Despite decades of research, little is known about the dynamics of sustaining change in school reform and how the process of change unfolds. By tracing the nine-year reform journeys of four primary schools in Hong Kong (using multiyear interview, observational, and archival data), this study uncovers the micro-processes the schools experienced during their reform. New practices first took root in a group of pilot teachers before gradually disseminating to other teachers and eventually transforming the entire school. Challenges differed across the reform journey. Synergy between school leadership, external support, and organization redesign was critical for initial success. Continued progress depended on whether school leaders and external partners could adapt their roles and redesign the organization to address the school's changing capacity and needs. The study reveals the long-term process of school reform and has crucial implications for policy, research, and practice.


DR. DOUGLAS ANDERSON, with MISS V. M. PEARSON and MISS JOAN ANDERSON, demonstrated a novel form of physiotherapy, which had been used with what was described as outstanding success in the rehabilitation of a woman, aged 49 years, with right hemiplegia resulting from cerebral hremorrhage. Dr. Anderson said that, from being a rather dreary and hopeless task, the recovery of hand and limb movements in the hemiplegic patient had become one of the most exciting and rewarding of physical treatments. Progress has stemmed from the notion of reeducation of movement instead of reeducation of muscles. The movements used were "basic patterns" of movement, most of which were in everyday use. It was found that the achievement of those could be enhanced by techniques of facilitation, known as proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (P.N.F.).


Social scientists have long debated the factors influencing public concern for the natural environment. This study attempts to contribute to this debate by arguing that environmental concern is shaped by both "spiritual" and "ecological" cultural models of nature-society relations and that by distinguishing between these two, we can better recognize the social sources of variation in concern for the environment. An analysis of questionnaire data from 21 nations from the 1993 International Social Survey Program using ordinary least squares regression models shows that spiritual and ecological environmental worldviews have different social bases. Education generally positively predicts the latter but not the former. Patterns of national differences are noteworthy as well. Thus, conceptualizing public concern for the environment in terms of distinct cultural models may be more revealing than focusing on environmental concern as such.


Tetrasiloxane and trisiloxane compounds were attached to oligo(ethylene oxide) chains, -(CH2CH2O)-n (n = 2−7), via hydrosilation and dehydrocoupling reactions. The compounds were purified by solvent extraction and distillation before being characterized by 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR. Upon being doped with lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB) or lithium bis(trifluorosulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI), the electrolytes showed ambient temperature conductivities ranging from 2 × 10-4 to 6 × 10-4 S cm-1. These low viscosity compounds have conductivities that are among the highest observed to date for liquid "polymer" electrolytes. Temperature-dependent conductivity studies suggest that the ethylene oxide chains contribute to ion transport as a polymer would. The amorphous behavior of the electrolytes was observed by differential scanning calorimetry, which revealed very low glass-transition temperatures before and after doping.


In the multiple sequences spread system (MSSS), multiple modulated spreading sequences by a groups of symbols are superimposed at the transmitter. In this paper, we propose a new multiple sequences spread-spectrum system with in-phase/quadrature index modulation (MSSS-I/Q-IM), which can achieve higher spectrum efficiency by using code index modulation to carry two groups of additional bits. In the proposed scheme, the additional bits are used to selected two groups of distinct circularly shifted versions of the spreading sequence, which are used to bearing the real part and imaginary part of the information symbols respectively. Similar to MSSS, the proposed approach can also suppress the interference perfectly, and eliminate the inter-block interference by inserting cyclic prefix (CP) between blocks. Through analyzing and comparing the numbers of carried bits per transmitted block of MSSS and MSSS-I/Q-IM, it shows that the proposed scheme can obtain higher data rate under the same resource restrictions. Besides, the performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation, the simulation results verify that the proposed scheme is competitive.


Biomass pyrolysis carbonization technology,a way for the utilization of biomass energy,has attracted great attention.Two typical equipments for biomass pyrolysis carbonization,charcoal kilns and fixed bed,were introduced.The structure characteristics and the application area of different kinds of equipments were recounted.These researches have indicated that the fixed bed equipments have shorter production cycle,stronger adaptability for biomass materials and better maneuverability,in which the quality of carbon product is more guaranteed compared with that from charcoal kilns.High efficient,stable and mechanized equipments shall be the main focus for future research and development.


Structural and magnetic properties of the rare-earth compounds R2FE17N_E_ have been studied with neutron-diffraction measurements and self-consistent spin-polarized electronic-structure calculations. The diffraction results indicate for the Nd compound that N goes into two sites in two or more phases of varying fractional N occupations. For the Y compound, N occupies only one site. Electronic-structure calculations for Y2Fe17 and Y2Fe17N3 give excellent results for sitedependent Fe moments, and, with spin-fluctuation theory, explain the large change in the Curie temperature on nitrogenation.


AbstractAwareness of the role of logistics centres is the precondition for successful planning, optimization, design, management, control and analysis of logistics processes and subsystems. Transportation requirements in supply chains, ecological requirements and the need for quality life in cities particularly emphasize the importance of selection of logistics centre locations, manner and time of supply. Taking into account the significance of selection and ranking of different locations, it is necessary to compare, as objectively as possible, the influences of various criteria and reduce them to a common function, i.e. present the methodology of solving complex problems associated with ranking of alternatives. The proposed method is expected to be a comprehensive tool of decision makers during the selection of the optimal logistics centre locations.


In this study, an analytical approach based on Lyapunov stability theory and linear matrix inequality (LMI) is proposed for the estimation of threshold coupling, which kthwhich hitherto have been obtained via laborious numerical simulations in coupled time-varying nonautonornous oscillators. The method involves formulating the synchronization scheme, obtaining the error dynamics and approximating nonlinear arising from the potential functions using the mean-value theorem, Taylor series expansion boundedness on the chaotic attractors. To ascertain the stability of the synchronized dynamics, a positive definite symmetric matrix and a Lyapuuov function assumed. The method is illustrated using coupled chaotic pendula and coupled double-well Duffing oscillators (DDOs) as paradigms. Th« derived for each coupling configuration of the oscillators is 0.476 for the bidirectionally coupled periodically forced pendula, 0.712 for bi-directionally coupled parametrically excited pendula, 1.92 for the urn-directionally coupled DDOs and for uni-directionally coupled parametrically excited pendula. Furthermore, by utilizing the average interaction energies derived from the Hamiltonian of the bi-directionally coupled systems, the kth was also computed numerically and it was
found is 0..594 for bi-directionally coupled periodically driven pendula
for bi-directionally coupled parametrically excited pendula and; by direct muucrical simulations kill for the urn-directionally coupled parametrically excited pendula ami 1.78 for uni-directionally coupled DDOs. The analytical and numerical results agree with 80.13%,86.82%, 92.71% and 98.57% for bi-directionally coupled periodically forced pendula, bi-directionallycoupled parametrically ex-cited pendula, uni-directionally coupled parametrically excited pendula and urndirectionally coupled DOOs respectively. Remarkably, the theoretical and numerical values of kth obtained for unidirectional coupling scheme was found to be approximately twice that bi-directional coupling configuration, indicating that the average svuchrouizat.iou energy in the unidirectional coupling scheme is completely utilizod system to achieve stable synchronization; whereas this enis s]ulJ(,d equally in the bi-directional coupling due to interaction provided by 11111t ual coupling. Furthermore, some new dynamical transitions associated with svnchronizatiou, namely; bistability, rnultistability and crisis were identified prior to threshold couplings. Specifically, in the bistable state of the DDOs, a torus found to coexist with the cross-well chaotic attractor in the space. The feature of crisis is that the two coexisting attractors annihilated while or more periodic attractors with the same or different periodicity .nr: ilJd\l(ed in t stability of periodic at.tractors was verifir«] t1nndard perturbation analysis and Routh-Hurwitz criteria. Finallv. using two-parameter phase plots, abundance of the Arnold tongues and
various regions of hyperchaotic, chaotic and periodic behaviour were identified. In conclusion. conditions and thresholds for synchronicity, new dynamical transitions to svncluouizatiou: of the periodic attractors, and a two-parameter phase plot revealing regions of different dynamics (which all have important theoretical awl practical applications) in time-varying non-autonomous oscillators that of ill science and technology have been obtained.


Diabetes mellitus (DM) belong to the major health problems causing mortality and morbidity in the world. Our study aimed to investigate effects of Lupinus Albus (LA) seed extract on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Thirty mature Sprague Dawley male rats were used in this study. Three experimental groups were used as follows: GI- Control rats (Normal), GII- Diabetic rats and GIII- Diabetic rats treated with LA aqueous extract (7mg/100g B.wt) by oral gavage. Insulin, Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and serum lipid profile assays of all rats were carried out. Gene expressions of Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx-1), homeobox protein (Nkx6.1), insulin-1, liver glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) and glucokinase were performed by real-time PCR. Results obtained for diabetic rats orally gavage with LA extract revealed an improvement in insulin with reduction in FBG, HbA1c% and significant improvement in serum lipid profile. Additionally, LA aqueous extract induced a mild increase in expression of biomarkers genes for pancreatic βeta cells (β-cells) function, insulin secretion, liver GLUT-2 and glucokinase when compared to STZ-diabetic rats. This research highlights LA seed extract as a nutraceutical for improving insulin secretion in diabetic rats.


