Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) entrapment due to a sphenoidal fracture from a traumatic event is an extremely rarely reported occurrence. Traumatic entrapment of unilateral ACA has only been reported twice in the literature, with bilateral ACA entrapment due to trauma never before described.1, 2 Traumatic entrapment of the vertebrobasilar junction due to longitudinal clival fractures has been reported before with a high morbidity and mortality rate.3 Traumatic cerebral infarction is rare, with an incidence of 0.2 to 1.6 per cent most common in the internal carotid artery, followed by the middle cerebral artery, and then the vertebral and basilar artery territories.4 Traumatic infarction in the ACA territory is extremely rare. Presented here is a rare case of bilateral ACA entrapment due to a sphenoidal fracture and resultant cerebral infarction. The patient was transferred to an outside neurosurgery service for nontraditional bypass surgery but ultimately was unsuccessful and suffered significant neurologic injury due to ACA occlusions. A 41-year-old Spanish-speaking male was reported to have sustained a 35-foot fall into a deep body of water, possibly hitting a sandbar. At the scene, he was initially responsive with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 15, but was noted to have left-sided hemiparesis. On arrival to the local emergency department, the patient was examined and on CT scan was found to have sustained multiple facial, orbital, and basilar skull fractures, but reportedly did not have intracranial hemorrhage. On reassessment, the patient was found to have a decline to a GCS of eight and was subsequently intubated. The patient was then transferred to our level I trauma center for further management of his care because of his condition and the mechanism of injury. On arrival, the patient was found to have equal bilateral breath sounds, was hemodynamically stable, had a GCS of 6T (M4) with movement only on the right side, and was externally found to have only facial trauma. Of note, the original GCS may have been inaccurate, as the patient was found to be Spanish speaking and his extensive periorbital edema may have precluded him from opening his eyes for examination. Otolaryngology was consulted for the facial fractures and neurosurgery for his skull fractures and left-sided hemiparesis. After primary survey, further imaging was ordered, including a repeat head CT without contrast, maxillofacial CT to evaluate facial trauma, and neck CT angiogram (CTA) assessing for blunt cardiovascular injury. Imaging revealed a mildly comminuted fracture involving the frontal sinuses and nasal ethmoidal complex extending intracranially, mildly displaced fractures of the orbital walls, crush injury of the maxillary sinuses and pterygoid plates, and mild zygomatic arch fractures. Also, an area of diminished/absent flow to the proximal intracranial right vertebral artery, moderate traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, and a new acute right ACA distribution infarction with no evidence of hemorrhage, significant mass effect, or carotid dissection were found. The patient was then transferred to the Surgical Intensive Care Unit, vascular access was obtained, hypertonic saline was administered, and the patient was started on antibiotics for the facial fractures, resuscitated with crystalloid fluids, and placed on controlled mechanical ventilation. By hospital day two, the patient was notably a GCS 8T (E1 limited by facial swelling, V1, M6 only on the right side). As the etiology of the right-sided infarction was still not known by hospital day three, the neurosurgery team had recommended obtaining a CTA of the head. Imaging revealed entrapment of bilateral ACA into the sphenoid sinus via a complex anterior skull base fracture with a possible pseudoaneurysm of the left ACA and near occlusion of the right ACA (Figs. 1 and 2). After reviewing the imaging, the neurosurgery team concluded that the pseudoaneurysm could not be treated by endovascular means but instead required sacrificing the left ACA, which would likely ultimately lead to Address correspondence and reprint requests to Jed Castillo, M.D., Department of Surgery, Vidant Medical Center, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834. E-mail: email@example.com.


By LS-DYNA,the high speed penetrated process of LY-12 stiffened panel with steel discrete rod from skin at different angle of attack is numerically simulated, and By analyzing the simulation results,this paper acquired the damage size forecast formula.The simulation results show that with the incerase of discrete rod's attack angle,the damage size of stiffened panel increased,and the remaining velocity of rod decreased.But the change of rod's remaining mass is so complex;it becomes biggish after horizontal penetration.In the same condition,the damage size of stiffened panel is bigger than that of flat plate,the rod's remaining mass and velocity become lower than flat plate's.


Isogeometric analysis (IGA) method uses the same mathematical model in geometric design and engineering analysis, and is the most potential method to realize high accuracy and integrated optimization design. Finite Cell Method (FCM) introduces high order finite element method into fictitious domain method, and it has great advantages of complex boundary representation and high efficient convergence. In order to break through IGA's limit on geomerty's topology, IGA and FCM are combined together in this research. Function Heasivide and Dirac are used to approximate the computational domain and its first order derivative, then the stiffness matrix on the fictitious domain are calculated and the displacement in the shape with complex boundary is solved by IGA method. One order and two order implicit curves are used to the outer boundary representation of elastic optimization problem, and their coefficients are taken as design variable. The sensitivity formulas are deduced. MMA method is used to implement the IGA shape optimization based on FCM. The examples show that our method is efficient and the result is satisfied.


We investigated the influence of TSH receptor antibody (TRA), as detected by inhibition of 125I‐bTSH binding to detergent solubilized porcine TSH receptors, on in‐vitro thyroglobulin (hTg) production using normal thyroid cells in monolayer. Secretion of hTg into the culture medium was analysed by a noncompetitive enzyme immunosorbent (ELISA) technique utilizing two murine monoclonal antibodies. Basal hTg release (mean ± SD 124 ± 27 ng/105 cells/6 d, n= 5) was stimulated by bTSH (10, 102, 103μU/ml) in a dose related manner (mean ± SD 191 ±24, 587 ±80, 695 ±66 ng/105 cells/6 d, respectively). IgG (2 mg/ml) from seven patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease, and known titres of TRA, similarly enhanced production of hTg, in a dose and time‐dependent manner, when compared to control IgG. The degree of induction varied from a 140–230% increase in total hTg release over a 6‐day incubation period. There was a direct correlation between the degree of 125I‐bTSH binding inhibitory activity and the hTg response (r= 0.9, P < 001). These data demonstrate that TSH receptor antibodies enhance hTg release from human thyroid cell monolayers and allow an assessment to be made of antibody‐activated post receptor mechanisms.


The concept of CSR is used as a theoretical basis which is the forerunner of a reflection of business responsibility to the environment. There are two different views on CSR in the business world. If the company wants to continue to be exist, then it should include also a responsibility to the environment. The environment is something that is relevant to all areas of our lives. However, unfortunately most of us are less concerned with the environment. This is partly due to no direct benefit in it. Hindu philosophy practiced in Bali island of Indonesia states that the value of THK can provide guidance on how human beings should behave towards three things: the relationship between humans (pawongan), the environment (palemahan) and with God (parahyangan), so that man can achieve sustainable well-being. This article seeks to examine how CSR which is viewed as conservative concept of "reciprocity" in business processes to the public to a view that CSR is a concept that must be integrated to religious values and spirituality, in the context of religious and spiritual culture of Hindus in Indonesia.


We present a 2D inversion methodology for transversely isotropic media with a tilted symmetry axis (TTI) based on combining reflection moveout with borehole information. The input data include P-wave normal-moveout (NMO) velocities, zero-offset traveltimes and reflection time slopes, as well as check-shot traveltimes, reflector depths and dips measured in a borehole. For a dipping TTI layer, estimation of all the medium parameters proves to be ambiguous despite the borehole constraints. However, under the assumption that the symmetry axis is orthogonal to the reflector (a model typical for dipping shale layers), Vp0 and delta can be recovered with high accuracy, even when the symmetry axis deviates by 5 degrees from the reflector normal. The parameter epsilon cannot be constrained for dips smaller than 60 degrees without using nonhyperbolic moveout. To invert for the interval parameters of layered TTI media, we apply 2D stacking-velocity tomography supplemented with the same borehole constraints. Numerical testing on noise-contaminated data shows that VP0 and delta are well resolved, if the range of reflector dips does not exceed 30 degrees. Our algorithm can be used to build an accurate initial TTI model for migration velocity analysis.


This paper presents a novel HLA based framework, designed to provide interfacing with real time man-in-loop simulation. There is no such framework exists that incorporates real time interaction from external devices. This framework acts as container for federates and responsible for federate management by creating new federates at run time based on real time data input. It is designed and implemented using a modular approach to minimize the delay generated due to run time federate management. In this paper we discuss the issues in implementing real time framework, particularly the time advancement strategy in distributed simulations. This novel framework can be used as a gaming engine for distributed simulations. It is suitable for simulation war fields, missile systems. In our extensive research we haven't come across any simulation engine that provides interface with man-in-a-loop simulations. Although there are some HLA based framework exists that used to simulate battle fields, missile systems, etc. but our proposed simulation engine deals with man-in-a-loop simulation. Its unique architecture, features e.g. real time federate management, time advancement strategy and real time interfacing with simulation engine and individual federates are the unique characteristics of Real Time Simulation Generator Engine (RTSGE) . Experimental section demonstrates the effectiveness of proposed simulation engine for diverse type of scenarios including man-in-a-loop simulations.


