Objective To research the effect of injection of lornoxicam in abdominal cavity on the content of glutamate in cerebral spinal fluid in rats model of chronic pain. Methods Injection of complete Freund's adjuvant into the right tibio-tarsal joint to produce a reliable chronic pain model.To inject lornoxicam 4mg·kg-1 in abdominal cavity. To evaluate the scores of arthritic flexion and extension pain test in the affected limb and determine the content of glutamate in cerebral spinal fluid by HPLC.Results After 2-week treatment, scores of arthritic flexion and extension pain test were significantly different between non-treating group and lornoxicam group(P0.05). The content of glutamate in cerebral spinal fluid in lornoxicam group were significantly lower than that of non-treating group.Conclusion Repeated injections of lornoxicam in abdominal cavity can produce analgesia in rats model of chronic pain.


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In this work, perovskite solar cells were fabricated with one-step method by using spin coating technique. These solar cells were in the structure form of FTO/compactTiO2/mesoporousTiO2/CH3NH3PbI3/Au. Different annealing temperatures were applied to investigate the effect of the annealing temperature on the properties of the fabricated solar cells since it lead to affect the crystallization degree of the CH3NH3PbI3 layer. Three temperatures were used for annealing the perovskite layer typically: 60°C, 80°C and 100°C and the best result found at 100 °C where the efficiency was 5.68%, FF = 0.55, Jsc = 12.637 mA/cm2 and Voc = 0.817 V.


Taking the new library of Binzhou College as the example, this paper probes into the reform and development of the library from aspects of deepening the reform, renewing the concept, setting up the reader-oriented principle, and improving the quality of librarians, etc.


Current approaches to prevent atrial fibrillation are limited to risk factor control at the individual level. Identifying population-based strategies to reduce atrial fibrillation incidence is also important. Improving the neighborhood environment may represent one such potential strategy. Neighborhood physical environments include walkability, accessibility of physical activity resources, and availability of healthy foods. Neighborhood social environment features include aesthetic quality, safety, social cohesion and violent crime. Better neighborhood environments are associated with lower rates of atrial fibrillation risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. These findings suggest that risk of atrial fibrillation may be affected by large-scale efforts to improve the built environment. We examined the association of neighborhood physical and social environments, including walkability, healthy food availability, physical activity resources, and social cohesion and safety levels, with incident atrial fibrillation in a large, multiethnic population over time. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) recruited 6814 adults across the United States aged 45–84 years and free of clinically recognized cardiovascular disease between 2000 and 2002. Standardized questionnaires were used at baseline to obtain demographic information, level of education, annual household income, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking history, and medication usage, including lipid lowering therapy, anti-hypertensive, or anti-diabetic use. The neighborhood environment was characterized using both Geographic Information System (GIS) data and survey-based measures of neighborhood physical and social environments. The availability of physical activity establishments, popular walking destinations, and healthy food stores within one mile of participants' homes was characterized using ArcGIS 9.3. Densities are expressed in units per square mile (henceforth, ''densities'' indicates units/mi). Relevant classifications and locations of stores and facilities were identified from Dun and Bradstreet data as compiled by Walls and Associates in the National Establishment Time Series database. Cumulative averages for each of these three variables were determined based on densities from each calendar year between 2000 and 2012. Survey-based neighborhood scales included the availability of healthy food, safety, social cohesion, and walkability where the participant was asked to rate their neighborhood within a mile of their home. Survey data collected from MESA participants was combined with data from participants in an external survey (the Community Survey) administered to other residents of neighborhoods in which MESA participants lived. Each score has a total possible range from 1 to 5, with a higher score representing a more favorable environment. Scores from the survey scales were summarized as the average of all responses from participants who lived within 1mi of each MESA participant's home address. These 1-mi crude means


In process analysis, parametric methods provide accurate outcomes only within the considered domain, which makes them unsuitable for dynamic bioprocesses. In contrast, non-parametric methods are model-independent and require fewer underlying assumptions. As such they provide robust outcomes even with dynamic bioprocesses. We introduce non-parametric methods for linear fit identification, extrema identification, extrema filtering, and density cluster identification for bioprocess analysis.


This thesis takes AIO (All-In-One) type of RF-EAS systems as the object, to study how to improve its anti-interference performance. Interference noise in the article is divided into two types, which are steady noise and transient noise. According to the characteristics of different interference noises, their impacts on all aspects of the system are fully analyzed, and then, we give a series of targeted hardware and software measures. Finally in this paper, the adaptability of the system is studied, and we presented a feasible way to improve the anti-interference ability and stability of the system.


The PHOBOS collaboration has carried out a systematic study of charged particle multiplicities in Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. A unique feature of the PHOBOS detector is its ability to measure charged particles over a very wide angular range from 0.5 to 179.5 deg. corresponding to |eta|<5.4. The general features of the charged particle multiplicity distributions as a function of pseudo-rapidity, collision energy and centrality, as well as system size, are discussed.


Background The widespread use of central venous catheters (CVCs) has exposed patients to a high risk of catheter-related infection (CRI), which is linked to substantial morbidity and mortality. Several strategies for preventing CRI, including ethanol lock prophylaxis, have been explored. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive summary of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy and safety of ethanol locks for preventing CRI in patients with CVC. Methods We searched six electronic databases, earlier relevant meta-analyses and the reference lists of the included studies for RCTs that assessed the effects of ethanol locks on CRI in patients with CVC versus a control group. Two authors independently assessed the methodological quality of the included studies using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and extracted relevant information according to a predesigned extraction form. Data were analyzed using the Cochrane Collaboration's RevMan 5.3. Results Nine studies involving 2451 patients were included. Although limited in power, the results of the meta-analysis indicated a positive effect of ethanol lock prophylaxis on reducing catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) compared to heparin alone [OR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.34, 0.82, P = 0.004]. The effects on other outcomes, such as exit site infection, catheter dysfunction, catheter removal, thrombosis and mortality, were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Moreover, although the effect of ethanol on CRBSI was in the expected direction compared to 0.9% NaCl locks, this effect was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions The present data indicate that ethanol lock prophylaxis is a potential candidate for the prevention of CRBSI in patients with CVC. However, more attention should be paid to the uniform ethanol lock procedure and toxic effects after long-term ethanol lock exposure.


As the African continent moves into the 21st century, it is also advancing from an agro-economy to mixed economy. This is characterized by the development of cities as people move from rural areas towards modern facilities in the urban centres, including better markets for their goods, electricity, and running water, which are required for both business and improved livelihoods. This phenomenon has led to a growth in the number of families, and hence a growth in the number of children and youth, in urban spaces. Some of the children and youth have been born and grown up in urban centres while others arrive through rural-urban migration either with their families or on their own. Regardless of how the youth find themselves in urban spaces, increased youth presence, and how to accommodate their interests in the urban centres, is a key concern that deserves urgent attention. Ogwal-Oyee (2002) categorized the youth in Uganda that need special attention. Among these are out-of-school youth, street youth, youth with disability, young labourers, orphaned youth, girls as a special group, and youth living in areas that have suffered conflict. He missed the youth in schools who also need special attention. All these categories are present in urban centres and negotiate their livelihoods in one way or the other. However, as Hebinck and Bourdillon (2001) advise, it would be productive to consider the negotiations in a given context. They argue that livelihoods should be considered as social constructs, ways of living built by people who make their own value judgements and who choose to follow trajectories to fit their own identities.


A modified method based on the principle of density gradient centrifugation, using lymphocyte separating media was developed for neutrophils isolation from peripheral blood of bovines and humans. The advent of this method with 95% purity, 96% viability, retained morphology and function of neutrophils showed excellent strategy for cell separation.


The energy of a graph is the sum of the absolute values of its eigenvalues. We propose a new problem on graph energy change due to any single edge deletion. Then we survey the literature for existing partial solution of the problem, and mention a conjecture based on numerical evidence. Moreover, we prove in three different ways that the energy of a cycle graph decreases when an arbitrary edge is deleted except for the order of 4.


The impact of the emergency intervention by the Howard Government in 2007 to deal with and prevent the abuse of Aboriginal children in remote communities in the Northern Territory is discussed. Specific examples of the experiences of some Aboriginal women and children (including violence and rape) and the responses of the criminal justice system are explored. The lack of consultation with Aboriginal people and the roles of Northern Territory Chief Minister Claire Martin and the new Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs Minister Mal Brough are also discussed. Policy changes under Labor's Indigenous Affairs Minister, Jenny Macklin, relating to the CDEP and other matters are explored.


The problem of determining the coefficient of averaging the deformations in tensioned reinforcement when calculating reinforced concrete structures according to the limiting states of the second group is considered. An assessment is made of the effect on it of the adhesion stresses distribution type between the reinforcement and the concrete.


Static mechanical properties and sonic velocities were determined on each of four members of the Devonian shale from Columbia Gas Transmission's well 20403, Huntington, West Virginia. They were: Pressure - volume data to 4.0 GPa; Compressive strength at confining pressures up to 300 MPa, both parallel and perpendicular to bedding. Extensile strength at 100 to 700 MPa confining pressure, both parallel and perpendicular to bedding. Loading and unloading path in uniaxial strain at 20 to 500 MPa confining pressure, both parallel and perpendicular to bedding. Tensile strength at ambient pressure, parallel and perpendicular to bedding. Shear and compressional wave velocities at confining pressures up to 1000 MPa parallel, at 45/sup 0/, and perpendicular to bedding. Results are presented and discussed. 32 refs., 10 figs., 10 tabs.


