The Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) is an ion separation method based on the phenomenon that different ions have different drift velocities in a drift gas and homogeneous electric field. The IMS technique has been developed and introduced in 1970 under the name plasma chromatography. Since then a variety of different devices working on this principle were developed, mainly for detection of trace organic compounds in air. In the 80`s a huge progress was achieved on the field of the ion − molecule reactions at atmospheric pressure and the IMS was rediscovered as a powerful analytical method. Generally, the IMS consists of the ionization source, the reaction region, the shutter grid and the drift tube. The most common ionization source is Ni (β-radiation) radioactive source, which is suitable for many applications because of its stability, low cost and low weight. Unfortunately, this source is radioactive and there is tendency to replace the radioactive source from environmental reasons. Several ionization sources using UV ionization, multi-photon laser ionization, electrospray ionization or corona discharge were tested in the past. The ionization efficiency of corona discharge is very high and it can be used for production of both positive and negative ions. The ions formed in the ion source are called primary ions. These ions react with the sample gas which is introduced into reaction region of the spectrometer. The sample molecules are ionized by ion-molecular reactions with primary ions. In the case of positive ions the reaction involved is mainly proton transfer and as a result the proton will stick to the compounds with the highest proton affinity. High electron affinity and charge transfer reactions are usually decisive for negative ions formation. In both polarities the ionization processes are very selective and as a result the ion mobility spectrometry is very sensitive technique for detection of certain compounds. The ions are separated at ambient pressure as they drift in weak electric field through a gas (oxygen in this case). The velocity v of a drifting ion is proportinal to electric field E and a constant K called the mobility:


Construction of teaching faculty is a systematic program,it is connotation of the most important construction to application-oriented university.Therefore,it is necessary to analyze systematically the status quo,existing problems,to the guidance of Scientific Development Concept,to explore the long-term mechanism of exerting the progressive effect of construction of teaching faculty in application-oriented university.


ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to determine the biochemical compositions and the leaching ratios according to different times (1 minute, 3 minutes, 5 minutes and 15 minutes) of microdiets containing Spirulina sp., Chlorella sp. and Sargassum sp. in different sizes (100–200 μm, 200–300 μm, 300–500 μm and 500–800 μm). The lowest and highest ash, lipid and protein values of algae tested were 3.29 ± 0.031% (Chlorella sp.)–27.94 ± 0.023% (Sargassum sp.), 0.91 ± 0.024% (Sargassum sp.)–8.91 ± 0.04% (Spirulina sp.) and 20.69 ± 0.07% (Sargassum sp.)–56.98 ± 0.216% (Chlorella sp.), respectively. The 2532 Da≥ leaching ratio of Chlorella sp. was lower than those of Sargassum sp. and Spirulina sp. (p < .05). The highest and lowest values for microdiets containing Spirulina sp. and Sargassum sp. were 2532 Da≥ and 2532–13,000 Da, respectively. However, the highest and lowest values for microdiets containing Chlorella sp. were 13,700–67,000 Da and 67,000 Da≤, respectively. In conclusion, the alginate method showed good performance because the biochemical compositions of microdiets produced reflected the ash, lipid and protein levels of algae tested. Results cautioned that the use of Spirulina sp. and Sargassum sp. in microdiets may yield the high leaching ratios containing 2532 Da≥ molecular weight. However, the use of Chlorella sp. results in the high leaching ratios containing 13,700–67,000 Da molecular weight.


This volume of the "Research in Computing Science" journal consists of selected papers related to the computer networks theory and their applications. The relevance of computer networks in modern applications is growing at a fast pace. The Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems, which are enabling technologies for the Industry 4.0 are based on the use of wireless communications. In addition, Smart Cities, Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing, Social Networks, 4G and 5G are prominent technologies that rely on the existence of communication technologies. This volume contains twelve papers, which were carefully chosen by the editorial board based on the at least two reviews by the members of the technical program committee. The reviewers took into account the originality, scientific contribution to the field, soundness and technical quality of the papers. The acceptance rate was of 52% among the received submissions. The papers of this volume address interesting topics regarding computer networks applications. The accepted papers covers topics ranging from eHealth, Internet of Things, Cloud Computing, Machine Learning, eLearning and image processing. I would like to thank the members of Department of Computer Systems of the Instituto Tecnologico de Mexicali by their valuable support, the Organizing Committee, the Technical Program Committee. In addition, I would also like to thank to the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN) and its Center for Computing Research (CIC) for the given support in order to achieve the success of this volume. The entire submission, reviewing, and selection process, as well as preparation of the proceedings, were supported free of charge by the EasyChair system (www.easychair.org).


Abstract— Earlier studies based on ESR measurements of the photodamage induced by 254 nm irradiation of solid state alanine peptides have been supplemented by a new mechanistic probe involving mass spectrometric and gas‐solid‐chromatographic analyses of the gaseous products viz., carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane and ethane. Decarboxylation, a major reaction, is temperature sensitive and independent of carbon monoxide formation. Carbon monoxide does not arise from the carboxyl group but rather by peptide bond rupture, which may lead to the generation of at least some of the hydrogen gas detected. The use of N‐deuterated‐DL‐alanyl‐DL‐alanine shows that the methyl radicals generated can abstract hydrogen atoms from the solid state peptide, and the formation of H2 and HD implicate an imine intermediate in the photodegradation.


Today the information systems that are used to support marine data management are generally developed specifically for each individual agency. The systems are developed to support an agencies specific need and more importantly their specific data formats. This leads to inefficiencies in system development and promotes proprietary data structures further complicating data exchange and data fusion activities.


Moving nanosystems often rest on a medium exhibiting viscoelastic behavior in engineering applications. The moving velocity and viscoelastic parameters of the medium usually have an interacting impact on the mechanical properties of nanostructures. This paper investigates the dynamic stability of an axially-moving nanoplate resting on a viscoelastic foundation based on the nonlocal elasticity theory. Firstly, the governing partial equations subject to appropriate boundary conditions are derived through utilizing the Hamilton's principle with the axial velocity, viscoelastic foundation, nonlocal effect and biaxial loadings taken into consideration. Subsequently, the characteristic equation describing the dynamic characteristics is obtained by employing the Galerkin strip distributed transfer function method. Then, complex frequency curves for the nanoplate are displayed graphically and the effects of viscoelastic foundation parameters, small-scale parameters and axial forces on divergence instability and coupled-mode flutter are analyzed, which show that these parameters play a crucial role in affecting nanostructural instability. The presented results benefit the designation of axially-moving graphene nanosheets or other plate-like nanostructures resting on a viscoelastic foundation.


Pain is one of the most common symptoms encountered in clinical practice and the head is a frequent site of pain. Chronic Orofacial Pain (COP) represents a complex pain condition with an etiology comprised of many factors including those falling within biological, psychological, and social domains. Psychogenic regional pain is a term used for "pain that patients feel in a region of the body where no peripheral cause can be found and is psychogenic in its evocation". Even in the field of psychology/psychiatry, many aetiologies and psychodynamics have been related to the development of psychogenic pain. This article deals with the treatment modalities to deal with the psychological repercussions of physical, orofacial pain.


A method for optimal design point analysis has been developed to obtain both the optimal performance and the best combination of design values of the two-spool afterburning turbojet engine for minimum TSFC(Thurst Specific Fuel Consumption) at various flight conditions.
Parametric studies of the principal design variables sensitive to flight conditions were performed. The results showed that the high values of the turbine inlet temperature, afterburner exit temperature and pressure ratio would be required to minimize the TSFC at high altitude and supersonic region which could be critical mission phase of turbojet engines.
Sensitivity analysis on the design varibales near their optimum points for minimum uninstalled TSFC with given specific thrust revealed that the TSFC depends mainly on the turbine inlet temperature and pressure ratio of the compressor when the afterburner exit temperature when the afterburner was on.
Finally, the feasibility of this method was discussed through the comparison of optimal performance and efficiency test of the method. It was found that the optimization results obtained by the present method could be more accurate and efficient than those predicted by other methods.