In this paper, a relay-aided two-phase transmission protocol for the smart factory scenario is proposed. This protocol aims at enabling all robots' ultra-reliable target number of uplink critical data transmission within a latency constraint by jointly optimizing the relay selection, resource block (RB) assignment, and transmit power allocation. Such protocol design is formulated as a mixed-integer and strictly non-convex problem where optimization variables are mutual coupling, which is definitely challenging. Instead of conventional methods designed for solving the problem, we leverage the properties of the relative entropy function to equivalently transform the problem without introducing extra constraints. As the packet error probability requirements of each robot under two possible transmission modes are coupled in one overall reliability constraint, the big-M technique is applied to decouple it into two corresponding reliability constraints. One is for direct transmission mode, and the other is for cooperative transmission mode. Moreover, both non-convex penalty (NCP) and quadratic penalty (QP) approaches are utilized to deal with the binary indicator constraints. Based on such penalty methods, a sequence of penalized approximated convex problems can be iteratively solved for sub-optimal solutions. Numerical results demonstrate the efficiency of such two penalty methods from the perspectives of sub-optimal values of total transmit power and convergence rate. Further, the impacts of reliability, the number and location of relays, the number of robots, the target number of data bits on the total power consumption are analyzed.


Abstract COPD is a chronic disease of the respiratory airways due to the partially reversible obstruction of the airflow caused by an abnormal inflammatory response to toxic substances, most often to cigarette smoke(1). COVID-19 is a mild to severe respiratory disease caused by a coronavirus from the Betacoronavirusgenus(2). Patients with COPD have a major risk of COVID-19 infection. Treating patients with COPD, chronic cor pulmonale and COVID-19 is a current challenge.


The first general objective of this paper is to develop and present a new fourth-degree polynomial utility function that can conform to the unusual assumptions made by Friedman and Savage [lo], as well as to commonly accepted assumptions made by Markowitz [25], Pratt [28], and Arrow [4]. The second general objective is to derive the relations between expected utility and the first four moments of the wealth distribution. ' It is hoped that researchers in economics, finance, and accounting who use expected utility in their research will find this function useful since it can meet conventional assumptions as well as provide precise relations among the utility function, expected utility, and the four moments of the wealth distribution. Friedman and Savage[lO] attempted to explain the behavior of people who gamble and obtain insurance at the same time. They hypothesized that the utility function has the general shape shown schematically in Figure 1 .a


This diploma work deals with low-energy and passive buildings. The first part of this thesis describes the main requirements to low-energy buildings, the possibility of making a suitable microclimate and the possibility of monitoring and communication individual sys-tems in building by intelligent bus Lonworks and KNX. The last part concludes by the pro-posal of the passive house includes heating using renewable source energy with solar collec-tors, building control by Lonworks bus and remote control by the SCADA system.


With the recent exponential growth of blogs, a vast amount of important data has appeared on blogs. However, dynamic, autonomous, and personal features of such blogs make blog pages be quite different from those on general web pages in many aspects. As a result, this also causes many problems which cannot be handled properly by general search engines. One of the problems which we focused in this study is that blog pages are inherently poorly-organized and very much duplicated. This means the blog search engines cannot but provide the poorly-organized and duplicated results. To solve this problem, we propose a blog classification method using K-means and present a blog search result reorganization approach based on this method. In this study, firstly, we review the current status and their performances of blogs and blog search engines. Secondly, we adopt the K-means algorithm as a base algorithm and devise a blog title classification method to reorganize the blog titles resulted by a search engine. Finally, by implementing a prototype system of our algorithm, we evaluate our algorithm's effectiveness, and present a conclusion and the directions for future work. We expect this algorithm can improve the current blog search engines' usability.


Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control method, a mainstream grid-forming (GFM) control strategy, is a research hotspot in the field of wind generation currently because it enables wind generators to provide inertia, damping, frequency and voltage support to the grid. The sensitivity of the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) to grid voltage fluctuations and the slow dynamic characteristics of the VSG control method make VSG-based DFIG prone to induce overcurrent in the rotor windings when faced with grid voltage drops, threatening the safe operation of the converter. In this paper, a new control strategy is applied to solve the overcurrent problem of DFIG based on current-loop-containing VSG control during transients, which accelerates the decay rate of the stator magnetic flux during transient periods and speeds up the output power oscillation process of DFIG during the fault. The simulation results verifies that the control strategy has a superior demagnetization control effect.


*Corresponding Author Email : email@example.com Salinity is the main limiting factor that adversely affecting germination, growth and yield of wheat in Egypt and Libya. A lab experiment was conducted in the seed lab, Agronomy Dept., Faculty of Agric., Mansoura University, Egypt during November and December 2016. The results clearly revealed that the high germination stress tolerance and root fresh stress indices obtained from Misr 1 cultivar. Meanwhile, the highest shoot length stress index from Misr 2 cultivar. The highest root length stress index, shoot fresh stress index, shoot dry stress index and root dry stress index recorded from Gemmiza 12 cultivar. The results indicated the highest stress tolerance index and shoot length stress index produced from which soaking, as pretreatment, in Ascorbic acid. These results have indicated that the highest stress tolerance index, root fresh stress index, shoot dry stress index and root dry stress index from the control treatments. Gradual increases in salinity concentrations from 40 mM to 160 mM significantly reduced germination stress tolerance, shoot and root length stress, shoot and root fresh stress, shoot and root dry stress indices. The highest percentages of germination stress tolerance, shoot length stress root length stress, shoot fresh stress, root fresh stress, shoot dry stress and root dry stress indices obtained from a salinity level of 40 mM. It could summarized that to enhance physiological indices; it could be optional to soak Gemmiza 12 or Misr 1 cultivars in Ascorbic acid at a concentration of 200 ppm for 12 h under salinity stress.


Lawgivers and tyrants seem at first an odd couple: of the latter we have a negative view, whereas the former make a more positive impression. Certainly, so wise a sage as Solon, the sixth-century BCE lawgiver of Athens, has found many admirers throughout history, whereas few have confessed to liking his near contemporary, Periander the tyrant of Corinth - certainly not after reading this impassioned denunciation of him: "Now while Periander was in the beginning milder than his father [Cypselus, also tyrant of Corinth], he later, owing to a correspondence with Thrasybulus, the tyrant of Miletus, became far more murderous than Cypselus . . . Periander . . . understood that Thrasybulus was advising him to murder those among the townsmen who were in any way pre-eminent. So Periander then unleashed every savagery upon the citizens, for he finished off whatever Cypselus had omitted to do in the way of killing people or sending them into exile." (Herodotus 5.92) / Now I have started off with this passage on Periander for several reasons: first, because it shows us what sort of a reputation the tyrants in the end had, but, second, because another fact about Periander helps make a link between tyrants and lawgivers.


Introduction: Even though autonomic nervous system imbalance is a common finding in several diseases, these imbalances often remain untreated. The prognosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) depends upon the functional capacity of the right ventricle. Because an autonomic nervous system imbalance occurs in PH, our goal was to investigate whether the magnitude of this imbalance might provide valuable information regarding the diagnosis, prognosis and possibly the treatment of PH. Objective: To investigate the sympathovagal balance in PH associated with right ventricular hypertrophy or right ventricular dilation. Methods: An electrocardiogram was performed in two groups of patients with PH evaluation of autonomic responses by spectral analysis: group 1PH patients with right ventricular hypertrophy (PH-H; n= 6) and group 2PH patients with right ventricular dilatation (PH-D; n= 9). In addition, a group of healthy subjects was also studied (CO; n= 5). Results: The autonomic balance, as determined by the ratio of the low (LF) and high frequency (HF) components (m/s2) of the electrocardiogram, was significantly impaired in the PH-D group (2±1.2) compared to the PH-H (0.5±0.4) and control (0.4±0.4) groups. In addition, there was significant variability in heart rates (m/s2) between all groups: PH-D (381±100), PH-H (1007±403) and control (1917±656). Conclusion: For the first time, a sympathetic/parasympathetic imbalance was shown to exist in PH associated with dilated cardiomyopathy but not in PH associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Central Rigatto et al. (2014) Email: email@example.com Ann Clin Exp Hypertension 2(1): 1006 (2014) 2/5 INTRODUCTION Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disease with a poor prognosis and is characterized by inappropriate elevations in pulmonary arterial pressure [1], endothelial dysfunction, coagulation abnormalities, vascular remodeling, vasodilator/ vasoconstrictor imbalances [2] and autonomic nervous system (ANS) disturbances [3,4]. Progressive remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature leads to increased vascular resistance and, consequently, increased pulmonary arterial pressure, resulting in right ventricle failure [1]. The ANS plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) [5,6]. ANS changes are important prognosis indicators and are associated with several pathologies, including PH [4]. The assessment of heart rate variability (HRV) provides relevant information about ANS function and quantitatively expresses sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system modulation of the cardiovascular system [7]. A reduction in HRV is associated with poorer outcomes [8-10] and is a precursor to the development of hypertension [11]. Moreover, a consensus of clinical opinion states that a higher HRV indicates better BP control. Because HRV can be assessed by a simple electrocardiogram (ECG), this relevant information could easily be obtained in clinical situations to aid in the diagnosis [12,13] of PH, evaluation of cardiovascular risk [14] and monitoring of the disease. Right ventricle (RV) function is the major determinant of functional capacity and prognosis in PH. The RV is exposed to pressure overload caused by chronic HP, triggering an initial adaptive response, such as myocardial hypertrophy [15]. On the other hand, as very well described by McLaughlin et al. (2009), "...it remains unclear why some RVs compensate while others decompensate, manifest as thinning and dilatation of the wall,..." [16]. RV dilation may be an attempt to maintain systolic volume despite the reduction in fractional shortening [15]. However, the contractile strength of the RV progressively weakens, followed by symptoms of RV failure such as high filling pressure and diastolic dysfunction [17]. Thus, the RV function and size not only are indicators of the severity and chronicity of PH but also are an additional cause of a patient's symptoms and worsen a patient's prognosis [15]. In addition, it is well established in the literature that the predominance of sympathetic modulation correlates with disease severity [4]. On the other hand, the role of sympathetic and parasympathetic balance in the progression of cardiac dysfunction in PH is by no means clear. Considering the relevance of sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation to patient evaluation and monitoring, HRV changes in PH patients with either right ventricular hypertrophy or right ventricular dilatation using ECG were investigated. Our primary goal is to better understand PH physiopathology. An additional goal is to focus attention on spectral analysis as a clinically unexplored method that can aid in PH risk evaluation, disease monitoring, and possibly treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients Fifteen patients with PH and five controls gave informed consent to participate in the study, which was approved by the Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre. Patients with a mean pulmonary arterial pressure > 25 mmHg were included. Their functional status was scored according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification. Patient characteristics are summarized in (Table 1).


