Optimization of an individual's antineoplastic drug regimen is dependent on understanding of that individual's unique physiology and tumor pathophysiology. Noninvasive methods of measurement, when combined with pharmacokinetic methods of analysis, such as pharmacokinetic imaging, can estimate the amount of antineoplastic agent reaching the target site as well as identifying and quantifying the pathophysjological factors affecting the delivery of the drug.
The animal model utilized for this work were female Sprague Dawley rats bearing subcutaneous Walker 256 carcinosarcoma, tumors implanted in the rear right flank. All studies were performed using nuclear imaging. These studies were undertaken using radiolabelled 195mPt-carboplatin. The microvascular space (MV) was measured using red blood cells labeled with 99mTc and the interstitial fluid (IF) space using 111In-DTPA.
The data obtained suggests that MV and IF increase gradually as the Walker 256 tumors become larger, this relationship breaks down when the tumor reaches 2 grams. The results obtained in this work support the proposal that once a critical mass is reached (2 grams or larger), the ability of the tumor to maintain an internal balance collapses and the various forces involved in the movement of fluid and particles—large and small—within the IF, e.g. diffusion and convection, have different effects. Thus, to perform reliable studies of drug pharmacokinetics in tumors, the tumor size needs to be carefully controlled.
Another parameter that needs to be properly controlled is the effect of co-administered drugs, including anesthetics. We postulated that the pharmacokinetics of 195mPt-carboplatin would vary significantly depending on the anesthetic used. A systematic analysis on the effect of different anesthesia on the pharmacokinetics of 195mPt-carboplatin was compared to the pharmacokinetics of 195mPt-carboplatin in the conscious rat.
These results lead to the conclusion that the efficacy of the antineoplastic agent is dependent both on its tumoral pharmacokinetics as well as on the status of the microvasculature and interstitial fluid volumes found in and around the. tumor masses targeted. These two physiological compartments directly influence the ability of the drug to reach the active tumors cells in therapeutic levels.


Frayme is a Canadian‐based international network designed to accelerate the adoption and scaling up of integrated youth services (IYS). This is done through the synthesis of evidence from a variety of sources and a commitment to integrated knowledge mobilization (KMb) to inform research policy and practice. Frayme is utilizing innovative approaches to stakeholder engagement (youth, families, policy makers, funders, researchers and practitioners) and KMb in order to co‐design system change. The purpose of this article describes the overall Frayme strategy and presents findings from a participatory needs assessment implemented to inform policy‐related priorities.


Combining with the research and investigation of the cast-in-place reinforced concrete floor in resent years, we try to find out the main causes of crevices in the cast-in-place floor,on analysis of the floor load in the early phase attack load, over-loading effect, hogging moment effectand contraction of concrete.


Materialist ecofeminist studies of the international division of labor will be invaluable in this respect; in particular, Maria Mies' concept of housewifization of the male workforce under neoliberalism; Vandana Shiva's empirical data on agribusiness enclosures and their cost to communal viability in the South; and Silvia Federici's analysis of transcontinental migration, sex tourism, and reproductive surrogacy. These economic questions are central to our political work, though in another sense, they are mere manifestations of a deeper set of relations embodied in exchanges between*historically constructed*women and men. Ecofeminists contend that there will be no end to capitalism and its ecological crisis until the patriarchal component of that oppressive system is dealt with. Moreover, while old socialist feminist debates over how patriarchal and capitalist systems are interrelated still have much to offer, these are overtaken by the ecofeminist introduction of a new element, ''nature'' so called.


A computer based P2P communication system using a virtual repeating system and a method thereof are provided to install a virtual PBX system at one computer, to enable a user to use a communication service like a phone communication service or an image communication by using plural communication terminals, to freely use various multimedia services such as an MP3 player, a VOD, and a game, and to use the communication terminals as a mobility type disc by installing a large capacity hard disc or a flash memory at them. A computer based P2P communication system using a virtual repeating system comprises a virtual PBX system(300), a transceiver(400), communication terminals(500-505) and a server(200). The virtual PBX system(300) is installed and constructed at a personal computer connected to the internet(100). The transceiver(400) like a wireless AP(Access Point) is connected to the personal computer by using a LAN or a USB(Universal Serial Bus) port. The communication terminals(500) have unique identifiers. The server(200), having a fixed IP, can be connected via the internet anywhere.


Root system development is an important target for improving yield in cereal crops. Active root systems that can take up nutrients more efficiently are essential for enhancing grain yield. In this study, we attempted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in root system development by measuring root length of rice seedlings grown in hydroponic culture. Reliable growth conditions for estimating the root length were first estab- lished to renew nutrient solutions daily and supply NH4 ? as a single nitrogen source. Thirty-eight chromosome segment substitution lines derived from a cross between 'Koshi- hikari', a japonica variety, and 'Kasalath', an indica vari- ety, were used to detect QTL for seminal root length of seedlings grown in 5 or 500 l MN H 4 ? . Eight chromosomal


not yet" cha racter of the inbreaking reign of God . There is remarkable coherence in thi s collected-essa y for mat, given Van Engen 's clear com m it men ts to Christocentric faith, the vocation of the ch urch to d em onst rat e Go d 's love in Chris t, and the essential focus upon hop e in God's fulfillment of the begun work of sa lva tion . The new mater ials, especially his survey of the importan ce of nar rative theology for missional int erp retat ion of the Bible, are provocati ve int roductions to complex contem po ra ry d iscussion s. His inad equate treatment of the history of Western un iversit y education (pp . 423ff.) is the only problem of any importance. Both the bibliography an d the index enh ance the scholarly and the classroom usefuln ess of the book . It will work well both as a textb ook and as a di scussion starter w ith colleagues who are not used to en g ag in g th e ir d iscipl in es fr om missional perspectives. Dar rell L. Gude r


Vehicle detection has attracted a lot of research attention and has been employed in many areas of life including public safety and security. Accurately monitoring and detecting vehicles on the road in real time is one of the challenging tasks in this area of research. Towards this purpose, computer vision techniques are commonly used, where Convolution Neural Networks (CNN) got special focus. This paper presents an overview of CNN based vehicle detection methods in the context of monocular vision, where a camera is placed at the back of a vehicle to monitor the road situation, as well as an overview of CNN based Deep Convolution Neural Network (DNN) vehicle detection methods in the context of satellite imagery. The recent developments of these CNN based methods are discussed.


This paper is authored to describe a control framework that is designated for hydraulically actuated quadruped robot to trot on rough terrain. In order to succeed in trotting on rough terrain, two controllers are synthesized: i) Dual Length Linear Inverted Pendulum Method (DLLIPM), ii) Active Compliance Control. The first controller computes the hydraulic quadruped robot's trajectory, which not only effectively reduces the energy dissipation, but also promotes the workspace utilization. The second controller, in the meantime, utilizes the force sensors which are located at the bottom of the feet to calculate the joint displacements that are associated with ground reaction force errors, using admittance blocks. In addition to position feedback, these joint displacements are inserted to the position control loop and then updates the orientation input. In doing so, the hydraulic quadruped robot can perform the given locomotion task in an actively-compliant manner. Using the proposed frame work, the overall control performance is tested by hydraulic quadruped robot on rough terrain via simulation and the results turn out to be positive.


The main aim of this chapter is to contextualize the records and archives management (RAM) education and training opportunities in Bangladesh with a view to identify the opportunities and challenges ahead in this endeavour. Some public and private universities and National University affiliated colleges and institutions are providing RAM education and National Library, National Archives, National Museum of Bangladesh, etc. are providing RAM training opportunities hands on practice in Bangladesh. The author discusses the current curriculum of different academia and need for RAM education and training opportunities as a subset of information management, with an acknowledged impact on the systematic and efficient management of Bangladeshi institutions. The author shows how the focus of RAM have shifted over the recent past from the archival management of unwanted documents, to the management of electronic systems, giving records managers an equal standing with other professionals in the field of information management or knowledge management. The result reveals that training opportunities on RAM have increased the professionals' development in Bangladesh. The author feels this chapter may encourage more such research on RAM system in Bangladesh and beyond.


The cultivar Uralsky yellow was developed by the method of hybridization of cultivars Raciol x LM 98 followed by a multiple individual selection. The cultivar is middle maturing, the growing season is 85–90 days, and the height of plants is 60–65 cm, which is at the level of the standard-cultivar LM 98. In sowing, the plants are mainly single-stemmed; the capsules are rounded with a pointed spout of medium size. The seeds are yellow, egg-shaped with a pointed spout, medium-sized. The weight of 1000 seeds is equal 6.5–7.0 g, which is 1.2–1.5 g higher than the same trait of the standard. The crude fat content in seeds is 42–44%. The new cultivar is resistant to lodging and seeds shedding from the capsules, matures simultaneously, is resistant to a complex of diseases at the standard level. It was submitted in the State testing in 2022 in the Middle Volga, Volga-Vyatka, Ural and East Siberian regions.


The aim of teh study is to provide an outlook on theoretical
and practical aspects of class teacehr preparation during thier
pre-service teacher training courses.


A pesticide composition containing cytosinpeptidemycin and ningnanmycin for preventing and controlling plant virus diseases. The effective components cytosinpeptidemycin and ningnanmycin of the pesticide composition are compounded, and the others are auxiliary components. The pesticide composition comprises effective components of cytosinpeptidemycin and ningnanmycin in a weight ratio of 1-40:40-1; and the preparation contains 1%-80% of the effective components of cytosinpeptidemycin and ningnanmycin, and the balance is the auxiliary components allowed and acceptable by the pesticide. The dosage form of the pesticide composition provided by the invention is missible oil, a suspending agent, a wettable powder, a water dispersible granule, an aqueous emulsion and a microemulsion; the pesticide composition is mainly used for the control of virus diseases of tobacco, tomato, peppers, melons, rice, wheat, vegetables, fruits and beans, control of fungal diseases, such as powdery mildew, root rot, stalk rot, Rhizoctonia solani, blight, gummy stem blight, anthracnose and rice sclerotium disease, and control of bacterial diseases, such as rice bacterial leaf, Chinese cabbage soft rot and bacterial wilt of solanaceous crops.


Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius' new book on cultur‐ al and military politics on the eastern front in World War I makes plain how much has been lost in the historiographical fixation on the western front. The everyday brutalization in the trenches, the formation of a separate generational identity, the introduction of new and fierce technologies, and the fantastic military effort to achieve a breakthrough are crucial foundations for under‐ standing the postwar period, the drama of defeat and humiliation, and the emergence of new, more populist politics in Germany as well as in France and Britain.


Background and Purpose: Screening patients admitted with stroke symptoms for risk of dysphagia is often the responsibility of registered nurses (RNs). Simulation technology has become a widely used evidence-based form of training for healthcare professionals. Simulation mannequins allow for training in a controlled environment, eliminating the need for practice of skills with live patients. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare effectiveness of in-service training to a comprehensive training method utilizing a medical simulation mannequin as a main component to teach administration of swallowing screening items. Methods: RNs (N=32) were randomly assigned to one of two training groups. Both groups received a 20 minute didactic training in administration and interpretation of non-swallow (dysarthria, wet voice, abnormal volitional cough) and water swallow (cough, throat clear, wet voice) screening components. The control group (n=16) received only didactic training. The experimental group (n=16) received didactic training plus additional training with a medical mannequin programmed to simulate auditory elements of acute stroke patients, e.g., dysarthria, cough after swallow. Acquisition of skills was evaluated for both groups using the medical mannequin simulated with various stroke patient profiles. Fisher's Exact Test was used to assess the association between type of training and acquisition of skills. Results: No significant association was evident for acquisition of interpretation or procedural skills between groups. Raw data revealed that the experimental group achieved accurate interpretation and procedural skills in fewer trials than the control group. This was particularly evident for procedural skills in which 69% in the experimental group achieved accurate administration within one trial while only 31% in the control group demonstrated accuracy. Conclusion: Results indicate that simulation training is a feasible method to teach and evaluate obtainment of skills necessary to accurately complete dysphagia screenings in acute stroke patients. Further research should focus on retention of skills learned and translation of skills from the simulated patient to live patients admitted with stroke symptoms.


In this paper, we report a projection of carbon dioxide emission of Japan using an end-use type energy model and an analysis on factors of CO2 emission changes. The projected emission in year 2020 amounts to 378.4 MtC/a (non-Intervention case), compared with 302.2 MtC/a in year 1990 while, with an economic countermeasure to reduce the emission, it amounts to 257.5 MtC/a in year 2020 (Countermeasure case). In order to attain the countermeasure-case which requires 0.7%/a decrease of CO2 emission, not only energy-efficiency improvement by 2.4%/a but also carbon-intensity decrease by 0.4%/a are necessary. The factor-analysis on the countermeasure-case shows the importance of both energy-efficiency improvements in residential/transport sectors and carbon-intensity decreases in residential/service sectors. With regard to a respective countermeasure, the analysis extracts some key technologies, which contribute to reduce CO2 emission substantially and suggests that the dissemination of key technologies such as energy-efficient air-conditioners and automobiles should be promoted intensively.


This application is a pattern generator for generating a diffraction pattern from an image, a light source for emitting output light, the outgoing light is condensed, and the condensing unit for generating illumination light, the illumination in accordance with the diffraction pattern diffract light, and a spatial light modulator for generating a diffracted light. The diffracted light passes through the condensing unit. The spatial light modulator reflects the illumination light may generate the diffracted light. Display device may further include a reflecting portion for reflecting the generated the diffracted light by passing through the spatial light modulator. The diffracted light reflected by the reflective portion may pass through the condenser part. The condensing unit includes a first condensing element for condensing the emitted light, and a second condensing element for condensing the diffracted light generated by passing through the spatial light modulator, also include good.


ABSTRACT Handicraft businesses is one of the businesses in Yogyakarta. The presence of GIS-based information system that would be very helpful to present information that is complete, and make the guide / tool to search for reaching these businesses to craft intended to integrate the map route or Jogja as a hint to go to the handicraft businesses. The system is built using web-based programming using CakePHP, with a MySQL database. Features map in this study using the Google Map API. Google map also has support for the manufacture of Yogyakarta which will be integrated with the location of handicrafts. The Geographic Information System has a feature to search information of handicrafts, handicraft businesses, location search, the route to the search of handicrafts using the instructions map, in this system there are also related products on the existing handicraft businesses. Using Geographic Information System handicraft businesses is expected to greatly assist visitors in finding a variety of handicrafts information in Yogyakarta. Keywords : GIS, Business Crafts, Routes, Google Map.


The present invention discloses a method for 4D-CT reconstruction different time sequence of images, multi-scale space protected by building edges, 3D-CT images for treatment daily breathe freely state multiscale decomposition is determined based on the maximum similarity measure Guidelines optimal phase, and free deformation model based on B-spline achieve the planned date of 4D-CT images at different phases of deformable registration, 3D-CT image reconstruction based day treatment program day 4D-CT and date of treatment 4D-CT; the present invention, the beneficial effects: by using plan-day 4D-CT and treatment date 3D-CT images reconstruction therapy day 4D-CT images to obtain the day of treatment the tumor and organs at risk movement variation patients, effective avoid the patient again accept a large number of X-ray radiation to cause any harm.


The invention discloses an automatic digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) medical image data migration system and method. The system comprises a DICOM retrieval module, a DICOM acquisition module, a consistency determination module, a DICOM processing module and a DICOM transmitting module. According to the system and the method, the full-automatic DICOM medical image data migration can be performed between novel and old picture archiving and communication systems (PACS), and the consistency of patient information is guaranteed; and meanwhile, the high efficiency of the data migration process is realized, the problems of information error, leakage and the like caused by data migration in the process of updating the conventional PACS system are solved, the DICOM data migration accuracy and working efficiency are improved, and the medical accidents are reduced.


More than any other American, Allen Dulles embodied and came to symbolize the Central Intelligence Agency, which he headed for more than eight years (1953-61). His life is an incredible story, so it is all the more remarkable that in the 25 years since his death in 1969 at the age of 75, there has been until now no full-length study of the man. But with "Gentleman Spy", Peter Grose has produced a biography full of surprises and all sorts of new information, giving us not only Dulles's life but, in the process, a panorama of our times, from Versailles to the downfall of the Third Reich, from the onset of the Cold War to the Bay of Pigs. This is a biography which sticks closely to the man, his character and the influence on history which was truly and uniquely his, not simply the work of the agency under his command. What emerges is a portrait of Allen Dulles as one of the architects and early commanders of the Cold War, a man whose profound self-confidance gave a vigorous pugnacity to American foreign policy for a decade.


With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, emotion recognition has been applied in all aspects of life, using eye movement tracking technology for emotion recognition has become an important branch of emotion computing. In order to explore the relationship between eye movement signals and learners' emotional states in the online video learning environment, we used machine learning and convolutional neural network methods to recognize eye movement signals, and classify learners' emotional states into two categories, positive and negative. The study of eye movement data under different time windows mainly includes four stages: data collection, data preprocessing, classifier modeling, training and testing. In this paper, a Eye-movement Feature Extraction Classification Network(EFECN) based on convolutional neural network is proposed for small sample data and the classification of emotion state based on eye movement. The eye movement data were transformed into images through cross-modal conversion as input of multiple different deep convolutional neural networks, and the emotional states were classified in positive and negative directions. The accuracy was used as the evaluation index to evaluate and compare the different models. The accuracy of the eye movement emotion recognition model reached 72% in the SVM model and 91.62% in the EFECN model. Experimental results show that the convolutional neural network based on deep learning has a significant improvement in recognition accuracy compared with traditional machine learning methods.


The purpose of the present study is to determine the level of marital adjustment among love marriage and arrange marriage couples. This study is based on sample of 200 subjects equally divided into two groups on the basis of gender (male and female) further these two groups were also divided into two more groups on the basis of family type (single family and joint family). Marital Adjustment Questionnaire (MAQ) constructed and standardized by Dr. Pramod Kumar & Dr. Kanchana Rohatgi was used for data collection. Mean, standard deviation and t-test were applied for statistical analysis. Results reveal that there is no significant difference between the mean scores of marital adjustment among love marriage and arranged marriage subjects.


