Summary
1. Positive interactions driven by ecosystem engineers have been determined to be important community forces in stressed environments. By ameliorating habitat conditions, ecosystem engineering can create available ecological niches for other species. In poorly oxygenated sediments of freshwater wetlands, small invertebrates such as tubificid worms and chironomid larvae are known to function as active bioturbators; however, their effects on the growth and physiology of organisms which are constrained by low oxygenation of sediments have never been studied.

2. We examined whether the common bioturbator, Tubifex tubifex, significantly influences the growth and the physiological state of two plant species, Elodea canadensis and Myriophyllum spicatum, in experimental systems simulating a water–sediment interface of wetlands. We also quantified the influence of plant–animal interactions on biogeochemical processes (fluxes of oxygen and nitrogen at the water–sediment interface) and microbial compartment in sediments.

3. Tubificid worms stimulated growth of aboveground and belowground biomasses of the two plants through reduction in the anoxic stress in sediments. Myriophyllum spicatum, which was the best adapted to sedimentary anaerobic conditions, essentially increased its biomass whereas E. canadensis, less adapted to anaerobic conditions, shifted its root metabolism from anaerobic to aerobic.

4. Biogeochemical processes were not significantly influenced by plant–animal interactions: (i) oxygen flux from overlying water to sediments probably reached a threshold that could not be raised by the increased plant biomass induced by worms and (ii) nitrogen fluxes were essentially linked to bioturbation activities of worms.

5. Our study confirmed that the reduction in constraining variables by physical habitat modifications (ecosystem engineering) may play a crucial role in community and ecosystem processes. The fact that positive interactions measured between ecosystem engineers and plant species in anoxic wetland sediments were highly dependent on the ecophysiology of plant species suggests an extension of this first study to a wide range of macrophytes in order to determine the main plant functional traits driving plant–animal interactions in wetland sediments.


Thermal effect one of the most widespread heat-engineering operations in the processes of processing of plant raw materials. in the process of drying vegetable raw materials a lot of energy is spent on the evaporation of moisture. The practice of drying a series of complex plant materials indicates a significant difference in the actual values of heat consumption to evaporate from them the moisture from the heat of evaporation of pure water.


PURPOSE: A communication server, multimedia message transmission based on Internet protocol standards and an interfacing method are provided to use both a channel-based phone system and an Internet protocol phone system by using a unified communication server. CONSTITUTION: A service provider allows function both the communication by a tip ring phone system and the communication by the Internet protocol phone system by using a single communication server. Furthermore, the Internet protocol phone system is to be capable of supporting by revising a communication server of the existing tip ring phone system.


Cholinesterase inhibitors improve cognitive functions and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, the possibility has been suggested that in patients with dementia other than AD cholinesterase inhibitors are useful for the treatment of their cognitive impairment and behavioral symptoms. In the present study we report the effectiveness of donepezil for a patient with Korsakoff syndrome. The patient was a 65‐year‐old man who gradually showed disturbances in memory, attention and concentration. The etiology was considered to be alcoholism. He would indulge in drinking and repeatedly asked the same questions over and over. He also developed emotional fluttering and would not settle down. On admission, he showed a severe memory deficit, disorientation and momentary confabulation. It was obvious that the patient was inactive and not spontaneous. He also manifested disinhibited behaviors. The patient's confabulation gradually diminished in hospital. He had no focal neurological deficit. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) did not reveal any abnormality. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with 99 m‐TC‐ hexamethyl propylamenamine oxide (HMPAO) indicated hypoperfusion in the left thalamus, left basal ganglia and bilateral medial temporal lobes. In order to improve his cognitive function, the patient was treated donepezil. An evaluation of the effects of donepezil on rCBF was performed with the images showing a remarkable improvement in cerebral perfusion in the right medial temporal, the left thalamus and basal ganglia. However, the patient's memory impairment, disorientation, disinhibition, and stereotypical behavior and utterance were not improved. As an explanation, it was speculated that his neural network might be damaged so severely that there was no room for improvement by the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.


This article examines regulation of taxis in Kalamazoo, Michigan and compares some economic and efficiency aspects of taxi and bus operation in an intermediate size city.


The author researches the "pragmatic paradoxes" of avant-garde associated with the denial of art pragmatic functions and reference to advertising, agitational and children's poetic texts; and shows that identifying common typological features of advertising, agitational and avant-garde poetic texts addressed to children reveals the commonality of pragmatic orientation and communicative strategies (similarity in addressing; dominance of dialogic nature, strengthening of cohesion together with de-automatization of recipient's perception).


In the construction control of long-span bridges,the conventional single variable grey theory is susceptible to errors.In order to improve the accuracy of deflection prediction under the influence of various factors,a multivariable GM(1,n)correlative prediction model was put forward by establishing the multivariable grey differential matrix equation and based on the single variable GM(1,1)model and the grey prediction theory.The corresponding calculation programs were drawn up by using MATLAB program,which were applied to the elevation prediction of the a newly built prestressed concrete continuous beam bridge crossing the Qingdao-Yinchuan Expressway on the Taiyuan-Zhongwei Railway.The results of the practical application indicated that the model basically gave accurate predictions about the elevation of each beam section in the process of the beam erection.


Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare disease that is characterized by multi-organ involvement of foamy histiocytes. It causes systemic inflammation, and also demonstrates various clinical manifestations and has a poor prognosis. We encountered a case of ECD in a patient that had been treated for underlying polycythemia vera. As far as we know, this is the first reported case worldwide where ECD developed in association with polycythemia vera. A 59-year-old man visited our hospital due to pleuric pain at the right side of the chest. Pleural tissue that was obtained following a thoracoscopic biopsy showed non-Langerhan's cell histiocytosis, suggesting the presence of ECD. The histiocytes stained positively for CD68, but were negative for S-100 and CD1a. The patient also complained of pain at both hips and the right shoulder area. An X-ray and magnetic resonance image demonstrated that the lesion showed sclerosis and osteolysis in both the proximal femur and right humerus. Treatment was started with predinisolone, and subsequently cyclophosphamide was added. ECD is a very rare multi-systemic disease, and its cause and therapeutic options have not yet been defined. ECD has a poor prognosis. Therefore, we believe that additional case studies are needed prior to the determination of a novel therapy for ECD.


Using a one-dimensional tight-binding model which contains the correct selection rules we compute 2DFTS in the coherent x(3)-limit. By comparing theoretical spectra resulting from different orders in the Coulomb interaction we can clearly identify the influence of the many-particle interaction on the various signatures that are visible in the spectrograms.


It is well established that the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal responses to immune stressors are sexually dimorphic in rodents (females > males), but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. To investigate the mechanism, in this study we examined whether the sex steroid environment affects the following variables in male and female rats: (1) plasma levels of ACTH, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6 and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) after systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration; (2) static concentrations of corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and those of ACTH in the anterior pituitary (AP); and (3) the binding characteristics of IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNF‐α in the MBH and AP. LPS‐induced ACTH release was significantly higher in female than in male rats, and this sexual difference was abolished by performing gonadectomy in both sexes. Administration of physiological doses of testosterone and oestradiol to gonadectomized males and females, respectively, restored the altered ACTH responses to normal. Changes in the sex steroid milieu did not affect plasma cytokine responses to LPS, tissue contents of CRH, AVP and ACTH, or the IL‐6 binding characteristics in the MBH and AP. However, the number of IL‐1β and TNF‐α binding sites, but not their binding affinities, in the MBH showed significant changes according to altered sex hormone milieu, in the same direction as the LPS‐induced ACTH response. These results suggest that the hypothalamic sensitivity to peripheral IL‐1β and TNF‐α may be an important mechanism underlying the sexually dimorphic ACTH response to LPS in rats.


In this paper I illustrate the theoretical relationship among several different models of selection in structured populations, soft selection, hard selection, kin selection, and group selection, by using the covariance formulations ofLi (1967) and Price (1970, 1972) to partition the operation of selection into withinand between-group components. This partitioning ofcovariance can be directly extended from the single-locus population genetic models derived in this paper to the description of selection within and between groups for continuously distributed, quantitative traits of the type presently under investigation i several research programs of kin and group selection. In addition, because of the algebraic relationship between the covariance and the coefficient of linear regression, regression coefficients can be used to evaluate the relative importance of selection within and between groups in these models of subdivided populations. Price (1970, 1972) was the first o apply the covariance approach to the mathematics of group selection but only for "the limiting case of reproductively isolated groups with no intergroup migration" (Price 1972, p. 487). Because of this assumption concerning the complete isolation of groups, his major result (eq. [A17] of Price [1972]) did "not depend upon any assumptions about mechanisms of heredity or anything else of that sort" (Price 1972, p. 487). I will show that Price's equations for gene-frequency hange represent a special case of a general partitioning of covariance into withinand between-group components and, in addition, that it can be applied to cases with intergroup migration. Furthermore, the algebraic relationship between the covariance and the coefficient of linear regression will be used to illustrate how assumptions concerning hereditary mechanisms are implicit in the covariance formulations. In particular, the equations of Price (1970, 1972) completely describe selection in terms of the change in the mean value of a trait within a generation, but they require a hereditary mechanism in order to predict how much of this within-generation change is transmitted across generations ( ee below and also Arnold and Wade 1984a). The covariance formulation completely describes selection but it does not necessarily describe the response to selection. In the derivation presented below individuals will be assigned character values in such a way that the average value of the character is the


This article examines some of the recent evidence concerning residential segregation on racial lines in this country. The author compares the situation here with the state of affairs in the United States described in the preceding article by Dr. and Mrs. George Grier.


