Although pagoda building is undoubtedly highly regarded as a merit-earning act in Myanmar, the ritual process itself has seldom received much attention. Generally there exist five ritual processes of pagoda building. In each ritual, the specialists of weikza knowledge play much part. This article attempts to consider why these specialists of weikza knowledge are regarded as indispensable persons for pagoda-building, through the analysis of the rituals. The construction of pagoda differs from the other donations in many points. Pagoda-building, considered as big project requesting much time and financial support, is not ordinarily observed in the communities. The knowledge of pagoda building and its associated rituals is transmitted not within the village community, but through closed mentor-student relationships such as those between specialists of weikza knowledge. Pagoda-building is also more risky, compared with the other donations. It is prone to failure or delay, which has both karmic and social consequences for the donor. The donors also try to raise the protection power to complete the project by various practices such as keeping precepts, drawing the power of protection by payeik-recitation, following the time guided by astrology, bringing out the protection from spirits, calling on the weiksa, utilizing the knowledge of weiksa specialists. Especially when they face with the difficulties, they rely on the specialists of weikza knowledge on the rituals.In other words, weikza specialists are expected to contribute pagoda-building, for they can bring out the protection of weikza and they hold enough knowledge by which they achieve ritual success.


Chronic lymphocytic ( Hashimotos ) thyroiditis ( HT ) is a common autoimmune disease in which the thyroid follicles are destroyed by a marked lymphoid infiltrate . Almost 95 % of HT occurs in women, with a peak incidence between ages 40 and 60. HT is the most common cause of goiter and hypothyroidism. Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis can be graded based on cytomorphology. In this study an attempt has been made to correlate the grades with clinical findings, biochemical levels and ultrasonography findings. A total of 70 patients diagnosed on FNAC as Hashimoto's thyroiditis were included in the study done at the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Ongole .The various parameters like patient's clinical presentation, biochemical levels and thyroid ultrasound were studied. Fine needle aspiration of thyroid gland and grading of thyroiditis was done on smears. The grades were correlated with above parameters and the correlation indices were evaluated statistically. Females (92.9%) were affected more than males (7%). Maximum number of cases were seen between 2nd to 4th decades of life. 25.7% patients had grade I thyroiditis. 60% had grade II disease. Grade III thyroiditis was noted in 14.3% patients. Most of the patients showed diffuse goiter (46, 65.71%) by ultrasound . 44(62.87%) cases were biochemically hypothyroid, 19 (27.1%) cases were euthyroid and 7% cases were hyperthyroid. FNAC provides the most direct and specific information about a thyroid nodule .FNAC is a simple, safe and cost effective procedure and is a sensitive and specific diagnostic tool in diagnosing chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Clinical, biochemical, cytological and radiological parameters should be taken into consideration together to reach a final diagnosis. However, in spite of the availability of different diagnostic modalities, demonstration of lymphocytic infiltration by fine needle aspiration cytology still remains the gold standard.


A lot of attention has been given to the health sector both by the government and the private operators yet they seem not to meet expectation demanded of them particularly the government owned hospital due to excesses in financial administration. A weak internal control cannot provide sufficient accounting information to safeguard the assets and ensure effective and efficient operation. This study was therefore designed to assess the role of internal audit in fraud prevention in state government owned Hospitals in Kogi state of Nigeria. Four hypotheses were formulated in their null form as well as three research questions to guide the study. The study utilized the survey research design and data were generated through the questionnaire administered to the randomly selected respondents. Stratified random sampling was used. Data collected were analyzed using the non-parametric statistical tool that is the chi-square and the descriptive statistics. The SSPS version 15 was used in the computation of the data collected. The study revealed that the Internal Audit Unit of the hospitals are aware of their role to prevent fraud and are making a way forward by tracing and halting fraud but lack the basic knowledge needed to practically prevent fraud. It also revealed that there is cooperation between the audit staffs and staffs of other departments in provision of necessary documents although Chief Medical Directors (CMDs) strives to interfere in the operational activities of the internal audit unit. Therefore the role of the unit on fraud prevention is weak.


The University Children's Hospital in Cracow, better known as the Prokocim Hospital, is celebrating its 50th anniversary. The clinics and wards have always been supported by a medical diagnostic laboratory. The Department of Clinical Biochemistry has been providing services to the young patient from the opening day of the hospital, thus it is also its jubilee. The foundation of the laboratory, its equipment and development was made possible thanks to a considerable US support, as well as the organizational skills of the laboratory of Prof. Zdzislaw Szafran – the first head of the Department. From the very beginning, the diagnostic laboratories were equipped with various types of analyzers and smaller hardware of US origin. This kind of assistance was not delivered to other places behind the Iron Curtain during the Cold War. Up to this day, the hospital laboratory in the University Children's Hospital in Cracow offers a wide range of measurement tests from very basic to highly specialized ones. From the very beginning, the Department of Clinical Biochemistry also fulfils its educational function, educating students of medicine, pharmacy and clinical chemistry.


Obesity is a prevalent problem in childhood (Gortmaker, Dietz, Sobol, & Wehler, 1987), which increases the risk of adult obesity (Stark, Atkins, Wolff, & Douglas, 1981; Abraham, Collins, & Nordsieck, ]971), as well as adult morbidity and mortality (Must, Jacques, Dallal, Bajema, & Dietz, 1992,Nieto, Szklo. & Comstock, 1992). Behavioral treatment procedures have been used with considerable success in treating childhood obesity. Behavioral procedures have been shown to be superior to both no treatment (Epstein, Wing, Koeske, & Valoski, 1984, Israel, Stolmaker, Sharp, Silverman, & Simon, 1984, Kirschenbaum, Harris, & Tomarken, 1984) and attention placebo (Epstein, Wing, Steranchak, Dickson, & Michelson, 1980; Epstein, Wing, Woodall, Penner, Kress, & Koeske, 1985) controls for short term weight control, and behavioral treatments have been successful in maintaining treatment effects over five and then year intervals (Epstein, Valoski. Wing, & McCurley, 1990; Epstein, Valoski, Wing, & McCurley, 1993) The first generation of treatments we developed were associated with in-treatment (from baseline to six month) percent overweight changes of approximately -15%, with significant differences in maintained weight control over ten years of the same magnitude for families in which both the parents and children were targeted and reinforced for weight loss (Epstein, Valoski, Wing, & McCurley, 1990) and for families in which the parents and children were provided lifestyle or aerobii.: exeri.:ise programs in i.:ontrast to those provided a placebo calisthenics control (Epstein, Valoski, Wing, & McCurley, 1993) Over ten years approximately 30% of the children were non-obese. and a similar percentage showed maintained changes of at least a decrease in percent overweight of -20%. These results are among the only in the obesity literature to document successful long-term effects (Epstein, & Wing, 1987), but additional research is needed to improve the in-treatment effects and maintenance of these effects. One of the most persistent problems in obesity research is the failure to maintain weight loss that is produced by intensive treatments. Newer innovations in treatment such as lengthening treatment (Perri. Nezu. Patti, & McCann, 1989), VLCD (Wadden, Stunkard, &


When using the matching law in applied settings, a recurring problem is to assess when subjects adjust their responses as a function of their associated reinforcers. Specifically, the main concern is to determine whether subjects' behavior are sensitive to reinforcement or not. Many researchers have followed (explicitly or implicitly) the criterion that 50% of explained variance is deemed acceptable to consider the subject sensitive. However, it is neither theoretically nor empirically grounded. This article presents a null hypothesis statistical test to assess whether an organism's behavior is sensitive to reinforcement as quantitatively expressed by the matching law. We first introduce the motivation as to why such a test is warranted, formally described the basis of the model used to compute the null hypothesis and then show some of its advantages. We conclude the article with a hypothetical example.


Based on the life cycle cost theory, the correlative charges during the operation of power transformation equipments are disassembled and a life cycle cost model of power transformation equipments is built.By means of linear regression, 20 sets of cost factor data impacting the secure operation of power transformation equipments are analyzed.Analysis results show that the factors such as being operated years of equipment, the processing frequency of common defects, the acquisition cost and the frequency of condition-based maintenance mainly impact power transformation equipments;the first two factors present positive correlation with failure time and the latter two factors present negative correlation with failure time.On this basis, taking the security control objective as constraint, following suggestions on cost management of power transformation equipments are proposed, they are:the purchase plan of power transformation equipment should be decided in accordance with the dependency degree of power consumers on power supply security;the economic service life of transformation equipments should be determined according to their secure operation and composite costs;the condition-based maintenance should take the place of the periodical planned maintenance.


Given a group trellis and a partitioned signal set, we show how to find all geometrically uniform mappings from the trellis branches to the partition cells. The result is a procedure for constructing geometrically uniform trellis codes and a simple test for rotational invariance.


In most modern power electronics systems constant power loads (CPL) exist, which could have a severe influence on system stability. Conventionally two modelling tools for a system qualitative study are considered - generalized state-space averaging (GSSA) and DQ modelling methods. In this paper their strict mathematical equivalence in the balanced three-phase system is shown and areas of GSSA application are discussed. Experimental and simulation results comparing the switched model and the experiment results together with the comparison of the switched model and the GSSA and DQ models are also presented.


Acyl cyanides have been prepared by the three-component coupling reactions comprised of alkyl allyl sulfones, carbon monoxide, and p-tolylsulfonyl cyanide under tin-free radical reaction conditions.


Purpose: Over the last 50 years, direct communication about cancer with adults has shifted from an approach of not telling to one of telling. Less is known about communication practices with children. The purpose of this study is to (1) describe patterns of communication at diagnosis between pediatric oncologists and children with cancer and (2) compare cultural differences in these practices in the US and Japan.