SUMMARY A farm survey conducted in Ethiopia in 1986 identified seasonal food shortage as an important problem facing farmers. The researchers proposed the development of an early maturing maize variety to alleviate the problem and by 1988, on-farm trials of a selected variety were initiated. About two-thirds of the farmers retained part of the harvested crop as seed for planting, indicating their strong interest in the variety. Farmer-designed trials were found to be especially effective for obtaining farmers' assessment of the new variety and for monitoring how they incorporated it into the farming system. Maíl con maduración temprana para Etiopía


Sinceitisanimportant issue forusers andsystem designers, verification ofPLCprograms hasalready been studied invarious contexts, mostly foruntimed programs. Morerecently, timed features wereintroduced andmodeled withtimed automata. Inthis casestudy, weconsider apartoftheso-called MSS(Mecatronic Standard System)platform fromBoshGroup, aframework where time aspects arecombined withmultitask programming. Our model forstation 2oftheMSSplatform isanetwork of timed automata, including automatafor theoperative part andforthecontrol program, written inLadder Diagram. Thismodelisconstrained withatomicity hypotheses concerning program execution andmodelchecking ofa reaction time property isperformed with thetool UPPAAL.


Boesenbergia rotunda or fingerroot ginger is commonly found in South East Asia and traditionally used to treat common illnesses. Interest in the medicinal properties of B. rotunda has led to the tissue culture studies of this plant. The exploitation of culture conditions can be expected to affect production of different calli types and cell metabolites. Hence, analysis of primary and secondary metabolites as well as hormones was performed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry to determine the biochemical changes related to embryogenesis and plant regeneration. This was complemented by histological characterization study by microscopy. Primary metabolite profiles showed higher levels of glutamine, arginine and lysine in B. rotunda embryogenic callus compared to non-embryogenic tissues (suspension cells, dry and watery calli). The metabolite markers for embryogenic competency were confirmed in sieved embryogenic cells. Rhizome had the highest flavonoid levels while shoot tips the lowest indicating that flavonoids in shoot tips may result from diffusion from the rhizome. The low endogenous auxin level in embryogenic callus suggests active auxin metabolism to stimulate cell division and elongation for embryogenesis. Histo-morphological study indicated that embryogenic callus can be characterized by the presence of starch granules, fibrils on cell surfaces and bright fluorescent spots after diphenylboric acid 2-aminoethylester staining. Cells in watery callus were non-proliferative, lacking fluorescent spots, nuclei and starch granules, however had apparently higher flavonoid levels, possibly due to higher stain specificity towards selected flavonoids in B. rotunda. Ultimately, the identification of primary metabolite and cell morphology markers in B.rotunda cell cultures together with ongoing genomic studies can improve understanding of molecular processes related to embryogenesis and plant regeneration.


Abstract Cell cultures of simian and human origin infected with two strains each of herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) and herpesvirus ateles (HVA) were compared for production of infectious virus and early and late antigens (EA, LA) in the presence and absence of the tumor promoting agent 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Second, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infected human and simian lymphoblastoid cell lines of high and low cell passages were also compared for enhanced production of early antigen and virus capsid antigen (VCA) using two concentrations of TPA, owl monkey kidney (OMK) and squirrel monkey lung. Cell cultures infected with HVS and HVA with 20 ng/ml of TPA exhibited higher percentages of early and late antigen producing cells and contained 1.0-1.6 logs more virus. Such cells also had earlier cytopathic effects, larger plaques, and a 3-fold increase in the number of plaques. The TPA also enhanced HVS-EA, and LA both in OMK and human skin fibroblast (HSF) cells. The enhancement of EA was approximately 17.0% more in OMK cells and 4.0% more in HSF. The HVS-LA was 22% higher in OMK and 6.0% higher in HSF cells. Pretreatment of OMK cells with TPA prior to HVS or HVA infection showed only a 0.5-0.7 log enhancement of virus. A dose-response of TPA in P3HRl cells showed that both 20 and 40 ng/ml doses were able to enhance EBV, EA, and VCA significantly with peak enhancement at 40 ng/ml. Higher doses of TPA (60 and 100 ng/ml) resulted in considerable cell death and reduction in antigen production. TPA (20 and 40 ng/ml) stimulated both VCA and EA antigen production in P3HRl and B95-8 cells, with lesser effects on other human and simian lymphoblastoid cells. However, the stimulation of EA and VCA with these doses of TPA varied for each cell line. Moreover, TPA-treated P3HRl, B95-8, and 407-I cells on the average also produced 1.0-1.5 logs more virus than the untreated cells. The higher percentage of EA-VCA production from P3HR1 and B95-8 cells and lower EA-VCA from other human and simian cells suggests that such virus-cell interaction may be influenced by in vitro passages.


The article presents the way of determining an average course of subsidences of mining area measured after the termination of the subsequent mining stages run in the south of Poland by "Chwalowice" coalmine. The mean square approximation was conducted via smooth spline with the use of R – project programme. The problem of ambiguity of parameter value of smoothing of approximation function spar (in case when the function illustrating dependence among parameter values of smoothing and values obtained by generalised cross validation reaches its minimum value in a certain range of its values) was solved with the use of mean square minimalisation criterion of loss function between approximated and forecast subsidence values of Bialek's formulas and the Budryk-Knothe theory. The efficiency of both forecasts was verified as well as their accuracy was estimated based on average course of measured subsidences.The article presents the way of determining an average course of subsidences of mining area measured after the termination of the subsequent mining stages run in the south of Poland by "Chwalowice" coalmine. The mean square approximation was conducted via smooth spline with the use of R – project programme. The problem of ambiguity of parameter value of smoothing of approximation function spar (in case when the function illustrating dependence among parameter values of smoothing and values obtained by generalised cross validation reaches its minimum value in a certain range of its values) was solved with the use of mean square minimalisation criterion of loss function between approximated and forecast subsidence values of Bialek's formulas and the Budryk-Knothe theory. The efficiency of both forecasts was verified as well as their accuracy was estimated based on average course of measured subsidences.


The clinical results of drug eluting stents [DESs] depend on the type of the coating, the coating technology and the dosage and efficiency of the drug. The current study shows our examinations on drug eluting stents. Different types of commercially available coronary stents were investigated. Various methods were used for these experiments, for example optical microscopy, confocal fluorescent microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and EDS analysis. The properties characterizing applicability of drug eluting stents and the changing of the coatings during expansion are shown.


The only reference, so far as known to me, to the possible occurrence of contemporaneous volcanic rocks in the Banffshire schists is in the Geological Survey's memoir, "The Geology of Lower Strathspey." In a chapter on the petrography of the area, Dr Flett, after describing a section of a peculiar hornblende schist from about 300 yards above Ardwell Bridge on the Blackwater in the Cabrach district, which shows "little oval lenticles of calcite, which readily weather out, giving the rock a pumiceous appearance," follows up his description by the suggestion that "it may have been a vesicular basic sill, but the appearance of the rock suggests at once the possibility that it is a contemporaneous lava." I had probably read the paragraph indicated previously to my visit to the Cabrach in the summer of 1905, but if so, it had entirely passed from my mind, so that the raising of the question of the occurrence of contemporaneous volcanic rocks in the schists of that area must be considered an entirely independent suggestion. Moreover, the evidence which I have now to adduce leads me to conclude that the hornblendic schist in question is not the only—or in fact by any means the most typical—example of contemporaneous volcanic rocks there exposed. I hope further to be able to show that we have in this area not only exposures of interbedded vesicular lavas of more than one type, but that there are some of a more compact form; not only so, but that


Superconducting Tl2CaBa2Cu2Oy thin films have been successfully grown on the single‐crystal sapphire (1102) substrate by using the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition technique. The growth rate of the films was about 5 μm/h. The as‐deposited film was post‐annealed in a partially sealed ceramic crucible in the presence of a Tl2Ca2Ba2Cu3Oy pellet to achieve the superconducting phase. The x‐ray data show strong diffraction from the Tl2CaBa2Cu2Oy superconducting phase in addition to the trace amounts of Ca2CuO3 and BaCO3. Superconducting transition temperatures with onset above 100 K and zero resistance at 94 K can be obtained by further heat treatment at 500 °C in oxygen.


The invention relates to the field of processing of a rubber sponge pipe, and discloses a rubber sponge pipe perforating machine, which comprises a control system, a base frame, a clamping plate assembly, a perforating mechanism and a conveying mechanism, wherein the clamping plate assembly is arranged on the base frame and is used for clamping the two sides of a rectangular cavity of the rubber sponge pipe, the perforating mechanism is arranged at one end of the clamping plate assembly, the conveying mechanism is used for conveying the rubber sponge pipe from one end, away from the perforating mechanism, of the clamping plate assembly to the perforating mechanism, and the conveying mechanism is arranged under the clamping plate assembly, is slidingly connected with the base frame, and is capable of doing reciprocating movement in the length direction of the clamping plate assembly. The rubber sponge pipe perforating machine has the advantages that under the automatic control of the control system, the rubber sponge pipe is conveyed via the joint action of the driving device, the clamping plate assembly and the conveying mechanism, and a mounting hole is processed by the perforating mechanism; the participation of workers is not needed during the automatic processing, so the labor cost is greatly reduced, the processing efficiency is improved, the processing precision is very high, and meanwhile, the subsequent mounting precision of the product is ensured.


The necessity of an additional study of the influence of the mutual arrangement of receiving stations on the accuracy of determining the coordinates of the object has been substantiated. An algorithm has been developed for determining the location of an object for an arbitrary number of receiving stations using the difference-ranging method. In contrast to the previously used algorithms, it uses all possible differences in the time of arrival of the signal from the radio emission source to the receiving stations. This makes it possible to exclude a rigid binding to the "reference" receiving station, relative to which the difference in range is estimated in the classical differential-rangefinder method. This made it possible to use the differences in the arrival times of the signal from the source between all possible pairs of receiving stations. A method is proposed for calculating the influence of the mutual arrangement of receiving stations and a source on the accuracy of assessing the location of an object. This allows the location of the receiving stations to be preselected so as to minimize position estimation errors in a system with a large number of receiving stations. The results of the algorithm's operation showed that for a given number of substations, the transition from the algorithm from one "reference" receiving station to the algorithm developed by us makes it possible to increase the accuracy of determining the location of the object by at least 30%. It was found that with an increase in the number of receiving stations, the position determination error when working with our algorithm decreases much faster than when using classical algorithms.