This paper presents application of viscous energy dissipating devices for seismic upgrade of an 8-story concrete building located on the grounds of the UCLA campus in Los Angeles. The lateral load resisting system in the longitudinal direction consists of a series of non-ductile reinforced concrete frames and this is the direction in which the building was fortified by these devices. The lateral system in the transverse direction consists of reinforced concrete shear walls and was not subjected to upgrade at this stage. Introduction The UCLA Knudsen Hall, is an 8-story reinforced concrete building with six levels above the ground and two subterranean levels. The building was constructed in 1961 according to the requirements of the 1959 Uniform Building Code. Story heights of all floors are 13'-6" (4.11 m). Typical plan dimensions are 58'-8" by 240' (17.9m x 73.2m) providing a typical floor area of slightly more than 14,000 square feet (1300 m). The primary function of the building is an educational one, providing class rooms and laboratories for higher education. A view of the building with the camera looking in the north-west direction is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. A view of the Knudsen Hall The building has an architectural feature that seriously limits participation of exterior columns in lateral load resistance in the longitudinal direction. The exterior columns shown in Figure 1 are not connected to the exterior beams such that a useable beamCopyright ASCE 2004 Structures 2000 2 column joint is formed. Consequently, the exterior longitudinal frames cannot be considered as a part of the lateral load resisting system of the building (Naeim and Reinhorn, 1995). A typical floor plan of the building is shown on Figure 2. Notice that only the interrupted frames on the interior frame lines may be considered a meaningful part of the lateral system in the longitudinal direction. Figure 2. A typical plan of the Knudsen Hall where the locations of installation of viscous dampers in plan are also shown. The forces generated by dampers exceeded the tensile capacity of the floor diaphragm. Therefore, floor slabs were prestressed by 8 tendons running below the floor along the central corridor and anchored to new concrete beams at the ends. Design Ground Motions It was decided to upgrade the building so that it would be life-safe under design ground motions represented by a site-specific spectrum corresponding to 10% probability of exceedence in 50 years. Since, a series of linear and nonlinear, static and dynamic analyses were required, a suite of ground motion time histories were selected so that on the average they effectively envelope the demand as represented by the site specific design spectrum. Care was taken in selection of these records so that excessive scaling of the ground motion pairs would not become necessary. The selected seven pairs of ground motion time histories and the corresponding scale factors utilized are identified in Table 1. Notice that the maximum scale factor utilized is only 1.32. The average response spectrum of these ground motion pairs is compared to the target site specific spectrum in the period range of interest in Figure 3. Copyright ASCE 2004 Structures 2000 3 Table 1. Time histories and scale factors utilized. No. Time History Pair Scale Factor 1 1952 Kern County at Taft 1.16 2 1979 Imperial Valley at Bonds Corner 1.07 3 1989 Loma Prieta at Hollister 1.00 4 1989 Loma Prieta at Corralitos 0.96 5 1940 El Centro at Irrigation District 1.32 6 1979 Imperial Valley, Array #8 0.94 7 1979 Imperial Valley, Array #10 1.06 Figure 3. Mean 5% damped spectrum of ground motion pairs compared to the target spectrum (SA) and 1.3 times SA. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Period (sec.) SA (i n/ s/ s) SA (in/s/s) 1.3*SA 0.9*1.3*SA Average of 7 pairs Copyright ASCE 2004 Structures 2000 4 Upgrade Alternatives Many different upgrade alternatives were considered for upgrading the Knudsen Hall. These alternatives varied from fiber-wrapping and/or jacketing the columns and adding new shear walls, to converting exterior frames to ductile frames, and even base isolation. However, the serious budget and construction schedule restraints practically eliminated all options except the damper alternative. The physics department could only accept a construction period extending to three months of summer and even then would permit access to each floor for a period of three weeks only. Given these strict limitation, the energy dissipation alternative became much more attractive. The Alternative Implemented The viscous dampers were installed on tubular chevron bracings alongside the webs of the R/C beams (Figure 4). This permitted installation of up to four dampers on each beam. The saddle connected to the braces is not connected to the beam directly but through the damper. Therefore, the interstory drift and relative velocity experienced between the two adjacent floors causes the dampers to dissipate energy by extension and retraction. Figure 4. A typical Viscous damper installation One issue that needed addressing was the force absorption capacities of existing beams and columns. Initially, linear dampers were considered (i.e., the damper force Copyright ASCE 2004 Structures 2000 5 varies as a linear function of the velocity). However, there is no practical upper bound on the force that a linear damper may impose on the beam (Figure 5). Therefore, high velocities may cause a linear damper to damage the existing beam. Nonlinear dampers reduce this problem. However, they are commonly associated with much higher initial stiffness which was not desired in this case. As a result we designed dampers which are linear to a certain point and then do not exert any more forces than specified when the force threshold is reached (Figure 6). Figure 5. Force-Velocity characteristics of some of the damper types initially considered for the project. Figure 6. Lower and upper-bound force-velocity characteristics for one of the two damper types specified. Yet another issue was the axial component of the forces transferred to columns through braces. To address this problem, a novel approach was pursued whereby the columns were enclosed by steel jacket in between-floors while the force across the 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 Velocity (In/sec) Fo rc e (k ip s) Linear-1 C=27.5; a= 0.30 C=21.75; a= 0.30 C=12.50; a= 0.50 DAMPER TYPE A FROCE-VELOCITY CURVE


Based on the fact that the number of female smokers, especially young, well-educated female smokers cannot be ignored, and objective to examine the smoking status and its influence factors among female smokers in Wuhan city, several young ladies were interviewed. They talked about why they smoked and their views on women smoking: they know that there are many disadvantages, but they still enjoy the benefits, such as relieving stress, getting rid of loneliness, and seeking gender equality.


The current paper represents a multiprotocol sensor network based on inertial MEMS sensors which is capable of measuring the accelerations of the given point of the network. The proposed network consists of two branches – CAN and USART(IC/LIN) bus which are independent. The master sensor may read the slave sensor data from one of the selected protocols depends from the network length, network nodes, noisy environment, etc. The possible topologies, communication principle and network analysis is performed.


Plants play a very important role in our daily life providing us with food and oxygen. It is necessary to build an aut omatic system for recognizing plant Convolutional neural netw orks (CNNs) have become effective identification method especial ly in computer vision in recent years because they achieved outst anding performance on different tasks, such as image classificatio ns. In this paper, we have shown performance comparison of usin g the seven pretrained deep convolutional neural network(Alexne t, Googlenet, Resnet50, Resnet101, Inceptionv3, Inceptionresnetv 2, Squeezenet) that employed fine-tuning technique to retain the l ast three full connection layers and get the classication model. We applied our method to Cinnamomum Camphora leaf dataset clas sification,.the experimental results showed that the proposed met hod is quite effective and feasible.


Emerging technology like Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) is becoming increasingly diverse and well established. However, this research field needs conceptual and practical frameworks to be followed while designing for a positive User Experience (UX). This paper presents a multi-layered conceptual MAR framework. It highlight the components needed to design MAR products and demonstrate different types of experiences invoked by the use of such products in a particular timespan. This work presents the important product aspects that need to be considered while designing for MAR to enhance its user experience.


The popularity of Android OS has made it an appealing target to malware developers. To evade detection, including by ML-based techniques, attackers invest in creating malware that closely resemble legitimate apps. In this paper, we propose GUIDED RETRAINING, a supervised representation learning-based method that boosts the performance of a malware detector. First, the dataset is split into"easy"and"difficult"samples, where difficulty is associated to the prediction probabilities yielded by a malware detector: for difficult samples, the probabilities are such that the classifier is not confident on the predictions, which have high error rates. Then, we apply our GUIDED RETRAINING method on the difficult samples to improve their classification. For the subset of"easy"samples, the base malware detector is used to make the final predictions since the error rate on that subset is low by construction. For the subset of"difficult"samples, we rely on GUIDED RETRAINING, which leverages the correct predictions and the errors made by the base malware detector to guide the retraining process. GUIDED RETRAINING focuses on the difficult samples: it learns new embeddings of these samples using Supervised Contrastive Learning and trains an auxiliary classifier for the final predictions. We validate our method on four state-of-the-art Android malware detection approaches using over 265k malware and benign apps, and we demonstrate that GUIDED RETRAINING can reduce up to 40.41% prediction errors made by the malware detectors. Our method is generic and designed to enhance the classification performance on a binary classification task. Consequently, it can be applied to other classification problems beyond Android malware detection.


The combination of different types of mixer blade installation angle of the specific method of determining,for analyzing the mixer blade installation and use,and from the aspects of improving the service life of blade of mixer measures,analyzed and discussed for the maintenance of the application of blade of mixer,stirring mixer in order to improve the quality of equipment and the mixing efficiency,improve the service life of the mixer device.


Recruitment Fair Cracow Academy of Science and Technology, Poland 3/8/2012 12:00:00 AM  Please join us on 8th March 2012 at Cracow Academy of Science and Technology


We design and implement an intensity-modulated radiation therapy plan generation technology that effectively and efficiently optimizes beam geometry as well as beam intensities. Our approach is based on an existing linear programming-based fluence map optimization model that approximates dose-volume requirements using conditional value-at-risk (C-VaR) constraints. We show how the parameters of the C-VaR constraints can be used to control various metrics of treatment plan quality. Next, we develop an automated search strategy for parameter tuning. Finally, beam angle selection is integrated with fluence map optimization. The beam angle selection scheme employs a bicriteria scoring of beam angle geometries and a selection mechanism to choose from among the set of nondominated geometries. The overall technology is automated and generates several high-quality treatment plans satisfying dose prescription requirements in a single invocation and without human guidance. The technology has been tested on various real-patient cases with uniform success.


Much of this research on localisation has been carried out in controlled conditions (e.g. an anechoic chamber, [1], [2]) where efforts are also made to remove visual cues because visibility of the sound source would be a confounding factor when trying to identify subjects' ability to localise by sound alone. However, whilst there is probably an evolutionary advantage conferred by an ability to localise prey and predators (or other sources of danger) purely by sound, it is unrealistic – at least for sighted humans — to treat sight and sound as being separated elements in the process of localisation.


Medical management is a field that combines, both in theory and in practice, two somewhat different domains, administration and the medical domain, creating a third area of activity, namely that of medical management. This review is part of a study of health services management, which seeks to find solutions to improve the efficiency of the the management and administration of the medical system, both locally and nationally. In order to be able to study and evaluate, from a scientific point of view, the concepts of centralization and decentralization of the public health system in Romania, it is absolutely pertinent, but also mandatory, to focus on defining the notion of health system. Only later can we approach and research the process of decentralization of health, the political and economic context in which it can be initiated, as well as how to activate and carry it out. Decentralization, as a phenomenon of the transfer of rights and obligations, from the level of the central authority to the level of the local authority, can take various forms. From a theoretical and practical point of view, the forms of decentralization can be studied, evaluated and concluded by emphasizing the strengths and weaknesses. Also important to study are the ways of putting health systems into practice, which from the point of view of the source of funding are divided into state-funded health systems (Semashko, Beveridge and Bismarck) and privately funded health systems.


