Hyperbolic medium is a special class of strongly anisotropic materials described by diagonal permittivity tensor with the principal components being of the opposite signs, which results in a hyperbolic shape of isofrequency contours. These media support propagating electromagnetic waves with extremely large wave vectors exhibiting unique optical properties and applications such as negative refraction, subwavelength imaging, radiative heat transfer manipulation, enhancing spontaneous emission rate (Purcell factor), biosensing, and nanoscale light confinement. Hyperbolic metamaterials have been experimentally realized for optical, infrared, and microwave frequency ranges. For the terahertz (THz) frequency range, graphene‐based and bismuth‐based media are only theoretically predicted to have a hyperbolic dispersion relation. Herein, the experimental evidence of such dispersion in bismuth–dielectric materials at THz frequencies is shown. THz waveforms transmitted through ultrathin bismuth film/dielectric substrate structures are measured and the negative time delay caused by transition between the elliptic and hyperbolic dispersion at bismuth thickness increase is revealed. In the hyperbolic regime, the switching between effective near‐zero and negative refractive index regime is demonstrated, which depends on the bismuth film thickness and dielectric substrate optical properties. The outcomes demonstrate the possibility for realizing easy planar hyperbolic media for THz photonics, sensing, imaging, and communication systems.


Orange-yellow detrital flakes of biotite are common carriers of potassium and trace elements in soils and clays. Because the flakes differ in degree of alteration and may be derived from different sources, it is difficult to obtain homogeneous material for studies of their physical and chemical properties that may be compared with the original mica. A similar orange-yellow altered biotite occurs with fresh biotites in alkalie rocks of a nepheline deposit. The fresh and altered biotites were separated for chemical and minoralogical studies of the effects of weathering on biotite in its parent rock.


CO2 emission control is recognized as the essential issue related to the greenhouse effect, especially since demand for energy increasing. Use of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) must be expanded because it produces less CO2 emission than any other fossil fuel. Worldwide, approximately 90 million tons of LNG are transported by sea in 1999. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) has developed LNG Carriers (LNGCs) since the early 1970s, and has been introducing many technical innovations, such as an insulation system with lower boil-off-rate (BOR), and a sophisticated automation system, in order to enhance their reliability and economy. MHI is building its latest LNGCs with both major containment systems, namely, the spherical tank type and the membrane tank type, and MHI is the No. 1 shipbuilder of LNGCs in the World. Given the safe and reliable operation of LNGCs over the past thirty years, the economy of LNG transportation has become a topic of increasing attention for the LNG supply chain. MHI will continue to lead the way by building future LNGCs that incorporate new technical advancements such as size enlargement, standardization and alternative propulsion plants.


The new standards association of Australia concrete structures standard encourages the use of partially prestressed concrete, as will the new NAASRA bridge design specification. This focusses attention on design for serviceability criteria, especially deflections and cracking. This paper first discusses what deflection and cracking criteria are appropriate for bridges and buildings and considers the requirements set out in the new codes. The paper then considers several design examples to examine new possibilities for better deflection control of the widely used precast concrete bridge deck planks, and the parallel possibility of increasing their load capacity. The beams were designed initially for strength, and then the levels of stress in the prestressing steel were adjusted to control the deflected shape of the beam, particularly under permanent load. The potential of this approach for floor slabs in concrete buildings is also considered. The problem of fatigue loadings is then discussed. There are a number of reasons why trends in the new codes will require a more careful consideration of fatigue and the application of partial prestress given in this paper is one example. Others are suggested, including cases of reinforced concrete. Limitations on serviceability stresses are considered, and it is shown that new code requirements may be unnecessarily tight for prestressed concrete but insufficient for normal reinforcement (a).


Abstract. We propose an optical camera communication-based ALOHA-like (OCC-ALOHA) random access algorithm in which the hidden terminal issue is avoided. We use the spatial resolution of the image sensor of the OCC link to enable the access point (AP) to obtain multipacket reception capability. Then, we use the spot estimation algorithm to estimate the number of active terminals, the distance between the AP and terminal, and the emission angle of the terminal light-emitting diode. Based on the above estimation information, the double iteration algorithm is used to calculate the access probability of each terminal to achieve the optimization of the access fairness and system throughput rate. The results show that the throughput rate of the proposed scheme is better than that of carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance with hidden terminals.


It is important to represent a mechanism to provide QoS in the Internet for applications that are sensitive to delay and loss. Our work has focused on proportional delay differentiation (PDD) architecture to improve its accuracy. The main contribution of this paper is an adaptive scheduling algorithm base on modelling of the DiffServ (differentiated services) queues. Using control theory has recently gained much recognition to achieve QoS guarantee. In this paper a linearized analytical model for DiffServ queues is proposed. This model can be used for any model based controller. The controller tries to guarantee QoS parameters in PDD architecture. Adaptive control based modelling brings out portable QoS because it automatically tunes model parameters in any platform simulation results show that the adaptive model can automatically update the model parameters and track the variation of queues in each event


Lysine acylation is a rapidly growing field with a wide range of novel acylation modifications and a huge number of target proteins being identified. There are indications that these new modifications have functional roles in the regulation of cellular metabolism, however due to their novelty, little is known about the actual mechanisms. The aim of this thesis is to understand the physiological relevance of different protein acylation modifications in the regulation of cellular metabolism and to elucidate its role in inherited metabolic diseases.


Hemangiopericytoma is described as a distinct entity of vascular tumor which originates from the contractile pericytes of Zimmermann around capillaries and venules. These rare mesenchymal tumors may develop at almost any age, but usually they occur during the fifth or seventh decade. In adults, the common sites of origin are in the lower extremity and retroperitoneum, whereas in children the tumors have a predilection for the head and neck region and lower extremities. It usually demonstrates a slow progression in size with high local recurrence rate following surgical intervention. A rare case of hemangiopericytoma in a 18-year-old male patient is presented, who was first diagnosed with hemangiopericytoma involving anterior chest wall and underwent later on further surgical operations owing to the emergence of local recurrence and metastasis to his vertebra and scalp.
Keywords: hemangiopericytoma, scalp, anterior chest-wall, metastasis


: Regulatory science (RS) is expected to play a vital role for risk analysis process within regulatory system on food safety. In this paper, based on the definition of RS elucidated by Science Council of Japan, two aspects of RS are taken into account; one is RS's role to support administrative decision-making and the other is its role to adjust or orient how science/technology is applied to society. However, the very nature of emerging science/technology poses various issues related to these two aspects of RS. In this paper I will exemplify these issues using the case of food nanotechnologies (FN), such as difficulty of creating regulatory definition of FN and unintended dynamics caused by introduction of regulatory actions. In the latter part of this paper, I will describe current situation of regulatory developments of FN in US, EU and Japan, and draw preliminary lessons currently FN is facing based on the information drawn from three research experiments, including participatory methods and expert panel in Japan.


The effect of the thermal annealing on an acidic ammonothermal gallium nitride (GaN) crystal grown toward the c- and m-directions was investigated. The specific annihilation of hydrogenated Ga vacancies was confirmed for the GaN crystal grown toward the m-direction but not for that grown toward the c-direction. A transparent and yellow luminescence-free ammonothermal GaN substrate was realized. The annihilation of the hydrogenated Ga vacancies was explained by the difference in the diffusion of F incorporated as a mineralizer between the c- and m-directions.


The field investigation and documentary study show that there are approximately 1106 plant species belonging to 98 families and 420 genres in Maowusu Sandy Land,which means that this vast sandy land is comparatively rich in plant resources.The investigation also shows that the shrub is the leading type among the different kinds of bushes and that the sandy land has abundant plant species with high appreciative value.At the end of the paper the author puts forward three suggestions as to how to further develop and utilize the plants of high appreciative value suitable for gardening.


As shown by previous studies on government survival, ideological diversity within cabinets matters. More precisely, it has been suggested that ideological diversity is inversely related to cabinet ...


If was affirmed that formaldehyde was carcinogen,teratogen and could cause allergic reaction in human by WHO.The paper surveyed the natural contents of formaldehyde in common aquatic products and conducted a risk assessment on it by the method of CAC.The results showed that the content of formaldehyde in most aquatic products was low,apart from Bombay duck and shredded squid.The average content of formaldehyde in the common aquatic products which were detected in the paper was 7.282 mg/kg.Acute dietary exposure risk assessment and chronic dietary exposure risk assessment were both accorded with the interrelated criterion.The common aquatic products were basically safe.


Multiseptate conidia of Cochliobolus carbonus germinate in water by one or two polar germ tubes. The septa between cells within a conidium contain a central pore, which is plugged before germination but open during germination, so that all cells are interconnected. During germination, vacuoles enlarge, endoplasmic reticulum profiles increase in number, and mitochondria change from a spherical form with loosely arranged cristae to an elongated form with closely packed cristae. The conidium wall consists of an inner electron-translucent layer and an outer electron-opaque layer. The germ tube wall is continuous with the innermost layer of the conidium wall. Shortly after germination, a septum with a central pore forms in the germ tube by invagination where it emerges from the conidium. The germ tube wall is surrounded by a fibrillar sheath. The presence of apical vesicles in the germ tube tip is confirmed. The associations of Woronin bodies with septal pores and microbodies, of lipids with vacuoles, and of m...