The authors describe the career of the Flemish filmmaker Jef Cornelis. Includes a list of his 105 films on contemporary art and architecture produced between 1964 and 1990. Index of names.


The emergency backup problem of optical inter-datacenter (inter-DC) networks is widely studied to avoid data loss caused by disasters. However, when unpredictable disasters such as earthquakes and large-scale power outages attack the optical inter-DC network, it is impossible to predict the network damage under a discrete time domain through the early warning system (EWS). Designing a reliable emergency backup scheme is becoming a key challenge in the optical inter-DC network in unpredictable disasters. Previous work only optimized emergency backup in the optical inter-DC networks in predictable disasters, which would lead to the unreliability of emergency backup of the optical inter-DC networks in unpredictable disasters. Therefore, this work proposes a reliable emergency backup method for the optical inter-DC networks in unpredictable disasters. Firstly, the disaster probability propagation model of the optical inter-DC network in unpredictable disasters is established based on the Markov process to quantify the network damage under a discrete time domain and install the emergency backup reliability problem. Next, constructing a time-sensitive variable time extension network (TS-VTEN) transforms the dynamic emergency backup reliability problem into a static flow problem. Finally, the problem is expressed as integer linear programming (ILP). The proposed ILP method outperforms state-of-the-art emergency backup methods by simultaneously achieving high reliability and time efficiency.


A Globally Asynchronous, Locally Synchronous (GALS) system with dynamic voltage and frequency scaling can use the slowest frequency possible to accomplish a task with minimal power consumption. With the mechanism for implementing dynamic voltage scaling at each synchronous domain left up to the designer, our Globally Asynchronous, Locally Dynamic System (GALDS) provides a top-down, system-level means to maximize power reduction in an integrated circuit and facilitate system-on-a-chip (SoC) design. Our solution includes three distinct components: a novel bidirectional asynchronous FIFO to communicate between independently clocked synchronous blocks , an all-digital dynamic clock generator to quickly and glitchlessly switch between frequencies and a digitally controlled oscillator to generate the global fixed frequency clocks required by the all-digital dynamic clock generator. In addition to being capable of reducing power consumption when combined with dynamic voltage scaling, a GALDS design benefits from numerous other advantages such as simplified clock distribution, high performance operation and faster time-to-market through the modular nature of the architecture.


In this study, when cotton fabrics dyed with Direct dyes are treated under various resin concentration 2, 4, 8, 12, with ureaformaldehyde(UF) and melamineformaldehyde(MF) resin which can be imparted the crease recovery to textiles, chang of properties on lightfastness, washfastness, crease recovery, breaking strength, etc. and color changes are investigated. the results are as follows 1) Color difference(E) increased but K/S value decreased according to the increase of resin cone. such tendency showed that MF treated fabrics and soaping fabrics were evident than UF treated fabrics and non-soaping fabrics. 2) In lightfastness, E and K/S value of resin treated fabrics were reduced as compared with untreated fabrics according to the increase of resin cone. The lower E and K/S value of MF than E and K/S value of UF showed low lightfastness of MF. pH of resin treted fabrics was almost unaffected with lightfastness. 3) In washfastness, E and K/S value of resin treated fabrics decreased slightly as com-pared with untreated fabricsaccording tothe increase of resin cone. The E and K/S value of MF decreased lower than UF. But in the case of the higher resin cone. than about , they were not almost differentiated. 4) As resin cone. increased, crease recovery considerably increased but breaking strength and elongation decreased. The fabrics treated with UF were good crease recovery, whereas the fabrics treated with MF were good breaking strength. 5) Soaping appeared to improve the lightfastness, washfastness, crease recovery but appeared to work adverse effect on breaking strength.


This paper examines whether feature sets which have been developed for authorship attribution can also be used for the sentence extraction task. Experiments show that the feature sets distinguish significantly better between extract and non-extract sentences than a random baseline classifier, but that a careful combination with other features is necessary in order to outperform a positional baseline classifier. Furthermore, it is vital that the training material reflects the intended task.


ABSTRACT A system is experiencing two kinds of sporadic impacts: valid shocks that cause damage instantaneously, and positive interventions that induce partial healing. Whereas each shock inflicts a fixed magnitude of damage, the accumulated effect of positive interventions nullify the damaging effect of one shock. The system is said to be in stage 1, when it can possibly heal, until the net count of impacts (valid shocks registered minus valid shocks nullified) reaches a threshold . Thereafter, the system enters stage 2, when no more healing is possible. The system fails when the net count of valid shocks reaches another threshold . The inter-arrival times between successive valid shocks and those between successive positive interventions are independent and follow arbitrary distributions; thereby we remove the restrictive assumption of exponential distributions often found in the literature. We find the distributions of the sojourn time in stage 1 and the failure time of the system. Finally, we find the optimal values of choice variables that minimize the expected maintenance cost per unit time for three different maintenance policies.


A power supply designed to operate a high-efficiency, ten-watt TWT used as the power amplifier in a communications satellite is described. The electrical environment in which the power supply must operate and the required functional outputs are defined. Emphasis is placed on efficiency and regulation of the high-voltage converter. Operation is outlined by use of a functional block diagram and description of the primary power-handling circuits. Command, monitoring, and fault control, while vital to the proper operation of the amplifier, are not topics of this paper. The high-voltage converter achieves primary regulation through pulse-width modulation. The basic relationships which control its design, and the base drive circuit used to modulate the pulse width are described. An energyrecovery system using a two-winding inductor is employed in conjunction with the buck-mode converter. The principal sources of dissipation in the supply, contained in the highvoltage converter, are described. Relationships governing the dissipative loss in each are developed, and solved by use of a computer program. The results are presented in terms of graphs showing the effect on overall loss of varying critical parameters. Control of ripple, both externally imposed and internally developed, is a primary consideration of the power supply design. Its accomplishment is described in terms of the primary regulator, supplemental regulation by means of a linear regulator, and filtering at both input and output. Results of the design effort are summarized by a presentation of operational characteristics, and a brief description of the packaging.


The diabetic model rat was caused by STZ. The rats were divided into three groups, i.e.,group of control, low dose group and high dose group, with the water suspended tartary buckwheat tea as the testing agent. After 30 days of stomach filling, the blood sugar and glucose tolerance of rats were measured, the results showed that, when compared with the control group, the blood sugar was evidently decreased and the glucose tolerance was increased in the low dose group. The conclusion is that the tartary buckwheat tea can alleviate the blood sugar situation of diabetic rats.


Abstract The development of successful solid dosage forms is closely concerned with all types of reactions in the solid state. Polymorphic transitions, chemical reactions and the Influence of quality of raw materials are reviewed.


Objective: Patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) may develop metastatic SCC to nodes in the head and neck. Recent data support best outcome with the addition of adjuvant radiotherapy. This study aims to present further supportive evidence.


With the rapid development of Internet technology, Web service composition has been an important field for web services technology, which gives us the opportunity for selecting new services and satisfied users' needs at the moment. For quality factors problem in the Web service composition, we firstly analyzed the life cycle on web service composition in detail. Secondly we extend the service description content of OWL-S language, and on this basis a quality systematic solution for Web service composition is presented, which is with better service quality and fitness compared with the traditional method. Lastly, the method is applied in an example on travel navigation system, which proves the effectiveness of the method.


To investigate safety of radiofrequency current ablation(RFCA)of tachycardia in patients with cardiac dysfunction, tachycardias were treated by means of RFCA in 36 patients with different degree of cardiac dysfunction. Results:Having been prepared preoperatively, cardiac function(NYHA) of all patients were improved at least 1~ 2 classes, and recovered to class Ⅱ~Ⅰ.The first RFCA were successful in 33 patients with success rate of 91.7%(33/36). Of 3 patients with failured RFCA, 2 patients,1 with left midseptal accessory atrioventricular pathway(AP) and 1 with right anterior free wall AP , were successfully ablated at second time. Two-time RFCAs were failure in 1 with impured atrial flutter who took amiodarone. Therefore, total success rate was 97.2%(35/36). Of 6 patients with angina pectoris, 4 received percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty stenting, 2 had no angina onset following RFCA. Of 2 patients with rheumatic heart diseases, 1 patient received percutaneous mitral balloon valvularoplasty at the same time, 1 patient selective valve replacement. No tachycardia was recurrent in all patients during follow-up of 6.4±2.4(2~10)years. Conclusion: RFCA of tachycardia was also safe in patients with cardiac dysfunction based on excellent perioperative preparations.


We present the results of treatment of 15 patients with brain arteriovenous
 malformation initially presented by epilepsy in Neurosurgery, Clinical Center
 of Serbia in Belgrade, in the period 2004-2010 year. Results: Most of the
 patients had a grand mall type of epilepsy, 14 of them, while one was present
 petit mall epilepsy. The attacks are manifested individually in 14, and in 1
 case series. Response to treatment was good in 11 and 4 patients with
 refractory. In 26.7% of cases, seizures alternated with bleeding. Anatomical
 features of malformations did not show a significant difference in the
 predisposition to epilepsy treatment response . Conclusion: Good control of
 epilepsy by medication supports the view that there is no need for urgent
 surgical treatment of brain AVM so we can generally conclude that brain AVM
 in relation to a wide range of neurosurgical patients are in benign lesions,
 which requires patience and good workmanship and strategic therapeutic
 approach.


This paper contains a brief outline of the principal elements of the 5225-MW Churchill Falls hydroelectric power development, together with a review of the significant electrical features. It describes the 500-MVA generating units, the arrangement of busses, transformers and 240-kV cables used to transmit energy from the underground powerhouse to the surface, the 735-kV switchyard, the auxiliary power system, protective relaying, control and annunciation schemes, and the data logging computer installation.


We have previously shown how InP, InGaAs and InGaAsP deposited onto etched DFB gratings under the same conditions act differently and here we will show both how the atomic concentrations change in deposited InGaAs and InGaAsP layers with position above the grating and how the total incorporation rate changes when compared to growth on a planar substrate.