Abstract A method to determine the lattice parameters a and c of an unstrained solid solution whose composition is equal to that on the surface of corresponding strained waveguiding layer was applied to characterize the optical waveguides in LiTaO3, prepared by nonisovalent ion exchange Zn2 → 2Li+. The Li1-xZnx/2TaO3 system clearly exhibits a complex structural chemistry. The two distinct phases have been observed. The dependences of the extraordinary index change on the lattice parameters of the unstrained single crystal Li1-xZnx/2TaO3 solid solutions in all phases were obtained.


noncommercial use only. No part of this publication may be reproduced and distributed in any form without permission of the publisher, or in the case of third party materials, the owner of that content, except in the case of brief quotations followed by the above suggested citation. To request permission to reproduce any of these materials, please email email@example.com. Introduction This AHA Research Synthesis Report presents an overview of Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs), including a discussion on the potential impact of ACOs, key questions to consider in developing an ACO, and a review of the key competencies needed to be an effective ACO. This report focuses on the overall concept of ACO yet highlights the specifics of the ACO model proposed in health reform legislation. What are ACOs? The term Accountable Care Organization (ACO) describes the development of partnerships between hospitals and physicians to coordinate and deliver efficient care (Fisher, 2006). The ACO concept envisions multiple providers assuming joint accountability for improving health care quality and slowing the growth of health care costs. The concept was also included in national health care reform legislation as one of several demonstration programs to be administered by Medicare (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 2010). However, ACOs described in health reform legislation are operationally different from other ACO models. The role of ACOs in integrating and aligning provider incentives in care delivery requires participating organizations to posses certain key competencies, as identified in the literature: 3.Relationships with other providers x x x x x x 4.IT infrastructure for population management and care coordination x x x x x x 5.Infrastructure for monitoring, managing, and reporting quality x x x x x x 6.Ability to manage financial risk N/A x x x x x 7.Ability to receive and distribute payments or savings x x x x x x 8.Resources for patient education and support x x N/A x N/A N/A Information on the impact of ACOs is limited and points to key questions that still need to be answered as both the federal and private sectors prepare for widespread implementation of the model. The following are key questions to consider in the development and implementation of ACOs. 1. What are the key competencies required of ACOs? 2. How will ACOs address physician barriers to integration? 3. What are the legal and regulatory barriers to effective ACO implementation? 4. How can ACOs maintain patient satisfaction …


The aim of this paper is to present the application of economic efficiency and environmental protection in commercial shipping. This goal is summarized mainly on the concept of Sustainable Development, which is a concept that has its roots in the age of Sophocles and later on in von Karlovic's age in the 17th century. This concept is now increasingly important because of the environmental impact of economic development of nations. One of the areas contributing to economic development of nations is the merchant shipping. The impact of commercial shipping in the environment led the countries all over the world to create international agreements to limit those consequences. These contracts include regulations and directives which must be followed by a commercial shipping company. In Greece, many of these contracts, such as SOLAS, ISM, Marpol, have been transposed and should be applied by Greek shipping companies. To illustrate the degree to which companies in Greece are familiar with the concept of sustainable development and the practices that are currently applied, there has been made quantitative research. According to the main results, the Greek merchant shipping companies have a satisfactorily knowledge on the meaning and reasons for Sustainable Development and already apply practices to reduce environmental impacts.


A kind of connection device between wireless sensor network and internet is mainly used to resolve problem of communication between wireless sensor network and internet. The device includes two kinds of nodes: convergent node and gateway node. The main functions of the two kinds of nodes are converting protocols, and it possesses following characters: the convergent node possesses two communication modules which are close quarters wireless communication module and remote distance wireless communication module, the former is used to receive data from the wireless sensor network, the later is used to send data to gateway node, the processor chip is used to accomplish the conversion between close quarters wireless communication protocol and remote distance wireless communication protocol; the network node possesses a remote distance wireless communication module and a internet module, the former is used to receive data from the convergent node, the later is used to send data to the internet, so the processor chip is used to accomplish the conversion between remote distance wireless communication protocol and TCP/IP protocol.


Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith,1997) is a sporadic pest with a diverse host range challenging food security over 300 million people by causing severe damage to world's 1st rank cereal crop maize. FAW is native to tropical and sub-tropical region of America spreading worldwide uncontrollably from last three years to Africa and Asia. FAW is becoming tolerant to many insecticide use strategies and difficulty in finding and surveying field infestation with simple protocols. This review targets on insect biology description, life cycle, behaviour, damage to maize, and potential management strategies. The review concludes that synthetic chemical should be avoided as possible but should be used in severe damage more than 50%. The best way to make plant free of FAW attack, to make plant healthy by increasing resistibility power of plant itself in such case manage soil nutrient along with soil health by increasing humus content and use of wild type or local variety is best way to avoid FAW attack.


ABSTRACT In peripheral blood mononuclear cells, syncytium-inducing (SI) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected and depleted all CD4+ T cells, including naive T cells. Non-SI HIV-1 infected and depleted only the CCR5-expressing T-cell subset. This may explain the accelerated CD4 cell loss after SI conversion in vivo.


This study was to develop a kerosene flame weeder. An air compressor was driven though the PTO of a tractor to provide necessary air for fuel combustion and proper pressure to supply fuel from fuel tank to the nozzle. It was found that the flame was extinguished very easily by wind and vibration of the tractor. This trouble could be solved by attaching a burner cap, which is a modified venturi tube, at the end of the nozzle. The constructed flame weeder was tested for the weeding capability in the prepared field. Weed extinction rate and weight decrease rate were analysed. Measured maximum flame temperature was 1,121 when the fuel consumption was 13.41 kg/h and fuel supply pressure was 88.2 kPa. The maximum temperature occurred at 20cm from the front end the burner, and it decreased to 46 as the distance increased to 110cm. The flame length of up to 70cm, where the flame temperature was higher than 372, would be used for weeding purpose. Weed extinction rate and weight decreasing rate increased as the fuel consumption increased. The flame weeder was evaluated to be a practical weeder through improvement as the weed extinction rate and weight decrease rate were analysed to be 75% and 85%, respectively when the fuel consumption was 116.87kg/ha.


One limitation to most rodent models of severe pressure overload is the inability to maintain normal left ventricular (LV) function chronically. We compared the effects of 4 wks transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in rats (Sprague‐Dawley, SD) and mice (FVB and C57BL6J). Interestingly, the pressure gradients from LV to aorta achieved in TAC rats averaged 145±13 mmHg, a level not feasible in mice. In FVB and C57 mice, pressure gradients were less than 105 mmHg, p<0.05, averaging 100 mmHg. Even with these lower pressure gradients the C57 mice all went into heart failure and died by 3 weeks after TAC, whereas LV ejection fraction (EF) in FVB mice, measured by echo, declined from 73±0.4% to 65±1% (n=11) after 4 wks. In contrast, SD rats responded to TAC with enhanced, p<0.05, LVEF (78±1%) compared with shams (72±2%). This occurred with an increase in LV/body wt of 61±0.1% (2.9±0.1 vs 1.8±0.1 mg/g), and no increase in either LV end‐diastolic pressure (5±1 vs 6±1 mmHg) or LV systolic wall stress (62.6±4.4 vs 65.3±0.9 dyn/cm2) compared to shams. LV diastolic function was also preserved in SD rats with TAC. In contrast, as expected, both LV end‐diastolic pressure and LV systolic wall stress increased, p<0.05, in both mouse models. Thus, the rat TAC model is unique for studying compensated, chronic pressure overload; rats tolerated a pressure gradient of roughly 150 mmHg and exhibited either normal or enhanced LV function.


A significant disadvantage of the use of polylactic acid (PLA), lack of good heat stability, has been overcome by the use of talc, optionally in combination with an acrylic impact modifier. The compound achieves a threshold of 100 DEG C in heat deflection temperature.


Using a sample of 531 10-year-olds from Germany and the United States, the study investigated the relationships among the structure of everyday experience, domain-specific control beliefs, acquisition of science knowledge, and solving of everyday technical problems. It assumed that children acquire operative schemata through daily experiences with technical objects and toys which not only transfer to solving technical everyday problems but also have a positive influence on school science learning. It was also thought that the covariation between technical everyday experiences and science achievement/technical problem solving would be mediated by control beliefs. A causal model, developed and tested by means of structural equation modeling, showed that domain-specific out-of-school experience only indirectly influences problem-solving performance, mediated by control beliefs. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 35: 987–1013, 1998.


A REVIEW ON COCCULUS PENDULUS (J. R. FORST. & G. FORST.) DIELS: TRADITIONAL USES, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES Surbhi Jangir*, Dr. Kumkum Mathur, Dr. Manoj Goyal, Dr. Sandeep Kumar Yadav Lachoo Memorial College of Science & Technology (Autonomous), Pharmacy Wing, Jodhpur, Rajasthan *For Correspondence: Lachoo Memorial College of Science & Technology (Autonomous), Pharmacy Wing, Jodhpur, Rajasthan ABSTRACT The ethno pharmacy of Rajasthan represents a good example of a strongly interconnected integration between medicinal remedies, health, diet and traditional healing practices characterized by cultural specific symbolism. One such under-explored plant is an evergreen tropical tree Cocculus pendulus (J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Diels. The genus Cocculus belongs to the family Menispermaceae, comprises about 35 species, distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical countries of the world. Cocculus pendulus and Cocculus hirsutus mainly found in Rajasthan. Cocculus pendulus reported to have good medicinal values in traditional system such as used in biliousness, menstrual disorder, jaundice, leprosy, helminthic, syphilis, fever, malaria, inflammation and used in rheumatic pains. Leaves, roots, bark, stems have been reported for medicinal activity. Therefore, the present review aims to provide updated comprehensive information on the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of different parts of Cocculus pendulus (J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Diels (Menispermaceae).