BackgroundThe morphological determinants of mitral valve systolic anterior motion (SAM) and obstruction to left ventricular outflow in patients within the broad clinical spectrum of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are not completely understood, particularl the contribution of mitral leaflet length and size. Methods and ResultsTo clarify this issue, mitral valve specimens from 43 patients with HCM and basal outflow obstruction were used to relate morphometric measurements of leaflet area to certain morphological and functional assessments of left ventricular outflow tract geometry and valvular motion obtained from echocardiograms in the same patients. Twenty-four patients (56%) had mitral valves of normal size (leaflet area < 12.0 cm2) and 19 patients (44%) had enlarged and elongated valves (area >12.0 cm2). Compared with normal-sized mitral valves, the enlarged valves were situated more posteriorly in a larger left ventricular outflow tract (cross-sectional area, 3.3±1.0 versus 1.9±0.7 cm2 for normal-sized valves; p<0.001) and also had greater systolic excursion of the anterior leaflet (16.2±4.5 versus 13.3±3.3 mm, p<0.02), usually with a distinctive sharp-angled bend and localized contact of the leaflet tip with ventricular septum ("typical" SAM); this pattern of SAM was possible because the central and distal portions of the leaflet were relatively free of fibrous thickening. In contrast, normal-sized mitral valves were situated more anteriorally in a smaller left ventricular outflow tract and frequently showed a different mechanism of SAM and subaortic obstruction with relatively limited leaflet motion, absence of a sharp bend, and septal contact involving more substantial portions of the anterior leaflet and contiguous chordae ("atypical" SAM); mitral-septal apposition was effected in large measure by posterior ventricular septal motion. This pattern of SAM was invariably associated with a more diffuse pattern of fibrous thickening. ConclusionsPatients with obstructive HCM show patterns of mitral valve SAM that are diverse and determined largely by the interrelation of left ventricular outflow tract geometry, the size and mobility of the mitral leaflets, and the presence and distribution of fibrous thickening.


In the case of a few of the Wolf-Rayet stars cataloged by van der Hucht et al. (1981), certain information concerning spectral subtypes and photometry is missing. These stars are primarily the faintest and most heavily reddened of the known galactic WR stars. The stars investigated in connection with the present investigation include WR 105, WR 112, WR 118, WR 122, WR 126, and WR 149. The data were obtained with a 4-m telescope and an intensified image dissector scanner during four nights in September 1982. One of these objects, the WR 118 appears to be the lowest excitation WC star ever observed, while WR 122 is the lowest excitation WN star yet seen.


This article discusses the issue of whether wage labor merely exploits women as a source of cheap labor and adds to the domestic burden or whether wage labor gives women greater autonomy and raises their consciousness regarding womens subordinate role in society. These issues are discussed for women in Cuba Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. These countries share a history of Spanish colonialism plantation slavery and US control. The differences are in state policies. Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic have export-led industrial policies. Cuba after the revolution developed state control of industry and an import-substitution industries. Female participation rates are affected differently in these three countries. Female labor force participation rates have increased in all three countries but only in Cuba were women not replacing men as the primary income producer. The Cuban socialist state decreased household dependence on income for assuring basic needs and dependence on male wages. Womens increased earnings in all three countries led to an erosion of male authority and a redefinition of their domestic role. Women gained more power in the household. The authors prior analysis of women industrial workers indicates that state policy affects the demand for male and female labor and the supply through education and training. State policy and access to income-producing resources and alternative income sources affect the impact of paid wage labor on womens status. Other factors affecting the impact of labor on womens status include the structure of the household and gender ideology. Women in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic are assuming greater economic responsibility due to a decline in real wages and in male employment opportunities. Women do not have access to income-producing resources equal to mens access. Economic restructuring appears to be shifting the burden of family survival from men to women. Economic restructuring weakens labor and strengthens capital and both women and men benefit little. Gender consciousness is growing.


A procedure was developed to quantify the maximum hydropower capability. This procedure basically consists of two steps: dividing the total available water into weekday and weekend components; and prioritizing these component water releases by dividing the weekday and weekend water components into onpeak and offpeak components. The minimum flow requirements have the highest priority followed by weekday onpeak, weekend onpeak, weekday offpeak, and weekend offpeak. This procedure has been applied to quantify the maximum capability of existing hydropower systems in determining the marketable capability and also provide hourly water release data. This procedure can be applied to analyze and schedule release patterns.


Thyroidal iodine metabolism was studied in four inbred strains of mice and two groups of F 1 hybrids by use of radioiodine. Significant strain differences were found in both the 48-hour thyroidal retention of I 131 and its output rate constant. Three closely related groups studied were C57BL/6, C57BR/cd and BBF 1 , their F 1 hybrid. The other three groups included A/Jax, BALB/c and CAF 1 , their F 1 hybrid. C57BL/6 mice had a significantly faster output rate and lower 48-hour I 131 retention than any other group. The first three groups listed had a more rapid output rate and lower 48-hour retention than the last three. In intergroup comparisons and inverse relationship between I 131 output rate and 48-hour retention was clearly shown. The results indicate that in mice pituitary TSH output, as indicated by thyroidal I 131 output rate and thyroidal iodine pool size, is controlled by separate genetic factors.


Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the national economy of the Slovak Republic, in particular, for its long tradition and at the same time for a long-term great political influence of farmers. Therefore, each year flows into the agricultural sector in the EU countries huge amounts of money. Analysed period of 1999 2009 has been divided into two equally long period of time, in the middle of which the Slovak Republic entered the EU and the agrarian policy has changed from purely national to the EU common agricultural policy (Cap). Important reform of the CAP in 2003 was the Fischler reform, by which the single payments decoupled from production and began to provide per hectare of agricultural land. In this paper, we explore how our entry into the EU has been translated into the economy of the selected commodity (wheat) and how the support effected the rate of profitability and the economic income result during this period. For the assessment of the production of wheat, we used indicators such as the yield per hectare, the total and the unit costs, prices, total support. Two indicators have been chosen of the cost-profitability: profitability without support and profitability with the support and the hypothesis was set, by which we explore the development of these indicators per production areas that we divide on less-favoured and favoured. By the hypothesis we verify whether selected indicators confirm the natural expectation that in the better production areas will be achieved their more favourable values. Thanks to the subsidies the economic income results in I. and also in the II. period got from the negative values only to a positive outcome.


The article analyses the functioning of the war-time Ukrainian Humorous discourse in general and the 'Availability Heuristic'cognitive pattern, as a variant of the 'Heuristic analogy' cognitive pattern in particular.' The purpose of the research is to determine the role of this cognitive pattern in the creation of the comic effect in the war-time verbal humor in Ukraine. The paper presents the results of the stylistic and cognitive analyses of twelve Ukrainian wartime jokes where the 'Availability heuristic' cognitive pattern was manifested. On the one hand, the study determined that the researched war-time Ukrainian humorous discourse has the features of the main humor theories, including the psychological tension relief and the superiority theories, the incongruity and the reframing theories. Besides, the conducted research exposes the fact that this cognitive pattern plays an essential role in selecting stylistic humor mechanisms, while processing the in-coming information and shaping the cognitive frameworks of humor perception and creation. According to this research, the 'Availability Heuristic'cognitive pattern manifests through such main stylistic figures as paraprosdokian, irony and pastiche in its narrow meaning. It could be accompanied by the 'Distinct contrast' cognitive pattern, the 'Superiority or Illusionary Superiority' cognitive pattern and the cognitive 'Easel pattern,' responsible for the dominance of visual pictures and images. The researched Ukrainian jokes are interwoven with the situational context of the dramatic events within a temporality of the speedy streaming news of the Russian-Ukrainian war.


Electron microscopic observation of reticuloendothelial sytem was made in untreated albino rabbits and typhoid vaccine injected rabbits. On the bas_??_s of the findings obtained from panoramic electron microphotographs, the reticuloendothelial cells in the splenic red pulp could be classified into the sinus endothelial cell, fixed reticulum cell, ingesting reticulum cell and reticulum cell around the sheathed artery. Furthermore, the fixed reticulum cell was subdivided into two types by their location in the medullary cord; that is, the reticulum cell situated in the periphery of the cord, covering the outer surface of sinus basement membrane, and the cell situated in the center of the cord. Both fixed reticulumm cells formed the framework of the cord by extruding the cytoplasmic processes between other cells. The ingesting type of reticulum cell was different from the fixed reticulum cell and supposed to be derived from the immature lympho-reticular cell existing originally in the red pulp. The sinus endothelial cell showed some resemblance to the reticulum cell when stimulated, and cytoplasmic organellae were increased. In rabbits, the sheathed artery could be identified by the electron microscope and was surrounded by reticulum cells.


The present article analyses the rough drafts of Zbigniew Herbert's essay on Hendrik Avercamp — the seventeenth century Dutch landscape painter who specialized in winter landscapes and scenes with numerous tiny figures. The author attempts to reconstruct the compositional idea for the essay and establishes facts concerning the research work done by Herbert concerning the life and work of Avercamp, confronts the findings with the present state of research and considers the issue of the biographical dimension of the painter's artistic output as one of the keys to solving the interpretative problems of his paintings and the artistic tradition that had influenced the shaping of the Avercamp idiom of paintings. Avercamp's works are juxtaposed in the article with the landscapes painted by Pieter Bruegel the Elder to show the difference between the visions of the world represented by the two painters. Bruegel, in Herbert's opinion, is bitter in his reflection on the subject of transiency of human existence. Avercamp, conversely, tends to have a cheerful outlook on life, the world and his compatriots. Avercamp's paintings allow us to get to know winter customs of the Dutch, their winter outdoor games participated by all — hence a thesis posed by the poet underlying the democratic character of skating rinks. In doing so, Herbert proposes to scrutinize carefully Avercamp's artistic output within the context of, defined after Schiller, the notion of naivety, understood as "the virtue of accepting reality with humility" adopted from the old masters.