A hypothesis on the physiological conditions for the occurrence of phenomenal states is presented. It is suggested that the presence of phenomenal states depends on the rate at which neural assemblies are formed. Unconsciousness and various disturbances of phenomenal consciousness occur if the assembly formation rate is below a certain threshold level; if this level is surpassed, phenomenal states necessarily result. A critical production rate of neural assemblies is the necessary and sufficient condition for the occurrence of phenomenal states.


We study a screening model in which agents can under-utilize goods. We characterize implementable and optimal contracts and show that, whenever the principal values usage instrumentally, the optimal menu involves multi-part tariffs with tiers of zero marginal prices. We apply our results to study the pricing of digital goods which naturally feature usage-based revenue and unpunishable under-utilization, such as social media, news, and content streaming. We derive comparative statics that map the structure of usage-based revenues to familiar multi-part pricing schemes (premium plans, free trials, and free products) and study the welfare implications of technological progress in targeted advertising. We show how partial contractibility of usage generates an endogenous separation between "users" and "employees" of digital platforms.


As an open economy, Malaysia needs to constantly generate and establish new sources of economic growth in order to remain competitive in the long run. This objective can be achieved if Malaysia is capable of increasing its capacity in the use as well as in the development of science, technology and innovation (STI) through research and development (R&D) programmes. Therefore, the Government of Malaysia has introduced various science and technology programmes for the purpose of encouraging R&D and technological innovation to acquire and to advance technological capability. The existence of such programmes shows that the Government is aware of the importance of R&D towards achieving a more prosperous economy and as such, it has played an active role in promoting R&D in the country. The Government-funded R&D programmes are established for the purpose of generating knowledge, creating wealth, and upgrading societal well-being. The involvement of the Malaysian Government in promoting R&D activities has started since the Fifth Malaysia Plan, 1986-1990 with the introduction of the Intensification of Research in Priority Areas (IRPA) grant. This study used econometric analysis in order to examine the extent to which R&D activities contributed towards social and economic development in Malaysia. Our findings suggest that R&D public investments are important to promote economic growth in a long-term period.


The production of scientific publications with a creative design focused on the Internet in the Amazon has been expanding in the face of new information technologies, especially through the internet database. In this context, in 2010 constitutes in the web the Revista Mutacoes (E-ISSN 2178-7018). It is published biannually, coordinated by teachers of Ufam of Parintins, a city located in east central portion of the Brazilian Amazon. The hosting bases occurred via the Brazilian Institute of Information Science and Technology (Ibict), which combines online magazines. It is observed that the operationalization of the submission system Ibict generated some difficulty for users, although it is self-explanatory. In action research, it is concluded that there is a lack of familiarity and skill against publications that make use of new technologies.


}Originally commissioned for the Philadelphia Weekly Times and first issued as a single volume in 1878, The Annals of the Civil War contains more than fifty articles and encompasses a variety of important personalities and topics. Within these pages Longstreet evaluates Lee's performance in Pennsylvania and his mistakes at Gettysburg; Kyd Douglas pays tribute to Stonewall Jackson as both general and man; H.V. Redfield examines the circumstances of John Hunt Morgans death; P.G.T. Beauregard discusses his brilliant fortification on Charleston Harbor; Joseph Johnson critiques Sherman's account of the Dalton-Atlanta operations; J.H. Reagan recalls his pursuit and capture that led to the last Confederate surrender; and much more. But the scope of The Annals is not limited to the achievements of the sword. Other articles focus on the political and personal aspects of the war. The exchange of prisoners, the carnival of fraud and profiteering that plagued both sides, Confederate Negro enlistments, the morale of Lee's army, as well as recollections of Generals Grant, Reynolds, Meade, Stuart, and Lee are also included. Today The Annals resides quietly in the highest ranks of Civil War literature. Its appearance in this first-ever paperback edition, and the measureless riches it contains, should quickly attract the wide audience that both its integrity and its primary accounts merit. }


This paper presents a new class of sparse superposition codes for low-rates and short-packet communications over the additive white Gaussian noise channel. The new code is orthogonal sparse superposition (OSS) code. A codeword of OSS codes is represented as a superposition of sparse sub-codewords whose support sets are mutually non-overlapping. To construct such codewords in a computationally efficient manner, a successive encoding method is presented. Harnessing the orthogonal property among sub-codewords, a simple yet near-optimal decoding method is proposed, which performs element-wise maximum a posterior decoding with successive support set cancellation. This decoder is super-fast by a linear decoding complexity in block lengths, far less than the commercially used channel decoders for modern channel codes. The upper bounds for the block error rates (BLERs) are analytically derived for few-layered OSS codes as a function of block lengths and code rates. It turns out that a single-layered OSS code achieves the ultimate Shannon limit in the power-limited regime, even with the linear complexity decoder. Via simulations, the proposed OSS codes are shown to perform better than commercially used coded modulation techniques for low-rate and short-latency communication scenarios.


Recommender systems' performance can be easily affected when there are no sufficient item preferences data provided by previous users, and it is commonly referred to as cold-start problem. This paper suggests another information source, item taxonomies, in addition to item preference data for assisting recommendation making. Item taxonomy information has been popularly applied in diverse ecommerce domains for product or content classification, and therefore can be easily obtained and adapted by recommender systems. In this paper, we investigate the implicit relations between users' item preferences and taxonomic preferences, suggest and verify that users who share similar item preferences may also share similar taxonomic preferences. Under this assumption, a novel recommendation technique is proposed that combines the users' item preferences and the additional taxonomic preferences together to make better quality recommendations as well as alleviate the cold-start problem. Empirical evaluations to this approach are conducted and the results show that the proposed technique outperforms other existing techniques in both recommendation quality and computation efficiency.


Drought seriously restricts people's lives and social–economic development. An accurate understanding of the evolution of drought characteristics and future changes in cultivated land exposure can reduce the risk of drought. There is evidence that increased CO2 concentrations alter the physiological properties of vegetation and, thus, affect drought evolution. In this study, both changes and differences in drought (i.e., characteristics and cropland exposure) with and without the CO2 effect over the arid region of China are investigated, using seven CMIP6 outputs and land-use under seven shared-socioeconomic-pathway (SSP)-based scenarios. The results show that: (1) drier conditions will be more severe in 2015–2100 under SSP5-8.5, especially if the CO2 effect is neglected. Moreover, the CO2 effect will increase with increasing emission concentrations; (2) drought intensity will be greater than in the baseline period (1995–2014, approximately −1.45) but weaker than that without the CO2 effect under all scenarios; (3) drought frequency will decrease, and will generally decline faster if the CO2 effect is not considered; (4) drought duration will increase and the difference between the presence and absence of the CO2 effect will always be smallest under SSP1-1.9 and largest under SSP5-8.5; (5) drought acreage will also increase, and neglecting the CO2 effect is always higher than that considering CO2. The difference between the two algorithms will increase with time; and (6) cropland exposure to drought will increase, and can even reach 669,000 km2 and 524,000 km2 considering and ignoring the CO2 effect, respectively. Our findings suggest that ignoring CO2 in drought evaluations will result in significant overestimations of drought projections.


Establishing methods to evaluate interactions between hospital staff and patients with a dementia is vital to inform care delivery. This study aimed to assess the validity of Quality of Interactions Schedule (QuIS) ratings in relation to the care experiences of people with a dementia in a general hospital setting.


This study employs Rescaled-range analysis; the Correlation Dimension test, and the BDS test, to analyse lengthy daily time series of financial data. Two equity and two commodity indices are examined. The results reject the hypothesis that the series are purely random, independent and identically distributed. Rather, they suggest consistency with the Pareto-Levy family of processes. Motivated by the capacity of certain chaotic models to generate data consistent with these processes, evidence is accumulated consistent with a strange attractor, a long-term memory effect, and a-periodic motion. The evidence is consistent with insights derived from the theory of non-linear dynamics.


these are temporary worlds which belong, as transitional forms, to the cultural margins of Europe and North America. This book captures a moment—a moment of "postmodern pluralism" that looks astonishingly similar in very different places—and the Muslim spaces evolving in this moment are even more intriguing when we situate them, as these essays compel us to do, within patterns much larger and far deeper than any to be found on the "far-flung maps" that orient this thought-provoking book.


It is astonishing to encounter in this special issue of the Journal of Philosophy of Life more than 225 pages of critical discussion of my book Meaning in Life: An Analytic Study (a précis of which can be found elsewhere in this volume). To make my reply to this great amount of penetrating thought manageable, and to make it readable, I have elected to focus on three overarching themes that capture a large majority of the analysis. One recurrent issue is how to assess a life, or how to understand meaning as a value-theoretic category. In Meaning in Life I do so by: evaluating the lives of individuals, not of the human race as a whole; contending that a life has two dimensions by which to exhibit meaning, in terms of its parts and in terms of it as a whole; comparing lives from outside their first-personal standpoints and ranking them with judgments such as that one life has more meaning in it than another; and seeking out at least some universal claims about meaning, ones that apply to all human persons and not merely those in a particular country or society. In this volume, Peter Baumann, Masahiro Morioka, James Tartaglia, Hasko von Kriegstein and Sho Yamaguchi have particularly been the ones to question these facets of my approach to assessing the meaning in people's lives, which concern mainly part one of the book. A second salient theme in this issue has to do with the status of supernaturalism, the general view that God or a soul, as normally construed in the monotheist tradition, is necessary for meaning in life. With regard to supernaturalism, in the book I argue that: an immortality requirement is implausible, i.e., a life that will end is compatible with there being meaning in it; the most influential instance of supernaturalism, purpose theory, is questionable


The 7 August 2019 IPCC special report on land and climate change predicts that the average global temperature will rise more than 1.5 C if human production of greenhouse gases (GHGs) continues at the 2019 rate to 2030, significantly compromising land productivity and the world food supply. Given a relationship between GHGs and land productivity, the World3 simulator can help to bound estimates of the sensitivity of human population dynamics to GHG reduction of land productivity. World3 projects that in the worst case the peak size of the human population could be reduced by 4% - 37% by GHG reduction of land productivity, compared to World3's "benchmark scenarios", during calendar years 1900-2100. In particular, World3's "business-as-usual" (BAU) scenario implies that in the worst case the peak size of the human population would be reduced by ~20% by reduction of land productivity. This BAU-specific result is consistent, to within a factor of two, with GHG/wheat-productivity relations described in the literature.