A parallel multi-population based metaheuristic optimization framework, called Concurrent Societies, inspired by human intellectual evolution, is proposed. It uses population based metaheuristics to evolve its populations, and fitness function approximations as representations of knowledge. By utilizing iteratively refined approximations it reduces the number of required evaluations and, as a byproduct, it produces models of the fitness function. The proposed framework is implemented as two Concurrent Societies: one based on genetic algorithm and one based on particle swarm optimization both using k-nearest neighbor regression as fitness approximation. The performance is evaluated on 10 standard test problems and compared to other commonly used metaheuristics. Results show that the usage of the framework considerably increases efficiency (by a factor of 7.6 to 977) and effectiveness (absolute error reduced by more than few orders of magnitude). The proposed framework is intended for optimization problems with expensive fitness functions, such as optimization in design and interactive optimization.


Abstract Oxovanadium(IV) complexes of dibasic symmetrical bis-Schiff bases synthesized from 1,6-hexanediamine and orthohydroxy aldehydes or diketones. Their formation was confirmed with the help of elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H NMR, UV-visible and mass spectra, magnetic susceptibility, and conductance measurements. Quantum mechanical calculations are indicative to the proposed structures of the complexes. Most of the ligands and complexes have considerable inhibition capacity on mycelia growth against selected pathogenic fungi and bacteria and show good antioxidant property too. Complexes showed good larvicidal activity against the mosquito larvae (Culex quinquefasciatus). Molecular docking of a Schiff base, (BzA-HD-BzAH2) with SARS-CoV-2 Mpro revealed the best binding affinity with the receptor protein compared to the approved medicine hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and favipiravir (FVP). The ADMET analysis showed that ligand is non-carcinogenic and less toxic than standards, HCQ or FVP. However, these in silico studies proved BzA-HD-BzAH2 to be a good candidate for development as a therapeutic drug against SARS-CoV-2.


Objective:To compare the effect of three kinds of solution(NS,ACD-A,PASⅢM) on the quality and function of the plateletapheresis,and observe the changes of the washed platelets preserved in PASⅢM and M-sol after three days.Method:Platelet concentrates(PCs) were washed by NS,ACD-A and PASⅢM,and preserved in PASⅢM and M-sol.After 24 h,48 h and 72 h,the platelets'function and CD62P'activation were tested respectively.The platelet count,MPV and MCHC were tested by Blood Cell Counter.CD62P was detected by flow cytometry.Result:① The CD62P activation rate in the group washed by PASⅢM was less than that of the other groups,which had statistical significance(P0.05).②The washed PCs were preserved in PASⅢM and M-sol for 24 h and 48 h,all data detected had no differences between two groups or control group(0h),meanwhile the count or function were in the normal range.③ After the PCs preserved for 72 h,the platelet coagulation was lower than that of the 0h group(P0.01)and the CD62P in the M-sol was lower than that in the PASⅢM(P0.05).Conclusion:Comparison among the solution groups showed that PASⅢM was the best washing water which affected the function and the activated degree weaker than the others.The quality parameters of the PCs were in the normal field preserved in M-sol and PASⅢM after 48 h.After the washed PCs were preserved for 72 h,the function of the platelet in M-sol was better than that in the PASⅢM.


Many of the newly issued corporate bonds are finding their way into insurance and pension fund asset portfolios. Modelling these bonds is tricky. Historic return distributions are well behaved and the observed credit spreads exceed all estimates of historic default probabilities. As a result, corporate bonds may appear anomalously attractive. We show that some of the more widely used models of corporate bonds have some major weaknesses from a theoretical perspective and in particular fail to explain this apparent anomaly convincingly. However, our analysis of the economics of corporate debt early in the paper suggests that credit spreads are option premiums and thus have option-like characteristics. This leads to the Merton Model as a means of capturing these characteristics. The model reveals that the apparent anomaly in credit spreads is another facet of well known apparent anomalies in option prices under the standard Black Scholes Model (such as the existence of skews and smiles in implied volatility). The latter anomalies are not generally regarded as exploitable in asset allocation studies. Armed with the insights from this model, suitable for heavy duty application in pricing contingent claims based on default, we return to the simpler problem of modelling corporate bond portfolios. We suggest that complexity in these models inevitable, given that a rebalancing investment process must be modelled and that there is a fundamental arbitrariness in the relevant grade categories on which the process is based. Having considered these issues we suggest that, despite its sledge-hammer appearance the Merton Model provides a solid foundation for alternative approaches to modelling such portfolios that ensures consistency and reduces the risk of anomalies. In particular we reconcile well-known approximations in terms of special cases of this model.


The article deals with the problems of applying the historical-anthropological and microhistorical approaches on the example of the exploits of signalmen in the Battle of Stalingrad. This article is a continuation of the author's research. In the current study, the question of this type of achievement was considered in more detail. Incorrect variants in the historiography of dating or geographical indications of the places of heroic deeds ofsignalmenwere identified andcorrected. Based onthesestudies,the "mainstream"microhistorical and historical-anthropological approaches have beencriticized. Itwas found that these areas are poorly developed in terms of methodology, their use has limits. The approaches themselves are not only very limited, but also cannot be applied as independent types of research. Once again, the relevance of a thorough development of the methodology of historical research in the modern period was emphasized.


(57) ABSTRACT In a method for detecting the operational readiness of a jump lambda sensor associated with an internal combustion engine the internal resistance of the sensor is determined as the criterion for the operational readiness of the sensor. The inter nal resistance is measured by applying a pulsed current to the sensor, the frequency of the current being selected as a func tion of the state of the sensor (1, 2, 3, 4).


We present new results from our survey of diffuse O VI-emitting gas in the interstellar medium with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE). Background observations obtained since 2005 have yielded 11 new O VI detections of 3 σ significance, and archival searches have revealed two more. An additional 15 sight lines yield interesting upper limits. Combined with previous results, these observations reveal the large-scale structure of the O VI-bearing gas in the quadrant of the sky centered on the Magellanic Clouds. The most prominent feature is a layer of low-velocity O VI emission extending more than 70° from the Galactic plane. At low latitudes (|b| < 30°), the emission comes from narrow, high-density interfaces in the local ISM. At high latitudes, the emission is from extended, low-density regions in the Galactic halo. We also detect O VI emission from the interface region of the Magellanic system, a structure recently identified from H I observations. These are the first detections of emission from high-ionization species in the Magellanic system outside of the Clouds themselves.


The purpose of this document is to explain the methodology, assumptions, and calculations used to estimate statewide emission reductions anticipated from the proposed amendments to the Fill Pipe Specifications. The proposal is intended to minimize air leakage from vented fill pipes by adopting a performance leak standard and decrease the vapor/liquid (V/L) ratio at California gasoline stations. A decrease in the V/L ratio means a reduction in pressure-driven emissions caused by the evaporation of gasoline within the GDF storage tank headspace and overpressure. To estimate emissions and emission benefits, this document provides the assumptions used in the analysis.


A Continuum Sensitivity Equation (CSE) method was developed for the uid ow problems to support computationally e cient optimization of aerodynamic design problems. The continuum sensitivity equations and sensitivity boundary conditions were derived using both local and total derivative form for potential ow around an airfoil. The nite element method was adopted for solving both of the original ow analysis problem and the sensitivity equations. In this paper, the pressure coe cient sensitivity with respect to the angle of attack was calculated for veri cation. Shape sensitivities with respect to airfoil shape parameters were also calculated, and the accuracy and e ciency between local form and total form CSE was compared.


Abstract A two-day conference was convened to address the status of information about pathogens and diseases of free-ranging fish populations. In this introduction, we provide background information about the conference, and a summary of the presentations and panel discussions.


It is weIl established that helium formed in stainless steel by various (n,a) processes has a pronounced effect on its mechanical and dimensional properties. There has been strong discrepancy between the helium contents measured ~n irradiated stainless steel and that calculated on the basis of known (n,a)cross sections on the stable constituents of stainless steel. This discrepancy seems to be resolved by attributing the excessive h I , h 58N, ( )59 '( )56 1 e ~um to t e two step process: ~ n,Y N~ n,a Fe. However, a arge discrepancy exists between the value of the thermal cross section for 59 ' 56 the N~(n,a) Fe process used to calculate the helium production data and that obtained out of the direct measurements of this cross section. In this paper the role of the (n,a) cross section ~s inyestigated on the irradiation induced swelling as an example. It ~s shown that insoluble gases like helium do influence swelling by way of nucleating and stabilising voids. It is further shown that helium produced via 59Ni constitutes a substantial amount of helium produced in stainless steel under thermal as weIl as under fast reactor conditions. In fast reactors helium produced ,59N, , , , h' h fl l' v~a ~ ga~ns ~ts ~mportance at ~g neutron uences. A ~near extrapolation of helium production data measured at low fluences to the fluences 23 2 of the order of 1.5'10 n/cm is not justified. It is shown that the usual practise to relate helium production data to thermal and fast neutron fluence is inadequate. The details of neutron spectrum are necessary to 59 , 56 reliably predict helium production rate. A measurement of N~(n,a) Fe cross section in keV and MeV range is recommended. Bedeutung und Stand der (n,a) Wirkungsquerschnitte für die Voraussagbarkeit von Strahlenschäden in rostfreiem Stahl


The present invention relates to a self-cleanable filter assembly capable of filtering small particles from a gas stream, the use of one or more metal fiber filter elements in said filter assembly, use of said filter assembly in a spray-dryer installation. The invention further relates to a system for cleaning the filter assembly, a method of cleaning the filter assembly and the filter elements contained therein, and a spray dryer installation comprising the filter assembly of the present invention.