The lepton or baryon number violating top quark interactions in the supersymmetric standard model with R parity violation contribute to the process d dbar to t tbar at the tree level via the t- or u-channel sfermion exchange. Since these interactions are chiral, they induce polarization to the top quark in the t tbar events at hadron colliders. We show in this article that the polarization can be a useful observable for probing these interactions at the upgraded Fermilab Tevatron collider, because the polarization is expected to be very small in the standard model.


In today's complex, constantly evolving and innovation-supporting manufacturing systems, knowledge plays a vital role in sustainable manufacturing process planning and problem-solving, especially in the case of Computer-Aided Process Innovation (CAPI). To obtain formalized and promising process innovation knowledge under the open innovation paradigm, it is necessary to evaluate candidate knowledge and encourage improvement suggestions based on actual innovation situations. This paper proposes a process innovation-oriented knowledge evaluation approach using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) and fuzzy linguistic computing. Firstly, a comprehensive hierarchy evaluation index system for process innovation knowledge is designed. Secondly, by combining an analytic hierarchy process with fuzzy linguistic computing, a comprehensive criteria weighting determination method is applied to effectively aggregate the evaluation of criteria weights for each criterion and corresponding sub-criteria. Furthermore, fuzzy linguistic evaluations of performance ratings for each criterion and corresponding sub-criteria are calculated. Thus, a process innovation knowledge comprehensive value can be determined. Finally, an illustrative example of knowledge capture, evaluation and knowledge-inspired process problem solving for micro-turbine machining is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach. It is expected that our model would lay the foundation for knowledge-driven CAPI in sustainable manufacturing.


Several decades ago, the essence of the so-called Economy 4.0 and the associated concept of Quality 4.0 confirmed the universality of the principle of continuous improvement, which should be inscribed in a natural manner in the development strategy of contemporary organizations. A necessary condition for the implementation of the principle of improvement is the mutual respect of the management of the organization and other employees. If the management indicates that the idea of improvement is to Pobrane z czasopisma Annales H Oeconomia http://oeconomia.annales.umcs.pl Data: 25/12/2019 02:55:15


Since 2003, the people in charge of supervising pupils in French schools have been renamed " education assistants ". What expertise do these workers have in 2013? How will they learn their job? Working as an education assistant is no longer required to become a teacher. However, do they have an educational mission like teachers? Do they evaluate education as part of their duties? An education assistant is a state employee who is meant to supervise pupils in a school, but how does she/he acquire her/his skills? A skill is an " action ", but it is also a personal ability developed through past experiences which can influence the job of an education assistant. He/she must analyze his/her practical experience balancing critical distance and personal involvement and thus, acting as a go-between to the institution. Which reasons can lead an individual to take the risk of keeping away from a law-imposed duty? This work aims at studying the reasons which can lead an education assistant to consider his/her missions and his/her duties differently. We will explain that the positioning of an individual away from his/her assigned role is predetermined by the socio professional group of his/her both parents. Actually, mutual understanding in interactions depends on the mother socio professional category whereas interdependence is predestined by the father's social and professional background. A social being develops his/her own reflexivity through personal involvement and his/her own way of acting.


Implant supported prostheses have led to drastic improvements in edentulous patients 'standard of living and quality of life compared with treatment with conventional dentures. However the solution with four implants connected with a bar and a prosthetic superstructure seems to gain more trust.


Studies on rats by the revolving cage method have shown that castration results in a marked decrease in voluntary activity. In one series of experiments (Hoskins, 1925) sixteen control and sixteen experimental animals were studied over a period of 120 days. From a group of about fifty young animals that had become accustomed to the apparatus sixteen pairs (mostly twins) were selected; these were well matched both as to weight and as to activity records over a preliminary period of 20 days. Then the more active of each pair was castrated, the age of the animal being about 70 days. Beginning at about the twelfth day, on the average, the activity of the castrated animals began to lag behind that of the controls. At the fiftieth day after operation, the activity of the control group was at its height, averaging approximately 15,000 yards a day, while that of the castrated group averaged about 3200 yards. At the end of 100 days the averages were about 6000 and 3100 yards, respectively. Numerous subsequent obse...


Differential white blood count in children between the age of 5-10 years in Owerri was investigated in 50 malaria positive children and 20 age matched children who were negative for malaria. Their differential count where estimated in addition with their PCV and platelet. The mean total white blood cell count was also estimated the result obtained shows that The mean total white blood cell count was significantly lower in malaria subjects than in non infected subjects (5.1±0.98), (7.9 ± 1.2), (p<0.05) the results obtained also shows that neutrophil count of infected subjects (42.7± 7.90) was significantly lower (P<0.05) when compared with that of non infected subjects (49.0±8.60). The mean value of lymphocyte count of malaria subjects was significantly increased (p<0.05)(52.5±9.35) when compared with non infected subjects (48.9±8.80). The mean value of eosinophil count of malaria subjects was significantly increased (2.2±0.49) when compared with non infected subjects (1.1±0.27). The mean value of monocyte was significantly increased in malaria infected subjects (3.3±0.66) when compared with non infected subjects (1.0±0.25), (p<0.05). The PCV and platelet of infected subjects respectively were significantly decreased when compared with that of non infected subjects (p<0.05). Conclusively, malaria parasite infection affects almost all the blood cells.


Introduction. It is known that patients primarily come to general
 practitioners asking for help with oral disease. Although the matter falls
 out of the frame of `traditional` medical practice, ethical guidance suggests
 that doctors should examine one`s oral cavity with the aim of recognizing
 symptoms which treatment could improve the quality of oral and general
 health leading to an early discovery of potentially severe diseases. The aim
 was to examine the habits and attitudes of medical students and graduates
 who are interns related to oral health care, their knowledge of oral cavity
 diseases and systematic diseases with symptoms manifested in oral cavity, as
 well as their knowledge of patients who are at risk from dental
 interventions. Material and methods. The survey was conducted on the sample
 of 100 subjects. The questionnaire consisted of 16 questions. The results
 were collected and statistically analyzed. Results. The majority of subjects
 go to the dentist only after the toothache starts. Although 84% of medical
 students make sure to check oral cavity while taking medical history, more
 than half of the examined medical students would not send the patient to
 dentist for consultation. Every tenth student was not able to state other
 local disease of oral cavity apart from tooth decay. Even 6% of examined
 students classified the tooth decay as an aesthetic problem. Half of
 examined students considered their study program needed course in the field
 of dentistry. Conclusion. Medical students are not well informed about the
 field of oral hygiene and pathology of oral cavity. Interdisciplinary
 cooperation of General Practitioners and Dentists is important.


Student Facilitator and Explaining Learning Model is a learning model where students learn to present ideas / opinions to other fellow students. This learning model is effective for training students to speak to convey their own ideas or opinions. This learning model will be relevant if students actively participate in designing the learning material to be presented. By collaborating students' ideas into video blogs or digital content that can be uploaded on social media such as Instagram, YouTube or Facebook, it is hoped that students can improve their speaking skills and be able to motivate students in the language learning process. This study used a quasi-experimental method. The population of this study is the ninth grade of SMPN 35 Makassar in the academic year 2020/2021. This study uses cluster random sampling. The sample in the study consisted of 60 students who were in two groups; 30 students in the control group and 30 students in the experimental group. The research data were collected using speaking tests, which was analyzed descriptively, and inferential statistics through the SPSS version 22 program for Windows. The results of this study indicate that there was a significant improvement after the implementation of the Student Facilitator and Explaining Learning Model on students' speaking skills. Based on these results, it is hoped that teachers, principals and stakeholders with an interest in education development can apply this learning model in terms of improving students' speaking skills and increasing student motivation in learning languages.


Today, the digital divide originated by the unequal coverage of regions by terrestrial broadband solutions (xDSL, cable, optic fiber, etc) remains unfortunately an unsolved issue in a number of areas in Europe. Many regional, national and European policies have been defined in order to enable equal access to broadband communications for all citizens in all territories. The present article describes the activities carried out in the framework of the OURSES project that contributes to the development of the Information Society in accordance to these policies by addressing in particular the context of e-health assistance platforms and the satellite and wireless technologies.


This research seeks to understand the relationship between philosophy and the formation of concepts in childhood from the perspective of Matthew Lipman. As our own research in the area of philosophy of education, we pose the following question as a problem to be analyzed: how can philosophy contribute to the concept formation process in childhood according to Lipman? The development of this problem was organized in five stages. A first seeks to understand and deepen Lipman's conception of Philosophy for Children, especially the idea of thinking skills and philosophical dialogue in the research community; the second stage consisted of planning philosophical practice with the children at school, in a class with 32 students from the 3rd year of elementary school in a public school in the city of Londrina / PR, in the period of one semester; the third was to carry out the classroom experience with the students and the teacher from the previous stages; the fourth step was the evaluation of the practice and the planning of the following classes after each meeting; and the fifth stage was concerned with the registration, analysis and systematization of the observed. In order to investigate the contribution of philosophy to the concept formation process in childhood, according to Lipman, part of the research methodology was qualitative, analyzing the concepts of philosophy, thinking and the research community of this philosopher. For this, his main works and those of his commentators were consulted. Action research procedures were also employed through the practice of students from Elementary School I, in order to carry out an experience of the analyzed concepts. As a result of the research, it is possible to highlight the fundamental role of Lipman's Philosophy for Children in the formation of concepts, because, through philosophical practices, the children were more reflective in approaching concepts that in their daily lives could go unnoticed. The work of questioning and dialogue in the research community made it possible to highlight the difficulty of conceptualizing at the beginning of the work, the progress along their approach and the need to seek more in-depth answers. With that, it can be highlighted that the Philosophy classes contributed to such advances and that without them the skills would remain stagnant. This study is added to the philosophical educational movement of teaching philosophy from childhood, which is considered essential for the formation of more reasonable subjects, and most importantly, with the acquisition of skills that will facilitate life in and out of school.