The term "rickets" or "osteomalacia" may be only significant of a syndrome just as rheumatism, in which the excess of osteoid seam is formed by disturbed calcium deposition to newly formed bone. It is absolutely important to differentiate the type of rickets, as the treatment and the prognosis in each type is different one another.There are some processes in diagnosis as follows.1) As for history, present illness and clinical signs, some characteristics are found in relation to the aetiology.The diagnosis is commonly done by x-ray findings and determinations of calcium, inorganic phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase activity in the serum.2) In x-ray findings, changes which represent secondary hyperparathyroidism may develop in some types of rickets, especially in glomerular osteodystrophy.In addition, some marked radiological findings may also be shown in idiopathic hypophosphatemic osteomalacia. These findings, however, can not be useful in distinguishing the types.3) The histological changes such as excess of osteoid, bone resorption, fibrosis and new bone formation, as well as much retained calcium following to calcium infusion can make sure of the diagnosis.4) The most significant information of type differentiation is given from the biochemical findings and the functional tests of the related organs.5) Existence of secondary hyperparathyroidism can be confirmed from calcium infusion and EDTA disodium calcium infusion tests.6) As the biochemical determination does not demonstrate significant difference between Vitamin D deficient rickets and hypophosphatemic rickets, the observation of response to treatments is definite in those cases.


The application of 32 b microprocessor is focus field and important development direction of emedded system atic.This paper analyzes the application of ARM microprocessor in a gateway of embedded remote measurement and control system,elaborates on the design method about software and hardware of this gateway.The application of this remote monitor and control system,not only makes the equipments in the field have an effective control,but also supplies a platform of supervision and control for the administrator in the enterprise.


Abstract : In the optoacoustic sound generation process, a laser beam is directed at the water surface to produce a controlled local reaction which, in turn, generates sound waves. At low optical intensities, the reaction is a linear thermal expansion of the medium; hence the term thermoacoustic source. Extremely high Doppler shifts are achievable by scanning the laser beam across the water. A theoretical model of the thermoacoustic source was developed that uses a time domain approach. Special attention was paid to the sonic and transonic conditions where high pressure transients can be generated which may have practical applications. It was found that the thermoacoustic conversion process was most efficient when the optical energy was delivered as an impulse train. The efficiency upperbound for sea water was found to be limited, and therefore a more efficient process was sought. It is expected that processes that are significantly more efficent may be found at higher laser intensities. Keywords: Moving thermoacoustic source.


The compositions of chlorite in divariant assemblages involving orthopyroxene + forsterite and spinel + corundum were reversed at a range of temperatures for P = 14 kbar and a range of pressures for T = 800 0c. These compositions, determined using a new calibration of the variation in the c unit-cell parameter with Xeh" were then compared with those calculated using several simple activity-composition models for charge-balanced Tschermak substitutions in MASH chlorite. The discrepancies between the observations and calculations suggest that entropies of mixing are very low in chlorite solid solutions. INTRODUCTION not well known, but there is a growing body of evidence (summarized in Welch et al. 1995) to suggest that both Chlorite is a common mineral constituent of calc-silithe tetrahedral and octahedral cations in chlorite are parcate, pelite, mafic, and ultramafic bulk compositions and tially ordered. Although X-ray and neutron diffraction is stable over a range oflowto medium-grade pressuredata for natural chlorite suggest that the tetrahedral cattemperature conditions. Within many of these bulk comions are highly disordered, 29Si magic-angle-spinning positions, chlorite compositions are close to clinochlore (MAS) NMR studies of other sheet silicates suggest con[MgsAlSi3AIOIO(OH)8], with some compositional variasiderable degrees of short-range order with Al avoidance. tion along FeMg_1 and Mg_1SL1AIAI (Tschermak) solid In addition, diffraction studies suggest that [61Alis highly solutions. An understanding of the thermodynamics of ordered on the M4 sites. On the basis of these observathese compositional variations is thus an important tool tions, Holland and Powell (1990) derived thermodynamin detailed studies of the PT conditions of formation of ic data for the chlorite solid solution using a simple mixlowto medium-grade metamorphic rocks. ing model in which AI and Si were assumed to mix ideally The most accurate thermodynamic data for many on only two of the four tetrahedral sites (T2, labeled "t2" mineral end-members are obtained from experimental in their expressions) and, additionally, Al was assumed reversals of univariant reactions. In the case of MgOto mix ideally on only two of the six octahedral sites (M 1 AI203-Si02-H20 (MASH) chlorite, this approach is not + M4, labeled "m2" in their expressions). Using the defstraightforward because clinochlore is not an end-meminition of Xeh1 from above, the activities of clinochlore ber mineral phase but lies in the middle of a solid solu(Xeh1= 1) and amesite (Xeh1= 2) in this model are then tion between Mg6Si.OIO(OH)8 and Mg.Al.Si20IO(OH)8 given by adin = X2(2 X)2 and a.me, = X'/16. Holland (amesite). The general formula of MASH chlorite can thus and Powell used this model, together with the experibe written (M&_xAlx)(Si._xAlx)OIO(OH)8' where X = Xeh" mental value of Xeh1= 1.2 at 14 kbar and 860 °C as the a measure of the Tschermak solid solution, varies from conditions of the breakdown of chlorite to orthopyroxene o to 2. The composition of chlorite should thus change + forsterite + spinel + H20 (Jenkins 1981) to derive by means of Tschermak substitution along any MASH thermodynamic data for the amesite end-member. univariant reaction, and, unless the composition of the Figure la shows the stability of reactions involving chlorite is reversed at P-T points along each univariant chlorite in the MgO-AI203-Si02-H20 system across P-T reaction, extraction of thermodynamic data from experspace calculated using the Holland and Powell thermoimental brackets requires some assumption about changes dynamic dataset (generated January 26, 1995) and the in chlorite composition with changing P and T; i.e., the program THERMO CALC (Powell and Holland 1988, activity-composition (a-X) relationship. version 2.4). The calculated chlorite breakdown curve The 14 A chlorite structure consists of alternating 2: 1 shown in Figure 1a passes through the experimentally talc-like and brucite-like sheets. There are four (two disdetermined brackets of Fawcett and Yoder (1966), Stautinct) tetrahedrally coordinated sites in the 2:1 sheet, i.e., digel and Schreyer (1977), and Jenkins (1981). The simtwo Tl and two T2 sites; and six (four distinct) octahepIe a-X relationship of Holland and Powell (1990) is thus drally coordinated sites, i.e., one M 1 and two M2 sites in consistent with these experimental brackets. Figure 1b the 2: 1 sheet, and two M3 and one M4 site in the brucite shows the calculated compositions of the chlorite along sheet. The distribution of the atoms among these sites is these univariant reactions. The chlorite along the chlorite 0003-004X/96/0506-0676$05.00 676 BAKER AND HOLLAND: EXPERIMENTAL CHLORITE COMPOSITIONS 677


An analytical method was developed to quantify a mixture of acetaminophen, metoprolol, methylparaben, carbamazepine, naproxen, estrone, estradiol, diclofenac, benzophenone, ibuprofen, progesterone, and mefenamic acid from domestic wastewater samples. To match fast and efficient chromatographic separation for different classes of compounds, an automated scouting liquid chromatographic system was associated with the experimental design produced by the DryLab® software. HLB cartridges were used to extract the analytes from the sample matrix, which was followed by detection and quantitation by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The lowest detection limits were found for acetaminophen and carbamazepine (0.625 pg L−1) and metoprolol (0.4 pg L−1).


The present study aims to investigate the direct and indirect contributions of Korean EFL college students' L2 receptive and productive vocabulary knowledge to their L2 writing performances by using a structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis with a goal to explore the pathways of vocabulary knowledge to writing. Data from 178 students were collected through tests of receptive and productive vocabulary breadth and depth, a writing test and a reading test. In testing a hypothesized model on the roles of receptive and productive vocabulary in writing, the results of the SEM analysis reveal the direct role of productive vocabulary in writing. The indirect role of receptive vocabulary on writing was observed through the mediating role of productive vocabulary or reading ability due to the direct contribution of receptive vocabulary to both productive vocabulary and reading and that of productive vocabulary and reading to writing. Findings from the study shed light on the relations of L2 receptive and productive vocabulary knowledge with L2 writing abilities, suggesting potential benefits of both receptive and productive vocabulary learning for L2 writing.


