM.


To investigate the correlation between clinical and radiologic features of olfactory groove meningiomas (OGM) and their tumor molecular profiles, focusing on oncogenic mutations identified through genomic studies.

 Targeted next-generation sequencing analyses were conducted on 54 patients with OGM (37 females and 17 males) to determine the frequency of SMO, AKT1, PIK3CA, and other mutations. The molecular results were then correlated with clinical and radiographic tumor features.

 Among the OGM patients, SMO mutations were found in 16 (29.6%) cases, AKT1 mutations in 13 (24.1%), and PIK3CA/PIK3R1 mutations in 9 (16.7%) cases. Less common mutations in POLR2A, SUFU, and NF1 were observed in 8 (14.8%) cases, while 8 OGM (14.8%) did not have identifiable driver mutations (Wild-type group, WT). The median age at first diagnosis was 64.1 years (25-87 years), with the youngest group represented by PIK3CA-mutant patients at 52 years (49-78 years). The sex distribution was similar across the SMO-, AKT1- and PIK3CA-mutant groups (F:M = 2.1:1). OGM with SMO mutations exhibited larger tumor volumes (329.4 ± 323.0 cm3) compared to AKT1-mutant tumors (283.3 ± 156.2 cm3). Tumor infiltration of the ethmoid cells was found in 10 cases (22.2%), with the highest rate observed in PIK3CA-mutant OGM (40%), followed by 25% in SMO-mutant OGM. Tumor-associated hyperostosis of the sphenoid planum was common in OGM (72.2%), with the highest rate in the SMO group (75.0%) and the lowest rate in the AKT1-mutant group (30.8%). The majority of cases (n = 45, 83.3%) were classified as WHO grade 1 meningioma, while the remaining nine cases were WHO grade 2 (n = 8) and 3 (n = 1).

 Overall, our data demonstrate the presence of clinically actionable mutations in the majority of olfactory groove meningiomas, and suggest a correlation between molecular status and common clinical and radiologic tumor features.


In this experiment we have identified and partially characterized the immunosuppressive activity of preimplantation horse conceptus-conditioned medium (HCCM). Horse conceptuses were nonsurgically flushed from mares at Days 9-10 (n = 6), 15- 16 (n = 3), and 25-26 (n = 3). After incubating the concepwses for 24 h in RPMI-16-40 supplemented with 15% fetal calf serum (FCS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin, HCCM was obtained from cultures and tested for immunosuppressive activity In lym- phocyte proliferation assays. Peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from randomly selected mares were stimulated with mitogens (pokeweed mitogen [PWM], concanavalm A [Con A], and phytohemagglutinin [PHA]) in cultures supplemented with 0%, 25%, or 50% HCCM. HCCM from all cultures suppressed lymphocyte proliferation induced by all three mitogens (p <0.001). After being subjected to various treatments (heating, freeze-thawing, and nitroceilulose filtration), HCCM maintained its full biological suppressor activity.


Conventional DNA-based detection methods can be used to detect both live and dead cells.Since dead cells do not cause disease,which bring a problem in medical or biological studies.The Loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP)method combined with the ethidium monoazide(EMA)treatment was applified with viable,but not dead Shigella cells.LAMP method employs a DNA polymerase and a set of specially designed primers that recognize a total of six distinct sequences on the target ipaH gene conserved in Shigella.The results showed that the concentration of EMA was 40μg/mL,DNA amplification was inhibited derived from dead cell suspensions(1.0×109CFU/mL),but not inhibit viable cells.These results showed that EMA-LAMP method had a potential for specific detection of viable cells,one hand,EMA had the ability to penetrate selectively through the damaged cytoplasmic membrane of dead cells and to intercalate into DNA,the gene of the dead cells could not be amplified.On the other hand,EMA-LAMP had high sensitivity and specificity.


The present investigation denominated "Legal Foundations of the Constitutional State of
Right that deny faculties inherent to the Public Administration to exert the diffuse control
of the laws"; Seeks to study the application of the diffuse or judicial review, provided for
in the Peruvian Constitution for the Judiciary, in administrative domicile, or insofar as
administrative acts have effects vis-a-vis third parties or whose effects are applicable to
those administered in an administrative proceeding, as To a binding precedent of the
Constitutional Court. The competence or capacity of an administrative entity to apply the
diffuse control in Administrative Headquarters is analyzed, on the assumption that such
acts are illegal or unconstitutional in the opinion of the entity, in accordance with the
substantive and procedural rules issued by the Constitutional Court. For this, a summary
and comparative study of the main characteristics of diffuse control and concentrated
control as models of constitutional control, as well as the faculties and characteristics of
the so-called binding precedents of the Constitutional Court