The Manchus have a saying: "The man who comes from a strange locality is contemptible; the thing which comes from a strange locality is precious." 1 The Mongols have a saying: "The thigh-bone of an elk cannot be fitted into a saucepan, and a stranger does not jibe with a stranger." 2 And all large groups of men have similar sayings, representing the recognition of a deep-seated sentiment of hostility to outsiders. Strictly speaking this prejudice toward outsiders must be regarded as an organic attitude common not only to mankind but to all animal forms possessing a certain degree of memory, emotion, and gregariousness. This feeling is of course connected with the struggle for life, and is, in fact, primarily based on the instinct of fear. Gregariousness not only affords objective benefits in the way of solidarity and co-operation, but on the subjective side involves a recognition of likeness between members of the group, and a limitation of affection to those sharing that likeness. The struggle for existence implies a hostile attitude toward the world at large-toward all objects which have not by association and co-operation become a part of the group personality. In a group whose existence depends on its solidarity, signs of solidarity in the way of similar appearance, behavior, and sentiments give a feeling of security, and any unlikeness is a sign of danger. It is not necessarily felt to be such, but genetically it is such. A group having a common origin and a common history must have to some degree a memory, a consciousness, and a personality in common, and common emotional reactions. In


With the application of the information of road and traffic in a certain future predictive route provided by Board and Traffic Information System on board, and car current operating state model the HHV (hydraulic hybrid vehicle), build HHV for a prediction in the future the operation status of model route; To the accumulator loading state, for the system state variables for the second component torque decision variables, HHV equivalent fuel consumption minimum for optimization control target function, using the dynamic programming, a reverse algorithm moderate HHV predictive control mathematical model; Research the HHV torque distribution the optimal control method. This paper gives a HHV calculation example of the optimal control results.


In this paper, we examine the interaction between the bulk modulus of compressibility of various fuel samples and its effect on fuel injection timing. The fuels considered range from soy oil-derived biodiesel, unrefined soybean oil, and paraffinic solvents to ultralow-sulfur and conventional diesel fuels. Both the impact on injection timing and the variation in the bulk modulus of compressibility are measured. The present work confirms that the higher bulk modulus of compressibility of vegetable oils and their methyl esters leads to advanced injection timing with in-line pump−line−nozzle fuel injection systems. This has been shown in the literature to contribute to the well-documented increase in NOx emissions with the use of biodiesel fuel. An opposite trend, a retarding of injection timing, is observed with paraffinic fuels, because they have a lower bulk modulus of compressibility than conventional diesel fuels. This supports the observation that paraffinic fuels such as Fischer−Tropsch diesel yield lo...


The application of GS1 coding system in automobile components and parts identification is researched.Based on the research,the standard system of automobile components and parts identification is put forward,which will be the standard support and reference when an automatic identification technology and other information technology is used to manage automobile components and parts.


Heart Disease
A major villain in heart attacks and stroke is the inflamed necrotic core of atherosclerotic plaque. When the plaque ruptures, debris from this necrotic core, which largely consists of dead and dying cells, is released into the bloodstream, where it can cause blood clots and arterial blockage. Flores et al. designed and tested a nanoparticle-based therapy aimed at inducing certain immune cells to clear away the dead cells. They loaded single-walled carbon nanotubes with a drug that stimulated macrophages localized within atherosclerotic plaque to engulf and destroy dead and dying cells by a process called efferocytosis. Administration of the nanoparticles to mice predisposed to develop atherosclerosis reduced plaque burden without detectable damage to healthy tissue.

Nat. Nanotechnol. 15 , 154 (2020).


The objective of this study was to examine the causes of the major decreases in the number of highway traffic accident deaths in Great Britain between 2007 and 2010. The study design was greatly influenced by various research hypotheses. These hypotheses were guided by studies from a review of international literature, expert knowledge, and prior research. As the research began the hypotheses developed to include new ideas that stemmed from the research. The following research hypotheses were studied, and the basis for the trend is as follows. The change in fatal accident trend is due to : 1. an economic recession; 2. developments in vehicle safety; 3. an alteration in the amount of highway traffic; 4. weather patterns.


In this paper, we first state some new fixed point theorems for operators of the form A + B on a bounded closed convex set of a Banach space, where A is a weakly compact and weakly sequentially continuous mapping and B is either a weakly sequentially continuous nonlinear contraction or a weakly sequentially continuous separate contraction mapping. Second, we study the fixed point property for a larger class of weakly sequentially continuous mappings under weaker assumptions and we explore this kind of generalization by looking for the multivalued mapping (I −B)−1A, when I −B may not be injective. To attain this goal, we extend H. Schaefer's theorem to multivalued mappings having weakly sequentially closed graph. Our results generalize many known ones in the literature, in particular those obtained by C. Avramescu (2004, Electron. J. Qual. Theory Differ. Equ., 17, 1 − 10), C. S. Barroso (2003, Nonlinear Anal., 55, 25 − 31), T.A. Burton (1998, Appl. Math. Lett., 11, 85− 88), Y. Liu and Z. Li (2006, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 316, 237− 255 and 2008, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 316, 1213−1220), H. Schaefer (1955, Math. Ann., 129, 415−416) and M.A. Taoudi (2010, Nonlinear Anal., 72 (1), 478 − 482). Finally, we use our abstract results to derive an existence theory for an integral equation in a reflexive Banach space.


A 35-year-old woman presented with progressive abdominal distension, which had lasted for 2 years. Multiple globular masses were palpable on abdominal examination. Abdominal CT (figure 1) showed multicentric multiloculated cystic lesions in the liver, spleen, perihepatic space, mesentery and pelvis, suggesting peritoneal hydatidosis. ELISA showed positive hydatid serology and confirmed the diagnosis. Hydatid disease is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosis (dog tapeworm). The disease occurs when humans ingest the hexacanth embryo of the tapeworm through contaminated water or vegetables. In humans, it involves the liver in w75% of cases, the lung in 15%, and other anatomical locations in 10%. Peritoneal hydatid cysts are seen almost always secondary to hepatic disease and account for w13% of all cases of the abdominal hydatid. They are usually secondary to traumatic or surgical rupture of hepatic cysts. They are usually asymptomatic, but may be symptomatic when they reach a large size. Ultrasound, CT and MRI are helpful in the diagnosis. Ultrasound is useful for detecting cystic membranes, septa and hydatid sand, whereas CT is better for showing cyst wall calcification and cyst infection. MRI may depict defects in the cyst wall. CTallows precise assessment of the abdomen and pelvis, and is the imaging modality of choice for evaluating peritoneal hydatidosis. Albendazole or praziquantal is the mainstay of treatment for disseminated peritoneal hydatidosis. Extensive peritoneal hydatidosis as seen in our case is rare.


Abstract Particular case of complex cervical trauma by associating a cervical fracture with piriform sinus laceration. The trauma is located in the anatomo-topographic zone II. Delayed onset at 24 hours of digestive symptoms, swallowing disorders, sialorrhea, dysphagia, subcutaneous cervical emphysema. CT with Optiray contrast agent is performed, an investigation that reveals a gap in the left piriform sinus of 5-6 mm. The evolution is favourable under conservative treatment, nasogastric tube, broad spectrum antibiotic treatment.


Althusser's ideological theory, developed on the basis of essential concept of Marxist theorists and Lacan's psychoanalysis,is an influential theorical discourse in the western contemporary theories, especially in the field of mass culture studies. The critic paradigm of 'symptomatic reading', derived from ideological theory, is taking very important role in the contemporary mass culture study.It, however,has an essentialist and mechanist shortcoming, for its constructing another ideology itself while criticizing such an ideology and falling into a theory paradox.


Smooth functioning of an organization that works in certain controlled conditions must meet the requirements imposed by the legislator, the market, interested parties, owners and employees. The organization, as such, must have technical support that ensures continuity and functionality with the least time possible execution or process monitoring. Service support (Help Desk) must develop principles for problems/incidents that are caused by users, and it is with that kind of support in a position to remain competitive in the market, that leaves its customers the competitive part of the market that are being discussed. In this paper, we present some of the developed processes and methods applicable to a larger number of companies, which are in its nature, dealing with the same or similar jobs and for which we will present a metamodel for processes.


Low cost, compactness, and surprising compute power combine to make microprocessor computing elements attractive as building blocks for large parallel computers. Many applications ranging from brain simulation to real-time traffic control can be solved by using inherently parallel techniques executing on loosely-coupled ensembles of microcomputers known as network computers. However, network computer technology is still in its infancy. The main technical problems that remain to be solved relate to software control in distributed operating systems. The MICRONET network computer at SUNY/Stony Brook is being built as a testbed laboratory to experiment with decentralized control techniques, distributed programming languages, and distributed real-time monitoring.