Western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Love) is an important perennial grass species for agriculture and conservation. The Los Lunas Plant Material Center released a single-origin accession 'Arriba' for its' superior seed production, uniformity, rate of emergence and forage production in 1973. The objective of this study was to conduct a morphological evaluation of 8 different germplasm sources to determine whether there has been a migration of traits from the original release of Arriba western wheatgrass. This study examined differences among germplasm sources of: plant height, tiller length and leaf blade coloration. Seed was obtained from the following companies: Pawnee Butte, Granite Seed, Southwest Seed, along with 4 seed lots from the Upper Colorado Environmental Plant Center (UCEPC). Each of the 8 germplasm sources were propagated in a greenhouse and transplanted into a field of rod rows consisting of 25 individual seedlings per seed source. Tiller length, plant height, and leaf blade coloration data were evaluated for each individual within the 8 rod rows just prior to any intraspecific competition for resources. It was observed that the leaf blade coloration of the individuals within the row and among the rows exhibited great variation. Results indicated there was no difference in plant height among the germplasm sources, however, tiller length among the Arriba seed lots was highly significant (P < 0.0005) having a direct effect on forage yield over time. Broad-sense heritability estimates for western wheatgrass are incomplete (Robins et al., 2012) and thereby determination of the relative importance of genetic versus environmental effects cannot be quantified. However, it is known that allele frequencies differ among western wheatgrass populations within species and cycles of selection within populations (Ray and Harms 1994) and DNA variation among single-origin accessions is greater than half-sib families (Larson et al., 2003). From genome analysis, Pascopyrum smithii was found to be a cross-pollinating allo-octoploid or a hybridization of 4 different genomes. Hence, populations are extremely heterogeneous composed of highly heterozygous individual genotypes and thereby significant phenotypic variation should be expected owed to ecotypic variation and homology.


Transit-mode Gunn oscillations with a peak-to-valley ratio of 2.1 in current waveforms were observed in planar-type devices of InP in a field ranging from 6 to 10 kV/cm. Even in 3-level theory, the effective diffusion coefficient is not large enough to suppress the buildup of high-field domains.


This paper proves that call option is the essence of Circulation right of non-tradable shares on condition that Stock Market Segmentation exists. This conclusion not only clarifies some vague thoughts about tradable shares' owing some rights, but also provides useful facilities. Furthermore, the paper reveals unique Four-dimension Pricing Mechanism of China Stock Market. The new framework can easily answer many China Puzzles such as high IPOs underpricing, IPOs long-term underperformance, lasting bear market, restructure of prices, etc.


This work explains how to obtain the unit step time domain response by means of the frequency response of a regulator (gain and phase) using the Floyd's Modified Computational Method. The preliminary condition is that the gain of the system tends to zero as the frequency tends to infinite. Floyd's Method uses the Fourier's Inverse Transform to achieve the Impulse Unit response. The Modified Method calculates the integral. This work details the mathematical developnent of Floyd's Method. Authors introduce the integral of the Impulse Unit response to obtain the Step Unit response and also the linearization of the Method in order to approximate it and obtain an equation to do the computational calculation. We apply the modified method in a second order system, calculating its frequency response and its analytic step unit response by means of the MNatlab. Then we use the equation developed in this work by the linearization of Floyd's Modified Method applied in the frequency response of the system and compare with the step unit analytic response. The relative error is calculated and we can observe that Floyd's Modified Method generates a step unit response in the time domain that has some time little retard and with values a little inferior to the analytic response. This behavior is attributed to the linearization and to do not use the complete frequency band of the system. However the final values are very exact. T.


The goal of this project is to improve the power and scope of computer routines that search for structure in a data base. IDEA (Inductive Data Exploration and Analysis) is a computer program that detects and represents inherent structure in multi-variage data. The IDEA program is designed either to run in an automatic mode or to allow the investigator to intercede at each major decision in the analysis. At each such juncture he is presented with information that permits him to concur or override a computer decision before the program continues to the next major decision. In addition, IDEA has two other distinguishing features: (1) Heuristic computational procedures are used for those cases where the combinational aspects of the analysis would require extensive computations, and (2) heuristics are selectively used for different types of data, enabling IDEA to operate on a mixture of nominal (categorical), ordinal (ranked), and interval- or ratio-scaled measurements.


One goal of tissue engineering is to create devices that give humans abilities that they don't naturally possess. For example, imagine being able to detect sounds outside the normal range of human hearing. Human ears can typically pick up sounds within the frequency range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz. At the low end are the rumblings of engines; at the high end are the shrill screeches of high-pitched whistles. A new bionic ear, developed by a team of engineering researchers at Princeton University, can detect not just those frequencies but others in the megahertz to gigahertz range—the range of radio waves. The bionic ear "hears" by detecting electromagnetic waves instead of sound waves, although the signals it detects can be converted into sounds audible to humans. To develop the device, researchers had to integrate sophisticated electronics—capable of transmitting signals to the auditory nerve—into engineered tissue that looks and functions ...


This two-volume set on electric generators is extremely timely because of rapid developments in renewable and distributed energy systems. The first volume offers authoritative, tightly focused treatment of the topologies, steady-state and transient modeling, performance, control, design, and testing of stand-alone and grid-connected synchronous generators. The second volume provides a comprehensive reference for the topologies, modeling, control, design, and testing of standard and emerging variable-speed generator systems. The set makes an attractive reference for research and development engineers who are interested in design of modern renewable energy and distributed power systems.


The molecular environment of polymer Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) films with different alkyl chain length, poly(N-dodecyl acrylamide) (pDDA) and poly(tert-pentyl acrylamide) (ptPA), which are copolymerized with a small amount of 1-pyrenylmethyl acrylate (PyMA) comonomer as a luminescent probe, was investigated by means of the surface pressure (π)−area (A) isotherms, UV−vis spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The pyrene ring orients perpendicular to the p(DDA/PyMA) layer in both the monolayer at the air/water interface and LB multilayers, while the pyrene moiety of p(tPA/PyMA) takes a parallel orientation to its layer plane. The pyrene residue is more exposed to its surroundings in p(tPA/PyMA) LB films and therefore sensitive to solvent polarity. The measurement of fluorescence anisotropy confirmed that the pyrene was densely packed in the LB films. These findings suggest that the molecular orientation of luminescent molecules can be controlled when the length of side chains is changed by only several a...


Probably a consequence of the unbalance between rice production in Asia and in Europe, satellite-based rice identification in Asia is widely discussed in scientific literature whereas SAR-based mapping of European rice paddy field has received less attention so far. In this paper, we propose a simple methodology for identifying European rice paddy fields from time series of SAR data. Standard practices for management of water in conventional European rice paddy fields translates into a distinctive pattern of low backscatter values between April and May, typically preceded and followed by higher backscatter values due to ploughing and emergence. Our proposed method leverages such pattern to discriminate rice against other crops and in a test involving the entire Italian rice-producing region of Lombardy has achieved very good Overall Accuracy (OA) scores. This paper reports the method, our test results and draws some preliminary conclusions.


. For the problem on parametric optimization with respect to an integral criterion of the coefficient and the right-hand side of the semilinear global electric circuit equation, we obtain formulae for the first partial derivatives of the cost functional with respect to control parameters. The problem on reconstructing unknown parameters of the equation by the observed data of local sensors can be represented in such form. In the paper we generalize a similar result obtained earlier by the author for the case of linear global electric circuit equation. But it is commonly believed by experts that the right hand side treated as the volumetric density of external currents of the equation depends on the gradient, with respect to the collection of space variables, of the unknown electric potential function. Because of this, it is necessary to study the case of a semilinear equation. We use the conditions of preserving global solvability of the semilinear global electric circuit equation and the estimates for the increment of the solutions, which we have obtained formerly. The mathematical novelty of presented research is due to the fact that, unlike the earlier studied linear case, now the right hand side depends nonlinearly on the state, which, in its turn, depends on the controlled parameters. Such more complicated nonlinear dependence of the state on the control parameters requirs, in particular, the development of a special technique to estimate the additional terms arising in the increment of solutions of the controlled equation.


The invention discloses a safety zone crossing database backup method, comprising a source database, a target database and a safety passageway, wherein the source database is located on an extranet server; the target database is located on an intranet server; and the safety passageway is a safety data communication passageway for transmitting data from an extranet to an intranet. The method comprises the following steps of capturing source database operation records; transforming the captured database operation records into formative operation records; transmitting the formative operation records to the intranet through the safety passageway; transforming the formative operation records into the database operation records; and executing the database operations in the database operation records in the target database. The step of capturing the source database operation records can be realized through database operation logs or repackaging all functions processed by the database or through a method of injecting remote processes. By the safety zone crossing database backup method disclosed by the invention, the database safety backup from the extranet to the intranet is realized.


The paper is based on ongoing reflections concerning the importance of information technology in architecture. Such reflections are necessary to develop research concerning the use of information technology in architectural design, so as to shift the focus from purely technological development to an actual field of research. The result of these reflections to date suggests that research into the significance of information technology in architecture must go via sociological research on the subject, since information technology has become a social factor. The central element in such research will be to identify and specify how the virtual world which is developing can be articulated in relation to the physical world. One of the ways of doing this is to use metaphors.


The problem of assessing and certifying Unmanned Air Systems (UAS) is addressed and an overview of their safety requirements provided. While not a comprehensive study, current directions, references to key aspects of the literature and opinions concerning the technologies and directions that might be used in the future are provided. Overall, this article covers what is known as 'safe to fly' regulations, as captured by certification requirements and guidelines for system design, as well as 'flown safely' regulations, as captured by flight procedures and operations.