In this study,the sol-gel method was introduced to prepare the composite phase change material (CPCM). The CPCM was added to fabric with coating techniques and the thermal activity of modified fabric was studied. In addition,the thermal property and the microstructure of CPCM were also discussed in detail by means of polarization microscope and differential scanning calorimeter,respectively. According to the analysis of main influencial factors of the property of CPCM,the optimal preparing technique was determined. It was proved that CPCM could exhibit a good thermal property while phase transformation process took place,and a better appearance of the fabric modified with CPCM could be obtained due to the fact that in a warm circumstance,the liquid-state phase change material could be firmly enwrapped and embedded in the three-dimensional network all the time during the phase transformation. Besides,the fabric treated with CPCM had a high phase-transition enthalpy and an appropriate phase-transition temperature. As a result,a desirable temperature-adjustable function appeared.


Isotope and hydrochemical features of various types of water bodies in Laohutai mine were studied.Isotope and hydrochemical features of surface water,all mining levels of the coal and water bursting site 73003# were represented,and the relationship between Cretaceous conglomerate aquifer above the mine and water bursting site 73003# was discussed.The results showed that isotope and hydrochemical features of water bursting site 73003# were different with surface water and all mining levels of the coal,but similar to Cretaceous conglomerate aquifer.According to isotope and hydrochemical features and theory of mixed water,water in the water bursting site was mixed by Cretaceous and Quaternary groundwaters,and Cretaceous groundwater was the main source and accounted for 67%;channel of water bursting site was activate F1 fault.


Coded modulation is for the first time investigated in phase-modulated systems, with coherent as well as differential detection. We find coding gains of 3.0 and 1.7 dB, already with the simplest possible trellis code.


This article is about changing of women's value orientation, which was tested in longitude for 13 years. Women were in age 30-39 years old in time of start the longitude and they were 43-51 years old in time of and of research.


: Waste is inherent to economic activity but is especially important when the economy is a service-based one as is the case of mature economies. This essay is focused on the concept of waste in the service sector and some macroeconomic and microeconomic consequen-ces of waste in such an economy are identified.


In this paper, we propose a method for 3D left ventricle (LV) segmentation from echocardiography. This method defines an 'active contour' on a multilevel cubic B-spline formulated grid. Moving the active contour to the boundary is performed by minimizing an energy function, which is defined by fuzzy feature information and multilevel free form deformation model (MFFD). Several echocardiographic LV segmentation problems are considered and experimental results are given to illustrate the robustness of this algorithm against spurious local minima and leaking on the blurred boundary


Professor Le Gros Clark's contribution is outstanding on the possibilities of research into various regions of the brain whose function is little understood. As the cutting of a few tracts in the prefrontal lobes has resulted in the discharge of so many incurable patients from mental hospitals, other tracts in the brain must soon be explored. Dr. Eliot Slater is refreshingly outspoken on genetic research, and diagnoses some of our present troubles as " too many people who know all the answers (and) have found the key to the universe." The need for more psychological and physiological work in animals is repeatedly emphasized. This book also contains a host of other problems for those trained in all branches of medicine. Future generations are bound to be bewildered about why, in the presence of so much mental disorder and psychopathic crime, so little is now being done to finance and organize research to combat it. The book's introduction stresses the incalculable cost in terms of human suffering. T1his, however, may be partly due to suspicion about the amount of supposed " trick cycling " prevalent in this specialty. Anyhow, those having such abilities might still be useful if they learn from this book how to produce more genuine rabbits out of the ridiculously small financial research hat provided at the present time.


The utility model provides a support board for a concrete brick making machine, comprising a support board body, wherein the cross section of the support board body is L-shaped; a PVC material layer is pressed on the surface of the support board body; the support board body is made of plastics; the support board of the concrete brick making machine meets the structural characteristics of the concrete brick making machine in structural design, thus the support board is durable and hard to be deformed and also has the characteristics of low cost, economy and environmental protection; the recovery rate is 99 percent, and the cost of making bricks is effectively lowered.


The role of diesel engines is indispensable in the modern world. Hence, emissions that continue to be a formidable problem need to be addressed. Intense research is being carried out throughout the world to reduce the emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx), smoke, etc. In this work, reduction in both NOx and smoke has been tried by fueling the engine with biodiesel (BD) water emulsion along with diethyl ether (DEE). Diethyl ether in the percentages of 5, 10, 15 and 20 was blended with 15% emulsified BD (85BD/15W). Performance and emission characteristics have been studied, and this study revealed that the combination of BD water emulsion and DEE would result in better performance and less emission than BD water emulsion. Thevetia peruviana, a promising BD, was used in this study.


