This paper sets out to examine the basis on which the History of Religion and the Phenomenology of Religion could be distinguished from each other. These two terms, however, mean different things to different scholars and it seems desirable to clarify at the very outset the specific sense in which these two terms will be used in this paper. The expression 'History of Religion' has been used in at least three senses: it has been used in a narrow sense, in a broader sense and in the broadest sense. In its narrow sense the expression is used to allude to "the history of individual religions, envisaged in their historical settings and chronological order". 1) In its broader sense the expression 'History of Religion' includes History of Religion in its narrow sense as well as the Phenomenology of Religion; it refers to "a combination of historical studies and phenomenological studies".z) In its broadest sense the English expression 'History of Religion' is used as a synonym for the German word Religionswissenschaft and includes "not only history properly speaking but also the comparative study of religions and religious morphology and phenomenology". 3) The expression 'Phenomenology of Religion' has similarly been


[1] We identified all of the current sheets for which we have relatively complete and accurate magnetic field (B) data from Voyager 1 (V1) from days of year (DOYs) 1 to 331, 2009, which were obtained deep in the heliosheath between 108.5 and 111.8 AU. Three types of current sheets were found: (1) 15 proton boundary layers (PBLs), (2) 10 and 3 magnetic holes and magnetic humps, respectively, and (3) 3 sector boundaries. The magnetic field strength changes across PBL, and the profile B(t) is linearly related to the hyperbolic tangent function, but the direction of B does not change. For each of the three sector boundaries, B rotated in a plane normal to the minimum variance direction, and the component of B along the minimum variance direction was zero within the uncertainties, indicating that the sector boundaries were tangential discontinuities. The structure of the sector boundaries was not as simple as that for PBLs. The average thickness of magnetic holes and humps (∼30 RL) was twice that of the PBLs (∼15 RL). The average thickness of the current sheets associated with sector boundaries was close to the thickness of the PBLs. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that magnetic holes and humps are solitons, which are initiated by the mirror mode instability, and evolve by nonlinear kinetic plasma processes to pressure balanced structures maintained by magnetization currents and proton drift currents in the gradients of B.


Delivering text simultaneously in written and spoken form is common in multimedia resentations.Nevertheless, the assumption that simultaneous presentations of written and auditory text is beneficial maybe erroneous. From a theoretical perspective, it is suggested that it persons are required to coordinate and stimultaneously process redundant material are such as written and spoken text, an excessive working memory load is generated. Working memory may be overburdened if instruction involves excessiveelements of novel information processed simultancously. The common instructional procedure (particularly in multimedia instructional) of presenting identical spoken and written material simultancously may need tobe avoided.


In this paper new structure of a plasma electron source has been described. This electron source can produce a powerful and monochromatic electron beam by a simple obstructed discharge mechanism. The beam current and diode current has been measured for low pressure He discharges under the influence of an external longitudinal magnetic field. The magnetic field could vary from 0 to 45 mT. Voltage-current characteristics and Paschen curves has been obtained under mentioned conditions. The results show that by increasing of magnetic field, efficiency of the system significantly enhances but it decreases at higher magnetic field values.


Sharing musical files via the Internet was the essential motivation of early P2P systems. Despite of the great success of the P2P file sharing systems, these systems support only "simple" queries. The focus in such systems is how to carry out an efficient query routing in order to find the nodes storing a desired file. Recently, several research works have been made to extend P2P systems to be able to share data having a fine granularity (i.e. atomic attribute) and to process queries written with a highly expressive language (i.e. SQL). These works have led to the emergence of P2P data sharing systems that represent a new generation of P2P systems and, on the other hand, a next stage in a long period of the database research area. ? The characteristics of P2P systems (e.g. large-scale, node autonomy and instability) make impractical to have a global catalog that represents often an essential component in traditional database systems. Usually, such a catalog stores information about data, schemas and data sources. Query routing and processing are two problems affected by the absence of a global catalog. Locating relevant data sources and generating a close to optimal execution plan become more difficult. In this paper, we concentrate our study on proposed solutions for the both problems. Furthermore, selected case studies of main P2P data sharing systems are analyzed and compared.


Modeled partly after Weaver and Wilhoit's study of the American journalist, this study provides a profile of Nepalese journalists at an interesting time in Nepal's history, when democracy has been restored and media freedom has been prevalent for almost a decade. The profile covers demographic, work-related and attitudinal variables from a convenience sample of 132 journalists in Kathmandu and Pokhara representing all the major newspapers and radio stations and the government television station. The questionnaire was borrowed from an earlier study carried out in post-independence Tanzania because of its fit to Nepal's media context. A quantitative analysis of the roles the journalists perceived for themselves revealed four factors: development journalism (positive coverage of leaders, country, events); citizen education (inform and educate public on political matters); public advocate (investigate leaders and give voice to people); and culture (entertain, provide cultural fare). Another interpretation of development journalism (focus on development projects and welfare of diverse oppressed groups) emerged as a role in answers to an open-ended question about other functions of the press. As Nepalese society is in transition from a monarchy with a government-controlled press that defined a role for the media in national development to a multi-party democracy with a free press, its journalists are balancing the roles that they have been socialized in with those of a free press.


Carbon monoxide (CO) is a poisonous and hazardous gas to human. A sensitive sensor device as an early indicator is necessary to prevent human from being poisoned by this gas. Therefore in this research a CO gas sensor was prepared from WO3 synthesized via sol-gel method followed by calcination. Precursors WCl6 and C2H5OH were used to synthesize WO3 by sol-gel method. Sensor chip was prepared by spin-coating technique to deposit WO3 thin film on alumina (Al2O3) substrate. Then the samples were calcined at various temperatures of 300, 400, 500, dan 600 oC for 1 hour. The sensitivity of the sensor was measured by potentiostat mode based on the electrical resistance changes in the absence and presence of CO gas at concentration of 50 ppm and 200 oC to find the sample which gave the optimum sensitivity. The sensitivity measurements were continued to the optimum sample at different CO gas concentrations of 100 and 200 ppm and different sensor operating temperatures of 30 and 100 oC. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer (EDX) were used to observe the material morphology and chemical composition. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) was used to observe the material structure and crystalline size. Thermo Gravimetric Analysis/Direct Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) was used to measure the moisture content and to inspect the structural changes due to temperature increase. BET analysis was used to measure the active surface area of WO3. Raman Spectroscopy was used to identify the functional groups in WO3 sample. WO3 had two different structures of hexagonal after calcined at 300 oC and monoclinic after calcined at 400 oC and above. The crystallinity was enhanced along with the increasing of calcination temperatures. From the sensitivity measurement toward CO gas, it was found that the sensor prepared from WO3 calcined at 500 oC gave the optimum sensitivity. This fact was supported by the TGA analysis showed that WO3 calcined at 500 oC had the highest gas adsorption capability. Besides, the sensitivity increased with the increasing of CO gas concentration and operating temperature.


The pass function determined by measuring dispersed point coordinates on the pass profile is studied.3-dimension elastic-plastic large strain FEM is used to simulate the workpiece deformation and work roll pass profile in the processes of 3-roll reducing,The arbitrary pass curve can be predicted by using the developing program.It is very useful for the study of some technological parameters,such as friction,workpiece size,reduction etc.,and equipment.It is pointed out that the integration of product design and pass CAD/CAM is very important.


This paper expounds the significance about obtaining samples of fireproof decorating materials in buildings and analyzex its present situation and current problems so as to propose the further twchniques.


The nation's delicate relationship to its powerful neighbors, its political and international awareness, and its democratic way of life all enhance the opportunities of the mass media. Dr. Fitzgibbon, author of several books and numerous articles on Latin America, is professor of political science at UCLA.


What narrative is deemed most compelling to justify anti-immigrant sentiments when a country's economy is not a cause for concern? We predicted that flourishing economies constrain the viability of realistic threat arguments. We found support for this prediction in an experiment in which participants were asked to take on the role of speechwriter for a leader with an anti-immigrant message (N = 75). As predicted, a greater percentage of realistic threat arguments and fewer symbolic threat arguments were generated in a condition in which the economy was expected to decline than when it was expected to grow or a baseline condition. Perhaps more interesting, in the economic growth condition, the percentage realistic entitlements and symbolic threat arguments generated were higher than when the economy was declining. We conclude that threat narratives to provide a legitimizing discourse for anti-immigrant sentiments are tailored to the economic context.