ABSTRACT Derivative spectrophotometric and high performance liquid chromatographic methods, for the determination of the centrally acting cough supressant clobutinol hydrochloride in syrups and drops have been developed. Spectrophotometrically clobutinol was determined by the measurement of its first (1 D) and second (2 D) derivative amplitudes at 277 and 275 nm. The aqueous acidic and alcoholic solutions obeyed Beer's law in the concentration range of 31.4–219.5 and 34.9–157.0 µg/ml measurements respectively. A liquid chromatographic assay has been also developed for the determination of clobutinol in the presence of other pharmaceutical compounds in the same pharmaceutical formulations. A reversed phase column Alltech (Lichrosorb 5 µm 250 × 4.6 mm id) was used with a mobile phase containing ammonium acetate buffer 0.05 M, methanol and CH3CN, 22:60:18 adjusted to pH 3.34 with acetic acid at a flow rate of 1 ml min−1. The retention behaviour of clobutinol as function of both pH and mobile phase composition was investigated. Quantitation was achieved with UV detection at 267 nm based on peak height. Beer's law was obeyed in a concentration range of 34.7–243.0 µg/ml. For the described methods the regression line equations were derived with a correlation coefficient better than 0.9973. The proposed procedures were successfully applied to the determination of clobutinol hydrochloride in commercial pharmaceutical formulations and in placebo syrup prepared in the laboratory with good accuracy and precision. No significant differences were found between the results obtained both by the HPLC and derivative procedures.


Being an agricultural province, the development of Henan's rural logistics has practical signficance to realize the rise of center China, the analysis of the rural logistics demand is more imporant than before.The paper takes total retail sales of consumer goods as rural logistics demand forecast indication, synthesizes single linear regression, double exponential smoothing forecast, moving average forecast, establishes a combined forecast model, pursues the smallest error, predicts it has a better development tendency, then gives the strategys about how to further develope Henan's rural logistics.


I appreciate the support and thoughts of Prof. J.A. Mangan as I developed this project carried out during my doctorate course at Strathclyde University. I first met Professor Mangan on one of his visits to Korean universities in the 1990s. It was a significant meeting. Discussions with him, as I took him from university to university, on the importance of sport in modern global politics consolidated my choice of future study and future doctoral supervisor. I chose well. And I am delighted that I have this opportunity to pay credit to him for the outstanding training I had from him.


This paper presents NFCSense, a data-defined rich-ID motion sensing technique for fluent tangible interaction design by using commodity near-field communication (NFC) tags and a single NFC tag reader. An NFC reader can reliably recognize the presence of an NFC tag at a high read rate (∼ 300 reads/s) with low latency, but such high-speed reading has rarely been exploited because the reader may not effectively resolve collisions of multiple tags. Therefore, its human–computer interface applications have been typically limited to a discrete, hands-on interaction style using one tag at a time. In this work, we realized fluent, hands-off, and multi-tag tangible interactions by leveraging gravity and anti-collision physical constraints, which support effortless user input and maximize throughput. Furthermore, our system provides hot-swappable interactivity that enables smooth transitions throughout extended use. Based on the design parameters explored through a series of studies, we present a design space with proof-of-concept implementations in various applications.


I. I-The Institute of Contemporary Arts, London, is planning an exhibition in the form of an autonomous light environment. The provisional title 'Electric Circus' is indicative of an attitude that art, action, excitement and profundity can readily mix. The exhibition will be concerned with the interaction between the spectator and the environment either directly or indirectly. However, some programmed light sculptures and light projection techniques that make use of movement may also be included, since they represent part of the continuity of experience in such an environment. Artists and others who feel that they could contribute should contact I.C.A. (Electric Circus), Nash House, 12 Carlton House Terrace, London, S.W.l, England. 1.2-The August (1970) issue of Computers and Automation contains details of this year's computer art contest in connection with the ACM CounterConference, which will be held 3-5 August 1971, at the Harvest House Hotel, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A. More details about the meeting can be obtained from David E. Burmaster, Room 803, 545 Main Street, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. I.3-In November 1970 the exhibition 'Software' (cf. Leonardo 2, 448 (1969», was transferred ~rom ~he Jewish Museum in New York to the Smlthsoman Institution, Washington D.C., where it was on display from 16 December 1970 to 14 February 1971. I.4--A Unesco Seminar on 'Visual Communication and the Arts' is planned for early 1971. Details can be obtained from: Prof. C. E. Moorhouse, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. 1.5-During the second half of 1970 the Centre of Studies in Art and Communication and the Gallery Bonino in Buenos Aires, Argentina, organized a series of multidisciplinary seminars to discuss aspects of 'Art and Social Structure', 'Art and Industry', 'Art and the Psychological Process', 'Art and Architecture' and 'Art and Science'. The subjects discussed in the final seminar were as follo~s: (a) Is the gap between artists and scientists decreasmg


The complexation reaction between some heavy metal ions such as: Ag + , Co 2+ , Hg 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , Cd 2+ , Mn 2+ , Cr 3+ , Fe 3+ and Pb 2+ with 2,3-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-8H-pyrazolo[5,1-a]isoindol-8-one, ligand in acetonitrile as nonaqueous solvents at 25 oC were investigated by spectrophotometric and conductometric methods. The formation constants (k f ) of the 1:1 (metal ion to ligand) complexes were calculated by computer fitting of the absorbance-mole ratio data, and molar conductance-mole ratio data at 25 oC using the KINFIT program, and found that complexes to vary in acetonitrile solvent in the order of Zn 2+ > Ag + > Cr 3+ > Ni 2+ > Hg 2+ > Fe 3+ > Cu 2+ > Cd 2+ > Co 2+ > Mn 2+ > Pb 2+ . DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v10i6.1141


This article mainly analyzes, from the angle of "cultural personality", the cultural connotation reflected in Jin Yong's novels. This article also dissertates different personalities in terms of knight, personage and politicians. Based on its analysis, this article indicates that Jin Yong's novels are different to other novels in cultural level and taste. Those opinions of rudely denial and simplified appraising are not acceptable.


The State of Tabasco in Southeastern Mexico is subject to recurrent floods affecting the rural and services sector with important economic loss. The objective of this study was to contribute in the determination of flooding behavior occurring in this State during the rainy season using SAR Sentinel-1A images. The project was realized in 2017, a year when registered precipitation levels attained an accumulation of 2,013.9 mm, when September and October were the rainiest months. Cartographic information was produced concerning flooded areas, water bodies and wetlands before the waters receded. This information was compared for the same areas during the dry season. The methodology is apt to be used to monitor floods by INEGI and by state governments' personnel elsewhere in the country to respond to natural disasters and emergencies. INEGI is the official organization responsible for geographic information in Mexico.


Abstract 1917 Poster Board I-940 Background: Natural Killer (NK) cell lymphomas/leukemias are characterized groups of highly aggressive lymphoid malignancies, which are comprised of "extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type" and "aggressive NK-cell leukemia". Notably, these two subtypes show many similarities in their morphologic features, immmunophenotypes and genotypes, and are invariably associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which suggests they may share the same genetic alterations. The gene(s) responsible for natural killer (NK)-cell lymphoma/leukemia have not been identified. Materials and Methods: In the present study, we used Northern and quantitative PCR analyses to screen for and quantitatively assess miRNA expression in NK-cell lymphomas/leukemias using 66 probe sets of miRNAs. For function analysis, we conducted antisense oligonucleotides and lentivirus transfection assays using NK-cell lymphoma cell lines. Results: We found that in NK-cell lymphoma lines (n=10) and specimens of primary lymphoma (n=10), levels of miR-21 and miR-155 expression were inversely related, and were significantly higher than those seen in normal natural killer (CD3-CD56+) cells (n=8). To determine the functions of these microRNAs in lymphomagenesis, we examined the effects of antisense oligonucleotides targeting miR-21 (ASO-21) and/or miR-155 (ASO-155) in NK-cell lymphoma lines overexpressing one or both of these miRNAs. Conversely, cells showing little endogenous expression of miR-21 or miR-155 were transduced using lentiviral vectors, leading to their overexpression. Reducing expression of miR-21 or miR-155 led to upregulation of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), or Src homology-2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase 1 (SHIP1). ASO-21- and ASO-155-treated cell lines all showed downregulation of phosphorylated AKT ser473 (pAKT). Moreover, transduction with either miR-21 or miR-155 led to downregulation of PTEN and PDCD4, or SHIP1 with upregulation of pAKT. Conclusions: Because recent reports suggest that EBV infection can lead directly to upregulation of miR-21 and miR-155, aberrant overexpressions of these miRNAs via EBV infection could be the first-hit genetic alterations during NK-cell lymphomagenesis. Collectively, these results provide important new insight into the pathogenesis of NK-cell lymphoma/leukemia and suggest targeting miR-21 and/or miR-155 may represent a useful approach to treating NK-cell lymphoma/leukemia. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


This study reports an estimation of the energy balance performed on vertical closed stainless steel containers (capacity 500 m 3 ) filled with pomace cooled by dripping wine at 0° and 4°C during storage. A comparison between the volatile composition of grappa low-wines at about 20% v/v ethanol obtained by distilling grape pomace stored for 3 months in stainless steel containers and in a plastic container is also reported. Refrigeration at 0°C removed about 37% of the heat released in alcoholic fermentation, thus reducing the average grape pomace temperature increase from 11° to 6.5°C, while refrigeration at +4°C removed about 30% of the heat released reducing the average grape pomace temperature increase from 11° to 7.7°C. The cooling practice applied to the steel containers as well as storage in the plastic container resulted in lower concentrations of methanol, higher alcohols and short-chain ethyl esters in comparison to the volatile composition of grappa low wines from pomace stored in steel containers without refrigeration.