In recent years, enterprises are investing more and more money in human capital. However, the investment does not produce desirable economic benefits. This can be attributed to lack of efficient evaluation of the risks in the investment of human capital before the investment. After the overall analysis of enterprises' external environment, internal conditions and human resources themselves, an index system of evaluation of the risks in the investment of human capital is constructed, and a fuzzy integrated evaluation model of the absolute risks is put forward, and a analytic hierarchy process model of the relative risks is put forward too in this thesis. It will give enterprises a efficient quantitative analytic method to the evaluation of the risks in the investment of human capital.


Graves discusses the financial impact on INFORMS from the pandemic and the challenges they face looking forward. The good news is that INFORMS started 2020 in excellent financial health with a substantial reserve, and they have not needed to make any major cuts to any of their operations. The biggest financial impact of COVID-19 has been on their meetings, with both the Analytics Conference and Annual Meeting going virtual in 2020. This affected attendance and registration fees, as well as increased our operating costs. The biggest financial impact of COVID-19 has been on their meetings, with both the Analytics Conference and Annual Meeting going virtual in 2020. This affected attendance and registration fees, as well as increased our operating costs. INFORMS may need to explore some new revenue sources;if you have any ideas, please pass them along.


It is currently believed that mechanistic evaluation of rigid pavements using full scale test data is the most appropriate way to study pavement behavior. Current methods outline a single and dual gage approach for evaluating stress-based load transfer efficiency (LTE (S)) at the transverse joints. The single gage method can be very useful for joints where only a single gage is located or where dual gages are located, but only one of the gages is producing accurate responses. Additionally, the installation and monitoring of gages is expensive; therefore, the ability to accurately calculate the stress-based load transfer efficiency based on a single gage will provide an impetus to several resource starved agencies to monitor the performance of the joint without the need to install two gages. Both methods have produced similar estimations of LTE (S) for single axle carriages; however, it is unknown if this approach yields similar results for multi axle carriages. The dual gage approach for measuring LTE(S) has been implemented successfully in prior studies at Rowan University for tandem axle configurations for testing conducted on Construction Cycle 2 (CC2) at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF). In this study LTE(S) was determined based on a single gage for multi-axle carriages. The analysis was conducted on CC2 and CC6 test items. The LTE(S) calculated based on a single gage was then compared with those calculated with the dual gage. This analysis has shown mixed results and limitations regarding the accuracy of the stress-based LTE using a single gage.


Abstract. The characteristics of one-pump fiber optical parametric amplifiers (1-P FOPAs) are theoretically investigated as the temporal width of the input pump increases from the pulsed to the continuous wave (CW) regime. Coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations are numerically solved, and the pulse width of the pump is gradually increased to simulate the evolution of the gain and output spectra of the 1-P FOPA from the pulsed to the CW operation. The results show that the quasi-CW operation is achieved when the pulse width is about 500 fs. Also, when the temporal width of the pump increases and lies in the picosecond regime, the characteristics of FOPA recover those of the FOPA operated in the CW regime.


Geologic maps are interpretations of .3-D phenomena. The major aspects to be modeled in such maps are fuzziness (both on assumptions and on geometric components of the geospatial objects they contain) and comples relationships among the underlying data. In addition, map making is = incremental process which asks for multidimensional versioning on spatial components, time and assumptions. Hypermaps are composed of maps, multimedia objects and links among these objects. In this paper -we first identify the database feature-s needed to model geologic hypermaps. Jf'e then propose a query &ssi&ation based on data types as well as a model to describe the structure of such maps.


THE world of agricultural research learned with very real regret of the sudden death of Dr Robert Stenhouse Williams, M.B., CM., D.Sc, D.P.H., Director of the National Institute for Research in Dairying, which occurred on February 2, 1932. The son of a medical man, Stenhouse Williams was born in 1871, and qualified in medicine at Edinburgh in 1896. He also held the Cambridge D.P.H. After qualifying, he studied at the Pasteur Institute in order to perfect his knowledge of bacteriology and immunology. From the first he was interested in hygiene and public health, and he held several hospital appointments in Liverpool and district, as well as teaching posts in the University. In 1912 he was working in the Serum Department of the Liverpool Incorporated Institute of Comparative Pathology. At this time the Ministry of Agriculture founded the Dairy Research Institute at Reading. Stenhouse Williams seized the opportunity of entering a field which, so far as this country was concerned, was almost unexplored, and accepted the position of Research Bacteriologist. He began at once to make a study of the condition of the milk supply from the bacteriological point of view, and quickly confirmed the general view that improvements were essential. He held, however, that, in order to convince the milk producer and retailer of their shortcomings, it was necessary to bring definite evidence before their eyes, and he started a long series of experiments which showed the various sources of contamination of milk, At the same time he devised practical methods of overcoming the difficulties. These were adopted by a small band of enthusiasts who, under Stenhouse Williams' guidance, followed the lead of Mr Wilfred Buckley—whose example and help in the early years were of the greatest value to the movement. The success of this small band of pioneers soon led to the adoption of clean milk methods by others. In 1920 the first Clean Milk Competition was held in Essex with Stenhouse Williams and the writer as judges. The value of such competitions was quickly appreciated and the Ministry of Agriculture was persuaded to give its support to the County Clean Milk Competitions, which have since played so large a part in the general improvement of our milk supplies. The creation of these competitions led directly to the establishment of the Dairy Bacteriology Advisory Service, which has since proved to be invaluable.


Present work aims to determine the chemical profile and some biological activity of three endemic Astragalus species from Anatolia. The chemical contents of Astragalus leporinus var. hirsutus, Astragalus distinctissimus and Astragalus schizopterus were characterised by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS. In terms of biological activity; the antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities were determined. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of the major components were also determined and compared to the antioxidant capacities of these extracts. The most abundant flavonoids in these Astragalus species were determined as rutin (1028.276-13351.76 μg/g extract) and hesperidin (1604.348-9695.435 μg/g extract). A high amount of quinic acid (111302.774 μg/g extract) was detected in A. schizopterus methanol extract. Palmitic acid (C16:0) was found to be the major compound in A. leporinus var. hirsutus (32.9%), A. distinctissimus (32.5%), and A.schizopterus (23.4%). A. schizopterus methanol extract exhibited the highest antioxidant effect in lipid peroxidation (19.62±0.29), DPPH free (54.61±0.38) and ABTS cation radicals scavenging activity (22.01±0.07), and CUPRAC assays. Among all of the extracts, only A. leporinus var. hirsutus petroleum ether extract showed moderate inhibitory activity against acetyland butyryl-cholinesterase enzymes. The methanol extracts of the plants exhibited moderate activity against C. albicans. A. leporinus var. hirsutus methanol extract indicated the most viability against L929 fibroblast cells, and the highest cytotoxic effect against A549 cells. In consideration of our findings , these Astragalus species used as animal feed could be a source of naturally, biologically active agents that can be used in food and pharmaceutical industry.


Importance The article deals with evaluation of the efficiency of the Russian monetary system and its indicators, which depend on changes in population's income, loans the Central Bank grants to commercial banks, changes in prices for goods and services, structure of raised funds, condition of cashless payment system, and interbank loans. Objectives Based on the analysis of macroeconomic indicators of the Russian monetary system, trends in the ratio of growth in money supply, money multiplier and its dependence on the compulsory reserve standard, we devised a method to make a comprehensive evaluation whether the Russian monetary system effectively functioned. Methods The research relies upon such general and special research methods as an analysis, synthesis, modeling, estimation and construction, economic and statistical method, systematization and generalization of theoretical and practical materials. Results We evaluated the efficiency of the Russian monetary system for the five recent years and determined its quantitative parameters. As the indicators show, the monetary policy tools are more flexible and adaptable to economic changes as compared with the State fiscal policy. In this respect, ongoing monitoring of money multipliers will help build the banking system mechanism and improve the efficiency of the entire monetary system, thus influencing the amount of investment, gross domestic product and money supply. Conclusions and Relevance The results of the research may be used by the Central Bank of Russia, Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation for purposes of ongoing monitoring of the monetary system and evaluating its efficiency.


We compared five silica-based methods for their efficiency at extracting DNA from human bones from 18th to mid-19th century London. Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were directed at two mitochondrial and one nuclear loci. Methods that used commercially available silica columns were more efficient than methods that used a silica slurry. Extraction with Qiagen QIAquick columns and the Qiagen QIAamp DNA Mini Kit were equally efficient, though we recommend the former as this method involves fewer steps.


The Afrikaans poet and writer Eugene Marais is well known in South Africa but not elsewhere. The publication of his The Soul of the Ape in 1969 triggered a hard hitting response from the British primatologist Solly Zuckerman, in which he attacked Marais' writings and rejected him as a legitimate scientist. The two never met and Marais had been dead for nearly 40 years when Zuckerman's attack took place. This paper examines the basis for Zuckerman's attack and looks at the context of both men, especially in the light of Zuckerman's combativeness and Marais' naivety and lack of scientific rigour. : Eugene Marais, chacma baboon, primatology, Solly Zuckerman


We observed the atomic structures for each reset and set state in a phase-change random access memory fabricated using stoichiometric crystalline Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 . The reset state clearly showed a mixture of dome-shaped amorphous and crystal structure surrounding amorphous, but the set state showed abnormally grown large grains due to recrystallization of the amorphous structure. The crystal structure of the recrystallized grain was face-centered cubic. The element analysis indicated that the atomic composition changes to nonstoichiometric phase in the active regions of the reset and the set state, which is Sb-rich and Te-deficient compared to the pristine stoichiometric composition. Analysis showed that thermal interdiffusion of Sb and Te caused nonstoichiometric nature of the material to reach the energetically stable state in the active region.