THE USEFULNESS of cell lines derived from neural tumours in neurobiological research depends upon how much of their differentiated functions they retain. The astrocytoma cell line C6 (BENDA et al., 1968) and the Schwannoma cell line RN2 (PFEIFFER & WESCHLER, 1972) both contain the nervous system specific S-100 protein (BENDA, 1968; PFEIFFER, 1973) and have relatively high specific activities of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase (PFEIFFER & WESCHLER, 1972; PFEIFFER, 1973), an enzyme associated with the myelin sheath (DRUMMOND et at., 1962; KURIHARA & TSUKADA, 1967). Less well established is whether glial cell lines contain specific myelin proteins which would indicate a close relationship between these cells and myalinating cells in vivo. Although evidence for the presence of the basic protein of myelin (MBP) in C6 and RN2 cells has been obtained using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PFEIFFER & WESCHLER, 1972; VOLPE et al., 1975), this has not been confirmed by a more specific method. In this study we show that MBP is effectively absent from a number of neural cell lines and cultures, including C6 and RN2, using a sensitive radioimmunoassay method in which as little as 1 ng of MBP per mg of cell protein can be detected.


Increasing liberalization in the airline markets throughout the world brings along development in air transportation. On the other hand, airline companies in remote, small and rural areas are not considered profitable by airline companies in the free market. Therefore, governments have developed various mechanisms to encourage airline operations so that these regions can benefit from the air service. In this context, subsidized routes mechanism is a prominent practice among the state subsidies given to airlines. The main purpose of this study is to reveal the features, process and the currently available state of the subsidized route scheme in Turkey, which has not been discussed before in the academic literature, and to make suggestions by comparing it with abroad practices. The study first presents a theoretical framework for the subsidized route scheme, and the prominent schemes abroad are explained in the following part. Afterwards, a descriptive case study was carried out in the context of Turkey by reviewing and compiling the findings obtained from the literature and secondary data sources. Findings showed that subsidized routes in Turkey are focused on connecting remote locations to hub airports following their purpose. However, the absence of a financial subsidy tool in the program is thought to have caused a low number of subsidized routes. With the regulations in the subsidized routes mechanism, the scheme will become more attractive for airlines. It will work more effectively with the investments to be made in regional aviation. Extended Abstract Purpose The aim of this study is to reveal the current situation of the subsidized routes mechanism in Turkey, to make comparisons with similar subsidy mechanisms abroad and to make policy recommendations in the context of Turkey. In this context, the state's perspective on the airline industry, state aids, subsidized routes program and how it is applied in various countries are explained. After explaining the research method, the subsidized routes mechanism applied in the Turkish airline industry is revealed. In the last part, the findings were interpreted and policy recommendations were made for future applications.


Steel wire ropes have been widely using in different industries such as mining, building and transportation. The quality and wearing degree of ropes significantly influences safety and reliability of mining hoists, cranes, elevators, aerial transportation. It is important to know the rope condition in order to provide timely replacement of the rope, or to extend the safe working life when the retirement criteria have not been reached. Visual and instrumental methods are used for the inspection of ropes. Instruments for non-destructive testing of ropes often work in a hazardous environment and must comply with definite requirements. Today, it is very desirable that these instruments are computerised to improve inspection procedures and provide the operator with reliable data and a documented report. NDT of steel wire ropes in Russia has a long history. For many years Soviet and then Russian manufacturers and customers accumulated a rich experience in inspection and safe use of ropes. Although there are economical and financial difficulties still existing in Russia, the safety and reliable inspection in industry are extremely important. A new generation of NDT instruments INTROS has been developed and manufactured by Intron Plus, Ltd to provide safe use of a rope.


This paper assessed the physico-chemical characteristics and biodegradability of wastes buried on Sindong landfill, Asan City, Chungcheongnam-dowhose service life was about to end and conducted a basic study to reuse a landfill. There were three sampling spots on Sindong landfill, Asan city, Chooncheongnam-do. The spots were divided into three areas by terms of years for reclamation. Samples were collected both from upper and lower areas and their physicochemical characteristics were explored while an analysis of biodegradability assessment (AT4, BMP) was conducted. Based on the results, the contents of combustibles were very high. This result enables us to assume that the contents of vinyl and plastic materials of low decomposition speeds were high in the wastes previously introduced on Sindong landfill. Based on the results from analyses of the three components covering water, combustibles and lime, the highest level of water content was 43.06 % in the lower area of W-1 while its lowest level was 25.38 % in the upper area of W-2. Water contents were higher in the lower areas where samples were collected. It can be said that based on the characteristics of a sanitary landfill, there is an impact of shield skirts as leachate treatment facilities in the lower area of a landfill. Anaerobic (BMP TEST) biodegradability as one of the ways to assess biodegradability of wastes was around 20 %, which is lower than that of general wastes amounting to 52.8-78.3 %. Based on the results from aerotropic (AT4) assessment, the oxygen consumption in buried wastes was 5.44-19.12 mg O 2 /g dry matter. On all sample collection sites, the results were 25 mg O 2 /g dry matter or below, which is the standards for advance stabilization. The results from our analyses provided basic materials for the reuse of Sindong landfill. The basic materials will be able to contribute to finding ways to use and maintain a landfill with their service term ending soon and design processes for the reuse of Sindong landfill.