In recent years, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have won numerous contests in pattern recognition, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. Neuron in ANNs is designed by the Knowledge about the biological neurons in the brain 70 years ago.Neuron in ANNs is expressed as f(wx+b) or f(WX). The design of this architecture does not consider the information processing capabilities of dendrites. However, recently, studies shows that dendrites participate in the pre-calculation of input data in the brain. Concretely, biological dendrites play a role in the pre-processing for the interaction information of input data. Therefore, it may be time to perfect the neuron of ANNs. According to our previous studies (Gang transform), this paper adds the dendrite processing section to neurons of ANNs. The dendrite processing section can be expressed as Wi,i-1Ai-1 ○ A0|1|2|...|i-1 . The generalized new neuron can be expressed as f(W(Wi,i-1Ai-1 ○ A0|1|2|...|i-1)) .The simplified new neuron be expressed as f(∑(WA ○ X)) . After perfecting the neuron, there are so many networks to try. This paper shows some basic architecture for reference in the future.   Interesting things: (1) The computational complexity of dendrite modules (Wi,i-1Ai-1 ○ Ai-1) after being connected in series is far lower than Horner's method. Will this speed up the calculation of basic functions in computers? (2) The range of sight of animals has a gradient, but the convolution layer does not have this characteristic. This paper proposes receptive fields with gradient. (3) The networks using Gang neurons can delete the full connectional layer of traditional networks. In other words, the parameters of the full connectional layers are assigned to a single neuron, which reduces parameters of a network for the same mapping capacity.


Observations of frequent, intermittent, density, velocity, and temperature variations, called jets, in the solar corona have led some authors to propose these jets as possible acceleration mechanisms for the fast solar wind seen at large distances. In the search of possible dynamical effects, we look here at the implications of intermittent temperature fluctuations at the coronal level on the subsonic and supersonic solar wind properties, in a spherically symmetric (single fluid) wind with polytropic index close to unity and no magnetic field. Sudden temperature pulses are applied periodically at the coronal level, with no pressure variation, the velocity being free. One finds that (1) the advected perturbations take the form of a mixture of upward propagating shock waves and advected pressure equilibrium structures and (2) the mean temperature increases due to the larger expansion rate of the fluid with peak temperature. As a result, a main part of the wind flow at large distance appears to be generated by intermittent coronal events with peak temperature. We propose thus to reduce the discrepancy between the fast wind speed observed at 1 AU and the observed coronal temperature by taking into account not the average temperature, but the peak coronal temperature, still to be determined.


Since the days of the Silk Road exchanges between East and West, Asian philosophical and cultural ideas have been a magnet for rare pilgrims of the arts and lay scholars like Australian poet Harold Stewart (1917-1994), who, leaving Australia in the early 1960s, sailed to Japan to settle permanently in Kyoto, a city built on a thousand years of Buddhist learning. Stewart made a singular effort to shift his source of inspiration exclusively to Asia in the belief that Australia's future lay under Australasian skies. This high degree of cultural immersion produced an exclusive oeuvre of Asian-centred writing crowned by two epic poems, a tradition unknown to classical Chinese and Japanese poetry. His large body of writing positions Stewart as the unacknowledged precursor to forty years of Australian poetic responses to Asia, even though his final and perhaps most challenging narrative composition Autumn Landscape Roll, a "Buddhist Divine Comedy" with sources predating Dante by 1800 years, remains unpublished.


The radio light curves of novae rise and fall over the course of months to years, allowing for detailed observations of the evolution of the nova shell. However, the main parameter determined by radio models of nova explosions - the mass of the ejecta - often seems to exceed theoretical expectations by an order of magnitude. With the recent technological improvements on the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), new observations can test the assumptions upon which ejecta mass estimates are based. Early observations of the classical nova V1723 Aql showed an unexpectedly rapid rise in radio flux density and a distinct bump in the radio light curve on the rise to radio maximum, which is inconsistent with the simple model of spherical ejecta expelled in a single discrete event. This initial bump appears to indicate the presence of shocked material in the outer region of the ejected shell, with the emission from the shocks fading over time. We explore possible origins for this emission and its relation to the mass loss history of the nova. The evolution of the radio spectrum also reveals the density profile, the mass of the ejected shell, and other properties of the ejecta. These observations comprise one of the most complete, longterm set of multi-wavelength radio observations for any classical nova to date.


Muscle atrophy is the loss of skeletal muscle mass during several pathological conditions such as long‐term fasting, aging, cancer, diabetes, sepsis and immune disorders. Dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic glucocorticoid, induces skeletal muscle atrophy by suppression of protein synthesis and promotion of protein degradation. Specifically, DEX increases the levels of muscle specific ubiquitin E3 ligases including MAFbx and MuRF1. The double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA)‐activated protein kinase R (PKR) plays a significant role in mediating inflammation and glucose homeostasis. However, pathological roles of PKR in muscle atrophy are not fully understood. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of imoxin, a PKR inhibitor, on DEX‐induced muscle atrophy in C2C12 myotubes. Myotubes were incubated with imoxin at different concentrations with or without 5 μM DEX for 24 h. Western blotting was performed to measure proteins involved in muscle protein synthesis as well as degradation. DEX significantly augmented the protein levels of MuRF1 and MAFbx (275 ± 5 % and 694 ± 36 %, respectively) compared with serum free control (CON). However, 5 μM imoxin treatment significantly reduced protein levels of MuRF1 by 88 ± 2 % and MAFbx by 99 ± 0 % compared with DEX, respectively. In addition, DEX suppressed FoxO4 phosphorylation (33 ± 9 %) compared to CON, but 5 μM imoxin treatment promoted FoxO4 phosphorylation (735 ± 44 %) compared to DEX. Additionally, DEX stimulated protein ubiquitination compared with control (124 ± 1 %) but 5 μM imoxin treatment reduced protein ubiquitination by 42 ± 4 % compared to DEX. At the same time, 5 μM imoxin treatment stimulated Akt phosphorylation (195 ± 5 %), mTOR phosphorylation (171 ± 21%) and p70S6K1 phosphorylation (314 ± 31 %) under DEX‐treated condition even though DEX treatment did not suppressed Akt/mTOR/p70S6K1 axis. These findings suggest that imoxin protects against DEX‐induced skeletal muscle atrophy by alleviating muscle specific E3 ubiquitin ligases and promoting protein synthesis via Akt/mTOR/S6K1 axis in muscle cells.


We present a modified version of the perceptron learning algorithm (PLA) which solves semidefinite programs (SDPs) in polynomial time. The algorithm is based on the following three observations: (i) Semidefinite programs are linear programs with infinitely many (linear) constraints; (ii) every linear program can be solved by a sequence of constraint satisfaction problems with linear constraints; (iii) in general, the perceptron learning algorithm solves a constraint satisfaction problem with linear constraints in finitely many updates. Combining the PLA with a probabilistic rescaling algorithm (which, on average, increases the size of the feasable region) results in a probabilistic algorithm for solving SDPs that runs in polynomial time. We present preliminary results which demonstrate that the algorithm works, but is not competitive with state-of-the-art interior point methods.


Since the Turko-Egyptian and Anglo-Egyptian colonialism to the Arab neocolonial rule in the Sudan, the history of South Sudan is entwined in blood and sufferings due to slavery and socio-economic political dehumanization. When South Sudanese took up arms in 1955 to 1972 and in 1983 to 2005 against the North Sudanese Arabs, the rebel leaders were entangled in power wrangles and ideological differences, resulting in more bloody conflicts within the region. In 2010 and 2013, again, due to power wrangles coupled with misgovernance of South Sudan, more blood has been flowing. All factional wars have been fought along ethnic lines. The social fabrics among the communities have been ripped apart. After the independence of South Sudan in 2011, no tangible policies put in place to address the bitter past. In South Sudan's post-conflict era, prioritizing criminal justice alone will condemn South Sudanese into perpetual bitterness which would result in more wars. The author argues that South Sudan must utilize its own traditional justice mechanisms concurrently with the Truth Commission and other applicable transitional justice processes as was done in Rwanda, South Africa and other countries.


A phytoremediation experiment was carried out in the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Management, University of Ibadan, Nigeria to examine the ability of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) to detoxify crude oil-polluted aquatic environments. There were fifteen (15) experimental units; twelve (12) had water hyacinth grown in them while three (3) had no water hyacinth. 100g of water hyacinth per litre of water were separately grown in 20mgl-1, 40mgl-1, 60mgl-1 and 0mgl-1 (Control A) crude oil. Another three (3) experimental units were seeded with 40mgl-1 of crude oil but no water hyacinth (Control B). The quantities of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) absorbed by water hyacinth in treatments seeded with crude oil (20mgl-1, 40mgl-1 and 60mgl-1) was significantly (p


Abstract An accumulation of anthropological work on traditional ownership in the Northern Territory provides the opportunity for an approach to explanation of Aboriginal political concepts within political inquiry in Australia. The complex of Aboriginal ideas about property and authority can be examined using tools of analysis available outside liberal theory.


In order to avoid the secondary pollution and pipe erosion,and gain byproducts with economic worth during the process of desulfurizing and desaltpeterring,the way of chemistry-membrane is proposed to deal with wastewater passing through the dust catcher of power plant,and the wastewater can be reused. Wastewater containing SOx and NOx as well as other pollutants is simplified to be the wastewater containing vitriol and nitric acid,which can react chemically with ammonia separately. The optimal concentration and temperature for reaction are obtained,and the economical consumption of ammonia is achieved. The study makes a good foundation for theoretical research and practical application.


The broad availability of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in the Indonesian market, increasing trend of their consumption, combined with escalating incidence and prevalence of diabetes and related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), and the ongoing debate on policies, have called for a comprehensive review as described in this study. Data was compiled from various sources but mainly gathered from the reported or published documents because of no direct access to the necessary data set. The lack of studies that assessed the direct relationship between SSB consumption and health outcomes in the Indonesian context also became a strong reason for the preparation of this review to highlight important points for further research, academic reviews, and debates on empiric policies to control sugar consumption at the population level. Sociocultural factors were an apparent and crucial determinant of the sweetness preferences of mainstream Indonesians. They were not capitalized in the available documents and should be embraced in future health promotional measures. Given the high contribution of carbohydrates and sugar to total energy intake in the Indonesian diet, it is pertinent to control the increasing trend of SSBs consumption through interventions on both the supply and demand sides.