The experimental plan for studying plasma confinement on the Large Helical Device (LHD) is presented in this paper. Current information about the main LHD device, heating devices, and diagnostics is summarized, and key physics issues are discussed. Based upon these considerations, a preliminary experimental plan is proposed.


This study investigated the effect of objective and subjective financial literacy on mortgage payment delinquency using the 2015 National Financial Capability Study dataset. A hierarchical model showed a substantial negative effect of objective literacy on delinquency, but subjective literacy did not have a significant effect. The predicted likelihood of delinquency at the 10th percentile of objective literacy was over three times as high as the likelihood at the 90th percentile. In a model with combinations of high or low objective and subjective financial literacy, those who were overconfident had a delinquency likelihood three times as high as those who had high objective and subjective literacy. Subjective literacy had substantial effects on delinquency both for high‐ and low‐objective literacy levels. In financial education, attention should be focused not only on objective learning but also making sure consumers are aware of the limitations of their understanding.


The study was done in a greenhouse at the department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar for the growing season 2019-2020. It was designed to study the effect of the agricultural media and spraying with nano and normal zinc and iron on the traits of flowers and yield of Strawberry (CV. Festival) under the protective environment conditions. Three agricultural media were used for the first factor included: (River soil and Peat moss 3:1), (River soil and "50% Coantail + 50% Alfalfa" 3:1) and (River soil and poultry waste 3:1), presented with symbols (M1, M2, M3), respectively. The second factor consisted of spraying with zinc and iron nano and normal with the following concentrations (normal-Zn 50 mg L-1, nano-Zn 10 and 20 mg L-1, normal-Iron 150 mg L-1, and nano-iron 20 and 40 mg L-1) in addition to the control treatment (distilled water), mentioned as (S0, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6), respectively. The results revealed that planting Strawberry in different media had a significant effect on flower traits and yield especially the media culture (M3) which presented the best results for the traits (number of flowers, percentage of flowers set, number of fruits, weight, length and diameter of fruit, and yield), which reached (34.4 flower plant-1, 77.5%, 28.4 fruit plant-1, 21.50 g, 4.28 cm, 3.37 cm and 628.1 g plant-1). On the other hand, the media culture (M3) caused a reduction in the percentage of the fruits malformation to a minimum value of (14.9%). Spraying with nano-zinc and iron and normal zinc and iron achieved significant effect, especially (S5), that gave the highest values for the traits ( number of flowers, percentage of flowers set, number of fruits, weight, length and diameter of fruit, and yield) which were (32.8 flower plant-1,76.5%, 25.6 fruit plant-1, 21.12 g, 4.20 cm, 3.42 cm, and 554.4 g plant-1) respectively. On the other hand, (S5) concentration caused a reduction in the percentage of the fruits malformation to a minimum value of (14.2%). The interaction between the two factors of the study in all of the responses studied. The treatment interaction (M3S5) gave the best results for traits (number of flowers, percentage of flowers set, percentage of the fruits malformation, number of fruits, weight and length of fruit, and yield), which reached (42.0 flower plant-1, 83.4%, 11.8%, 31.2 fruit plant-1, 25.58 g, 4.72 cm and 782.4 g plant-1), respectively. On the other hand, the treatment interaction (M2S4) showed the highest value of fruit diameter (3.84 cm).


For three galaxies in the M81/IC 342 neighbourhood, photographic, B, V-photometry of the bright stellar population has been made. Using the three brightest red and three brightest blue supergiants the following distance moduli are obtained: 27.86 and 28.03 for NGC 1560, 28.36 and 28.18 for NGC 2976, and 28.43 for DDO 165, respectively. All the galaxies are associated with M81+IC 342 group


Byline: Naren. Rao, M. Reddy, Janardhan. Reddy Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common and debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder with a prevalence of approximately 2%. Though selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are the mainstay of treatment, it is increasingly being recognized that serotonin abnormality may be the final common pathway and other mechanisms may also play important roles in the etiopathogenesis of OCD. Growing evidence from different lines of research in the last few years suggest possible role of immunologicalabnormalities in the pathogenesis of OCD. [sup][1] Influential studies from National Institute of Mental Health suggested higher prevalence of OCD and tics in patients with Sydenham's chorea and group A Streptococcal infection, implicating immunological mechanisms in a subtype of childhood OCD such as pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). [sup][2] Following this, studies examined other markers of immune abnormality and reported higher concentration of anti-basal ganglia antibodies [sup][3] and increased prevalence of B lymphocyte marker D8/17 [sup][4] in OCD patients than in healthy controls. Neuroimaging studies supported immune hypothesis in PANDAS, reporting decreased basal ganglia volume in children with streptococcus-associated OCD [sup][5] as well as correlation between basal ganglia volume and anti-basal ganglia antibody titers. [sup][5],[6] While these results suggest a role of immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of OCD, one needs to be careful before drawing final conclusion because these results are preliminary and not unequivocal. [sup][7] Recent research advances in psychoneuroimmunology have implicated cytokines as mediators between brain and immune system. In addition to their role in peripheral inflammation, cytokines affect central nervous system functioning by altering the neurotransmitter systems, importantly serotonin and glutamate. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines have stimulatory and inhibitory effects, respectively, on the activity of enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO). Stimulation of IDO converts tryprophan to kynurenine, decreasing tryptophan availability for serotonin production. Kynurenine is further converted to quinolinic acid, which is a glutamate (NMDA) receptor agonist. [sup][8] Hence, cytokines are proposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of different neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia. In the last decade, studies have examined plasma cytokines in the pathogenesis of OCD, but have reported inconclusive results. On the other hand, few studies have reported elevated cytokine levels in OCD, with majority studies reporting absence of difference between patients and controls, as also corroborated by a recent meta-analysis. [sup][9] In summary, the existing data is inconsistent regarding the role of immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of OCD. The evidence does not conclusively suggest a role of immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis for OCD in general, and, at the same time, does not rule out its possible role in a subgroup of OCD. Few possible reasons for the inconsistency are methodological. First, OCD is a heterogeneous disorder with varying age at onset, and pediatric OCD may be distinctly different from adult OCD. While pediatric OCD studies have implicated possible role for immunological mechanisms, results of studies in adult OCD are equivocal. In one study, age at onset had negative correlation with tumor necrosis factor-a levels, [sup][10] further supporting this view. Second confounding factor is the presence of comorbid diagnosis, importantly depression. Only few studies have examined OCD patients without comorbid diagnosis, and because immunological mechanisms are implicated in pathogenesis of other psychiatric disorders as well, it is difficult to delineate the effects specific to OCD. …


Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) nucleo polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) is a highly pathogenic virus encountered in the sericultural industry, often causing severe damage which hampers silk cocoon production in tropical countries. Effective management of the virus has been a challenge because of its sturdy nature and the lack of control strategies. RNA mediated silencing technology has become present day's tool of choice for induction of virus resistance in most of the higher animal systems. In this context, a new approach, known as transkingdom RNA interfm-ence (tIcRNAi), was discovered where E. coli are engineered to transcribe short RNA (shRNA) from a plasmid known as transkingdom RNA interference plasmid (TRIP). The TRIP plasmid / vector contains gene of interest under the control of 17 promoter which efficiently produces dsRNA in E.coli host cells, and the vector also contains genes that are responsible for stable and efficient attachment and release of shRNA inside the target cells to bring about stable and consistent gene silencing in the respective host system. This technology is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions and is therefore, currently the most widely used gene-silencing technique in functional genomics.


Background and aims: Indoor air pollution and health outcomes are under investigation in the recent years. Myocardial infarction risk is associated not only with the traditional ischemic heart dise...


Although there are various theories concerning the treatment of temporomandibular dysfunction, owing to the special nature of this disease, there is no single standard treatment method. Even though the effectiveness of the bite plane, which has been used for many years, is well known, it is not appropriate for all cases. In addition, it is common knowledge that relapses occur when its use is terminated. Having many questions about these points, we have been carrying out research for several years. As a result, we arrived at the conclusion that favorable treatment results could not be attained without resolving the problem of the positional relationships of the temporomandibular joint region . Conventional bite plane fabrication methods have been carried out without considering positional relationships of the temporomandibular joint. We concluded that the above problem may have arisen for this reason. We are making this report since we were able to attain good results with case where we incorporated a treatment plan taking into consideration these issues.