The invention relates to a method for catalyzing and dehydrating 4-hydroxy-3-hexanone, which mainly solves the problems of low catalyst activity, high reaction temperature and low airspeed in the prior art. In the method, the 4-hydroxy-3-hexanone is adopted as a raw material; the reaction raw material and a catalyst contact to prepare 4-hydroxy-3-ketone under the condition that the reaction temperature is between 200 to 400 DEG C and the quality airspeed is 0.5 to 15 hours corresponding to 4-hydroxy-3-hexanone liquid; the technological scheme that the catalyst is HZSM-5 zeolite, the grain diameter of the zeolite is less than 5 micrometers and the molar ratio of SiO2 to Al2O3 is 1: 0.003 to 0.05 to solve the problem; and the method is suitable for industrial production for preparing the 4-hydroxy-3-ketone by the 4-hydroxy-3-hexanone.


In etiquettes,as a commonly seen cultural phenomenon,egg plays a role of medium and symbol.It communicates between people and nature,people and people,and people and God,expressing a good wish.


The use of instrumentation and control of process is important for every industries that have a necessity of maintain variables stable and controlled. An exemple of a process that has to be controlled is the water treatment, where parameters such as turbidity, residual chlorine and temperature must be monitored, to provide quality water to those who will consume. A problem in many treatment stations of water is the formation of potentially carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs). In the water treatment of United States the most common class of DBPs are the trihalomethanes (THMs), which have a difficult and expensive control, because the concentration varies a lot in the short term. In this case it is suggested the implantation of a chemical analyser, which be capable of analyzing the concentration of THMson-site and send all the data obtained to a spreadsheet. Must of the variables detected and measured in chemical process depend and should be compensated by the temperature and its variations. Temperature sensors are the most used and with advances of technologies increase requirements, such as smaller size, lower power consuption and longer range of sensors. To comply these demands silicon diodes and transistors are increasingly being used as temperature sensors. As also have low cost and high accuracy, they are used in a wide variety of applications such as cryogenic measurements, pH, pressure, humidity, termal conductivity of gases, high temperature measurements, integrated circuits, flow and infrared detectors.


An analysis is presented of the stresses induced in a composite plate by impact loadings. The plate is represented by a refined theory which includes the effect of transverse shear, normal, and quadratic effects in the kinematic assumptions, and correctly predicts the dispersive effects of axial waves in composite plates. The method of characteristics is used to investigate the effect of longitudinal impact in a semi-infinite plate as predicted by the refined model. Results obtained by the refined theory are compared with corresponding results given by a less accurate six-mode theory and shown to be significantly different under certain impact loadings.


There have now been many studies about the public response to wind energy infrastructure. This includes at least 31 papers already published in 2010. There remains however a large gap between the knowledge required for effective planning and the agreed understanding of visual and other impact levels, and the influence of planning and communication processes There is only limited agreement on some basic impact variables: numbers of turbines, amelioration with distance, role of design and so forth. There is no consensus on what methods should be used to assess acceptability or to design for acceptable outcomes. This means that, in many countries, there is no societal consensus about the acceptability of wide spread deployment of wind energy systems. This paper reviews recent studies in environmental, especially visual, impact and other aspects of the process that shape public response. These deal with issues and measures including both local and regional impacts, willingness-to-pay, validity of visual simulations and the use of virtual environments in design. The response of any individual and, cumulatively, of the community is a combination of affective and cognitive factors. Both are complex in character. Affective response involves primarily aesthetic appreciation but may be influenced by deep-seated philosophical attitudes to renewable energy in the context of global environmental issues. Cognitive responses overlay with the affective response in relation to global issues but also draw heavily on local factors of noise concerns, tourism effects and health issues. Cognitive responses are also dependent on personal circumstance and experiences and perceptions of the reasonableness of the planning process. These different aspects may be applied independently to infrastructure design, planning and evaluation but are often combined inappropriately in multi-factorial studies. A diversity of approaches in the literature are analyzed for their capacity to contribute to effective discrimination of the factors behind public responses to wind farm developments, to agreement on the key elements affecting local responses, and preferred approaches to planning and design. A combination of such meta-analysis and computational innovation in mapping and visualisation may provide the opportunity for integration of these advances in knowledge such that a systematic, objective, comprehensive and acceptable approach to wind energy infrastructure planning and design is feasible and achievable.


There is an increasing awareness for adapting bioclimatic construction practices using agro-based green building materials to reduce the global warming impacts pertaining to the construction sector. In addition, lightweight construction is an emerging field of infrastructural development aiming to reduce the deadweight of the building by employing low density materials. Unlike conventional building blocks, the lightweight materials can be prepared in larger size and integrated easily to reduce the overall cost of construction. However, there is a need to identify cheaper and energy-efficient materials to minimize the net carbon emissions and to optimize the functionalities for any specific applications. The present study deals with the preparation of lightweight panels from agricultural by-products such as coconut fibres and paddy straws by optimizing their mixture proportioning and internal pattern of arrangement after pre-treatment with polyethylene glycol. Based on the test results, the concrete panels made of paddy straw have shown the highest reduction in weight compared to the conventional specimens (by 40%) and specimens with coconut fibre (by 25%). The results indicate that the concrete specimens made of the selected agro-based materials have improved mechanical (strength and durability), thermal and bioclimatic properties. The reduction in carbon emission depicts the critical dependency of bioclimatic construction on the selection of green materials. Therefore, a design methodology for sustainability assessment of agro-based building materials is formulated here in order to justify their suitability as green building materials.


This paper discusses intensively the design considerations for the fractional slot axial flux permanent magnet synchronous (AFPMSMs) in order to work efficiently in the constant power speed range, also known as the field weakening (FW) region. The dominant parameter in the constant power speed region is called the characteristic current which equals the ratio of the magnet flux linkage over the synchronous inductance (-ψm/Ls). Several machine parameters is affecting the characteristic current including the machine geometry and the winding configurations. In this paper, the effect of many of these parameters on the FW has been discussed; including the outer diameter, inner to outer diameter ratio, magnet size, slot opening width, slots per poles combinations,and the multi phase configurations for the Axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). Two main governors are considered to evaluate the parameters' impact on the machine overall performance; the rated machine efficiency and the torque to weight ratio at the highest values. Selection of these governors is application driven where these governors are the most influencing factors on the axial flux PMSM design. The results of the present analysis show that the fine tuning of the discussed machine parameters would derive the motor to work in the required Constant Power Speed Region (CPSR) keeping the required high efficiency and torque to weight ratio. A previously proved analytical model has been used in this study to overcome the highly time consumption in the finite element model (FEM).


The macroeconomic situation in contemporary Russia is studied. The authors give general characteristics of the Russian economy and describe positive and negative tendencies of the post-Soviet period. The influence of the world financial and economic crisis on Russia is characterized. The Russian economy development is forecasted.


Summary A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay technique for quantitating human luteinizing hormone (LH) is described. Purified human pituitary LH is used for the development of antibodies, for radioiodination and for standards. A good correlation was seen between biological and immunological potency estimates of a number of pituitary extracts varying greatly in their LH and FSH contents. This method, when applied to serum, revealed differences in levels between normal adults and postmenopausal women. Cyclic variation was noted in the normally menstruating woman and the presence of LH in the serum of prepubertal children was also confirmed.


ID: 16783 Title: Respiratory Motion Assessment of Liver Tumor During Free-Breathing CBCT Scans Using Continuous B-spline Deformation Purpose:To assess three-dimensional liver tumor movements during free-breathing CBCT scans. Methods:In this study, two CBCT scans were acquired for the same treatment position: one with breath hold (BH) and the other with free breathing (FB). First, BH-CBCT images were reconstructed. Then the BH-CBCT images were deformed into FB-CBCT images through a bspline deformation map estimated based on scatter-corrected FB-CBCT projections. The FBCBCT projections were taken as a continuous data stream. As the gantry rotated, the deformation map was updated continuously. A liver case was studied using two methods. One method is to only use projections from current breath cycle and the other one is to combine projections of same respiratory phases from three breath cycles. Both methods were implemented based on an open source software (plastimatch) and accelerated by GPU. We evaluated the performance of the proposed methods by comparing tumor centroid trajectories in 4D CT and 4D CBCT images. Results:Both methods were able to detect tumor movements along all three dimensions. In the tested case, the tumor moved 11.0, 3.7, and 4.3 mm along the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical directions, respectively. The maximum detection errors were 0.8, 1.4, and 3.2 mm for the single-breath-cycle method. The maximum detection errors were 1.5, 1.0, and 1.2 mm when projections from three breath cycles were combined. Conclusions: The study showed that it is feasible to detect three-dimensional respiratory motion of liver tumor using continuous B-spline deformation.


Multiple primary tumors are a known phenomenon in head and neck cancer. However, the incidence of simultaneous oral and hypopharyngeal double cancer is extremely rare. In light of this, the surgical treatment for oral and hypopharyngeal double cancer has not been established. Here we present a case of oral and hypopharyngeal double cancer in which we successfully used a free jejunal flap to reconstruct an oral and hypopharyngeal defect. When the oral tumor is limited to the mucosal surface, a single‐stage reconstruction with a free jejunal flap is a suitable option because it is simple and causes less morbidity than using additional flap reconstruction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.


