Article history: Received 4 November 2016 Received in revised form 9 January 2017 Accepted 17 January 2017 Employees are the important asset of an organization as they are the ones that determine the success or failure of the organization. Organizations that realize the importance of their employees have come out with various strategies and policies to ensure that their well-being is taken care of and they become engaged in their work. Apart from this consideration, leadership style is also expected to play a significant role in affecting employees' attitudes. This study is intended to investigate the influence of leadership style on employees' engagement by considering the moderating effect of leadership communication styles. A total of 112 data were collected from employees' via email. The results of a multiple regression analysis revealed that employee orientation leadership style is a significant predictor of employee engagement. Joining communication style significantly moderates the relationship between production orientation and employee engagement. Leaders who emphasize on production must use joining communication style so that the employee engagement level can be optimized.


Frozen soil is a kind of special type of soil; it's sensitive to temperature and quite unstable. In seasonal permafrost region, the fluctuations of temperature will cause a large degree of influence on frozen heaving characteristics. This paper selects the highly frozen heave sensitive silty clay of the seasonal frozen soil region and does the frozen heaving characteristic test, in order to study of the occurrence of frozen shrinkage phenomenon and the frozen heaving characteristic of frozen shrinkage phenomenon. By the experimental study found that when the soil moisture content is low, the volume of water crystallizes into ice is not enough to fill the porosity of the soil body completely, cause the phenomenon of soil volume reduction. At the same time, the emergence of the phenomenon of frozen shrinking makes the soil temperature field a mutation, the soil moisture occurs crystallization in the case of soil inside moisture migration, frozen heave is negative, frozen heaving performance is relatively weak.


At Hyderabad, India, medium-duration pigeonpea cultivars planted at the normal time, in june or july with the onset of the monsoon, enter their reproductive phase after the cessation of the rains in September or October and mature around December....


As discussed in Chapter 1 perhaps the most important property of a pattern analysis algorithm is that it should identify statistically stable patterns. A stable relation is one that reflects some property of the source generating the data, and is therefore not a chance feature of the particular dataset. Proving that a given pattern is indeed significant is the concern of 'learning theory', a body of principles and methods that estimate the reliability of pattern functions under appropriate assumptions about the way in which the data was generated. The most common assumption is that the individual training examples are generated independently according to a fixed distribution, being the same distribution under which the expected value of the pattern function is small. Statistical analysis of the problem can therefore make use of the law of large numbers through the 'concentration' of certain random variables. Concentration would be all that we need if we were only to consider one pattern function. Pattern analysis algorithms typically search for pattern functions over whole classes of functions, by choosing the function that best fits the particular training sample. We must therefore be able to prove stability not of a pre-defined pattern, but of one deliberately chosen for its fit to the data. Clearly the more pattern functions at our disposal, the more likely that this choice could be a spurious pattern. The critical factor that controls how much our choice may have compromised the stability of the resulting pattern is the 'capacity' of the function class.


A unique case occurred in the prospective zone of Well C which identified a hydrocarbon zone from wireline log, cutting oil show, and mud logging gas data but produced water during DST (Drill Stem Test). The hydrocarbon identification was also supported by formation pressure plot versus depth which gave a gradient value of 0.301 psi/ft. The value of this gradient indicates that the fluid filling the reservoir is a hydrocarbon.


Facial care and make-up training for women from RT 01 RW 01 Sungai Pasir Meral Karimun went through several stages. The first stage is to prepare training products/materials. The next stage is the training which begins with the preparation of the place, the service, the trainer and the participant. The next stage is facial care and make up training. There are 6 steps of facial care and 8 steps of wearing make up during the day and night. The trainer explained in Indonesian and practiced facial care and make-up by choosing participants as models. The next stage is the practice of implementation and evaluation where the women from RT 01 RW 01 Sungai Pasir Meral Karimun also practice facial care and make up using models from their fellow mothers from RT 01 RW 01.


A land vehicle navigation apparatus (10) has a vehicle navigation computer (11) which determines a naviga tion route and provides vehicle maneuver visual dis plays on a CRT display (13). The displays are prefera bly provided in the form of graphic arrow representa tions (26, 28) which are illustrated in perspective form with a tail of the arrow (26B, 28B) shown in the fore ground and towards to the bottom of a display screen (20) and the head of the arrow (26A, 28A) shown in the background. A visual display of an effective bar graph, indicating the additional distance to be traveled prior to execution of the visually displayed vehicle maneuver, is visually provided and superimposed on the visually displayed vehicle maneuver graphic arrow. The bar graph comprises a series of stack horizontal bars (27, 29) superimposed on the arrow (26,28) which is preferably shown in three dimensional form. This type of visual display more readily communicates to the vehicle oper ator the type of vehicle maneuver to be implemented and the time at which it is to be implemented, while utilizing a minimum amount of display space and requir ing minimal distraction of the vehicle driver from his view of the road.


The widespread acceptability of mobile devices in present times have led to the rise of applications which are progressively more affluent in terms of functionalities they offer to mobile users. Such applications might be very popular among users but their implementation may result in squandering many of the device end resources. Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) has a solution to this problem by means of Mobile Computation Offloading. MCO, as it is commonly addressed offloads selective parts of an application to the cloud. At a glance, one might find computation offloading very promising when it comes to conserving device end resources but eventually, it may turn out to be the other way round if performed in a static manner. Recurrent modifications in device end resources and computing environment variables might cause a decline in the efficiency of offloading mechanisms and even result in tumbling quality of service for applications dealing with real-time information. Issues such as security and privacy still continue to possess a challenge towards current offloading mechanisms. In this work of ours, we present a critical analysis of various offloading techniques and mechanisms based upon parameters of performance augmentation, energy conservation and security and privacy aspects.


The dependency on nonbiodegradable-based food packaging, increase in population growth, and persistent environmental problems are some of the driving forces in considering the development of biodegradable food packaging. This effort of green packaging has the potential to solve issues on plastic wastes through the combination of biodegradable composite-based food packaging with plant extracts, nanomaterials, or other types of polymer. Modified biodegradable materials have provided numerous alternatives for producing green packaging with mechanical strength, thermal stability, and barrier performance that are comparable to the conventional food packaging. To the best of our knowledge, the performance of nonbiodegradable and biodegradable composites as food packaging in terms of the above properties has not yet been reviewed. In this context, the capability of biodegradable polymers to substitute the nonbiodegradable polymers was emphasized to enhance the packaging biodegradation while retaining the mechanical strength, thermal stability, barrier properties, and antioxidant and antimicrobial or antibacterial activity. These are the ultimate goal in the food industry. This review will impart useful information on the properties of food packaging developed from different polymers and future outlook toward the development of green food packaging.


Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) experience anxiety when exposed to factors such as, receiving mechanical ventilation, having an endotracheal tube, the inability to effectively communicate, experiencing pain and frequently undergoing stressful procedures. This thesis reports the results of a randomised controlled trial, testing whether a concrete objective information intervention provided to ICU patients when being turned in bed reduced state anxiety. The associations between sedation, pain, adrenergic drugs, turning and state anxiety, are also described. Further, the relationship between physiological parameters, turning and state anxiety are also examined. The intervention was tested in a randomised controlled trial of 40 ICU patients. The sample comprised equal numbers of men and women. The mean age was 67 years in the control group and 65 years in the intervention group. Most patients had an admission diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (33%), respiratory (23%), gastrointestinal (23%) or neurological (10%). All patients had an artificial airway, either an endotracheal tube (80%) or tracheostomy tube (20%), and most (90%) were receiving mechanical ventilation at the time of data collection. The groups were similar at baseline with respect to study outcome, state anxiety, as well as clinical characteristics.


The β-In₂Te₃ single crystal was grown by vertical Bridgman method. The β-In₂Te₃ single crystal had a face centered cubic(fcc) structure. The lattice constants were found to be a = 0.617 Å. The direct optical energy gap (Eg) was found to be 1.11 ev at 300 K. Raman spectra peak of β-In₂Te₃ single crystal showed the low ELO mode at 105 ㎝?¹. The electrical conduction type was measured by the thermal method and was p-type. The electrical conductivity was found to be 1.8 × 10?² Ω?¹㎝?¹ at 300 K. The activation energy was found to be 0.51 eV.


An aluminum-based composite material comprising a plurality of coarse crystalline grains (3) of pure aluminum and a plurality of fine crystalline grains (4) each having an aluminum matrix (1) and a dispersing material (2) which is dispersed within the aluminum matrix and is formed by reacting a part or the whole of an additive with aluminum in the aluminum matrix have. The fine crystalline grains are adjacent to the coarse crystalline grains before, and the fine crystalline grains have crystalline grain diameter smaller than the crystalline particle diameter of the coarse crystal grains.


Deng Xianhe,the instructor of Hunan literature renaissance during Daoguang and Jiaqing times in Qing dynasty,took arranging the rural literature documents as his responsibility for a life time,exerting himself to be engaged in searching,arranging,compiling and inscribing "The Old Peoples Poems Around Xiang River and Yuan River in the Past","Chu Bao","Baoqing History","Chuanshan Books" and many other Hunan literature documents.At the same time,he took interest in the classical Chinese poetry,and "Nancun Grassroom Poems and writings" was one handed down.He also cared for education,helping the poor students and his virtue was extolled by one generation after another.