The thermolysis of tetra(supersilyl)dialane R*2Al−AlR*2 (R* = SitBu3 = Supersilyl) in heptane or cyclohexane at 50 °C leads under Al−Al dissociation reversibly to monoalanyl radicals [R*2Al]•, which could be trapped by hydrogen or iodine (formation of R*2AlH, R*2AlI). Simultaneously, SiAl dissociation and elimination of supersilyl radicals tBu3Si• leads irreversibly and slowly to radicals [R*2Al−AlR*]•, the existence of which could be established by ESR spectroscopy. The structure was clarified by ab initio calculations (nearly planar Si2Al−AlSi and linear Al−Al−Si skeleton; short Al−Al distance). By thermolyzing R*2Al−AlR*2 at 100 °C, the radical [R*4Al3]• (ESR spectroscopically detected) and the tetrahedro-tetraalane R*4Al4 (NMR spectroscopically seen) are formed via radicals [R*3Al2]•; the supersilyl radicals tBu3Si•, formed at the same time, are stabilized by dimerization to superdisilane R*−R* and by taking up hydrogen, giving supersilane R*−H. According to X-ray structure analysis, the Al atoms in [R*4Al3]• are located at the corners of a triangle; one Al atom is connected with two groups R*, the remaining two Al atoms each bind one substituent R* in different ways.


Livestock wastes are the major source of organic wastes in the European Union.
The increasing amount and concentration of these wastes, as a consequence of intensive
farming, and the more strict environmental regulations poses restrictions to land
application. It is necessary to develop new management practices to reduce the
environmental impact. Among the different sectors, swine industry raises great concerns
due to the potential of surface and groundwater contamination by nitrates and
phosphates. In this same line, the waste management policy of the EU is focused in
reducing, reuse and recycling, encouraging source separation of the organic fraction of
municipal solid wastes (OFMSW), and prompting a significant reduction of the amount
of organic material that ends in landfills. In either case, anaerobic digestion (AD) allows
the treatment and valorisation of these wastes, obtaining a biofuel which is classified by
the European Commission as one of the most sustainable fuels, along with a digested
material that can be further composted to be used as biofertiliser. Nevertheless, AD can
be problematic when treating some residues, due to their low biogas potential or to the
presence of some compounds acting as inhibitor based on their concentration. Codigestion
of wastes with complementary characteristics can solve these problems.
This work assesses the co-digestion of swine manure (SM) and OFMSW using
wastes obtained in the production of biodiesel to achieve a greater stability and methane
production of the system. In addition, the use of by-products and wastes from biodiesel
plants is a key factor in the application of the biorefinery concept, where several
products are obtained from a raw material, as it occurs in a conventional petroleum
refinery, maximising the use of biomass and increasing sustainability of biofuel
production.
Co-digestion tests were performed using two types of glycerines and evaluating
different glycerine-SM proportions to determine their effect over biogas production and
obtain the best glycerine-manure ratio. Posteriorly, the digestion process was carried out
under semi-continuous conditions to evaluate the stability of the system. Tests showed
an increase in biogas production as a consequence of the addition of glycerine, showing
also differences in behaviour linked to glycerine types.
XVIIResumen - Abstract
Following a similar methodology, the co-digestion of OFMSW and glycerine
was assessed, obtaining as a result a significant increase in biogas production as well as
a stable operation during the period under study.
Co-digestion of SM and waste oil sludge (WOS) was also evaluated. WOS used
as co-substrate were obtained at the pre-treatment stage of the biodiesel production
process. Results showed an increase in biogas production of 1.5 - 2 fold. Unlike
glycerine tests, in this case a synergistic effect was observed. Due to the complex
composition of this waste, problems related with the accumulation of long chain fatty
acids (LCFA) were experienced when increasing organic loading. Stability tests
performed over digested samples showed the need of a post-treatment stage if its use as
organic amendment is intended.
Finally, the theoretical assessment of the biogas potential of these wastes at a
national level was performed, evaluating the potential applications of biogas as
substitute of natural gas in transport and homes. In accordance with results obtained, codigestion
of these wastes could significantly help to fulfill renewable energy targets in
transport sector for 2020, with a reduction of 1 - 1.2 Mt CO2 eq.


The current study aims to unpack the role of the Bali Province Indigenous Community Promotion Service in Increasing Village Potential in Denpasar City and the extent of involvement of the Bali Province Indigenous Community Promotion Service in Increasing Village Potential in Denpasar City. A qualitative approach was employed to correspond to the portrayed problems due to the exploration of a descriptive analysis approach. This study, moreover, plotted observation, interviews, and documentation as the data collection procedures. The results unpacked the humongous role of the Bali Province Indigenous Community Promotion Service in Increasing Village Potential in Denpasar City, especially in realizing the vision and mission of the Bali Provincial government (Nangun Sad kerthi Loka Bali). The current study also recruited the Head of the Office for the Advancement of Indigenous Peoples of Bali Province, Bendesa Adat Pakraman Village Denpasar, and Bendesa MDA Denpasar City as the subjects of the study. The inhibiting factors can be overcome if good cooperation is established. In addition, the heterogeneity of the Denpasar City community leads to complicated potential raises in Denpasar's villages, Bali.


The paper presents a neuromorphic system implemented on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device establishing fault tolerance using a learning method, which is a combination of the Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity (STDP) and Bienenstock, Cooper, and Munro (BCM) learning rules. The rule modulates the synaptic plasticity level by shifting the plasticity window, associated with STDP, up/down the vertical axis as a function of postsynaptic neural activity. Specifically when neurons are inactive, either early on in the normal learning phase or when a fault occurs, the window is shifted up the vertical axis (open), leading to an increase in firing rate of the postsynaptic neuron. As learning progresses, the plasticity window moves down the vertical axis until the desired postsynaptic neuron firing rate is established. Experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in establishing fault tolerance. The system can maintain the network performance with at least one nonfaulty synapse. Finally, we discuss a robotic application utilizing the proposed architecture.


The Wisconsin 2007 Assembly Bill 238 requires the Wisconsin Department of Transportation to conduct a comprehensive study to review the system of motor vehicle weight limits on Wisconsin's highways and bridges. Laws regarding allowable weight limits, lengths, and widths of commercial motor vehicles are designed to ensure safe vehicle operation on Wisconsin's roadways and to preserve the state's investment in highway and bridge infrastructure. Federal laws govern limits on the Interstates and other selected state highways. Truck size and weight (TS&W) laws affect the cost of transportation for Wisconsin's freight shippers and carriers. At the same time, studies have documented the impacts of heavily loaded and overloaded trucks on pavement surfaces and bridge structures. In light of changing patterns of economic growth and logistics, continued increases in truck traffic, and numerous requests for changes to laws, it has become apparent that a comprehensive review of Wisconsin's state TS&W laws is needed.


As a typical example of simultaneous analysis of the odorous compounds, the volatile organic compounds from inventory sources in Seongseo industrial area were concentrated and analyzed with thermal desorber/GC/MSD, and major malodorous compounds were estimated. Odor intensity and odor concentration was analyzed simultaneously During a period from November in 2002 to December in 2003, this study was conducted to evaluate malodor emission characterization in major treatment facilities. The major components were Dimethyl sulfide, Dimethyl disulfide, Methyl mercaptane, Ammonia, Benzene, Toluene, m,p-xylene, o-xylene, Styrene, 1,2,4T.M.B and 1,3,5-T.M.B. Among the six major inventory sources, the odor unit concentration of Night-soil disposal facilities was the highest,


The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of Albizia amara (AAEE) on serum lipid profile and antioxidant activity in high cholesterol diet rats. Hyperlipidemia was induced in normal rats by giving high cholesterol diet (cholesterol 25mg/kg in oil). The ethanolic extracts of bark of Albizia amara were administered in doses of 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg p.o. daily for 30days along with high cholesterol diet is fed to rats. Serum lipid profile, hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and catalase activity were estimated by using standard methods. The results of present study indicate that Albizia amara had significant beneficial effects against high cholesterol diet induced hyperlipidemia and increases the SOD (superoxide dismutase), catalase activity indicate as good antioxidant activity. The ethanolic extract of the Albizia amara produced a significant decrease in the levels of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatases and significant increase in the level of serum HDL, with increase in dose of AAEE against high cholesterol diet induced hyperlipidemic in rats, which was measured comparable with that of standard Atorvastatin. Hyperlipidemic activity of Albizia amara may be due to presence of saponins, tannins and glycosides.


This article focuses its attention on the contemporary need for reform of evaluation and its use – reform in the direction of greater emphasis on localism, on generalizing from small samples and emphasizing direct observation of program interactions. None of these propositions is novel, but it is necessary to reinvent methodological wheels from time to time. As evaluation has become internalized into the administrative system it has been drawn to the business of generalizing beyond and across contexts, seeking to make definitive statements about a program, a domain or a population and assuming that program results are a measure of program quality. This serves the information needs of managers and the policy shaping community – less so those of practitioners whose generalizations are often limited to context. But underlying this is a conflict between distinct forms of knowledge: knowledge for control and knowledge for action. Evaluation is too frequently pressed into the service of the former. A rhetorical device is used to distinguish programme quality as a results measurement from programme quality as the rigorous analysis of programme experience and values. This is Alfred Hitchcock's 'McGuffin' - the objective of a plot which is irrelevant in itself, but which gives meaning to the chase.


In this paper, we study the existence and stability of travelling wave solutions of a kinetic reactiontransport equation. The model describes particles moving according to a velocity-jump process, and proliferating thanks to a reaction term of monostable type. The boundedness of the velocity set appears to be a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of positive travelling waves. The minimal speed of propagation of waves is obtained from an explicit dispersion relation. We construct the waves using a technique of sub- and super- solutions and prove their stability in a weighted L2 space. In case of an unbounded velocity set, we prove a superlinear spreading and give partial results concerning the rate of spreading associated to particular initial data. It appears that the rate of spreading depends strongly on the decay at infinity of the stationary Maxwellian.