Abstract Seven sets of 2D particle image velocimetry data obtained in the bottom boundary layer of the coastal ocean along the South Carolina and Georgia coast [at the South Atlantic Bight Synoptic Offshore Observational Network (SABSOON) site] are examined, covering the accelerating and decelerating phases of a single tidal cycle at several heights above the seabed. Additional datasets from a previous deployment are also included in the analysis. The mean velocity profiles are logarithmic, and the vertical distribution of Reynolds stresses normalized by the square of the free stream velocity collapse well for data obtained at the same elevation but at different phases of the tidal cycle. The magnitudes of 〈u′u′〉, 〈w′w′〉, and −〈u′w′〉 decrease with height above bottom in the 25–160-cm elevation range and are consistent with the magnitudes and trends observed in laboratory turbulent boundary layers. If a constant stress layer exists, it is located below 25-cm elevation. Two methods for estimating dissipatio...


Abstract A vast range of recent academic scholarships seek to theorize the recent convergence of neoliberal, anti-immigration, xenophobic and populist measures and practices since the Crisis of 2008. This paper analyses recent changes to the Canadian citizenship regime and it compares this changes to neoliberal and neoconservative trends in Europe. The authors argue that although it did not explicitly renounce its pluralistic orientation, the Canadian Conservative Party had already started its neoliberal and neoconservative reorientation of the Citizenship in Canada prior to the Crisis of 2008. Despite several similarities with European trajectories, the Conservative Party needs to deal with structural factors that are specific to the Canadian context: the electoral system; demographic trends; and a public opinion which, unlike in Europe, remains optimistic with regards to the economic contribution of immigration.


A system and method for determining a concentration of total chlorine in dialysis water is provided. The system includes a main unit housing, an AI / water sample chamber, and a sodium sulfate chamber. A first electrode pair bridges the two chambers and generates tri-iodide in proportion to the amount of total chlorine in the water sample. A second electrode pair in contact with fluid in the KI / water sample detects an amount of tri-iodide generated by the first pair of electrodes. The system is suitable for use in conjunction with or for incorporation into a water purification system to produce dialysis fluid, and may include a display that notifies the user to stop or prevent hemodialysis treatment when the total chlorine level exceeds a predetermined level.


OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the clinical effect and prognosis of preoperative solid superselective intra-arterial targeted neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer characterized by negative estrogen receptor,progesterone receptor and HER-2 receptor.METHODS:Forty-seven cases of triple-negative breast cancer patients(including stage Ⅱ 29 cases,stage Ⅲ 13 cases and stage Ⅳ 5 cases)were randomly selected to two groups:targeted chemotherapy group(24 cases)and control group(23 cases).The patients of the targeted chemotherapy group received preoperative solid superselective intra-arterial chemotherapy of MEF(10 cases)and EP(14 cases)and the patients of the control group received routine neoadjuvant chemotherapy of CMF,CEF and EP,respectively.The course of treatment,the change of focus and the prognosis were observed.RESULTS:The average course of treatment was 15 days in the targeted chemotherapy group which was significantly lower than that in the control group(31 days,P0.01).The remission rate of focus(CR+PR)was 91.6% in the targeted chemotherapy group and 85% in the control group respectively.Among these patients,9 cases died in two years,which conclude 2 cases(both Ⅳ stage)of the targeted chemotherapy group and 7 cases(stage Ⅱ 2 cases,stage Ⅲ 4 cases and stage Ⅳ 1 case)of the control group.CONCLUSION:As an assistant therapy method,the solid superselective intra-arterial neoadjuvant chemotherapy is an effective targeted therapy method of triple-negative breast cancer,which has the advantage of shorter course of treatment,better effect and prognosis.


Even poka-yoke is a useful technique to avoid fabrication and assembly issues by means of product and process design changes, it is commonly used in later stages of product development when fabrication and assembly issues had been already faced during mass production or even worst in the product operation stage. The final purpose of this research is systematize the poka-yoke technique to make possible apply this technique since early stages of product development to assist designers to avoid specific assembly quality issues during design process. In order to comply with this purpose a classification and characterization of assembly issues was developed based on design within the framework of Guideline VDI 2221 as part of the life phases of a system. Then seven questions were formulated to be asked by designers during design process to support them identifying product design characteristics that require modification to avoid assembly issues; also seventeen design requirements were defined which have to be considered since early stages of product development to develop product design with specific characteristics that allow a poka-yoke assembly, this was possible by analyzing the causes of assembly issues associated to product design by using sources such as i) literature, ii) applying interviews and surveys to industry and iii) several examples of poka-yoke redesigns observed in literature and product development study cases in industries. As results of this paper it was developed an approach titled "Product Design Method for Poka-yoke Assembly (PDMPYA)" to avoid quality assembly issues since product design stage.


Abstract We report the synthesis of α-aminophosphonates from aromatic aldehydes, aromatic and aliphatic amines, and trimethylphosphite (Kabachnik–Fields reaction) using a "carbocatalyst," graphene oxide, at room temperature with excellent yield and recyclability. Enhanced catalytic activity of graphene oxide as compared to other catalysts studied is possibly due to the presence of carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Based on the experiments, the failure of RC beams strengthened with carbon fiber sheet (CFS) could be expressed with the strain energy of U shape hoop of CFS and longitudinal CFS, and the correspouding calculating formulas were put forward also. Some experiments were carried out to verify the reliability of the formulas, and the results of the experiments showed that the design of U shape hoop of CFS with the formulas could avoid longitudinal CFS peeling off damage. It is easy for designer to master the design method of anchorage put forward by this paper


Thank you very much for downloading the principles and practice of medicine a textbook for students and doctors. As you may know, people have look hundreds times for their favorite books like this the principles and practice of medicine a textbook for students and doctors, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some harmful virus inside their desktop computer.


In ordinary physical investigations solids and liquids are treated as having density and two species of elasticity. The limits of elasticity are also recognised as regards direct pull or thrust and shear; and since fracture or yielding of solids under these stresses give a convenient measure of their strength for constructional purposes this subject has received much attention. In liquids and semi-liquids the resistance to shear is known as viscosity, and is taken to be directly proportional to the rate of shearing. If the forces of surface attraction are included, the above-mentioned list contains all the qualities (not chemical or electrical) from which the behaviour of the materials in various circumstances is generally deduced.


The catalytic steam gasification of palm oil wastes for hydrogen-rich gas production was experimentally investigated in a combined fixed bed reactor using the newly developed nano-NiO/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. The results indicated that the nano-NiO/γ-Al2O3 catalyst had greater activity for the cracking of tar in vapor and of hydrocarbons and a higher hydrogen yield than the calcined dolomite in catalytic steam gasification of palm oil wastes. Meanwhile, a series of experiments have been performed to explore the effects of temperature, steam to biomass ratio (S/B) and biomass particle size on gas composition and gas yield. The experiments demonstrated that temperature was the most important factor in this process, higher temperature contributed to more hydrogen production and gas yield. Compared with biomass catalytic gasification, the introduction of steam improved gas quality and yield, the optimal value of S/B was found to be 1.33 under the present operating condition. It was also shown that a smaller particle was more favorable for gas quality and yield.


The information technique is one of the most important technical innovation in 21 century,and takes the great affection to develop for the human society.The college always is the frontier application domain of information technique.The colleges always regard the information technique as an important method to improve operation performance and cultivate the core competence.The design of estimating model is the requisite of improving the operation performance of information system,and this project must keep in contact with the practice of information activity.The CFA may provide the actual certification for the model and disclose a certain number problems of information system construction.


Weightlessness and simulated weightlessness inhibit the rate of periosteal bone formation in long bones. Formation of preosteoblasts is suppressed in periodontal ligament (PDL) of maxillary molars, which suggests a generalized block in osteoblast histogenesis. Growth in length of long bones is decreased by simulated weightlessness, but there are no reliable data on the influence of actual weightlessness on metaphyseal growth. The nuclear size assay for assessing relative numbers of osteoblast precursor cells was utilized in the primary spongiosa of growing long bones subjected to actual and simulated weightlessness. It is found that: (1) Actual weightlessness decreases total number of osteogenic cells and inhibits differentiation of osteoblast precursor cells, (2) Simulated weightlessness suppresses only osteoblast differentation; and (3) The nuclear morphometric assay is an effective means of assessing osteogenic activity in the growing metaphysis or long bones.


Watchdog timer is a simple timer circuit. It is an indispensable part and is of paramount importance when coming to the embedded system. Most implementations of watch dog are simply based on simple feed dog strategy covering merely limited abnormal states of program. There are different types of watch dog timers due to the increasing need. They include Standard watchdog timer, Windowed watch dog timer, sequenced watch dog timer. But an effective watch dog timer should be able to detect all abnormal software modes and bring the system back to a known state. In addition to that, it must have its own clock and should be capable of providing a hardware reset on timeout to all the peripherals which the current timers lag. Hence the windowed watchdog timer where the window periods can be configured during the software initialization. In the watchdog timers which are available right now is processor dependent due to which there is a increase in the timing but there is a need of a watchdog timer which has capability to cut down or reduce timing hence watchdog timer which has got service, frame and controller windows have been used, which is independent of the processor and hence the timing is reduced effectively.


This paper points out the necessity ofimproving the property right of natural resources. The necessity is rel ected as follows: the rules for the exchange of ownership produced by collective action; the use value of natural resources and social fundamentality of value; natural resources are economically of scarcity in the economic activities; and settling conl icts and making the best use of everything is the fundamental principles for exploitation of natural resources. This paper goes on to look at that there are stark dif erences between quasi-property and the typical usufructuary right concerning natural resources. The quasi-usufructuary right can interpret atypical property characteristics in the use of natural resources. In the end, this paper proposes that quasi usufructuary right should be classii ed as an independent type in the future unii ed registration. In order to realize revenue maximization of society overall under the public law and regulation, we must dei ne property right of natural resources, as well distribute the rights and obligations reasonably.