Grinding telescope reflectors of 15-inch diameter and over makes it necessary to employ a motor-driven turntable. Small mirrors are generally ground and polished by rotating the tool, fastened to the turntable, and working the mirror blank by hand either in straight or in circular strokes over the tool. In this case the overhang of the mirror tends to gradually cut down the rim of the tool and hollow the mirror blank, finally forming a spherical convex and concave surface, respectively. In sizes of 20 inches or more, it is impossible to handle the heavy blank in this fashion-, and so the mirror is fastened to the turntable after carefully centering. Then a cast-iron tool machined to the expected curve has to be used to produce the concave surface. In larger mirrors even two or three tools of different diameters may be necessary. Cast-iron . tools require patterns, castings, and heavy machine work, which the amateur usually cannot do for himself. Here I laid out. a plan to overcome the difficulty and give amateurs the chance to grind mirrors of any size to a correct spherical form with simple means, and without heavy machine work.


Foreshock bubbles (FBs), transient ion foreshock phenomena formed from highly concentrated suprathermal foreshock ions upstream of solar wind discontinuities, produce intense disturbances in the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system and can accelerate particles to even higher energies. Rotational discontinuities are known to drive FBs. Tangential discontinuities (TDs), however, have not previously been considered as drivers of FBs because they have no normal magnetic field component, preventing access of field‐aligned particles upstream. However, given that suprathermal foreshock ions have gyroradii larger than the width of TDs, they may pass upstream of TDs and generate FBs. Using multipoint observations from Advanced Composition Explorer, WIND, and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS), we report on two cases of TD‐driven FBs. The FBs were identified using classical FB selection criteria, and the driving TDs were identified using ideal MHD criteria, to within the limits of observational error. Our results add another potential solar wind driver of FBs and imply that FBs may be even more common than previously thought.


It is shown that thermally driven magnetic critical phenomena just above and just below the percolation limit can be usefully analysed using scaling theory, a further assumption concerning cluster connectivity provides quantitative predictions for critical exponents and scaling functions that should be experimentally testable. In particular, reasonable agreement is found with recent experimental results of Birgeneau, Cowley, Shirane and Guggenheim (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol.37, p.940 (1976)) on the quasi-two-dimensional random magnet Rb2MnpMg1-pF4.


BACKGROUND
Oral rehabilitation of patients after maxillofacial reconstructive surgery represents a challenge and stable prosthetic retention can be achieved with the use of dental implants.

PURPOSE
This retrospective report aimed to evaluate implant-based oral rehabilitation following maxillofacial reconstruction with free fibula flaps.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 14 patients who had reconstruction with fibula flaps either by CAD/CAM or conventional surgery were included in this study. A total of 56 implants (40 in flaps, 16 in native bone) were evaluated. Follow-up after reconstructive surgery ranged between 3.25 and 6.3 years. Follow-up after implant surgery ranged between 1.5 and 3.8 years.

RESULTS
Overall survival rate was 85.7% in free fibula flaps and 85.6% in dental implants. Eight implants were lost in three patients and all of these failures were in dental implants inserted in free flaps. According to the results on patient basis, the implant survival was not influenced by any variable.

CONCLUSIONS
The maxillofacial reconstruction with free fibula flap and oral rehabilitation with implant-supported prostheses after ablative surgery can be considered as an effective and safe procedure with successful aesthetic and functional outcomes.


We present a methodology for the synthesis of planar five-bar path generating mechanisms using differential evolution(DE) algorithms. The curve error, mechanism mobility, classification of hybrid five-bar linkages and servo motor displacements are combined to evaluate the objective function. DE algorithm is used to minimize the objective function. An example is given to validate the optimization design.


With the rapid development of cloud Computing,cloud computing services has become an important online applications,this article focus on the research of teaching resources cloud computing platform for our education.And provide some useful reference for our government and education regulatory agencies.


Background: The tongue is a frequent site for oral carcinoma. Quality of life in such patients is often compromised post treatment in terms of speech and swallowing functions. Although swallowing and speech are included in several health-related quality of life scales, postoperative rehabilitation that influences these domains is not very well studied. This study was conducted to assess the speech and swallowing impairment after partial glossectomy for the tongue cancer patients and role of speech therapy and swallowing rehabilitation exercises in effective postoperative rehabilitation.Methods: 50 patients of carcinoma of the tongue managed with partial glossectomy as the definitive treatment were included in the study. Postoperative rehabilitation was offered to all patients, however 10 defaulted. Improvement in speech intelligibility, articulation and swallowing at 15 days, 1 month, 3 months and 06 months after surgery were recorded.  Results: All three parameters of speech intelligibility, articulation and swallowing which were analysed showed improvements during each follow-up visit. Results obtained for both groups, on comparison showed statistically significant earlier improvement in patients who were receiving rehabilitation therapy versus those who were not receiving any rehabilitation.Conclusions: Postop speech and swallowing rehabilitation can be an effective tool for improving quality of life. It is imperative to develop easy and simple modules for rehabilitation for patients of oral cancers that can be practiced during the postop follow up and at home with the assistance of family members to ensure uncompromised quality of life post treatment.


The goal of the current NASA Earth System Science initiative is to obtain a comprehensive scientific understanding of the Earth as an integrated, dynamic system. The centerpiece of the Earth System Science initiative will be a set of instruments carried on polar orbiting platforms under the Earth Observing System program. An Earth Explorer program can open new vistas in the earth sciences, encourage innovation, and solve critical scientific problems. Specific missions must be rigorously shaped by the demands and opportunities of high quality science and must complement the Earth Observing System and the Mission to Planet Earth. The committee believes that the proposed Earth Explorer program provides a substantial opportunity for progress in the earth sciences, both through independent missions and through missions designed to complement the large scale platforms and international research programs that represent important national commitments. The strategy presented is intended to help ensure the success of the Earth Explorer program as a vital stimulant to the study of the planet.


In December 2007 general elections, Kenya experienced violence arising from rigged presidential results. Many scholars have studied the causes and effects of these post election violence, but not much has done on the area of violence effects on agriculture particularly in Kesses division that bore the brunt of these conflicts. This research seeks to examine the causes and effects of post-election violence on agricultural production in Kesses division, Uasin Gishu County. The study objectives were to; establish the causes of post-election violence, evaluate the agricultural profit and loss margins from different farming systems, assess the effects of violence on agriculture and farm productivity and suggest policy development in resolving post-election violence. The study was guided by conflict theory by Moller (2003). The significance of the study is the fact that 60% of Kenyans economy dependents on agriculture and thus the livelihoods of 80% of residents in Kesses depend entirely on rain-fed agriculture. The study sample was calculated at 125 households covering four locations that were randomly sampled from ten locations in Kesses division. The study used both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire, observation and in-depth interview with key informants. Qualitative data was analyzed using the content analysis methodology while quantitative data was analysed using SPSS version 13. The findings show election violence was due to a multiplicity of factors that were largely triggered by the disputed presidential election results. The defunct Electoral Commission of Kenya and powerful politicians are largely reported responsible for the violent outbreak. The study showed that immigrants were disproportionately affected by the violence compared to the natives. The results indicate violence slowed down agricultural activities, delayed land preparation, disrupted routine farm management operations, impaired harvesting of horticultural products, reduced income from crop and livestock products and exposed farms to environmentally unsustainable practices. The study recommends policy strategies that will cushion farmers against possible future occurrences of violence including; provision of seeds and agricultural farm input subsidies, strengthening government responses during violence and land registration.


To the Editor:— The editorial "Clinical Laboratories and the American Chemical Society" inThe JournalFebruary 4 interests me. I infer that the work of clinical laboratories is "principally a commercial problem ancillary to the practice of medicine." Undoubtedly this attitude fully explains why the American Hospital Association feels that the services of radiologists, physical therapists, anesthetists, cardiologists, pathologists and clinical pathologists should be included in group hospitalization projects, since, as has been stated in the journals of the hospital associations, these specialists cannot really be considered as practicing medicine, because they "merely carry out the orders of the practitioners of medicine, are subordinates, and assume no responsibility to the patient." Hence the term "ancillary" in the editorial sponsored by the American Medical Association strikes an ominously resonant note. As a pathologist and clinical pathologist I find expression difficult under the circumstances. Having entered the field of pathology because I


An experiment was conducted during 2003-04 to study the resistance of 16 exotic collections of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hooker F.) against whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.) and thrips (Thrips palmi Karney) under polyhouse conditions at Bangalore. Of the 16 collections screened, 2 varieties 'Eva', and 'Carocci' showed combined resistance to both whitefly and thrips while 3 varieties 'Alberino' 'Dil', and 'Cassiona' were highly susceptible to both the pests. Varietal reactions were also studied in relation to flower structure type and colour. It was found that double types were least susceptible (38.26%) to thrips damage compared to single (56.48%) and semi-double types (75.38%). Among flower colours, red colour attracted highiest thrips incidence (77.89%), followed by yellow (59.61%) while pink varieties had significantly less damage (34.37%).