Due to a production error, the PDF of this article published without the French translation of its Abstract (Résumé) and Keywords (Mots-clés), now displayed here.


During the 1980s, British trade unionism confronted its greatest challenge, and suffered its greatest reverses, since the inter-war period. After a decade of rapid growth, the unions experienced a steep decline in membership, and virtual marginalisation in national political affairs. By 1990 a previously united, self-confident social movement, as well as a powerful industrial bargainer, often seemed more closely.


In this work, the experimental and theoretical vibrational spectra of N,N'-dibenzoylhydrazine (N,N'DBH)have been studied. FTIR and FT-Raman spectra of the title compound in the solid phase are recorded in the region 4000–400 cm and 4000–50 cm, respectively. The structural and spectroscopic data of the molecules in the ground state are calculated using density functional methods (B3LYP) with 6-31G** basis set. The vibrational frequencies are calculated and scaled values are compared with experimental FTIR and FT-Raman spectra. The observed and calculated frequencies are found to be in good agreement. The complete vibrational assignments are performed on the basis of the total energy distribution (TED) of the vibrational modes, calculated with scaled quantum mechanical (SQM) method. TheH and C NMR spectra have been simulated using the gauge independent atomic orbital (GIAO) method. The electronic properties, such as HOMO, LUMO energies, absolute electro negativity Χ and absolute hardness η were performed by DFT approach. The first order hyperpolarizability (βo) of these novel molecular system and related properties (β, αo and ∆α) of N,N'-DBH is calculated using DFT/6-31G**method on the finite-field approach.


Honored Scientist of TASSR, Professor Zelig Nisonovich Blumstein passed away...Z. N. Blumstein was born in 1894 in Sarapul of the former Vyatka province (now Udmurtian ASSR) in the petty bourgeois family. In 1911 he graduated from the Sarapul Real School and in the same year passed the examinations for the certificate of maturity in the 2nd Kazan Gymnasium. After graduation from the Real School he worked on the construction of the railroad as a draftsman, and then as an apprentice in a pharmacy. In 1913, he entered the Physics and Mathematics Department of Kazan University, where he studied three courses. In 1915, he transferred to the medical faculty of the same university, from which he graduated in 1924. While studying at the university, he earned his living by serving at different positions on the Kazan railroad.


North Carolina with its status as one of the original thirteen colonies, not to mention its role in secession and the Civil War, possesses a fascinating history. With its three distinctive geographic and climactic regions, the state has even been marketed as the "Variety Vacation Land." Why then do social studies students complain so bitterly about the dullness of its history?


Purpose – Managing enterprise performance is an important, yet a difficult process due to its complexity. The process involves monitoring the strategic focus of an enterprise, whose performance is measured from the analysis of data generated from a wide range of interrelated business activities performed at different levels within the enterprise. This study aims to investigate management data systems technologies in terms of how they are used and the issues that are related to their effective management within the broader context of enterprise performance management (EPM).Design/methodology/approach – A range of recently published research literature on data warehousing, online analytic processing and EPM is reviewed to explore their current state, issues and challenges learned from their practice.Findings – The findings of the study are reported in two parts. The first part discusses the current business practices of these technologies, and the second part identifies and discusses the issues and challeng...


In this paper, the optimal placement of prestress (OPP) is investigated for solar array frequency modulation using the genetic algorithm (GA). The purpose of OPP is to improve the solar array's fundamental frequency and prevent coupling resonance between the solar array and the microwave imager. Prestress is applied to a solar panel by the tension actuators. For optimization producers, the finite element model is used to analyze the prestress configuration problem, which can be converted into the number of programming decision constraints. The automatic interactive updating calculation between MATLAB and finite element software is realized by programming. The GA is used to optimize the solution. Region detection is used, and the bad individuals can be eliminated directly to avoid fitness calculation and effectively improve the optimization efficiency. Simulations are conducted for a solar panel with four arrays. Single-, two-, and three-plate optimizations are investigated. Four optimization parameters include the abscissa value, ordinate value, the laying direction of the actuator in the global coordinate system, and the prestress magnitude. Results demonstrate that the fundamental frequency reaches the maximum at a horizontal layout of prestress after the frequency modulation. The optimal solution is obtained when the prestress is placed in No.2, No.3, and No.4 plates.


In this paper, a new constant temperature control system is set up based on the semiconductor cooler. The close-loop self-controlling system is designed with the help of a integrated temperature controller for Peltier modulus, the controller is MAX1978. At room temperature, the temperature control scope is about 10℃-45℃, the precision of temperature is 0.1℃. This system is fast in control speed and accurate in control precision, it also has no active component. It provides an applied method in improving the stability of laser gyroscope and in reaching the steady state quickly. It also offers a beneficial reference to similar temperature control systems.


Let F be a convex n-gon in a horizontal plane of the Euclidean 3-space. Consider its spatial variation under which its vertices move vertically and let F be the convex hull of such a variation. In the general position, the boundary of F splits naturally into the "bottom" F 0 and the "top" F 00. The polyhedron F 0 (F 00) has triangular faces and no vertices inside. The projection of these faces on F yields a triangulation T 0 (T 00) of F. Obviously T 0 and (T 00) have no common diagonals. Suppose now that T 0 and (T 00) with no common diagonals are prescribed. Guibas conjectured that the appropriate variation exists. The present paper gives a suucient and a necessary condition of such existence. The necessary condition can fail which disproves the Guibas conjecture. MSC91: 52B10 A segment connecting two vertices of a at convex polygon and crossing its interior will be called a diagonal. Let F be a convex n{gon with no 3 vertices collinear. By a diagonal triangulation T of F, we will mean a nonempty set of its diagonals which do not intersect in intF and split F into triangles. One can see easily that these triangles are nondegenerate and their number is n ? 2, where n is necessarily 4. We will call them triangles of T.


Purpose
This paper aims to review the landscape of research in pedagogy and learning that surmounts the challenges of low-tech, information-rich environments during the past decade. It also reviews the methods used, populations studied and places where such research was carried out and proposes a conceptual framework.

Design/methodology/approach
A scoping review methodology was used to provide initial, broad insight into the field of learning in low tech environments.

Findings
The study found that low tech was not a barrier when it came to effectiveness of pedagogy and learning. In addition, it became apparent that active learning strategies combined with no-tech, low-tech and high-tech resources and strategies can lead to learning environments that are learner-centered, knowledge-centered, assessment-centered and community-centered.

Originality/value
The authors propose the framework for learning in low-tech, information-rich environments, which can be used by researchers, educators, practitioners and policymakers in environments with low technology, or in those with high technology seeking to transfer expertise and technology to these areas.


Time division duplex-code division multiple access(TDD/CDMA)system can flexibly allocate uplink and downlink to be adapted to the asymmetrical service in theory.However,diversified swit-(ching) point will produce inter-cell interference at crossed slot.A new scheme is proposed to resolve the problem of inter-mobile station(MS) interference at crossed slot by setting the separate area. The(separate) area is determined by the difference of pilot signal received by the mobiles in the new scheme.Further more,the separate area is smaller than that in other schemes,so the coverage at crossed slot will be increased.The inter-base station(BS) interference at crossed slot is also analyzed as well.The numerical results illustrates that the inter-BS interference is much stronger due to the better transmission environment and the mobile system hardly resists the inter-BS interference.Therefore,it is difficult for the technology of diversified switching point to be applied in practical TDD/CDMA system,such as time division-synchronous code division multiple access(TD-SCDMA).


Despite enactment of devolution by the constitution of Kenya 2010, Garissa County was still marginalized. The expectation of Garissa resident was that significant development could have been achieved. However, this was never the case. This study was aimed at investigating challenges of devolution of public service in Garissa County. Kenya adopted devolution as an approach of governance. When the constitution of Kenya 2010 was promulgated, the governance structure transformed from centralized governance to devolved subunits referred to as county government. The country had witness a gradual but rather comprehensive transfer of resources, power and responsibility from the central government to the 47 county governments as stipulated in the constitution of Kenya 2010. Essential services that has been devolved included; primary and vocational education, health, water and sanitation and rural feeder roads. Similarly, the findings of this study can be applied to other counties in the country since they have similar structures of governance. The population of the study majorly constituted of the staff employed by the Garissa County public service board. Stratified random sampling was used to select 129 respondents from the employees of Garissa County. Both primary and secondary data were employed in this study. The study has established that employment and procurement law have not been effectively adhered. Resource mobilizations needed to be encouraged instead of depending funding from central government. For successful implementation of devolution, the county government of Garissa needed to allocate sufficient funds for capacity building of staff to promote quality service delivery. Article visualizations:


The development of low cost/high performance computers provides an excellent opportunity to develop better techniques for junction design. The Transport and Road Research Laboratory has developed ARCADY, a program to estimate the performance of a particular roundabout layout. In order to use ARCADY the traffic engineer has either to produce a preliminary layout drawing and extract the required geometric input to the program or make an educated guess at suitable parameters and if satisfactory, attempt to fit a layout to them. In either case a considerable amount of trial and error is likely to be involved. This paper describes in some detail a software package developed at University College London performing the task above wholly in the computer and with a minimum of user intervention. The paper describes the background to this research project, outlines current manual techniques for roundabout design and gives an overview of the software. Two modes of operation are available: automatic design and user in...