In order to study the influence of the atmosphere on the sintering of magnesium oxide particles, the particles prepared by rapid decpmposition of magnesium oxalate in vacmo were sintered in water vapor of 20 mmHg at the temperatures from 500 to 900eC for various times ranging from one to ten hours. The features of this sintering system were described by measurements of the crystallite size, specific surface area, and lattice constant of the products, Eaeh crystallite of the sintered magnesium oxide particles showed a cubic form (Fig. 1), aqd the degree of secondary agglomeration between them was relatively srilight(Fig. 6). The decrease of the specific surface area observed with the increase of the sintering time was an immediate consequence of the crystallite growth, andboth the phenomena could be treated in one kinetic equation (Equation (5)). The values of the apparent activation energy for the sintering were found to be 33.3.v36.lkcal/mol. It seems likely that the sintering in water vapor is acceleratedby increase of anion mobility due to repetition of the adsorption-desorption cycle of water molecules.Aging of the sintered magnesium oxide particles upon exposure to the air was observed for 8 minutes to 2 years (Fig. 8, 9, and Table 1). lt was found that both lattice constants, and crystallite sizes were kept constant over the whole period, but the decrease qf the spe-cific suMrface area was already observed within 3 hours after exposure to the air. Through these measurements on aging, it is suggested that degrees of interaction of magnesium exide particles with water vapor vary during the lbng period of exposure, but the lattice constants of magnesium oxide particles are not affeeted by the degrees of interaction.


Performance of lecture in educational institutions is an interesting factor to study, because: First, the lecture is a determinant of the success of the learning process, without qualified lecturer, it is impossible to produce quality student. Second, teachers provide examples of attitudes, behavior and personality. Keywords:  lecture,  student,  educational


The ABU Survey includes 3 different fresh-frozen pooled urine specimens in each mailing. The freshfrozen pooled urine specimens are from donors who had normal or elevated urine albumin. The urine was kept cold during collection and storage, pooled, filtered and frozen in aliquots at -70C within 5 days of collection. No supplements or preservatives were added. The fresh-frozen urine specimens were allowed to thaw in transit to participants. The fresh-frozen urine specimens are expected to be free of influence from matrix effects, and therefore comparisons made between participants' results, or among method group mean/median values, reflect performance expected for patients' specimens.


Polymerization methods of ethylene include the slurry, solution, and gas-phase processes. This study investigates polymerization conditions and kinetics under slurry process. Typical metallocene catalyst/cocatalyst Cp2ZrCl2/MAO system was used for ethylene polymerization. Two kinds of polymerization kinetics were compared in this study, multiple active-site model and transfer-effect model. The kinetic studies used metallocene-type polymerization kinetics, including catalyst activation, initiation, chain propagation, chain transfer, and termination steps. In addition, kinetic constants of polymerization reaction model were calculated. Calculation results of catalyst activity and molecular weight were compared with experimental results, indicating their good correlation. Moreover, the conventional polymerization was modified to accurately predict the molecular weight behaviors under various reaction conditions with the proposed transfer-effect model. Exactly, how reaction time, pressure, catalyst concentration, and cocatalyst ratio affect catalyst activity and molecular weight of the polymer were also discussed.


4'531,a strain of antagonistic bacterium,was isolated from Mountain Tai soil.The study was done by phenotypic characteristics,physiological and biochemical properities and phylogenetic analysis of 16Sr DNA sequences.Furthermove,a phylogenetic tree including itself was constructed by comparing with the published 16Sr DNA sequences of ten relative bacteria species finally,its antagonism was investigated toward three plant pathogens:Alternaria atternate,Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani.The results show that 4'531 belonged to Paenibacillus.In the phylogenetic tree,4'531 was the closest relative to Paenibacillus polymyxa(AJ320493) with more than 98% sequences similarity.The 16Sr DNA sequences of 4'531 have been registered at GenBank database under the accession number DQ279739.It also had strong inhibition against three testing plant pathogens.


INTRODUCTION: Previous studies suggest a substantial genetic influence on disc degeneration, but raise questions about differential effects on spinal levels and which phenotypes are or are not largely genetically influenced. We aimed to further clarify the presence and magnitude of genetic influences on disc degeneration, and better understand the phenomenon of disc degeneration through comparisons of genetic and environmental influences on different degenerative signs and lumbar levels. METHODS: A classic twin study with multivariate analyses was conducted. The study sample consisted of 152 monozygotic and 148 dizygotic male twin pairs (600 subjects), 35–70 years of age, from the population-based Finnish Twin Cohort. Lumbar MRIs were obtained with a 1.5 Tesla scanner and quantitative or qualitative assessments were conducted of disc signal, bulging and narrowing at each lumbar level. Data on possible confounding factors were obtained from an extensive, structured interview. Quantitative genetic modeling was conducted using MPlus. RESULTS: Heritability estimates varied from 29% to 54%, depending on the particular disc degeneration phenotype and lumbar level. The same genetic influences affected signal intensity and disc height (genetic correlations of -0.60 to -0.66) or bulging (-0.71 to -0.72) to a great degree at either the lower or upper lumbar levels. Genetic influences on disc narrowing and bulging were virtually the same, with genetic correlations of 0.92 to 0.97. Conversely, genetic correlations (and environmental correlations) were substantially lower for upper and lower lumbar levels, implying largely independent genetic effects. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic and environmental influences on disc degeneration appear to be of similar importance. Disc signal, narrowing and bulging had a primarily common genetic pathway, suggesting a common genetic etiopathogenesis. Conversely, genetic and environmental influences differed substantially for upper versus lower lumbar levels, emphasizing the importance of examining these levels separately in studies of associated genes, other constitutional factors, and environmental influences. I N T E R N A T I O N A L S O C I E T Y F O R T H E S T U D Y O F L U M B A R S P I N E


Tissue growth can be modeled in two dimension by only using circular granular cells, which can grow and produce child. Linear spring-dashpot model is used to bind the cells with a cut-off interaction range of 1.1 times sum of radii of interacted cells. Simulation steps must be divided into explicit and implicit ones due to cell growing stage and cell position rearrangement. This division is aimed to avoid simulation problem. Only in the explicit steps time changes is performed. Large cells overlap is chosen as termination condition of tissue growth. Only some cells configuration can growth to infinite time without encountering the large cells overlap. These configurations, and the other also, are presented in this work.


Modelling A Markov model was constructed to simulate the clinical and economic outcomes associated with the three treatments in hypothetical patients with advanced glaucoma. After treatment, patients could experience stable or unstable visual acuity (VA) and two independent Markov states were specified. These states were stable glaucoma and visual field defect (VFD). Thus, patients were classified into either a stable glaucoma group or a new unstable VFD group. At the end of each cycle, patients could or could not develop a VFD. Patients who did not develop a VFD continued with current treatment, while those who did received a second-line treatment. The time horizon of the model was 5 years with cycles of one month (since glaucoma drugs are effective within 4 to 6 months). Simulations were performed over 60 cycles.


The main purpose of this exploratory project is to develop a more fundamental understanding of the long-term sequestration of CO2 via mineral carbonation reactions involving the common Mg-silicates in serpentinite and basalt mineral assemblages. Past experimental studies have shown that these reactions are kinetically limited, so we are exploring ways to enhance their kinetics, including the use of activators such as organic acids and catalysts such as natural metalloenzymes that enhance the rate of conversion of hydrated CO2 to bicarbonate ions. During the past year, we have combined surface science studies of (1) the interaction of CO2 and H2O with Mg-oxides and Mg-silicates, (2) hydrothermal experimental studies of the rates of Mg-silicate carbonation reactions, (3) reactive transport modeling of these carbonation reactions in initially porous Mgsilicate rocks, and (4) field-based studies of natural analogs of serpentinite carbonation reactions. We have carried out first-of-their-kind in situ ambient pressure photoemission spectroscopy (APPES) studies of the interaction of CO2 and CO2 + H2O with model Mgoxide surfaces, initiated experimental hydrothermal studies of the rate of interaction of CO2-rich aqueous solutions with Mg-olivine and other Mg-silicates, completed preliminary simulations of these and other reactions of CO2-rich aqueous solutions with Mg-silicates using the reactive transport code CrunchFlow, and are beginning field studies of natural analogs with a focus on identifying all carbonate phases. Our in situ APPES studies have shown that the interaction of 0.2 Torr of CO2 with a model MgO (100) surface results in rapid formation of MgCO3 and that subsequent exposure to 0.1 Torr of H2O enhances the reaction. In contrast, when water is reacted with MgO(100) first, followed by reaction with CO2, the carbonation reaction is inhibited. This observation may help explain enhanced carbonation of Mg-silicates upon preheating. Our numerical reactive transport simulations of the reaction of CO2-rich fluids with Mgsilicates have shown that under the conditions relevant for subsurface CO2 injection, primary mineral dissolution, coupled with the spatial distribution of reaction fronts along the flow path, allow for efficient precipitation of Mg-carbonate without complete destruction of the initial porosity. This finding contrasts with previous closed-system batch reactor models that suggested the positive volume change during Mg-silicate carbonation would result in complete filling of the pore space. Over the range of initial


Identification of a person from fingerprints of good quality has been used by commercial applications and law enforcement agencies for many years, however identification of a person from latent fingerprints is very difficult and challenging. A latent fingerprint is a fingerprint left on a surface by deposits of oils and/or perspiration from the finger. It is not usually visible to the naked eye but may be detected with special techniques such as dusting with fine powder and then lifting the pattern of powder with transparent tape. We have evaluated the quality of machine learning techniques that has been implemented in automatic fingerprint identification. In this paper, we use fingerprints of low quality from database DB1 of Fingerprint Verification Competition (FVC 2002) to conduct our experiments. Fingerprints are processed to find its core point using Poincare index and carry out enhancement using Diffusion coherence filter whose performance is known to be good in the high curvature regions of fingerprints. Grey-level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) based seven statistical descriptors with four different inter pixel distances are then extracted as features and put forward to train and test REPTree, RandomTree, J48, Decision Stump and Random Forest Machine Learning techniques for personal identification. Experiments are conducted on 80 instances and 28 attributes. Our experiments proved that Random Forests and J48 give good results for latent fingerprints as compared to other machine learning techniques and can help improve the identification accuracy.