Diesel engines are one of the most application agricultural machines. Because of their applications in water pump and generator the user does not need to attend, their protecting is very important and it is one of the agricultural worries especially in remote areas. In this paper the effect of water radiator and fan belt relation of diesel engine temperature with is studied. In the normal condition the fan belt and radiator control the engine temperature. So the temperature increase and then remain constant. If, by any reason, the fan belt snapped or radiator becomes holed, the engine temperature will increase. By introducing a critical temperature an electro-mechanical system is designed to protect diesel engine. An electronic circuit is designed that by taking the machine electricity gives two constant voltages. One of these voltages is used for electro-valve and another is for electronic devices. This circuit will switch the diesel engine off if the engine temperature raises the critical temperature.


One of the most important factors influencing silicon solar cells performances is the front side reflectivity. Consequently, new methods for efficient reduction of this reflectivity are searched. This has always been done by creating a rough surface that enables incident light of being absorbed within the solar cell. Combination of texturization-porous silicon surface treatment was found to be an attractive technical solution for lowering the reflectivity of monocrystalline silicon (c-Si). The texturization of the monocrystalline silicon wafer was carried out by means of mechanical grooving. A specific etching procedure was then applied to form a thin porous silicon layer enabling to remove mechanical damages. This simple and low cost method reduces the total reflectivity from 29% to 7% in the 300 - 950 nm wavelength range and enhances the diffusion length of the minority carriers from 100 µm to 790 µm (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


The efficacy and safety of recombinant factor VIII Fc fusion protein (rFVIIIFc) as an extended half‐life treatment for severe haemophilia A were demonstrated in the Phase 3 A‐LONG and Kids A‐LONG studies. Eligible subjects who completed A‐LONG and Kids A‐LONG could enrol in ASPIRE (NCT01454739), an open‐label extension study.


Educational tourism is the segment which works in order to meet the growing demands of the market, to increase student and staff mobility as a key tool for personal development, to enrich the learning and research experience, to improve knowledge transfer, through active participation in multilateral projects, thematic networks, joint degrees and initiatives at regional and international level. Besides, educational tourism allows students to improve their personal skills and to increase their employability. By creating opportunities and improving the quality of mobility universities offer a unique platform for students to contribute to the shaping of Europe's future. Nowadays when all doors are open and the mental readiness of academic staff as well as students is on its top of development, there exists the man-made difficulties, barriers that hinder the process of mobility and accordingly the development of educational tourism. The article focuses on searching the ways directed at increasing and simplifying the procedures of international student mobility. "Mobility of staff, students and graduates is one of the core elements of the Bologna Process, creating opportunities for personal growth, developing international cooperation between individuals and institutions, enhancing the quality of higher education and research, and giving substance to the European dimension". Ministers responsible for Higher Education in the countries participating in the Bologna Process, London Communiqué, May 2007 In this article we consider mobility as equal definition given to one of the branches of Tourism Educational tourism. Educational tourism is the segment which works in order to meet the growing demands of the market, to increase student and staff mobility as a key tool for personal development, to enrich the learning and research experience, to improve knowledge transfer, through active participation in multilateral projects, thematic networks, joint degrees and initiatives at regional and international level. Besides, educational tourism allows students to improve their personal skills and to increase their employability. By creating opportunities and improving the quality of mobility universities offer a unique platform for students to contribute to the shaping of Europe's future. CHALLENGES OF EDUCATIONAL TOURISM IN GEORGIA 78 Mobility which is so often and widely discussed is the key to individual development and it also has a profound influence on the changes taking place in higher education. It influences not only individuals, but also study programs, research, social, cultural and linguistic aspects of education and economy. Without international cooperation, which in the XXI century means also both virtual and "traditional" mobility, a university cannot aspire to be an active and important actor in the European higher education and research area. In recent decades, the number of students studying abroad has risen dramatically, and more generally the higher education sector has become much more international. For example, in OECD countries the number of foreign students doubled between 1980 and 2001. More recent data shows that this trend of internalization is still in process; These findings suggest that mobility decisions during university have long-run effects on the careers and labor-market outcomes of individuals. In particular, mobility during the course of the studies increases international mobility in the labor market. This is interrelated with the process of increasing the level of educational quality that must be considered as a part of the package of government education policies if the goal is to achieve higher economic level which, in turn, is followed by an increased average education level, higher level of employment and earnings, more productivity and competitiveness that finally leads to a greater economic growth of the country. Georgia traditionally has been a bridge connecting the West and the East. Through history the trade roads linking the different areas crossed the Georgian territory carrying the diverse cultural tradition. Education traditions in Georgia trace their roots back to the Early Middle Ages, when education centers called academies and seminaries played important role in educating youth and providing people with scholarly works, mainly of philosophical, religious and literary character. In XI-XII cc. it was widespread in Georgia to send talented young men to Greek schools. Among those students were Ephrem Mtsire (Ephraim the Small), Ekvtime Atoneli (Euthymius the Athonite), Giorgi Atoneli (George the Hagiorite), Arsen Ikaltoeli (Arsen of Iqalto), Ioane Petritsi and others. It is also noteworthy that Georgian students who studied abroad also established theological schools there and subsequently implemented their school traditions in their homeland. This practice of Georgian students was especially strong during the reign of David the Builder. Georgian King David the Builder (1089-1125) gave close attention to the education of his people. The king selected children who were sent to the Byzantine Empire "so that they be taught languages and bring home translations made by them there". Many of them later became well-known scholars. At the time of David the Builder there were quite a few schools and academies in Georgia, among which Gelati occupies a special place. King David's historian calls Gelati Academy TINATIN KUBLASHVILI 79 ,,a second Jerusalem of all the East for learning of all that is of value, for the teaching of knowledge – a second Athens, far exceeding the first in divine law, a canon for all ecclesiastical splendors." Besides Gelati there also were other cultural-enlightenment and scholarly centers in Georgia at that time, i.e. the Academy of Ikalto. Unfortunately, being annexed by Russia in early 19th century and later being a part of the Soviet Union, Georgia was isolated from the rest of the world and was deprived of opportunity to have open relationship with different countries in any field. During the Soviet era lack of transparency and professional methods created favorable environment for corruption and disadvantageous conditions for teaching and learning process in the country. The burden of the Soviet system was felt in every field. Such situation lasted from 1918 till 1970s and moreover in fact even till 1991. Since proclaiming independence in 1991, Georgia restored its linking role with various countries. Georgia started to move to market economy, however reforming changes were interrupted by constant internal and external problems faced by the independent country, high level of corruption and lack of trend toward any kind of changes. Intensive reforming process started since 2003, after the "Rose Revolution". Since the last ten years Georgia has been growing extremely economically, has fought against corruption, has facilitated licenses, taxes and most of the burdens for foreign investors. That is why Georgia is considered to be one of the countries with the best climate for doing business. Today, when the borders are open in all directions and the priority of Georgia is EuroAtlantic integration, relationship between Georgia and European countries as well as US, entered a new phase, paying great attention on one of nowadays central issues Education. Education brings together bright people and balances the course of integration and transformation into one common Higher Education Area that also is the objective of the Bologna process to create more comparable, compatible and coherent systems of higher education in Europe. All above mentioned issues are successfully carried out at International Black Sea University (IBSU). Turkey and Georgia involve in a process of radical changes via cooperation, that traces back to the year of 1992, July 30, when Georgia and Turkey signed an agreement in the fields of economics, education, science and sport for the purpose of cooperation and neighborhood. Turkish educational firm "Çağlar" representatives consider education as an important tool in terms of strengthening friendship between the two countries. For that purpose, repCHALLENGES OF EDUCATIONAL TOURISM IN GEORGIA 80 resentatives of Turkish and Georgian sides met where they focused on establishing mutual educational institutions. International Black Sea University – established by Turkish-Georgian governments – is a good example of above mentioned higher educational institutions. The university unites intellectuals, researchers, professors, and students, which have such values in common as tolerance, dialog, high morality and positive interaction in the conditions of contemporary world. The mission of IBSU is based on globalization. Successful relations among nations can be reached by promoting intercultural communication, which exists even as a separate field that has been turned into a professional rank of scholarship and expertise. IBSU is an educational and research institution, the primary goal of which is: – To promote the development of Georgian and Global cultural values, orientation towards the ideals of democracy and humanism essential for the existence and development of a civil society; – To realize personal potential, develop the creative skills, provide for competitiveness of graduates on domestic and international labor markets, and offer to the interested ones high quality education that meets the requirements of the student community and the public; To create all conditions for study environment that enhances the quality of the student experience; also to promote equal opportunities for access, participation and achievement; – Ensure accessibility and openness of higher education, academic freedom in teaching, learning and research, provision of higher education opportunities over the entire life span, involvement of academic staff and the students in making decisions and monitoring their implementation, publicity and transparency of the University


A substrate having an electronic device in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, being a built-in electronic device having a periphery, comprising a ground conductive region and the non-conductive region; Disposed in the peripheral portion, the outer conductor having a break point conductors are broken; A first antenna comprising a first outer conductor member disposed at one side of the break point of the outer conductor; A second antenna including a second outer conductor member disposed at the other side opposite to one side of the break point of the outer conductor; It may contain.