A young man with a comely face and ambitious plansChose to earn his living breeding fishes.From its old owner he bought up a beautiful expanseTo host them and achieve his wishes:Wooded fields, mead...


Translators of the Qur'an often explain the general principles underlying their translation but rarely, if ever, go into the nitty-gritty of the process and discuss aspects such as specific word choice, word placement, rhyme/non-rhyme, assonance/consonance, and so on. Either they do not think about these dimensions of their translation explicitly, or soundscape and soundshape is not as important to them as 'meaning'. As a translator who believes that Qur'anic meaning inheres in word placement and word choice, I aim to demonstrate how this can be transferred to the English translation by recording all my choices as I translated Sūrat al-Ghāshiya (Q. 88). Thus, process (the act of translation) is made explicit, and product (translation proper) can be appreciated as the outcome of the process. Another important aim of this discussion is to encourage others translating the Qur'anic text (from single verses for quotation in their own scholarship to longer pieces or, indeed, the whole Qur'an) to appreciate the ...


This paper introduces a new type of tension control system of fiber winding machine.The tension system chooses the digital A.C.servo motor as the actuator.It has many advantages such as simple structure,high automation,strong capability of reversing,and keeping tension invariable.


A framework for more ductile magnesium Development of ductile magnesium alloys is key to their use in reducing the weight of vehicles and other applications. Wu et al. tackle this issue by determining the underlying mechanisms in unprocessed magnesium alloys. Dilute amounts of solutes enhanced certain ductility-improving mechanisms over ones that cause brittle fracture. From this, the authors developed a theory that may be helpful for screening the large number of potential magnesium alloy compositions. Science, this issue p. 447 Specific solutes promote ductility-improving slip mechanisms in magnesium alloys. Pure magnesium exhibits poor ductility owing to pyramidal 〈 c+a 〉 dislocation transformations to immobile structures, making this lowest-density structural metal unusable for many applications where it could enhance energy efficiency. We show why magnesium can be made ductile by specific dilute solute additions, which increase the 〈 c+a 〉 cross-slip and multiplication rates to levels much faster than the deleterious 〈 c+a 〉 transformation, enabling both favorable texture during processing and continued plastic straining during deformation. A quantitative theory establishes the conditions for ductility as a function of alloy composition in very good agreement with experiments on many existing magnesium alloys, and the solute-enhanced cross-slip mechanism is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy observations in magnesium-yttrium. The mechanistic theory can quickly screen for alloy compositions favoring conditions for high ductility and may help in the development of high-formability magnesium alloys.


In communication systems where full-duplex transmission is required, digital echo cancellers are employed to cancel echo by means of adaptive filtering. In order to reduce the computational complexity of these cancellers, the structure of the Toeplitz matrix containing the transmitted signal is usually exploited to transform the time domain signals and perform the emulation and adaptive update in a more convenient domain (e.g. frequency domain). In this paper, we consider a general decomposition of the Toeplitz matrix and examine the effect of different components of the decomposition on the computational complexity and convergence behaviour of the canceller. Based on this general decomposition, a new dual transform domain canceller is proposed which has improved convergence compared to the current echo cancellers and also does not require the transmission of dummy data on the unused tones.


The lack of dense ground networks of meteorological stations in many parts of the developing world impedes accurate hydrological modelling. These are regions that could greatly benefit from satellite precipitation data. However, there are significant problems with satellite products in providing reasonable estimates of precipitation over land. Methods exist that can adjust satellite products (with ground gauge or radar data) providing more robust estimates of precipitation. However, high quality ground data may not exist within the pixel, typically 0.25 x 0.25, to provide the necessary information to facilitate the adjustment of the satellite product. To address this problem this study will examine how streamflow performance, based on satellite products (TRMM 3B42 Real-time – TMPA-RT; CMORPH) adjusted with ground precipitation data, will vary over a range of spatial transfer distances (0 to 3.00). The spatial transfer distance is the mean distance that a rain gauge is located away from the centroid of the watershed. This study compares simulated (driven by adjusted satellite precipitation) and observed streamflow from six moderately large basins from the United States. These basins span a range of climatic conditions from dry (San Pedro Basin – Arizona; Cimmaron Basin – Oklahoma; Nueces Basin – South Texas; middle Rio Grande Basin – Texas and northern Mexico) to humid (Alapaha Basin – Georgia; Upper Tar Basin – North Carolina). This study is unique because it quantities how far spatially transferred precipitation data can be potentially applied to support hydrologic modelling, which is knowledge that can be applied to poorly gauged regions of the world.


In this study, we present how interactions among objects are learned from a given set of actions without any intermediate information about the states of objects. We have used The Incredible Machine game as a suitable test bed to analyze these types of interactions. When a knowledge base about relations among objects is provided, the interactions to devise new plans are learned to a desired extent. Moreover, using spatial information of objects or temporal information of actions makes it feasible to learn the effects of objects on each other. Integrating spatial and temporal data in a spatio-temporal learning approach gives closer results to that of the knowledge-based approach. This is promising because gathering spatio-temporal information does not require great amount of knowledge.


In order to know the variability of a breeding on six cultivars from different areas in Morocco, Stevia rebaudiana leaf was investigated for its proximate composition, mineral content and biochemical screening. Further, stevia plants are a good source of carbohydrates, protein and crude fiber contents were found to be (51.50 – 56.72%), (11.75 – 16.23%) and (17.43 – 19.13%) on dry weight basis, respectively. In this order, stevia leaves also contained (12.47 to 17.35 %) on dry weight basis for total soluble carbohydrates. Minerals content analysed by spectrometric ICP-AES showed that the high content of K, Ca, Mg, Na of stevia were present in the leaf; whereas, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Cr were found as trace amount. The responsible compounds for the natural sweetness of stevia leaves include a diversity of diterpenoid glycosides derived from a steviol skeleton. These steviol glycosides also exhibit a low calorific value as well as promising therapeutic applications. The stevioside was extracted by hot water (60 °C) from the dried stevia leaves and analyzed by HPLC. Our results showed that the stevioside content was obtained at (6.26 10.10 %) on dry weight basis. So, stevia leaf produces a variety of high potential natural-source and low calorie sweetener. These results strongly suggest that due to its all favourable properties; stevia could be used in either food or cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Received 08 Feb2016, Revised 26 Oct 2016, Accepted 30 Oct 2016


Both entrepreneurial income inequality and profit concentration increased since 1980. Could changes in ways to generate new ideas be the reason? Increasing innovation, or the rate at which entrepreneurs generate new ideas, can concentrate profits, and has been proposed as a plausible source of increasing inequality. We show that it is hard to reconcile profit and income dynamics. We then explore an alternative: a model with firms innovating and interacting by learning ideas from each other can explain changes in inequality and growth equally well. Increasing inequality is now related to less interactions across firms.


As the lead metals are of comparatively high purity, the chemical analysis is not suitable for quantitative determination of slight impurities in these metals.The authors, therefore, have studied the spectrum analysis of small amounts of impurities in lead metals, using an intermitent arc with the Shimadzu littrow type large quarts spectrograph and its accessories.The experiments were done under the following conditions: pin type electrode, electrode gap 2mm, slit width 30 micron, Feussner circuit L=0, C=0.0033μF, primary volt. 50V; Intermittence ratio of intermittent apparatus 1/20, occurrences of intermittence 1/sec, arc current A.C 220V. 5A and the step filter (26%-100%-4%) used in front of the slit.The spectrum was recorded on spectrographic plates, which were developed for 3 minutes with continuous agitation in a constant temperature tank with Fuji FD-31 developer.Spectral intensity was measured using a microphotometer and the following analytical line pairs were measured: Ag 3382.9/Pb 3220.5, Cu 3274.0/Pb 3220.5, Bi 3067.7/Pb 3220.5, Sn 3175.0/Pb 3220.5 and Sb 2598.1/Pb 3220.5A.The ranges which were determined are 0.0001-0.007% Ag, 0.001-0.07% Cu, 0.001-0.035% Bi, 0.001-0.07% Sn and 0.002-0.14% Sb.The results obtained were summarized as follows:1) The simultaneous estimation of Ag, Cu, Bi and Sn is made easily and rapidly, but the determinatian of small amounts (<0.006%) of Sb by means of the pin type electrodes was difficult.2) Reproducibility of the spectrum value was fine within the standard deviation of 3 to 5% except for the low content of Sb.