The rapid development of the electric vehicle industry produces large amounts of retired power lithium-ion batteries, thus resulting in the echelon utilization technology of such retired batteries becoming a research hotspot in the field of renewable energy. The relationship between the cycle times and capacity decline of retired batteries performs as a fundamental guideline to determine the echelon utilization. The cycle conditions can influence the characteristics of the degradation of battery capacity; especially neglection of the SOC ranges of batteries leads to a large error in estimating the capacity degradation. Practically, the limited cycle test data of the SOC ranges of the retired battery cannot support a model to comprehensively describe the characteristics of the capacity decline. In this background, based on the limited cycle test data of SOC ranges, this paper studies and establishes a capacity degradation model of retired batteries that considers the factors affecting the battery cycle more comprehensively. In detail, based on the data-driven method and combined with the empirical model of retired battery capacity degradation, three semi-empirical modeling methods of retired battery capacity degradation based on limited test data of SOC ranges are proposed. The feasibility and accuracy of these methods are verified through the experimental data of retired battery cycling, and the conclusions are drawn to illustrate their respective scenarios of applicability.


Rusunawa (Rental Flat) is unique because it is vertical building and therefore
tends to support individualistic attitudes. The vertical buildings and the limited of
space force residents to inappropriate attitude to throw their waste in the right place,
waste therefore become a major problem in Flat Rental.
The objective of this study is to implement community composting
technology in Rusunawa, this study was conducted in 4 (four) stages, that are public
counseling, counseling per floor, socialization through the cultivation of vegetable
and flower gardens, socialization through neighbors and socialization through the
media. Analysis in this study were done by combination of quantitative and
qualitative analysis methods.
The research indicates that household waste that produced by the community
in Rusunawa can produce compost with the content of P (phosphorus) and K
(Potassium) above SNI standard, but have the content of N (nitrogen) and C (carbon)
under SNI standard. After the process of socialization, more than 50% of people
already have awareness of environmental issues and participate in composting
activities. The most popular form of socialization is the socialization through media
and through a neighbor.
To improve the quality of compost, it needs additional time of composting
and the additional of nutrients. To guarantee its sustainability, it is necessary to
establish self-supporting of community organizations in managing the composting
business in Rusunawa.


Purpose: The formation of the retina is dependent on multiple transcription factors being expressed in the correct time and place. Transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase1 (TAK1), a serine threonine kinase, has been increasingly associated with regulation of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of many cell types both within and outside of the central nervous system. However, little is known about its role in development of the retina. Previous results from our lab have indicated that TAK1 is expressed throughout the developing retina; however activated TAK1 is found predominantly in the dividing progenitors of the early developing chick retina. Retinas injected with TAK1 inhibitor appeared to have an increase in progenitor population and a decrease in differentiating retinal ganglion cells. The present study evaluated the potential role of TAK1 in inducing apoptosis in the developing chick retina. Methods: Embryonic day 3(E3) chick retina were injected with vehicle and 1.0 μM or 2.0 μM concentration (5Z)-7-Oxozeaenol, an irreversible inhibitor of TAK1. 24 hours post inhibition the tissue was harvested. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to analyze the levels of cleaved caspase 3 expression, a protein activated during apoptosis. Nuclei stained with DAPI were used to quantify the number of cells expressing the caspase3. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated adult, postnatal 30 (P30), mouse retina was used as a positive control for our IHC. Results: No difference in the level of cleaved (activated) caspase 3 immunolabel was found in vehicle-, 1.0 and 2.0 μM inhibitor-injected retinas. Conclusion: Lack of cleaved caspase 3 immunolabel in TAK1-inhibited retinas indicates that TAK1 may not be playing any role in inducing cell death through apoptosis in the developing chick retina used in our study. These preliminary results suggest further research should be done to better understand its role in retinal development.


The possibility of the detection of the seismic hazards precursors in the ionosphere is continuously discussed by the scientific community. Some experimental facts give realistic evidence of the ionospheric-lithospheric interaction existence provoked by the seismic activity. The effects which have been detected in the ionosphere in the case of "powerful" earthquake are discussed. A new experimental study which will improve our knowledge of these phenomena is planned to execute onboard the remote sensing satellite SICH-1M which has to be launched at the end of the year 2002 in frames of Ukrainian National Space Program. It will carry onboard the international scientific experiment VARIANT. The instrumentation of this satellite will allow to extend the scientific goals of the mission on the study of seismogenic phenomena in the ionosphere. Also correlated measurements in frames of the other space mission – French microsatellite DEMETER (launch in 2002) are planned, as well as synchronous onground observations of radiated by VLF transmitters waves over the seismoactive regions in Japan (AIRUS project). The details of these experiments and the discussion of the possible mechanisms of the lithospheric-ionospheric interrelations are given in the report.


A composite fermion hierarchy theory is constructed in a way related to the original Haldane picture by applying the composite fermion (CF) transformation to quasiparticles of Jain states. It is shown that the Jain theory coincides with the Haldane hierarchy theory for principal CF fillings. Within the Fermi liquid approach for few-electron systems on the sphere, a simple interpretation of many-quasiparticle spectra is given, and provides an explanation of failure of CF hierarchy picture when applied to the hierarchical $4/11$ state.


This article by an engineer with the building design and engineering division of Nederlandse Philips Bedrijven B V, of Eindhoven, describes the basis of a computer program for ensuring desired mom temperatures in offices after night and weekend reduction. A n important parameter is the heat storage capacity of the building, it is suggested; another is the common over‐capacity of the radiator central heating system. From these parameters time constants can be defined to influence the cooling‐down and warm‐up periods. The validity of the mathematical model was checked in several buildings in Eindhoven; the general conclusion is that relatively 'light'buildings provide more scope for energy‐saving through lowering the water temperature outside working hours.


There is need to appreciate that consumers in different countries are affected differently by cartels depending on the extent to which their economies have put institutions in place to protect them against such cartels. The World Competition Day being observed on 5 of December (in response to a global call by CUTS) for this second year allows a scope for greater discussions and dissemination of the beneficial effects of competition on the average consumer – either directly or indirectly. In effect, it is expected to result in greater public understanding and support on the issue. This year's events should allow stakeholders to say out loud 'No More' to the perpetrators of cartel activities. This article urges countries to stand up and protect their consumers. Evidences from the ground shows that Africa is extremely prone to cartels. An earlier study by Evenett, Jenny and Meler in 2006 revealed that 87 cases of cartels, representing about 34 percent of all the anticompetitive practice cases, were reported in different newspapers in subSaharan Africa during the period 19952001. The number increased to 102 during the period 2002-2004. It is not difficult to understand why the continent is prone to cartels. Firstly, firms have realised that there is a low possibility of being punished from being involved in cartel activities, given that even in countries with a competition law, in the unlikely event that they succeed in cartel-busting, sanctions are not too prohibitive. Cease and desist orders and World Competition Day says no to Cartels


An experiment is designed to identify input-output relations of a mechanical positioning system with excitation amplitude dependent mechanical behavior. When evaluated in the frequency domain, these relations constitute a fingerprint of the dynamical behavior of the system. Since the commonly used FFT based techniques for Frequency Response Function (FRF) estimations require stationary signals, an alternative technique is introduced. With a digital filtering based technique fixed frequency higher order can be estimated as function of time dependent excitation levels. The paper describes the data processing techniques and shows measurement results of the higher order FRFs of a system with strong amplitude dependent mechanical behavior caused by a friction induced resonance.


Information about the sources and processing characteristics of the public seismic, well log, and gas chromatography data; and time-depth conversion parameters, velocity model, and calculations of geothermal gradients.


A simulated operational spray with Bacillus thuringiensis in a jack pine (Pinus banksiana) plantation near Gogama, Ontario, showed effects of the insecticide on the population structure, diet, and prey selection of the masked shrew, Sorex cinereus. During the pretreatment period, the abundance and population structure of S. cinereus were similar in the control and experimental areas. Although the total abundance of shrews was also similar after spraying, there were fewer adult males and more juveniles in the treated area than in the control. The emigration of adult males was apparently increased after spraying. Lepidopteran larvae and Araneae were the most abundant items in the diet. After spraying, more lepidopteran larvae were eaten on the control than on the treated area. Juveniles and adult females but not adult males shifted from lepidoptran larvae to alternative prey in the treated area. Generalist insectivores such as S. cinereus are more likely to control the abundance of arthropods and less likel...


Figure 1 is a photograph of the main towing tank, which is 9.14 meters long, 0.91 meter wide, and 0.58 meter deep, with an expanded test section 1.83 meters square. Density stratification of the main towing tank is accomplished by filling the tank from the bottom with successive layers of saline solution, each layer having a slightly greater density than the preceding one. After several hours, molecular diffusion smooths out the sharp steps between layers, resulting in a smooth density profile with the desired vertical distribution. Salinity and density are obtained using the known relationships between state variables, together with probe measurements of electrical conductivity and temperature. The vertical distributions of salinity, density, and Brunt-V aisala frequency associated with a representative stratification profile are shown in Fig. 2. (The Brunt-Vaisala frequency is the natural oscillation resulting from vertical displacement of a neutrally buoyant body.) The stratification of the tank can be regarded as a model of the density stratification that occurs naturally in the ocean. However, the vertical density gradient in the ocean is much smaller than the minimum gradient that can be used for laboratory experiments. A measure of the density gradient is the BruntVaisala frequency, N, which is defined as:


This work wants to explore the practices of mindfulness, which is able to promote a piece of humanistic pedagogy that places one's global development in the core of its educational processes. The contemporary definition of mindfulness and the researches on its effetcs in formal educational settings helped to describe, on the one hand, the pedagogical movement of the Contemplative Pedagogy, on the other, a mindfulness lab carried out with university students, meant as an example of pratice.