Salinity and inlet distance were the most consistent indicators of species groupings among the 40 most abundant fish species in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida. In contrast to findings of other studies conducted on small juveniles and forage fishes in the IRL, this study suggested that distributions of the more mobile organisms are influenced more by physical conditions than by biological interactions. Consequently, environmentally-corrected single-species models will be more effective in assessing changes in stock abundance and habitat preferences of mobile species in the IRL. Because of the fluctuations in physical conditions in the IRL and other estuaries, it may be inappropriate to use biologically based methods that rely solely on species interactions to assess fish stocks in those systems.


Biodegradation is utilizing microorganisms to degrade materials into products that are safe for the environment, such as carbon dioxide, water, and biomass. The current study aims to isolate and characterize bacteria with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) degradation ability isolated from Shatt al-Arab water and sewage from Basra, the bacteria were identified as Klebsiella pneumonia. According to the findings, the isolates showed a highly significant difference in degradation of PET (24% during 7 days) and the percent of degradation increased to 46% at 4 weeks compared to the control. The study also involved determining the optimum temperature of K. pneumonia growth, which was 37°C, while the preferred pH was 7-8. The research revealed that PET biodegradation by K. pneumonia can be used as a suitable and environmentally friendly tool.


OBJECTIVE To determine the positive rate of toxin-producing Clostridium difficile in the stool specimens of the diarrhea patients in China so as to define the burden of C.difficile infection and put forward corresponding prevention measures.METHODS By means of meta-analysis,the Pubmed/Medline,EmBase,CBM,and Wanfang database were retrieved according to the retrieval strategies formulated in advance,the target literatures were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,and the data were extracted to conduct the rate merging.RESULTS Totally 32 literatures conformed to the inclusion criteria and came from 12 cities of 10provinces(or municipalities),involving 6 861 diarrhea patients.The meta-analysis showed that the positive rate of the toxin-producing C.difficilein the stool specimens of the diarrhea patients was 15.0%,and the positive rate of the toxin-producing C.difficile was significantly higher in the patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea than in the patients with other diarrhea.As compared with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),the polymerase-chain-reaction had higher detection rate of the toxin-producing C.difficile.CONCLUSIONS The positive rate of the toxin-producing C.difficileis high in the stool specimens obtained from the diarrhea patients in China,which is similar to the occident countries,indicating that the C.difficileinfection and the burden of the disease can not be neglected in China.


This study was aimed at exploring predictive validity of factors routinely used in admission decisions made for a business management program (Masters in Business Administration: MBA). Two outcomes of the program were predicted [grade point average (GPA), & salary offer] using three factors (demographic, academic records, & entrance exam) analyzed for a batch of students enrolled in year 2009 (n=290). Regression analysis was used on gender-split data (female=30). Results for individual factors predicting GPA were (adjusted R2): (a) demographic factor (age & work experience), work experience was a significant predictor (female=.27), (b) academic record, (percentage in 10th & 12th standard), both variables were significant (male=.15, female=.43), and (c) entrance exam (scores on verbal, quantitative, & data interpretation sections), quantitative and data interpretation sections were significant predictors for male (.35) whereas verbal section was significant for female students (.51). Allvariables-combined model explained 39% of variance in GPA of male students. Adding GPA to above variables explained 25% of variance in salary offer received by male students. Results are discussed to compare (i) gender-wise predictive validity of factors, and (ii) academic versus economic outcome of a business education program.


After the analysis of the material of Polymorphis Roth, 1899, and other similar forms of Mustersense age (Middle Eocene) of Patagonia, it seems fully justified to separate the group from the other Litopterna in, at least, a different subfamily, the Polymorphynae Simpson 1945; this is based on the degree of separation and divergence of the group frorn a11 other Liptoterna. A comparative study of Polymorpbis (as an arqueotype) with the Proterotheriinae is made; a more complete diagnosis for the subfamily Polymorphinae is also proposed. Short systematic consideration are incIuded to discuss the validity of the genera and species that Simpson (1945) incIuded in this subfarnily. Fina11y, the relations of the Polymorphinae with the other Proterotheriidae and the Macrauchenidae are discussed.


Even the greedy routing is widely used in wireless networks, its theoretical study is still limited in vehicle environments. In this paper, we theoretically analyze the performance of the greedy routing under three typical vehicle scenarios, i.e., the single-lane road, the multilane road, and the multilevel road. We first propose the analytical model by analyzing characteristics of traffic environments, which contain the width and multilevel features of roads. Specifically, we prove that the road-width is ignorable under certain conditions, whereas the data measured in an outdoor experiment reveal that the multilevel feature is non-ignorable because its existence dramatically degrades the transmission range. Based on the model, we analyze the routing length of the greedy routing for all scenarios in the following three aspects. 1) We derive the distribution function for the first one-hop progress. 2) We prove that routing increments are history-dependent and give one sufficient condition that ensures these increments are approximately i.i.d. 3) We calculate the routing length described by the h-hop coverage and hop count using the renewal theory. Finally, simulations are conducted to verify the accuracy of our analysis.


Machadosentis travassosi n. g., n. sp. an acanthocephalan parasite of a moray are proposed after comparison with the related genera in Quadrigyridae VVan Cleave, 1920. The new genus differs from the other related by the arrangement of proboscis hooks (five circles of rows with five hooks each, with well developed roots) besides the distribution of cuticular spines.


Oxy-fuel combustion has generated significant interest for carbon capture and storage. In this paper, an improved non-gray WSGG model for oxy-fuel combustion has been verified in an enclosed rectangular box, and the results from the exponential wide band (EWB) model set as benchmark data. The influence of particle radiation parameters is investigated in different radiative path length. The effect of the radiation parameters of the char has a greater impact in the small optical path length. However, the effect of ash is more significant in the large path length. Moreover, the different coupling methods of particle and non-gray gas radiation model has been compared. The errors of different coupling methods decrease with the increase of the radiation path length.


The Trunk Implementation Plan (TIP) is a multiyear schedule of planned trunk augments and disconnects that minimizes the impact of varying demand and forecast uncertainties on the cost of implementing a network meeting objective service criteria. This paper presents a theoretical development of the TIP algorithm for hierarchical networks that accounts for modularity, facility, and demand servicing constraints. First, we solve the only-route TIP problem analytically using stochastic dynamic programming techniques. We show that our analytical solution yields a numerically efficient algorithm for calculating a multiyear, minimum-cost policy. Second, we present the results of our analysis showing that, in the presence of forecast uncertainty, a near-optimal traffic network is obtained by introducing reserve capacity on the final trunk groups only. Based on this result, we construct the TIP algorithm for hierarchical networks by combining conventional network engineering principles with an optimal disconnect policy for high-usage trunk groups and the only-route TIP sizing procedure for final groups. Using this algorithm we obtain an economical multiyear schedule of trunk augments and disconnects for hierarchical networks.


The intrinsic bistable terahertz response of intersubband plasmons in wide n-type delta-doped quantum wells is predicted to be enhanced by a resonant Fabry-Perot cavity. With a simple low-Q resonator, the threshold for bistability is decreased by a factor of 2-3 compared with that for bare multiple quantum wells.


Abstract Introduction- Tea is the most popular drink after water, consumed everyday by millions of people around the world.Tea is generally consumed in the forms of green, oolong and black tea, all of which originate from the leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis. Green tea has been considered by the traditional Chinese medicine as a healthful beverage. It was used medicinally to treat various illnesses. Health benefits are believed to be largely due to the presence of high levels of flavonoids. green tea possesses significant antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, thermogenic properties. Green tea is produced from steaming fresh leaves at high temperatures, thereby inactivating the oxidizing enzymes and leaving the polyphenol content intact. Chemical analyses revealed that green tea contains significant amounts of vitamins and minerals such as ascorbic acid, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, pantothenic acid, magnesium, potassium, manga nese and fluoride. Consumption of green tea provides a protection against stroke, liver disease, bacterial infection. Green tea is an excellent source of water-soluble polyphenol antioxidants. Green tea is rich in flavonoids and is known to have beneficial effects on dental caries, periodontal disease & tooth loss. Catechins present   in green tea represents marked effect on pH value of saliva. Aim: Green tea is a well known, healthy beverage and is an important source of polyphenol antioxidants. Beneficial effects of green tea include such as protection against dental caries, periodontal disease and tooth loss and found that can a decrease in streptococcus mutans count as well as increase in pH. Hence the present study was carried out to evaluate and compare pH of saliva before and after the intake of green tea and to evaluate the role of green tea on growth of oral bacteria in culture using saliva. Material and Methods: Unstimulated saliva was collected from 30 healthy individuals aged between 20-30 years. The pH of saliva was determined before, and 10 min after drinking green tea using pH electrode. The microbial load was assessed using mitis salivarius agar by collecting saliva before and immediately after intake of green tea. Data were analyzed using PAIRED T- test. p<0.05 is considered as statistically significant. Results: There was significant difference between salivary pH before, immediately  after 10 min (p<0.0001) of intake of green tea. There was significant difference between salivary streptococcus mutans count before and after (p<0.001) intake of green tea. Conclusion: The result of the present study has proved that consumption of green tea inhibit salivary Streptococcus mutans count and cause reduction of pH in saliva. So, it could be advisable to encourage the regular consumption of this widely available, tasty and inexpensive beverage as an interesting alternative to other drinks.