For more than half a century, party identification has been among the most widely studied subjects in all of political science.Onemight think thatwehave learned all there is to learn about partisanship and, as a result, that nothing new could be said on the topic. The books discussed in this essay, however, have a great deal to say and they advance our understanding of party identification considerably. Perhaps it should come as no surprise that so many important books on partisanship have been produced at just this moment in time. After all, there is widespread interest in – and concern about – partisan polarization. There is considerable debate among scholars about the extent to which the public is polarized and the extensive polarization between political elites raises empirical and normative questions about the nature of party identification at all levels. Each of the books reviewed herein address those questions in one way or another. At root, these authors seek to understand how people make sense of politics. In particular, they explore the extent to which partisanship helps voters navigate the political landscape. But they are also concerned with how party loyalty (or the lack thereof) among voters affects the behavior of party elites. The empirical findings in these books complement one another, though not without some tension. And each of them moves beyond accepted ways of understanding party identification. The normative implications of their findings, however, are far from clear.


BACKGROUND
Corbicula fluminea is an invasive freshwater clam with strong environmental and economic impact. This pest management should include its application, thus biofiltration by C. fluminea was successfully tested for the treatment of winery wastewater. Fenton's process was used in order to reduce the initial effluent toxicity.

RESULTS
Clam mortality was observed to significantly decrease when exposed to Fenton's treated samples as compared to untreated wastewater. Although COD depletion by oxidation was strongly affected by the reactants concentration applied, the toxicity of the output effluent did not change considerably even when higher iron and hydrogen peroxide loads were used. Biofiltration led to COD abatements near 100% both when applied to raw and Fenton-treated effluents. However, for the raw effluent significant COD removal only occurred after an initial period where the organic load remained unchanged.

CONCLUSION
It seems advisable to integrate biofiltration with Fenton's peroxidation as a pre-treatment. The results discussed here support the integration of C. fluminea in wastewater treatment as a potential contribution to pest management.


To the Editor .—In their excellent article in the February issue of theArchives(106:164, 1973) entitled "Postoperative Diaphragmatic Herniation Following Transthoracic Fundoplication," Drs. Balison, Macgregor, and Woodward describe the importance of the complications. They stress the necessity for adequate closure of the incision in the diaphragm to prevent complications. They mention also the necessity for an adequate diaphragmatic incision to prevent "unrecognized splenic or vascular injury." Nowhere in this article was there mentioned the possibility of accomplishing this same procedure through the abdomen, thus completely doing away with the necessity for diaphragmatic incision. I believe that many other surgeons besides myself have accomplished this operation transabdominally. Shouldn't the possibility of transabdominal fundoplication be mentioned, if not stressed?


Based on forming high hardness alloying cast-penetrated layer on medium carbon steel with boron,chromium and carbon,adding Cu and RE,the influence of Cu and RE on the organization and performance of cast-penetrated layer was studied. Experiment showes that the surface properties of cast-penetrated layers with Cu or RE are improved,the hardness is incressed,and grain refinement is obvious.


Aim: to study effectiveness of different regimens of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) therapy, choice and change algorithms of ophthalmic treatment components in conditions of real clinical practice. Patients and Methods: results of 398 patients (641 eyes) with different stages of POAG, diagnosed at least 6 months ago, were included in this study. At the time of enrollment in the study, a stage of the disease was verified according to current classification of glaucoma with intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, analysis of morphometric and functional indices. Results: a mean level of IOP (all stages of the disease) at the time of glaucoma diagnosis was 28.00 (26.00; 30.00) mm Hg. It was established that a number of patients with IOP compensation is inversely proportional to a stage of the disease. All patients with the glaucoma (641 eyes) had 44 different regimens (therapy, lasers, surgery). IOP levels were analyzed in the patients with different stages of POAG who received these different regimens of therapy. Those patients in whom an advanced stage of the disease was diagnosed had significantly higher IOP at the time of diagnosis than patients with a second and first stage of the disease. An analysis of dependence of therapy regimen content on glaucoma history duration in the different stages of POAG was carried out, and the most "popular" regimens used were established. DOI: 10.21689/2311-7729-2018-18-3-116-123


Abstract A finite transitive permutation group is said to be elusive if it has no fixed-point free elements of prime order. In this paper we show that all elusive groups G = N ⋊ G 1 with N an elementary abelian minimal normal subgroup and G 1 cyclic, can be constructed from transitive subgroups of AGL(1, p 2), for p a Mersenne prime, acting on the set of p(p + 1) lines of the affine plane AG(2, p).


Objective: In these days, nobody can ignore the importance of communication. In recent years, international communications grow up increasingly; hence, translation plays a major role in transferring ideas and communication. Methodology: Which a language with a different representation of elements and rather similar meaning is converted into a language of different representation of forms, but still with rather the same concepts and meanings. In this descriptive study, the researcher attempted to investigate and approaches such as Grammar Translation Method, Direct Method or natural approach, and Audio Lingual Method. Results: Result showed that despite the wide spread popular assumption that translation should play a major part in the study of foreign language, twentieth-century theories of language teaching and learning have at best ignored the role of translation, and at worst vilified it. With regard to the crucial role that translation plays in effective communication, transferring ideas, and conveying culture; the teachers should not ignore the major role that translation can play in learning foreign language. Conclusion: The concept of translation in different teaching methods and approaches. To achieve this purpose, the status of translation was investigated in the most popular and prevalent teaching methods.


Faddeev-type configuration-space three-body scattering equations are solved for selected two-body- and two-body-plus-three-body-potential model Hamiltonians to obtain absolute predictions for the nucleon-deuteron scattering lengths $^{2}$${\mathit{a}}_{\mathit{n}\mathit{d}}$,${\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}}^{4}$${\mathit{a}}_{\mathit{n}\mathit{d}}$, $^{2}$${\mathit{a}}_{\mathit{p}\mathit{d}}$, and $^{4}$${\mathit{a}}_{\mathit{p}\mathit{d}}$. Convergence for these zero-energy scattering parameters as a function of the number of NN-potential partial waves included in the calculation is attained for the first time. Kohn variational estimates provide a measure of the precision of our numerical results. The nd predictions agree well with the measured values. The pd predictions differ substantially from accepted experimental values which are extrapolated from measurements made above 400 keV.


We present the design, processing and testing of W-band finite Grounded Frequency Selective Surface (FSS). With commercial software CADs, infinite arrays can only be simulated but for FSS design there is a need for design of finite arrays. As the simulations couldn't provide direct insight into the relevant physics, we heuristically investigated designs with intermediate complexity: from infinite array towards the finite arrays, finding out the effects of finiteness and effects of array elements on the results. We fabricated the corresponding FSS arrays on quartz substrate with etching techniques, and characterized the vector S-parameters with a free space MVNA. Introduction Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) are predominantly passive electromagnetic filters formed by thin conducting elements on a dielectric substrate or periodic aperture elements in a conducting sheet [1]. Typically the analyses of FSS and other planar periodic structures are carried out under the assumption that they are infinite in extent, even though the dimensions of practical FSS structures are necessarily finite. A number of methods, e.g., mode matching, the moment method [2]-[6], the spectral-Galerkin approach [7], and certain approximate methods, are available for analyzing infinite periodic structures. All of these methods are based on a Floquet-type representation of the fields in a unit cell, whose dimensions are typically on the order of a wavelength. However, none of these techniques allow convenient extension to the more practical geometry, which comprises a large, but finite, number of array cells. Except under the approximation that edge effects are negligible, the analysis of the finite structure cannot be simplified by invoking periodicity, and it becomes necessary to work with a large number of unknowns, often on the order of a few thousand, in order to derive an accurate solution to the finite FSS problem [8]. Matrix methods are clearly not suited for handling such problems owing to the fact that they require prohibitively large storage on the computer. The design and development of finite antenna array is complex and costly. To reduce design costs and design risks, and to improve the performance of the arrays, simulations should meet a number of criteria: they should be fast executable, they should show boundary effects and effects of mutual coupling, and they should determine the antenna performance parameters accurately [9]. Simulations based on the generally applied infinite-array approach and simulations based on the finite-element method do not satisfy these criteria. Simulations of the first type do not describe boundary effects, while simulations of the second type are computationally too expensive. Both types of simulations do not provide direct insight into the physics relevant to the designs. Analysis of FSS is very crucial for both design and application engineers. However, Computer Aided Design (CADs) can only deal with antenna arrays with infinitely periodic boundary conditions. Hence there is a need for the development of a heuristic Proceedings Symposium IEEE/LEOS Benelux Chapter, 2008, Twente


In the paper, the component algebraic immunity of vector Boolean functions is studied. A theorem on a correspondence between the maximum component algebraic immunity of a function and its balancedness is proven. A relationship between the maximum component algebraic immunity and matrices of a special form is obtained. For a small number of variables, some functions with maximum component algebraic immunity are constructed.


The evaluation of the lumbar spine by CT or MR in supine position provides excellent information about the morphology of the spinal structures (inside and outside the spinal canal) but of course cannot give dynamic information. By Newton's Third Law we know that every axial vector acting on a functional spine unit corresponds a second vector of equal intensity but of opposite direction that counterbalances the first one and brings all the structures in a dynamic equilibrium. The definition of spinal instability by White and Panjabi is well known and X-ray plain film with dynamic testing is not always satisfactory for diagnosis. From April 2003 through May 2004 we evaluated 45 patients with with a dedicated device able to produce an axial load on the patient with a dynamometer to measure the load applied. The study can be performed in all patients in whom spinal instability is clinically suspected, even if the patients underwent spine surgery. The study was performed by CT or MR but always before in rest and stress conditions. The applied load is 60–70 % of body weight, based on literature data regarding orthostatic load at the L3 S1 level. A spiral multi-slice acquisition technique must be used to obtain thin scans with which excellent 2D multiplanar (MPR) and 3D reconstructions can then be achieved. Under normal conditions, under an axial loader, we do not see significant changes in spine morphology except for pseudo-protrusion of the disks. In pathologic conditions (38 patients) we must pay attention to the following: disc modifications (appearance or disappearance of vacuum phenomenon, volumetric increasing/appearance of protrusions or herniations); intersomatic findings (increment of the lysthesis, narrowing or widening of disc space, rotational movements, posterior translation of the vertebral body); interarticular joints modifications and neural foramina narrowing; and thickening of the ligamenta flava and narrowing of interspinous spaces and hypermobility of the spinous process. We believe the CT/MR axial loader currently represents the only way to gain dynamic information in patients in whom spinal instability is clinically suspected.