Buton Asphalt is a natural asphalt which has advantages because it contains minerals and asphalt, even though its asphalt content does not completely meet the specification as a binder of asphalt concrete. Various studies of the Buton Asphalt USAge have been carried out. This paper presented the results of a study on asphalt concrete mixtures using materials of Buton Granular Aggregate (BGA), treating the BGA as aggregates, with the BGA content of 5% and 7%. Mixtures and specimens were analyzed to investigate the effects of BGA on the performance of asphalt concrete. The results showed that the indirect tensile strength for the mixture with BGA of 5% is higher than that obtained in the those with BGA content of 7%.


The aim of the paper is to present a framework that can quickly identify and estimate the oscillatory stability margin under various system operating conditions. First we present a brief review of various existing methods that are available for oscillatory stability assessment. The methods are basically divided into direct and indirect methods. In direct method, the oscillatory instability point is directly estimated from a given base case operating point. Whereas in indirect method the instability point is estimated in sequence of steps for any given scenario. The indirect methods can be further divided into eigenvalue based and manifold based. The manifold approach not only identifies but also can trace the margin boundary. The manifold based methodologies presented in this paper facilitate the analysis contributing to fast oscillatory stability margin monitoring and control. Only with solving tangent vector of a test matrix: a linear transformation of system total Jacobian matrix, the Hopf bifurcation is easily detected by observing the sign change of scalar index in the tangent vector. Once the instability point is detected, how this point changes with respect to various control configurations is further analyzed. Actually the instability point can be traced for various control configurations and scenarios. To achieve this objective, a unified formulation for oscillatory stability margin boundary tracing in multiparameter space is proposed. The bifurcation related margin boundary could be traced along any control scenario in multicontrol parameter space combined with any given loading scenario. The manifold method based identification and tracing is further improved by combining this approach with a new dominant eigenvalue tracing method. This approach is further extended to trace damping margin boundaries. The techniques presented in this papers can lead to on line monitoring of these boundaries.


In Kazakhstan, the extensive use of standardized testing to improve the quality of education and raise schools' accountability has failed to mitigate the perceived decline in students' performance and may even be exacerbating it. The paper argues that the country's educational policies are imbued with overt and hidden discourses of neoliberalism and governmentality. It applies critical discourse analysis to these policies, re-reading their techniques and viewing their texts as heteroglossic. It draws primarily on the recently published Regulation on the External Assessment of Academic Achievement in Educational Organizations (2012), with supplementary data from the Law on Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2007), the State Program for Education Development for 2011-2020 (2010), and the Regulation on the Committee for Control of Education and Science (2010). Because the few existing studies on Kazakhstani education policy are written using the dominant, government-approved discourse, this paper contributes to the field by offering a critical perspective. Although it focuses on policy analysis rather than on improvement, the conclusions it draws favour the reconsideration of standardized tests as a means of quality assessment and urge the government to engage with all education stakeholders. The textual analysis also reveals a hidden dialogue between old Soviet and new neoliberal discourses, one that takes the form of either absolute denial of the previous mode or the unacknowledged plexus of the two.


Failures of aging light poles can jeopardize the safety of residents and damage adjacent structures. The need for reliable and efficient damage detection methods is raised. Any change in structural properties (e.g., mass, stiffness and damping) can lead to differences in the dynamic response of structures (i.e., modal frequencies). As a result, changes in dynamic responses can be used as indicators for damage detection. In this study, relationships between artificial damages and modal frequencies are determined by investigating the modal frequencies of intact and damaged light pole models using the finite element method (FEM). Finite element (FE) models were built with 5,529 C3D8R elements in ABAQUSR. New parameters (sensitive and insensitive modes) were defined and used to evaluate the sensitivity of the first ten modes of FE models. It is found that combinations of sensitive and insensitive modes are unique for each damage location and can be used to locate artificial damages in light pole models. Empirical equations are proposed to quantify damage level and damage size.


An optical bypass relay can improve the reliability of a repeatered fiber optical computer network. Previous relays suffer from low cross talk isolation, high insertion loss or limitation to single-pole-double-throw opera tion. We describe an opto-mechanical fiber bypass relay with one moving part. The relay makes use, during assembly, of the fibers themselves bothfor mutual alignment and as temporary alignment tooling. This eliminates the need for individual alignment of each relay during assembly. Prototype relays exhibit-52 dB crosstalk and -1.7dB loss and ample life expectancy for their intended task.


Objective: The absolute bioavailability of atorvastatin, a selective, competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, is very low. The nanoemulsion gel formulation offers better platform for delivering a drug with poor oral bioavailability. Methods: In this study, we prepared the nanoemulsion gel which contained atorvastatin loaded sunflower oil and using Carbopol 940 polymer as gelling agent. Cumulative percentage of drug release was determined from the in vitro drug release study. Results: Cumulative drug release data showed sustained release of the drug up to 8 hours. The ex-vivo permeation study was performed on rat skin. In vivo study was carried out using animal model for evaluating anti-hypercholesterolemic activity. In the in vivo studies, atorvastatin nanoemulsion gel demonstrated a marked decreasing effect in total cholesterol (TC) level, low density lipoprotein (LDL) level and (TG) triglycerides level. High density lipoprotein (HDL) level was significantly increased by atorvastatin nanoemulsion gel. Conclusion: Thus, transdermal nanoemulsion gel of atorvastatin was found to be an effective formulation in treating hypercholesterolemia.


In a certain temperature range, NiTi and other shape memory alloys show the so-called pseudoelastic effect. In the present study, the pseudoelasticity of NiTi is experimentally investigated in tension tests on thin-walled tubes. The observed phenomena are modeled within the framework of continuum thermomechanics regarding a geometric linear theory. The model is based on a free energy function in order to represent the occurring energy storage and release effects. Additionally, evolution equations for internal variables, like the inelastic strain tensor and the fraction of martensite, are introduced. The proposed system of constitutive equations represents the observed history-dependent material behavior. To identify the material parameters, the theory of neural networks is applied.


Introduction : the stress response to surgery involves catabolism and gluconeogenesis resulting in postoperative hyper glycaemia. Postoperative hyper glycaemia is a risk factor for postoperative complications and pre-operative fasting further aggravates this response. A carbohydrate (CHO) drink instead of fasting is expected to decrease insulin resistance and reduce post-operative hyper glycaemia. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the reduction of the pre-operative fasting period on post-operative hyper glycaemia and Post-operative complications in open surgery. Methods : a hospital-based prospective case control study of 70 patients scheduled for elective surgery were sampled to either a case (carbohydrate loaded) or a control (FAST) group. Postoperative hyper glycaemia and complications were the primary and secondary outcomes reported. Results : 70 patients were recruited with 35 patients per group. 40(57.14%) were females and 30(42.86%) were males. The mean blood glucose on the first postoperative day was significantly higher in those who fasted (146.20±38.36mg/dl) than in those who received the energy drink (123.06±26.64mg/dl), p = 0.004. Postoperative infections were significantly higher in the control group than in the CHO group (31.43%; and 8.57%; 95% C.I: 1.2275-19.4715) p = 0.033. The mean length of hospital stay was longer in the FAST (12.54days±15.08) than in the CHO (9.17days±12.65) group although the difference was not statistically significant p = 0.3145. The mean age, surgery type and mean duration of surgery were significant between groups but not upon logistic regression for significant clinical and demographic variables.


Practical teaching is an important part of computer education, practical teaching is especially important in the education of fundamental programming. According to the features of course construction on C programming, the interest-driven based teaching contents and experimental teaching methods are introduced and the practical teaching idea of "interest-driven practice, Application guide innovation" is proposed in this paper.


A new assessment of the dosimetry system used by the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) for estimation of radiation doses to the atomic-bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki has been completed. This reassessment has defined the parameters for a new dosimetry system (DS02) that replaces the existing dosimetry system (DS86). An independent group of scientists, the Joint U.S.-Japan Working Group, was responsible for the formulation of DS02. Beginning in the autumn of 2000, the Joint Working Group undertook a comprehensive evaluation of the calculations that comprise the RERF dosimetry system and the measurements that are used to verify those calculations. This reassessment was mandated and supported by the U.S. Department of Energy and the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare in an effort to resolve the apparent discrepancy between measured activation levels in materials exposed to neutrons at the time of the bombing and levels of neutron activation calculated by DS86. During the course of this dosimetry reassessment, the Working Group, comprised of scientists from the U.S., Japan, and Germany, have redone all aspects of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki radiation transport calculations, made new fast-neutron and low-background thermal-neutron measurements, upgraded the calculation of the radiation shielding provided by terrain and large buildings, conducted a comprehensive reassessment of all in situ radiation measurements and performed an uncertainty analysis of the dosimetry system. The new radiation transport calculations produced during this reassessment agree with both gamma and neutron measurements out to distances from the detonations at which these in situ radiation measurements become indistinguishable from background, effectively resolving the neutron discrepancy. At distances from the detonation where activation measurements could not be reliably distinguished from background, measurements were found to be too uncertain to be used for the evaluation of calculations. The parameters and calculations that provide this agreement with measured in situ radiations that clearly arises from the bombs comprise the basis for the new DS02 Dosimetry System. While the changes that comprise DS02 resolve the neutron discrepancy, the values of the free-field radiation kerma differ by no more than 10% between DS86 and DS02. Chapter 1


A numerical mode‐matching technique is used to accurately determine the scattering properties of abrupt discontinuities in acoustic waveguides representative of shallow‐water channels under sea ice. A simple two‐dimensional planar waveguide model consisting of three isovelocity fluid layers is considered. The discontinuities are formed by abrupt changes in the ice or water‐layer thicknesses. It is shown that by introducing a fictitious rigid boundary in the bottom layer, the continuous spectrum is accurately represented by a small number of corresponding discrete modes. The scattering properties for various discontinuity heights over the frequency range of 10–50 Hz are presented.