Eating out of the home is growing in popularity and about 22% of Britons have been found to purchase foods from takeaway outlets at least once a week and 58% a few times a month. Foods prepared outside the home are generally considered to be high in energy, saturated and trans fatty acids, total fat and salt. While previous studies have investigated the nutritional quality of food provided by fast food chains, there is still a lack of data regarding the nutrient composition of meals purchased from independent takeaway outlets. Takeaway meal samples were collected from small independent takeaway establishments. Components such as energy, total fat and salt were determined. The 463 samples of twenty three different takeaway meals were classified into five groups (Chinese, Indian, English, Pizzas, Kebabs). The variability in the mean nutrient content across and within meal groups, and in the same type of meal but purchased from different establishments was assessed using Kruskal–Wallis Anova, statistical significance P<0.05. The results are presented as mean (minimum–maximum). Results showed that takeaway meals contain high levels of fat and salt and are energy dense, regardless of the type of cuisine. Significant variation in the mean nutrient content per 100 g across and within product categories was also observed. Pizzas were characterised by the highest mean level of salt (1.41/100 g), total fat (12.0 g/100 g) and energy content (1179.888 kJ/100 g (282 kcal/100 g)) when compared with other meal categories.


The swelling behavior in solutions of sodium chloride and ionic surfactants of composites based on the clay mineral bentonite incorporated in neutral poly(acrylamide) gel and charged gels containing 10 mol % of diallyldimethylammonium chloride or a sodium salt of 2-acrylamide-2-methyl-1-propane-sulfonic acid is studied. Both the charges of the gel and of the clay play a role of the centers of adsorption of oppositely charged surfactants, cetylpyridinium chloride and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate. The Coulombic attraction between the ions of the cationic network and the negative charges of bentonite results in significant shrinking of the gel, which gives rise to amphoteric properties. Both the anionic and cationic surfactants, participate in a competition interaction with the charges of the amphoteric composite and their absorption leads to the marked swelling of the gel. The clay embedded in the gels can be kept in the highly dispersed state after modification with the surfactants while the suspension o...


A description is given of sound absorption in small-furnished rooms at low frequencies. The objective of the work was to characterise room absorption due to contents such as furniture and to develop a model of absorption appropriate for a modal description of contained sound fields at low frequencies. In this paper, a preliminary study of the influence of furniture on low frequency room response was performed by introducing a "reference obstacle" at three positions within an enclosure which previously had been numerically modelled. Eigenfrequency shifts and selective modal damping were observed throughout the frequency range of interest, 20–200 Hz, and the numerical model was able to take these effects into account, showing overall good agreement with measurements. It is shown that when a large solid item is introduced into a room there is little effect on the room frequency response for frequencies below 50 Hz. Between 50 Hz and 200 Hz the effect is more pronounced and the influence of location becomes apparent. Obstacles placed along a wall or in room corners will produce a greater change in room response, when compared with a central location.


Ensuring physical layer security is a crucial task in conventional and emerging communication systems, which are typically characterized by stringent quality of service and security requirements. This also accounts for wireless technologies in the context of the Internet of Things paradigm, which are expected to exhibit considerably increased computational complexity. Based on this, the present contribution investigates the secrecy outage performance of a dual-hop decode-and-forward (DF) mixed radio-frequency/underwater optical wireless communication (RF/UOWC) system. Such wireless network configurations are particularly useful in efficient and demanding scenarios, such as military communications. Therefore, our analysis considers one single-antenna source node (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>S</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="elbouanani-ieq1-2906545.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>) communicating with one legitimate destination node (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$D$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>D</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="elbouanani-ieq2-2906545.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>) via a DF relay node (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>R</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="elbouanani-ieq3-2906545.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>) equipped with multiple antennas for reception. Particularly, the relay receives the incoming signal from <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>S</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="elbouanani-ieq4-2906545.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> via an RF link, applies selection-combining (SC) technique, fully decodes it, re-encodes it, and then forwards it to the destination via a UOWC link. The communication is performed under the eavesdropper's attempt to intercept the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S-R$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mi>R</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="elbouanani-ieq5-2906545.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> hop (RF side). In this context, a closed-form expression for the secrecy outage probability is derived along with a thorough asymptotic analysis in the high SNR regime, based on which the achievable diversity order is provided. The offered results provide useful insights on the impact of some key system and channel parameters on the secrecy outage performance, such as the number of eavesdroppers, the number of relay antennas, fading severity parameters of RF links, and water turbulence severity of the UOWC link. The conducted analysis shows that the secrecy outage probability is dominated only by the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>R</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="elbouanani-ieq6-2906545.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>-<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$D$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>D</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="elbouanani-ieq7-2906545.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> link in the high SNR regime, regardless of the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>S</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="elbouanani-ieq8-2906545.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>-<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mi>R</mml:mi></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="elbouanani-ieq9-2906545.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> parameters, such as the number of relay antennas and the average SNR at the relay branches. The offered analytic results are corroborated with respective results from computer simulations. Since these parameters are closely related with the computational complexity at the involved terminals, the offered insights are useful for the design and computationally sustainable operation of such systems.


8 ASUBTITLE: THE ADAGE APPLIES NOT ONLY TO SHIPMENT DESTINATIONS BUT ALSO TO DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS: WITH THE HELP OF MODELING SOFTWARE, SHIPPERS CAN GET THERE FROM HERE.


Fructose intake is associated with an increase in cardiometabolic syndrome, of which the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. We hypothesized that gut microbiota dysbiosis by high fructose intake induces cardiometabolic syndrome. Mice were given 20% fructose solution as drinking water for 4 weeks and then switched to tepid water for additional 8 weeks. Feces and blood were collected before and after fructose intake for 4 weeks, and then after tepid water for 8 weeks as well. Subgroup of mice were treated with antibiotic cocktails containing ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and vancomycin. High fructose intake increased blood pressure, glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol and as well as body weight gain, which were normalized after tepid water drinking. The ratio of phyla Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes as well as species Lactobacillusreuteriand Lactobacillusjohnsoniiincreased after fructose intake, which returned to original level after tepid water drinking. High fructose intake increased short chain fatty acids including acetate, butyrate, and propionate, which returned to original level after tepid water drinking. Antibiotic cocktails abrogated development of cardiometabolic syndrome. There results suggest that gut microbiota dysbiosis by high fructose intake induces cardiometabolic syndrome.


The article presents analysis of special features of establishing communication between a teacher and a student, which stimulates development of motivation to educational process. We have described the special features of communication process, the understanding of which is essential for motivating students. The article gives recommendations on how to give a motivational feedback to students.


. In this contribution the radial velocity (RV) variations ex pected for starspots on solar-type stars are examined. The spot-induced RV amplitude is found to vary linearly with spot filling factor and is less than 1 ms _1 for spot sizes comparable to large sunspots and as high as 20 m s -1 for spot filling factors of 1%. Also, for a given spot size the RV amplitude increases linearly with v sin i. All of these findings confirm the results of Saar & Donahue (1997). It is also shown that two spectral lines with different temperature sensitivity can have different RV amplitudes which may provide a diagnostic for confirming planet detections. The RV variations due to starspots correlate well with the displacement of the line core and centroid and this can be used to correct RV measurements for the effects of cool starspots.


Objective:To improve the diagnosis and treatment of renal arterio-venous fistula. Methods:Clinical data of 5 patients with congenital renal arterio-venous fistula were reviewed. All patients had recurrent episodes of macroscopic hematuria and renal colic but without positive findings on routine examination. Renal arterio-venous fistula was diagnosed by digital subtraction angiography(DSA).Selective embolization was performed with stainless steel coils and gelatin sponge. The results were satisfactory without signs of relapse at 4 months to 6 years follow-up.Conclusions:DSA is the main means for the diagnosis of renal arterio-venous fistula. Renal arterio-venous fistula should be suspected in patients with recurrent episodes of macroscopic hematuria but without positive findings on routine examination. Selective embolization is the treatment of choice for this disorder. Carbon dioxide angiography is helpful for the diagnosis of small fistula.


In this paper we report soft X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism experiments on paramagnetic bioinorganic systems. We measured the Fe L-edges and the Co L-edges of the Co substituted form of Pyrococcus furiosus rubredoxin, using circularly polarized synchrotron radiation, a split coil superconducting magnet, low sample temperatures, and fluorescence detection. The observed dichroism effects are strong and they can be interpreted by established theoretical procedures. Soft X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism demonstrates enormous potential as a new probe for studying paramagnetic bioinorganic systems.


We report successful vitamin A supplementation by inhalation of retinyl palmitate in a placebo-controlled pilot study in twenty-five preschool children (2–5 years of age) in the rural district of Gondar, Ethiopia. Preschool children (n 161) were randomly selected from 220 households. Out of this cohort, twenty-five children were randomly assigned to each of two treatment groups: one receiving retinyl palmitate by inhalation of two puffs of an aerosol containing 1 mg (3000 IU) per delivery to give a total of 2 mg (6000 IU); and the other receiving an aerosol without retinyl palmitate. Both treatments were administered every 2 weeks for 3 months. Serum retinol and retinol-binding protein concentrations in the vitamin A-treated group were 0·68 (sd 0·31) μmol/l and 59·4 (sd 24·2) mg/l before and 1·43 (sd 0·46) μmol/l (P < 0·01) and 97·3 (sd 31·2) mg/l (P < 0·05) 3 months after supplementation with retinyl palmitate, suggesting that this novel method of delivery of retinyl palmitate by inhalation is effective in improving vitamin A status.