Diversity of understory arthropods in the dry forests of Madagascar. The arthropods of Madagascar are among the most poorly known animal groups on the island. The principal objective of this study was to determine the diversity of this group at three different localities in lowland dry forests of western Madagascar. The three sites, all inventoried during the dry season in 2017, include: the Ankarafantsika National Park (16°18'S, annual rainfall: 867 mm) in the northwest; the forest of the Centre National de Formation, d'Études et de Recherches en Environnement et Forestier (CNFEREF) at Kirindy (20°04'S, annual rainfall: 555 mm) in the central west; and the Tsimanampesotse National Park (24°01'S, annual rainfall: 334 mm) in the extreme southwest. Malaise and pit-fall traps were used to capture arthropods and 24 orders belonging to 133 families were identified. The community at Ankarafantsika was the most diverse with 19 orders and 89 families with a more balanced taxonomic representation, while Tsimanampesotse had 18 orders and 69 families and Kirindy CNFEREF had 17 orders and 70 families. Calculated similarity between the different sites at the family level was relatively high, while that at the order level relatively low even given a certain level of homogeneity was noted between the three localities. The composition of arthropods in the dry forests of Madagascar varies according to local conditions, which include bioclimatic factors, and the characteristics of the vegetation at the three localities.


Allowable residual settlement of concrete track roadbed is about 30mm according to Korean design criteria of railway construction. However, when settlement length is longer, residual settlement is being allowed up to 60mm as an exception. If the settlement length is smaller, original coordinate repair is based upon the principle, while maintenance curve can be applied in case of the longer settlement in the maintenance plan. In this paper, running safety and ride comforts for high speed railway were evaluated in the place which have repeated wavelength and relatively high gradient in order to analyze the effect of correction curve gradient.


Taking the point of departure in sociological and anthropological theory, the paper analyzes two works on organizations in Africa and Latin America suggesting that organizational behaviour on both continents reflects the process of incomplete differentiation typical of modernizing societies. The paper argues that due to the incomplete differentiation of the formal organizations from the private sphere of employees, in-group/out-group morals are allowed to influence not only the informal but also the formal organization resulting in ambiguous combinations of traditional norms and formal structures.


It is known that the conductance of a quantum point contact is quantized in units of ${2e}^{2}/h$ and this quantization is destroyed by a nonadiabatic scatterer in the point contact, due to backscattering. Recently, it was shown [Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 137 (1993)] that, taking many nonadiabatic scatterers periodically in a quantum channel, the quantization can be recovered. We study this conductance quantization of a periodic system in the presence of a strong defect. A periodic arrangement of double stubs gives remarkable quantization of conductance. A periodic arrangement of double constrictions also gives a very good quantization only when the separation between the constrictions is small. We conclude that conductance quantization of a periodically modulated channel is robust.


The purpose of this paper was to develop and analyze a separation algorithm using the Point Merge approach method at area control for air traffic flow and capacity management as an airborne delay s...


The modern success in abdominal surgery excites the admiration of all. It is the outcome of systematic experiments, observation and reasoning. Its success at one time was thought to be due to antiseptics, i.e., chemic solutions which destroyed a vegetable germ. But we know to-day that simple cleanliness accomplishes all. We obtain cleanliness to-day by heat and water, two simple elements. The spray and chemic lotion have passed into oblivion with many others found not essential. Modern research sifts matters until essentials are found and non-essentials are eliminated. The most delicate of all surgery is that of the peritoneum, which is almost as important to the human economy as the brain. The immediate and remote effects of urgery on the peritoneum should be always held in mind. The greatest of lymph sacs brooks no insults without records. The peritoneum surrounds the visceral organs which hold body and soul together by


Studying by experimental work the interaction between materials properties and process conditions (Figure 2) Understanding and modelling the correlation between the different AM process steps with final performance SLM process parameters and final properties are closely related. See Figure 4: microstructure and melting pool size of Inconel 718 depend on the layer thickness variation (30 and 50 μm):


The relic density of the lightest neutralino, the lightest supersymmetric particle, is evaluated in the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (MSSM). For the first time, all coannihilation processes between neutralinos and charginos are i


Micro-proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) was developed on printed-circuit board(PCB) technology,its maximum power density was 115 mW/cm2.The performance of the cell was stable and the voltage fluctuation range was only about 0.02 V during the running for 172 h at room temperature and normal pressure without water and thermal management systems.The cell stack composed of 6 single cells was assembled using improved pseudo-bipolar structure,its maximum power was 671 mW.


Air, water and soil very important for our living but urbanization and industrialisation , have polluted all of it .None of the is left undisturbed but the condition of water is more dreadful as we use it for drinking purpose too. We have numerous methods to purify water and one of them is Reverse Osmosis.Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses a semipermeable membrane to remove ions, molecules and larger particles from drinking water. RO removes inorganic minerals which are unhealthy and healthy too3. Improvement in RO technology including advanced membrane material, module and process design, and energy recovery has led to cost reduction which in turn gaining interest to its commercial as well as household applications. In this article, the applications of RO, its advantages, and limitations are being discussed especially related to health.


In continuation of previous work on aliphatic thiols, a quantitative comparison has been made of the relative reactivities of substituted thiophenols with respect to hydrogen abstraction by a free trivalent carbon radical.

A competition method was employed involving reactions of 1-cyano-1-cyclohexyl radicals with a mixture of two thiophenols in toluene solution at 110° C; 1-cyano-1-cyclohexyl radicals were generated by thermal dissociation of 1,1′-azo-bis-1-cyclohexane nitrile. Relative reactivities were determined by measuring the residual amounts of thiophenols.

In agreement with theoretical expectations the effects of the substituents appeared to be small, electron-withdrawing groups decreasing the rate of the hydrogen abstraction reaction and electron-repelling substituents increasing it; results were roughly in accordance with a Hammett ϱσ-relationship, the value of ϱ amounting to about −0.4.


Seeking 'pictures of reality' beneath the surface of quantum theory may seem anathema to those who concur with Niels Bohr's authoritative remark: '... in the general problem of quantum theory, one is faced ... with an essential failure of the pictures in space and time on which the description of natural phenomena has hitherto been based'. Nevertheless, in the last few decades there has been a resurgence of interest in salvaging from the theory at least some picture of how the microphysical world is, however counterintuitive that may be.


The present work realized the chemical study of Silene sibirica (L.) Pers. (Caryophyllaceae) high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometric detection (electrospray ionization) (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS). As a result, 25 compounds were found, including nine ecdysteroids and sixteen flavonoids. Ecdysteroids components were podecdysone C, integristerone A, turkesterone, polypodine B, 20-hydroxyecdysone and its 2-O-cinnamate, ecdysone, 2-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone, and 2-deoxyecdysone. Flavonoids were the glycosylflavones and derivatives of luteolin and apigenin. Luteolin glycosides included luteolin-7-O-rutinoside, lucenin-2, carlinoside, isoorientin and its 2″-O-arabinoside, as well as isoscoparin. The largest group of apigenin glycosides included O-glycosides as 7-O-glucoside and 7-O-rutinoside, C-glycosides as isovitexin, schaftoside, vicenin-2, and mixed C,O-glycosides as isovitexin-2′′-O-arabinoside and 2′′-O-rhamnoside. Three unidentified derivatives of apigenin were pre studied and their structural features discussed. Quantitative data about the content of selected compounds indicated that ecdysteroids accumulated in S. sibirica flowers (7.14–14.92 mg/g) and glycosylflavones were found predominantly in leaves (7.88–18.55 mg/g). The major ecdysteroid compound was 20-hydroxyecdysone, while flavonoids predominants were shaftoside and isovitexin-2″-O-ramnoside. A comparative analysis of the chemical composition of wild-growing and cultivated S. sibirica samples showed the stability of the metabolic profile of the plants during the introduction. The biological studies revealed the antiradical and antiglucosidase activity of the extracts. Thus, it was shown that the studied plant species (S. sibirica) is a source of ecdysteroids and glycosylflavones, and S. sibirica extracts have biological potency.


In this paper,a reconfigurable computing platform based on PCI bus and multi-FPGAs is presented. The PCI bus interface is completed by chip PCI9054. The configuration of bridge FPGA is employed to achieve data communication between computer FPGAs and the computer. Two computer FPGAs are used to parallel process data. The configuration of bridge FPGA is flexible and easy to expand more computer FPGAs. Parallel data processing is efficient in computer FPGAs,the design of algorithm is good for universal application. The speed of data transmission between computer FPGAs and the computer is at least 40Mb/s and actually the data throughput of computer FPGAs is 1.28Gb. So the platform is suitable for video and audio compression,data encryption and decryption,and other compute-intensive algorithms.


The increasing cost of drug development has raised the demand for surrogate endpoints when evaluating new drugs in clinical trials. However, over the years, it has become clear that surrogate endpoints need to be statistically evaluated and deemed valid, before they can be used as substitutes of "true" endpoints in clinical studies. Nowadays, two paradigms, based on causal‐inference and meta‐analysis, dominate the scene. Nonetheless, although the literature emanating from these paradigms is wide, till now the relationship between them has largely been left unexplored. In the present work, we discuss the conceptual framework underlying both approaches and study the relationship between them using theoretical elements and the analysis of a real case study. Furthermore, we show that the meta‐analytic approach can be embedded within a causal‐inference framework on the one hand and that it can be heuristically justified why surrogate endpoints successfully evaluated using this approach will often be appealing from a causal‐inference perspective as well, on the other. A newly developed and user friendly R package Surrogate is provided to carry out the evaluation exercise.