ABSTRACT This article examines the ways Ernest Hemingway's memoir responds to, ventriloquizes, and finally revises Gertrude Stein's Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas. A Moveable Feast, much like Autobiography, dramatizes its author's contradictory impulses for both self-promotion and self-effacement. A Moveable Feast is in this way a kind of pentimento, where the "I" is both obscured by and visible through layers of otherness.


The purpose of the study is to identify the accessibility of OpenCouresWare(OCW) from the perspective of college students with visual and hearing impairments. Six students with visual impairments(3 blind and 3 low vision) and four students with hearing impairments(2 deaf, 2 hard of hearing) implemented usability testing. Two modules in KOCW were selected for testing. Students implemented usability testing and then each individual case was analyzed through quantitative and qualitative methods. As results, the degree of usability and accessibility in two modules indicated low level. Implications and recommendations for designing OCW module based on the results were suggested.


The purpose of this article is to describe a model TE-13 high-fidelity monitoring and control system for metropolitan railways. The system will soon become operational on the Fepasa suburban railway, and there are also plans to install it on the mountain section of the Uberaba-Santos line of Fepasa.


Vocabulary homework is a common feature in the English subject in Sweden. Often the pupils are given a list of words they are to memorize for a pending test. In this literature review the author ai ...


In the 1980s and 1990s research to develop vitrification techniques of cryopreservation of embryos and gametes appeared headed in the right direction. Then in the early 1990's onwards micro carriers for vitrification were developed [1-5] in which asepsis proved difficult to maintain or could not be attained. Nevertheless the use of microcarriers in vitrification was adopted as a strategy for achieving vitrification by some workers. Their published work appear to have lent credence to the application of non-aseptic methods in healthcare because soon after the publication of these reports a vast array of other non-aseptic micro "open" techniques of embryo, gamete and tissue cryopreservation were developed [6,7] and were used on a global scale in healthcare for more than a decade, and are still being used in some clinics.


Of all the contemporary Irish poets, it is Heaney and Muldoon who have been most profoundly influenced by Frost, though in very different ways. This essay explores the two Irish poets' different imaginative and poetic appropriations of Forst and considers how Heaney's and Muldoon's different readings of their American father have influenced the development of their own divergent poetics of home. Where Heaney turned to Frost for reassurance, focusing on Frost's notion of the poem as 'a momentary stay against confusion' to bolster his own theory of poetic 'redress', Muldoon is attracted to the elusive, sceptical Frost who was suspicious of any kind of fixity or notion of origin, and who specialised in a poetry of indirection, ambiguity, playfulness and openness.


The relationship between prefrontal cortex and cerebro-cerebeller functions in normal healthy elderly people was examined. The function of the prefrontal cortex was measured by means of a letter fluency test and D-CAT (test for the assessment of attention). The postural tremor measured by the stabilometer was employed as the indication of cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit functions. The results of D-CAT and letter fluency test performances of the upper group who showed higher scores than the mean of the norm of the stabilometer index was compared with those of the lower group. These comparisons showed significant differences in the indices of D-CAT and letter fluency test. The results of the behavioral measures suggested a mutual relationship between prefrontal cortex and cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit functions. Based on these findings, future tasks required for cognitive psychologists were proposed.


Researchers in the past have attempted to measure school effectiveness by using a variety of models. Factors such as effective leadership, school vision, physical and material resources, and effective teaching force have found to be contributing toward student outcomes. Grade one students' academic achievement in nine primary schools in Sri Lanka was measured in a longitudinal trend study and the schools were categorized into five levels based on these results as: high achieving stable, medium achieving stable, progressing, low achieving stable, and declining. Later, a qualitative study was conducted to examine the leadership qualities of each school principal in these nine schools and the principals were categorized into four levels based on these results as: developed, developing, emerging, and marginal. A comparison of both results showed that there was a positively correlated linear relationship existed between principal effectiveness and student achievement.


A novel carbon foam (CF) was prepared via physically activating banana peel and applied for adsorbing various heavy metal ions including Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cr6+ in aqueous solution. The material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. The influences of several variables such as pH, contact time, temperature and initial concentration of ions were investigated through batch experiments. The sorption capacities of our proposed CF are remarkably higher than those of similar products (banana peel-based) from other reports. Kinetic and equilibrium studies illustrate that the sorption behavior can be better described by pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. The maximum sorption capacities of Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cr6+ are estimated to be 49.5, 45.6, 30.7 and 25.2 mg g−1 at an equilibrium time of 5 min. Evaluation of the thermodynamic parameters (ΔG° 0 and ΔS° > 0) show that the ion sorption onto the CF is an endothermic and spontaneous process. It is noteworthy that the efficiency of the produced material for removing metals can be up to 98% for the contact time of 1 h. The removal efficiency values for 10 kinds of metal ions are 1.3 to 98.6 times higher than those using commercial activated carbon as adsorbent. Among them, the removal efficiency for Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cr6+ is 7.5, 8.9, 8.7 and 16.6 times higher than that of commercial activated carbon, respectively. The obtained material displays a good application prospect in practical wastewater treatment due to its desirable performance, facile preparation and abundant raw material source with a low price.


The state of the art nickel-zirconia cermet anode shows among others poor reliability in redox cycles, which might happen during on/off sequences and high sensitivity towards poisons. On the contrary, perovskite materials based on strontium titanate present a good dimensional stability during redox cycles. We report about redox stability improvement in metal supported cells with LST (La0.1Sr0.9TiO3-α) based anodes.
LST powder was first produced by spray pyrolysis. Liquid precursors are mixed in stoichiometric ratios and atomised in a rotating furnace forming hollow spheres of metal oxides, allowing production of advanced electroceramic powders with good physico-chemical properties, reproducibility and suitable morphology. The particle size is typically submicronic (100-500 nm) and specific surface area in the range 1-50 m2/g. For the metal supported cells, LST (type A) or LST/NiO mixtures (type B) were infiltrated into a NiCrAl foam. The anode functional layer was made of LST mixed with Gd0.1Ce0.9O2-α (GDC) (type A), further modified with catalytic nickel for type B. Thin film electrolyte with thickness as low as 3µm was produced by wet ceramic processing and electron beam physical vapor deposition. Cathode was made of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-α. Cells as big as 9cm x 10cm were produced.
At 750°C and 0.7 V, the power density of 5 cm x 5 cm cells was typically 100 mW / cm² and 400 mW / cm² for the type A and the type B, respectively. The redox behavior was further evaluated by exposing the anode to oxygen for 30 min at 750°C. With less than 2% variation for 50 redox cycles, the open circuit voltage showed an excellent stability suggesting that the electrolyte remain intact despite the harsh conditions. This demonstrates the robustness of this architecture compared to main stream anode supported cells and the suitability of SrTiO3 based perovskites to enhance the redox stability.


This paper expounds the problems and weak points existing in internal audit of enterprise,expounds the functions of internal audit of enterprise,and puts forward some countermeasures for doing well the internal audit work in the secondary line unit of state-owned enterprise.


Catecholamines, including dopamine, are the principal neurotransmitters mediating a variety of functions in the CNS, such as motor control, cognition, emotion, memory processing, and endocrine modulation. Dysfunctional catecholamine neurotransmission is also implicated in neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders. Human brain diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (1), have been recently approached by using fish models, especially cyprinid teleosts, given basic similarities of the fish brain to that of mammals. The distribution of the catecholaminergic system has been studied in the forebrain of several teleosts, but relevant information are not available for the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, which is a model species in several studies. In this study, we have analyzed the distribution of catecholaminergic neurons in the carp brain by immunohistochemistry using a specific antibody to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) on transverse serial frozen sections of the whole brain. In the carp brain, TH-immunoreactive (ir) neurons were present in several nuclei. In particular, positive neurons were detected in the ventral nucleus of the ventral telencephalic area. In addition, neuronal bodies and varicose fibers were stained for TH in the preoptic region, from the anterior to the posterior nuclei, in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, in the ventrolateral and ventromedial talamic nuclei. Moreover TH-ir neurons were also distributed in the periventricular pretectum and locus coeruleus. TH-ir structures were localized not only in recognizable catecholaminergic nuclei, corresponding to those of mammalian brain, but also in regions that are uniquely organized in teleosts, including the ventral telencephalon, the anterior and posterior preoptic region, the ventromedial thalamus, suggesting that they may be useful in elucidating homologies between fish and mammal brain. The present study partially confirmed TH distribution in other CNS of cyprinids (2), and provided more detailed information to a better understanding of the evolution of catecholaminergic system in vertebrates.


Disclosed is a specific process for producing a high-quality, high-performance, aromatic polycarbonate having no color and excellent mechanical properties from a cyclic carbonate and an aromatic dihydroxy compound in an industrially large quantity (e.g., 1 ton or more per hour) for a long period (e.g., 1000 hours or longer, preferably 3000 hours or longer, more preferably 5000 hours or longer) in a stable manner. Specifically disclosed is a process for producing an aromatic polycarbonate from a cyclic carbonate and an aromatic dihydroxy compound, which comprises the steps of: (I) producing a dialkyl carbonate and a diol by using a reaction distillation column having a specific structure; (II) producing a diphenyl carbonate by using two reaction distillation columns each having a specific structure; (III) producing a highly-pure diphenyl carbonate by using a high-boiling-point substance separation column (A) and a diphenyl carbonate purification column (B); (IV) producing the aromatic polycarbonate from a molten prepolymer produced from the aromatic dihydroxy compound and the highly-pure diphenyl carbonate by using a guide-contact flow-down-type polymerizer having a specific structure; and (V) recycling a by-product phenol into the step (II).


When familiar organizational relationships are drastically changed, it is important to know what factors influence individuals in their attempts to re-establish stable work associations for themselves. In the situation described here, an organizational division (which was not administratively planned) made it necessary for individuals to decide whether to remain in their original jobs, move to a similar new organization created by a splinter group, or leave altogether. Eight hypotheses are tested which examine the effects of three sets of influences on individual decisions: psychological influences (job satisfaction, job tension); relational influences (social rewards, social costs, status consistency); and extra-organizational influences (marital status, professional committment, community involvement). Of the variables examined, the strongest influence is attributed to attempts by individuals to preserve their rewarding social exchanges with other members. The implications of these findings for social exchange theory are emphasized.