A detailed study of precipitation reaction of perchlorate ion with tetraphenylarsonium chloride is reported. Optimum conditions for quantitative precipitation of perchlorate ion were determined. A gravimetric and a spectrophotometric method for perchlorate ion are proposed. The spectrophotometric method is based upon dissolution of ( C.H.),AsClO. in acetonitrile and subsequent measurement of absorbance at 264 mμ,. Results on selected samples prove both methods to be accurate and reproducible.


A water supply unit, comprising a first container (1), a first pipe (3) and a second pipe (4); the first pipe (3) is connected to the upper end of the first container (1), and the second pipe (4) is connected to the lower end of the first container (1); the first container is filled with two fluids having different densities, where the two fluids can be water and a gas; and the first pipe is in communication with one of the fluids, whereas the second pipe (2) is in communication with the other fluid. Also disclosed are a water supply system and a water supply method.


We studied the dynamics of peat moss cushions in 1994-1997 at the strictly protected willow carr of Bence-to mire (NE Hungary), where the amount of Sphagnum fimbriatum Wilson subsp. fimbriatum and S. squarrosum Crome has been decreasing from year to year. We recorded the size of 25 selected Sphagnum cushions, the proportion of Sphagnum species making up the cushions, and the vascular plant species found in the cushions. The Sphagnum carpets broke up into smaller cushions, and below a critical size (~660 cm 2 ) the risk of their disappearance was high. The two Sphagnum species disappeared at approximately similar rates, but cushions consisting of both species were more likely to survive than single-species cushions. As their environment became wetter in 1997, the cushions increased in size, but the two Sphagnum species were not able to survive the sudden rise of the water level in 1998. For protection of Hungarian Sphagnum-dominated mires the aim is to minimize fluctuation of the water level, which can be achieved by reconstructing the buffer zone.


In this paper we present our research in gathering data from several semi-structured collections of cultural heritage— Chilean music-related websites—and uploading the data into an open-source music database, where the data can be easily searched, discovered, and interlinked. This paper also reviews the characteristics of four user-contributed, music metadatabases (MusicBrainz, Discogs, MusicMoz, and FreeDB), and explains why we chose MusicBrainz as the repository for our data. We also explain how we collected data from the five most important sources of Chilean music-related data, and we give details about the context, design, and results of an experiment for artist name comparison to verify which of the artists that we have in our database exist in the MusicBrainz database already. Although it represents a single case study, we believe this information will be of great help to other MIR researchers who are trying to design their own studies of world music.


In this paper we discuss the local regularity of solutions of a nonlocal system of equations which describe the motion of a viscoelastic medium in several space dimensions. Our main tool is the microlocal analysis combined with MacCamy's trick and the argument of the classical energy method. 0. INTRODUCTION In this paper we discuss the local regularity of solutions of an integro-differential system which describes the motion of a linear viscoelastic medium in several space dimensions. The system is given by the following equations: ut4(t, X) C#f(t, X) a uj(t, X) +u(t, x) uJ(t, x) XaO aaaXl (0. 1) +1 ta.( )aa u'(s ,x) ds +; Ni9J(t, s, 'x)j90(s, x)ds, for i =1,..., n, in (0, oo) x Rn, (0.2) u(0, x) = uo(x), ut(0, x) = u(x), in R', where x = (xI, ... , x") E Rn and u = (ul, ..., u) denotes the displacement from equilibrium. We employ the convention of summation on repeated indices. The system (0.1) stands for the conservation of linear momentum. The integral terms are accountable for the effect of memory. Since these terms are nonlocal, the problem addressed in the present paper is a new kind in the subject of local regularity of solutions. The constituent law for a linear viscoelastic material with memory is given by t (0.3) oiA (t, tX) =jy KIJV (t-s, x)ejfl (s, X) ds, 00 Received by the editors August 21, 1992. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 35B65, 35L99, 73F15.


Documentation is faced with the following problem. On the one hand we have the world's literature, in many languages; on the other, an inquirer with a question. Documentation has to select, from a vast mass of words, the few texts that are most closely relevant to an inquiry. It is this selection process that makes use of classification.


Background: Palliative care in Poland is for all dying people and their families to have timely access to quality care services. The study aimed to assess the perception of the role of hospice care by families of patients treated in oncological surgery departments and hospices. Methods: The study included 211 family members of cancer patients, comprising 108 family members of cancer surgery patients (Group I) and 103 hospice patients (Group II). The study used a diagnostic survey method with a proprietary questionnaire. Results: 74.9% of people in Group I and 84.6% in Group II experienced positive associations with hospice care. 86% of respondents from Group I believed that hospice is a place where patients can die with dignity, while 68.3% of those from Group II believed it is where patients receive professional care. 56.7% from Group I and 65.4% from Group II did not feel anxious about hospice care. According to 68.6% of people in Group I, informing the patient that he or she is in hospice as well as about his or her disease should depend on the patient's condition. In the opinion of 75% of Group II, the patient should always be informed. In Group I (68.3%) and Group II (91.5%), the dominant opinion was that the family should take part in the care and treatment of the patient. 78.4% of respondents in Group I and 96.4% in Group II recommend hospice to other families. Conclusions: Most families of cancer patients from both the oncological surgery departments (Group I) and hospice (Group II) had positive first associations with hospice care. However, families from Group II had more critical remarks on hospice functioning.


The rapid advancement of nanotechnology is increasingly demanding measurements carried out at nano-scale be more accurate, comparable and traceable to the international standards of units (the SI). The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is a very powerful tool for the measurement of surface texture and micro-/nano-structures, with wide applications in nanotechnology. However, the traceability and accuracy of quantitative measurements made by commercial AFMs are often questionable and large discrepancies among them have been reported. This paper describes a metrological AFM developed at the National Metrology Centre (NMC) which has a very large scanning range with nanometre uncertainty. In order to achieve direct traceability to the SI, the system was constructed by integrating an AFM probe with a 3-axis nano-translation stage furnished with high performance autocollimators and laser interferometers along its X, Y and Z axes on a metrological frame. The large scanning range (25 mm × 25 mm × 5 mm) enables the system to be used for surface inspection on much larger samples than those allowed in normal commercial AFMs. Details of the system design and operation will be described in the paper. The uncertainty evaluation was done using certified step height, 1D/2D lateral pitch gratings. The experimental results show that the system is capable of achieving an uncertainty in the order of a few nanometres, which demonstrates that the system is suitable for providing traceability to commercial scanning probe microscopes (SPMs) including AFMs through calibrated transfer artefacts.


Diabetes mellitus is a common illness, which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The incidence of the illness is on the increase worldwide. Data indicates a 10-fold increase in amputation prevalence when comparing diabetic to non-diabetic individuals. Twenty-five to ninety percent of all amputees are diabetic patients. Lower limb amputation in diabetic patient population is associated with significant morbidity and mortality In this study we reviewed data from 61 diabetics who underwent above knee amputation at Buddhist Tzu-Chi General Hospital during the years 1994 to 2004. Patients who had above knee amputation as result of trauma and malignancy were excluded. There were 41 males and 22 females. Patient's age ranged from 45 to 97 years old. The mean age is 72 years old. Mean total hospital stay was 30 days, with a range of 6 to 162 days. A high percentage of the patients (64%) had associated co-morbid illnesses. Eighteen patients (29%) were associated with cerebrovascular incidents, 11 patients (18%) were dialysis dependent, 9 patients (15%) with hypertension and 8 patients (13%) having cardiac related illnesses. There were 10 patients who required stump revision, 7 of which was due to wound infection, 1 due to hematoma, 1 was an initial open above knee amputation and 1 due to wound dehiscence. Twenty-four of the 61 patients (39%) died during the pen-operative period. Among these 17 patients (28%) died as result of sepsis, septic shock and multiple organ failure. Five patients (8%) died of cardiac related illness and 2 patients (3%) died of pneumonia. The 1-year, 3-year and 5-year survival rate was 48%, 31% and 18% respectively. These patients most often died of their associated illnesses. The total ambulatory rate was only a mere 4 patients (6.5%) who managed to fit prosthesis and remained mobile. Diabetes mellitus is a common cause of leg amputation. A multidisciplinary team is required to retard the disease progress and prevent its complications


Research purposes: The seepage field has the distinct impact on the failure of the tunnel lining in the water-rich area due to the long-term high water pressure on the lining.The corresponding changes take place to the failure field and stress field.simultaneously due to the effect of the seepage field while the lining failure and the stress change have reaction on the seepage field.The study was done on the seepage field,stress field and failure field of the concrete of the tunnel lining.The fluid-solid coupling was used to express the failure of the tunnel lining and the evolution process for improving the expression accuracy and robustness of failure of the tunnel lining with high water pressure. Research conclusions:(1) The macro expression of the concrete failure can be unified with the micro changes and the representative volume element can be used as the study objective of the fluid-solid coupling of the tunnel lining.(2) The fluid-solid coupling model for the seepage field,stress field and failure field of the tunnel lining with high water pressure and the iterative method can be used to enhance the model feasibility.(3) In the calculation of the real construction,the calculation and simulations can be made to express the lining failure on consideration of the situation with the coupling or with no coupling for more objectively reflecting the actual situation by using fluid-solid coupling model.(4) The fluid-solid model is available for the healthy monitoring and maintenance of the tunnel.