Barbed broaches were used to remove the intact pulp from freshly extracted, single rooted, human first bicuspid teeth with an immature apex. The efficiency of 4 per cent sodium hypochlorite in the removal of soft tissue and predentine from the root canal wall was assessed using the scanning electron microscope. Four per cent sodium hypochlorite was found to be an efficient protein solvent in these wide canals, and this efficiency was increased by using ultrasound to activate the sodium hypochlorite solution. After 3 minutes exposure to the 4 per cent sodium hypochlorite/ultrasound combination, the root canal surface was free from pulpal debris and predentine. The presence of calcospherites on the root canal wall indicated that the debridement had been achieved without the loss of any of the calcified root canal wall thickness.


Lexile: Full Text Word Count: ISBN: Accession Number: Database: Back 4 page(s) will be printed. Record: 1 Counterpoint: Intelligent Design Means "Creationism" and Does Not Belong in Public School Science Classes Lee, Deborah Points of View: Intelligent Design; 2007, p3-3, 1p Article INTELLIGENT design (Teleology) PUBLIC schools MODERNIST-fundamentalist controversy CREATIONISM CHURCH & state GOD -Proof, Teleological The article discusses why Intelligent Design (ID) should not be taught in public school science classes. While it may be appropriate for a religion or philosophy class, ID is simply another term for Creationism and should not be taught as a scientific fact because there is no observational proof to back it up. Although ID supporters claim that it does not support a specific religious belief, one must believe on faith that it is true as there is no hard evidence proving its credibility. 123


The development of mitochondrial NAD+-malate dehydrogenase (EC 126.96.36.199) in mung bean and cucumber cotyledons was followed. using the antibody raised against it, during and following germination. The developmental patterns were quite different between the two. In cucumber, the content of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase continued to increase through 3–4 days after the beginning of imbibition. This was, at least in part, due to active synthesis of the enzyme protein, and the synthesis seemed to be regulated by the availability of the translatable mRNA for the enzyme. In mung bean, on the other hand, the enzyme was present in dry cotyledons at a rather high concentration, and remained at a constant level between day 1 and day 3 after the reduction of the content to one-half its initial level during the first day. De novo synthesis of the enzyme could not be detected in mung bean cotyledons by pulse-labeling experiment.


Abstract We present an experimental study of surface plasmon polaritons on gold bi-grating structures crossed experimentally at both ∼60° and ∼90°. The experimental observed mode positions arising from the two-dimensional reciprocal lattice provided by these surfaces are investigated in some detail, and from the information about the location of the surface plasmon resonance and critical edge positions, maps of the reciprocal space of two different bi-grating surfaces are presented for the first time. In addition the measured angular dependent reflectivities of the specular beam are compared with those generated by a new rigorous theoretical model developed by Harris et al. [J. B. HARRIS, T. W. PREIST, R. N. THORPE, J. R. SAMBLES and R. A. WATTS, J. opt. Soc. Am. (accepted)], which is a two-dimensional analogue of the differential method of Chandezon et al. (J. CHANDEZON, M. T. DUPUIS, G. CORNET and D. MAYSTRE, 1982, J. opt. Soc. Am., 72, 839).


Whilst travelling in South Africa a couple of years ago, I was introduced by family friends to a late middle aged woman, the mother of a musician and a bit of a hippy with a deep interest in jazz, with whom it was assumed I would have much in common, and in the ensuing conversation she breathlessly proclaimed that there were an infinite number of chords. Of course, I immediately disagreed and told her that there were in fact exactly 222 prime form pitch class sets 1 or, by another method of calculation, 8178 possible chords within one octave 2 (not discounting transpositionally equivalent chords), and that even if one were to follow through this method for all eight octaves of a piano, before taking into account the aural imperceptibly of the difference between many of these chords, there was most certainly a finite number of them. That she found my response objectionable is not surprising; she saw the confines of the musical world I described as literally confining. On the other hand, as a composer, I find it particularly appealing that there are a limited number of notes and chords to work with; it's precisely what allows me to compose with them. The confusion comes, I think, from the equation of finite parametric limitations with the expressive power of music or more broadly speaking, the equation of freedom with infinite choice.


Objective To investigate the clinical distribution,risk fators and antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas(P.)aeruginosa to imipenem and its pan-drug resistance for rational use of antimicrobials.Methods The susceptibility test results of P.asaeruginosa isolated from 2006-2008 were analyzed retrospectively.Results The resistance rates of P.aeruginosa to imipenem were 6.3%,20.93% and 38.04% respectively,pan-drug resistance were 0.45%,0.46% and 4.35% respectively in 2006-2008.During these years,imipenem-resistant P.aeruginosa had the increased resistance to other 14 kinds of common used antibiotics.In 2008,except amikacin(the drug-resistance rate 21.43%),the resistance rate of the other drugs reached up to over 60%.P.aeruginosa resistant to imipenem mainly distributed in ICU and and gerontologic department.Conclusion The resistance rates to imipenem and pan-resistance were increased obviously in our hospital during 2006-2008.Doctors should pay more attention to analyze the bacterial resistance profile.Amikacin is the most active agents against the P.aeruginosa isolates


PURPOSE: A base-changeable patterning apparatus and a pattern-printing apparatus are provided to improve the efficiency of patterning by enabling the change of a base on which functional ink being transferred to an offset roller is spread. CONSTITUTION: A base-changeable patterning apparatus(200) comprises an offset roller(210), a base(220), and a base change unit. The offset roller comprises a roller and a silicon or rubber blanket(212) installed on the exterior of the roller(211) and patterns a substrate(240). The functional ink is spread on the base so that the functional ink(I) is transferred to the offset roller. The base is formed of a silicon or rubber material in a flat plate shape. The base change unit picks up and transfers the base to replace the base.


In this paper, we present a novel CRC-aided turbo equalization approach that exploits the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) to reduce computational complexity. The essential idea is that, during the iterative process, once a data block in the data frame is detected totally correct by CRC, we can set all the log likelihood ratio (LLR) of the bits in this block a fixed high value for the next iteration, and stop the corresponding computation about this block, hence decreasing computation in equalization and decoding. When LDPC is used as forward-error correction (FEC) codes, it is convenient to make use of the error detection capability of LDPC instead of CRC, avoiding extra overhead. Simulations show that the proposed CRC-aided turbo equalization achieves a performance equal to or even better than that of the conventional turbo equalization algorithm, but with a lower computational complexity


Indonesia has held simultaneous regional elections on 9th December 2020. In contrast to previous years, when the campaign became a moment for citizens to gather with their prospective leaders, the Covid-19 pandemic forced the limitation of face-to-face meetings in order to implement Covid-19 health protocols. The government through the General Elections Commission (KPU) has issued General Election Commission Regulation (PKPU) 13/2020 which has explicitly encouraged candidate to use digital media in political campaigns. This is an effort to encourage candidates to take advantage of the digital space in campaigning. Currently, the candidates already have social media, but its use has not become the main information channel in political communication. During this campaign period, the candidates have used social media as a channel of political communication, but the social media used is limited to conveying invitations or information that the candidate has attended an activity, so social media has not become the main information channel in campaigning. The lack of organizing an online campaign by this candidate viewed from a philosophical perspective of egoism, based on the idea that the public or prospective voters are more focused on themselves. Participating in a online campaign for prospective voters requires extra sacrifices such as paying for internet quota fees, it is more troublesome because prospective voters have to learn to operate a online video application, and there are no direct benefits. The challenges faced in implementing an online campaign include, firstly, because it is preferred by the community, it is believed that the community prefers to meet face-to-face with the prospective leader directly because it provides direct benefits to the community, secondly, it is right on target because an online election campaign will not attract people, new voters because it will only be followed by voters who firmly support the candidate. Thirdly, because of the lack of creativity from the campaign team due to the lack of innovation from the candidates for not building a team that campaigns boldly, in addition to innovation, infrastructure problems that the evaluation of signal interference and the uneven distribution of digital infrastructure in the regions have hampered the implementation of bold campaigns.


The effect of simultaneous stresses from European corn borer, Ostrtnia nubilalis (Hubner), tunneling and drought stress on corn, Zea mays L., yield was evaluated in a 2-yr field study. Physiological yield losses (i.e., potential yield that was not produced) and potential harvest yield losses (i.e., yield loss from stalk breakage) were both evaluated. European corn borer larvae were manually infested in the plants at corn pollen shed. Physiological yield losses up to 59.1% occurred in plants grown with slight irrigation (5% of full irrigation amount) compared with fully irrigated plants. An infestation of five larvae per plant (corresponding to 3.25 cavities per plant) reduced the corn yield across the irrigation gradient by an average of 18.8 and 13.3% in 1987 and 1988, respectively, compared with undamaged plants. Under conditions of severe drought stress, the percentage yield loss per larva generally increased as the soil moisture level decreased. In 1987, plants grown in soils near the field capacity moisture level suffered a 3.1% loss per larva, compared with a 7.1% loss in plants grown in dry soils (slightly over the permanent wilting point). Yield losses from larval tunneling were primarily caused by a reduction in kernel size rather than a reduction in kernels per ear. Drought stress frequently reduced both kernels per ear and kernel density. In addition, European corn borer tunneling resulted in a 9.3% yield loss from unharvestable ears.