Objective: To provide a detailed description of the Hospital Telepharmacy Network established in North Dakota for delivering pharmacy services to rural hospitals, including its overall purpose, goals, and how it works; and to provide valuable information for pharmacists and rural hospitals on how to successfully implement a telepharmacy program designed to serve small rural hospitals that do not have 24 hour pharmacist staffing and pharmacy services. Discussion: Seven rural hospitals (4 acute care, 3 critical access) in northern and central frontier counties of North Dakota that established a hospital telepharmacy network for delivering pharmacist staffing and pharmacy services between the institutions are described. Through use of audio, video, and computer links, rural hospitals in Rugby, Devils Lake, Harvey, Rolla, Carrington, Mandan, and Cando with an average of 32 beds (range 20–50), 11,214 doses filled per month (range 7,000–23,000), 1 staff pharmacist, and 1 pharmacy technician participated in the project. Hours of service for the pharmacies are Monday through Friday 8:00 am to 5:00 pm (3 hospitals), 8:00 am to 4:30 pm (1 hospital), 8:30 am to 4:30 pm (2 hospitals), and 8:30 am to 5:00 pm (1 hospital). Conclusions: National pharmacist shortages have made it difficult for small rural hospitals to find pharmacist relief help in covering routine hours, evenings, nights, weekends, vacations, sick time, and professional meetings. The Hospital Telepharmacy Network in North Dakota provides a convenient and affordable solution for rural hospitals to meet their pharmacist staffing needs. It also provides a mechanism for rural hospitals to satisfy the new Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations' requirement of pharmacy being accessed after hours by only pharmacy personnel and provides future strategies for hospitals to address the issue of 24 hour pharmacist review of all medication orders.


Leakage power consumption is a major contribution of total power dissipation in Deep Sub-Micron (DSM) technology for CMOS circuit design. In this paper we have proposed a Novel circuit technique known as "Sleepy LECTOR" which mitigates various type of leakage current in DSM regime. In proposed technique we insert p-type sleep transistor above pull up network, and n-type sleep transistor below pull down network, which rail of from Vdd to GND for reduction of leakage power. Another Leakage controlled transistor (LCTs) PMOS and NMOS inserted between pull up and pull down network, these transistors are always near cut OFF voltage which increases the path resistance from supply to ground reducing leakage power, it is self controlling transistor. Lector transistors produce the stacking effect and producing high resistance path from Vdd to ground. By using Sleep transistors we can turn off the circuit by rail from power supply (Vdd) during standby mode for reduction of leakage power. The proposed circuit technique reduces the Power with respect to basic NAND gate 37.69%, 83.93%, N AND gate with sleep 79.15%, 86.69%, NAND gate with Lector 36.79%, 12.05% respectively in 65nm and 45nm Process Technology.


The training of speed skaters' strength quality plays a decisive role of developing their specialized strength and competitive performance,and the validity of coaches how to understand the training characteristics of speed skaters' specialized strength has conclusive influence on the skaters' training and competitions.It thinks that the training characteristics of speed skaters' specialized strength show the periodicity,the conformity of developing special skills,the specifity of muscular strength.In order to improve the skaters' specialized strength of muscle group,it must follow the principle of specialized strength training with load of satisfying the special energy supply and technical requirements.And the specialized strength training is good for preventing the sports injury.


The goal of this work is to develop a fast computed tomography (CT) reconstruction algorithm based on graphics processing units (GPU) that achieves significant improvement over traditional central processing unit (CPU) based implementations. The main challenge in developing a CT algorithm that is capable of handling very large datasets is parallelizing the algorithm in such a way that data transfer does not hinder performance of the reconstruction algorithm. General Purpose Graphics Processing (GPGPU) is a new technology that the Science and Technology (ST computational times could be improved by a factor of 20. Additionally, cost benefits will be realized as commodity graphics hardware could potentially replace expensive supercomputers and high-end workstations. This project will take advantage of the CUDA programming environment and attempt to parallelize the task in such a way that multiple slices of the reconstruction volume are computed simultaneously. This work will also take advantage of the GPU memory by utilizing asynchronous memory transfers, GPU texture memory, and (when possible) pinned host memory so that the memory transfer bottleneck inherent to GPGPU is amortized. Additionally, this work will take advantage of GPU-specific hardware (i.e. fast texture memory, pixel-pipelines, hardware interpolators, and varying memory hierarchy) that will allow for additional performance improvements.


PIG3 is one of the PIGs genes and is the transcriptive target of p53.It is activated in a short time after p53 expression and plays a role in cell apoptosis.Previous studies aboutγ-rays have shown that PIG3 expression increased at 0-24 h post-irradiation and lasted over 72 h,showing a good dose-response.The results suggest that PIG3 has potential to be a new molecular biological dosimeter.


An increasing number of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems using high temperature superconductors (HTS) magnets have been designed and constructed, with detailed results of their performance now available. Features of REBCO and BSCCO conductors are described as they pertain to use in high homogeneity magnets, with emphasis placed on the practical use of these conductors in magnets. Methods of coil winding are discussed, in particular the differences between pancake and layer winding techniques. Design considerations for HTS magnets are presented in light of the difficulties presented by quench in these magnets, but also in terms of the features of HTS magnets afforded by their high operating temperatures, namely robust cryogen free operation and the potential to use unshielded gradient coils. Drawing on two example MRI systems, namely a 3 T BSCCO brain imaging magnet developed in Japan and a 1.5 T REBCO orthopaedic imaging system developed in New Zealand, the report details real-world stability and homogeneity of HTS-MRI systems, in particular with regards to the screening current effects observed in these systems. It is concluded that, apart from conductor cost, there are currently no technical obstacles to use of HTS-MRI systems.


The temperature rise characteristics of the induction motor can be calculated, if the copper loss, the iron loss and thermal model constants are given. Thermal model constants include thermal conductivity from coil to core (λcf), heat transfer coefficient from coil to air (λca), heat transfer coefficient from core to air (λfa ), λa ≡λcf+λca, λb≡λcf+λfa, thermal unit capacities of coils (Hc) and iron cores (Hf) . The time constant of temperature rise of the induction motor increases with the load increasing. In this case, values of Hc and Hf are made to hold constant and λa, λb and λcf decrease as the load increases. In this paper, the temperature rise characteristics of the continuous operation, intermittent operation and the repeated on-off operation are analyzed and calculated by using the afore mentioned method.


The present paper discusses some of the problems which are involved in evaluating hormonal effects on the responsiveness of Leydig cells to LH/hCG. It describes, with several examples, how different peptide and steroid hormones can alter the sensitivity and magnitude of the in vitro response of rat Leydig cells to gonadotrophins. These alterations in responsiveness and sensitivity may be mediated through effects on the number of LH/hCG. receptors (LH, prolactin, glucocorticoids), the activity of the phosphodiesterase (LH, androgens) or the steroidogenic enzymes (androgens, oestrogens, antiandrogens). The fact that the responsiveness and sensitivity of Leydig cells to LH/hCG can be manipulated in such a way, gives support to the proposals suggesting that regulation of target cell sensitivity to hormones may be as fruitful as the current attempts of controlling male fertility, which mainly aim at controlling hormone production.


We present the optical and infrared properties of 39 extremely radio-loud galaxies discovered by cross-matching the Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) deep optical imaging survey and VLA/FIRST 1.4 GHz radio survey. The recent Subaru/HSC strategic survey revealed optically faint radio galaxies (RG) down to g AB ∼ 26, opening a new parameter space of extremely radio-loud galaxies (ERGs) with radio-loudness parameter of logrest=log(f1.4GHz,rest/fg,rest)>4 . Because of their optical faintness and small number density of ∼1 deg−2, such ERGs were difficult to find in the previous wide but shallow or deep but small area optical surveys. ERGs show intriguing properties that are different from the conventional RGs: (1) most ERGs reside above or on the star-forming main-sequence and some of them might be low-mass galaxies with log(M⋆/M⊙)<10 . (2) ERGs exhibit a high specific black hole accretion rate, reaching the order of the Eddington limit. The intrinsic radio loudness ( int ), defined by the ratio of jet power over bolometric radiation luminosity, is one order of magnitude higher than that of radio quasars. This suggests that ERGs harbor a unique type of active galactic nuclei (AGN) that show both powerful radiations and jets. Therefore, ERGs are prominent candidates of very rapidly growing black holes reaching Eddington-limited accretion just before the onset of intensive AGN feedback.


In order to investigate the effect of laser shock processing on residual stress of crankshaft-connecting rod journal chamfer,the surface of crankshaft-connecting rod journal chamfer was processed by laser shock.Then,the residual stress distribution of the chamfer was measured with X-ray diffraction method,and the production mechanism of residual stress was analyzed.Finally,the effects of laser shock processing on resistance fatigue and resistance wear were investigated.The results show that micro-hardness of crankshaft-connecting rod journal chamfer processed by laser shock is above 600HV,and compressive residual stress in the shocked zone is attained 320MPa,which is benefit to increase its resistance wear and fatigue life.


Sediment samples were collected from the Dead River in New Jersey and tested in the laboratory under two temperature conditions, 4°C and 20°C. The study was conducted to determine the effect of worm density on the sediment oxygen demand (SOD) rate and if temperature affects the ability for tubificid worms to deplete dissolved oxygen (DO) from the overlying stream water. The study showed that the DO concentration was affected by tubificid worm density and that higher temperature increased the metabolic activity of the worms.


A method is proposed to evaluate the average velocities of adsorbate molecules at low temperatures in one‐dimensional nanopores‐carbon single wall nanotubes (SWNT) (3,3) and (6,0), inside a graphite structure & above a graphene sheet surface, when quantum tunneling between neighbored potential minimas is essential. The method is used to calculate the hydrogen isotope molecule (H2,D2,T2) average velocities inside these substances at different temperatures. It has been demonstated the difference in isotope molecule mass leads to large differences in the quantum tunneling value and the large differences in average isotope molecule velocities, especially for the tube (6,0). It has been shown the different chirality leads to the drastically different velocity values of the adsorbate molecules, even when the diameters of both nanotubes did not differ significantly.


Swivel walkers have been useful devices in ambulation for many young paraplegic patients for being advantageous in providing reliable stability, easy handling, and hands-free walking. The placement of the foot-plates on swivel walkers affects the gait efficiency. However, the determination of the foot-plate spacing has been purely empirical and no theoretical work has been attempted before. This study aimed to develop a dynamic model of the swivel walker in the coronal plane to formulate an optimal design problem such that the energy loss due to impact could be computed and minimized within a feasible range of the coronal-plane movement. Children of heights from 0.75 to 1.45 m and weights from 15 to 45 kg fitted with the conventional swivel walkers were simulated. The results indicated that the range of the foot-plate spacing was roughly between 1/4 and 1/6 of the body heights. A regression formula was also derived to estimate foot-plate spacing with respect to the heights and weights of the simulated sub...