This article presents a measure of nonrandom complexity. The recurrence of isometric vectors of N consecutive terms in a numerical series is measured, and the ratio of the percentage of consecutive recurrences to the percentage of total recurrences, which we call arrangement, is calculated. Arrangement is high in time series of physiological recordings and of economic processes, and in biotic series generated by recursions of bipolar feedback. Arrangement is low in random, periodic and chaotic series. Thus arrangement correlates with an intuitive notion of complexity, while many other measures of complexity assign the highest value to random series.


The construction of a harmonious socialist society requires the participation of people from all walks of life.The 6th Plenary of the 16th CPC Central Committee specified that 'religion should play an active role in promoting social harmony'.Islam promotes peace.Therefore,it can play an active role in promoting social harmony.To achieve the goal of constructing a harmonious society,it is of great significance to make the best of the active role that the people from all walks of life can play.


We present results of optical limiting experiments using optical geometries designed to increase the dynamic range over which limiters function without incurring optical damage.


Background Reproductive health rights in Africa are unknown. According to international studies, reproductive health rights of young people particularly university students, are violated, and most of these violations go unreported due to a lack of information and awareness of these rights. The aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge and associated factors on sexual and reproductive health rights in Ethiopia. Methods Institution-based cross-sectional study using an interviewer-administered and structured questionnaire was conducted. The study population consisted of students of the selected department between November, 2018 and June, 2019. A simple random sampling method technique was used to select 420 students. Bi-variate and multi-variate logistic regression analysis was performed. Results The knowledge level of the respondents was 16.4%. The majority of students 205 (51%) were in the age group < 20 years. Male [AOR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.09–1.95]; coming from urban areas [AOR: 2.11, 95% CI: (1.02–4.37)]; provision of sexuality education or lecture in departments [AOR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.02–1.91] and discussion about reproductive health with anyone else [AOR: 2.31, 95% CI: 1.48–3.62] were significant association for the knowledge of sexual and reproductive health rights. Conclusions Respondents' knowledge level was found to be very low. Therefore, strengthening students' lectures or education on reproductive health in the curricula of high school, encouraging discussions with parents, and anyone might improve the knowledge toward sexual and reproductive health rights.


Abstract A palynological sequence is described from the Neocomian of the Carpentaria Basin in Northern Queensland. Emphasis is given to the dinoflagellate biostratigraphy in the oldest marine Cretaceous sequence known from eastern Australia. The phytoplankton documentation includes 72 species (and 2 lower categories) assigned to 38 genera. Three informal intervals are described in chronological succession as zones DK1, DK2, and DK3, and their lower limits are marked by the oldest stratigraphic appearances of certain widely known dinoflagellate species; namely Chlamydo‐phorella nyei, Dingodinium cerviculum, Muderongia tetracantha, M. staurota, Odontochitina operculata, and Canningia colliveri. Restricted stratigraphic occurrences of certain dinoflagellate species in Australia, Europe, and North America are taken as evidence for tentatively dating zone DK1 as latest Jurassic‐Berria‐sian, zone DK2 as Valanginian, and zone DK3 as Hauterivian. Contemporaneous spore and pollen subzones of the Murospora florida ...


In 2010 the Transport Authority in the Paris Ile-de-France region (STIF) commissioned Significance to carry out a major study to quantify the value of crowding and comfort in Public Transport. The aim was to provide robust valuations of crowding and comfort that could be used to appraise the benefits of major public transport projects. Several of these have been proposed in Paris already to reduce the very high levels of crowding currently experienced on some lines during peak hours. Research by Wardman and Whelan (2011) has shown very high values of crowding for railway lines in the United Kingdom (UK). In Paris an experiment reported by Haywood and Koning (2011) suggested also a high value of crowding for a specific situation. But for Ile-de-France as a whole no accepted general values of crowding and comfort are known. The aim of the study reported in this paper was to provide such values. The study addressed all public transport modes available in Ile-de-France, and has gone through the steps of a classical valuation project: (1) literature review, (2) qualitative research, (3) large-scale stated preference (SP) survey and analysis, and (4) validation against revealed preference (RP) data and results found elsewhere. The literature review demonstrated that only limited knowledge is available about consumers' valuation of crowding, while the value of comfort is almost an entirely new subject. The qualitative research, using focus groups, has shown which factors play a role in the perceptions and expectations of crowding and comfort for the different types of public transport passengers. In the SP study 3,000 respondents participated in four different stated choice experiments. In these experiments they were asked to trade-off different levels of crowding against travel time, waiting time, the possibility to sit or the need to stand during the journey, and several other aspects of comfort.as experienced inside the vehicles. The paper briefly describes the SP experiments, their results and the extensive analyses that have been carried out to determine robust values of crowding. The resulting values for crowding and comfort are compared with results obtained elsewhere, in France and in the UK. The paper ends by illustrating how the results can be been applied in a practical cost benefit analysis of a public transport project.


In recent years the importance of the development of hydrocarbons on the continental shelf of Russia, the efficiency of which is of a complex nature, increases. Implementation of projects on the shelf depends on the level of innovation and technological development, and, except of the direct economic effects, requires an assessment of the additional effects (environmental, regional and geopolitical). However, currently there are almost no methods of complex evaluation of projects for development of the shelves, which take into consideration economic, innovative and ecological parameters. This article defines the principles on which assessment of efficiency of hydrocarbon resources development shelves should be based on: the priority of social and environmental effects, comprehensiveness, completeness and accuracy of the information, comparability of results; the methodology of economic assessment and ranking of unallotted fund of a subsoil on the continental shelf taking into account technical-technological, socio-economic and ecological efficiency is proposed; the importance of environmental risk and insurance is proved, the scheme of multiplicative increase in an gross domestic product, is submitted; criteria for making investment decisions for the state and the investor are reflected. The presented methodological approaches can be used at a selecting and correction the instruments of state regulation of the development of hydrocarbons on the continental shelf of Russia, as well as in the practical activity of enterprises of oil sector of the economy.


In order to simplify deployment and management of IoT services, Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Service Function Chaining (SFC) are promising solutions, and much researchers have conducted these topics. To enhance the reliability of former research efforts, in this paper, we propose an orchestration framework for IoT-centric SFC by using Docker and Kubernetes. The framework enables an automatic IoT service deployment by satisfying service requirements and computing and network resource constraints. In such deployment, we apply a Virtual Network Function (VNF)/Service Function (SF) placement problem to achieve efficient utilization of the resources. We set an objective function as minimizing both numbers of SF instances and communications and build a mathematical model based on Integer Linear Programming (ILP). To validate it, we implement a model for the framework and evaluate the performances by carrying out a numerical evaluation and a real experiment. From the evaluation results, we confirm that the proposed approach can reduce the number of SF placements and the number of communications among SF instances.


As one of the leading cancer‐related mortalities worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) shows resistance to chemotherapy mainly because of drug resistance. Existing evidence has revealed that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are related to tumorigenesis and chemoresistance scenarios. However, the mechanism by which lncRNA induces chemoresistance and the postoperative prognosis of CRC both remain unclear.


The need for a continued reassessment of reservoir safety in relation to heavy rainfall and floods is of paramount importance. The latest advice given by the Institution of Civil Engineers states that for much of Somerset in southwest England, the Flood Studies Report underestimates the frequency of heavy rainfall and that local data should be adopted. However, this advice has not always been followed. Furthermore, the advice does not extend to other areas in southwest England. Therefore, it is essential to assess in detail the reliability of the four methods which can be used in order to estimate storm rarity at present in southwest England. These are the Bilham method, the Flood Studies Report (FSR) method, the FORGE method, and the Four Parameter Model. Both the Flood Studies Report and the FORGE method give higher values of storm rarity than either the Bilham or Four Parameter Model. The Bilham method is not sensitive to geographical variation in rainfall frequency. Comparison of all four methods with observed storm events and storm depths showed that the Four Parameter Model gave the most realistic results, followed by the Bilham method. For a given storm rarity the Four Parameter Model tends to give the highest storm depth, with the differences increasing with storm rarity. These new results suggest that in southwest England many existing dams and other drainage works have been underdesigned. Copyright © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society


In this article, we present a Doppler-effect-compensated ranging system that can be applied to subcentimeter-precision ultrasonic distance measurement for moving targets using a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). First, the theory of the Doppler compensation technique is explained, and then, the evaluation results obtained using maximum-length-sequence coded ultrasonic signals are discussed. In this study, we employ a 128-b DSSS code with three wavelengths per bit. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system can measure a target accelerating at 9.8 m/s2 with a speed of up to 2 m/s in the range of 0.1–1.6 m, with a standard deviation of less than 5 mm. We also confirmed by simulation that the system can track a target accelerating at 30 m/s2 with a speed of up to 5.5 m/s in the range of 4–6 m.