To discuss the research mode and direction of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) injections in oncology by analyzing manufacturing and clinical status quo.The clinical utilization of TCM injection is becoming more and more common.Needs from social economy,hospital and patients push forward the manufacture and clinical usage of them.In the mean time there are many problems in basic research,approval,advertisement,usage,adverse reaction monitoring,etc.Regulating basic research principles and supervising every link of manufacturing and utilizing are necessary to promote healthy development of traditional Chinese medicine injections in oncology.


For the flamelet regime of premixed turbulent combustion, a subgrid flame speed closure is suggested by utilizing the fractal approach and dimensional reasoning. To model the increase in the averaged fractal dimension D with u/SL, observed in various measurements, the dependence of the "fractal" dimension on the length of flamelet surface wrinkling is assumed. The processing of available experimental data supports this assumption.


The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of supervision and communication on employee performance at the Satpol PP Office in South Bengkulu Regency. The sample in this study 44 employees who have become the State Civil Apparatus (ASN) at the Satpol PP Office in South Bengkulu Regency. Data collection using a questionnaire and the method of analysis used is multiple linear regression, test of determination and hypothesis testing. The results of multiple linear regression calculations obtained the multiple linear regression equation Y = 3,762 + 0,510X1 + 0,420X2. The coefficient of determination of the Adjusted R square value is 0.487. This means that X1 (supervision) and X2 (communication) have an effect on performance (Y) by 48.7% while the remaining 51.3% is influenced by other variables not examined in this study. The results of the F test show that the significance is 0.000 <0.05. Because the significance level is below 0.05, it indicates that together X1 (supervision) and X2 (communication) have a positive and significant effect together on performance (Y). Supervision has a positive and significant effect on performance, communication has a positive and significant effect on performance because the significant value is smaller than 0.05.


Objective To explore the value of laparoscopic in the treatment of ovarian cyst. Methods All 108 patients were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group. The control group were treated by laparotomy,and the observation group were treated by laparoscopic surgery. The operative time,intraoperative blood loss,postoperative exhaust time,postoperative activity time, postoperative hospital stay as well as the ovarian function within a year of two groups were compared. Results The intraoperative blood loss in observation group was lower than control group(P0.05).The postoperative exhaust time,postoperative activity time and postoperative hospital stay in observation group were significantly shorter than control group(P0.05),but there was no difference in the operative time of two groups(P0.05). There were no obvious changes in observation group with ovarian function,and the ovarian function in control group was abnormity in the 3 and 6 months after surgery(P0.05),and there were back to normal until 12 months later. Conclusion Laparoscopic surgery with less bleeding,rapid postoperative recovery,shorter hospital stay,smaller influence for ovarian function and it is suitable for the patients with ovarian cysts without contraindication,itrs worthy of promotion and applicaction.


This Bachelors thesis deals with making web pages process, especially with making web pages process with content management systems. The thesis examines essentials principles of customer's oriented web pages and their creating. The main goals of this work are de-scription of creating customer's oriented web pages in order to add value to their cus-tomer's and also owners. The end of work analyses the process of building customer's ori-ented student's web pages and shows the suggestion how to successfully create these web pages.


WILLIAM J. KERR, M. D. (University of California Medical School, San Francisco).-In discussing the paper by Doctor Newman and Doctor Spiro on the *use of quinidin in auricular fibrillation I find it somewhat difficult to give an estimate of the value of this work without knowing a little more about how patients were selected for treatment. The high percentage of successful results in terminating the attacks of auricular fibrillation suggests that a good deal of selection was made before treatment was started. The results, therefore, are not comparable with those reported by others unless we know how many patients were seen during this time who were excluded from the series and more about the criteria upon which the patients treated were selected for this purpose. In our own clinic we have had approximately the same percentage of successful results in auricular fibrillation, but have excluded from treatment a great many patients who would have been included in earlier series. It is somewhat difficult to say anything about the statistical results reported by these authors. The authors state that they would not use quinidin in patients over sixts-five years of age, but do not offer any real proof that there is great danger in this group. It seems to me that it is one of the most valuable drugs for, many of our old people who are beginning to show paroxysmal auricular fibrillation or have. auricular fibrillation develop during the course of an infection or following an operation. It is quite certain that in many of these cases quinidin will not maintain a normal rhythm, but it seems to be of very great value in tiding some of these older people over a critical period. With regard to quinidin in general, it seems to me that if one can restore the normal sinus rhythm the patients are usually more comfortable than they were with auricular fibrillation. The only exceptions to this are those cases where the patient develops a tachycardia which may be the cause of more discomfort than the patient experiences from the auricular fibrillation. I think if one can restore the normal sinus rhythm and maintain it for a period of a few months that the treatment is worth while. So often the onset of one of the irregularities seems to herald a general circulatory failure, and if the irregularity can be stopped, then the prognosis seems a little bit more hopeful. The dangers in the use of quinidin are to be kept in mind. We must remember that quinidin is a powerful drug and that if we are to give it until we secure some effects from it, there will be cases where toxic effects will appear. These, fortunately, are usually transient, but occasionally may be very serious. Embolism, of course, is one of the accidents which may occur during treatment or when the sinus rhythm is restored, but we must remember that it is in that same group of cases that embolism occurs with digitalis or without any treatment at all. It is doubtful whether the quinidin should really be blamed for many of these accidents. Physicians should learn how to use this drug just as they have to learn how to use morphin, digitalis, and other potent drugs.


In Chelsea Quebec, four cemeteries date from the early decades of its settlement in the 1820s. Three are burial sites for Protestants and one is a Roman Catholic cemetery. These exemplify different kinds of burial sites which developed in frontier settlements: the family plot, a private burial area, a communal burial area and a church-organized site. As institutions, the cemeteries in Chelsea appear to be models or types common to stages of pioneer settlement. Most studies of nineteenth-century cemeteries and social values associated with death, dying and burial during that time have emphasized church-run sites and urban areas, where city cemetery reforms were prompted by overcrowding and public health concerns. Yet most Canadians—and North Americans—lived in rural areas during this period. In this rural municipality located within a twenty-minute drive from the cities of Ottawa and Hull, the slower rate of community growth and actions to preserve two of its cemeteries as historic sites have presented an opportunity to assess their present status and to research their history. Starting with the cemeteries and their monuments as a primary source, and referring to land grants, church and municipal records, census, newspaper and local people, a rich resource of information has helped to flesh out the story of these grave sites and those buried there. As one of the early unplanned needs in a new community, the first graves were soon followed by others, and cemetery sites were developed by families and community groups. This study traces the organization of cemeteries in Chelsea during its pioneer period, how they continued and changed over time, and their late-twentieth-century roles. It also looks at the relationship between Chelsea's communities of the dead and the living, and the information communicated about the dead as individuals within this community. While the dead were mourned as individuals, their monuments interpreted their lives in terms of the people, and sometimes the places, with which they had been associated. Age and death date were important in nineteenth-century Chelsea, while cause of death was rarely mentioned on its monuments, and only in the late twentieth century does the occasional


Abstract : A wind tunnel investigation of three basic shapes (cubes, rectangles, and cylinders) was conducted to determine the aerodynamic characteristics of similar shaped cargos carried externally by helicopters or V/STOL aircraft. The ratio of side area to frontal area was used as a parameter to plot the lift, drag, and pitching moment versus angle of attack for the three shapes. The lift, drag, and pitching moment coefficients were plotted for angles of attack from +5 degrees to -90 degrees. The change in slopes of the pitching moment of both rectangles and cylinders was smooth and gradual indicating no rapid changes in static stability. By using a very flat nose fairing, it was possible to reduce the drag by 30% at 0 degrees angle of attack without increasing the forces at the larger angles of attack.


Data recovery on a manifold is an important problem in many applications. Many such problems, e.g. compressive sensing, involve solving a system of linear equations knowing that the unknowns lie on a known manifold. The aim of this paper is to survey theoretical results and numerical algorithms about the recovery of signals lying on a manifold from linear measurements. Particularly, we focus on the case where signals lying on an algebraic variety. We first introduce the tools from algebraic geometry which plays an important role in studying the minimal measurement number and also show its applications. We finally introduce the numerical algorithms for solving it.


abstractSeabeach has unique geological features leading to a conflict and incompatibility of current land laws and the law of ocean beach.In the respects of seabeach protection and utilization overlapping and contradiction of jurisdiction among rights groups,a rational mechanism of balance of autonomy-regulation shall be sought for to be integrated into the environment,eological and economic benefits and so on.Where the legal system concerning the use and protection of seabeach is so called to restrict the right to utilize,it shall include the special legal characteristic of seabeach,transfer mechanism of coastal beach,expropriation compensation and environmental protection mechanism and so on.