ABSTRACT The study was purposed to find out income and profitability was achieved by a Sumber Mulya dairy farm. Research was held in July – Agust 2018 in Sumber Mulya dairy farm Kepahiang. The methods used in this research is case study method. Primary Data obtained through interviews with the respondents and recording. Data obtained for time 12 months on technical aspects and financial data covering production costs, data revenue, income data, the amount of data the data the amount of milk production and livestock lactation. Secondary data retrieved from the data contained in these farms. Data analysis used analysis formulas use income and profitability ratios. The result showed that Sumber Mulya Dairy cattle farm was net incomeaverages per month is Rp. 5,427,176,91 with the number of 7.00 averagecows lactation flat tail. Total cost per month of Rp.10,032,823.29 Profitability achieved by the company said 10,78% profitable because the value of profitability is greater than the interest rate a bank of 4.35%. Key word : income, dairy farm, profitability, dairy farm, milk production


The food market in India is characterised by a high degree of government involvement, especially in two staple food grain markets – rice and wheat. As a result, the private sector is crowded out and the market is shaped by the interplay of the two forces – private and public. The government intervention starts before the planting, when the Minimum Support Price (MSP) is announced. Grains are procured from the farmers (open end procurement) with the guaranteed MSP, which should cover the production costs and a 'reasonable' margin for the farmers. The procured grains are stored as buffer stocks (consisting of operational and strategic stocks) which are run by the state. Grains are further distributed to the poor with heavily subsidised prices through the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS). The excessive stocks can be released to the market through Open Market Sales Scheme (OMSS) or exported. The open end procurement, high MSP and strong trade limitations result in high public procurement rates . Most of the time, the actual stocks manifold exceed the buffers stock norms and even the country's storing capacity This in turn results in massive damages of grains. Additionally, the TPDS suffers from huge targeting errors, subsidies are very costly and incompatible with WTO standards. In the light of the rising fiscal costs of the system, its inefficiency and high food inflation, there is a need for finding cost-effective alternatives. Assessment of their costs and benefits is especially important in the wake of all India implementation of the National Food Security Act, 2013, which brings an extension to the current system by the guaranteed provision of heavily subsidised grains to almost 70% of the population. There is also an international pressure on India to reform its food sector due to its impacts on world market prices. Also the recent prorogation of implementation of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture (AoA), which limits support for farmers to 10% of the value of production, is only a temporary solution. Domestically, there are rising voices advocating for introduction of cash transfers instead of TPDS. The current study provides a model for the quantitative assessment of the major food policies on the food sector in India. It is based on a model of the Indian food sector, which encompasses the duality of the system - the coexistence of private and public forces. The model is a two-market (rice and wheat) yearly partial equilibrium model. Functional forms and most of the parameters used in the model are derived from the ex post econometric analysis of the data from 1982 to 2012 . As a result, the model is based on the careful data analysis and in depth study of the system, which makes it a reliable and comprehensible tool for simulations of the implications of different policies. In the model, the two markets interact with each other through their substitution in demand and storage. Computation of the equilibrium prices is formulated as a mixed complementarity problem (MCP) and executed in the generalized algebraic modelling systems (GAMS) software. Quantities procured by the government (with the MSP), closing private stocks, exports, production, demand and fiscal costs are determined endogenously through equations or the complementarity conditions. Interaction between the MSP and the market price determines the amounts procured by the government. Private stocks are driven by total market supply, trade policy and partially crowded out by public stocks. Production strongly and significantly responds to MSP (short-term price elasticity for wheat equal to 0.47 and 0.39 for rice). Rice consumption is influenced by TPDS and wheat demand responds to market prices. Public exports are exogenous and OMSS off-takes are a constant share (10%) of excessive public stocks (stock above norm). World rice prices are endogenous (large country case) and for wheat exogenous. As to our best knowledge this is the first study which captures all the major food policies in India and quantifies their impact on the stocks, prices and fiscal costs. In this study the alternative exogenous policy scenarios are compared with respect to their impact on the domestic prices, public stock levels and related fiscal costs. The particular considered policy options are: • Liberal system: shifting from the MSP to deficiency payments and TPDS towards direct cash transfers, including a liberalization of international trade (relying more on the imports in case of crop failure) • Expanding the TPDS under the NFSA (as mentioned above, increasing the scope of the distribution and lowering the distribution price) within the current system (with open end procurement and holding public stocks) under different trade regimes The simulation model based on the econometric estimation reproduces the basic dual market dynamics well.


Writing this is a case study on Micro, Small and Medium Risol Wonder. The objective of this paper is to ob- tain a clear picture of the determination of the selling price of the desired product by the company and give thought to the company, especially those associated with full costing and variable costing in determining the selling price of the company's products. From the research that has been done can be concluded that the selling price for risol shrimp may- onnaise and cheese burger, according to calculations risol Risol Magic is smaller than the selling price is calculated by the variable costing method, because there are some miscal- culations made ??by the Magic in the grouping Risol costs, such as factory overhead costs.


An Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is employed in this work for tracking tool flank wear area in wetturning of Inconel 718 (INC718) Nickel-based alloy in variable feed condition. The tool wear area evolution is modeled with a 3rd order polynomial empirical function and an analytical solution for discrete state space system is derived. The state uncertainty was found to decrease up to 200-250μm of average flank wear length and then increase abruptly with an increase in tool wear. Therefore, the tool wear uncertainty was modeled with failure probability density, i.e. the bathtub function. While a constant uncertainty was considered for the measurement signal (spindle power). The root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE) were calculated in estimation of the tool wear area with experimental results and it was shown that the EKF was able to estimate the tool wear area with less than 0.05 mm2 RMSE but did not perform well in estimating the rate of the tool wear area.


Donor-related levels in GaAs and Al^OxGa^O 1-xAs (P Mooney). Comparison of three DX structural calculations presented at Thessaloniki (G Baraff). Theoretical treatments of DX and EL2 (M Lannoo). The DX centre (T Morgan). Hall measurements under weak persistent photoexcitation in Si-doped Al^OxGa^O1-xAs (A Baraldi et al). The influence of the DX centre C-V and I-V characteristics of Schottky barriers in n-type AlGaAs (C Ghezzi et al). Appearance and destruction of spatial correlation of DX charges in GaAs (Z Wilamowski et al). DX centres and coulomb potential fluctuations (Z Wilamowski et al). Photoconductivity saturation of AlGaAs:Si-a new criterion for negative U (W Jantsch et al). Ionization and capture kinetics of DX centres in AlGaAs and GaSb: approach for a negative-U defect (L Dobaczewski et al). Local-environment dependence of the DX centre in GaAlAs: alloy and superlattice studies (S Contreras et al). Direct study of kinetics of free-electron capture on DX centres (I Itskevich et al). X-ray diffractometer as a tool for examining lattice relaxation phenomena (M Leszczynski et al). Bistability, local symmetries and charge states of Sn-related donors in Al^OxGa^O 1-xAs and GaAs under pressure studied by Mossbauer spectroscopy (D Williamson et al). Observation of a local vibrational mode of DX centres in Si doped GaAs (J Wolk et al). Electron paramagnetic resonance of the shallow Sn donor in GaAs/Al^O0.68Ga^O0.32As:Sn heterostructures (W Wilkening et al). ODMR investigations of DX centres in Sn- and Si-doped Al^OxGa^O1-xAs (M Fockele). Magneto-optical properties of the DX centre in Al^O0.35Ga^O0.65As:Te (R Peale et al). Studies of donor states in Si-doped Al^Ox Ga^O1-xAs using optically detected magnetic resonance with unixial stress (E Glaser and T Kennedy). Magnetic resonance of Sn-doped Al^OxGa^O1-x As detected on photoluminescence (T Kennedy et al). Magnetic resonance studies of group IV and VI donors in Ga1-^OxA^OlxAs (H von Bardeleben). Metastable defects in silicon: hints for DX and EL2? (G Watkins). Negative-U properties of off-centre substitutional oxygen in gallium arsenide (H Ch Alt). A spectroscopic study of a metastable defect in silicon (J Svensson et al). New mechanism for metastability of the 'red' luminescence in electron-irradiated CdS (S Ostapenko). The utilization of DX centres in high-pressure studies of low-dimensional doping structures in GaAs (R Stradling et al). Shift of the DX level in narrow Si delta-doped GaAs (P Koenraad et al). Te-related DX centre of GaAs and AlGaAs (P Wisniewski et al). The effect of high hydrostatic pressure on DX centres in GaAs and GaAsP (V Smid et al). Closing address (R Stradling).


MATERIAL AND METHODS: 123 interventions were studied when firefighters arrived on the scene before ems, carried out in 2017 by PFS unit located in centre of Poland. For this retrospective study were analyzed a total of 100 complete and readable "rescue procedure charts" filled out by PFS firefighters. They were studied time of arrival, patients' demographic (age and sex), type of injury/ illness, type of medical procedures carried out by firefighters and duration of taking care of the patient before EMS arrival as well as types of equipment used during interventions.


Data-driven process monitoring methods often use classical multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) techniques for data analysis and modeling, with the assumption that the training data contains only observations associated with normal operating conditions of a process. In practice, the training data of an industrial process may contain outliers. Classical MSA methods can be affected by outliers so strongly that the resulting monitoring methods do not allow to detect true process faults. In this paper, a robust process monitoring method is proposed to cope with the presence of outliers in the training data. First, the minimum covariance determinant (MCD) estimator is used for outlier detection and to obtain the robust estimation of location and scatter of training data. A robust fault detection index, called the robust T2 statistic, is then defined based on the MCD estimator. Squared variable deviation magnitude (SVDM) is defined as a robust measure of the deviation of a process variable from the normal ra...