Propolis is a natural product that has a high antioxidant, namely Caffeic Acid Phenyl Ester (CAPE). CAPE has antioxidant activity 4-6 times stronger against oxidants, hydrogen peroxide, and free radicals, compared to vitamin C and N-acetylcysteine. Antioxidants are known to be hepatoprotective. This study aims to determine the effect of propolis on the activity of Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) and histological features of valproic acid-induced mouse liver. The experimental animals used were 24 mice divided into 4 groups randomly; group 1 was given distilled water, group 2 was given valproic acid dose 350 mg/kg body weight as an induction of liver damage, group 3 was given propolis dose 280 mg/kg body weight, and group 4 was given a dose of 560 mg/kg BB. Valproic acid-induced mice showed liver damage characterized by an increase in the average activity of SGPT, liver cell degeneration scores, and inflammatory cell (inflammation) scores. Provision of propolis dose 280 mg/kg body weight and 560 mg/kg body weight can reduce the average activity of SGPT, liver cell degeneration score and inflammatory score in liver cells. These results indicate that propolis with a dose of 280 mg/kg body weight and 560 mg/kg body weight gives a hepatoprotective effect. Propolis dose 280 mg/kg body weight is the best dose and is more effectively used as a hepatoprotective agent.


The ring gears of automobile parts are manufactured generally process chart of which is as follows : forging → annealing or normalizing → rough machining → hardening(Quenching-Tempering or carburizing process) → finish machining. Isothermal annealing process after forging is most effective in the side of improvment of machinability. On this study we selected two kinds of steel ; SCM415, SCM435 of most universal and investigated microstructures to find out most suitable condition of heat treatment in proportion continuous cooling and isothermal annealing. As the cooling rate is 5℃ per minute in continuous cooling process, martensite and bainite are coexisted with ferrite and pearlite in SCM435 steel. If the cooling rate is slower than 5℃ per minute, microstructure were only ferrite and pearlite but formation of band structure can`t be avoid. On the other hand, microstructure is only ferrite and pearlite regardless of cooling rate because carbon content of SCM415 steel is low. Moreover formation of band structure isn`t exposed by faster cooling rate. Most optimal temperature of the isothermal annealing is from 650℃ to 680℃ in SCM435 steel. When holding time is 60minute with 650℃, the identical ferrite and pearlite microstructures can be obtained.


This paper aims to provide a smart electrically assisted helmet (also known as bike rider helmet) used for recovery of the rider's physical and physiological information, monitoring of their health state, and adjusting the "medical" assistance accordingly. Bike helmet have proven to be an excellent way to protect the rider from the accidents. Such devices can also be seen as the first step to help unhealthy sedentary people to start exercising with reduced strain. Based on this analysis, the need to have helmet with artificial intelligence (AI) systems that recover and processed a large amount of data is discussed in depth.


Thermal solar hot water systems (T-SHWS) have been used in domestic applications worldwide for a many years. They are an established technology with a well-regulated testing and approvals regime...


The question I raise in this paper is, 'In what ways can cognitive theory as it has been developed in recent years contribute toward a more adequate theory of literature?' To answer this question, I look at Emily Dickinson's poem, 'My Cocoon Tightens,' to show how the general mapping skills that constitute the cognitive ability to create and interpret metaphor can provide a more coherent theory than the intuitive and ad hoc approaches of traditional criticism. I then look at another Dickinson poem, 'My Life had stood - a Loaded Gun,' to show how a cognitive metaphor approach can illuminate the insights, and the limitations, of traditional literary criticism. Finally, I show how the application of cognitive poetics can identify and evaluate literary style by discussing a poem generally believed to be by Dickinson but which proved to be a forgery, and end by comparing cognitive poetics to other cognitive approaches.


The study of the phonemic basis of the letters of the alphabet is an urgent problem. This is because it allows us to better understand the structure of language and its sound composition. The study of the phonemic basis of the letters of the alphabet is necessary for the correct pronunciation of words, as well as for the development of reading and writing skills. The phonemic basis of the letters of the alphabet in Kazakh linguistics originates in the works of A. Baitursynuly.  One of the good deeds of Akhmet Baitursynuly for the people is the creation of the Kazakh alphabet in accordance with the sound approach of the Kazakh language. It is known that the first Kazakh phonologist, who specially studied the system of sounds of the Kazakh language and compiled the alphabet, spent his entire adult life cleaning the Kazakh written language from the lexical, syntactic influence of other languages.  The phonemic basis of the letters of the alphabet is determined by the sound composition of the language. A. Baitursynuly is a scientist who first of all accurately determined the sound composition of the Kazakh language to create the alphabet. Therefore, the scientist's alphabet corresponded to the nature and laws of language. In this regard, the paper examines the phonetic and phonemic basis of the letters in the alphabet of A. Baitursynuly and it turns out the letters in the alphabet compiled were created according to a certain grammatical principle. It is established that the letters in the alphabet were chosen according to the phonemic principle and there are linguistic principles for obtaining signs, depending on the general, distinctive features of phonemes. In addition, the study reveals that the alphabet of A. Baitursynuly is formed depending on the systems of sound formation, pronunciation, and audibility, distinguishing not only a sign but also a sign with phonological content.


The article presents a profile and discusses the work of the American artist Ida Applebroog. Much of the discussion centers on the self-revelatory and autobiographical aspects of much of the artist's work, especially in her later years. The author also comments on how the artist has exploited digital technologies, including social networking, to disseminate her work. Artworks pictured and discussed include the installation "Monalisa" and the "Vagina Drawings."


The inter-relationship between agriculture and industry has been a long debated issue in most of the developing countries. In the Indian context, the issue has acquired interest since the industrial stagnation of the mid 1960s. Over the years the Indian economy has undergone a structural change in its sectoral composition: from a primary agro-based economy during 1970s, the economy has emerged as predominant in the service sector since the 1990s. This structural change and uneven pattern of growth of agriculture, industry and services sector in the post reforms period is likely to appear substantial changes in the production and demand linkages among various sectors, and in turn, could have significant implication for the growth and development process of the economy. This has triggered a renewed interest in studying the inter-relationship between agriculture and industry. The present paper tries to address some of the theoretical and methodological issues in analyzing the agriculture-industry interlinkages in the Indian context.


Language is like water. You can drink it. You can swim in it. You can drown in it. You can wear a snorkel in it. You can flow to the sea in it. You can evaporate and become invisible with it .... Some take it neat from rivers and wells. Some have it chemically' treated and reservoired. Others drink nothing but beer and Bloody Marys and wine but this too is a way of taking your water. The way you take your water is supposed to say a lot about you. It is supposed to reflect your history, your culture, your breeding, etc. It is supposed to show the extent to which you and your nation have developed or degenerated.


In 1984 the Mirzapur Handpump Project in Bangladesh installed 148 handpumps and 754 pit latrines in 2 villages. 2 reasons for the project included to field test newly developed pumps and to examine the effect on health of combining these pumps and latrines with hygiene education. In March 1987 the project initiated classroom and pumpsite maintenance training of 21 groups of 3 women volunteers. Community members chose the 63 women. Project staff incorporated the fact that men are dominant in the society the needs of the women and the nature of the task when they designed the training. Researchers observed these women for 15 months (April 1987-June 1988). They compared the pumps maintained by the women with 49 pumps maintained by project mechanics. The mean number of people drawing water per volunteer pump was 31 compared to 32 per project pump. Further the mean rate for water drawn/person/day for the volunteer pumps was 36 1 white it was 33.7 1 for the project pumps. Both sets of pumps were between 46-47 months old. Only 1 volunteer pump and 1 project pump broke down during the study period. Further pump inspections ranked 89% of the volunteer pumps in fit condition compared to 86% of the project pumps. Moreover the component replacement rate for the volunteer pumps was less than that of the project pumps (2.6 vs 3.2 parts replaced/pump/year) but the difference was not significant. All of the volunteer women could accurately compare the handout sketches with a suggested pump repair. This study showed that the women could maintain the pumps at least as well as project mechanics and at a substantial rate of savings. Further the male members of the households and the extended family within the homestead accepted and supported the women pump mechanics. In conclusion women involved in rural development by maintaining pumps was culturally acceptable and cost effective.


This paper is to examine the effect of farm size on economic efficiency among trained, non-trained and control group of wheat farmers so that we can detect ways to improve wheat production in the country. Moreover, the quest of the papers is to endeavor to spheres of technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies among sampled 600 large, medium and small scale wheat farmers in north region of Bangladesh. The socioeconomic factors that influence economic efficiency in wheat production in north region of Bangladesh have also been determined. Results indicate that the mean economic efficiency indices of trained, non-trained and control Group of wheat farmers are 81%, 78%, and 71%, respectively. The corresponding figures for the small, medium and large scale farmers are 77%, 77%, and 75%, respectively. The skill and efficiency levels of a farmer is also depending on the number of years of school for formal education, distance extension advice and how bigger the farm is which has a strong influence. The higher variation in economic efficiency implies that economic efficiency was somewhat unstable for the trained and non-trained farmers as well as for the control group of farmers in wheat production