Summary The changes in plasma [K+] which occur during constant infusion of epinephrine into dogs have been studied. Frequent sampling of arterial blood during periods of 17 and 29 min duration has confirmed the indications of earlier studies that an early rise in plasma [K+] is followed by a decline and a sustained decrease in [K+]. The magnitude of the early increase in [K+] and the time from the beginning of infusion to the return of [K+] to control levels appear to be related to the rate of infusion of epinephrine. Further study is needed to determine how the later decrease in [K+] is related to the rate of infusion.


The joint venture learning model is a framework developed in this study for guiding managers when a learning imperative to a joint venture exist. This model is further investigated through Hofstede (1980)'s framework for characterizing cultural differences. By combining the two frameworks, more insights regarding cultural differences' impact on knowledge transfer and management processes is sought. By exploring the experiences made through the joint venture TronderPower, a joint venture established by the Norwegian Power Producer TronderEnergi to execute development, construction and operation of the Bugoye hydropower plant in Uganda, exploration of knowledge transfer in a context influenced by cultural differences is conducted. Based on the findings of the study, it is suggested that low uncertainty avoidance may be a key cultural difference affecting the successfulness of knowledge transfer processes. This is due to its assumed role as a facilitator of knowledge transformation, something which increases the absorptive capacity of the organization. In addition, low uncertainty avoidance is suggested to mitigate other cultural differences, something that also increases knowledge transfer, as cultural differences previously have been found to hinder knowledge transfer. Other connections between cultural differences, knowledge transfer and management has been suggested. It is argued that the location of organizations along each of the cultural dimensions of Hofstede, will significantly impact the possibility of knowledge transfer occurring between these organizations, as well as having implications for how management of the joint venture should be executed. However, more research is needed to establish whether the propositions are valid in a context other than that of the investigated case.


In the first book to explore the entire range of memoirs, biographies, and group histories published since America's Vietnam POWs returned home, Craig Howes describes how these captives drew upon their national heritage to compose a collective history while still in prison, and how individual POWs have responded to this Official Story. Examining what racial, cultural, and political assumptions support this shared Official Story, Howes places the POWs' experiences squarely in the centre of American history, and within those larger clashes of opinion and belief which characterized the nation's response to the Vietnam War. The result is an engrossing study of what these captivity narratives can tell us about the POWs, their jailors, and America's Vietnam legacy.


The digital transition of TV transmission will make available some TV frequencies which are to be geographically unused called as TV White Spaces. The important regulatory trend in the context of Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) is the Cognitive access of TV white Spaces. In this context, we have performed spectrum measurements of TV band in Pune, India. Our result shows poor spectrum utilization in TV band, and good potential for Cognitive radio operation. Digital switchover in India will generate golden opportunity for empowering rural India. As majority of India's population lives in rural part of India, we have proposed wireless broadband access to rural areas using TV White Spaces (TVWSs). This will help in bridging the digital divide by offering governance, banking, and health services online in the rural areas.


As modern industry highly develops and environmental & energy issues are increasingly serious, green design for products has become the key to sustainable development. This article explains the meaning of green design and discusses the criteria of green design on the four aspects of environment, technology, economy and agreeableness. On this basis, the article describes green design methods for products in the link of modern industrial design.


Abstract: Cookies are made in many wide ranges of processing and product characteristics. These cookies are made from Quinoa flour which are grounded into fine powder. Cookies had been made by different methods using different ingredients by different cultures. The main aim for this prepared cookie was to developed a cookie using Quinoa flour with Bean powder supplemented with Rolled Oatmeal. The Quinoa flour and the Bean powder are being treated at different levels. (T0) is made as normal cookie found in market with white wheat flour by using 65.2g of white wheat flour and other ingredients i.e., Extra virgin olive oil, Brown sugar and baking powder as (65.2:14:20:0.8) which is served as control, in (T1) with 35.2g of Quinoa flour and 15g of Bean powder i.e., (35.2:15), in (T2) with 30.2g of Quinoa flour and 20g of Bean powder i.e., (30.2:20), in (T3) with 25.5g Quinoa flour and 25g Bean powder i.e., (25.2:25). The study was conducted to developed cookies fortified with Quinoa flour, Bean powder and Rolled Oatmeal. Trials were conducted to adjust the most acceptable levels of Quinoa flour (35.2g, 30.2g and 25.2g) and Bean powder (15g, 20g and 25g) on the basis of physio-chemical analysis of the product. The Final optimized product contains 1 which was highly acceptable and can be used to develop a product without adversely affecting the sensory attributes. The cookies prepared without addition of Quinoa flour and Bean powder supplemented with Rolled Oatmeal was treated as Control. The optimized product contains 4.13% Vitamin C, 5.13% Antioxidant and 5.92% Dietary Fiber. The product possesses good level of Vitamin C, Dietary fiber and Antioxidant. Keywords: Quinoa flour, bean powder, Rolled oatmeal, Extra virgin olive oil, Baking powder, White wheat flour, Sugar, Cookies, Physico -chemical analysis, Vitamin C, Antioxidant, Dietary fiber.


This analysis is part of an international research program – launched as part of IRNIST, International Research Network in Sports Tourism – involving 14 European countries and the Mediterranean area and makes use of a common methodology. The goal is to examine the socio-economic and territorial impact from the awareness of how the combination of sport and tourism to contribute actively and effectively to the communities development (Pigeassou C., 2002; Tarfanelli E., 2010 ; Moretti A., 2015; etc.). The survey analyzes the city where the event is held and event characteristics, especially on aspects relating to the social, cultural, economic and environmental, by collecting information through interviews with organizers and municipality, questionnaires semi-structured and quantitative analysis of data. This study – the first so systematized in international level and realized in this area – is, in the first place, exploratory to understand the value and scope of this type of sporting event, but is also a very useful experience to track best practices and to identify management methods, relational and operational models and innovative solutions.


The analysis of phenomena taking place when polymers interact with aggressive mediums has been made. Corresponding experimental research has been done and methods to direct changes of proceed material have been developed. The changes happen when the surface layer is processed preliminary to lower resistance to destruction of work piece surface layer when it interacts with cutting instrument later. The polymeric composites materials (PCM), having specific characteristic self lubrication, have got the name-the materials antifrictional selflubrication (MAS). In compositions MAS except matrixes-of the thermoreactive resins are included special fillers. The structure material in defines the characteristic received products. For the reason increasing working characteristic PCM necessary study of the influence of the thermodynamic conditions centrifugal litho on shaping the structure PCM. For study of the influence technological parameters is required corresponding to equipments.


Snow is a main factor affecting the global atmosphere and surface interaction, and it's also an essential source of global freshwater resources. It's difficult to discriminate cloud from snow, because the spectral characteristics of cloud and snow in remote sensing image in visible bands are similar. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflection data and its MOD35_L2 cloud mask data in Jilin Province on Nov. 23, Nov. 24 and Nov. 25 in 2008 are selected, and the cloud on Nov. 24 is removed, then the snow cover is retrieved from cloud reduced data by the Normalized Difference Snow Index(NDSI) snow cover algorithm. Finally, microwave Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS Aqua (AMSR-E) snow water equivalent data is used to validate the retrieval results. The results suggest that snow cover fraction of cloud reduced data is closer to the AMSR-E snow cover fraction. This method can resume the snow cover underlying cloud exactly.


Gives the background,winch capacity designed,winch capacity required of auxiliary shaft in Xinqiao Coal Mine.Winch capacity is researched if it satisfies factual needs and the solution is found out that it can solve factual problem by calculating cushion pressure,stalled touque,equivalent power of motor,antiskid property.


Japanese girls torment me. With chirpy, unfortunate English, they ask, From America? Hip hop very like. My body is news of their arrival. They've landed in America, they're sure, because the static across my body has cleared and I'm blacker than they'd imagined. I hardly look at them. Other black men run into the tendrils of their gardens. They don't see Medusa's helmet there, tossed and eaten through.


not shown), and restriction maps (Fig. 2) sug-gestedthattheserepresentedpartially overlappingsegmentsofasingle sequence.32P-labeled pMBP1 DNAwas used as a probe in blot-hybridization analysis to identify homologous mRNAs intotal RNAextracts fromoptic nerve, aCNStract, andfromtwoperipheral nerves (trigeminal and sciatic). It wasfound


Focus on face-centered cubic (fcc) metals with nano-scale twins lamellar structure, this paper presents a brief overview of the recent progress made in improving mechanical properties, including strength, ductility, work hardening, strain rate sensitivities, and in mechanistically understanding the underling deformation mechanisms. Significant developments have been achieved in nano-twinned fcc metals with a combination of high strength and considerable ductility at the same time, enhanced work hardening ability and enhanced rate sensitivity. The findings elucidate the role of interactions between dislocations and twin boundaries (TBs) and their contribution to the origin of outstanding properties. The computer simulation analysis accounts for high plastic anisotropy and rate sensitivity anisotropy by treating TBs as internal interfaces and allowing special slip geometry arrangements that involve soft and hard modes of deformation. Parallel to the novel mechanical behaviors of the nano-twinned materials, the investigation and developments of nanocrystalline materials are also discussed in this overview for comparing the contribution of grain boundaries/TBs and grain size/twin lamellar spacing to the properties. The recent advances in the experimental and computational studies of plastic deformation of the fcc metals with nano-scale twin lamellar structures provide insights into the possible means of optimizing comprehensive mechanical properties through interfacial engineering.