In this paper we have modeled and estimated the gate leakage , the sub threshold, and the total leakage in nano scaled 7T SRAM cell by considering variation in process parameters like transistor width, oxide thickness. We have verified the results using an NMOS device of 45nm effective length and analyzed the results to enumerate the effect of different process parameters on the individual components and the total leakage. The identification and modeling of different leakage components is very important for estimation and reduction of leakage power, especially for low-power applications. This research evaluates various leakage components with parameter variation effects in 7T SRAM cell at the 45nm technology node using Cadence tool with 0.7 supply voltage . The primary contribution of this work is to estimate and modeled gate leakage, sub threshold leakage and total leakage of 7T SRAM cell by considering the effects of parameter variation.


Artificial neural networks have been proposed as tools for process control. Reinforcement learning is one method of adjusting the weights on the connections in such a network to achieve the desired mapping for control action. We describe how reinforcement learning can be viewed as just another optimization strategy, and propose an algorithm for learning that is based on an old direct search strategy.


In January 2021, Zheng Shuang, a well-known Chinese actress, was widely discussed online because of her behaviour of surrogacy. This article focuses on analyzing the application of the spiral of silence theory, and the third person effect, and the sleeper effect in this event. And the event was divided into three stages: the beginning, the climax, and the end. We analyze the first stage with the spiral theory of silence combined with graphs, the second stage with the third-person effect, and the third stage with the sleeper effect. Through this case, we further analyze the impact of these theories on public opinion.


Low-resolution LAMOST and Keck spectra of blue supergiant stars distributed over the disks of the Local Group spiral galaxies M31 and M33 are analyzed to determine stellar effective temperatures, gravities, metallicities, and reddening. Logarithmic metallicities at the center of the galaxies (in solar units) of 0.30 ± 0.09 and 0.11 ± 0.04 and metallicity gradients of −0.37 ± 0.13 dex/R 25 and −0.36 ± 0.16 dex/R 25 are measured for M31 and M33, respectively. For M33 the 2D distribution of metallicity indicates a deviation from azimuthal symmetry with an off-center peak. The flux-weighted gravity−luminosity relationship (FGLR) of blue supergiant stars is used to determine a distance modulus of 24.51 ± 0.13 mag for M31 and 24.93 ± 0.07 mag for M33. For M31 the FGLR distance agrees well with other methods. For M33 the FGLR-based distance is larger than the distances from Cepheids studies, but it is in good agreement with work on eclipsing binaries, planetary nebulae, long-period variables, and the tip of the red giant branch.


Nowadays, Physical activity is one of the most interesting phenomenon in our society. Increasingly are children who use part of their free time in sports and this causes an increase in demand of extracurricular physical activities. Academic achievement and physical activity have always been related. For this reason, this study seeks to achieve two objectives. First, to describe social, personal and physical sporting characteristics in a population of Primary students of Granada. Second, to analyze the relationship between students' academic performance based on extracurricular sports activities performed. In order to do this research, we had the collaboration of 257 students aged 10 to 12 years. It has used a handmade questionnaire with questions on physical activity and school performance. Finally it has used a statistical program called SPSS 20.0 in order to analyze data. The results showed that improved academic performance occurs with moderate sport. However, negative effects occurs with excessive physical activity. WORD KEYS: Extracurricular physical activity, Academic achievement, Primary education. Actividad física extraescolar y su relación con el rendimiento académico en alumnos de Educación Primaria


In 1995, Yeh suggested the formation of an alloy made up of at least five metallic elements which have large mixing entropy solutions with many elements forming solide alloys. This alloy appeared because traditional alloys are characteised by high fragility and are difficult to process. High entropy alloys are alloys which have approximately equal concentrations, formed by a group of 5 to 11 elements majority in composition, mole fraction of each major metallic element in the alloy is between 5% and 30%. During the research it has been proved that this alloy has a high hardness and it is also corrosion proof and also resistance and good thermal stability It should be mentioned that High Entropy Alloys are characterized as alloys consisting of roughly equal concentrations of at least five metallic elements and are claimed to favor close-packed, disordered structures due to high configurational entropy. Such crystal structures, e.g. face-centered cubic (FCC), are advantageous in that they should offer multiple active slip systems usually observed in ductile metals and alloys. This opens the door to a large number of rich chemistries which would otherwise contain unacceptable volume fractions of intermetallic compounds to be useful in structural applications That way in this paper will carry out research to one specific high entropy alloy, we analyze the physical, chemical, electrical, magnetic, corrosion resistance of these materials, heat treatments corresponding and plastic deformation. This paper is divided into several chapters which will present application domains, and also a number of conclusions. Key words : high entropy alloys, properties of alloys, application domains, corrosion proof, thermal stability


Thirty-two male Ss were tested by a male E and 30 males were tested by a female E on the IES Test. The hypothesis was that the male examiner would obtain significantly higher impulse scores and significantly lower superego scores on the IES subtests than would the female. The hypothesis was not supported. The normative value of the data was discussed. Comparisons were made between the subtest scores obtained by the male Ss in this study and those of female Ss in a previous investigation.


Observations of interstellar nitrogen absorption features in the spectrum of the star ..gamma.. Cas with the Copernicus satellite were performed. Because of the large range in f-value for the lines observed, it is possible to accurately determine the structure of the line of sight. We find four components at LSR velocities around -24.6 km s/sup -1/ (component A), -17.1 km s/sup -1/ (component B), -7.8 km s/sup -1/ (component C), and +1.3 km s/sup -1/ (component D). Through the comparison with H I absorption lines and ground-based observations, we show that the main component (B), which contains about 97% of the total nitrogen column density, is warm (Tapprox.1200 K). We also demonstrate that N I is, on average, not depleted on the line of sight.


The software development of the control system for the docking general test stand which was based on the fast-prototype design was researched in this paper.The software design of the center control board and the model computer according to the system scheme was introduced.The key technologies which were fast-prototype design,and software engineering management of interface design,deployment management and document management were presented.


We investigate the problem of constructing a shortest path of a point{like robot between two conngurations in the euclidean plane cluttered with (intersecting) convex polygonal obstacles. One common approach is to construct the visibility graph and search within this graph in a total time of O(n 2). We show that in general it is not necessary to construct the entire visibility graph. In contrast, we develop two hierarchical motion{planning techniques based on the monotonous bisector tree and the visibility graph, which are shown to be more eecient in scenes of low object density. We show that in our setting the visibility graph can be incrementally constructed in time O(n 2 log n), where n is the complexity of the scene. A shortest path can then be constructed in time O(l 4 log l+n log l), if a shortest path of length l exists. The dependency on n can be further reduced by the use of a spatial data structure complying a query assumption to O(l 4 log l + l 2 log n). If l is not small compared to the diameter D S of the scene, the algorithm still respects an O(n 2 (log n+log D S)) upper bound. If no path exists, then similar estimations for the diameter of a set of obstacles certifying the failure can be stated. We report on experimental results verifying the eeciency of the methods.


The discharge of impulses from the muscle spindle of the frog, when subjected to a constant mechanical stimulus (stretch), may show great irregularity. This is most noticeable when the muscle is near its resting length. The mean rate of impulses is then very low, and successive intervals appear to vary in a random manner. As the muscle is stretched, the rate of afferent discharge increases and irregularities become less obvious (Matthews, 1931). A possible explanation of the random discharge at low frequency has been suggested by Katz (1950a, b), on the basis of observations on single sensory nerve endings. Depolarization of the terminal branches of an axon in a muscle spindle was found to be responsible for the initiation of sensory impulses, the rate of the discharges depending upon the intensity of the local potential change. Fluctuations of the level of depolarization would therefore cause irregularity of the intervals between successive impulses. Such fluctuations of potential might be due directly to thermal agitation of ions in the nerve terminals, or they might be produced indirectly by molecular agitation in the mechanical receptor substance. At present, little is known about the mechanical receptor system, but the effects of thermal agitation in nerve endings can be subjected to a tentative theoretical analysis (see Fatt & Katz, 1952). Thus, the finer the diameter of a fibre, the larger will be the amplitude of 'voltage noise' at the terminal. For example, for an extremely fine ending, 0-1 ,u in diameter, a voltage fluctuation of the order of 0 5 mV r.m.s. has been estimated. The present experiments were planned to investigate whether this simple source of physical random disturbance could explain the observed fluctuations of impulse discharge. The irregularity was measured over a large range of frequencies of firing, applying various amounts of stretch to the muscle.


Capacitors are indispensable in mixed signal and RF applications. In mixed signal applications, capacitors and inductors take up a very large space on the chip as compared to the digital portion of the circuit. In this paper we propose a new design of metal-insulator-metal - metal finger capacitor (MIM-MFC) to increase capacitance density. This capacitor is designed to be area effective, thus it is an attractive choice for mixed signal and RF applications. The capacitors were fabricated using Silterra Malaysia's 180 nm RF CMOS process technology. This paper also provides low and high frequency measurement and characterization for MIM-MFC. Analysis is made as compared to pure MIM and pure MFC that were fabricated on identical process and measured on the same wafer.


The organisms that live in the blood of their animal hosts are called as blood parasites and these parasites can range from single-celled protozoa to more complex bacteria and rickettsiae. The transmission varies, depending on the parasite, but often they are transmitted through the bites of ticks or flies. Various blood parasites such as Ehrlichia canis, Babesia canis, Hepatozoon canis and Trypanosoma evansi can cause serious thread in canines. The routine diagnosis in detection of various developmental stages of intracellular parasites with Romnowsky's staining method would be a tough task of an expert parasitologist. Further, each blood parasite is associated with specific hematological variations and identification of these hematological alterations during routine laboratory screening of blood samples from dogs displaying clinical signs would be essential for diagnosing blood parasitic infections. This manuscript briefly defined various clinical cases of parasitic infections of canines with the aid of haemogram for the accurate diagnosis and differential diagnosis of canine blood parasitic diseases.