With the advances in wireless communication technologies, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are becoming more and more attractive because they can provide services that are not possible or not feasible before. In this paper, we address the design issues of an important type of WSN, i.e., WSNs that enable environmental monitoring applications. We first provide an overview and analysis for our ongoing research project about the WSN for coastal area acoustic monitoring. Based on the analysis, we then propose a novel framework that can be used to guide the design of future WSNs that provide environmental monitoring services. The focus of the framework is the network layer design. In our framework, we consider that 1) the future WSN shall be heterogeneous, 2) the network layer design shall better meet the requirements of applications and services, 3) the network layer design shall be able to utilize advanced wireless communication technologies, and 4) the network layer can provide the monitoring functionality.


Objective: To observe the influence of low molecular weight heparin for the microcirculation and oxygen metabolic state of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease( COPD) combined with respiratory failure. Methods: 120 cases of patients with COPD combined with respiratory failure were randomly divided into control group and observation group,each group had 60 cases.Patients in control group were taken basic treatment programs,and those in observation group were treated combined with low molecular weight heparin. Then the indicators of lung function,microcirculation indicators and oxygen metabolic state of two groups before and after treatment were detected and compared. Results: After 3 and 7 days of treatment,the indicators of lung function such as FEV1%,TLC,PIMAX and PEMAX of observation group were higher than control group,while the FRC was lower than control group; and indicators of microcirculation indicators pipe loop integral points,blood flow points,loop weeks status points,total score of observation group were lower than control group,while the capillary flow rate was significantly faster than the control group; and the indicators of oxygen metabolic state such as Ca O2,DO2,Pa O2 of observation group were higher than those of control group,while the VO2 and Ca-v O2 were lower than those of control group,all P 0. 05. Conclusion: Low molecular weight heparin can effectively reduce the blood viscosity in patients with COPD combined with respiratory failure,and increase the blood supply to pulmonary,helping to improve lung function and oxygen metabolism related indicators.


This paper treats the feedback stabilization of linear diffusion systems by using a finite dimensional feedback dynamic controller. We construct a finite dimensional observer using the output functions from sensors, and the control inputs to the system are given by the feedback of the observer output. Assuming, for some fixed finite number L, that the first L modes are controllable and observable, we prove that it is possible to construct a finite dimensional feedback dynamic controller such that the diffusion system has an arbitrarily large damping constant.


While varying the size and complexity of a stimulus object, we measured eye movements during fixation. Although subjects' eyes are fixated at the center of the object, the experimental results indicate that "fluctuation during fixation (FDF)" which is larger movements than "miniature eye movements" occurred. In addition, FDF varies according to the peripherals of fixation points characterized by the size and complexity of the stimulus object.


21st century education must be able to develop the students' various skills, one of which is the critical thinking skill. Critical thinking skills are reasonable and comprehensive way of thinking that are used to make decisions. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Team Based Learning (TBL) models on student critical thinking skills in Ecosystem. The research method used in this study was a Quasi Experimental Design method with pretest post test control group design. There are 60 students on each class selected through simplerandom sampling. The instruments used were 15 items about critical thinking, which have been declared valid and reliable. The result showed that the average critical thinking scores of students increased significantly by using Team Based Learning (TBL) model. The highest gain score in the experiment class on first aspect (Clearness) is in gain score of 0,7 (high). Mean while the smallest increase occurred in control class on aspect accuracy, relevance, breadth and precision in gain score of 0,0 (low). A t-test indicated that TBL students' critical thinking skills significantly increased (sigvalue. 0.00). The conclusion was that there was an influence on the application of the Team BasedLearning (TBL) model on students' critical thinking skills in Ecosystem.


In September 1990, the city of Philadelphia went to the municipal-bond market to borrow $375 million dollars for one year, a not unusual event for a large city needing cash to cover weekly expenditures until the quarterly or annual tax revenues are collected. What was unusual for Philadelphia was the size of the loan request; the 1990 proposed borrowing was $187 million larger than the previous year's request of $188 million. Investors rightly suspected that Philadelphia needed money for more than just the typical cover of a few month's cash shortfall. A closer look at the city's books revealed over $73.8 million in accumulated deficits from the previous six budgets. The extra $187 million of short-term borrowing was necessary to help cover the $73.8 accumulated debt and fiscal year (FY) 1991's expected deficit of $132.6 million. Investors rejected Philadelphia's request for the additional borrowing, and the city fell into a three-year fiscal crisis. The city emerged from the crisis with city residents and shoppers paying an additional 1-percent sales tax, city workers facing a two-year wage freeze and a reduction in employee benefits, and residents living with reduced public services. The long-run effects on city employment and property values are sure to be damaging. How does a city get into such a fiscal mess? This paper seeks to provide one answer to this question using the recent (FY 1963-1990) fiscal history of Philadelphia as a case study. I. Accounting for a Fiscal Crisis


The utility model discloses a passive Q-tuning active control laser for a semiconductor pump, and the active control laser comprises a pump system consisting of a power supply and a semiconductor laser. The active control laser is also provided with a laser light-path unit which is used for generating pulse laser, and is provided with a beam expander which is used for the aligning of the pulse laser generated by the laser light-path unit. The light output end of the pump system is connected with the light input end of the laser light-path unit through an energy-transmission optical fiber. The light output end of the laser light-path unit is connected with the light input end of the beam expander. The active control laser provided by the utility model reduces the cost, improves the flexibility of application, improves the output power, and achieves the passive Q-tuning controllability.


This extended abstract is based on our paper "Do You Remember This Source Code?", published at the International Conference on Software Engineering 2018 [Kr18]. We summarize and discuss our results on programmers' memory and forgetting. To this end, we focus on reverse engineering of software, which was the primary context in which we conducted this work.


Ultrasonic Lamb wave's characteristic of multi-modes and dispersion caused the signal to be too complex to identify.In order to solve the problem,combining with the main design parameters of electromagnetic acoustic transducer(EMAT) and the characteristic equation of Lamb wave,the exciting equation and curve were deduced.Through choosing the appropriate operating point on the curve to depress the influence of multi-modes and dispersion,an optimal excitation mode of electromagnetic ultrasonic lamb wave was proposed.Zero-mode Lamb wave's validity in application was analyzed by this method,and verified by experiments.


Maple is one of the computer systems of algebra. There are a lot of users in China packages are the important parts of Maple system. The paper introduces the package of "student". "Student"is a special function package for dealing with calculous.


Asymmetric distribution of proteins and other molecules within cells leads to cell polarization. One of the most studied examples occurs in epithelial cells that polarize to form apical and basolateral surfaces ([Nelson, 2003][1]). Although we know much about directed protein trafficking after cells


The rates of enzymatic hydrolysis of cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, cyclic IMP, cyclic UMP, cyclic CMP and cyclic dTMP (all 3′:5′-phosphates) have been assayed in several rat tissues. Subcellular distribution studies indicated that, in all tissues except brain and heart, most of the enzymatic activity is confined to the soluble cell fraction.

The purine cyclic nucleotides are the preferred substrates for soluble 3′:5′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in all tissues. Cyclic AMP is a slightly better substrate than cyclic GMP and cyclic IMP in most tissues. However, spleen, lung and erythrocytes hydrolyse cyclic AMP 2–3 times faster than the other purine cyclic nucleotides. Hydrolysis of the cyclic pyrimidine nucleotides was very low or not detected in most tissues. The exceptions were cyclic UMP and cyclic dTMP hydrolysis by brain, and cyclic dTMP hydrolysis by liver.

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved the soluble cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity into a number of components. Two components, designated B and C, arc present in all tissues except brain although there are quantitative differences between tisues. These two components appear to be specific for purine cyclic nucleotides. A third form, A, is present in spleen, lung and erythrocytes. It hydrolyses all the cyclic nucleotides except cyclic CMP, although cyclic AMP is the best substrate. However, this component also has 5′-nucleotidase activity which may indicate that A is not specific for 3′:5′-cyclic nucleotides. A fourth component D, detected only in liver, hydrolyses cyclic AMP and cyclic dTMP at comparable rates.

The electrophoretic patterns obtained for brain phosphodiesterase differ from those of all other tissues investigated and suggest that the enzyme(s) probably has markedly different properties from the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases of other tissues.


The priority directions of the development of ship machine building are сonsidered in 21 ages. Creation steam generators is оffered on the base tiny atomic reactor, possessing more high technical and ecological feature. The broughted motivation of the fluent cessation production checked sample to product, with provision for request shipowner, after full mastering sample new technology.


Although we have, in almost every issue of this journal, referred to these important questions, and, in our last, pub lished a sketch of the methods in vogue at the best conducted abattoir in the world, we do not seem to have been successful in planting any fruitful seed. One of the most surprising phenomena in this connection is, that none of the medical journals in this country have either noticed these articles or given that attention to the subject which they should do as guardians of the public health. It has thus far been impossible, both by personal advocacy and reiterated appeals in writing, to make any impression upon Boards of Health. Neither the State or city representatives of the people seem able to realize a fact that has long been patent to the intelli gence of the same class of men in Europe, i. e., that none but qualified veterinarians can be trusted to do this duty properly. Such authorities assume that any politician is much better suited to guard the public health, in these important matters, than men whose professional studies especially adapt them for these responsibilities. They do not seem to be aware that the educated veterinarian knows that the advancement of his pro fession depends upon his being strictly honest in such duties. Our attention has been again called to these questions, by reading the following remarks in a number of Chicago daily papers:


.......................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................... vii DEDICATION...................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES............................................................... xiii LIST OF TABLES................................................................. xiv LIST OF PHOTOS................................................................ xiv LIST OF TEXT BOXES......................................................... xiv LIST OF APPENDICIES........................................................ xv RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................... xv GLOSSARY......................................................................... xv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.............................................. 1 1.1. Pikangikum First Nation and knowledge of the importance of forest fire............................................................................ 1 1.2. Research purpose............................................................. 4 1.3. Research objectives........................................................... 5 1.4. Thesis format.................................................................. 5 1.5. References...................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW..................................... 10 2.