This paper investigates the pass-through from changes in exchange rates to import prices using a new and unique micro data set on Canadian imports over a six-year time span. The paper focuses on apparel imports and we begin by studying the relationship between exchange rate pass-through and the currency of invoicing of the imported good. Our preliminary ndings support the theoretical literature indicating that the invoicing currency has a large impact on exchange rate pass-through. Pass-through is signicantly higher for U.S. dollar invoiced goods than for Canadian dollar invoiced goods. In general, we nd large estimates of exchange rate pass-through into import prices over this period. In addition,


The objective of this paper is to investigate the flexural behavior of concrete-filled round-ended steel tubes (CFRTs) under bending. Beam specimens were tested to investigate the mechanical behavior of the CFRTs, including four CFTs with different concrete strengths and steel ratios, and three CFRTs with varied aspect ratios. The load vs. deflection relationships and the failure modes for CFRTs were analyzed in detail. The composite action between the core concrete and steel tube was also discussed and examined based on the experimental results. In addition, ABAQUS program was used to develop the full-scale finite element model and analyze the effect of different parameters on the moment vs. curvature curves of the CFRTs bending about the major and minor axis, respectively. Furthermore, design formulas were proposed to estimate the ultimate moment and the flexural stiffness of the CFRTs, and the simplified theoretical model of the moment vs. curvature curves was also developed. The predicted results showed satisfactory agreement with the experimental and FE results. Finally, the differences of the experimental, FE and predicted results using the existing codes were illustrated.


This paper explores the role of landscape aesthetics and sustainability in the development of new rural housing prototypes. Historically, rural building forms were largely influenced by immediately available materials, climate and specific use, resulting in regionally identifiable typologies. Changes in the way we live, proximity to place of work, and the relationship between home, community and land-use have resulted in rural domestic buildings losing specific regional distinctions. The aim of this research is to generate new spatial models of autarkic housing and alternative massing arrangements that respond to local landscape qualities, hybrid land-use, urban densities and local renewable energy production. The outcomes provide semi-quantifiable spatial development prototypes that integrate these requirements within holistic conceptual frameworks for rural sustainable living providing alternative approaches to addressing Scottish policy legislation and a primer for further research.


Since the first discovery of clusters of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-infected patients in China, Egypt designed strategies and action plans to face COVID-19 challenges on the health care system, as well as at economic and social levels. The Ministry of Health and Population regulates the health care system capacity with a mounting strategy to avoid the collapse in health care system capacity and to maintain the regular health services; the COVID-19 taskforces include many connecting pillars such as command and control center, triage hospitals, PCR chain, isolation hospitals, contact tracing team, and ambulance fleet. Egypt adheres to competent health and protective measures while reopening the economic activities; on the contrary, an important step was taken in designing many clinical trials and sharing in vaccine trials while raising the capacity for potential vaccine production.


Abstract
 Since 2009, the European Commission (EC) requires firms to incorporate an array of new elements into CEO compensation contracts, such as bonus caps, claw back provisions, bonus deferral, performance-vesting, and minimum shareholding guidelines. This paper examines whether CEO contract design in line with the EC principles reduces risk-taking and its economic consequences. Using hand-collected contract design data of 763 firm-years from European listed non-financial firms, we construct an index that reflects a firm's contract fit with the EC principles. Complemented by hand-collected data of national regulatory changes consistent to the EC principles, we employ the regime shift as quasi-experiment. We find that CEOs rewarded under contracts more in line with the principles choose lower risk profiles with respect to their country peers by divergent reductions of idiosyncratic and systematic risk-taking. Moreover, intensity of change of the regulatory environment negatively affects systematic risk-taking. Furthermore, we find CEOs compensated under contracts more adhering to the principles lead to increased subsequent risk-adjusted performance.


Provided is a ventilation brake drum. The drum is provided with through hole patterns distributed on the periphery of the drum in a circumference. Through holes intersect with the cylindrical inner brake surface in the radial direction on the inner surface and intersect with the outer surface of the drum. The holes can be drilled in a finished drum or cast in the drum before the inner brake surface of the drum is machined, so that the inner circumference surface is smooth but perforated for an arch-shaped brake lining.


were applied, with some relief, and on the following day a very good motion was passed as the result of administration of castor oil. On the following day the bowels were again slightly moved. On 8th August he passed flatus freely, and thereby obtained much relief, but the vomiting continue!I. No flatus was passed after 13th August, and on the 14th an enema, failed to cause the bowels to act. On the day before his admission he was screaming with pain, and the abdomen was much distended. The patient previous to this illness had always been healthy. When first seen after his admission to hospital the patient was much emaciated, his face was pale and anxious, his teeth and lips were covered with sordes, and his tongue was dry and brown. He lay on his back with his knees drawn up, the abdomen was greatly distended, marks of coils of distended intestine were visible on the surface, and the umbilicus was protuberant. Palpation revealed extreme tenderness over the


The characteristic of flow field,adiabatic wall film cooling effectiveness and total film cooling effectiveness of full coverage film discrete holes wall were numerically investigated using the standard k-e two-equation turbulent model,in order to understand the effects of blowing ratio and holes array arrangement.The results show that holes array arrangement with long hole to hole downstream distance and short hole to hole lateral distance is the optimal arrangement.Under this arrangement,the penetration of film outflow is weaker and film coverage region is larger,while the adiabatic wall film cooling effectiveness is better.The total film cooling effectiveness is consistent with the adiabatic wall film cooling effectiveness,showing that the holes array arrangement with long hole to hole downstream distance and short hole to hole lateral distance is the optimal arrangement.


This paper discusses about the effect of substrate type on structure of titanium dioxide thin film deposited by atomic layer deposition technique using titanium tetrachloride and deionized water as precursors. The substrates investigated are silicon (100), cover glass and titanium, and the depositions were performed at temperatures ranging from 300oC to 450 oC. We observed through Rutherford backscattering spectrometry that the TiO2 thin films grown on both substrates are stoichiometric. Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction showed that rutile phase could be obtained in almost pure phase at temperature of 450 oC, however only for glass and titanium substrates. For the case of silicon (100) substrate, the anatase phase was preponderant for process temperatures investigated.


Comparative experiments of trunk injection and leaf spray of 40% oxidant rogor were made.The result showed that the contral effect of trunk injection was better than that of leaf spray.The papulation decrease caused by trunk injection was 9.19% mone than that caused by leaf spray.And the proportion of reducing injurious insect also increases by 9.19%.The method protect natural enemy and save time,works and cost.


The mechanism by which oestrogens suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, is only partially understood. We here demonstrate that treatment with 17β‐oestradiol (E2) in C57BL/6 mice boosted the expression of programmed death 1 (PD‐1), a negative regulator of immune responses, in the CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cell compartment in a dose‐dependent manner that correlated with the efficiency of EAE protection. Administration of E2 at pregnancy levels but not lower concentrations also enhanced the frequency of Treg cells. Additionally, E2 treatment drastically reduced the production of interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) in the periphery of immunized mice. However, E2 treatment did not protect against EAE or suppress IL‐17 production in PD‐1 gene‐deficient mice. Finally, E2 failed to prevent Treg‐deficient mice from developing spontaneous EAE. Taken together, our results suggest that E2‐induced protection against EAE is mediated by upregulation of PD‐1 expression within the Treg‐cell compartment.