20 kinds of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from fermented products,and GL5 from cheese had the highest bacteriostatic activity against pathogenic bacteria such as Staphyloccocus aureus,Enterobacter sakazakii,and Salmonella typhimurium,et al.GL5 was homologous with Lactobacillus casei based on the morphological,physiological characteristics and Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.


SBS modified asphalt has very good low temp-resistance,better rut-resistance.It is widely applied to high-type highway,urban artery and airport runway.The paper analyzes it from angle of construction technologies.


1. the art that the invention defined in the claims The present invention will on the GPS signal repeaters and the stop position of the orbiting satellites of the GPS receiver and, geostationary satellites using the same method. 2. The invention attempts to solve the technical challenges The present invention relates to that used for determining the location of geostationary satellites for GPS and the installation at least four simple GPS signal relay device for transferring the GPS signal to the geostationary satellite to the ground, and the geostationary satellite a GPS signal to be received for, GPS signals to provide a relay apparatus and a GPS receiver of the geostationary satellite, the method determines the location of geostationary satellites using the same that purpose. 3. Resolution of the subject matter of the invention, The present invention is based on the GPS receiver of the geostationary satellite receives the GPS signal from the GPS signal relay device, there is provided a method of determining the position of the geostationary satellite, L- band (band) to be received from the GPS satellites GPS after each convert the signals into the uplink frequency bands, with each band assigned to the GPS signal transmission step of transmitting to said geostationary satellite; And generate the GPS signals in the uplink frequency band received by the geostationary satellite to a L-band GPS signal and selecting one of the GPS satellites in the generated L-band GPS signal and a plurality of GPS satellite information and their propagation by using a moving time and a position calculating step of calculating a position of the geostationary satellite. 4. An important use of the invention, The invention yiyongdoem such position determination system of geostationary satellites using a GPS. GPS, geostationary satellite, position calculation, GPS repeater, GPS satellite frequency band


Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in industrial and domestic applications because of their high energy ratio and low self-discharge rate. It is important to accurately predict the State of Health (SoH) of lithium-ion batteries as they degrade during use, which can lead to serious safety hazards. We propose a support-based neural network ensemble method, which incorporates the prediction results of several basic neural network models. First, a set of better initial integration weights is calculated and the initial integration result is obtained, then the support degree between this result and the prediction result of each basic neural network is calculated, and the final integration weights are calculated by the weight iterative update ensemble algorithm and the integration prediction result of lithium-ion batteries SoH is obtained. This method avoids the risk of the "majority principle" which does not guarantee that most models perform better, and removes the constraint of positive integration weights, which can further reduce the adverse effects of poorly performing models on the integration results. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ensemble method for the lithium-ion batteries SoH prediction problem through a 5-fold cross-validation experiment on two datasets.


Studied the complications of surgical treatment of hydrocele radiowave scalpel apparatus «Surgitron» and their effect on spermatogenesis. They showed that the number of postoperative inflammatory complications and recovery in sperm have a direct relationship. The proposed method of surgical treatment of hydrocele with the use of radiowave apparatus «Surgitron» allows you to minimize the amount of early postoperative complications, thereby contributing to the restoration of basic indicators of sperm in a short period of time.


The fractal flow channels widely existed in nature can realize the efficient transport and utilization of materials. The research on fractal flow channels is of great significance to many fields such as medicine, chemistry


This paper explores the three main criteria for admissibility of scientific evidence in the U.S. Court Systems (Federal and State): reliability, peer review, and acceptability. 1 The current tools used in the field of computer forensics are compared against these criteria. If the tools do not meet the requirements, the expert may be restricted from presenting materials from those tools and casting doubt on the scientific credibility of computer forensics. The ability to determine the reliability and validity of the tools derived from scientific theory are posited as possible first steps to increase the likelihood of digital evidence being admissible in the U.S. Court System. A trusted third party certification model is discussed as one possible approach to addressing some of the issues raised regarding the current state of computer forensic tools.


Kinetic oscillations in catalytic reactions on single-crystal surfaces often result from the interplay of the purely chemical reaction steps and adsorbate-induced surface restructuring. A classical example is CO oxidation on Pt(100). We survey evolution of the models used to simulate this reaction and show how it can be described self-consistently by employing Monte Carlo simulations combined with the lattice-gas model, taking into account substrate-substrate, substrate-adsorbate and adsorbate-adsorbate lateral interactions. Under the reactive conditions, this approach predicts formation of mesoscopic restructured well ordered islands with atomically sharp boundaries.


The chemical reaction dynamics to form cyanoacetylene, HCCCN (X 1Σ+), via the radical–neutral reaction of cyano radicals, CN(X 2Σ+;ν=0), with acetylene, C2H2(X 1Σg+), are unraveled in crossed molecular beam experiments at two collision energies of 21.1 and 27.0 kJ mol−1. Laboratory angular distributions and time-of-flight spectra of the HCCCN product are recorded at m/e=51 and 50. Experiments were supplemented by electronic structure calculations on the doublet C3H2N potential energy surface and RRKM investigations. Forward-convolution fitting of the crossed beam data combined with our theoretical investigations shows that the reaction has no entrance barrier and is initiated by an attack of the CN radical to the π electron density of the acetylene molecule to form a doublet cis/trans HCCHCN collision complex on the 2A′ surface via indirect reactive scattering dynamics. Here 85% of the collision complexes undergo C–H bond rupture through a tight transition state located 22 kJ mol−1 above the cyanoacetylen...


Numerous articles have focused on the activities, planning processes, and effectiveness of large firms. However, in recent years a growing amount of research has recognized the importance of small family-owned businesses. This special attention has been reinforced by studies showing that family businesses have particular attributes that provide them certain competitive advantages. They are nimbler, more customer-oriented and quality focused, and more active in the community. As a result, they tend to outperform non-family firms. This paper discusses five streams of research and writing about these companies. Some researchers have attempted to distinguish between family businesses and non-family businesses by developing conceptual and operational definitions. Others have focused on finding attributes that distinguish between the two groups. A third line of research has addressed the relationship between planning and performance among family businesses. A fourth area has examined strategic management in these firms. The fifth stream of research has focused on a variety of topics such as succession, gender, non-family employees, and innovation. These studies provide many important insights; however, significant gaps in the literature remain. Thus important extensions of these research streams would be fruitful endeavors. The paper concludes with a number of research questions that merit further study. Introduction While a large body of the management literature has concentrated on large publicly-owned businesses, in recent years a growing amount of research attention has been devoted to small firms. These companies play an increasingly crucial role in the U.S. economy. Approximately 22.9 million of all U.S. firms are classified as small businesses. They represent 99.7 percent of all employers. They employ more than one-half of the U.S. private sector work force, are responsible for about one-half of private sector output, generate more than one-half of all sales in the U.S., and create approximately 75 percent of net new jobs annually. Furthermore, they employ 39 percent of hightechnology workers, and represent 97 percent of all exporters. It is estimated that 550,000 new small businesses were established in the U.S. in 2002 alone (U.S. Small Business Administration, 2005). These statistics suggest a critical need to improve our understanding of these firms and ensure that they are managed effectively. Since the 1980s there has been general agreement that a major weakness of many studies of small businesses is their "global" nature, i.e., treating all firms alike, despite the presence of meaningful differences among them. Furthermore, prior to that time, the family firm was viewed as inherently flawed; its survival required the replacement of family members by "professional management as quickly as possible" (Levinson, 1971, p. 98). In the literature on organizations, it was treated as an aberration (Davis & Stern, 1980). Family business (FB) emerged as a field of study in its own right only recently (Lansberg et al., 1988). Today, the study of small FBs has become a prominent area of investigation among researchers. Given the private nature of most family businesses, accurate information about them is not readily available because of a lack of primary data. In addition, quantifying their collective impact on the economy is difficult since there is no consensus about the definition of a family business. According to Westhead and Cowling, "The scale of family firm activity in any developed economy is highly sensitive to the family firm definition selected" ( 1998, p. 31 ). Some estimates show that these businesses contribute 64 percent of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) and employ 62% of its work force (Astrachan & Shanker, 2003). Worldwide, family-managed businesses employ half of the world's workforce and generate well over half the world's GDP (Klein, 2000; Heck & Stafford, 2001 ; Morck & Yeung, 2003). …


Abstract Cavitation causes serious damages to Francis turbine, e.g., noise and vibration. Its mechanism is complex and may be affected by many factors. The present paper compares cavitation behavior of flow in a Francis turbine with different content of non-condensable gas (NCG) concluded from experiment and numerical simulations. The experimental results show small difference in characteristics of cavitation with different content of non-condensable gas, while numerical simulation shows larger difference. It thus can be concluded that present simulation over-predict this difference.


Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a pathology with high transmission potential and currently with pandemic status. Thus, the aim of this article was to trace the epidemiological profile of COVID-19 cases in the state of Paraiba using the local epidemiological bulletin. To this end, documentary research was adopted, retrospective, epidemiological, descriptive research with quantitative approach, from secondary sources. The findings were based on the records of cases of the disease from 135 municipalities of Paraiba. The results indicated that COVID-19 is more frequent in men, in the young adult age group and with pre-existing diseases and, among those who have died, the profile is formed by men, but in a higher age group, especially over 80 years and with systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and heart diseases. The findings indicate that, from the established profile, it is possible to plan and follow-up the implementation of specific preventive measures for the group.