High-quality single crystals of CuInS2, grown by the traveling heater method in an indium solvent, were characterized using photoluminescence (PL) and reflectance (RF) at temperatures from 4.2to300K. A number of well-resolved sharp excitonic peaks have been observed in the near-band-edge region of the PL and RF spectra at 4.2K. The lines at 1.536 and 1.554eV in the RF spectra were associated with A and (B,C) free-excitonic transitions, respectively. In the PL spectra the A exciton revealed a well-resolved splitting into two peaks at 1.5348 and 1.5361eV assigned to the lower and upper branches of exciton polariton, respectively. Other sharp lines were assigned to excitons bound at shallow impurities. The experimental temperature variation of the band gap was analyzed using the Bose–Einstein model. Two deeper bands in the PL spectra were identified as free-to-bound optical transitions followed by phonon replicas.


In the early 1960s, Peace Corps staff turned to American colleges and universities to prepare young Americans for volunteer service abroad. In doing so, the agency applied the university's modernist conceptions of citizenship education to volunteer training. The training staff and volunteers quickly discovered, however, that prevailing methods of education in the university were ineffective for community-development work abroad. As a result, the agency evolved its own pedagogical practices and helped shape early ideas of service learning in American higher education. The Peace Corps staff and supporters nonetheless maintained the assumptions of development and modernist citizenship, setting limits on the broader visions of education emerging out of international volunteerism in the 1960s. The history of the Peace Corps training in the 1960s and the agency's efforts to rethink training approaches offer a window onto the underlying tensions of citizenship education in the modern university.


This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fast food customer's perceived risks on risk reduction behavior, attitude and purchase intention. A total of 268 usable surveys were collected using a stratified random sampling method. Descriptive analysis and factor analysis was then conducted using SPSS 12.0, and a Cronbach's was generated to estimate the internal consistency of the survey items. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationships among variables. The results indicated that fast food safety and monetary risks had a negative effect on customer feelings and satisfaction with fast food, which had a positive effect on buying purpose and recommendation purpose. Conversely, obesity and monetary risks only had a negative effect on buying purpose. An improved menu more effectively reduced the risk perceived by the fast-food customers than an improved image.


Various physical properties of the pyrochlore oxide Y 2-x Bi x Ir 2 O 7 have been studied. The magnetizations M measured under the conditions of the zero-field-cooling(ZFC) and the field-cooling(FC) have different values below the temperature T=T G . The anomalous T-dependence of the electrical resistivities ρ and the thermoelectric powers S observed at around T G indicates that the behavior of the magnetization is due to the transition to the state with the spin freezing. In this spin-frozen state, the Hall resistivities ρ H measured with the ZFC and FC conditions are found to have different values, too, in the low temperature phase (T<T G ). Possible mechanisms which induce such the hysteretic behavior are discussed.


Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons of the pars compacta in the substantia nigra. It has been suggested that environmental or intrinsic toxic factors for mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons are associated with this progressive neuronal loss. Using a primary rat mesencephalic dopaminergic culture method, we tested the impact of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from patients with PD on the survival of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Specimens of CSF were obtained by lumbar puncture from 6 patients with PD (including 2 patients never treated with L-dopa) and control patients with other neurological diseases. On day 4 of in vitro culture of the CSF specimens, 20% of the growth medium was exchanged with the < 10 kDa fraction of CSF. The survival of dopaminergic neurons was evaluated by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) staining on day 6 of in vitro culture. The percentage of TH-positive neurons significantly decreased in cultures treated with the < 10 kDa fraction of CSF from PD patients (3.0 ± 1.4%; mean ± SD) than in those from control subjects (6.2 ± 2.5%, P < 0.05), without any significant difference to the total cell number. The toxicity of CSF from PD patients not treated with L-dopa was significantly higher than that from PD patients treated with L-dopa. A dose-response curve of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP + ) toxicity on this culture was tested in a range from 0.1 to 20 μM (median effective dose, 1.0 μM). The mean effect of the 20% medium replacement with the < 10 kDa fraction of CSF from PD patients was equivalent to that of 5.0 μM MPP + . It is suggested that a somewhat toxic factor exists in CSF of PD patients, which is one of the causes of the development of PD.


1. Instead of understanding reflexivity as a mean of emancipation, this piece relies on Pierre Bourdieu's definition. From this perspective, doing reflexive research means that the point of view of the researcher becomes an object of study in itself. Pierre Bourdieu and Loïc J.D. Wacquant, An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 69. 2. Michel Callon, 'What Does It Mean to Say That Economics Is Performative?' in Donald Mackenzie and Fabian Muniesa (eds), Do Economists Make Markets? On the Performativity of Economics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), pp. 311–57. 3. Lene Hansen, 'R.B.J. Walker and International Relations: Deconstructing a Discipline', in Ole Waever and Iver B. Neumann (eds), The Future of International Relations: Masters in the Making (London: Routledge, 1997), pp. 339–60. 4. Michel Callon observed how scientific discourse performed scallops, and how scallops resisted this performance in a seminal article on the sociology of translation. See Michel Callon, 'Éléments pour une sociologie de la traduction: la domestication des coquilles Saint-Jacques et des marinspêcheurs dans la baie de Saint-Brieuc', L'Année sociologique, 36, 1986, pp. 169–208. 5. Patrick Thaddeus Jackson, The Conduct of Inquiry in International Relations: Philosophy of Science and Its Implications for the Study of World Politics (London: Routledge, 2011), p. 268. 6. Jan Selby, 'Engaging Foucault: Discourse, Liberal Governance and the Limits of Foucauldian IR', International Relations, 21(3), 2007, pp. 324–45. 7. R.B.J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993). 8. Callon, 'What Does It Mean to Say That Economics Is Performative'. 9. Barry Buzan and Richard Little, 'Why International Relations Has Failed as an Intellectual Project and What to Do About It', Millennium, 30(1), 2001, pp. 19–39. 10. Finn Stepputat, 'Knowledge Production in the Security-Development Nexus: An Ethnographic Reflection', Security Dialogue, 43(5), 2012, pp. 439–55. 11. Michel Foucault, Surveiller et Punir: Naissance de la Prison (Paris: Gallimard, 1975), p. 94. 12. Anna Leander, 'The Promises, Problems, and Potentials of a Bourdieu-Inspired Staging of International Relations', International Political Sociology, 5(3), 2011, pp. 294–313. 13. Walker, Inside/Outside. 14. Callon, 'Éléments pour une sociologie de la traduction'. 15. Chris Brown, 'Borders and Identity in International Political Theory', in Mathias Albert, David Jacobson and Yosef Lapid (eds), Identities, Borders, Orders: Rethinking International Relations Theory (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2001), pp. 117–36.


This dissertation investigates the dispersive limits of the nonlinear Klein‐Gordon equations. First, we perform the mathematical derivation of the compressible and incompressible Euler equations from the modulated nonlinear Klein‐Gordon equation. Before the formation of singularities in the limit system, the nonrelativistic‐semiclassical limit is shown to be the compressible Euler equations. If we further rescale the time variable, then in the semiclassical limit (the light speed kept fixed), the incompressible Euler equations are recovered. We also establish the singular limits including semiclassical, nonrelativistic and nonrelativistic‐semiclassical limits of the Cauchy problem for the modulated defocusing nonlinear Klein‐Gordon equation. For the semiclassical limit, we show that the limit wave function of the modulated defocusing cubic nonlinear Klein‐Gordon equation solves the relativistic wave map and the associated phase function satisfies a linear relativistic wave equation. The nonrelativistic limit of the modulated defocusing nonlinear Klein‐Gordon equation is the defocusing nonlinear Schrodinger equation. The nonrelativistic‐semiclassical limit of the modulated defocusing cubic nonlinear Klein‐Gordon equation is the classical wave map for the limit wave function and typical linear wave equation for the associated phase function.


In this paper, we investigate a multi-node multi-antenna wireless-powered sensor network (WPSN) comprised of one power beacon and multiple sensor nodes. We have implemented a real-life multi-node multi-antenna WPSN testbed that operates in real time. We propose a beam-splitting beamforming technique that enables a power beacon to split microwave energy beams toward multiple nodes for simultaneous charging. We experimentally demonstrate that the beam-splitting beamforming technique achieves the Pareto optimality. For perpetual operation of the sensor nodes, we adapt an energy neutral control algorithm that keeps a sensor node alive by balancing the harvested and consumed power. The joint beam-splitting and energy neutral control algorithm is designed by means of the Lyapunov optimization technique. In our experiments, the proposed algorithm has successfully kept all sensor nodes alive by optimally splitting energy beams toward multiple sensor nodes.


We report from the development of a T-matrix representation of the De Wolf series for seismic waveform modeling and inversion based on the scalar wave equation in the frequency domain. We show that the renormalized DWS has a much large convergence radius and speed than the naive Born series. We have not renormalized the inverse problem, but we have used the DWS to develop a Gauss-Newton consistent method for FWI that does not require a full forward simulation at each iteration. Since the DWS accounts for multiple backscattering as well as the phase-accumulation in the forward direction, the forward model can be accurately updated after each iteration via simple matrix multiplication independent of the sourcereceiver geometry. The excellent convergence properties of the DWS are illustrated with numerical examples dealing with seismic modeling and FWI in strongly scattering media.