An important concern in rock mechanics is non-homogeneity as joints or fault. Adopting the joints as fractures, fractures are well known for their effects on the mechanical and transport properties of rock. It has been postulated that through fractured/jointed rock, mainly, the polygons turned to the shear vector (t i ) are involved in the mobilization of shear resistance. Consequently, in order to locate the contact areas implicated into the shear-test it was firstly necessary to fix the shear direction. Moreover, since laboratory observations clearly show that only the steepest polygon surfaces touch the other sample, the identification of the potential sliding areas only requires the determination of the polygons which are faced to the shear direction and which, among them, are steep enough to be involved. The methodology to be discussed here is modeling of slip on the local and global levels due to the distribution of deformation procedure of the rock joint. Upon the presented methodology, more attention has been given to slip initiation and propagation through rock joint. In particular, softening in non-linear behaviour of joint in going from the peak to residual strengths imparts a behaviour often associated with progressive failure. A multi-plane based model is developed and used to compute plastic strain distribution and failure mechanism of rock joints. Validity of the presented model was examined by comparing numerical and test results showing the behavior of both homogeneous and jointed rock samples under general stress conditions.


The article examines the features of the prosecutor's substantiation of the risk of absconding from the pre-trial investigation bodies and / or the court when applying measures related to the restriction of the constitutional rights of a person. Statistical data show a trend towards an increase in the number of cases of refusals by investigating judges to approve petitions of prosecutors as subjects of proving on the use of means of criminal procedural evidence, in particular, security measures, which indicates, among other things, the low level of validity of the petitions filed. Thus, in 2018, investigating judges refused to satisfy 5,970 petitions out of a total of 37,193 petitions for the application of precautionary measures (16.5%); in 2019 - 5,733 out of 34,780 (about 16.4%); in 2020 - 5,693 out of 31,547 (18.1%); for 2021 - 5,277 out of 30,408 (17.3%); for January-March 2022 - 799 out of 4,526 (17.6%). This is due to the fact that the problems of the prosecutor's exercise of his powers in proving in the pre-trial investigation, in particular in substantiating the presence of the risk of absconding, have not yet been subjected to a comprehensive theoretical study.

The study of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights allows us to reveal the essence of the risk of absconding as a basis for the application of measures related to the restriction of the constitutional rights of a person, as well as to find out what factors should be taken into account by the prosecutor when substantiating the risk of absconding.


The main successes acquired by Lincoln Laboratory for the past fifty-five years are comprehensively introduced.Among which their achievements in the fields of air defense,long-range radars and ballistic missile early-warning systems before 1958 are simply introduced;their outstanding contribution in the field of target identification up to now from 1958 is emphatically described.Finally,their work in the field of anti cruise missiles is also introduced.


PURPOSE: To realize various opening arrangements of packages and to simplify the manufacturing of a packaging material, by applying a common perforation line for tearing (that is, the same perforating tool) by varying a sealing region of a sealing fin of a package so that it can be adapted to various package contents. CONSTITUTION: A package 2 is manufactured from the laminated board or paper from a material web or a material sheet. The package has sealing fins 4 displaying a perforation line 1. By employing the same perforation line 1, and by varying a region 5 on the sealing fin 4 which is sealed so that parts of the sealing region 5 lie outside the performation line 1 and oriented towards an outer edge 7 of the sealing fin 4, various opening arrangements can be provided. COPYRIGHT: (C)1994,JPO


The soluble impurities in V2O5 sample were dissolved by digestion of the sample with HCl and HNO3,and the insoluble impurities were dissolved by fusion the residue with anhydrous K2CO3 and boric acid at 950 ℃,and dissolving the melt in HCl.The solutions were combined and made up to 100 mL,in which the impurity elements(including Nb,Zr,Ti,W,Si,Al,Mo,Co,Cr,Ni,Cu,Pb,Cd,As,P,Fe,Mn,Ca and Mg) were determined by ICP-AES.Interferences of the matrix elements and coexisting elements were tested and eliminated by synchronous background calibration.Analytical spectral lines of the 19 elements for the determination were optimized and selected.Values of detection limits of the 19 elements found were in the range of 10-225 μg·L-1,and values of background equivalent concentration were in the range of 5-150 μg·L-1.The proposed method was used in the analysis of V2O5 sample and standard sample of V2O5(GSBH 42015-96).The results obtained for V2O5 sample were in consistency with values obtained by chemical methods,and results obtained for the standard sample were in consistency,with the standard values.


Let σ(6,n)denote the graph obtained by identifying arbitrary Verterx of c6 with verfex of degree 1 of Pn.Let Ω(2,6,n)denote the graph obtained by identifying the vertex of degree 2 of P 3.with vertex of degree 2 of which length is equal to 2 with the degree 3 of σ(6,n).In this paper ,we prove that Ω(2,6,n)is groceful graph.


A strong working alliance within the supervisory relationship is crucial to the success of the training experience and client welfare (Bernard & Goodyear, 2013; �Falender �& �Shafranske, �2008; �Gnilka, �Chang, �& �Dew , �2012). �Many� thr eats exist in the alliance between a supervisor and intern, and these havealreadybeendocumented �(e.g., �Bucky , �Marques, �Daly , �Alley , �& �Karp,� 2010; �Ramos-Sanchezetal., �2002; �Sterner , �2009). �Roleconflicts; �skilldefi - cits; multicultural challenges; sexual attraction; gender-based conflict; and problematic supervisee behaviors, emotions, and attitudes can all threaten thesuper visoryrelationship �(Ladany , �Friedlander , �& �Nelson, �2005). �Inthis� article, we propose that moral distress is yet another threat that has remained absent within the counselor supervision literature. Furthermore, we argue that additional research is necessary to clarify the extent and severity of moral distress in counselor education. Moral distress is an ethical concern that is well documented in health care research, foremost within nursing literature. Although various definitions of moral distress have been proposed, all tend to address the same central ethical conundrum: knowing what one believes to be the correct ethical action, yet feeling constrained from pursuing it. Perhaps the most inclusive definition is as follows:


This paper discusses in detail the features of architctural design of collage's library,and makes corresponding exploration of building's function,arrangement and environment.


This quarterly report describes the research on selenium (Se) cycling in the marshes and mudflats of the Carquinez Strait between October 1, 1995 and December 31, 1995. Chapter 2 contains descriptions of field activities and laboratory work related to chemical characterization of sediments and soils. Eh and pH data are presented. Chapter 3 contains a summary of work in progress on the extraction of various Se species from sediment/soil samples, and efforts in measuring suspended sediment Se. Chapter 4 describes advances made in the analysis of parts-per-trillion level Se, using a lanthanum hydroxide co-precipitation method, and the determination of matrix effects. Chapter 5 is an update on stable Se isotope research and Se purification techniques. The reader is referred to the 1995 Annual Report for details on the project design, site selection, and methodology.


This report is the final output of an evaluation study conducted by the Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research (CRESR) on behalf of the Royal College of GPs (RCGP). The evaluation sought to understand the effectiveness of a pilot project aiming to develop a referral route between primary care practices in Wiltshire and a warm homes service, Warm and Safe Wiltshire.


Craig Bohren has enhanced science education in many ways, including email mentoring of non-scientists and scientists, informal science books, and science textbooks. I had numerous interactions with Bohren over a ten year period, and he influenced my own informal-science-education efforts, which include educational modules, science education posters, and curriculum reviews.


This paper is aimed at introducing an instructional development model which is
designed in response to two strong desires i.e. to show the most effective ways of
incorporating literature in English Language Teaching and to provide a comprehensive
framework for English teachers to develop literature-based ELT materials. The proposed
instructional model consists of four distinct phases of development i.e. Input phase
(Identifying learners' needs by carrying out a needs analysis), Development phase
(Using the information on the learners' needs to select and to organize the literaturebased
ELT materials), Output Phase (producing the prototypes of literature-based ELT
materials), Language acquisition Phase (Assessing the effect of the literature-based
ELT materials on the learners' language proficiency) which are here abbreviated as
The IDOL Model. The phases are clearly presented and seem compatible the other
phases commonly available in the area of instructional materials development in
today's English language teaching. Therefore, this model appears to provide useful
assistance to materials designers and English teachers in developing a well-designed
literature-based ELT material.