.........................................................................................iv INTRODUCTION...................................................................................1 CHAPTER ONE: UNPACKING THE CHARACTER.......................................8 CHAPTER TWO: USING THE BODY TO CRAFT THE MIND........................24 CHAPTER THREE: MIMICRY AND PHYSICAL CRAFTING.........................40 CHAPTER FOUR: IT ALL LEADS BACK TO ACTION.................................53 CONCLUSION....................................................................................64 REFERENCES....................................................................................69 CURRICULUM VITAE...........................................................................72


The article is focused upon the Japanese philosophical science progress over the last twenty years. The author identifies the most significant and widely debated problems during the given period, observes its principal directions and the most prominent works. The following topics are in the center of consideration: modern vision of philosophy as a science, peculiarity of understanding the phenomenon of life, undertaken within the framework of two interconnected integral approaches, defined as "philosophy of life" (seimei tetsugaku) and "philosophy of coexistence" (kyosei tetsugaku), as well as the latest achievements and vectors of expansion in line with the main philosophical areas – phenomenology, analytical philosophy, traditions of the Kyoto school, and Marxism. This is the first attempt to provide general analysis of the latest Japanese philosophical works published after 2000. The interest in Japanese philosophy is dictated both by the existence of a rich philosophical tradition in this country, by the high level of modern philosophical works, that are beginning to be actively translated into Western languages and are increasingly attracting the attention of scholars over the world, as well as by the situation of social demand for philosophical literature in the domestic market, additional incentives to steer its development. The aim of the study is to reconstruct a more complete picture of modern philosophical thought, which is marked by lacunae due to the limited availability of a significant body of research published in national languages. Its practical importance lies in the accumulation of an information and creation of an analytical base, allowing to provide orientations for the expansion of scientific cooperation with modern Japanese philosophers. The bibliography covers the most important vectors and significant personalities.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the chemical constituents from the root of Lasianthus acuminatissimus of Rubiaceae.

METHOD
Normal, reverse phase silica gel, macroporous resin column and HPLC chromatography were used for isolation. Spectroscopic methods (13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, DEPT, EI-MS) were used for identification.

RESULT
Six compounds were isolated and elucidated as isoscopletin(I), isoscopletin-6-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (II), beta configuration of Mudanoside-A (Ill), asperuloside (IV), (-)-pinoresinol 4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (V), daucosterol (VI).

CONCLUSION
These compounds were obtained from this plant for the first time.


Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to investigate the benzyl alcohol oxidation to acetaldehyde by a CuII/L–TEMPO (L: bis[2-N-(4-fluorophenyl)-pyrrolylcarbaldimide]) catalyst system in alkaline water solution. The catalytic cycle consists of catalyst activation, substrate oxidation and catalyst regeneration parts. Four pathways (path A, path B, path C and path D) for the catalyst activation step are considered. The rate-determining steps are proton transfer in these pathways. Moreover, water participation plays a major role in the proton transfer step. In consideration of the high concentration of the solvent water, path C and path D are supposed to be competitive during the reaction, with path D more favourable.


The present study proposed an improving procedure of the bridge's upper structure, which focuses on the feature of cast in-situ bridge construction management. After applied the improving procedure, the progress days reached in advance was about 23.8%. The costs of redesign construction procedure was only about half of the original design. There is no serious occupational injuries occur during the project period. The quality and customer's satisfaction were all reached relatively high levels. These results showed that the improving procedure which proposed by present study is validity.


This selection of texts (mostly translations from Polish) should interest those who study analytical philosophy of history, methodology of history, and historical sociology. It contains contributions by Polish historians and philosophers since 1931, with pride of place given to the work of the Poznan school in the philosophy of science and humanities. With Jerzy Kmita, Leszek Nowak, and Jerzy Topolski as its leaders, it emerged in late 1960s as a synthesis of Marxism and the Polish brand of logical positivism known as the Lwow-Warsaw school. Most papers discuss or exemplify various forms of idealization in historical research. Although the papers demonstrate the usefulness of modeling in historical sociology and nonnarrative history, the collection as a whole does not provide realistic examples to substantiate the Poznan school's stronger claim of the decomposability of historical narratives into separate strips related to hierarchically ordered "essential factors."


Successful matrix acidizing of sandstones for the removal of well-bore damage is dependent on a reliable estimate of well-bore skin and its radial extent. The value of these parameters is estimated from pressure-buildup analysis. However, in depleted, multilayered reservoirs, the values obtained may vary considerably depending on the chosen method of pressure-buildup interpretation. For this study, pressure buildups before and after acidization were analyzed by both the semisteady-state solution of Horner and early time analysis of McKinley. These results were compared with the actual field results. It may be concluded that the early time analysis of McKinley gave more probable results, but it should be stressed that under these reservoir conditions, there is no absolute answer, and results from independent methods should be compared.


Abstract The examination of consumer involvement and information search is well established in the marketing literature, however cross cultural examination of these relationships is virtually nonexistent. This research examines differences in consumer involvement and information search between consumers in Australia and South Korea. The findings indicate that product involvement influences purchase decision involvement and that purchase decision involvement influence information search, while product involvement does not. The findings also indicate differences across Australian and South Korean respondents' levels of involvement and information search. As such, this paper adds to knowledge by addressing calls in the literature for examination of accepted theory in countries outside North America (Doran, 2002, Patterson and Smith, 2003). Introduction There are growing calls in the literature for the cross cultural validation of accepted theories and relationships within consumer behaviour (eg: Doran, 2002; Patterson and Smith, 2003). Following on from earlier work (Brown and O'Cass, 2005), the focus here is on examination of the relationships between involvement (product and purchase decision) and external information search for Australian and South Korean consumers related to food purchase. Herein, food is argued to be a unique and valuable context of study, particularly so in the area of consumer behaviour. Unlike many products and services commonly studied in consumer research, the consumption of food is necessary; indeed, it is a physiological need paramount to human survival. With this in mind, it is argued that food products, whether they be branded, as in the case of packaged food products or non-branded, like many fresh food products, are a meaningful and valuable context to which consumer behaviour theory may be applied.


The location of the pigment was identified with hand-slide in the paper.Using plasma mass spectrograph and atomic absorption spectrometer to determine the amounts of Fe,Zn,Se and Ge,the aim is to compare the nutrient difference among the red rice,hybrid red rice and the common rice.The results were as follows: ①The pigment was mainly in the seed coat and pericarp.②Fe and Ge was mainly in the seed coat and pericarp.③The red rough rice was more than common rice of the contents of every microelement and total contents of the four microelements.The hybrid red rough rice was more than common rice too.It was improve the yield and reduce the cost of health care rice because the nutrient of red rice was controlled by heredity.The red rice is potential resource of health care rice with high quality.


Low-temperature (290/spl deg/C) area selective regrowth by molecular layer epitaxy (MLE) was applied for the fabrication of ultra shallow sidewall GaAs tunnel junctions with the junction depth of 50 nm at 100 /spl mu/m long strip. Fabricated tunnel junctions have shown the record peak current density up to 35000 A/cm/sup 2/. It is shown that the tunnel junction characteristics are seriously dependent on the sidewall orientation and the regrown interface quality, which is controlled by the surface treatment under AsH/sub 3/ just prior to regrowth. MLE with the low-temperature area selective regrowth process is one of the most promising methods for the fabrication of ultra short channel devices.


Severe surface decomposition of semi-insulating (SI) GaN templates occurred in high-temperature H2 atmosphere prior to epitaxial growth in a metalorganic chemical vapor deposition system. A two-step heating process with a surface stabilization technique was developed to preserve the GaN template surface. Utilizing the optimized heating process, a high two-dimensional electron gas mobility ∼2000 cm2/V·s was obtained in a thin AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterostructure with an only 100-nm-thick GaN spacer layer homoepitaxially grown on the GaN template. This technique was also demonstrated viable for native GaN substrates to stabilize the surface facilitating two-dimensional growth of GaN layers. Very high residual silicon and oxygen concentrations were found up to ∼1 × 1020 cm−3 at the interface between the GaN epilayer and the native GaN substrate. Capacitance-voltage measurements confirmed that the residual carbon doping controlled by growth conditions of the GaN epilayer can be used to successfully compensate the do...


Conservation and consistency are fundamental properties of discretizations of systems of hyperbolic conservation laws. Re‐ cently, these concepts have been extended to the realm of iterative methods by defining locally conservative and flux consistent iterations. In this note, the current status of such iterative methods is summarized. In particular, it has been shown that Krylov subspace methods are locally conservative, but that they are not flux consistent. Here, we approach the problem of quantifying the flux inconsistency of Krylov subspace methods. Krylov methods introduce a time retardation factor into discretizations of linear conservation laws. It has thusfar been unknown how to compute the precise value of this factor. This issue is resolved herein for Arnoldi‐based Krylov subspace methods.


To improve the starting performance of the straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine (SB-VAWT) at low wind speed, and the output characteristics at high wind speed, a flexible, scalable auxiliary vane mechanism was designed and installed into the rotor of SB-VAWT in this study. This new vertical axis wind turbine is a kind of lift-to-drag combination wind turbine. The flexible blade expanded, and the driving force of the wind turbines comes mainly from drag at low rotational speed. On the other hand, the flexible blade is retracted at higher speed, and the driving force is primarily from a lift. To research the effects of the flexible, scalable auxiliary module on the performance of SB-VAWT and to find its best parameters, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical calculation was carried out. The calculation result shows that the flexible, scalable blades can automatic expand and retract with the rotational speed. The moment coefficient at low tip speed ratio increased substantially. Meanwhile, the moment coefficient has also been improved at high tip speed ratios in certain ranges.