The cO,mprehensiveness of the discussion is indicated by the three divisions of the volume. The first division deals with "Orientat~on"-an introduction of t'he reader to the general situation which we now confront in Religious Education, and the new points of view which are being emphasized. Part Two deals with "Principles"-setting forth the underlying philosophy of Religious Education as broadly conceived, and indicating t'he methodology which has been developed to attain the objectives thus conceived. Part Three is concerned with "Institutions"-the agencies through which Religious Education is to carry out its program, the home, the ehurch, the school, the press, etc. Notwithstanding inevitable weaknesses that grow out of cO,mposite authorship, this book will no doubt commend itself to teachers in high schools and colleges, as well as to advanced students of Religious Educat~on, as being perhaps the best available text covering in one discussion the entire field of modern Religious Education. G. S. DOBBINS.


A novel idea to enhance the ACO method for solving the problem of RWA in WDM optical networks has been proposed in this paper. This enhancement has been achieved by suggesting the idea of re-sorting the requests that are needed to be connected in order of their distances to the destinations before serving them. The enhanced ACO version has been tested through this paper on both static and dynamic RWA types with different wavelength conversion scenarios. Results clearly show the feasibility of our enhanced ACO algorithm.


Intentional organophosphorus (OP) poisoning is estimated to kill between 230,000 and 350,000 people a year worldwide, with a further 20,000 dying following accidental exposure.[1] The occurrence of a "type II paralysis," usually proximal muscle paralysis, in survivors after the resolution of cholinergic features was recognized as complicating up to 18% of OP related admissions during an early case-series.[2]

Senanayake and Karalliedde[3] classified this paralysis as the "intermediate syndrome" and described it as a distinct clinical entity on the basis of electromyographic (EMG) evidence of postsynaptic neuromuscular junction (NMJ) failure that occurred between 24 and 96 h after the resolution of the cholinergic crisis and prior to the onset expected for delayed neuropathy. The respiratory muscles are often affected and a prolonged period of ventilator support is required with all the associated risks of clinical complications and healthcare costs that such treatment entails.

The pathophysiological mechanism of the syndrome remains obscure and empirical data are limited, although oxidative stress and changes in receptor-ligand binding kinetics have been reported. Muscle biopsies taken during the Bleecker et al. case series reported a limited degree of fiber necrosis that was considered to be insufficient to account for the clinical features observed during the study.[4] Biomarkers of oxidative stress, at least in erythrocytes, have been identified in patients with the intermediate syndrome.[5] A rat model of dimethoate poisoning described changes in skeletal muscle and lymphocyte, but not the central nervous system, nicotinic receptor binding function 48 h postexposure.[6]

Several risk factors have been proposed for the development of intermediate syndrome. The type of OP and the severity of poisoning may be important. In a small prospective case series (n = 19, eight of which developed intermediate syndrome), Bleecker et al.,[4] noted that dimethyl OP agents were more commonly implicated in comparison with diethyl OP compounds. An observation later confirmed by Indira et al.[7] Bleecker et al.,[4] also observed that the clinical features and recovery correlated closely with EMG features and hypothesized that the NMJ dysfunction related to both pre- and post-synaptic changes.

The degree of acetylcholinesterase inhibition has also found to be greater in individuals who went on to develop the syndrome.[4] The 1st day serum acetylcholinesterase activity does not, however, appear to predict the onset of the intermediate syndrome but may predict survival.[8] A finding not inconsistent with the observations reporting by Indira et al.,[7] of an increased relative risk of the intermediate syndrome in patients with a higher poisons severity score or reduced Glasgow Coma Scale.

In this edition of the Journal, a prospective observational study by Kumar et al.[9] reported a significant rise in serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) on admission and again, 48 h postadmission in three individuals with OP poisoning who subsequently developed intermediate syndrome compared to 72 h with OP poisoning who did not. Serum CPK concentrations were also noted to correlate with markers of poisoning severity such as the Peradeniya organophosphorus poisoning score, and the total dose of atropine administered, and inversely correlated with the degree of butyrylcholinesterase activity. These findings are consistent with those of Bhattacharyya et al.[10] who also described a correlation between admission CPK; the severity of poisoning and the risk of developing the intermediate syndrome.

The study by Kumar et al.[9] has several strengths: The diagnosis of OP exposure was confirmed by cholinesterase activity measurement in each case; a standard treatment protocol was adhered to and the investigators excluded for the potential confounders that may cause an elevated serum CPK concentration, like seizures. The sample size of 75 makes this one of the larger studies focusing on the intermediate syndrome. The actual number of individuals who developed the syndrome was small. The authors acknowledge this limitation and note that this was due to the exclusion of those with severe poisoning.

It remains unclear, therefore, if CPK is truly an independent risk factor for the intermediate syndrome or, instead, reflects disease severity; which in turn may be the principle risk factor for the onset of the syndrome. Determining the relative contributions of these and other potential risk factors for intermediate syndrome will require more research.

A predictive test to risk-stratify those most likely to develop the syndrome is, however, a goal worth pursuing. If a successful test can be validated, using a resource that is readily available in the majority of healthcare settings then it should considerably aid the early identification of patients who are likely to require transfer to a center that can provide ventilator support over several days duration and also may facilitate further research into preventative therapies. The authors are to be commended for undertaking research into this problem, which is highly prevalent and disproportionately affects the more socioeconomically disadvantaged in our community.

Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.

Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.


Studies of gene expression in primary human disease tissue often span several years in order to achieve reasonably large sample sizes and to collect patient clinical information making this data particularly valuable. Due to the lack of a central repository, this data has only been available through disparate and non-publicly accessible sources following publication. We developed disease-to-gene expression mapper (D-GEM) as a publically accessible database and data mining toolbox for microarray data of human primary disease tissue. A statistical pipeline has also been implemented to identify genes over-expressed in disease tissue samples in comparison with normal control samples, or genes whose expression values are associated with clinical parameters such as patient survival rate. One potential application of this data is the identification of pathway specific cancer prognosis markers. By applying a novel, gene signatures for cancer prognosis in the context of known biological pathways in cancer development were identified and confirmed.


A method for the carbon dioxide-rich flue gas treatment. A flue gas processing system for processing carbon dioxide rich flue gas is used. Comprising a boiler (2) of the boiler system (1) and the flue gas treating system, the boiler system for combusting a fuel and produce carbon dioxide rich flue gas. The flue gas treating system comprising a gas cleaning system (4); a nitrogen oxide reduction unit (8) for reducing the nitrogen oxide content of the flue gas at least a portion; and compressing and cooling means (16), which pressurizing and cooling for the flue gas treated by the gas cleaning system (4) and a nitrogen oxide reduction unit (8) at least a portion of.


A review of Adel  Beshara's  Outright Assasination, an in-depth piece examining the circumstances surrounding the Syrian Social Nationalist Party leader Antun Sa'adeh's death in a detailed inter-disciplined context.


The linkage between quality assurance and research is often ignored or given a perfunctory treatment in many of the distance teaching institutions in India. What is true of India is also true of the developing world in general. Quality assurance is simply not possible if proper understanding of the issues concerned is not reflected in the early stages of the distance open learning practices by the institutions. This paper focuses on two sets of quality requirements and analyses the possible repercussions if the requirements are not met in distance open learning. Finally it suggests a few steps to be taken to generate the necessary awareness about the issues related to quality and research in those institutions which are yet to wake up.


A generalized exclusive-OR (GEO) module that is a logical representation of the ultrafast fiber switch is introduced as a design tool. Simple systems using from two to four GEO modules illustrate the architectural considerations for using the ultrafast gates. For example, ultrafast gates are attractive for self-routing, packet-switching applications when the header is in the same form as the payload or data. In addition, packet switching naturally lends itself to a hybrid speed system since fast gates are required for the header and slower switches can route the data. Ultrafast gates can contribute toward three general network tasks in a packet switching environment. First, ultrafast access is required to strobe and remove the header. Second, the header must be decoded and the information used to set several slower exchange/bypass switches to route the packet. Finally, when the packet reaches its destination, fast gates must down-convert the information to bit rates accessible by electronic shift registers.<<ETX>>


Indonesia is a multicultural country that has so much diversity, among which is the diversity of religions and customs or cultures. Cultural acculturation has a significant impact on the construction of thought and ritual practices carried out by a society. The purpose of this study was to analyze and analyze the practice of traditional child birth carried out by the community in Nanjung Village, Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia. The research method used in this study is an ethnographic approach. The author tries to make a visit to the site, then interviewed single information interactively to find the data needed in this study. The data obtained were then analyzed using the theory of acculturation and Islamic religious perspective. The findings prove that the practice of customary childbirth carried out by the perpetrator is a cultural acculturation process. The practice of child birth is at least one way in the context of maximum efforts so that the baby can survive and develop into a pious child