Objective To observe the effects of omeprazole on the oxidative stress in rat models with esophageal mucosal injury induced by acid reflux. Methods Healthy male SD rats weighted 220 ~ 250 g were randomly divided into 5groups: sham-operation group( sham group),gastroesophageal reflux group( model group),omeprazole low-dose,median-dose and high-dose groups. The rat models with reflux esophagitis were induced by acid reflux. The pathological changes on esophageal mucous membrane were examined by naked eye. The contents of MDA,NO and the activities of SOD and NOS were detected. Results The esophagus of rat presented erythroid and lustrous,with glossy mucosal membranes in sham group. As compared with that in sham group,the esophagus presented light white and esophageal mucous membrane became rough,thicken,grey plaque-like proliferation in model group. As compared with those in model group,these changes mentioned above were significantly alleviated in omeprazole treatment groups. As compared with those in sham group,the contents of MDA,NO and activity of NOS were significantly increased,however,the activity of SOD was significantly decreased in model group. As compared with those in model group,the contents of MDA,NO and activity of NOS were significantly decreased,however,the activity of SOD was significantly increased in omeprazole treatment groups. Conclusion Omeprazole can obviously decrease the esophageal mucosal injury induced by acid reflux through decreasing the contents of MDA,NO and activity of NOS,and increasing the activity of SOD.


Teachers of agriculture education teach in what may be perceived as a unique environment when compared to other teachers in a secondary school. Agriculture teachers generally instruct not only in classrooms and laboratories but also on-site at their students' farms, ranches, and cooperative learning sites. The scope of such instruction directly involves students' parents and other members of the community and usually involves time, effort, and travel beyond the normal school day. Often agriculture teachers, especially in the Western United States, live in small isolated communities that present cultural and physical situations which may influence their effectiveness as a teacher. Identification of such situations and the teachers' perceptions of how they may influence teacher effectiveness could increase awareness of the need to instruct to these factors in preservice and professional development of agriculture teachers. Although teachers of agriculture education may be individuals who grew up in such communities, and are accustomed to that environment, the development and maturation of an effective teacher could be enhanced by the awareness of how the environment influences teacher effectiveness.


An analytical method and results are given for the determination of lead and cadmium in Brussels sprouts, apples, pears, cabbages, potatoes, onions, leeks, carrots, swedes, watercress, frozen vegetables, cucumber, celery, tomatoes, mushrooms and dried herbs. The lead content of the 231 samples was in the range 0.01 to 3.85 parts/million the mean being 0.05 parts/million; the range and mean of the cadmium content were 0.01 to 0.22 and 0.04 parts/million, respectively.


The precipitation is not stable in dryland farming area, it is also difficult to support water according to crop demand in irrigation area, water and fertilizer can not cooperation well according to people expect. In order to develop the effects of water and nutrient fully, it must to be done firstly to decide the key stage and compensatory effect of water and nutrient cooperation, so that it fits to unstable precipitation. Therefore, it is very important to study the condition and mechanism of water and nutrient cooperation, in order to develop the water and nutrient interaction, to improve the use efficiency of water and fertilizer. The pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of nitrogen application rate and stage on summer maize water use efficiency under different status of soil moisture by using the quadratic general spinning design in this paper. The results showed that the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on WUE is more great than that of soil moisture,but the N application stage for WUE is different between WUE based to grain yield and biological yield. Effects of N application in seedling stage and milking stage on WUE based to grain yield are more great than in other stage,while that of N application in seedling stage and jointing stage on WUE based to biological yield are more great than that in other stage. From the single factor effect,we found that the best N application rate and soil moisture are N 0.2g /kg soil and 21% respectively. Not the more N application rate and soil moisture, the more WUE. The key stage for water and nitrogen interaction is jointing stage. The threshold value existed in water-nitrogen interaction.If the N application rate and soil moisture are below the threshold value the interaction effect of N and soil moisture on WUE will be unremarkable, Otherwise that will be remarkable.


The prevalences of both human papillomavirus infection and epithelial abnormalities of the lower genital tract of 48 immunosuppressed kidney transplant recipients and 24 hemodialysis patients were studied and compared to those in 55 age-matched controls


In Linear B tablet Ta 711 from Pylos, the person who recorded or received the gifts at the appointment of a damokoro may be female and in the household of the queen, and the damokoro can be compared to the Hittite AGRIG, keeper of royal storerooms.


A procedure for the simultaneous quantitative carbamidomethylation of selenocysteine (SeCys) and selenomethionine (SeMet) followed by their proteolytic release from blood proteins was developed. The fraction containing both derivatized selenoaminoacids was isolated by size-exclusion chromatography and submitted to ion-pairing HPLC-ICP MS analysis. The limit of detection was ca. 0.02 μg g−1 (dry mass) for either amino acid. The quantification of SeCys and SeMet was carried out by the method of standard additions. An internal standard of 77Se-labelled SeMet was used to control the derivatization yield and chromatographic recovery. The determination of SeCys was validated by spiking with glutathione peroxidase. An additional proof of validity was achieved by monitoring the selenium mass balance (12 series of analysis over a period of 18 months; the Se amino acids accounted for 92 ± 8% of the total Se). The method was applied to the monitoring of changes in SeCys and SeMet concentrations in lamb blood during supplementation studies (tolerance and dose effect) with selenium-rich yeast.


Monodispersed copolymer N-isopropylacrylamide and allylamine (PNIPAM-co-allylamine) colloidal spheres with various cross-linking densities have been synthesized using precipitation polymerization. The phase behavior of dispersions of these microgels has been investigated as functions of polymer concentration, temperature, and cross-linking density. It has been found that such dispersions exhibit liquid, crystal, and glass phases. For the particles with the cross-linker to monomer ratio around 1.5 mol % at 21 °C, colloidal crystals have been observed in polymer concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 3 wt %. As this ratio increases, colloids form crystals in higher concentrations. Following the phase diagram, a new route to make a crystalline structure with a high polymer concentration has been obtained by initiating crystallization near the crystal formation temperature but stabilizing the crystalline structure below the glass transition temperature. The gelation is achieved by bonding the PNIPAM-co-allylamine...


Karnataka is among pioneering Indian states to frame suitable policies aimed at encouraging local firms' export activities. Promotion and facilitation of firms to look beyond national market was achieved by creating a strong enabling institutional framework, supporting expansion of productive capacity and helping exporting firms gain access to required physical infrastructure. As a result of such policies, exports from the Karnataka have been growing rapidly, with Karnataka contributing over half a quarter of Indian exports of commodities and software. The present study provides an overview of export trends and patterns of Karnataka in the backdrop of the state policy developments. It examines the relevance of various factors pertinent to the exports by Karnataka manufacturing firms and deduces implications for development policy of the state.


Field studies using glyphosate-resistant corn (Zea mays L.), sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.), and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were conducted at Scottsbluff, NE, Torrington, WY, and Fort Collins, CO, over 6 yr to evaluate weed population dynamics under glyphosate- and conventional herbicide–based weed control strategies. We report the response of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.), and all grasses combined to four management strategies imbedded in two crop rotations. There were no consistent or highly signifi cant benefi ts from a diverse crop rotation versus continuous corn when weed control was considered. Rotating herbicide mode of action for general weed control provided no benefi t above that provided by glyphosate at 0.8 kg acid equivalent (ae) ha –1 applied twice each year. There was no evidence that any weed species developed resistance to glyphosate. The most striking fi nding of these studies was the buildup of common lambsquarters and wild buckwheat that occurs when glyphosate is applied at 0.4 kg ae ha –1 twice each year. Such a low-use-rate approach is to be completely discouraged since it appears to enrich the gene pool for individuals that survive low rates of glyphosate. The continuing decline in the real cost of glyphosate should eliminate any legitimate reason for growers to consider using less than the full labeled rate of glyphosate. All treatments that included glyphosate at all three locations over 6 yr provided signifi cantly better grass control than the nonglyphosate conventional treatments.


Navigation, according to the old definition, is to conduct a sufficient ship speedily and safely to her destination: and that is the essence of the navigator's task to-day. The idea of what constitutes a "sufficient ship" changes of course through the ages, and Plate i shows how royalty was carried overseas more than 700 years ago. You will notice that the helmsman and the sailor busy with the rigging are quite confident that they have a sufficient ship, but the passengers are obviously needing a little reassurance from the Master. In the oldest English technical dictionary, compiled in the reign of Queen Anne, navigation is further defined as being of two kinds, proper and improper. And by the latter the author meant the method of navigation employed in conducting such a vessel as you see here, with no other helps than the sounding lead and the familiar landmarks coupled with the Master's knowledge of wind and sky. Proper navigation was instrumental navigation, navigation by the chart, navigation across vast oceans. Yet we must not fall into the common error of supposing that the "improper" sailors of antiquity always hugged the shore. What John Harris the dictionary maker calls improper navigation sufficed to carry the Greeks regularly over the 350 miles between Rhodes and Alexandria, and the Vikings over the yet wider channel between Iceland and Greenland where they picked up the landmark Hvitsark ?White-shirt?on the far side of Denmark Strait.