This paper describes an experimental investigation on unsteady thermal convection flow in a horizontal closed-duct combined with acoustic standing wave induced in the duct. As the amplitude of acoustic standing wave increases, steady circulating streaming caused by nonlinear effect of finite amplitude oscillatory flow appears within every 1/4 wavelength section. It is called acoustic streaming. On the other hand, the thermal convection flow is characterized by Rayleigh number. In the range of high Rayleigh number, the convection current changes to unsteady and turbulent. When a strong acoustic standing wave is combined to the unsteady or turbulent convection flow, the flow pattern of the convection quickly changes to steady circulating flow similar to the acoustic streaming. PIV technique is applied to quantitative analyses of the resultant flow depending on mode of standing wave, sound pressure, and Rayleigh number. The results show that the resultant flow becomes unstable according to increase of Rayleigh number and at lower mode of oscillation.


The protonation of 4-oxazolines with protic acids in anhydrous medium, both at low or at room temperature, generally leads to acyclic functional iminium salts. In those cases where the oxazoline ring bears a hydrogen atom in the four position, two diastereoisomeric cyclic iminium salts are obtained. The conditions for preparation of these salts along with the characterization of their structures were determined by the aid of 1H and 13C nmr.


The beverage known as tea is an infusion of variously processed leaves of one of the varieties of an evergreen shrub, Camellia sinensis L. Tea is the most widely drunk beverage in the world (39). Green tea, popular in the Far East, differs from the black tea familiar in the West in that an oxidation step (called ''fermentation'') occurs in the processing of the latter compound but not the former compound. Although it has little nutritional value per se, tea is refreshing, mildly stimulating, and produces a feeling of well-being. The latter two properties have been assumed to be due to caffeine, about 50 mg of which is present in a cup of tea; caffeine is known to have ''stimulant and anti-soporific actions, that elevate mood, decrease fatigue and increase capacity for work'' (32). However, other components of a cup of tea, notably, the polyphenols, may also contribute to the effects of tea, in view of their known pharmacological properties (40) (see below). The complex of oxidized polyphenols in tea is often called ''tannin'' (20). It should be stressed, however, that unlike some compounds from other plants also given this generic name, tea tannins are not harmful. Contrary to widespread belief, tea does not contain tannic acid (39, 47).


The global adoption of information technology systems throughout all activity domains lead to the existence of a huge amount of information systems unable to interoperate, first of all, because of different ways of identifying resources. Different transport and application level protocols for data exchange also raise some interoperability difficulties. Common interoperability scenarios rely on tightly controlled, specific communities of information technology islands. In this chapter we present and discuss the usage of lexical, syntactic and semantic lexical technologies to address interoperability problems at the product identification level, in the context of food consumption analysis.


Mg(OH)2-glass fiber fabric/benzoxazine(BZ)-epoxy(EP)laminate was prepared by thermo-compression formation using Mg(OH)2as the flame retardant,BZ-EP as the matrix.The flame retardant of the laminate was tested by the vertical flame and the limited oxygen index method.The effects of Mg(OH)2powder amount,particle size and compound addition of powder with different sizes on flame retardant of composites were analyzed.SEM was used to characterize the dispersion structure of Mg(OH)2powder in impregnation resin.The results indicate that the flame retardant of the laminates is influenced by the particle size and the amount of Mg(OH)2powder.The compound addition of powders with different particle sizes makes a flame-retardant net in composites,leading to the best flame retardant effect.And the negative impact of inorganic particle on the mechanical and electrical properties of the laminates is reduced.When the content of Mg(OH)2is 30wt%of total mass of BZ-EP and the mass ratio of Mg(OH)2powder with 2μm(YX-105)and 4μm(YX-110)is 1∶2,the limited oxygen index of the laminates is34%.The shortest self-extinguishing time of single sample in vertical burning test is 7.52 s,and the total self-extinguishing time of the five samples is 49.81 s,which reaches the ranking of UL-94V-0.The bending strength andthe relative dielectric constant of the composite is 399.84 MPa and 3.848,respectively.


AbstractThe following sections are included:IntroductionSome business questions to consider before thinking about technologyDataMatching problems and technologyTechnology selectionTools selectionSkillsFactors that impact technology adoptionA short case study: credit risk assessmentConclusionsReferences


In AMS circuits, the defect simulation time is increasing prohibitively as the circuits are becoming more and more complex. In addition to this, as the need for high defect coverage is increasing due to standards such as ISO26262, the defect simulation time is further increasing. In this paper, we present an ultra-fast defect simulation framework to test defects in pre-silicon testing of AMS circuits. We achieve time efficiency by means of two methods: (1) Improving the defect injection mechanism and (2) Circuit partition. To realize a given defect model, we use Verilog-A modules using which we can inject nearly all the defects in a circuit with a single test run (for a given test condition) which reduces the average defect simulation time. In addition to this, we also incorporate partitioning of the circuit under test into sub circuits using graph theory. The main idea here is that testing individual strongly connected components (SCCs) separately is comparatively more time-efficient rather than testing the entire circuit together. For robust framework validation, we utilize a benchmark circuit containing common analog circuits like operational amplifiers, bandgap references, Widlar current references, and bias generation circuits designed in UMC65nm technology. For the defect detection, we consider the voltage values at strategically chosen voltage nodes in the circuit and compare them with the values expected from a defect-free circuit. Using extensive simulations, we show that using our method, the defect simulation time can be improved by 17X in comparison with conventional methods. Additionally, the proposed method is independent of defect model or detection method.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the maintenance of basal endometrial blood flow of ovariectomized rats and in the increase of endometrial blood flow after administration of estradiol 17β (E2β). Endometrial blood flow was repeatedly measured with the H2 gas clearance technique in ovariectomized rats. N ω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) dose dependently reduced basal endometrial blood flow and increased mean arterial blood pressure and endometrial vascular resistance. E2β (1 μg/kg iv) increased endometrial blood flow and reduced endometrial vascular resistance, which peaked by 2 h after the injection. The vasoconstrictive activity of l-NAME (an inhibitor for NO synthesis) was compared with that of phenylephrine (PE, an α-receptor agonist acting through an NO-independent mechanism). Doses ofl-NAME (1 and 3 mg/kg iv) were matched with those of PE (3.2 and 6.4 mg ⋅ kg-1 ⋅ h-1iv), as they induced an approximately equivalent percent increase in basal endometrial vascular resistance. The percent increases of endometrial vascular resistance in E2β-treated animals by the two agents in matched doses were also of a similar magnitude. When animals were first treated with l-NAME or PE, E2β lost the ability to reduce endometrial vascular resistance. Enzyme activity and gene expression of NO synthase in the rat uterine tissue were also examined after E2β treatment, and no significant changes were observed. These data raise doubts about the role of NO in the regulation of endometrial blood flow after acute administration of E2β and suggest that other mechanisms may be involved.


With early maturing apple varieties 'Gala' and late maturing varieties 'Fuji' in Weifang as materials,treated with water-saving of buried brick and water-holding agent,reducing irrigation frequency from 6 times/year of the general management of irrigation to 4 times/year of the test irrigation,the effect of different water-saving treatments on branches and leaves growth of apple were investigated.The results showed that the quality of leaves was improved,the growth of new shoots was controlled,the organic content of branches was improved under water-saving of buried brick and water-holding agent treatments.And the effect of water-saving of buried brick was more pronounced.


I will review the basic properties of SO galaxies in the local Universe in rela tion to both elliptical and spiral galaxies, their neighbours on the Hubble se quence, and also in relation to dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxies. This will include colours, luminosities, spectral features, information about the age and metallicity composition of their stellar populations and globular clusters, about their ISM content, as well as kinematic signatures and their implications for cen tral black hole masses and past interaction events, and the number ratios of SOs to other galaxy types in relation to environmental galaxy density. I will point out some caveats as to their morphological discrimination against other classes of galaxies, discuss the role of dust and the wavelength dependence of bulge/disk light ratios. These effects are of importance for investigations into the redshift evolution of SO galaxies - both as individual objects and as a pop ulation. The various formation and transformation scenarios for SO and dSph galaxies will be presented and confronted with the available observations.


The abundance of deuterium relative to hydrogen is an important parameter in constructing models of the early expansion of the universe in Big-Bang cosmologies. Calculations by Wagoner et al. (1967) and by Wagoner (1973) show that the deuterium abundance would be very sensitive to the density of baryons in the fireball and hence to the present mean mass density of the universe. Reeves et al. (1973) use data on the abundance of deuterium in the solar system to deduce a ratio of n sub D/n sub H = 1.8 plus or minus 0.8 x 10 to the minus 5 power, and note that other authors have pointed out that processing of matter in stars slowly reduces the deuterium abundance in the galaxy.