The paper presents KakaoBejz, one of the macros from the set called Kakao. This set of programs is intended for the item analysis of instruments in the field of behavioral sciences. It is developed in Matrix program language as macros for statistical package SPSS for Windows. These macros are open source programs, which are free and very simple to use. They can run only within SPSS statistical package. KakaoBejz is intended for the item analysis based on Item Response Theory (IRT). Item parameters estimation is based on the maximum likelihood method with added a priory expectations derived from the Bayes Theorem. The macro contains basic indicators of convergence control, enabling a user to assess if the iterative process is carried out correctly. By using the macro's entry options, it is possible to control program execution, choose item response model and set starting values. KakaoBejz accepts only dichotomously scored items. Items must be scored in the same direction.


The goal of deep foundation detection was discussed and its basic requirements were proposed.The common detection methods of deep foundation were detail introduced.It pointed out that the goal and characteristics were quite different with common engineering,its measuring method and equipment also different with classical measurement.


To determine the topic of conversation, a method and system for presenting acquires the relevant content is disclosed. The disclosed system provides a "creative inspirator" Conversational ongoing. The system extracts keywords from the conversation, use the keyword in order to determine the topic being discussed. The disclosed system performs a search with the intelligent network environment, to acquire the content based on the topic of the conversation. The content is presented to the participants in the conversation, it is possible to compensate for the discussion. How to determine the topic of text documents, including a copy of the audio track and newspaper articles and journal paper is also disclosed.


You might feel if you suffer from excessive sweating that you are just one of the unlucky ones out there and that could well be the case of course. ...


In hot rolling process the work rolls subjected to succeeding heating and cooling cycles with the net effect of heat influx. This nature of heating might cause damage at the same time as shape imperfections in the rolled slabs. Therefore it is the essential to know how the temperature of the work rolls increases. This particular phenomenon has been modeled and simulated with the help of ANSYS 13 Software. Based on the three dimensional conduction equations and temperature fields of a roll were investigated using finite element method (FEM) and Finite volume Method (FVM). The differences in the surface temperature of the roll during hot rolling process were illustrated. The results confirmed that the highest roll surface temperature is 723oC. The effect of orientations of the water jets, heat transfer coefficient at roll surface and hot strip entry temperature also been deliberated by this model, and their effect on roll temperature has been analyzed. The change of angle of jet has shown that the effect is minimum. A method is illustrated for determine the heat transfer coefficient distribution of an array of liquid water spray type used to cool the rolls on a steel strip rolling mill. Heat transfer data are obtainable for an array of 60o cone sprays including the effect of controlling off array members. The average heat transfer coefficient of the jet impingement is 5000W/m2K. All the results are given for both steady state and transient changes in roll.


Nuclear excitation by fission fragments can potentially be used to pump very large high-power gas lasers owing to a high energy capacity of fission reactor systems and a high penetration ability of neutrons in a multiplication media. The experimental investigations directed to search effective laser media for nuclear pumping and their parameter measurements are actual to date. In this work the observation of laser action and measurement of main laser parameters for 1.73-µm line in Ar-Xe medium excited by 2-MeV proton beam have been made.


From the Publisher:
Widely acknowledged as the "bible" of digital audio for both professional designers and engineering students, Principles of Digital Audio has been updated and expanded to introduce both audio and computer users to the myriad new technologies that are now transforming the field.
Written in a highly readable style by one of the world's leading digital audio experts, the Third Edition offers complete details on advances in such areas as:
Optical disc recording Interfacing and networking Perceptual coding theory and applications Digital audio broadcasting

This essential reference combines digital audio theory with examples of applications and provides a comprehensive database of valuable digital audio information. Included is unsurpassed coverage of digital audio fundamentals...digital audio recording and reproduction...error correction...magnetic tape storage...optical storage and transmission...compact disc formats...satellite broadcasting...MPEG coding...digital audio workstations...digital signal processing...and more.
Filled with detailed discussions and more than 500 illustrations, the new edition of this classic guide will tell you about exciting breakthroughs in digital audio technology for the multimedia age.


To investigate the effects of liquor on activity of isolated small intestinal smooth muscle from rabbits,the routine exprim ental method of small intestinal smooth muscle isolated from rabbits was used.We recorded the automatic contracting characteristic and changing law in taking ethanol before and after.The results showed that,liquor of different alcohol degree(23°、38°、48°、56°) have a restraining effect on automatic contracting activity of isolated small intestinal smooth muscle whose scope have remarkable difference comparing to taking ethanol before and after(P0.05,P0.01).Then the experiment came to the conclusion that ethanol has a direct inhibitory trend on small intestine smooth muscle.


Published in: Frontiers in Marine Science DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00108 Publication date: 2018 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Benavides Gorostegui, M., Bonnet, S., Berman-Frank, I., & Riemann, L. (2018). Deep into oceanic N 2 fixation. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5, [108]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00108


We present a time-resolved study of the Balmer emission lines of RZ Leo. From the analysis of the radial velocities we nd an orbital period of 0.07651(26) d.


Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen that affects a significant part of population and presents a major clinical problem. Extracellular adherence protein (Eap) is expressed on the surface of S. aureus and has been implicated in endothelial adhesion and evasion of host immune mechanisms. This study demonstrates several novel signaling properties elicited by Eap in B lymphocytes. Our results indicate the involvement of ICAM-1-mediated signaling pathway(s) that trigger previously uncharacterized rapid intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and protein phosphorylation (pTyr) events in B lymphocytes upon exposure to Eap. Furthermore, combined application of protein A and Eap to intact murine (C57BL/6) B lymphocytes induced co-clustering of the B cell receptor (sIgM) and ICAM-1 in immune synapse-like structures. This effect may be attributed to the previously described ability of protein A to bind sIgM and act as B cell superantigen. Thus, sIgM/ICAM-1 clusters may form in the absence of antigen and Eap may play arole in this process. We hypothesize that the ability of Eap to interfere with B cell receptor signaling regardless of antigen specificity may play a role antigenic mimicry and premature internalization of sIgM signaling complexes in B cells and thus help S. aureus to evade B cell immune responses.


Introduction: Most presolar SiC grains (>90%) originated in the outflows of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars and typically have enrichments in C, N, and Si [1]. However, only ~1% of all presolar SiC grains show evidence of a supernova (SN) origin [2]. These grains, known as SiC X grains, are isotopically very distinct from mainstream grains. Based on their isotopic composition, namely large Si excesses, as well as the inferred initial presence of radioactive isotopes like Al, Ti [3], and V [4], X grains are thought to have condensed in SN outflows. While isotopic studies have been performed on hundreds of X grains and thousands of mainstream grains, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies are limited. Over 500 small SiC grains (~0.5 μm in diameter) were analyzed in the TEM, but most of these grains were mainstream SiC with very limited isotopic data available [5]. Correlated isotopic and microstructural information has been obtained for only a few grains [6, 7]. Here we present results on seven SiC X grains and two mainstream grains from the same size fraction in order to compare the microstructural results of formation in two very different astrophysical environments. Experimental: SiC X grains and mainstream grains from the KJG fraction (~3 μm in diameter [8]) of the Murchison meteorite were located by ion imaging with the IMS-3f. Their C and Si isotopic ratios were subsequently measured in the NanoSIMS to confirm their origin. Seven typical X grains and two typical mainstream grains were removed from the Au NanoSIMS mount, placed into resin, and then sliced into 70 nm sections with a diamond ultramicrotome. The slices were studied in a JEOL 2000FX TEM. Results and Discussion: Silicon isotopic data for the nine SiC grains are plotted in Figure 1. All of the X grains show large Si excesses and are more depleted in Si than Si. The X grains in this study all plot near a line of slope 0.67, which is the line defined by most X grains on a Si three-isotope plot [9]. The mainstream grains in this study plot near the line defined by mainstream grains (slope 1.37) [10]. The C and N isotopes for all the grains in this study also lie within the previously observed ranges. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDXS) measurements were made on all the grains. The X grains showed Si and C, as well as varying amounts of Al and Mg. Only one X grain did not contain measurable amounts of Al or Mg, with upper limits near 0.7 and 0.2 atomic %, respectively. A second X grain had Al, but no quantifiable Mg. The remaining five X grains had Al and Mg concentrations that ranged from 1.4 – 6.5 and 0.6 – 5.0 atomic %, respectively. The Mg/Al ratios were quite large, ranging from 0.44 – 0.74. In comparison, the mainstream grains contained a similar amount of Al, but no measurable Mg. Magnesium, unlike Al, does not typically condense into SiC during its formation. Since very little Mg is measured in mainstream grains (Mg/Al < 0.05 [11]), the high Mg/Al ratios are likely due to the incorporation of live radioactive Al into the X grain during formation and its subsequent decay into Mg. Therefore, the elemental Mg/Al ratios obtained from EDXS are roughly analogous to Al/Al ratios and are consistent with isotopic measurements made on other SiC X grains [9].


The paper discusses the application of the cognitive metaphor theory to the conceptualization of the phenomena with hard-to-divide subject (referent) and predicate. The author also considers the conceptual metaphor model based on the notion of supercategorization of the source domain.


Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of chronic pain and lower extremity disability among the elderly due to its predilection for lower extremity joints such as the knee and hip. The treatment of pain and inflammation is an important area of therapeutics. Over the past two decades, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have played a central role in these indications. NSAIDs constitute the largest single group of drugs used worldwide, constituting more than 20% of all drug prescriptions. In India over 400 formulations of NSAIDs are marketed, resulting in wide spread exposure of patients to this class of drugs and its adverse effects, For all these reasons, studies that evaluate the pattern, extent and frequency of NSAID prescriptions are valuable. Periodic evaluation of drug utilization studies provides the information for suitable modifications in the prescription of drugs in order to increase the therapeutic benefit and decrease the adverse effect associated with drug.
Materials and Methods: A prospective, observational study was conducted on newly diagnosed as well as old treated patients with osteoarthritis from orthopaedic outpatient department in a tertiary care teaching hospital. A total of 428 were enrolled after screened for the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data was recorded in a specially designed proforma which include information regarding the demographic profile of the patients and about the pattern of drugs prescribed.
Results: Four hundred and twenty-eight patients with the diagnosis of Osteoarthritis visited the orthopedic outpatient department during the period of six months in which the data was collected. Prescriptions of all 428 patients were analyzed. Osteoarthritis was found to be more common in males (56.07%) compared to that of females (43.92%). Results also revealed that, OA was more prevalent in middle age group of 51-65 years (45.32%),with knee joint (66.58%) being most commonly effected, majority of patient w


Silicon-on-chip (SOI) photonic circuit is the most promising platform for scalable quantum information technology for its low loss, small footprint, CMOS-compatible and telecom communications techniques compatible. Multiple multiplexed entanglement sources include: energy-time, time-bin and polarization entangled sources based on 1-cm length single silicon nanowire, all these sources are compatible with (100GHz) dense-wave-division-multiplexing (DWDM) system. Different methods such as two photon interference pattern, Bell-Inequality and quantum state tomography are used to characterize the quality of these entangled sources. Multiple entanglements are generated over more than 5 channel pairs with high raw (net) visibilities around 97% (100%). The emission spectral brightness of these entangled sources reaches 4.2*105 /(s.nm.mW). The quality of the photon pair generated in continuous and pulse pump regimes are compared. High qualities of these multiplexed entanglement sources make them very promising to be used in future minimized quantum communication and computation systems.


AS ANY TEACHER will corroborate, subjects covered in an elementary school classroom are never limited to those mandated by provincial curricula. Teaching is serendipitous: a geometry lesson can encourage a discussion about architecture, fossils make children aware of their own skeletons and reading William Carlos Williams' "The Red Wheelbarrow" can lead to talk of free-range chickens and organic farming. Thus a teacher must be prepared to answer an infinite number of questions and be willing to defer to outside sources when she does not readily know the answers. As well, a good teacher will become aware of the current concerns of her students and incorporate those concerns into curricular and non-curricular lessons. At home, in the schoolyard, online or watching TV, children are constantly exposed to new ideas and concepts. To answer the questions raised by these new ideas, teachers may draw from their own knowledge first and the Internet second. Additionally, teachers often turn to picture books not only to provide answers but also to generate thorough discussions. Picture books are excellent educational tools precisely because they do more than just simply answer questions. More than most media, good picture books expose children to other worlds and other ways of think-


A 74 year old man was admitted to the urology clinic for an incidentally found non-cystic left renal mass on sonography. Laboratory data analysis was unremarkable. Multidetector CT examination of the abdomen showed a sharply-demarcated mass of the lower pole of the left kidney (Fig 1, 2). The lesion was heterogeneous on plain images (Fig 1b), and enhanced strongly and inhomogeneously after contrast administration (Fig 2a). A second smaller mass, relatively homogeneous on unenhanced scanning (Fig 1a), enhancing strongly and heterogeneously (Fig 2b), was found to coexist in the upper pole of the right kidney. Patterns of enhancement of both lesions were strongly suggestive for the presence of synchronous bilateral RCCs. There was irregularity of the perinephric fat in the proximity of tumours, a finding that could not exclude neoplastic infiltration (Fig 1b). The inferior vena cava and both renal veins were patent. Neither lymphomatous involvement, nor distant metastases were seen. The patient underwent left radical nephrectomy and right partial nephrectomy. Histology revealed bilateral renal cell carcinomas of clear cell type. The pathologic stage was T1NX. The patient is now well, without signs of recurrence on follow-up CT, two years after surgery. Discussion:


Immature stages of Pallisentis (Pallisentis) celatus Van Cleave, 1928, were collected from the intestine of three species of occasional fish hosts in the Red River near Hanoi (21 °1'N; 105°52'E). These are new records from Clarias fuscus (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840), Ophiocephalus maculatus (Lacepede, 1801) and Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede, 1800). Worms reached moderate size but did not reach sexual maturity or develop eggs and sperm. Measurements and illustrations are compared with those of sexually mature adults from China and Vietnam as previously reported by other observers. Attachment structures (hooks and spines) reached their (previously measured) maximum size compared to other anatomical structures in the youngest worms. Information on certain diagnostic features, e.g., giant nuclei, not recorded for the original and subsequent descriptions, are provided in this study. An additional pathway in the life cycle of P. (P.) celatus involving occasional fish hosts is proposed.


The first examples of facile hydrothiophosphorylation of organyl vinyl sulfoxides are described. Nucleophilic addition of P,S-ambident secondary phosphine sulfides 1 and 2 to organyl vinyl sulfoxides 3-6 with potassium hydroxide at room temperature proceeds chemo- and regioselectively to give the corresponding bis(2-organylethyl)[2-(organylsulfinyl)ethyl]phosphine sulfides 7a-e in high isolated yields.


The leachate plume stretching 300 m downgradient from the Grindsted Landfill (Denmark) has been characterized in terms of redox-sensitive groundwater quality parameters along two longitudinal transects (285 samples). Variations in the levels of methane, sulfide, iron(II), manganese(II), ammonium, dinitrogen oxide, nitrite, nitrate, and oxygen in the groundwater samples indicate that methane production, sulfate reduction, iron reduction, manganese reduction, and nitrate reduction take place in the plume. Adjacent to the landfill, methanogenic and sulfate-reducing zones were identified, while aerobic environments were identified furthest away from the landfill. In between, different redox environments, including apparent transition zones, were identified in a sequence in accordance with the thermodynamic principles. The redox zones are believed to constitute an important chemical framework for the attenuation processes in the plume


According to the structure and resource distribution of the Campus Network and the classical PageRank algorithm to halve the PageRank value of the page itself, an improved algorithm was presented to distribute the PageRank value in light of the link weight of the web pages based on


Abstract : The U.S. Navy is planning to enter the 21st Century with a large new class of surface combatments which are to be maintained in a manner significantly different from previous procedures. This thesis, through the use of a simulator, will investigate the possible impact of those new maintenance procedures upon aggregate inventory levels. The relevant inventory aspects considered are average inventory level, completion activity and crisis response.


This research examines the extent to which and the path through which privacy concerns may trigger negative consequences in Social Networking Sites SNS. Contradicting conventional wisdom that privacy concerns could severely impede the adoption and diffusion of online social networking, the results indicate that privacy concerns and risk beliefs do not directly impact individuals' willingness to share information through SNS. However, privacy concerns and risk beliefs do impede individuals' willingness to be profiled by SNS for personalized services and advertisement. Privacy concerns also positively impact risk beliefs and negatively impact trusting beliefs. Trusting beliefs positively influence individuals' willingness to share information through SNS and willingness to be profiled by SNS for personalized services and advertisement.


Abstract The developmental trajectories of Theory of Mind (ToM) in later childhood and into adolescence have not been thoroughly investigated, partly due to a lack of sensitive paradigms that can chart development in typical populations or in individuals with a core deficit in ToM, such as those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The present study assessed understanding of emotions, beliefs, and intentions using both an established ToM task () and the more recently developed Comic Strip Task (CST; ). Participants comprised 12 typically-developing (TD) children (mean age: 12·0 years, range: 9·9–14·8 years) and 12 high-functioning children with ASD (mean age: 11·0 years, range: 9·1–13·6 years). Results indicated that the ASD group were not impaired on any of the ToM tasks relative to TD children. It was concluded that although children with high-functioning ASD appear to develop basic ToM skills, they do not generalize these to naturalistic situations. The comic-strip paradigm is suggested as a promising way to approach the measurement of ToM across childhood in typical children and those with ASD.


As the implementation of relationship marketing concept,relationship marketing orientation has generally been assumed to be a key factor to gain a sustainable competitive advantage and excellent performance for an organization.Three aspects on relationship marketing orientation,such as its connotation,measurement,and its relationship with performance,have been systematically reviewed in detail.Based on these,some important topics have been put forward.


We compute the probability density distribution of maxima for a scalar random field in the presence of local non-gaussianities. The physics outcome of this analysis is the following. If we focus on maxima whose curvature is larger than a certain threshold for gravitational collapse, our calculations illustrate how the fraction of the Universe's mass in the form of primordial black holes (PBHs) changes in the presence of local non-gaussianities. We find that previous literature on the subject overestimates, by many orders of magnitude, the impact of local non-gaussianities on the PBH abundance. We explain the origin of this discrepancy, and conclude that, in realistic single-field inflationary models with ultra slow-roll, one can obtain the same abundance found with the gaussian approximation simply changing the peak amplitude of the curvature power spectrum by no more than a factor of two. We comment about the relevance of non-gaussianities for second-order gravitational waves.


Abstract : The major contributing factor to paint failure is excessive buildup of multiple coats of paint applied over a period of years. Although old paint can be removed adequately before repainting, the classical removal processes are costly and impractical. This study examines equipment which, according to the claims of the manufacturers, removes paint easily and inexpensively from wooden surfaces. In addition, tests were conducted to determine the feasibility of developing equipment to remove paint through microwave heating.