The article attempts to examine the nature of interaction that exists among India, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan (IATU) and the need to give an institutional basis to such a relationship spanning across Central and South Asia. Using some of the existing theoretical frameworks of regional cooperation, the study argues that even though such an institutional relationship looks futuristic, it has much relevance in the present context due to its functional necessity. Some of the factors such as a 'common geo-culture', 'geo-strategic compulsions', and 'economic necessities' are providing the basis for the emergence of such kind of cooperation among these four states.


This research is purposed to (1) describe the growing of cooperative business cluster; (2) the factors are determining the growing of cooperative business cluster; (3) development strategy of cooperative business cluster. This research used descriptive method. The results shows: first, the leading bisnis sector of cooperative business clusters are planting palm, trading of basic needs and input goods, credit, transportation, and CPO factory. Second, determining factors of cooperative business cluster growing are innovation of member; low cost and differentiation product; competitive price and specialization; and displacement. Third, development strategy of cooperative business cluster are market driven, inclusive, collaborative, strategic, value creating, and government policy.


CFY male rats received drinking water which contained 10% ethyl alcohol and 5% sugar and were treated with 50 mg/kg daily doses of cobalt chloride for three weeks by gavage. Haemodynamic examinations were carried out using radioactive microspheres. Alcohol caused no significant injury of the structure of the myocardium, while cobalt chloride caused incipient multifocal myocytolysis. Blood pressure and nutritive blood flow of the heart were decreased slightly by alcohol and significantly by cobalt chloride. Alcohol additively increased the effect of cobalt chloride decreasing the nutritive blood flow of the heart. It is suggested, that hypoxia increased by dual exposure is responsible for the aggravating effect of alcohol on the myocardial injury caused by the cobalt salt.


I want to watch Nvidia's #madetogame announcement tonight, but I think I may be too tired. I love my company and expect great things though.


Abstract The lignin degradation by Flavodon flavus (Klotzsch) Ryv. and Schizophyllum commune Fr. on Mangifera indica and Syzygium cumini wood, changes in the chemical composition of the degraded wood, and production of extra-cellular lignocellulolytic enzymes were analyzed. White rot fungi F. flavus and S. commune selectively degraded the lignin of S. cumini rather than the holocellulose component, whereas simultaneous degradation of lignin occurred in the case of M. indica. After 90 days of pretreatment with F. flavus, total weight loss was 29% and loss in lignin content was 25.7% in M. indica wood. However, 8% loss of holocellulose was caused by S. commune in S. cumini wood. Extracellular enzymes from F. flavus such as ligninase and cellulase showed higher activity in degradation of M. indica wood than in S. cumini wood. Weight loss and changes in chemical composition of M. indica and S. cumini woods showed good correlation with enzyme activity in lignocellulose degradation. Woods of S. cumini showed resistance to the white rot fungi could be due to the presence of polyphenols.


The characteristics of packsulki (Korean traditional rice cake) which was sweetened with sucrose or combined sweeteners (sorbitol plus aspartame or sorbitol plus saccharin) were investigated through sensory evaluation in this study. The sensory attributes of packsulkis containing combined sweeteners were evaluated as being similar to those of packsulki containing sucrose. There were no significant differences among the groups in most of the properties.


It is important that we reflect on the conceptual frameWork from which our study of, language has emerged, since the problems, methods, and aims of what,.has been called modern linguistics are rapidly being repla5ed by the concerns of another framework or paradigm. Such new paradigms, to be viable., must not be distorted by 'starting points that unduly restrict analysiS and . research. , Therefore, since' the transformational (and neo-transformational) model is able to probe more deily into the reality of language, ,often compensating for the inadequacies 6f.'the structural approach to account for the data, it 'is to be preferred.` These richer theories, illustrate advance through their demonstration, though incomplete and provisional, of the laws of language on a global scale. However, the charge of onesidedness as applied to the now-dominant perspective (s). iS not easily answered. To the extent that it cannot be answered, the current "rationalist", efforts must be viewed as too limiting to account satisfactorily for the phenomena' (language) they are attempting to explait. In the future, the mode of abstraction and directive for research must be critically applais0 for the way they. inform theory, fatt, research, and application.. 'The Ultimate criterion for evaluation cannot incontrovertibly be an appeal to the concept "science"; the critic must be aware_of his pre-scientific grounds for judgment. (Author/DB) ***********************************************4L***********1******* * Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal U published * * material not available from of er sources. ERIC makes 7 every effort *. * to obtal tha best copy availab e. Nevertheless, items 'of marginal * * reproduci ility are often encoun ered and this affetts the quality * * of the mic °fiche and hardcopy r roductions ERIC makes available * * via the. ERICDocument Reproductio Service (EDRS) I EDRSis not * * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRSNare the best that can be made from the original. * *********************************************************************** "Feom Paradigm to Practice in Linguistics" Dan Hendriksen Western Michigan University Ab we move ahead--and at times slip back--in linguiptic studies, what ought to gain in respect is that whatever analyses uncover or suggest about the nature of language, these analyses 'cannot replace their source in significance or honor. The richer the theory, the more complex and mysterious the phenomena of language appears to be. To this extent science is not king; the grammar book--traditional, structural, tagmemic, transformational, neotransformational, stratificational--is not the Psourcebook' of grammar, but only a seconci hand account of that source. . Botts Mips. Fidditch and Mr. Modern Grammarian have a Conscious knowledge of grammatical rules that lend Insight, accompanied by "taxying degrees bf distortion and incompleteness, into the rather extensive preanalytical grammar that small children 'understand' and use skillfully, integrating sound, syntax, and semantics in ways that still pit the best theorists against. each other for explanation. This is not to deny the -achieve. ments Of linguists, for such achievements have significantly contributed to these observations. As we push into the 1970's, we do well to reflect on the conceptual framework out of which our study of language has emer d. This is espeCially relevan\t since the problems,'methods, and ailLis of what has been called modern linguistics (Chomsksy. U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION &WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS SEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS COPY. RIGHTED MATERIA HAS BEEN GRANTED. BY _ TTO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS OPERATING UNDER AGREEMENTS WIT THE NATIONAL IN STITUTE OF EDUCAfION H FURTHER, REPRO. DUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM REQUIRES, PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER" still calls it that) are rapidly being replaced by the concerns of another conceptual framework orparadigm (to use a word that has various shades of meaning in Thomas Kuhn's "The structure of Scientific Revolutions"1), Says Susan Langer of a philosophy (cf, philosophy of science): It is characterized more by,the formulations of its problems than by its solution of them. Ita ansWers establish an edifice of facts; but its questions make the frame in which its picture of facts is plotted. They make more than the frame; they give the angle of p repective, the palette, the style in which the icture is drawn-everythii(g except the subject. In our questions lie our principles f analysis, and our answers may express whatever the principle's are able to yield.' For reasons that should become ncreasingly evident, it is important to be reminded of our recent history in linguistics and,the effects in practice of-the stillLstruggling paradigm. Structural linguistics was to be 'scientific', with all 'the claims to 'precision and objectivity that are Yo, often associated with that word. For example, no longer would we study language through notional definition's inconsistently 0 mixed wi h functional criteria for establishing parts of speech. No longer would we attempt to use Latin 'grammar as a model for English grammar or pretend that there was any real significance to a universal grammar. Languages differed and must be con sidered on their own merit. The way of sciepce was the, way of inductive generalizations from observables, We would, in other words, stick to thefacts as we. saw them--or better, as they revealed themselves to us. Some would note the correlation of differing linguistic structures to differing cultural patterns and develop gory of linguistic relativity. Attention to tie observable surfset features of language would culminate in theory that W44 44 accurate and obJectivis A summary of that data as 1.0%otblos. 1.angusige could be defined 44 a systeSof vocal 4ljnali of rsall.iy aIM xpeectl, writing being an 1000MplOt4 r414444r1,4114,0 topetern. Wirlit4VOr, lanlgegobi worse alrottrAry neat 4 te404$4h4 4,114C. U44 tottoutiv it et.4111101 cy%ttAils. 464 pta,mo, 4,444144bl tho 14.4.60161 tr0,444 44110444 ptiogrny of t 4, It/ '.0 I 41,11 41, 4e,144 ,.ha /At 10111 %Pig 041 wthuN o' $40040W44,14 "4' 4'1'4,4 eitotrivo th4 onto 144 710. 4 oft lir,* .4.410 crwn1 404411161$4 then 40ifihitiqh of On t,,ver,ft&f 1h4 441 nrAtt..sty. in the rtruCturat #tot4iti.h, ItiftniSt hodology only thr "fitudi of proem-mons and n;fr correfetions"3 (Twedds11). Mrntalistfc sseumptions were fraudulent. Linguistic doscriptiOn should hr charactorizrd only by consistency, convertibility, and, perhaps, simplicity and convenience. 4 The subjective definitions of grammatical units were to be replaced by those which recognized the observable signals in grammatical strucurt. For many (most?) mixing linguistic levels was taboo, and for certain purists in thetrAition the ultimate in objectivity would be a grammar whose structures'are kept apart by means of' audible differences in the sound stimulus--in stress, pitch, and juncture. Such a grammar appeared in1958 (Archibal8.1-fill). JrAll this w ld.be accomplished in the name of science, or to use Kuhn's expression designating the going body of scientific