The progression of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is characterized by the gradual deterioration of biomarkers and eventual loss of basic memory and decision-making functions (Figure 1). Using these biomarker values and other tests to estimate how far an individual has progressed in the disease is valuable in diagnosis as well as in assessing the efficacy of interventions. Additionally, prediction of how the individual will continue to progress is critical in decision making. While it is known that AD only gets worse over time, it is believed that patients with the disease progress at different rates and at different stages of their lives. There is no standard path of progression for people with the disease, which makes estimation of disease severity and future progression difficult. In addition to estimating these paths for an individual given their measurements, it is of clinical and biological significance to be able to understand the order in which certain biomarkers begin to deteriorate and what their distribution might look like for various stages of the disease.


The present invention relates to low power wireless devices 802.15.4e based networking method 4-20mA take power circuit, comprising the steps of: taking an electrical circuit of the wireless device; construct a wireless network for ultra-low power applications; based on the wireless device for way time synchronization of the wireless network; complete neighbor discovery based on the basis of the above-described time synchronization; wireless device to interact with a wireless network; with the above-described process results in a storage battery monitoring module monitors pause. The present invention, by switching the channel to stop detecting packets fast way saving time synchronization, time synchronization on the basis of the monitor instead of the traditional frame by listening to the beacon packets general, improved listening neighbor discovery order, only the letter slot beacon frames may appear open to listen, and the remaining time to sleep, saving time channel search, but also reduce energy consumption neighbor discovery generated, thereby reducing the entire network set up time and energy.


In recent decades Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) emerged into an en vogue investment strategy. Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) is an investment philosophy that combines profit maximization with social endeavors. By integrating social, environmental, and financial aspects in investments, socially conscientious investors pursue economic and social value maximization alike. Financial goals can be coupled with catalyzing sociopolitical change in various forms. Socially responsible screenings are "double bottom line analyses" of corporate economic performance and social responsibility, in which socially conscientious investors incorporate Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in financial decision making and allocate financial resources based on the societal impacts of the funded entities. Originating from religious and moral considerations, SRI evolved in the wake of sociopolitical deficiencies and corporate social conduct. In the global rise of financial social conscientiousness, differing national legislations and regulatory traditions have led to various SRI practices, which are harmonized by the United Nations (UN). Building on the historic advancement of Financial Social Responsibility in the wake of socioethical deficiencies, this article highlights the potential of SRI in the aftermath of the 2008/09 World Financial Crisis as a means to avert economic market downfalls. During the current financial market reform, additional micro- and macro-research on financial social conduct could foster the idea of Financial Social Responsibility and aid a successful implementation of SRI.


The Gauss-Manin connection for nonabelian cohomology spaces is the isomonodromy flow. We write down explicitly the vector fields of the isomonodromy flow and calculate its induced vector fields on the associated graded space of the nonabelian Hogde filtration. The result turns out to be intimately related to the quadratic part of the Hitchin map.


Headteachers in Greater London's 401 state‐funded secondary schools were sent a questionnaire designed to relate their personal characteristics to, inter alia, their attitudes towards educational sponsorship, the levels of their schools' marketing orientation, the demand for commercial sponsorship of school activities, and whether their schools possessed formal policies in connection with external sponsorship. In line with earlier research in the educational management area, the major personal characteristics examined (in addition to age, length of service, etc.) related to the individual headteacher's management style; specifically whether he or she was particularly autocratic, consultative, democratic or innovative. Responses to the questionnaire were factor analysed and tested for construct reliability. A stepwise regression procedure was then applied to assess the influences of various sets of variables on attitudes and behaviour. The results indicated that within Greater London the commercial sponsorship of schools is widespread and expanding. Extreme democrats were less likely to desire large amounts of additional sponsorship for their schools than were autocrats. Schools located in prosperous areas were far more proactive in their approaches to sponsorship and employed headteachers with more positive attitudes towards marketing and sponsorship than schools in poorer neighbourhoods.


A 500‐keV 40‐kA 50‐nsec‐duration relativistic electron beam is propagated through a cusped magnetic field. Conditions are reported which allow more than 85% of the beam energy to pass through the cusp.


Development of population in Bandar Lampung City and the demand for vehicles from year to year was increasing, such as private vehicles, public transportation, buses and others. This had an impact on the development of facilities and infrastructure of transportation which facilitated the movement occurring on the Zainal Abidin Pagar Alam road section. One of the facilities found on Z.A Pagar Alam road is the Median Opening (U-Turn) which changed direction by turning 180°. One of the effects of the U-Turn movement was going slowly or stopping vehicles. This would affect the movement of other vehicles on the main road. In addition, there were also many cases where the vehicle couldn't rotate directly because of less radius of rotation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the Median Opening (U-Turn) on the traffic performance at Z.A Pagar Alam road with the Gap Acceptance Method. The use of the Gap Acceptance Method would get the Queue Length value, Gap value and Wait Time (Follow Up Time). Based on the analysis and calculations carried out at the Median Opening (U-Turn) in front of Wisma Bandar Lampung, it could be concluded that the effect of the U-Turn on Monday morning from Tanjung Karang to Rajabasa and vice versa was the biggest effect on traffic performance where the gap was 439 vehicles and queue due to a gap was 899 vehicles, follow-up times was 309 vehicles and queue due to follow-up time was 1449 vehicles. Keywords : U-Turn, Gap Acceptance, Follow Up Time, Vehicle Queue


In order to reduce the unsmooth phenomenon produced by coupled loads of actuating legs,friction and external disturbance force during the trajectory tracking process for the hydraulic 6dof parallel platform,a mix compensator of the disturbance force is proposed in this paper.Through analyzing the source and effect of different disturbance forces,an adaptive robust compensator and the classical compensator based on structure invariance principle were designed to separately deal with different disturbance forces.The fuzzy law was used to combine the two compensators according to the change rate of load force of each leg.Simulation was performed with a hydraulic 6-DOF parallel platform by use of AMESim and MATLAB.The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the mix approach with compound disturbance force in performance improvement of the system contrasted to the PID controller.


At first blush, one might think that scholars of legal pluralism and those who study comparative law would be fellow travellers. After all, both groups of scholars are fundamentally focused on the multiplicity of legal systems in the world. Comparativists seek to catalog the components of various legal orders, either to demonstrate fundamental differences among those components or to reveal fundamental similarities. Meanwhile, legal pluralists study the inevitable interaction and overlap among legal and quasi-legal systems. Accordingly, legal pluralists and comparativists would seem to share a common analytical framework, based on the simultaneous existence of multiple legal orders. Yet, the two scholarly fields have not always operated in concert. The divergence arises because comparative law scholars, like most legal scholars, have tended to study only official state-based municipal law, and they have often ignored the numerous other legal and quasi-legal orders that inevitably occupy the social field. These non-state normative systems are precisely the ones that legal pluralists insist we recognize and study. Accordingly, there has been a sometimes unspoken, but nevertheless real tension between the two bodies of scholarly literature. But is that tension inevitable? Is comparative law by definition tied to formal state-based municipal systems? To me, there seems no reason for that to be the case. It is true, of course, that it is often easier, as a practical matter, to pull apart components of municipal systems for study. After all, such systems tend to have codified and written down their substantive and procedural rules, as well as the outcomes of individual cases. Thus, the materials are far more easily accessible on electronic databases and through official newspaper accounts. It is not at all clear, however, that there is any conceptual reason to limit comparative law study to official municipal law. All that is required for comparative law scholars to ply their trade is for there to be some form of institutionalized doctrine to use Roger Cotterrell's helpful definition of law as well as a group of human beings applying that doctrine. Neither of those parameters requires that the "law" in question be municipal law. Consider three classic strands of comparative law scholarship. The first strand focuses on comparing and contrasting procedural and substantive norms. The second emphasizes migration and transplantation of procedural and substantive norms from one legal order to another. And the third aims to identify various structural, substantive, ideological and historical features that are common to "families" of legal systems. Taken together, these strands encompass most of what comparative law scholars do, and yet, again, none of these activities necessarily requires that the procedural and substantive norms or the institutional structures in question actually be formal municipal law.


Summary The potential of new approaches for information system interface design is truly immense. Interactive, engaging and compelling interfaces and systems for information retrieval and visualization are under development. These will rely on greatly enhanced user options and controls that will fully involve all users at all levels of finding expertise. A major component of these interfaces will be well evolved multi—and hypermedia systems that will better apply traditional, textu-ally presented information while going greatly beyond this to fully emphasize visual metaphor and other "sensorial" modes of understanding to facilitate the information seeking process. This article discusses these developments and associated research in regard to library related public access information systems. It is available on the Web at: http://libwww.ucr.edu/pubs/stlinfoviz.html


The study investigated experiences and opinions of economically active women in the urban area of Maseru district. One hundred and eight women were interviewed about their violence experiences as well as their opinions on ways of eliminating violence against women. Three forms of violence against women namely physical hum, forced sex and prejudiced against women were investigated. Around 60 percent of the respondents reported that they had experienced physical violence and opined that women are prejudiced in the society at large. At a lower level was the prevalence of forced sex at 30 percent. Generally respondents are agreed that laws against perpetrators of violence against women should be intensified by heavy penalties as well as making sure that perpetrators are brought before the courts of law while promoting the rights of women or empowering them was the second most mentioned measure of eliminating violence against women.


Objectives: To study the efficacy of protein chip technology in early diagnosis of pregnancy hypertensive disorder.Method: Protein chip technology(SELDI)was used to compare the relative content of differently expressed proteins and serum protein spectrum of 16 HDCP women(experimental group) in our hospital from April 2008 to October 2008 and 16 normal pregnant women(control group),with.Results: with mass-to-charge ratio in the range of 2000-20000D,experimental group(3189.885,3268.658,6516.054,13817.78) showed significantly higher relative content of mass-to-charge ratio(11.36±3.93,16.42±4.65,6.15±0.41,9.52±0.82) than that of control group(1.91±0.48,4.68±0.81,2.71±1.23,3.76±1.4).There was significant difference(P0.05).Conclusions:(3189.885,3268.658,6516.054,13817.78) may become serum markers in early screening for pregnancy hypertensive disorder.