This note compares the odds ratio with the probability ratio (relative risk). These quantities arise, for example, in the analysis of educational and social science data by means of logistic regression.


The measurement of blood volume flow is critical in many clinical applications. The current state-of-the-art for volume flow quantification uses pulsed-wave ultrasound, using a method that is neither accurate nor reliable. In this work, we implemented and demonstrated the feasibility of a 3D-based volume flow method on a Philips 3D xMATRIX ultrasound probe (XL14-3). To improve the workflow, an optimal scan sequence termed "iSTIC" was adopted for 4D color data acquisition. The acquisition time to obtain >20 volumes with high spatio-temporal resolution was controlled to within 15 seconds, which makes it feasible for clinical practice. This framework and repeatable measurements for volume flow estimation were tested on a customized flow phantom. Our experimental results showed comparable measurements between the 3D method and flow meter reference on the flow phantom. Under both constant and pulsatile flow conditions, we tested the performance of 3D volume flow by varying the color gain and pump flow rate. In constant flow, for the two aforementioned parameter changes, the measurements showed average biases of −2.7% and 2.9%, respectively. The corresponding coefficient of variation were 3.5% and 2.9%. Under pulsatile flow, the corresponding average biases were 3.3% and −3.6%, with coefficients of variation of 3.2% and 5.0%, respectively. These results indicate the potential of the 3D implementation to be a quick, reliable and accurate volume flow estimation technique and ready for the next step of clinical investigations.


The Enable Kit (MC-4246) is a high-pressure assembly that has several welds on 1/4-inch tubes and fittings. A series of sample welds that were well outside the expected process variability were made. These were then tested to determine the sensitivity of the welding process to variations in heat input. Test results showed satisfactory welds with no microstructural defects and a sufficient high-pressure safety factor after welding. From the information obtained, we are able to certify that production process variation is well within acceptable limits. 2 figs.


While improvements have been made in automatic speech recognition performance over the last several years, machines continue to have significantly lower performance on accented speech than humans. In addition, the most significant improvements on accented speech primarily arise by overwhelming the problem with hundreds or even thousands of hours of data. Humans typically require much less data to adapt to a new accent. This paper explores methods that are inspired by human perception to evaluate possible performance improvements for recognition of accented speech, with a specific focus on recognizing speech with a novel accent relative to that of the training data. Our experiments are run on small, accessible datasets that are available to the research community. We explore four methodologies: pre-exposure to multiple accents, grapheme and phoneme-based pronunciations, dropout (to improve generalization to a novel accent), and the identification of the layers in the neural network that can specifically be associated with accent modeling. Our results indicate that methods based on human perception are promising in reducing WER and understanding how accented speech is modeled in neural networks for novel accents.


Electromagnetic scattering from thin resistive strips is formulated using an integral equation approach. The formulation is then specialized to strips of constant curvature and arbitrary size allowing the employment of the method of moments to solve the scattering problem.


Seminar teaching pattern is a kind of process that students participating in teaching initiative with the direction of teacher, whose aim is to make student understand well some issues by discussing and communication between them and improve their ability of analyzing and solving problems. The significance of seminar teaching lies in creating a kind of harmonious teaching circumstance that enrich teaching methods, improving the intercommunication between students and building up a bridge between theory and practice, which would obtain the teaching that benefits teachers as well as students.


bjective :Essential hyperhidrosis is a pathological condition of excessive sweating beyond that required to cool the body, though poorly understood, originating from a dysfunction of the sympathetic nervous system. Thoraco scopic sympathectomy is the most popular treatment for upper limb hyperhidrosis, because it is a safe, effective, minimally invasive, and time-saving method. However, the common complication is the compensatory hyperhidrosis in other areas of the body, notably on the back, chest, abdomen, and buttocks. Compensatory hyperhidrosis is severe enough for some people, especially those living in a warm climate or engaging in heavy physical activities, to regret ever having had operation. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying compensatory hyperhidrosis are incompletely understood, even though it is thought to be a truly compensatory feature related to thermoregulation of the body. Materials and Methods :we studied the clinical features of total 233 patients who were diagnosed as essential hyperhidrosis and treated with thoracoscopic sympathectomy or sympathicotomy from March 1992 to July 2000. or sympathicotomy) was 98.7%. The global rate of compensatory hyperhidrosis was 77%;84% in group T2, 3 sympathectomy, 76% in group T2 sym -pathectomy, 43% in group T2, 3 sympathicotomy and 59% in group T2 sympathicotomy. The rate of embarrassing or disabling compensatory sweating was significantly higher in T2 sympathectomy and in T2, 3 sympathectomy than in T2 sympathicotomy and T2, 3 sympathicotomy with significancy in statistic analysis(p<0.01). The precipitating factors of compensatory hiperhidrosis, including heat(warm weather), anxiety, stress, and exertion were noted. The compensatory hyperhidrosis was the main cause of patient dissatisfaction after thoracoscopic sympathectomy. Conclusion :The degree of compensatory hyperhidrosis is closely related to the extent of thoracic sympathectomy.


We report on the electrochemical alteration of a nickel(II) bis-glyoximato complex into nickel-based nanoparticles at a glassy carbon electrode under acid reducing conditions. These particles show electrocatalytic activity towards hydrogen production at +410 mV compared to the bare glassy carbon electrode. Mechanistic insights are discussed based on DFT calculations.


Objective To analyze and determine the clinical characteristics and diagnosis of alimentary tract hemorrhage of stromal tumor in small intestine.Methods We reviewed the medical records of all 23 patients who were diagnosed with stromal tumor in small intestine in Peking Friendship Hospital from 1990 to 2007.Results Of 23 patients(12 male,10 female,median age 50.2 years;average Hb 5.7g/dl) with stromal tumor in small intestine diagnosed by CT(69.2%),GI(77.8%),DSA(88.9%) and double balloon enterscopy(100%),15 patients had alimentary tract hemorrhage;Pathological results:All 15 stromal tumors of small intestine accompanied ulceration on mucosa,average diameter 3.5 cm,5 benign cacses,8 cases of low potential malignancy and 2 cases of malignancy.the other 8 cases with stromal tumors without hemarrage were malignant The average diameter of stromal tumors was 8.4 cm.Conclusion Alimentary tract hemorrhage of stromal tumor in small intestine often occurrs and is repeated several times;Angiography is more sensitive for small stromal tumor(average diameter≤2.5cm) than CT.


The current global financial crisis has certainly questioned the efficacy of the existing institutional framework and available policy instruments at the national as well as international levels in ensuring global financial stability. Even the multilateral institutions like the IMF which was charged with the responsibility of surveillance, failed in diagnosing the vulnerabilities both at the global level and at the level of systemically important advanced economies. Under this backdrop, this paper is an attempt to highlight the implications of this crisis for India. When a country irrespective of the degree of globalization and the soundness of its domestic policies, cannot remain isolated due to the inter-linkages in the global economy, the only option left for the central bank is to be flexible and to be innovative in its policy approach to marginalize the impact of such global crisis on India in future.


'I'he author has worked with less success in the modern than in the earlier periods. The matter is clear and very well arranged, but much that is important has been omitted. In particular he knows little about the religious history of England and America or thinks it has little importance. Likewise, the religious bodies which are independent of the State receive scant attention. The State churches of continental Europe, and particularly Germany, are treated very fully and satisfactorily, but the space devoted to them is out of all proportion to that given to other portions of Christendom. The accuracy of the work can be generally relied on, and it perhaps furnished the best means in existence for a rapid survey of Christianity as a whole. W. J. MCGWTHLIN.


The concept of exposure has given rise to much speculation. In practice exposure is used mainly for two purposes: 1) to equalize for differences in intensity of use so as to make comparisons meaningful; and 2) to identify over-representation, perhaps as a clue to causal factors or as a motivation for intervention. Both uses are discussed in the paper. However exposure is defined or measured, its main use is to calculate the accident rate defined as: accident rate equals average number of accidents in a specified time divided by amount of exposure in a specified time.


Herein,CO_(2) was converted into methanol through three step reduction reactions catalyzed by three different kinds of dehydrogenases,formate dehydrogenase(F_(ate)DH),formaldehyde dehydrogenase(F_(ald)DH) and alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH).Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) was employed as the electron donor.Alginate-silica(ALG-SiO_(2)) hybrid composite bead were prepared for the three dehydrogenases immobilization,through the hydrolysis and condensation of tetramethoxysilane(TMOS) in situ in an alginate solution,followed by Ca~(2+) crosslinking with blocks of guluronic acid residues.Compared to ALG gel,the ALG-SiO_(2) composite was compact,and feasible for enzyme loading and enzymatic activity retention.After the ALG-SiO_(2)-enzyme biocomposite was stored for more than 60 days,or used for 10 cycles,more than 80% of the relative enzymatic activity could be retained.However,the relative enzymatic activity in the ALG-enzyme biocomposite was decreased almost to zero.


The breeding density of the Grey Partridge in Sakar Mountain is 1.23±0.19 (1-1.53) breeding pairs/km2. The brood size is 11.9±3.87 (3-21) ind./successful breeding pair. The breeding density of the grey partridges in the study area has been marked by peaks over several years, which are preceded by an increase in the average brood size. The reproductive success is 2.97 young per adult bird. There is a significant positive correlation between the brood size and the number of days with rainfall in July. There is a significant moderate positive correlation between the brood size and the area of the sunflower crops.