We propose a passive BCI system based on our previous results on deciphering neural correlates of memory from single-trial EEG. Our system will measure the brain activity of a user, and infer the user's preparedness for learning to present study items at estimated optimal times. The system will also monitor the brain activity during learning/encoding to assess whether the encoding process was successful or not. These studied item will be presented in the future with an appropriate lag depending on the predicted level of encoding to strengthen retention. The system will also extract information related to the user's confidence during re-presentation of the item to assess the level of reinstatement. Items with low reinstatement will be presented again to ensure encoding. Spacing models can be incorporated with the system to determine these lags for optimal retention. Other systems that monitor


Susan Miertschin, University of Houston Susan L. Miertschin is an Associate Professor in Computer Information Systems at the University of Houston. She began her career in higher education teaching applied mathematics for engineering technology students. She demonstrated consistent interest in the application of information and communication technologies to instruction. This interest plus demonstrated depth of knowledge of computer applications and systems caused her to change her teaching focus to computer information systems in 2000. Recently, she has completed graduate course work in the area of Medical Informatics in order to deepen and broaden her knowledge of a key application domain for information systems. She has taught both online and hybrid courses and is interested in enhancing the quality of online learning experiences.


in the work, the conditions and kinetics of the nitration of 2-methylpirimidine-4,6-dione (mPd) taken from literature are presented which lead to receive 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (dadne). The analysis of the literature data enables us to propose a model and mathematical formulation of the problem of dadne synthesis. The model is verified by the use of the literature and own experimental data. The influence of a batching time of nitric acid into a model reactor on temperature and composition of the reaction mixture is investigated. The proposed model of the synthesis can be useful for the study of the nitration process of mPd in a large-laboratory scale.


Objective
To observe the effect of glass fiber post combined with gingival retraction in the treatment of teeth with severe wedge-shaped defect.

Methods
53 patients with 120 teeth treated for severe wedge-shaped defect were selected.All the teeth were given root canal treatment, glass fiber post was applied after root canal prepared and resin was applied to fill wedge-shaped defect after gingival retraction.All the teeth were followed up for 2-3 years.

Results
In 2-3 years follow-up after treatment, there was no adverse outcome such as crown fracture or root fracture, neither filling material falling off in all the 53 patients with 120 teeth.The effect was good and satisfied.

Conclusion
The indication should be strictly grasped and then it is convenient to apply glass fiber post combined with gingival retraction to treat premolar with severe wedge-shaped defect, and complete coronal restoration should be avoided to reduce the cost of health care.

Key words:
Glass fiber post; Gingival retraction; Pulp; Wedge-shaped defect; Adhesive


Abstract The microstructure of the rectangular phase in the system sodium decylsulphate/decanol/water is investigated by means of deuterium NMR. By analysing the lineshape from selectively deuteriated decylsulphate and decanol, we separate the effects of (i) the shape anisotropy of the aggregate cross-section and (ii) the inhomogeneous distribution of the two surfactants within the aggregate. The aspect ratio of the cross-section is determined to 1.39±0.01, substantially smaller than previous estimates. We find no evidence for anisotropic growth of the aggregate cross-section in the hexagonal phase, as previously suggested. Rather, the aggregate shape appears to change abruptly at the hexagonal-rectangular phase transition with little change (with temperature) thereafter. The distribution of decylsulphate and decanol within the aggregates of the rectangular phase is highly non-uniform; the decanol concentration is 3 times higher in the central lamellar region than in the curved edges, while the decylsulph...


The impact on the activity in the different process of dissolution was studied in the paper,the source of phosphorus catalyst performance,as well as different levels of phosphorus catalyst.The results showed that the smaller effects on the structure of catalysts of phosphorus source.However,a relatively larger impact on the activity,with diammonium phosphate as phosphorus sources the best reforming activity was observed.Little difference was found in the measured activity and catalyst deactivation of the catalyst.By using H2-TPR and CO2-TPD techniques,the surface properties of the molybdenum phosphide catalysts were characterized.


Projected capacitive type touch sensor is getting to expand its territory from mobile applications to NBPC because of its several merits such as soft touch, multi‐touch and high transparency. An emergence of Windows 7 triggers the needs of projected capacitive touch for NBPC. LG display developed on‐cell projected capacitive type touch sensor for 13.3″ NBPC and acquired the certification of Microsoft Windows 7 logo for the first time of the world in In‐cell type touch LCD.


ABSTRACT Enterococci are one of the major facultative anaerobic bacterial groups that reside in the human gastrointestinal tract. In the present study, the composition of the enterococcal fecal flora in three healthy humans was analyzed before, during, and after the daily consumption of ∼125 g of a raw-milk Cheddar-type cheese containing 3.2 × 104 enterococci/g of cheese. Enterococcal counts ranged between 1.4 × 102 and 2.5 × 108 CFU/g of feces and differed from subject to subject and from week to week. The cheese contained mainly Enterococcus casseliflavus and a small population of Enterococcus faecalis. Clonal relationships were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Before and after consumption of the cheese, samples from humans contained mainly Enterococcus faecium, with some of the clones being resident. During consumption of the cheese, one particular transient clone of E. faecalis, clone Fs2, which was present in small numbers in the cheese, largely dominated the feces. Two clones of E. casseliflavus from the cheese were also found in the feces of one of the subjects during cheese consumption. These results suggest that a clone need not be present in a food in high numbers to establish itself in the intestine.


Discoidin domain receptor2is a kind of receptor tyrosine kinase,and fibrilic collagen is its ligand.The activation of DDR2induced by collagen mediate the over-expression of matrix metalloproteinase1.DDR2is widely contributed and involved in the process of the migration of some tumors.In order to study the function of DDR2in the process of the migration of tumor cells and the signal pathway of DDR2,the extracellular part of DDR2was cloned,expressed and purified.Competitive combination inhibitory test showed that the fusion protein of extracellular part of DDR2could inhibit specifically the interaction between collagen type II and natural DDR2on the surface of cells.


The Contents covered in this report are i) The molecular basis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: what do we know? What do we need?, ii) Genome-Wide studies of disease-related variation, iii) Genes and pathways, iv) Evolution and development of the brain, and v) Concluding remark. Schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are severe mental illness characterized by psychosis and mood and cognitive disorder. More specifically, SCZ is characterized by deficit in the perception or expression of reality and commonly SCZ patients manifests auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking with dysfunction in social and occupational skills. BP is a condition in which patient experience abnormally manic or hypo manic and abnormally depressed states for a period time in a way that interferes with normal functioning. Sometimes manic episodes lead to psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations. It is believed that both genetic and environment factors contribute to these psychiatric disease. Due to candidate gene identification by


Section 1. The growth and management of Coastal Tourism Destinations - The theoretical context 1. Managing the coastal zone 2. Current definitions of tourism 3. Definitions and typologies of coastal tourism destinations Section 2. Disappearing destinations - Climate change and coastal tourism - predictions impacts and risks 4. Current assessments and definitions of climate change 5. Climate change and its predicted impacts on coastal tourism 6. Climate change, tourism and the media 7. Assessment of current risks Section 3. Managing coastal tourism destinations: Current assessments and scenarios - Reports from existing case examples 8. Coastal tourism management: USA and the Americas 9. Coastal tourism management: Europe 10. Coastal tourism management: Australasia 11. Coastal tourism management: Asia Section 4. The future management of coastal tourism destinations - Overview of management and policy actions: choosing mitigation and ameliorative measures 12. Responding to climate change: Future management and policy choice 13. Conclusions.