Medical institutions must comply with various federal and state policies when they share sensitive medical data with others. Traditionally, such sharing is performed by sanitizing the identifying information from individual records. However, such sanitization removes the ability to later link the records belonging to the same patient across multiple institutions which is essential for medical cohort discovery. Currently, human honest brokers assume stewardship of non sanitized data and manually facilitate such cohort discovery. However, this is slow and prone to error, not to mention that any compromise of the honest broker breaks the system. In this work, we describe PriReMat, a toolset that we have developed for privacy preserving record linkage. The underlying protocol is based on strong security primitives that we had presented earlier. This work describes the distributed implementation over untrusted machines and networks.


This paper introduces the study and practice of course group on "the controlling technology on factory electricity" in constructed course content system, reformed teaching means, integrated practice teaching link and developed course construction and teaching reform. It is asked to follow the principle that the reform takes on advanced education thought as guide and aims to promote student's ability and quality.


AbstractThe quality of structural parameter identification in nonlinear systems using Bayesian estimators, such as the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), depends heavily on the assumptions about the state and observation noise processes. In most practical situations though, the noise statistics are not known a priori. While the literature is rich in the area of offline approaches to noise estimation (often as part of model updating in general; the focus is not necessarily on noise parameters), there seems to be shortage of online implementations, which would be useful in structural health monitoring. Assuming that both noises (in the state and observation equations) are additive Gaussian processes, this study investigates how their statistics could be adaptively estimated online during the identification. By introducing certain distributional assumptions for the unknown noise parameters which exploit conjugacy, noise updating is simplified and is suitable for online applications. The proposed method is valida...


Abstract Measurements of the pressure and temperature dependence of the a-axis resistivity of (TMTSF) 2ReO4, are presented. The metal-insulator transition seen in this material at the remarkably high temperature of ∼180 K at ambient pressure and which is associated with an ordering of the ReO4, anions is suppressed under pressure. For pressures above ∼9.5 kbar we observe a superconducting transition near 1.3 K. There is a narrow intermediate pressure regime about 2.5 kbar in width in which both superconductivity and effects of anion ordering are observed. In this regime (i) a superconducting transition is seen near 1.3 K even though ρ just above the transition can be up to 10-100 times greater than ρ(300 K), and (ii) there is an extraordinarily large hysteresis in p below ∼ 100 K with the possibility of varying the resistance of the low temperature state by several orders of magnitude by appropriate temperature cycling. These results establish the first order character of the transition. We suggest that a...


A process for the manufacture of pigments comprising a composition COLORED incorporated in a polycondensation resin NOT CONTAINING SUCH DERIVATIVES aldehyde resin, ESPECIALLY formaldehyde derivatives, where REACTIVES forming said polycondensation resin and composition COLORED are introduced continuously in a reactor and mixed; MIXING HEADS TO A REACTOR DRYING AND FINAL REACTION PRODUCT IS REMOVED CONTINUOUSLY said reactor. The process is particularly suitable for the preparation FLUORESCENT PIGMENT. The reactor used is preferably an extruder.


A marine pipeline laid on the ocean floor, without burial, is exposed to current and wave induced hydrodynamic forces. If the pipeline does not have enough submerged weight to resist the hydrodynamic forces, the pipeline will be unstable, moving up and down (due to lifting force) and back and forth (due to drag and inertia force). The excessive pipe movement and oscillatory motions may cause high stress and fatigue damage to the pipe. In the past, the on-bottom stability of a pipeline under oblique waves was calculated by reducing the hydrodynamic forces due to the oblique wave angle. However, this approach gives a conservative result. In reality, a pipeline at an oblique wave angle is exposed to positive (at wave crest) and negative (at wave trough) forces, simultaneously. The counter forces will act like an anchor and keep the pipeline from moving. This paper describes how the oblique wave angle affects the marine pipeline laid on the ocean floor. The anchoring effect due to the oblique wave angle is presented.


This paper introduces the basic principle of L2TP and IPSec protocol,and analyses the secure problem for implementing VPN by L2TP,and puts forward a plan for secure tunneling technology combining L2TP and IPSec with IPSec to protect L2TP.and it also give a vpn instance base on the L2TP over IPSec protocol.


To address the issues of insufficient accuracy and low training efficiency in general musical emotion prediction models, we propose the muSi-ABC architecture for predicting music emotions. Specifically, in the feature extraction stage of music emotions, we use a benchmark feature set to ensure that the extracted music emotion features adhere to standardization. In the prediction stage, we introduce the muSi-ABC architecture which first utilizes a 2D-ConvNet (two dimensional-Convolutional Neural network) to extract partial critical features in music emotions. Then, the BiLSTM (Bi-directional Long Short Term Memory) neural network is employed to learn contextual sequential information of past and future music emotions from the obtained partial critical features. Furthermore, the SA (Self-Attention) module is applied to obtain the complete critical features highly relevant to music emotions, thereby improving prediction accuracy and training efficiency. Through ablation experiments conducted at different time term lengths, the roles of ConvNet model and SA module, as well as the advantages of the proposed muSi-ABC architecture over other ablated models in terms of training efficiency and prediction accuracy, are verified. Additionally, it is observed that representing music emotions using long term feature information for the same song can enhance prediction accuracy. Finally, contrast experimental results demonstrate that the proposed architecture outperforms other benchmark methods in terms of prediction accuracy. Moreover, it is validated that the outlier points contained in the music emotions features extracted based on the benchmark feature set help discover the variations trends of music emotions.


Throughout the history of critical readings of Hamlet stands the question of the subject. When a critic interrogates the matter of Hamlet's delay, his love, his madness, his revenge, or his thinking he does not find "words, words, words" as Hamlet might have, but assumes a presence named Hamlet to whom these interrogations can refer unambiguously. He does not in fact find anything more than his own questions echoed in the gap to which they are addressed. Merely on the matter of style Hamlet is never consistently the same, he is always an other, always the "foil," as he tells Laertes before their final duel, who plays on those who attempt to play him, whose purpose is to foil all attempts to subject him to a Law. Represented by an actor who bears the burden of his name, Hamlet is barred from his own play. This poet-as-hero can only hypostatize his being by looking at its reflection as it is presented before him, by responding to the lure of an other. Hamlet's fault, the flaw in his character, is his apostasy. The greatest of apostates is the one whose dedication to his cause is so great that he forsakes it utterly in seeking only to prove to himself the infinity of his dedication. If we attempt to locate Hamlet as a presence in the play that bears his name, we will be confronted with an ellipsis constituted by the repression of a crime. A father's murder is repressed into natural death, only to reappear in an orgy of slaughter that banalyzes the event into death's feast. Hamlet as subject, Hamlet in a time before the event of his father's death, is erased, evoked only by Ophelia in fleeting glimpses. To Claudius, for example, neither the inner or outer man resembles what it was and this causes him and his wife considerable chagrin. Hamlet's dissembling, as an articulation of the unpaid debt contracted by the murder of his father, says the fault that now rules the kingdom of Denmark. It remains to be seen how a dissembling can say anything and moreover whether a fault can be said rather than merely talked over, that is, covered over with talk.


Objective To study the transfection efficiency of expression plasmid containing angiotensin converting enzyme short-hairpin RNA (ACEshRNA)chitosan nanoparticles on cultured rat vascular endothelial cells. Methods To prepare chitosan nanoparticles with ionic crosslinking method and identify with sprayed gold scanning electron microscope; By electrostatic adsorption to bind ACEshRNA composite expression plasmid, then using agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of vector and DNA binding capacity; using cultured rat vascular endothelial cell transfection experiments in vitro to evaluate chitosan particles transfection capacity. Results The vitro of cultured rat vascular endothelial cell transfection experiments showed that the expression of green fluorescent protein, indicating that the Chitosan has a certain degree of transfection efficiency, and in the chitosan with plasmid volume ratio is 1∶3 at the highest rate of transfection. Conclusion This study prepared chitosan nano-carrier containing ACEshRNA expression plasmid and in cultured rat vascular endothelial cells to achieve effective transfection. These transfection conditions built the foundation for the further experiment.


Fabrication and characterization of frequency selective surfaces (FSS) on silicon dioxide/ silicon is reported. Electron beam lithography based techniques are used for the fabrication of periodic slot structure in tungsten layer on silicon dioxide/silicon. The fabrication process consists of growth of SiO2 on silicon, tungsten deposition, electron beam lithography, and wet etching of tungsten. The optical characterization of the structural pattern was carried out using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The reflectance spectra clearly show a resonance peak at 9.09 µm in the mid infrared region. This indicates that the patterned surface acts as band stop filter in the mid-infrared region.


Objective To investigate the inhibiting ability of Ibandronate on a skeletal metastasis model of lung caner.Methods A skeletal metastasis model of lung caner was established by injection of small cell lung carcinoma line(SCLC) H446 cells into the right leg of nude mice proximally to the tibia, and Ibandronate(5μg/animal/day) was given subcutaneously(s.c.) to the animals after radiologically small but defined osteolytic metastases were observed. Both X-ray and histological assay were applied to evaluate effects of Ibandronate.Results Both X-ray detection and 99Tcm-MDP imaging demonstrated that implant of H446 caused the development of bone lesions. Histological studies showed abnormal reacting bone formation preceded by tumor metastasizing and a number of cancer cells invading into bone marrow. But in the treated group, Ibandronate not only markedly suppressed the progression of established bone metastases lesions in nude mice, but also prevented the development of lung cancer cells in bone marrow. The reacting bone formation was limited locally.Conclusion These results suggest that Ibandronate may be a choice for the treatment of metastasis cancer in bone.