Entrepreneurship continues to be an important agenda item at local, regional and national levels throughout developed nations. It is seen as the engine behind social and economic movement and development, through new venture creation and growth. However, words such as 'entrepreneur' and 'entrepreneurship' have now garnered a wide variety of overlapping and contradictory meanings (Gartner, 2013). Since the 2008 economic crisis, the intensity of the desire to create and develop entrepreneurial action has dramatically increased, with calls on business schools in higher education institutions to offer more entrepreneurship and innovation-based programmes and curricula. In the same vein, government policy has also sought to extend this into primary and secondary school education systems (Kyrö, 2015; Rizza and Amorim Varum, 2011). The rhetoric underpinning this development relates to the links between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic value. Meanwhile, the economy generally has become more contractualized, with increased numbers of self-employed and gig workers (Adam et al., 2017). This landscape has raised the profile of entrepreneurship in a general sense, and entrepreneurship as an educational subject appeals to a growing demand of emergent learners, encompassing a wide multidisciplinary community. To meet the challenge of responding effectively to this demand, there is a need for a strong research underpinning and conceptual clarity to understand and overcome the difficulties posed by different learning cultures and practices and the roles of educators and learners themselves. The entrepreneurship research field has been dominated by science-based approaches which have grown significantly in popularity as the preferred methods since the 1980s. This is evidenced by the increasing number of researchers in the field, and the conference, journal and book publications that have openly favoured and promoted rigorous factual empirical data sets. The drive, and indeed the pressure, to have scholarly work published in highranking journals has served to embed the favoured methodological choices further. In the entrepreneurship education domain, this means that learning outcomes and the measurability of success have become the endgame focus (Fayolle, 2013; Fayolle et al., 2016; Johannission et al., 2010). The inherent challenges are how to develop useful research-informed pedagogies while the focus is on outcomes – and, indeed, how to judge the 'success' of these outcomes. Rooted beliefs and knowledge about the nature and utility of what it means to practise as an entrepreneur need to be challenged. The concept of what it means to 'be' an entrepreneur is changing, with pragmatic implications for educational pedagogy. Entrepreneurship is no longer simply a set of business creation activities, but rather a social


The problem of determining the amount of water cut that can be expected from a well is discussed in conjunction with a program for making this calculation. The program was written for Amiga, Apple Macintosh, and MS DOS personal computers and source code for the program is provided.


When developing embedded control software, control systems engineers model both the control algorithm and the system to be controlled, the so called plant, together. The models realised with tools such as Matlab/Simulink or Dymola are based on the systems' physical properties and provide an accurate view of the behaviour with regard to time and value. Nowadays control functionality is implemented in software, methods and models used in software engineering become more important. Alas, the abstraction level of control engineering models and software engineering models does not correspond. In early development phases software functionality is often modeled in an abstract way. In order to enable the developers to model a plant's behaviour at early development stages abstractly, we introduce behavioural models for continuous systems and a hierarchy thereof that allows coarse descriptions and stepwise refinements. With means of an example we show how this hierarchy can support the development process.


We present an experimental approach for investigating the potential for bioremediation of volatile organic chemicals (VOCS) in fractured-rock vadose zones. This approach is based on the coupling of fluid flow dynamics and biotransformation processes. Fluid flow and distribution within fracture networks may be a significant factor in the ability of microorganisms to degrade VOCS, as they affect the availability of substrate, moisture and nutrients. Biological activity can change liquid surface tension and generate biofilms that may change the nettability of solid surfaces, locally alter fracture permeability and redirect infiltrating liquids. Our approach has four components: (1) establishing a conceptual model for fluid and contaminant distribution in the geologic matrix of interest; (2) physical and numerical experiments of liquid seepage in the fracture plane; (3) nondestructive monitoring of biotransformations on rock surfaces at the micron-scale; and, (4) integration of flow and biological activity in natural rock "geocosms". Geocosms are core-scale flow cells that incorporate some aspects of natural conditions, such as liquid seepage in the fracture plane and moisture content. The experimental work was performed with rock samples and indigenous microorganisms from the site of the United States Department of Energy's Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), located in a basalt flow basin where VOC contamination threatens the Snake River Aquifer. The insights gained from this approach should contribute to the design of techniques to monitor and stimulate naturally occurring biological activity and control the spread of organic contaminants.


The distinction between ``swirls'' and ``striations'' in silicon crystals is reemphasized. The role of swirl‐nucleated stacking faults in introducing excess reverse currents in p‐n junctions is distinguished from the relatively inactive nature of striations with respect to carrier recombination‐generation effects. The suggestion of Yoshikawa and Chikawa of a crystal‐growth‐direction‐dependent electric field at striations has been examined using the electron‐beam‐induced‐current (EBIC) technique. The contrast effects observed at striations using the EBIC technique show no effects of growth‐dependent electric fields.


157 13. Li H, Guo Y, Yang Z, Roy M, Guo Q. The efficacy and safety of oxandrolone treatment for patients w ith severe burns: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Burns. 2016; 42(4):717-27 . 14. Neff LP, Allman JM, Holmes JH. The use of thera p utic plasma exchange (TPE) in the setting of refr acto y burn shock. Burns. 2010; 36: 372-378. 15. Zhu KJ, Huang H, Chu H, Yu H, Zhang SM. Alterat ions in gastrointestinal dysfunction following brai n injury. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014; 20(28): 9585-9591.


The scientific model of mental disorder, which is the foundation of American psychiatry, is easily imperialistic when it is applied globally. This unwarranted extension of power is especially problematic for women, since psychiatry is easily used to deny women discursive and agential power and to ignore social and political contexts for women's suffering. By analyzing the epistemic function of narratives, I argue that the hegemonic power of the scientific narrative is unjustified and often harmful, and that a more accurate and more justly applied understanding of disorder requires accounting for alternative cultural narratives as well.


Provided are a hard coat film and a film mirror which each comprise a hard coat layer that satisfies a dust adhesion resistance property, an oil adhesion resistance property, a scratch resistance property, and a stain resistance property. The hard coat film has a support body and the hard coat layer which is disposed on the support body. The hard coat layer contains poly(meth)acrylate and at least one kind of metal oxide. The metal oxide is contained in an amount of 1-50 mass% relative to the total mass of the poly(meth)acrylate. The surface free energy of the hard coat layer surface is 30 mN/m or less, the surface resistance value of the hard coat layer surface is less than 1×10 13 Ω/□, and the pencil hardness of the hard coat layer surface is 2H or more.


The application of hyperfiltration could effectively reserve volatile flavoring substances and non-volatile flavoring substances and eliminate most alcohol in beer (alcohol content reached 0.5 %(v/v) for no-alcohol standard). Alcohol elimination by distilling method would produce cooking taste in beer. However, alcohol elimination by hyperfiltration could get over such defects and improve beer non-biological stability. (Tran. by YUE Yang)


The product codes are the best ordinary type of concatenated codes and can perform decoding with the method of turbo codes,so they hold better error correcting capability than ordinary codes.The paper describes a new iterative decoding algorithm for the product codes,its essential idea is the decoder can achieve very big coding gain only with the soft output matrix built-1 and +1 when the feedback is completed by a linear combination of soft output of encoder and the receipt information.However,the simulation testifies the performance can be improved more by adding a correlation operation to the result of chase decoding before gaining soft output.


Abstract Twelve Insecticides were evaluated for comparative toxicities to Apanteles taragamae a common parasite of several lepidopterous pests particularly the black headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella wlk. The study indicated that quinalphos, methyl parathion and endosulfan were harmful to the adults of A. taragamae while chlorpyrifos and triazophos were moderately harmful. Monocrotophos and phosalone were rated as slightly harmful. Cypermethrin, deltamethrin, methomyl, fenvalerate and carbaryl were considered as harmless to the adults of A. taragamae.


This work considers the written texts that are published in a group of Web pages about "Origin of Life and Evolution". Several categories are defined to analyze the use of language, the authorship of and the design of the web page. The methodology of research is descriptive and employs qualitative techniques. Features of the web pages are identified in such a way that may be selected as supporting material for programs of permanent education of teachers via New Technologies of Information and Communication.


Soil borne fungi produce a broad variety of extracellular enzymes and protease is one of them. Alkaline protease extracted from fungal isolates (named as BY-1 and BY-2) was purified by precipitation with different concentration of ammonium sulfate. A purified enzyme extract obtained from isolates (BY-1 and BY-2) revealed increased protease activity as compared to the initial crude extract. Enzyme fraction obtained from isolate BY-1 after 70% saturation of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 demonstrated higher protease activity (32.02 U mL -1 ) as compared to its initial crude extract (31.84 U mL -1 ) and it was named as enzyme fraction P1. Enzyme fraction obtained from isolate BY-2 after 80% saturation of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 revealed increased protease activity (16.77 U mL -1 ), when compared to the activity (9.15 U mL -1 ) in its initial crude lysate and it was named as enzyme fraction P2. Partially purified enzyme was used for characterization study. Protease activity from both enzyme fractions (P1 and P2) was highest when the pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 8 and 9, indicates alkaline nature of protease. Optimum temperature for protease activity by both the enzyme fractions (P1 and P2) was found to be 50 oC, indicates thermostability of enzyme. Ca 2+ ion increased protease activity by 7.15% and 23.05% from fraction P1 and P2, respectively. Protease activity from fraction P1 and P2 was stimulated by Ca 2+ and Mn 2+ , respectively. n -butanol increased protease activity from enzyme fractions P1 and P2 by 5.70% and 35.71%, respectively, while methanol and acetone revealed inhibitory effect on protease activity.


The new information technologies are contributing powerfully to the internationalization of higher education. The development of quality assurance mechanisms for course offerings and full degree programmes delivered internationally is lagging. Only the United States, Australia, and Hong Kong have taken steps to regulate the quality of imported or exported higher education offerings. To fill the gap, a non‐governmental international organization, the Global Alliance for Transnational Education (GATE) was created in 1995. This organization will certify the quality of given international higher education programmes, including those delivered, to a greater or lesser extent, by electronic means, that meet its standards as laid down in its Principles for Transnational Education. These are summarized in the article.


Method: A review of 50 patients who had percutaneous screw fixation for displaced intraarticular fracture of calcaneus was done. Soeur and Remy modification of Essex Lopresti for the assessment of the degree of comminution was used. Forty-four patients were evaluated for an average 2.5 years (1 to 4 year) after surgery. The outcome was assessed using the functional hind foot score described by Paley et al and their radiological criteria.