Abstract Lyme borreliosis, an infectious disease caused by tick-borne spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, is regarded as the most commonly reported vector-borne infection in the Northern Hemisphere. Currently, the basis for laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease is a two-step serological examination. The first is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). If the test result is positive or questionable, a Western blot is used as the second phase test. In both methods, the total cell lysates of B. burgdorferi s.l. are used as the main source of antigens. However, the huge diversity of genospecies within B. burgdorferi s.l. and the low degree of preservation of the sequence of their proteins means that using the cell lysates of one of the species is not sufficient to correctly diagnose Lyme disease. Numerous literature reports show that the use of B. burgdorferi s.l. recombinant or chimeric antigens may be a potential solution to problems occurring in Lyme disease immunodiagnosis. However, for diagnostic tests based on recombinant proteins to be as effective as possible, carefully selected antigens or fragments should be used. With this approach, a test can be developed with a sensitivity that remains independent of the B. burgdorferi s.l. species which caused the disease. In addition, the exclusive use of protein fragments may definitely reduce the frequency of cross-reactions. 1. Introduction. 2. Characterization of selected B. burgdorferi s.l. antigens. 3. Diagnosis of Lyme disease. 4. Problems in Lyme disease serodiagnosis. 5. Use of recombinant antigens and synthetic peptides in the diagnosis of Lyme disease. 6. Summary


Having as object of analysis two films of Japanese director and screenwriter Hirokazu Kore-Japanese Eda - Nobody knows (2004) and I Wish(2011) -, the current essay aims at a particular type of problematizing of contemporary educational experience. The discussions, supported by the Foucauldian theorization, focus on the hypothesis of a type of mutation in the ways how adults relate to children, indicating the emergence of childhood as an experience of solitude, and this, as an effect of an inflicted leading role of the younger ones in complementary opposition to either the inoperability or the avoidance of the older ones. Closing the discussions, the essay presents some ethical-political directions chairing a way to live with children embodied in a general art of encounter.


Polar amplification of global warming has led to an average 2C rise in air temperatures in parts of the 14 polar regions in the last 50 years. Poikilothermic ectotherms that are found in these regions, such as 15 Collembola and mites, may therefore be put under pressure by changing environmental conditions. 16 However, it has also been suggested that the thermal sensitivity of invertebrates declines with higher 17 latitudes and, therefore, that polar ectotherms may not be at risk. In the current study, the heat 18 tolerance and physiological plasticity to heat stress of two well-studied Antarctic invertebrates, the 19 collembolan, Cryptopygus antarcticus, and the mite, Alaskozetes antarcticus, were investigated. Both 20 species showed considerable heat tolerance, with each having an Upper Lethal Temperature (ULT) 21 above 35C (1 hour exposure). These species were also able to survive for over 43 d at 10C and for 22 periods of 5-20 min at 40C. Across all experimental procedures, A. antarcticus possessed a 23 somewhat greater level of heat tolerance than C. antarcticus. Water loss during short duration 24 exposures did not differ between the two species at 30, 35 and 40C, suggesting that the greater 25 tolerance of A. antarcticus over this timescale was not due to higher desiccation resistance. 26 Physiological plasticity was investigated by testing for Rapid Heat Hardening (RHH) and long-term 27 acclimation. RHH was observed to a small degree in both species at a warming rate of 0.5C min, 28 and also 0.2C min in A. antarcticus alone. Longer-term acclimation (1 week at 10°C) did not 29 enhance the heat tolerance of either species. Even with this limited physiological plasticity, the results 30 of this study indicate that C. antarcticus and A. antarcticus have capacity in their heat tolerance to 31 cope with current and future environmental extremes of high temperature. 32


Emotion Cause Extraction Field (ECEF) focuses on the cause that triggers an emotion in a document. Traditional ECEF aims to extract the cause based on a given emotion while recent ECEF focuses more on extracting both the emotion and its corresponding cause. ECEF has attracted a lot of attention due to the significant developments in deep learning techniques, especially machine reading comprehension and neural network-based information retrieval. However, a comprehensive review of existing approaches and recent trends in ECEF is lacking. In this paper, we present a thorough survey to summarise existing methods for ECEF, including those for Emotion Cause Extraction (ECE), Emotion Cause Pair Extraction (ECPE), and Conversational Emotion Cause Extraction Field (CECEF). We also detail the widely used public datasets and discuss the limitations and prospects of existing methods in ECEF.


The THz and Raman spectra of progesterone, 17a-hydroxyprogesterone and cortisone in the region of low-frequency infrared vibrations have been measured. Several intensive bands have unusual temperature dependence. Vibration frequencies are calculated by density functional theory.


a of pg LH-RH Samples 2 h. of Merino rams treated with two injections of LH-RH the response of rams of the first LH-RH injection. In the replaced the LH-RH injection. Two Border-Leicester (BL) rams were also used as with saline replacing the first LH-RH injection on one occasion and the second LH-RH injection on another. No breed differences were noted in response to these injections and the


Heart rates were monitored in situ in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas, in relation to variations in depth, salinity, oxygen tension, temperature, light intensity and pH. Experiments were performed in the Looe Estuary, Cornwall, England and in Batson Creek in the Salcombe-Kingsbridge Estuary, Devon, England. Experiments in the Looe Estuary were conducted in the vicinity of a storm water storage discharge whereas the experiments in Batson Creek were performed on a clean site. Tidal rhythms in heart rates were commonly detected but diel rhythms in heart rate were also observed frequently. Both types of rhythm were more evident in animals from Batson Creek than from Looe. In Batson Creek, 12 out of 15 crabs expressed tidal rhythms in heart rate, whereas 6 out of 15 crabs expressed diel rhythms. In the two studies in the Looe Estuary, 6 out of 15 crabs and 3 out of 15 crabs expressed tidal and diel rhythm in heart rate, respectively. At both experimental sites, heart rates were positively correlated with increasing changes in depth and salinity, whereas heart rates were negatively correlated with light intensity. In addition, heart rates appeared to be positively correlated with increasing oxygen tension in the experiments performed in the Looe Estuary. The study suggests that depth and oxygen availability are more important to in situ heart rates in shore crabs within tidal estuaries than are salinity, light intensity and pH. Also, sewage discharge appears to cause an acute increase in heart rate, which may affect expression of biological rhythms in shore crabs.


The great need for educational innovation goes beyond what educational research alone can provide. Educational design offers much potential, particu larly in combination with research-as design research (research on, into, or about design), design based research (research through design), research enhanced design (research to inform designing), and design-AND-research (the two transforming each other).


from the effects of mantle flux (part 2). Therefore, in this paper, we apply forces to the slab using simple analytical functions related to buoyancy and viscous forces in order to isolate the role of rheology on slab dynamics. We analyze parameters for simplified elastic, viscous, and nonlinear viscoelastoplastic single-layer models of slabs and compare them with a stratified thermomechanical viscoelastoplastic slab embedded in a thermal solution. The near-surface behavior of slabs is summarized by assessing the amplitude and wavelength of forebulge uplift for each rheology. In the complete thermomechanical solutions, vastly contrasting styles of slab dynamics and force balance are observed at top and bottom bends. However, we find that slab subduction can be modeled using simplified rheologies characterized by a narrow range of selected benchmark parameters. The best fit linear viscosity ranges between 5 � 10 22 Pa s and 5 � 10 23 Pa s. The closeness of the numerical solution to nature can be characterized by a Deborah number >0.5, indicating that elasticity is an important ingredient in subduction. INDEX TERMS: 8120 Tectonophysics: Dynamics of lithosphere and mantle—general; 8159 Tectonophysics: Rheology—crust and lithosphere; 8160 Tectonophysics: Rheology—general; KEYWORDS: subduction, numerical models, lithospheric rheology


A unique N(+)-H···N hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) dimer motif based on partially oxidized pyridyl-substituted TTF was constructed in the charge-transfer complex. The charge ordering in the TTF column by the charge disproportionation in the dimer regulates the arrangement of the H-bonded proton, evidencing the proton-electron coupled state.


The gas-phase hydrated clusters of Zn2+(H2O)n(n = 10 ~ 12) were investigated by a high level quantum chemical method MP2 /6-311 + + G(2d,2p) / /M062X /6-311 + G(d,p). The stable structures with different coordination number of Zn2+were obtained,as well as the binding energies and charge distributions.Results show that when n = 10 ~ 12,the CN of Zn2+can be 4,5 and 6,and those of the most stable structure are five or six. The numbers of hydrogen bonding,the distances between Zn2+and the oxygen atoms of the inner shell water molecules(RZn-O) increase with the increasing number of water molecules.


The water conservation function (WCF), as one of the most critical ecosystem services, has an important impact on the ecological sustainability of a region. Accurately characterizing the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of WCF and further exploring its driving factors are of great significance for river basin management. Here, the WCF of the upper Yangtze River basin (UYRB) from 1991 to 2020 was calculated using the water yield module in the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Service and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model. Also, we innovatively applied emerging hot spot analysis (EHSA), which could describe the location and pattern of historical changes more accurately, to investigate the spatiotemporal heterogeneity and evolution of WCF. Based on the Geographical Detector Model (GDM), the main driving factors of WCF and their interactions were revealed. The results showed the following: (1) the WCF in the UYRB experienced a temporal increase at a growth rate of 1.48 mm/a, while remarkable differences were observed across the change rates of sub-watersheds. (2) The spatial variation of the WCF showed a gradual increase from northwest to southeast. Interestingly, the Jinshajing River upstream (JSJU) source area with a low WCF showed an increasing trend (with diminishing cold spots). On the contrary, the downstream regions of the JSJU watershed (with intensifying cold spots) underwent a weakening WCF. (3) Among all driving factors, precipitation (q = 0.701) exhibited the most remarkable prominent impact on the spatial heterogeneity of the WCF. Additionally, the interaction of factors exhibited more explanatory power than each factor alone, such as precipitation and saturated soil hydraulic conductivity (q = 0.840). This research study is beneficial to water resource management and provides a theoretical basis for ecological restoration.