According to the standards of Patient oriented medical safety 100 days examination project,problems were found. Professional education,medical staff's safety conception,core system,three levels of clinical records and death case discussion are the key measures of improving medical safety. Emergency,green channel,operation room and anesthesia total management and continuing quality improving is the important measures of medical safety. Strengthening high risk drug management and adverse event reporting system to reduce medical damage,strengthening process management to promote nursing safety management,strengthening nosocomial infection control to improve nosocomial infection management and strengthening pathology quality management to avoid medical defaults are measures for promoting medical quality.


The first and second predetermined charging circuit for charging a battery comprising: a circuit configured by the circuit arrangement, the first from the second battery charged by the current supplied by the battery power by subtracting a first charging current for charging a first two charging current is obtained; and a current setting part which sets a second charging current at the start of charging at least smaller than the first charging current.


There is a certain fascination about the concept of travel between the stars, a fascination which is not diminished despite the knowledge that, today, such flight is beyond the realm of feasibility. Certain aspects of this technology are, however, already within our grasp. In particular, the navigational phase of the problem of trans-stellar space flight lends itself to practical solution. This paper considers, in order, the "problem of observables," and navigational schemes, and touches upon instrumentation. Under the topic of observables the visual effects resulting from the spatial distribution of the stellar field, velocity dependent Doppler shifts, and relativistic aberration are examined. In addition, the problem of time dilation is considered. A three-phase development of navigational concepts is employed, the first yielding a formulation based upon negligible spacecraft velocities, the second an approach capable of handling large but nonrelativistic velocities, and the last a solution for the general problem with velocities up into the relativistic range. A preliminary design for a hyperaccuracy space sextant, responsive to the needs of the defined program, is included for completion. I. Introduction T RANS-STELLAR space flight (travel across distances on the order of interstellar spacings) would necessitate a highly accurate navigational scheme, if large miss distances are to be avoided. The development of such a system at the present time (when other aspects of the over-all problem such as propulsion and life support are very far from solution) is somewhat more practical than it may seem at first. In the seeking of even partial solutions to "impossible" problems, significant advances in our own knowledge and capabilities become possible. The theoretical and practical achievements of a study of trans-stellar space navigation can not be underestimated. The concepts and instrumentation that result, which of necessity will lie at the very edge of our present technology, can prove of great value to many of our more immediate, mundane programs. For these reasons an initial investigation of the subject problem was undertaken. The preliminary results of this program are presented herein.


The instantaneous digital transmission of voice, video, and data are provided by present IP network services. A packet switched network is a network of queues communicatively coupled together by communication links. Internet depends on packet switching technologies to transfer variable or consistent blocks of data between nodes, and the term packet will be used to collect data of any such block. A series of protocols have been introduced to enhance the insufficient TCP mechanisms by controlling the network congestion. An open-loop controller which was designed as Core-Stateless Fair Queuing (CSFQ) for managing the per-flow bandwidth utilization to give the fair best effort service and has become ineffective when the P2P flows started to dominate the traffic of the Internet. Token-Based Congestion Control (TBCC) limits the token resources consumed by an end-user and provides the fair best effort service with O (I) complexity as it is based on a closed-loop congestion control principle. It experiences a heavy load by policing inter-domain traffic for lack of trust as it is self-verifying CSFQ and re-feedback. In this paper, we introduce a new protocol Stable Token-Limited Congestion Control (STLCC) which appends inter-domain congestion control to TBCC and make the congestion control system to be stable. STLCC produces a congestion index and pushes the packet loss to the network edge and improves the network performance.


The present paper provides a series of further insights, yet eliciting open questions, dealing with the effects of cavitation on crystallization occurring with mirror symmetry breaking. Although cavitation should be considered a falsely chiral influence, its mechanical and kinetic effects may largely enhance spontaneous resolution of enantiomorphous crystals.


We review the concept of finite-temperature form factor that was introduced re- cently by the author in the context of the Majorana theory. Finite-temperature form factors can be used to obtain spectral decompositions of finite-temperature correlation functions in a way that mimics the form-factor expansion of the zero temperature case. We develop the concept in the general factorised scattering set-up of integrable quantum field theory, list certain expected properties and present the full construction in the case of the massive Majorana theory, including how it can be applied to the calculation of correlation functions in the quantum Ising model. In particular, we include the "twisted construction", which was not developed before and which is essential for the application to the quantum Ising model.


Significance Visual information takes time to travel from the retina and through the visual system, such that the sensory information available to the brain lags behind events in the present moment. Prediction has long been considered a fundamental principle in neuroscience. Using time-resolved EEG decoding, we show that predictive mechanisms are sufficient to activate sensory-like neural representations of anticipated future events, and that these representations are activated before the arrival of afferent sensory information. This reveals that predictive neural mechanisms might allow the visual system to overcome its neural processing delays and interact with our environment in real time. The transmission of sensory information through the visual system takes time. As a result of these delays, the visual information available to the brain always lags behind the timing of events in the present moment. Compensating for these delays is crucial for functioning within dynamic environments, since interacting with a moving object (e.g., catching a ball) requires real-time localization of the object. One way the brain might achieve this is via prediction of anticipated events. Using time-resolved decoding of electroencephalographic (EEG) data, we demonstrate that the visual system represents the anticipated future position of a moving object, showing that predictive mechanisms activate the same neural representations as afferent sensory input. Importantly, this activation is evident before sensory input corresponding to the stimulus position is able to arrive. Finally, we demonstrate that, when predicted events do not eventuate, sensory information arrives too late to prevent the visual system from representing what was expected but never presented. Taken together, we demonstrate how the visual system can implement predictive mechanisms to preactivate sensory representations, and argue that this might allow it to compensate for its own temporal constraints, allowing us to interact with dynamic visual environments in real time.


In present study an attempt was made to prepare microballoons of ibuprofen by emulsion solvent diffusion technique for sustained delivery by using polymers like Ethyl cellulose to extend the drug release for about 12 hours in the upper GIT, which may result in enhanced absorption and there by improved bioavailability. Development of ibuprofen loaded microballoons was carried out by using different concentration of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Ethyl cellulose. Total four batches were formulated. All four batches were evaluated for Yield and entrapment efficiency Among all batches F2 shows maximum Yield and entrapment efficiency and was considered as optimized formulation. Optimized batch F2 was evaluated for Zeta Potential, Particle Size Distribution SEM and stability study. The basic objective was to improve solubility rate by decreasing particle size and increase entrapment efficiency of Ibuprofen loaded microballoons. The preformulation study was performed and found good properties of Ibuprofen comparing with standard. The compatibility parameter was characterized by using FT-IR and found no interaction between drug and excipients. Formulation of Ibuprofen loaded microballoons were prepared by using different concentration of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Ethyl cellulose by using emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Total 4 batches were formulated. All 4 batches were evaluated for entrapment efficiency and practical yield. F3 and F4 batch though exhibit high yield and entrapment but are having Flakes formation and thus are not considered as optimized. Among all batches F2 shows maximum entrapment efficiency and practical yield was considered as optimized formulation. Optimized batch F2 was evaluated for Zeta Potential and Particle Size Distribution whose values are -31.8mV and 1.44 µm respectively. Batch F2 was charged for stability. After 1 months of accelerated study, samples were withdrawn and microballoons showed no significant changes in physical appearances, Entrapment Efficiency and drug release which indicate that the microballoons were stable.


A protein that inhibits differentiation and / or maturation of osteoclasts and a method for producing the protein. PROTEIN is produced by human embryonic lung fibroblasts and has a weight of approximately 60 KD MOLECULAR about 120 KD under nonreducing conditions and approximately 60 KD under reducing conditions on SDSELECTROFOROSIS IN polyacrylamide gel respectively. The protein can be isolated and purified from the culture medium said fibroblasts. Also, the protein can be produced by genetic engineering. THIS INCLUDES THE INVENTION CADN FOR PRODUCTION OF PROTEIN BY GENETIC ENGINEERING, antibodies having an affinity SPECIFIED FOR PROTEIN OR A METHOD FOR DETERMINING protein concentration using the antibodies.


Purpose
Imbedded in the life course paradigm, the purpose of this paper is to investigate which individual life events impact blood donations and to study their underlying mechanisms.

Design/methodology/approach
By applying logistic regression, moderation and mediation analysis, this paper uses a large sample of N = 5,640 individuals.

Findings
Experiencing normative life events and stressful life events reduce the likelihood of donating blood, whereas human capital life events enhance the likelihood of donating blood. Specifically, having a child and death of a mother decrease and finishing education increases the probability of blood donations. Locus of control and satisfaction with income are significant underlying mechanisms.

Practical implications
Social marketing campaigns can use individual life events to focus on similarities between potential blood donors and individuals in need of blood. Blood centers can adopt their services to cater to the changing needs after experiencing individual life events by running mobile blood collecting drives and providing guidance.

Social implications
Blood centers take an important role in sustaining a healthy society. As the need for blood will increase in the future, a better understanding of blood donation behavior and social marketing contributes to increased donations.

Originality/value
While previous research looked at collective life events, there is a dearth in marketing and blood literature on the effects of individual life events.