The Creatology is one of the new curriculums in the current college innovative education.The setting of the course will help the students to develop and improve the innovation capability.In this article discussed the series of links setting of the teaching content,teaching methods,teaching methods,teaching environment of the teaching process from the unique point of Creatology.


The post‐mortem examination of the brain of a 21/2‐year‐old girl with clinical features of oculo‐auriculo‐vertebral dysplasia and hemifacial microsomia (Goldenhar‐Gorlin syndrome) revealed a unilateral absence of the olfactory foramina of the lamina cribrosa of the ethmoid bone and ipsilateral absence of olfactory bulb and tract. Other cerebral abnormalities were also present. In this report, unilateral arhinencephaly in this disorder has been documented for the first time and an attempt has been made to correlate various nosological, clinical and pathological aspects of the case with previously reported instances of arhinencephaly. It is concluded that unilateral arhinencephaly occurs in a variety of cranial and facial abnormalities and is not specific for any particular syndrome.


Systems and methods are disclosed for generating a custom media. The method includes the step of generating the custom media based on customer orders, and other factors, resulting step includes the step of selecting media, format, or both, based on the selection information.


This paper introduces the principle of voltage space vector pulse width modulation(SVPWM)in the control of three-level inverter. The software was designed based on the control chip ARM and chip FPGA. The wave of pulse width modulation (PWM)was got from that. The wave drove the power device of IGBT by the driving circuit. Then the three-level inverter was realized. Finally,the tested results were given,which proves the practicability of this method.


Let be a partition of a polygonal domain of the plan into convexe quadrilaterals. Given a regular function f , we construct a function πƒ ∈ C2 (Ω), interpolating position values and derivatives of f up of order 2 at vertices of On each quadrilateral πƒ|Q is a finite element obtained from a polynomial scheme of FVS type by adding some rational functions.


The invention discloses a method and system for switching between the IPV4 network and the IPV6 network. The method includes the steps of detecting whether the condition for switching from the first network to the second network is met or not, wherein the first network and the second network are different networks in the IPV4 network and the IPV6 network; if yes, enabling a second network card which is in the idle state on a mobile node to have access to the second network; switching the mobile node from a first network card to the second network card so that the mobile node can conduct communication through the second network. By means of the method and the system, without interrupting communication with a communication terminal does not need to be interrupted or conducting protocol conversion, heterogeneous network switching can be achieved, communication time delay can be reduced, and communication efficiency and communication quality can be improved.


Due to the infective nature of periodontal disease several local devices have been used to overcome the limited efficacy of conventional periodontal treatment. However, local concentration of these medicaments, especially over time, raises the question of expediency of their use. Local delivery systems allow the therapeutic agents to be targeted to the diseased site for a long time. These systems, when retained in the periodontal pocket, can release the antimicrobial agents at levels that are 10- to 100-fold higher than the levels that can be delivered by systemic antibiotics. Several different drug delivery systems have been used in controlled clinical trials: fibers, gels and chips. The most frequently used antimicrobials are antibiotics (tetracycline, minocycline), hemotherapeutics (metronidazole), and antiseptics (chlorhexidine dicluconate). In the present paper the method of chlorhexidine chip application is analyzed. We discussed the results of studies that evaluated the efficacy of a controlled-release of biodegradable chlorhexidine chip when used as an adjust to scaling and root planning (SRP) in adult periodontitis.


Water Distribution Networks (WDN) are important systems for industrial processes and urban centers. WDN can be formed by reservoirs, pipes, nodes, loops, and pumps and its complete design can be formulated as an optimization problem. The majority of published papers in the open literature use meta-heuristics for problem solution, as well as hydraulic simulators to calculate pressures and velocities. In the present study, a Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) model was developed to the synthesis of WDN considering the minimization of the WDN total cost, given by the sum of installation and operational costs, which is the novelty in the paper. All the hydraulic calculations were included in the model (mass and energy balances and velocity and pressure upper and lower bounds), avoiding the use of additional software. Reformulation techniques are applied to the model considering the use of logarithms and disjunctive programming. Two case studies extracted from real WDN were used to test the model and global optimization techniques were employed to achieve the results. The results obtained show that the operational costs play an important role in the WDN system design.


The experiences of local authorities (LAs) with facilitating foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries are reported in isolation. Resultantly, there is no consolidated and comparative analysis of the above. While the impact of neo-liberalism and capitalism on the experiences of investment facilitating agencies (IFAs) such as LAs is recognised in literature (Kuswanto, Hoen, & Holzhacker, 2017; Minh, 2019), an empirical gap exists in demonstrating this impact. Using a comparative multiple case study analysis research design, this study relies on the qualitative research method to empirically compare and contrast the experiences of two Namibian LAs, Windhoek and Walvis Bay, with facilitating Ramatex Textiles Namibia (RTN) and Namibian Press and Tools (NPT) as FDIs, respectively. It similarly draws insights from the impact of neo-liberalism and capitalism on these LA experiences with FDI. Unstructured qualitative interviews were conducted with 13 purposely-selected key respondents and data were interpreted, analysed, and presented in themes. This study found that while the developmental experience of the Windhoek LA with RTN was largely negative, the Walvis Bay LAs experience with NPT was neutral. These experiences are largely linked to the neoliberalist and capitalist orientation of Namibian legislation that fails to adequately embrace sustainable FDI for local development


Adaptive finite element methods (AFEM) are a fundamental numerical tool in science and engineering. They are known to outperform classical FEM in practice and deliver optimal convergence rates when the latter cannot. This paper surveys recent progress in the theory of AFEM which explains their success and provides a solid mathematical framework for further developments.


The aim of this paper is to examine denoising autoencoders (DAEs) for improving the detection of right whales recorded in harsh marine environments. Passive acoustic recordings are taken from autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) and are subject to noise from sources such as shipping and offshore construction. To mitigate the noise we apply DAEs and consider how best to train the classifier by augmenting clean training data with examples contaminated by noise. Evaluations find that the DAE improves detection accuracy and is particularly effective when the classifier is trained on data that has itself been denoised rather than using a clean model. Further, testing on unseen noises is also effective particularly for noises that exhibit similar character to noises seen in training.


A finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm with nonstandard finite differences is used to compute light scattering by colloidal particles. The objective of this research is to simulate scattering for cases where multiparticle scattering is significant and where particle shape is arbitrary and not limited to regular geometries commonly illustrated in mathematical solutions such as the Mie theory. In this paper scattering characteristics computed using the FDTD method are compared with known analytical solutions for a number of cases for which a two-dimensional treatment is sufficient. These include scattering by a single infinite cylinder, a hollow cylinder, and two parallel cylinders. The numerical results were found to agree well with the analytical solutions. Results are also given for cases where multiparticle scattering is significant and analytical solutions are extremely difficult if not impossible to obtain.


Climate change is one of the current issues that severely influence all climate sensitive sectors like agriculture. Crop management options are needed to minimize the impact and sustain regional food production.The objectives of this study were (1) to calibrate and evaluate the CERES-Sorghum Model of DSSAT (V4.7) for simulating phenology, growth and yield of sorghum (2) to assess projected climate changes (2030s and 2050s) in the study area (3) to simulate impact of projected climate change on phenology, above ground biomass and grain yield of sorghum (4) to explore the possibility of employing supplemental irrigation and sorghum cultivars as management options. The CERES-sorghum model in DSSAT (V4.7) was first calibrated and evaluatedfor sorghum cultivarGirana-1 using experimental data. Daily weather variables (1980–2009) that include rainfall, maximum temperature, minimum temperature and solar radiation) were obtained from the nearest weather station at Sirinka, Ethiopia. The 17 CMIP5 GCM out-puts run under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 for 2030 s and 2050 s time slice were downloaded for the target sites from CIAT's climate change portal (http://ccafs-climate.org/) and downscaled to the target sites using Markism GCM. The model calibration result indicated that cultivar specific parameters within the model were reasonably adjusted. The model evaluation result also showed that the model simulated phenology, grain yield and above ground biomass yield with high accuracy with minimum RMSE of 1.83 for anthesis, 3.3 for physiological maturity, 685.6 for grain yield, 477.8 for above ground biomass yield. The analysis of future climate showed thatmean maximum temperature is projected to increase by 1.40C and 1.90C by 2030s and 2050s time periods, respectively under RCP 4.5 and by 1.50C and 2.50C by 2030s and 2050s time slice respectively under RCP 8.5. Rainfall, it is predicted to increase by 1.5% and 4.5% in 2030s and 2050s, respectively under RCP 4.5 and by 3.7 and 3.2 % increase in 2030s and 2050s, respectively under RCP 8.5. Phenology of sorghum is predicted to significantly (P < 0.05) decrease in 2030s and 2050s. However, grain yield of sorghum is predicted to significantly (P < 0.05) increase in 2030s and 2050s. The simulation result also showed that grain yield of sorghum will be substantially increased using supplemental irrigation and long maturing cultivars in future climate condition.


A liquid crystal display device includes a substrate, an organic insulating film formed on the substrate, an alignment film having a first etch rate formed on the organic insulating film, and a silicon nitride layer having a second etch rate formed between the alignment film and the organic insulating film, wherein the first etch rate is different from the second etch rate.