Chronic proximal tubular injury with subsequent fibrosis is the key factor in the transition of acute kidney injury (AKI) to chronic kidney disease (CKD). An increasing body of evidence has shown that endocannabinoids such as anandamide (AEA) and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2AG) and their cannabinoid receptors (CBs) play important roles in renal diseases. It remains unclear whether substrates or metabolites of AEA‐metabolizing enzyme FAAH participate in fibrogenesis of kidneys. Though AEA binds the CB1 receptor with high binding affinity, its in vivo pharmacological effects mediated by cannabinoid receptors are of short duration. Likely, active metabolites produced from the rapid catabolism of AEA exert physiological actions. We have previously showed that inhibition of FAAH protects against TGF‐β1‐induced damages via actions independent of CBs in renal tubular cells. Therefore, our aims are to study the effects of downstream metabolites derived from FAAH as well as AEA‐ cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) pathways on TGF‐β1‐induced renal fibrogenesis. To produce the AKI to CKD transition model, male wild type (WT) C57BL6 and Faah−/− mice were subjected to post ischemia‐reperfusion injury (PIR) by unilateral kidney ischemia‐reperfusion and contralateral nephrectomy 10 days after ischemia‐reperfusion. Our previous studies showed that Faah−/− mice protected against PIR‐induced renal fibrogenesis. Here, LC‐MS/MS assay demonstrated that PIR‐injured WT mice had a significant downregulation of renal AEA level, which was blocked in Faah−/−‐PIR mice (68% reduction in WT‐PIR versus 12% in Faah−/−‐PIR mice compared with WT‐sham group, p<0.001), whereas 2AG showed no difference between WT‐PIR and Faah−/−‐PIR mice (1.2‐fold versus 1.1‐fold increase, p>0.9). In addition, Faah−/− mice did not show difference in the levels of arachidonic acid (AA) (1.13‐fold to WT‐sham, p=0.25), the downstream metabolites of FAAH. Our previous in vitro studies showed that TGF‐β1‐induced profibrotic effects in HK‐2 cells (human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells) were abolished after the treatment of FAAH inhibitor (PF‐04457845, PF, 1μM) in a CB2‐independent manner. In the current study, blockage of AEA‐COX‐2 derived prostamides pathway by a substrate‐selective COX‐2 inhibitor (LM‐4131, 300nM) reversed the decreased level of a profibrotic marker α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) caused by PF (1.9‐fold in TGF‐β1, 0.83‐fold in PF+TGF‐β1 and 2.88‐fold in PF+LM‐4131+TGF‐β1 compared to the control group, p<0.0001). Further, supplement of AA did not reverse the protection of FAAH inhibition against TGF‐β1‐induced expression of α‐SMA (2.53‐fold in TGF‐β1, 0.62‐fold in PF+TGF‐β1 versus 0.48‐fold in AA+PF+TGF‐β1 compared to the control group, p>0.99). The AEA‐COX‐2 metabolite, prostamide E2 mimicked the protective effect of FAAH inhibition against TGF‐β1‐induced α‐SMA expression (2.17‐fold in TGF‐β1 vs. 0.9‐fold in prostamide E2 +TGF‐β1 compared to the control group, p<0.0001). Overall, the present study suggests that inactivation of FAAH augments the actions of downstream metabolites of AEA‐COX‐2, which mediates the protection against TGF‐β1‐induced renal fibrogenesis.


In less than a decade the green fluorescent protein (GFP) has become one of the most popular tools for cell biologists for the study of dynamic processes in vivo. GFP has revolutionised the scientific approach for the study of vital organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus. As Golgi proteins can be tagged with GFP, in most cases without altering their targeting and function, it is a great substitute to conventional dyes used in the past to highCMLS, Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 61 (2004) 172–185 1420-682X/04/020172-14 DOI 10.1007/s00018-003-3355-6 © Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 2004 CMLS Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences light this compartment. In this review, we cover the application of GFP and its spectral derivatives in the study of Golgi dynamics in mammalian and plant cells. In particular, we focus on the technique of selective photobleaching known as fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, which has successfully shed light on essential differences in the biology of the Golgi apparatus in mammalian and plant cells.


Objective To study the influence of beraprost sodium on heart rate variability(HRV) and QT-d in diabetes patients complicated with cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Methods A total of 68 patients were assigned to receive 40ug oral beraprost sodium for 24 weeks.The change of the heart rate variability(HRV) parameters and QT-d of all patienes was detected using 24-hour DCG(dynamic electrocardiogram),and the efficacy of oral beraprost sodium on HRV in diabetics with cardiac autonomic neuropathy was investigated. Results In the treatment group,HRV parameters and QT-d had a significant improvement 24 weeks after receiving treatment as against before treatment,cardiac autonomic neuropathy improved significantly,and there were significances as compared with control group. Conclusion The oral beraprost sodium can increase HRV and can improve the prognosis of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in patients with diabetes.


Digital marketing provides a unique opportunity of communication to marketers to interact instantly with customers. Digital marketing or online marketing is effectively used well ahead in education sector and it has significantly changed traditional approach of institutes and even students vies-versa. Moreover, popularity of online marketing is constantly increasing in education sector because of its easy accessibility. In addition its introduction of new way of communication to publish information worldwide web (www) completely transformed the trend to communication with students and parents as use of smart devices and internet connectivity are accelerate the success rate to meet customer requirements on priority level.    Digital marketing provides innovative platform to easy approach, communication, Information, Transaction and admission process of Institutes. It also changes traditional learning pedagogies, syllabus, exams and evaluation system. The need of time is to provide a new approach towards the students and to address their learning and other requirements in a better ways. In today's transforming economy education sector has rated one of the most information technology intensive sector. Also the modern administrative structure and delivery system of most of the organisations and education institutes changed because of advancement of Information Technology. The increased use of internet has a great influence on education sector. For students when information and data of institutes is available on line can be helpful to take decision to analyse and choose college/institute, course and subjects as well. Now a day's majority of students are internet users and internet has become major search platform for all like course, school/college, study material, staff, facility and even major methods including payment has become online. This trend indicates the education institutes must have their presence online to reach more students. This paper summarises key findings on present status of use of Digital Marketing technology in education system and learning paradigms. It also addresses the use of innovative technology for the development of collaborative and interactive learning and Marketing communication.


The mechanism and effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on function of placental secreted cells are not clear.In this experiment the effect of EGF production of progesterone,estrogen and cAMP in cultured early pregnancy placental secreting cells of human Beings is studied.The results show that EGF can greatly enhance basic production of progesterone and estrogen in a dose-dependent pattern,but it exerts little effect on production of progesterone.


The current work aimed to evaluate the ideal diet level for yellow tail lambari (Astyanax bimaculatus) fingerlings on body weight percentage. Two hundred and forty fingerlings averaging initial weight of 0.52 ± 0.05 g were allotted to 24 hapas according to a completely randomized blocks with six treatments and four replicates. A 1000 L-tank with 6 hapas was considered the block. A hapa with 10 fingerlings was considered the experimental unit. The treatments consisted of increasing feeding levels: 1, 4, 7 10, 13, and 16% of body weight (30% of digestible protein and 3,000 kcal/kg of digestible energy). The observed water parameters were as follows: 24.5 o C, 25.1 o C, 8.4 mg/L, 7.9 e 160.9 μS/cm, respectively, for morning and afternoon temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and electric conductivity. The results showed that the best level of feeding for yellow tail lambari fingerlings on average water temperature of 25 o C was of 11.5% of body weight.


The use of pseudopeptidic gemini surfactants as stabilizers of hydrophobic quantum dots in water is discussed. Compound 1a acts as an intercalator with hydrophobic ligands of QDs transferring them from toluene to pure water yielding a fluorescent nanoparticle resistant to quenching by chloride anion (up to 0.1 M).


OBJECTIVE The aim of the present work was to set up the optimal carboplatin-Fe@C-loaded chitosan nanoparticles method,compare and assess the carboplatin-Fe@C-loaded with the carboplatin-Fe-loaded chitosan nanoparticles.METHODS The carboplatin-Fe@C-loaded chitosan nanoparticles was prepared by reverse microemulsion method.The prepared nanoparticles consisted of Fe@C nanopowder absorbed with drug as magnetic core,chitosan as matrix and carboplatin as model drug.The preparation of the carboplatin-Fe-loaded chitosan nanoparticles was similar.It was the difference that pure iron nanopowder which is unable to adsorb drug replaced of Fe@C nanopowder as the core.The shape,size,magnetic responsivity,drug content,encapsulation efficiency and drug release in vitro of the two kinds of nanoparticles were determined and compared. RESULTS The two kinds of nanoparticles exibited fairly smooth and spherical in shape with average size of 210nm±26nm(size range of 150nm-300nm) and good magnetic responsivity.The drug content of carboplatin-Fe@C-loaded chitosan nanoparticles reached(11.15±1.03)%,that of carboplatin-Fe-loaded chitosan nanoparticles(9.21±1.10)%.The cumulative release percent of the carboplatin-Fe@C-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in vitro in 1d,2d,3d,4d were 60%,74%,84%,92%,respectively.On the contrast,those of carboplatin-Fe-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in 1d,2d were 81%,91%.CONCLUSION The carboplatin-Fe@C-loaded chitosan nanoparticles with dual physical drug-loaded mechanisms(physical encapsulation and adsorption of active carbon) possessed higher drug content and more sustained drug releasing.Thus,the cooperation of multi-mechanisms was a promising orientation to improve the properties of nanoparticles.