Background Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) has been the leading cause of transfusion-related morbidity and mortality in the UK and the USA in recent years. A threshold mechanism of TRALI has been proposed in which both patient factors (type and/or severity of clinical insult) and blood product factors (strength and/or concentration of antibodies or biological response modifiers) interact to surpass a threshold for TRALI development (Bux et al. Br J Haematol; 2007; 136: 788-99). The risk of developing antibody-mediated TRALI has been minimised by the introduction of risk-reduction strategies such as limiting the use of plasma from female donors. In contrast, there are no strategies currently in place to mitigate the development of non-antibody mediated TRALI as the mechanisms remain largely undefined. Previous studies have implicated non-polar lipids such as arachidonic acid and various species of hydroxyeicosatetranoic acid (HETE) in the development of non-antibody mediated TRALI (Silliman et al. Transfusion; 2011; 51: 2549-54), however the contribution of these lipids to the development of an inflammatory response in TRALI is poorly understood. Methodology Standard leucodepleted packed red blood cell (PRBC) units were sampled at either day (D) 2 (n=75) or at D42 (n=113). PRBC-supernatants were obtained via centrifugation, pooled (D2, D42) and levels of arachidonic acid, 5-, 12- and 15-HETE determined using commercial ELISA kits. In an in vitro transfusion model, fresh human whole blood ("recipient"; n=8 for each lipid) was mixed with combinations of culture media (control) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.23 µg/mL) as a first hit. A range of concentrations of either 5-HETE (200; 1,000; 2,500; 10,000; 250,000 pg/mL), 12-HETE (1,500; 5,000; 62,500; 250,000 pg/mL) or 15-HETE (150; 1,000; 2,000; 8,000 pg/mL) were added as the second hit, and incubated for 6 hours with the addition of a protein transport inhibitor. Neutrophil- and monocyte-specific inflammatory response was assessed using multi-colour flow cytometry (panel: IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, IP-10, MIP-1α, MIP-1β). Significance was determined as P Results 5-, 12- and 15-HETE were all detectable in both of the PRBC supernatant pools, with levels increased in D42 compared to D2 (5-HETE: 20,347 vs. 3,449; 12-HETE: 240,967 vs. 1,572; 15-HETE: 7,900 vs. 934; all levels in pg/mL). Arachidonic acid was not detectable in either of the PRBC supernatant pools. In the absence of LPS as a first hit, the addition of non-polar lipids had a predominantly immunosuppressive effect in the transfusion model. 12-HETE suppressed monocyte production of MIP-1α* and neutrophil production of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-12. Also, 15-HETE modulated monocyte IL-8 production and reduced neutrophil production of IL-8, IL-12, IP-10, MIP-1α, MIP-1β and TNF-α. In contrast, in the presence of LPS as a first hit, a predominantly pro-inflammatory response was evident to these lipids. 12-HETE increased monocyte production of IL-1α, IL-8* and MIP-1β* as well as neutrophil production of IL-1α*, IP-10*, MCP-1, MIP-1α* and MIP-1β. In addition, 15-HETE increased neutrophil expression of IL-1α and IL-6, and 5-HETE modulated monocyte production of MIP-1β. Conclusions These data suggest that the non-polar lipid mediators investigated here, in particular 12-HETE, may contribute to TRALI pathogenesis. A storage related accumulation of 5-, 12- and 15-HETE was evident in leucodepleted PRBC units. The in vitro model indicated that exposure to these lipid mediators supressed the recipient inflammatory responses in the absence of LPS, but contributed to a pro-inflammatory profile in the presence of LPS as a first hit. Together these data provide further evidence of the importance of both patient (first hit) and blood component (second hit) factors in the development of TRALI. Furthermore, the dose-associated response observed for a number of inflammatory markers is consistent with the threshold hypothesis of TRALI pathogenesis. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


The intestinal invagination is the cause of more frequent intestinal obstruction in children. Although its clinical picture is easily recognizable symptomatic complex, there are sometimes diagnostic errors related to the initial interpretation of some symptoms. In the last years, the average diagnoses have played an important role in the early diagnosis of this disease and it is a therapeutic election with high certainty percentage and increasing novel results.


Emulsion Combustion Method (ECM) is a new method for producing ultrafine particles. In this method, W/O (water-in-oil) emulsion droplets containing a metal salt solution as the precursor of the product were sprayed into a high temperature furnace. The produced particles have advantages that their chemical purity is high and their size distribution is narrow. They were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Existence of Ni nanoparticle in carbon matrix was confirmed by TEM observation and the diameter was about 10 nm. On the other hand, the calcinated NiO particles were spherical with a range from 0.25 to 1 µm by SEM observation. SEM and TEM observation reveals that particles size distribution has slightly dispersed. Clear peaks due to metal nickel as well as nickel oxide were confirmed. Therefore, it was clarified the synthesized particles by the ECM consisted of metal Ni and NiO.


Summary The mysid Siriella armata provides a new biological model for investigations on the molting and reproductive physiology in crustaceans. The main endocrine centres (Y-organ, mandibular organ, androgenic gland, X-organ and sinus gland) have been described and are available for experimentation. Experimental cautery of Medulla Interna-Medulla Externa-X-organ-sinus gland complex (MI-ME-X-organ-SG) of the eyestalk inhibited molt and brood production demonstrating that the complex plays a role in regulation, at least via a positive action upon the circulating ecdysteroids. In the present paper, the results already obtained are reviewed and the perspectives offered by this biological model discussed in reference to other crustaceans.


The gears in mechanical transmissions generate vibrations during running. The Campbell diagram and tracking one of the acoustic pressure levels were used for identification of the most significant causes of the higher operational vibrations and noise to be emitted. It was found out that the vibrating outer surfaces of the gearbox housing and engine block were very expressive noise emitters under running conditions, especially at individual resonant frequencies of the structure. So that the spectral and modal properties of the gearbox housing structure were being taken into account. This paper presents an experimental study of these spectral and modal properties of the passenger car gearbox housing and their influence to the total noise level. 1 INTRODUCTION The acoustic pressure field in the acoustic space is unambiguously determined by vibrations of the gearbox housing and engine block structure. Each mode shape of this structure, according to the intensity of its excitation during running, contributes then by its noise in different measure to the total noise which is emitted from the whole system. Experimental and computer analyses were used for identification of the most significant causes of the higher noise level. We will pay attention to the experimental analyses in this written paper only. 2 OPERATIONAL NOISE OF THE GEARBOX The scheme of the mechanical passenger car gearbox is presented in Fig. 1. Higher operational vibrations of individual parts of the gearbox structure increase the total noise level. Fig. 2 shows Campbell diagram of the acoustic pressure levels of noise spectrum emitted from the back wall of the gearbox within a 1m from this wall when the 4(P = 4) gearbox ratio was engaged. The noise spectra were measured at individual admission shaft revolution in the range of (1000 − 5000) rpm with step of 50 rpm. The dynamic range of the acoustic pressure level is from 44 dB (white points) up to 84 dB (black points). There are obvious the dominant contributions of the frequency components at the mesh frequencies of both engaged and constant gears from this diagram − see the inclined black lines. From these characteristics it is also obvious that more noise sources contribute to the total noise level at various frequencies. These sources however contribute at individual constant frequencies − see vertical blur lines in the diagram. These frequency components are not changed with the admission shaft rotation change. These frequency components are the natural frequencies of the whole structure of the gearbox housing and the engine block. In Fig. 3 is presented the tracking diagram of the gearbox noise level within driving moment of 40 Nm, total noise level of 99.4 dB. There are main contributors presented to the vibrations and the gearbox noise − the mesh frequencies of the engaged and constant gears. The engaged gear contributes to the total noise level more up to approximately 3500 rpm to the opposite of the constant gear. Individual noise levels courses have local maxima and minima. So that this characteristics also confirm the influence of the resonant phenomena of the gearbox and engine block structure. Copyright SFA InterNoise 2000 2 Figure 1: Scheme of mechanical gearbox. 3 NOISE SOURCES IDENTIFICATION The noise sources are vibrating outer surfaces of the structure. The maps of acoustic intensity distribution under different operation conditions (gearbox speed engaged, the shaft revolution, the torsional load of the shafts, direction of the shaft revolution change) were measured. The total acoustic intensity levels were measured in the frequency range (200 − 4000) rpm and also in individual 1/3 octave bands for the purpose to identify the most significant noise emitters on the outer housing surface. 4 SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF THE STRUCTURE The spectral and modal properties were evaluated by means of harmonic excitation of the housing structure and both driving and driven shafts. There were identified the structure modes that the most contribute to the total noise level. In Fig. 4 measured mode of vibration of the gearbox and engine block housings is presented at the natural frequency 445 Hz. There are figured nodal lines and isolines of the constant amplitude vibrations of the corresponding mode. From this mode it is possible to identify the areas that vibrate the most expressively − noise emitters. The vibrations both of the driving and driven shafts are the causes of the gear mesh condition changes of individual gears. These vibrations cause the impacts in the system with the spectrum in a very wide frequency band. 5 CONCLUSION On the basis of the measured results presented above we can state that the two main dynamic problems are the causes of higher noise energy emitted from the outer gearbox housing and engine block. The basic problem is given by the bad gear mesh conditions of the gears (bad teeth geometry and their technology). The second important problem is occurrence of the resonant phenomena of the gearbox housing during operational regimes. In order to suppress acoustic resonant peaks it is convenient to introduce higher damping in the structure. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The paper has been written within the framework of solution of the grant project GACR No. 101/00/0069 Copyright SFA InterNoise 2000 3 Figure 2: Campbell diagram. Figure 3: Tracking diagram of the gearbox noise. and name "High Frequency Noise Analysis of Vibroacoustic Systems" and further of research project No. CEZ J22/98: 262100001 and No. CZ 390001. REFERENCES 1. V.Misun, Analysis and modeling of the vehicle gearbox noise, In Congress INTER-NOISE 96, pp. 171-174, 1996 2. V.Misun, Noise analysis of the SKODA-FELICIA gearbox, In Conf. INTERACTION AND FEEDBACK, pp. 65-72, 1996 3. I.Mazurek, Analysis of noise emission of gearbox S 791, Research Report TU Brno, pp. 1-48, 1995 Copyright SFA InterNoise 2000 4 Figure 4: Mode of vibration of the structure at natural frequency 445 Hz.


This essay examines how Canadian army officials revealed changing and often-competing notions of masculinity as they assembled an officer corps during the Second World War. It explores a wealth of primary sources to show how military officials returned repeatedly to representations of an army officer as a man. What kind of man? That question was difficult to answer. Army officials drew upon prevailing ideas of socialization theory to codify the manly traits they thought young men needed to be successful officers. Such innovations sought to ease the lingering tension between social privilege and merit as the measure of an army officer. Those tensions persisted, however, leaving thousands of young officers to negotiate often-competing forms of masculine practice. They borrowed from the masculine ideals of an older generation, but as the war progressed, these men drew upon a more sceptical, temperate, even anti-heroic persona that permitted them a surprising range of masculine behaviour.