A review is undertaken of the role of space charges and traps in polymer electronic devices. The origin of the space charges considered include electrode injection leading to space-charge-limited currents in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), ionized impurities leading to rectification at Schottky junctions and mobile ion effects. Also considered are the effects of traps on the performance of organic metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MISFETs)


In an amusingly titled essay, "John Come Lately: The Belated Evangelist," Donald Foster offers an intriguing reading of the Christological distinctiveness of the Fourth Gospel under the guise of a Bloomian theory of "belatedness." The author of the Fourth Gospel is here seen both as trying to liberate himself from the oppressive omnipresence of his predecessors' (inadequate) model for writing a gospel and as attempting to proclaim "for the first time . . . the true gospel of Jesus Christ" by developing a Logos Christology of Jesus as the pre-existent Word of God. In congruence with this, F. argues that John's Gospel ought to be understood as an "allegorized narrative which the writer himself takes for the literal historical truth" (122)—the "original sin," one is tempted to conclude, of the rationalizing or ontologizing of the Christian tradition into what Heidegger termed "onto-theology." The Introduction and the concluding essay add little of substance to this volume.


An application based on ERDAS IMAGINE remote sensing image processing software system to cover translation, rotation and scaling in image registration is discussed.Moreover, by making some analyses about image registration method based on control point, two images registration is achieved.The experiments shows that image registration method based on control point is effective in image registration, and it has higher registration precision.Furthermore, this software system is good for easy operation and friendly interface.


Regulating pesticides in residential surface soil, air, drinking water, and food is a worldwide problem since pesticides exposure can significantly impact human health. Approximate 25% of the world's nations have provided pesticide soil standards, about half have provided pesticide drinking water standards, about 44% have provided pesticide food standards, and only the U.S. has provided pesticide air standards. Most regulatory jurisdictions regulate individual pesticide exposures independently, although the total pesticide exposure risk depends on the cumulative exposure from soil, water, air, and food. Even for a single source such as soil, jurisdiction pesticide guidance values often vary by five, six, and even seven orders of magnitude. The highest of these values are almost certainly too high to protect human health, especially for children, and the exposures are increased even further by food, air, and water. For the most common pesticides, the exposure contributions from different exposure pathways have been quantified by using risk models to convert guidance values into daily maximum implied dose limits. Most jurisdictions have higher pesticide standard


Objective: To ssess if hypertensives are treated in primary and specialized care to a greater or lesser extent, depending on level of cardiovascular risk (CVR). Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Location: Primary and specialty care. Participants: Hypertensives treated at the health center. Measurements: We collected the necessary parameters to calculate the CVR through SCORE and REGICOR tables and the number of visits last year by hypertension and target organ disease, both in the health center and at the specialty outpatients center and hospital revenue, and queries in emergency. Result: We analyzed 201 hypertensive patients, of whom 21.9% have high CVR REGICOR. Cardiovascular risk in patients with greater than 19% have made 6.0 consultations / year (standard deviation, SD = 3.7), and the remaining, 4.3 (SD 3.2) (p = 0.003), but these differences are at the expense of consultations outpatient specialties (0.4 consultations, of 0.7 for the high CVR group, compared to 0.1 consultations, 0.4, P < 0.0001). In primary care there are no differences for medical or nurse consultations, nor in increased visits to emergency rooms. There are no differences in the degree of control of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, nor on the number of antihypertensive drugs indicated. Using the tables of Score VCR, the results are similar. Conclusions: In primary care, follow-up consultations and therapeutic approaches to hypertension, should be adapted to assess by level of CVR.


................................................................................................................................ ii Dedication ............................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................. v Vita ...................................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ xii List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... xiv Acronyms ............................................................................................................................ xx Definitions ......................................................................................................................... xxii Chapter 1 ...............................................................................................................................


Personal hygiene article comprises a topsheet, a backsheet, and a chassis comprising an absorbent component located between the topsheet and the backsheet. At least a portion of personal hygiene articles, including opaque and microporous region, a microporous film having a lower at least one see-through area porosity in the interior of a turbid microporous region. Microporous film may include a β- nucleating agent, or may thermally induced phase separation is caused by the diluent. Container comprises a microporous film encapsulating the at least one personal hygiene articles. Microporous film is opaque microporous region and the porosity of forming a window in the interior of the opaque microporous region has a lower at least one see-through area. It is also described a method of making a personal hygiene articles and containers.


The fast changes in the industry require improved production workstations which ensure the workers' safety and improve the efficiency of the production. Technology developments and revised legislat ...


Collective center-of-mass variables are introduced in the Lagrangian formalism of the relativistic classical mechanics of directly interacting particles. It is shown that the transition to the Hamiltonian formalism leads to the Bakamjian-Thomas model. The quantum-mechanical system consisting of two spinless particles is investigated. Quasi-relativistic corrections to the discrete energy spectrum are calculated for some Coulomb-like interactions having field theoretical analogues.


Aim of study to investigate the effect of certain natural products from medicinal plants as adjuvant systems to reduce toxicity of chemotherapy. cyclophosphamide (CTX) is anti-cancer DNA alkylating chemotherapeutic agent to act against a variety of tumors in head and neck, testicular, ovarian, bladder, small-cell lung cancers, this study performed to investigate the effect of Berberis vulgaris in combination with CTX on hematological and physiological parameters induced by CTX in mice. In this study we evaluate the possible protective effects of Berberis vulgaris on hematological and physiological parameters in mice chronically treated with CTX. Four groups of mice were examined: a control (I), mice treated with CTX (II), mice treated with CTX + Berberis vulgaris (III), and mice treated with Berberis vulgaris (IV). All animals were treated for successively 5 days and killed one week after the last treatment, The results show significant decreases in levels of red blood cell distribution width (RDW), white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophils and lymphocytes counts with increases in levels of monocytes. Also, hepatocytes oxidative stress which characterized by significant increases in the serum activities aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Berberis vulgaris combined with CTX or Berberis vulgaris alone successfully normalized the hematological and biochemical parameters in form returning (RDW), (WBCs), monocytes and lymphocytes count to normal level. Hepatocytes oxidative stress, which characterized by a significant decrease in the serum activities of (AST) and (ALT).

Keywords: Cyclophosphamide; Berberis vulgaris; Lymphocytes; Hepatocytes; Significant


Wireless sensor networks (WSN), referring to groups of technologies wirelessly controlled, are widely used in many different fields, agriculture, medical, military, etc. These technologies are mainly used for monitoring physical or environmental conditions, such as temperatures, sound, pressure, and so on. In WSN fields, there are technologies as Wi-Fi, radio frequency (RF), Bluetooth, ZigBee, Z-Wave, and so on. Furthermore, there is one of this technology that offers more outstanding futures to provide more energy-saving and long distances of transmissions compared to other technologies, and that is Zigbee technology, and this had become for many applications, the first high-quality to use and consequently the most used in WSNs. In Zigbee aided WSNs, are included three main devices used to communicate data, that is a Zig-Bee coordinator (network coordinator), ZigBee router, and ZigBee end-devices. The data sensed is transmitted from sensor nodes through coordinators to a base-station (BS), this device (coordinator), collects the data, stores it in a memory, processes, and finally forward to the next suitable nodes or the BS. This research presents the concepts and discussions of Zigbee technologies used in WSNs. Utmost ZigBee communication technologies are revised and analyzed, as well as simulation results with different scenarios are addressed comprehensively. Proposals for advance applications in WSNs are presented. Suggestions for future developments are provided


Jurnal Pustaka Kesehatan, vol. (no.), bulan, tahun 107 Nephrotoxicity due to prolonged use of vancomycin becomes a big issue in patients with MRSA infections and the use of vitamin C has been proved to decrease this side effect. Vitamin C with its combination with antibiotic will halt MRSA growth by forming Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). This study aimed to determine the effect of vancomycin and vitamin C combination in order to halt the MRSA growth and the minimum concentration of vitamin C which can decrease the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of vancomycin. This study used a quasi experimental design with 7 groups, 1 as negative control which only given vancomycin and 6 other groups which given vancomycin and vitamin C with following concentration 0,4; 0,8; 1,6; 3,2; 6,4; and 12,8 mg/mL. We used microdilution method with 4 repetitions to measure the MIC value. This study revealed that there were no difference between control and other groups, the MIC of vancomycin is 1 μg/mL. Combination effect was measured by Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) calculation which showed indifferent effect to all groups. This study concluded that combination of vancomycin and vitamin C effect has no difference with control group and by adding vitamin C until 12,8 mg/mL did not decrease MRSA growth.


In daily practice, during the performance of reports, anatomical variants, lesions and various pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS) are often encountered in which it is necessary to perform some kind of measurements in order to formulate an accurate diagnosis. These measurements allow the referring or treating physician to schedule and perform minimally invasive therapeutic procedures or those requiring major surgical intervention. We performed a description of the most frequent measurements in the CNS using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).