In the paper we study sharp maximal inequalities for martingales and non-negative submartingales: if $f$, $g$ are martingales satisfying \[|\mathrm{d}g_n|\leq|\mathrm{d}f_n|,\qquad n=0,1,2,...,\] almost surely, then \[\Bigl\|\sup_{n\geq0}|g_n|\Bigr\|_p\leq p\|f\|_p,\qquad p\geq2,\] and the inequality is sharp. Furthermore, if $\alpha\in[0,1]$, $f$ is a non-negative submartingale and $g$ satisfies \[|\mathrm{d}g_n|\leq|\mathrm{d}f_n|\quad and\quad |\mathbb{E}(\mathrm{d}g_{n+1}|\mathcal {F}_n)|\leq\alpha\mathbb{E}(\mathrm{d}f_{n+1}|\mathcal{F}_n),\qquad n=0,1,2,...,\] almost surely, then \[\Bigl\|\sup_{n\geq0}|g_n|\Bigr\|_p\leq(\alpha+1)p\|f\|_p,\qquad p\geq2,\] and the inequality is sharp. As an application, we establish related estimates for stochastic integrals and It\^{o} processes. The inequalities strengthen the earlier classical results of Burkholder and Choi.


Will the Real Millard Fillmore Please Stand Up? Rachelle Moyer Francis Enslow Publishers, Inc., 2006 Most Americans have long accepted the assessment that Millard Fillmore was the most undistinguished of American presidents. (It is, of course, hard to tell whether he will continue to hold down last place after time has allowed the reputations of recent presidents to ferment for a while). That is why it is surprising that this unassuming little book, which presents a wholly different view of Fillmore, is so refreshing and thought provoking. Fillmore was elected vice-president of the United States in 1848 as General Zachary Taylor's running mate and took office in March 1849. He succeeded to the presidency on July 9,1850, when Taylor died of cholera. At the next election in 1852, the Whig party gave its nomination to General Winfield Scott rather than to Fillmore. Although Fillmore ran again in 1856 as the American Party candidate, he came in third behind James Buchanan and John Fremont. If ever events have conspired to form reputations, those surrounding Fillmore, and at the same time Abraham Lincoln, provide perhaps the best example. For almost a century and a half, Lincoln has been perceived in mythical proportions. His having been born in a log cabin, his long walks to school, his rail-splitting-all these and more have been the subject of countless tellings, with the image of a hero fashioned out of the American wilderness. The love that has so long embraced him was hammered out on the anvil of war. Conflict, victory, martyrdom and the decades of intense passion that followed them gave Lincoln a special place in the hearts of most Americans. Meanwhile, Fillmore has languished in a back storeroom (a "dustbin") of history. It surprises us, then, that he was born in a log cabin; that he was self-taught through a craving for learning; that he, too, split rails as one of his many boyhood farm chores; and that he on several occasions walked long distances, sometimes 100, sometimes 140 miles, across upstate New York, not as pleasure jaunts but in pursuit of family or business. In his case, though, none of that makes him the subject of legend. What happened was that Fillmore, as a man of peace who sought reconciliation between the North and the South ten years before the Civil War, was appreciated only by those who shared that purpose. The firebrands on each side of the slavery issue cared nothing for him; and after the war broke out, and especially after the North won, the victors wrote the history. The losers and the peacemakers had no reputations to carry aloft. It made no difference that Fillmore, like Lincoln, had been a rail splitter. Nor has it made any difference that Fillmore helped found the University of Buffalo and served as its first chancellor until his death; as president, worked in the bucket brigade when the Library of Congress burned; helped start the Buffalo Fine Arts Academy; became the first president of the Buffalo Historical Society; was a founder and trustee of the Grosvenor Library; and assisted in starting the Buffalo General Hospital, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and the Buffalo Museum of Science. For an undistinguished fellow, that was pretty good, but in his case not the stuff that spawned a myth. Rachelle Moyer Francis has done us a service writing this history. She was well prepared to do so, having already written several books about the history of western New York State. There's nothing pretentious about the book, which can be read as well by an elementary school student as by an adult. But pretension isn't what a thoughtful reader values most. …


One of the country's economic development indicators is reflected in the country's economic growth. Objective: This study was conducted to examine the effect of the use of energy sources and CO2 emissions on economic growth in different regime in Indonesia. Data and Method: The data used are annual time series data published by World Development Indicators (WDI) database during the year 2004-2019.The data analysis method used is the ARDL regression approach model. Result: The results of the study found that CO2 gas emissions in the short and long term do not affect economic growth. The use of imported energy and energy use has a negative effect on economic growth in the short term. Meanwhile, in the long term, it has a positive effect on economic growth. Furthermore, this study found that renewable electricity output has a positive effect on economic growth in both the short and long term and renewable energy cons has no effect on economic growth in the short and long term. Finally, this study found that the difference between the regime of the SBY and JKW periods influenced economic growth.


Magnesium hydroxide nanoplates ca. 50 nm in thickness can be prepared over minute timescales via hydrothermal synthesis in a multimode cavity (MMC) microwave reactor. This approach allows ca. 1 g of single-phase Mg(OH)2 to be synthesised in less than 3 minutes without the requirement of surfactants or non-aqueous solvents. The hydroxide nanomaterial dehydrates at temperatures >200 K below that of the equivalent bulk material and can be utilised as a precursor for the pseudomorphic synthesis of nanoplates of MgO as investigated by TG-DTA-MS, PXD and SEM measurements. Equally, the pseudomorphic synthesis can be performed by irradiating the Mg(OH)2 nanomaterial with microwaves for 6 minutes to produce single-phase MgO.


The principle of proportionality constitutes a complex principle that could be seen as the keystone of the general principles of Community law and ECHR. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the influence of European Community (EC) law and the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) on the definition and application of the principle of proportionality in Swedish public law from 1996 to 2006. The Supreme Administrative Court has given some indications as to the application of the principle of proportionality, notably as to the importance of the balancing of interests. Interestingly, this Court has also been proactive as to the application of the principle of proportionality in internal law, e.g. concerning environmental law, tax law, administrative licenses. Moreover, the principle has influenced national legislation in many fields. It is argued, finally, that these jurisprudential and legislative developments increase the judicial protection of the individual and also modifies the structure of traditional judicial review by attributing a new role to Swedish national courts.


The electromagnetic (EM) loads during plasma disruptions represent one of the main concern for the ITER in-vessel components. To reduce their effects on the mechanical structures some blanket and divertor design changes have been recently introduced. The effectiveness of these changes has been checked for some of the most critical disruption events, centred disruptions and vertical displacement event disruptions. In order to evaluate the contribution to the EM loads of the halo currents as well as of the currents induced by the thermal quench, a plasma model has also been developed.


CCRI(II) key comparison data consist of a measured value of activity concentration, independently obtained, and the associated standard uncertainty for each laboratory participating in a key comparison. A method is proposed for calculating a key comparison reference value (KCRV), its associated standard uncertainty, and degrees of equivalence (DoE) for the laboratories. The estimator has the property that for increasingly discrepant data sets there is a smooth transition of the KCRV from the weighted mean to the arithmetic mean. It is a good compromise between efficiency and robustness, while providing also a reliable uncertainty. A suitable statistical criterion is provided to identify extreme data.. As the Commission's in-house science service, the Joint Research Centre's mission is to provide EU policies with independent, evidence-based scientific and technical support throughout the whole policy cycle. Working in close cooperation with policy Directorates-General, the JRC addresses key societal challenges while stimulating innovation through developing new standards, methods and tools, and sharing and transferring its know-how to the Member States and international community. Key policy areas include: environment and climate change; energy and transport; agriculture and food security; health and consumer protection; information society and digital agenda; safety and security including nuclear; all supported through a cross-cutting and multi-disciplinary approach. L A -N A -2 5 3 5 5 -E N -N


Data-driven surrogates are convenient tools to reduce the cost of electromagnetic (EM)-based design tasks such as optimization or statistical analysis. However, their construction for the majority of practical antenna structures is a challenging task, primarily due to the curse of dimensionality and nonlinearity of antenna characteristics. This paper proposes a novel technique for reliable antenna modeling in multidimensional spaces over wide ranges of geometry parameters. It involves domain confinement based on pre-optimized reference designs and principal component analysis for dimensionality reduction. Our approach is demonstrated using a dual-band dipole antenna and compared to state-of-the-art approximation methods. The results indicate that accurate surrogates can be set up using small training data sets.


ABSTRACT Unlike modern maps, geometric maps lack a coordinate system and contain unsystematic geometric inaccuracies. This paper illuminates four aspects concerning the problem of uniting geographical information technology with old geometric maps. These are as follows: first, the origin of and geometric qualities in the representation of objects in geometric maps; second, the distortions originating from measurement techniques; third, the assumption that it is possible to find points that are the same over time for rectification in Geographic Information System (GIS); and, fourth, the extrapolation of unsystematic geometric distortions when using GIS techniques without any knowledge of the present unsystematic distortions in a map. The article presents the background of Swedish geometric maps and a hypothetical example is used to present the principle problems of using GIS techniques to rectify geometric maps. The conclusion of the paper is that systematic and unsystematic geometric distortions need to be identified and handled separately.


shortly after the Mongolfier brothers' first ascents in a hot-air balloon. Howgego describes the background to and content of the narrative, and includes observations from contemporary reviews, one of which reviled it as "the most contemptible catchpenny that has been for some time crammed down the throats of the public." [3] The complex relationship between reality and myth (and the lengths to which people will go to capitalize on others' misfortune) is evident from the nine entries devoted to Jean-François de La Pérouse. The first summarizes La Pérouse's tragic voyage of exploration, and the rest cover inventions – letters, memoirs, plays, and other forms – of what happened after his ships' disappearance in 1788. A secondary problem is that of deciding what to include, and how to distinguish an invented and apocryphal narrative from an adventure novel. Between 1816 and 1824, Sarah Lee twice accompanied her husband, an employee of the Royal African Company, to West Africa. An accomplished naturalist, after his death in 1824 she supported her young family by writing extensively on various aspects of natural history. In 1847, she published The African Wanderers, which recounts the three-year peregrinations of two sailors through West Africa after being put ashore by their shipmates. Their itinerary is based on Lee's own travels, supplemented by the work of others for places she had not visited, and she took pains "to ensure that the scientific and geographic content of the work is wholly accurate." [263] She followed this with a similar account of Australia but based entirely on secondary sources, as she had never been. One cannot reasonably find fault with Howgego's omissions, or commissions, for this volume takes him well into previously uncharted territory. As for how he ultimately chooses to draw his own boundaries – "It is not down on any map," as Melville writes, "true places never are."