During May 1984, we initiated a study of black bear (Ursus americanus) ecology on the 410 km2 Great Dismal Swamp Wildlife Refuge, a forested wetland in eastern Virginia and North Carolina. Two male bears (ages 3 and 4) and 2 females (ages 3 and 7) remained active during winter 1984-85. Eight other bears (5 males, 3 females) denned for 70-131 days in excavated ground cavities (N= 3), ground-level tree cavities (N = 2), and ground nests (N = 3). Winter home ranges, determined by the modified minimum area method, were 1.9 km2 for males and 2.4 km2 for females. Annual home ranges for these bears, based on monitoring for 7-12 months, averaged 29.6 km2 and 17.8 km2 for males and females, respectively. Distance between consecutive-day relocations, an index of movement, was less in winter than in fall and spring. We observed 3 of the winter-active bears primarily in pocosin-type habitat dominated by evergreen shrubs and vines and the 4th in an inundated cypress-gum swamp. Preliminary analysis of scats, evidence of feeding activity, and visual observation indicated that bears were consuming fruits of greenbriar (Smilax spp.) and holly (Ilex spp.). Serum levels of urea nitrogen and creatinine for a 3-year-old female captured on 4 February 1985 were not indicative of a physiologically hibernating condition. Although occasional instances of nondenning behavior in black bears have been reported from areas with mild climates, the high frequency of winter activity we observed is unprecedented. Mild winter temperatures, lack of persistent snow cover, and diverse food items in the Great Dismal Swamp may be factors contributing to the high degree of bear winter activity. Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7:227-234 Winter dormancy and denning are characteristic winter behavior of the American black bear throughout its range. Length of denning appears to vary with latitude. Denning periods of 6 months or longer have been reported in northern black bear populations (Idaho: Amstrup and Beecham 1976, Minnesota: Rogers 1977, Alberta: Tietje and Ruff 1980). In southern populations, the length of denning decreases to 2 or 3 months (North Carolina: Hamilton and Marchinton 1980, California: Novick et al. 1981, Arkansas: Smith 1985) where mild winter climates and longer periods of food availability prevail. Several radio-telemetry studies have anecdotally reported instances of winter-active bears, i.e., bears that failed to den. Hamilton and Marchinton (1980) and Smith (1985) each reported 2 winter-active subadult males in coastal North Carolina and eastern Arkansas, respectively. Alt et al. (1976) and Garner (unpubl. data) have noted winter activity in adult females with yearlings in Pennsylvania and Virginia, respectively. Preliminary data from a population in Osceola National Forest in north-central Florida suggested that males and subadult females do not den but restrict their movements during winter (D. Maehr, pers. commun.), however, home ranges or movements in winter-active black bears have not been reported. Denning and the accompanying metabolic state of hibernation (Nelson et al. 1983) in black bears are energy-conserving adaptations to decreased food availability and severe winter climatic conditions. Johnson and Pelton (1980) have theorized that hibernation and denning are ultimately synchronized with the environment by a flexible endogenous circannual rhythm that ties bear physiology and behavior to annual plant cycles. Several environmental and internal cues, such as weather conditions, food availability, and bear nutritional condition, interact to provide the proximate stimulus to den. A study of these cues would facilitate modeling of the relationship between the environment and winter dormancy. Ecological study of winter-active bears would provide insight into the relative importance of the proximate factors that induce winter dormancy, particularly in regions with mild climates. This paper describes home range, movements, and other aspects of ecology in winter-active black bears in the Great Dismal Swamp


The scientific and technological achievements during 10 years between 1996 to 2005 in Shantou University Medical College were synthetically analyzed,which include the quantities and levels of scientific and technological projects,acquired scientific and technological foundations,the quantities of SCI cited papers and their impact factors,awarding of scientific and technological research findings,publications and patents,etc.The results showed that there was a great step in science and technology work during the 10 years;however,the levels were to be elevated.Clinical research was relatively weak.Some fields should be strengthened including research team training,great scientific and technological projects striving,co-operation of transversal projects and clinical researching,etc.


This paper uses a regional economic impact model to examine the net economic impact when businesses successfully emerge from Chapter 11 of the U.S. bankruptcy code rather than Chapter 7 liquidation. The findings indicate that there is a measurable and significant impact on G.D.P and employment for the average firm that successfully emerge from Chapter 11. The findings also suggest the possibility of further impact if bankruptcy policy guided more firms toward Chapter 11 reorganization rather than liquidation.