Objectives: To establish the efficacy of clobetasol propionate foam 0.05% in patients with plaque‐type psoriasis and scalp psoriasis. Methods: We conducted an open‐label study on 24 patients. Twelve patients affected by plaque‐type psoriasis (group 1) and 12 patients with scalp psoriasis (group 2) applied clobetasol propionate foam 0.05% twice daily for 4 weeks. Results: Clobetasol propionate foam 0.05% led to a reduction of the disease severity. After 2 weeks the PASI score decreased from 7.5 at baseline to 2.5 (range: 0.8–4.6, SD: 1.1) in group 1 and from 5.7 to 1.7 (range: 0.2–4.8, SD: 1.1) in group 2. At week 4, the mean PASI was 2 (range: 0.6–4, SD: 1) and 1.1 (range: 0.2–2.2, SD: 0.6) in groups 1 and 2, respectively. In particular, at week 2, 83.3% of patients with plaque psoriasis and 75% with scalp psoriasis achieved an improvement of the PASI score from baseline≥50% (PASI‐50). At week 4, 91.6% of patients from group 1 and 100% from group 2 achieved or maintained PASI‐50, while 41.6% in group 1 and 58.3% in group 2 demonstrated a further improvement, reaching PASI‐75. Conclusion: The rapidity of effect and the good safety profile suggest a role for clobetasol propionate foam 0.05% in the management of both plaque‐type and scalp psoriasis.


The milk of 187 goats was investigated by using the Anti-Germ Milchzelltest. About 63 % of the samples were negative. About 26 % gave scores +, about 7 % ++ and about 4 % +++. Between the mastitis-test and somatic cell count a significantly positive correlation was found. In the negative group about 64 % of goats contained 500 000 cells/ml milk. In contrast ca. 85 % of the positive group had more than 500 000 cells/ml milk and only in ca. 15 % the somatic cell count was < 500 000 cells/ml milk. In both groups an overlapping of low and high cell categories was found. A mean value of 6.6 ± 0.5 mS/cm in electric conductivity could be determined. Under field conditions both methods for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis should be connected with bacteriological control of milk.


We present the results of a numerical study examining the effect of an H2-based star formation (SF) model on the rest-frame UV luminosity function and star formation rate function (SFRF) of z ⩾ 6 galaxies, and the implications for reionization. Using cosmological hydrodynamical simulations outfitted with an H2-SF model, we find good agreement with our previous results (non-H2 SF model) and observations at Muv ⩽ −18. However, at Muv > −18, we find that the LF deviates from both our previous work and current observational extrapolations, producing significantly fewer low-luminosity galaxies and exhibiting additional turnover at the faint end. We constrain the redshift evolution of this turnover point using a modified Schechter function that includes additional terms to quantify the turnover magnitude () and subsequent slope (β). We find that evolves from (at z = 8) to −15.38 (z = 6), while β becomes shallower by Δβ = 0.22 during the same epoch. This occurs in an Muv range that will be observable by James Webb Space Telescope. By integrating the SFRF, we determine that even though the H2-SF model significantly reduces the number density of low-luminosity galaxies at Muv > −18, it does not suppress the total SFR density enough to affect the capability of SF to maintain reionization.


The only Ph.D. program in political science in Oklahoma celebrates its 50th anniversary this year. In 1951, Walter F. Scheffer, a newly arrived assistant professor, prepared the proposal to offer the doctoral degree at the University of Oklahoma. Five years later, the University conferred its first Ph.D. in political science. Over the past 20 or so years, the department has seen an average of four to five doctoral students finish the degree each year. Based on doctoral student placement and the placement rate for its graduates, the program at OU compares well with others from similar institutions.


In our discussions with REIT analysts over the past several years, we have been struck by the adjustments they make to REIT valuations to take into account liquidity and balance sheet strength. We in this paper view these adjustments as consistent with the pecking order hypothesis of Myers (1977, 1984), and Myers and Majluf (1984). Our argument is that real estate markets are not 100 percent perfect 100 percent of the time. Consequently, there are times when REITs might well want to invest more in real estate, and times when REITs will want to invest less. Furthermore, during these time periods there are times when REITs will want to be highly liquid, and times when they will want to be highly leveraged. The notion is as follows. REITs in bad states will generally want to be highly leveraged, because this will constrain management to pay out cash flow, and as a consequence, will prevent management from destroying value. Analysis of REIT stock returns suggests the following. Highly liquid REITs trade at higher NAV premiums (and higher realized returns) than highly leveraged REITs when times are good. In bad times, however, highly leveraged REITs trade at higher NAV premiums (and higher realized returns). This evidence supports the work of Myers (1977, 1984), and Myers and Majluf (1984).


During the sedimentation of the «Era del Peladillo» strata, there are sorne movements of tectonic inestability that produced their deformation. Deformation rubbed former structures (prints), created new others (steps, nodes, etc.) and allowed long ponds to formo In these ponds a group of small teropodes dinosaurs left their prints. There are criteria enough in the outcrop to state a sequence of events. These events will allow to establish the sedimentation environment, the step sequence sucession of sorne dinosaurs groups, the relative age of the sedimentary deformation, the appearance of a structural barrier and the gregarious behaviour of these vertebrates.


One of the properties of longitudinal profile development in extensive air showers is depth of shower maximum in atmospheric cascade of particles initiated extensive air showers as a function of the primary energy. Study the characteristics of extensive air showers was fulfilled depending on a Hitler's model. The calculation of depth of shower maximum (Xmax) in atmosphere was performed for particles initiated extensive air showers such us protons, photons, iron nuclei, water, carbon, lead, argon and hydrogen in the energy range between 1014 and 1019eV. The comparison between calculated and simulated data of Xmax was gave a good results for primary proton and iron nuclei.


MMORPG players control their 'avatar' characters within a virtual universe, exploring the landscape, fighting monsters, performing quests, building skills, and interacting with other players and computer-generated characters. As players succeed, they acquire in-game assets, experience, and power. Recently, many MMORPG players control their 'avatar' characters with various 'BOT' programs, which play MMORPG for their owners while those owners are away from their computer keyboards. 'BOT' programs enable the owners to advance more quickly within MMORPG than would otherwise be possible. But 'BOT' programs have the potential problems that they may destroy the rule of game, resulting in an unfair game, and the game industry may be damaged from game players' illegally transacting the assets, which are acquired by using the 'BOT' programs. Also, they have the potential copyright infringement. In this situation, Korean administration, regarding the game industry as one of future strategic industries, announced measures to eradicate the 'BOT' program and submitted the amendment of Game Industry Promotion Act which includes the clause for criminal penalties to the people who make the BOT programs and distribute them. The Court's attitude is not clear because on the one hand, it ruled out the act of making and distributing the programs are a breach of criminal law(impeding one's business) and copyright law(adaptation right infringement), but on the other hand they are no breach of those laws. This article considers what copyright problems the making, distributing and using of BOT programs has in the aspects of the infringement of the right of adaptation and integrity, the circumvention of technical protection measures and the legality of reverse engineering, and reviews how to resolve those problems.


Chinese Koreans, for example, have multiple, complex social and class identities also related to a transcultural and moneyed China. South Korean capital has played an important role in shaping the political economy of the region, but the recent past and present described by Park may be increasingly shaped by "Chinese" capital and agency. The interplay of multiple sites of transnational capital will likely perform a significant role in the ongoing reconfiguration of the region's social and political structures. The role of the state also remains important. Concern over the objectives and source of capital, along with chuch'e ideology, may be one reason why North Korean officials have behaved cautiously on issues associated with the integration of the economies of the DPRK and China. Social scientists have just begun to study and comprehend the scale of the societal upheavals that have impacted North Korea in recent decades. The stories, histories, and voices presented in the books by Fahy, Park, and Smith provide powerful and vivid glimpses into that tumultuous time while also contributing substantially to our conceptual, analytical, and empirical understanding of contemporary continental Northeast Asia. This work was supported by the Academy of Korean Studies (MEST) (AKS-2010DZZ-3104).


Using a Assistance Power Sources of the Railroad Vehicles Three-Level ZVZCS DC/DC Converter is presented in this paper. The proposed three-Level DC/DC Converter is to achieved zero voltage and zero current switching for the two Main switches phase shift method is used a parastic capacitance by reverse recovery characteritics in a inner diode of the switching device. Also. using a diode second part of the Transformer by the simple auxiliary circuit for the achieved zero current switching of the Auxiliary switch. For the ZVZCS movement of the all switching devices is analyzed and verified under a 5kW, in the 100kHz switching frequency


This study aimed to know the implementation of a new test design given by the lecturer in English for Media class and to find out the perceived impacts by the students related to the tests given. A new way mentioned here is a lecturer gives freedom to the students to choose their own material to be presented or practice in the final test. The writer found that, this new way is success in reducing the students' tensions in facing the final test; it could be seen from the process and the results of the test that are quite good. Moreover, in the process of the test, all students are excited in selecting and preparing materials to be presented in the test. Moreover, based on the results of direct observation and interviews to the students, the writer concluded that the implementation of this test creates a good atmosphere; fun and the tension level of students are also lighter. This brings a positive impact on the students, where the results obtained by the students in this test were also better than the previous test. In other words, by providing many options to the students in the test is better than only giving one choice to do.


The association between knee injury and knee osteoarthritis (OA) is understudied relative to its importance, particularly in younger populations. This study was undertaken to examine the association of knee injury with radiographic features of knee OA in military officers, who have a physically demanding profession and high rates of knee injury.


This paper proposes a novel robust fundamental frequency (F0) estimation algorithm based on complex‐valued speech analysis for an analytic speech signal. Since the analytic signal provides spectra only over positive frequencies, spectra can be estimated accurately at low frequencies. Consequently, it is considered that F0 estimation using the residual signal extracted by complex‐valued speech analysis can perform better for F0 estimation than that for the residual signal extracted by conventional real‐valued LPC analysis. In this paper, the autocorrelation function (AUTOC) weighted by a reciprocal of the AMDF is also adopted for the F0 estimation criterion. The proposed F0 estimation algorithm is evaluated using three criteria, AUTOC, AMDF, and the weighted AUTOC, with complex‐valued residual extracted by complex‐valued speech analysis. We also compared the proposed method with those for three signals: the speech signal, analytic speech signal, and LPC residual. Speech signals used in the experiments were...