This case report highlights the management of single metastasis in the liver with stereotactic body radiotherapy in a previously treated case of carcinoma breast.


In previous NRC-sponsored work a general methodology was developed to quantify the risk contributions from aging components at nuclear plants. The methodology allowed Probabilistic Risk Analyses (PRAs) to be modified to incorporate the age-dependent component failure rates and also aging maintenance models to evaluate and prioritize the aging contributions from active components using the linear aging failure rate model and empirical components aging rates. In the present paper, this methodology is extended to passive components (for example, the pipes, heat exchangers, and the vessel). The analyses of passive components bring in issues different from active components. Here, we specifically focus on three aspects that need to be addressed in risk-based aging prioritization of passive components.


Reconstruction of large avulsive defects of the mandible has often been characterized by instability and poor cosmetic and functional results. Animal experiments have demonstrated that freeze-dried rat bone grafts infused with the recipient's bone marrow were indistinguishable from fresh autogenous grafts. With similar grafts in humans, it should be possible to replace any portion of the mandible with a graft that is closely matched by size and shape to the particular defect. In our patient a large mandibular defect was replaced, using a banked human mandible which had been hollowed out and filled with autogenous cancellous red-marrow-containing bone. The graft was successful, and an excellent cosmetic and functional result was achieved. There is radiographic evidence of regeneration of new, normal bone in this patient, who has been followed closely for nearly two years.


This paper reports on the author's recent research into family-level mapping using data from manuscript notebooks compiled in the late nineteenth century by Charles Booth, author of the ground-breaking study of poverty in London: Labour and Life of the People. Using Booth's original data, the paper suggests ways in which recent visualisation technologies can be used to provide insights into historical data. In particular, it reports on the use of state-of-the-art videogame technology to develop an interactive 3-D visualisation engine to display point-located social data. The paper describes the software, its advantages and disadvantages for visualising historical data, and reports how it resolves a widespread and vexing problem in thematic mapping.


This article explores security issues in the South Pacific Region and the notion of forming a regional security force to address security issues which may be beyond the capacity of small Pacific island countries. In particular it focuses on the participation of Papua New Guinea since it is the largest of the Pacific island countries in terms of population, physical landmass and natural resources. A study by the authors, funded by the Oceania Development Network, gathered views of personnel from the Papua New Guinea Defence Force, the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary, the Papua New Guinea Correctional Institutional Service and the general public, as well analysing documentary evidence from Pacific Islands Forum meetings. The findings of their research, which indicate strong support for forming a regional security force, are based on an empirical, two month study that was conducted in Lae, Port Moresby, Goroka, Wewak, Wabag and Mount Hagen, in October and November of 2006.


Abstract The present study was aimed to explore the chemical composition and evaluate the biological efficacy of needles and stem bark oils of three Pine plant species: Pinus roxburghii, P. wallichiana, and P. gerardiana for oxidative, inflammatory and infectious diseases. The essential oils of three Pinus plants (needles and bark) were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC/MS. The essential oils were further assessed for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial activities in-vitro. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against four bacterial strains by using agar well diffusion test. The antioxidant activity was evaluated utilizing the DPPH free radical scavenging assay and Nitric oxide assay. The GC/MS analysis leads to the identification of compounds in essential oils of P. roxburghii, P. wallichiana, and P. gerardiana. The oils showed significant anti-oxidant activity by scavenging DPPH and nitric oxide. The oils also showed promising in-vitro anti- inflammatory activities on albumin denaturation assay and HRBC membrane stabilization assay. The oils showed significant inhibition in the growth of microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aurignosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumonia, when compared to control. The observed results back the suggestion that non-polar constituents from the essential oils of Pinus plant species have the biological potential to treat oxidative, inflammatory, and bacterial infections. This may derive rationale for the medicinal properties of Pinus oil lends credence to age-old use and holds for the production of novel drugs.


INTRODUCTION Almost nothing is known of the stylet penetration (probing) behaviors of the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS), Homalodisca coagulata, and how they interact with populations of Pierce's disease (PD) bacterium, Xylella fastidiosa, to facilitate transmission to grapevine. The Backus project is combining the three most successful methods of studying leafhopper feeding (i.e. histology of fed-upon plant tissues, videotaping of feeding on transparent diets, and electropenetration graph [EPG] monitoring) to definitively identify all details of feeding. Both AC and DC EPG monitoring are being performed. All recorded waveforms will be correlated with stylet activities, cell types within the host plant in which activities occur, and presence or movement of X. fastidiosa in and out of the stylets. This research will provide crucial baseline information for the present projects of collaborators, as well as the future development of a Stylet Penetration Index for PD inoculation behavior, for screening differences among grapevine varieties and other uses.


Crosstalk noise due to the electromagnetic coupling between wires adversely affects VLSI circuit performance. This makes interconnect testing an important issue in reliability evaluation that causes extra area and hardware overhead. In this paper, we present a novel test methodology that we refer to as Test Adapted Shielding (TAS) in order to improve testing challenges and also to optimize crosstalk noise. The test structure of TAS is designed to improve circuit performance by insertion of modified shield lines. The developed hardware for test data is smart enough to avoid aggregation over victim lines in crosstalk. Besides, the TAS test methodology is optimized in power consumption, complexity, fault occurrence, and fault detection. The proposed technique is implemented in HSPICE and MATLAB and the extracted results are used to evaluate its functionality. We show that crosstalk noise is decreased by about 49% and test coverage is 100% for negative and positive glitches.


The concept system around 'quantity' and 'quantity value' is fundamental for measurement science, but some very basic issues are still open on such concepts and their relation. This paper argues that quantity values are in fact individual quantities, and that a complementarity exists between measurands and quantity values. This proposal is grounded on the analysis of three basic 'equality' relations: (i) between quantities, (ii) between quantity values and (iii) between quantities and quantity values. A consistent characterization of such concepts is obtained, which is then generalized to 'property' and 'property value'. This analysis also throws some light on the elusive concept of magnitude.


1. From cotton trader to investment banker: 1844-2008 2. From hubris to nemesis: January to September 2008 3. The fateful weekend 4. Regulating the 'Big Five' 5. The largest bankruptcy in American history 6. The destruction of value 7. Lehman's valuation of its assets 8. Measuring value 9. Monitoring value 10. Chasing a chimera? Appendix 1: The Lehman Brothers Board of Directors in 2007 Appendix 2: The Lehman Brothers Corporate Structure Index


The ratio of prearranging slab number has important influence on the DHCR and contract completion.Because of the low ratio of prearranging slab number,the measures of adjusting production operation,optimizing prearranging slab number rules,improving information management and production design have been proposed based on analysis of the influence factors of prearranging slab number,the ratio of prearranging slab number increased from 86% to 95% after these measures.


An empirical examination of the effect of the 2007 to 2009 financial crisis on the US tourism industry using equity price returns and firm performance ratios for 30 US tourism firms is undertaken in three parts. The joint test of financial market contagion proposed by Fry-McKibbin, Hsiao and Martin (2017) is applied to show that high frequency aggregate US equity market shocks of the financial crisis have a significant impact on US tourism industry returns. Construction of a crisis severity index shows that the peak of the crisis is concurrent with the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September 2008 where more than 80% of the US tourism firms are affected by more than expected by the crisis. Relating the probability of crisis transmission to fundamentals by estimating a logit model of the ffect of the firm specific indicators of profitability, liquidity and leverage shows that it is the liquidity and leverage ratios that correlate most with being affected by contagion. The findings o¤er practical value to tourism firms to monitor and control their performance measures in preparation for future economic downturns.


A computational model of the fear circuit was developed to study regulation of fear by amygdala intercalated (ITC) neurons within the amygdala. A new biophysical model of an ITC neuron was developed first to capture its bistable behavior caused by an unusual slowly deinactivating current. An existing lateral amygdala network model was then extended into an overall fear circuit by adding ITC neurons, together with additional amygdaloid structures. Using a biophysical Hebbian learning rule for plastic synapses, the model successfully simulated the amygdala responses during acquisition, extinction, and recall of extinction in auditory fear conditioning. Results showed that fear could be regulated by the bistability of ITC neurons. The model also suggested additional sites for the storage fear and extinction memories.Copyright © 2008 by ASME


This paper provides empirical estimates of the determinants of crime rates in Australia. It differs from most modern criminological analysis by being aggregative rather than offender-based and by deriving from the economic approach to criminal behaviour. Its major finding is that court committals and imprisonments have operated as major deterrent factors in explaining variations in recorded crime rates. These deterrence results seem especially strong and robust. Improved measurement, however, could alter the findings for some other influences examined. The paper considers the relationship of these research findings to criminal justice policy.