The objective of this study is to examine changes in the structures of coals, asphaltenes, and polymers in situ with small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) during thermal treatments. We have built a SAXS instrument at the Basic Energy Sciences SynchrotronsRadiation Center at the Advanced Photon Source that allows us to obtain scattering data on very small samples and in the millisecond time domain. The Argonne Premium Coal samples, petroleum derived asphaltenes, and polymers with functionality to model fossil fuels were used in this study. The information that can be derived from these experiments includes: changes in fractal dimensionality, surface topology, and size and type of porosity. The information is correlated with other methods on the same samples. INTRODUCTION Small angle scattering is a good method to observe features such as porosity and surface properties of disordered systems over broad length scales. This non-destructive technique is usefbl for in situ analysis and with the advent of third general light sources with high photon flux, rapid data acquisition is possible. The nature of the porosity of a suite of 15 coals has been studied by SAXS and the results compared to adsorption techniques (1). Coal pyrolysis followed by gasification has been followed by SAXS. They found that upon pyrolysis there was an increase in micro and meso pores (2). SAXS investigation of pore sizes of Canadian coals and their chars showed that reactive chars from low rank coals have greater pore volumes compared to the coals, while the opposite effect is seen for less reactive chars from higher rank coals (3). The fractal pore structure of raw and heated brown coals was studied by SAXS (4). All of these were done with lab instruments. Synchrotronssources allowed faster data acquisition such that in situ experiment are facilitated such as the dynamics of solvent swelling (5). The Argonne coals have been looked at by a number of temperature programmed techniques such as TGA-FTIR (6), TGA-MS (7), Py-FIMS (8), Py HRMS (9), PMRTA (10), andIGC(11). These results will be used to help interpret data from temperature programmed SAXS of the Argonne Coals, resids, and polymers. EXPERIMENTAL The eight Argonne Premium Coal Samples were used without modification in this study (12). The ethylene [1] and oxymethylene [II] linked polymers have been used as possible models (13,14). More recent studies have looked at ethylene linked benzene with [IItl and without carboxylic acid groups [IV] (15, 16). The purpose of this later study was to examine the possible role of carboxylic acids to form crosslinks in low rank coal pyrolysis. The SAXS instrument was constructed at ANL and used on the Basic Energy Sciences SynchrotronsRadiation Center CAT undulator beamline ID12 at the Advanced Photon Source (http://www.bessrc. aps.anl/). Quartz capillaries (1 mm) were used to sample 5 mg of -100 mesh coal or polymer. Scattering patterns were obtained as the sample is heated from 25-600 "C. Monochromatic X-rays (8.5 -23.0 keV) are scattered off the sample and collected on a 19 x 19 cm2position sensitive two-dimensional gas detector. More recent data are taken using a 9-element mosaic CCD detector (15x 15 cm) with maximum of 3000x 3000 pixel resolution. An advantage of this new detector is that unlike the wire detector, the full beam from the undulator can be used which gives a factor of 1000 increase in sensitivity. The scattered intensity has been corrected for absorption, the empty capillary scattering, and instrument background. The differential scattering cross section has been expressed as a function of the scattering vector Q, which is defined as Q = (4n/2.) sin (3,where 1+is the wavelength of the X-rays and 8 is the scattering half angle. The value of Q is proportional to the inverse of the length scale (~-'). The instrument was operated with two different sample-to-detector distances, 68.5 cm to obtain data at 0.04< Q <0.7 ~-' and 3740 cm to measure at 0.006< Q <0.1 ~-l. Small Angle X-ray Scattering Atypical plot of the time temperature-resolved data for the pyrolysis of the Illinois No. 6 bituminous coal (APCS 3) is shown in Figure 1. These curves can be analyzed to determine size of features, . topology, and changes in total scattering. At small Q in the Guinier region, the radius of gyration (RJ, which is related to the size of the scattering features, can be determined. For example, R~for spheres can be determined from the slope of I(Q) vs @in a Q region where R~Qs 1.0. Power law slope (fractal dimension) from the data, such as is shown in Figure 1, are used to describe the topology of the system. Finally, the invariant QOis calculated and is proportional to the fluctuation of the electron density in the system. Changes in the invariant are useful in monitoring topological changes in the sample, Qo = JO-I(Q)Q2 dQ. For example, the invariant goes to zero for a homogeneous system such as a solution of coal molecules that are truly soluble and not aggregated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results from the TP SAXS are initially best understood by comparing them to results from other techniques and by looking at the various trends observed between the different rank premium coals. An example of the scattering curves as a function of Q is shown in Figure 1 for the Illinois bituminous coal (APCS 3). To avoid confusion, a few selected curves are drawn to represent the changes seen a the sample heats up. An obvious feature that is seen for the low rank coals but is most pronounced with the Illinois coal is the increase in scattering over an intermediate temperature range. This result is best observed in the changes of the invariant with temperature which is shown in Figure 2. There is a rapid increase in the QOat -130 "C where most likely water is being driven off. This has probably changed the surface area of the coal. These structural changes are common with the coals of< 80% carbon, but are not seen in the higher rank coals. However, the role of water release is not the only factor since the lignite and subbituminous coal have a greater water content and yet the effect is much less. The structure change is more than just a physical swelling of the structure since the free swelling index of this coals (4.8) is much less than, for example, the Upper Freeport (APCS 1), which has a FSI of 8.5 (12). With the Upper Freeport, the increase in QOis not observed, but instead shows the transactions at the softening and fluidity points. Normally the approaches used to look at these transitions are plasticity or fluidity measurements and inverse gas chromatography (IGC). A comparison of the SAXS and ICC data are shown in Figure 3. One expects the IGC transition to occur at a lower temperature since the heating rate was in hours compared to the total heating time of 10 min. for the SAXS data. However, note that the slope is the same (dashed line). In IGC, this slope is used to calculate the enthalpy of adsorption which for APCS 1 is 12.5 kcal/mole (11). These values increase with rank of the coal in the bituminous range. The trend in QOis also similar and is indicative of the increase in homogeneity of the system at these temperatures as the coals are becoming fluid. The low rank coals which do not become fluid show much different trends in QOat these higher temperatures. The changes in the power law slope (fractal dimension, dJ can be correlated with TGA results under the same heating rates. For bituminous coals, such as the Illinois No. 6 and Pocahontas, there is a reasonable correlation as shown in Figure 4. However, for the low rank coals, the changes in d~is much different and actually may have increased instead of decreasing with temperature as seen in the higher rank coals. One possible explanation for this is the fact that these coals are still early in the coalification process and what maybe occurring is an accelerated coalification process. Part of this process maybe the establishment of increased crosslinks instead of decreasing crosslinks, which normally occurs in the pyrolysis of bituminous coals. This has been suggested in other studies (15). Recently, model polymers with carboxylic acid functionality have been studied to try to understand this crosslinking phenomena. Later, we will discuss the results of TP SAXS on the polymer. In Utah coals (APCS 6), the d~decreased at a much lower temperature than the other bituminous coals. This has also been observed for this coal by proton magnetic resonance thermal analysis (PMRTA). It has been suggested that the increased mobility observed is due to the liptinite macerals in this coal (which is rich with resinites, 75%) at lower temperatures. Our SAXS data would confirm this conclusion. The volatile release of the coal is not unusual but the increase in extractability with heating is much greater than other bituminous coals of similar rank. The resinite must have a synergistic effect on overall thermal degradation of the macromolecular matrix. To better understand TP SAXS results for the coal samples, four polymers which represent various potential structures and functionality in coals have been examined under the same conditions as the coal pyrolysis. For both the naphthalene based polymers [l_Jand [IJ.'J, the structure changes at much lower temperatures than coals. However, as expected, the oxymethylene linked polymer [II] is the most reactive. In both polymers, a broad feature between Q = 0.1 to 0.3 emerges at high temperature which would be the formation of larger polycyclic aromatics. The PyHRMS has shown that these polymers, especially [111undergo secondary reactions to form strong Ar-Ar links which can lead to larger polycondensed aromatics. . ., The polymers from ORNL behaved much differently, For [IIIj with carboxylic acid functionality, the QOdid decrease but not nearly as much as seen in [11and [lIl. The structure seen by SAXS for the hydrocarbon polymer [IV] appeared to be very stable over the t


The present work proposes a surface-science approach of the genesis of the sulfide phase in model P-doped MoS 2 hydrotreating catalysts supported on α-Al 2 O 3 single crystals. This approach allows one to obtain a surface-dependent insight by varying the crystal orientations of the support. Model phosphorus-doped catalysts are prepared by spin-coating of Mo-P solutions onto four α-Al 2 O 3 crystal orientations C(0001), A(11 2 0), M(10 1 0) and R(1 1 02) that exhibit different speciations of surface -OH. 31 P and 95 Mo liquid-state NMR are used to give a description of the Mo and P speciation of the precursor solutions, which is further correlated with the genesis of the active MoS 2 phase. XPS quantification of the surface P/Mo ratio reveal a surface-dependent phosphate aggregation driven by the amount of free phosphates in solution. Phosphates aggregation decreases in the order C(0001)>>M(10 1 0)>A(11 2 0), R(1 1 02). This evolution can be rationalized by an increasing strength of phosphate/surface interactions on the different α-Al 2 O 3 surface orientations. Retardation of sulfidation with temperature is observed for model catalysts with the highest phosphate dispersion, suggesting that phosphorus intervenes in the genesis of the active phase through a close intimacy between phosphates and molybdates. The surface P/Mo ratio appears as a key descriptor to quantify this retarding effect.The phosphorus doping on model α-Al 2 O 3 supports can be used as a guide for the rational design of HDT catalysts on industrial γ-Al 2 O 3 carrier.


We report the case of a 15‐year‐old boy with Niemann–Pick disease type B with characteristic sonographic findings of splenic involvement. There were multiple well‐defined echogenic nodular lesions within the spleen parenchyma, and these lesions were surrounded by ring‐like blood flow on color Doppler imaging. Most of the patients with Niemann–Pick disease type B are children and they undergo repeated imaging studies. Therefore, familiarity with sonographic findings of the disease is required. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 41:32–34, 2013


t o regulate different ion channels. Since morphological and physiological comparisons of the vertebrate and insect olfactory systems have revealed remarkable similarities at the periphery as well as in the brain (Boeckh et al. 1965; Lancet 1986; Anholt 1987; Breer 1997; Kaissling 1987; Homberg et al. 1989; Shepherd and Greer 1990; Hildebrand and Shepherd 1997) it might be possible that they also share olfactory transduction mechanisms. How similar the transduction mechanisms in the different phyla actually are, however, cannot be judged yet and will be the focus of future studies. The present knowledge only allows speculation about the interactions of the second messenger systems involved, and how they regulate the ion channels present in the different compartments of the ORNs.


A concise, recyclable and efficient process is presented for the preparation of (S)-ketamine (esketamine, (S)-1a) via classic resolution combined with the recycling of undesired isomer. A commercially available ketone 2 as starting material, this procedure features three steps including (1) an unique hydroxylation-ring expansion rearrangement, (2) a mild amination via methanesulfonate and (3) a chiral separation using L-(+)-tartaric acid. The three simple steps are all performed in mild conditions and (S)-1a tartrate is obtained in 99.5% ee without recrystallization. Subsequently, the racemization of the unwanted (R)-1a remained in resolution mother liquor was performed in the presence of a Lewis acid in quantitative yield with >99.0% chemical purity. This original and economical process afforded esketamine in 67.4% (28.9% without racemization) overall yield with two times recycling of the mother liquor without column purification. In addition, this procedure can also be applied to the preparation of (S)-norketamine, which is a safer potential antidepressants.


Mala Omer is a small community about 16 km from center of Erbil. Mala Omer faces a rapid population growth. The current conducted study was to examine the current situation of water management. The incremental rate of the population was estimated to be 7.98%. The annual rainfall was estimated to 518 mm. 63.3% is consumed as Evapotranspiration, and 10% as evaporation. While only 18.7% is recharged into the ground and the remainder 8% run to out of the research area as runoff. The abstraction amount of water was estimated to be 3641 m3/day. The facts showed deficit in water balance estimated to 406485 m3. More than 80 m water table drawdown has been observed in less than two decades. More research is needed where participation is touted as the best approach in the urban environmental management.


We find the generators of the field of invariants of codjoint representation for factors of the unitriangular Lie algebra with respect to an arbitrary regular ideal.