The fixed potential amperometric sensing of acetylene in the gas phase on a gold−Nafion electrode was found to suffer from catalytic poisoning effects with resultant loss of sensitivity. However, by applying a potential pulse program, the sensitivity of the electrode could be restored. With suitable choice of applied potentials, electrochemical adsorption of acetylene took place, allowing an increase in sensitivity. For an adsorption time of 60 s, a 20-fold increase in sensitivity and a detection limit of 20 ppb were obtained. Compounds which, in a fixed potential amperometric mode, would be considerable interferants were found not to preadsorb along with acetylene. An increase in selectivity was, therefore, also achieved.


This article examines the peculiar complexity of Geoffrey Hill's brand of 'nature poetry', with its double sense of materiality and the immaterial, and with its tendency to fuse first-hand, visually-prompted observations with elements of historical, cultural, national, mythological, theological and psychological awareness. Much of the analysis in the article responds to a tension between one's sense that Hill's topographies are richly, expressively realised locales and one's recognition that the poet is preoccupied with the difficulty – perhaps even the delusion – of rendering the phenomenal world in language.


It is presented a bird survey of a forest fragment at the upper Rio Doce valley carried out from April 2002 to November 2004. The region is within one of the most important Brazilian hot spot for biological conservation: the Atlantic Forest. The fragment is within 'Estacao de Desenvolvimento Ambiental de Peti' (EPDA-Peti) under the premises of a hydroelectric power station run by the Minas Gerais Energetic Company. It holds 605 ha of a mosaic of secondary growth forest patches from different ages, characterised mainly by semi deciduous forest. Bird census were carried out through transect, mist-net captures, point counts and recording bird vocalizations. The present survey was compared to an unpublished survey performed in 1989 to find out possible extinctions and colonization. It was recorded 231 species, belonging to 57 families. This represents 33% of all 682 bird species recorded for the Atlantic forest biome of east Brazil. Thirty-three species are considered endemic to the Atlantic Forest and one is considered endemic to the Cerrado biome of central Brazil. Five species are threatened in the state of Minas Gerais and one species is globally threatened to extinction, the red-billed curassow Crax blumenbachii Spix, 1825 (Cracidae). It was found 35 species not reported before for the area. Also, 52 species went locally extinct from the fragment. The EPDA-Peti holds a significant number of the Atlantic Forest bird species, and long-term bird monitoring on such fragments will reveal important aspects for the understanding of colonization and extinction in the biome.


The vibrational spectrum of the pyridinium ion, C5H5NH+, and the N-deuterated species has been studied in several pyridinium salts. By comparison with benzene and deuterobenzene (with which the pyridinium ion is isoelectronic) a fairly complete assignment has been made. The N—H bonds, which are hydrogen bonded to the anions, have stretching vibrations which show systematic variations depending on the nature of the anion. The N—H in-plane deformation vibrations show little variation while the out-of-plane deformation vibrations, some of which do vary, are probably affected, in addition, by other factors.


MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are small, non-coding, single-stranded RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level to repress protein expression of target genes. Among these, miR-181b has been found to be a critical regulatory miRNA linking inflammation and cancer. The functional significance of miR-181b in various tumors and translational research suggests that it exhibits great potential as a predictive and prognostic biomarker. Extensive efforts are underway to identify mRNA targets and the affected regulatory networks, which may be the key to providing a better understanding of miR-181b-mediated signaling pathways.


On the course of mathematics curriculum reformation, mathematics teachers haven't correctly recognized and applied the new textbook, including the misuse and error of implicit theories of mathematics teachers, the insufficient abilities of mathematics teachers, the deferring of evaluation system reformation and so on. We couldn't utterly succeed until we forcefully train teachers by ideas of the new textbook, virtually construct the new evaluation system of teaching and learning, enlarge and apply those successful and efficient experimental productions and methods, at last, quickly improve the abilities of mathematics teachers on the mathematics reflective teaching.


Objective: To investigate the methodology and significance of flow immunomagnetic beads detection of BCR-ABL fusion protein in patients with leukemia.Methods: a recently described and commercialized immunoassay was used using the BCR-ABL protein kit to detect quali-tatively the BCR-ABL protein in leukemic cell lysates in 64 patients with leukemia and 10 healthy donors,and these results were compared to the real-time quantitative PCR and the FISH analysis of BCR-ABL fusion gene in the same samples.Results: The mean fluorescence intensity of BCR-ABL fusion protein in peripheral white cell was 10.58±3.88 in healthy donors.The BCR-ABL positive patients were 25 in 64 patients with leukemia,which were consistent with those results detected by FISH,only one case of B-ALL was not consistent with those results detected by RQ-PCR.Conclusion: Flow immunomagnetic beads detection of BCR-ABL fusion protein is reliable,credible,reproducible,easily performed,excellent prospects for clinical application.


Several extraction processes were used respectively ,such as the traditional decocting method; warmly extraction method refluxing method, microwave method supersonic method and so on, ginsenoside content determined by colorimetric analysis method to optimize the extraction process of ginsenosides Results indicate:The optimum extraction processes is supersonic method. This optimized process is simple, stable and efficient.


In this paper, we consider convex sets of real matrices and establish criteria characterizing these sets with respect to certain matrix properties of their elements. In particular, we deal with convex sets of P-matrices, block P-matrices and M-matrices, nonsingular and full rank matrices, as well as stable and Schur stable matrices. Our results are essentially based on the notion of a block P-matrix and extend and generalize some recently published results on this topic.


We have measured the solubility of mixtures of polybutadiene and polystyrene in toluene, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride, using polymers of various molecular weights and mixed in various proportions. The equations developed by Maron for solutions of nonelectrolytes have been modified for three components and for solutions of low molecular weight polymers at high concentrations. The application of these equations has provided estimates of the polymer–polymer interaction parameters χ23. The polymer–solvent interaction parameters χ12 and χ13 apparently are functions of the concentration and are not readily obtained from the present limited data.


The possibilities to realize the dual frequency operation with different helical antenna configurations have been studied. The simulations and measurements showed that two frequencies of operation could be obtained by combining two helical antennas or by combining the helical antenna with the monopole antenna. This kind of antenna configuration could be used e.g. with dual mode cellular phones operating at two different frequencies.


The possibility of using a suitable fillet form to control the horseshoe vortex flow caused by the turbulent shear flow around a wing-body junction has been investigated numerically. A numerical method for the solution of three dimensional incompressible, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the two-equation ( , ) turbulence model has been developed to evaluate the appendage-body junction vortex flow control devices. The wing investigated is a NACA0020. The Reynolds number based on a chordlength is 1.0x105. Five configurations including a baseline, a triangle fillet form, a constant radius convex arc fillet form, an elliptic concave fillet form and an elliptic convex fillet form along the entire wing/flat-plate junction are presented. It is shown that the convex fillet form can significantly improve the stability of junction horseshoe vortex and reduce the strength of vortex and the non-uniformity in the wake velocity profile. The capability of the numerical approach in the design of vortex flow control devices is also demonstrated.


Abstract : In summer 1962, speaking about the Arkansas River project then under construction, Senator John L. McClellan said, Nothing the federal government has ever done or could ever do will be as big a boon to our state as this. (Arkansas Gazette, June 3, 1962, p. E3) The waterway was a boon-a gift, favor, or blessing-to Arkansas because of its potential to improve the economy of the state and the lives of its citizens. The following pages describe the condition of the Arkansas River and its effect on Arkansas, the process that led to legislative approval and funding of the waterway project, and the task of constructing the Arkansas River Navigation Project. They also discuss the operation of the waterway over the past 25 years, its impact on the environment, and its role as a recreational resource. Finally, this volume looks at the way in which the McClellan-Kerr System has promoted the economic development of Arkansas. My own belief is that Senator McClellan was right. The civil works project named for him and Senator Robert S. Kerr of Oklahoma has made, and continues to make, an important contribution to this state. I hope, however, that I have provided enough objective evidence so that readers may make up their own minds.


Electrostatic interactions are of fundamental importance in determining the structure, dynamics, and function of biomolecules. In particular, they play a key role in protein folding and stability, pH-induced conformational changes, recognition of substrates by receptors, enzymatic catalysis,
 and in the formation of polysaccharide-based gels. However, due to their magnitude and long-range nature, the accurate representation of electrostatic interactions in classical computer simulations is a difficult task. There is thus considerable effort in the scientific community towards the
 goals of (i) improving the representation of electrostatic interactions in biomolecular simulations, and (ii) understanding their specific role in biomolecular processes. The present article reviews some of the work carried out in our group along these two lines.


Growing concern over resource use and protection of the environment has prompted greater demand for agricultural policy analysis at the local, regional, and national levels. Faced with declining surface-water quality, silting of reservoirs, and contaminated groundwater supplies, the public has demanded greater protection of the environment. With the call for more regulation of agriculture comes the need for policy analysis, What policy is best? Should a national standard apply, or do local conditions warrant local standards? Who will benefit, and who will lose, and by how much? Past analyses have examined policy options at all levels. The initial focus here is on current means of analyzing policy impacts at the farm level. Components include various means of reflecting the decision environment in which agricultural producers operate as well as alternative behavioral assumptions within that environment. That decision environment generally includes stochastic production of both positive (generally crops or livestock) and negative (primarily pollutants) outputs. Alternative means of reflecting production of these biological and physical outputs are examined. Selected past studies are reviewed, coupled with suggestions for methodologies for future research efforts. Means of aggregating farm-level results to regional or national levels are then discussed. Resource and conservation policies, such as the Conservation Reserve Program, Conservation Compliance (Glaser), or the Clean Water Act (Harrington, Krupnick, and Peskin), were all initiated at the federal level. Imposition of a national policy, even if enforced locally, has both national and local implications. In most cases, regulation of resource use alters input demand and/or output supply, with