The efficient agricultural marketing system plays a key role in accelerating agricultural production and thereby promoting economic growth in developing countries. The progress of agricultural production cannot be regarded as complete without the sale of the produce in the markets. Agriculture is the main occupation in the India where the majority of the population depends on agriculture and allied sector. The marketing of agriculture produce has always been a tricky venture. The producers who have got timely marketing information regarding prices and arrivals can sell their produce at the right time and place for the right price gains from this venture while the rest suffer. Also, the excess of International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 11 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


Coming from deeply rooted oral and literary traditions in American, Asian American and Pacific Rim communities, the first collection of poet Cathy Song attracted immediate attention. Winner of the 1982 Yale Series of Younger Poets Prize, Picture Bride and Song's two subsequent volumes have garnered attention ever since. Her work reflects the experience of women in traditional and contemporary cultures; it examines an East—West heritage. Her poetry configures the state of American literature today, a state invigorated by cultural infusion. Song is a highly visual poet; her use of metaphor and music reveals her as a consummate craftswoman.


We provide evidence for a specific challenge in the design of macroprudential policy, namely political interference. Using panel data from 80 countries over the period of 1990-2016, we uncover the electoral cycles in macroprudential policy. We show that a loosening in macroprudential policy becomes more likely in the pre-election year, especially in countries with lower institutional quality. There is no evidence for the reversal of such actions in the post-election year. We also find that capital account openness, the history of macroprudential policy actions and inflation matter in the electoral cycles in macroprudential policy, in addition to institutional quality. The electoral cycles are found to be stronger in countries that are financially less open, that relied less on macroprudential policy in the past, and that have lower inflation.


This work aimed at studying the applicability of the most widely used fluorescence microscopy techniques to evaluate total and viable bacteria in a complex matrix such as natural whey from Grana Padano cheese production. Fluorescein diacetate, BacLight, CTC (5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride), DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), and acridine orange stainings were evaluated on pure cultures and optimised for their use directly on natural whey starter cultures. Different incubation times and resuspension buffers were tested. The developed procedures allow the enumeration of both viable and dead bacterial cells directly on the whey matrix. The methods proposed may be used to directly evaluate the metabolic state of bacterial populations present in whey starter cultures.


The set of man made artefacts and systems have been frequently observed in an evolutionary perspective. Natural sciences offer an uncommonly rich apparatus as a source for analogies to be applied to the domains of the artificial. The literature on the evolutionary analogy is rich. The genealogical perspective is recurrent. According to this perspective the evolution of the artificial is mainly the evolution of artefacts (or objects, or products). As a unit of evolution, the artefact may represent the unit of analysis of genealogies, whose variations (or mutations) may trace the pathways of morphological and functional developments. The population perspective on its part may be outlined as the perspective on competition and selection dynamics applied to technical systems at the large scale. The population (or ecological) perspective opens a systemic horizon that is absent in genealogical visions. While revisiting the notions of genetics of the industrial object, technical species, demography of objects, this paper outlines some more recent systemic perspectives. It will be assumed that no strict similarity has to be theorised between living organisms and artefacts, between natural and technical systems. Rather, it is more a matter of assuming that at the base of structurally similar systems that proceed by different rules, there may be general principles. The possible unity of thinking may not reside in wrong applications of evident rules (such as natural selection) to singular contexts (such as technological change), but rather in the search for more general rules of structure and change. The paper concludes that comparison of some phenomenological characteristics of natural systems with those of man made artefacts and systems might serve as a heuristics.


With selected examples from general surgery, a better statistical elaboration of patient's data by means of operation and complication classification is demonstrated. The use of an operation and a complication key is presented. The advantage of such a classification key in documentation is the possibility of maintaining an accurate yearly review of all therapeutical methods in surgery.


The university professor develops his work in an institution of superior education that is in one of the biggest moments of transformation of his history; some of these processes have been provoked by the social changes, accountability that is being established in the public sector, for the convergence towards an European Higher Education Area (EHEA). These deep changes, for the quality, of the public service and of the internationalization, that university institution is living provokes alterations in the functions, roles and tasks assigned to the professor, requiring the develop of new competences to the teaching and investigator staff.


Mark Balaguer has developed a quirky brand of mathematical plat onism – called 'full-blooded platonism' or 'FBP' – in order to solve Benacerraf's problem about the inaccessibility of abstract entities. According to FBP, every mathematical object that can consistently be characterized thereby exists, although contingently so. In this paper I would like to show that ontological plenitude and modal contingency cannot converge into a philosophically respectable theory of mathematical objects. To achieve this, I argue that FBP does not cover some basic factors of epistemic reliability and that it involves a criterion of plenitude both mathematically and metaphysically implausible. Keywords: Balaguer, Benacerraf, consistency, contingency, superplatonism.


DURING the past 30 years a pathological condition of the uterus described under many names, possibly the most popular of which is stromatous endometriosis, has gained general recognition. The earliest description of the condition discovered to date was given by Doran and Lockyer (1909) under the name of Perithelioma of the uterus. Casler (1920), however, was the first to emphasize the resemblance of the proliferating tissue to endometrial stroma and, although further cases were recorded by Dougal (1926), and Frank (1932)~ knowledge of the condition only became firmly established and widespread with the publication of Goodall's series (1940). Since then several further series and individual cases have been published [Robertson et al. ( q z ) , Goodall (1943), Miller and Tennant (1944), De Carle (1945), Henderson (1946), Curtis (1946), Cabot Case 33221 (1947), Hill (1947), Park and Tennant (1948), Park (1949a)I to a total of at least 50 cases in the world literature, and the condition has been the subject of an admirable review by Park


Objectives To investigate the implication of TNF α level and amylase in pancreatic juice and recipient blood glucose level in the early diagnosis of acute pancreatic allograft rejection. Methods The total pancreatoduodenal transplantation were successfully performed in total pancreatectomy pigs. In group one no immunosuppression was used; in group 2, the animals were treated with Trimperygium Wilforrdii(TW) and methylprednisolsone(MP); in group 3, the animals were treated with cyclosporine A(CsA), TW and MP.The levels of amylase and TNF α in pancreatic juice and glucose level in blood were determined. Results The pancreatic juice amylase level in the untreated animals was continuously decreased after the 4th posttransplant day. After the eighth day the pancreatic juice output of most grafts stopped. In group 2, pancreatic juice output of most grafts stopped after the 9th posttransplant day. In group 3, pancreatic juice amylase of the grafts remained in a high level. The TNF α level of pancreatic juice in untreated animals was increased markedly at the 4th posttransplant day. The amylase of pancreatic juice was decreased by 86% 3 days before a marked increase of blood glucose was noted. The marked increase of TNF α level in pancreatic juice was noted 5 days before the increase of blood glucose. Conclusions The TNF α level of pancreatic juice was a marker of acute pancreatic allograft rejection earlier than the amylase of pancreatic juice. The increase of blood glucose was the latest marker of pancreas allograft rejection. The triple drug in immunosuppression (CsA, TW and MP) can well prevented the acute pancreas allograft rejection.


The clinical challenge of distinguishing toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) from erythema multiforme major (EMM) in a paediatric patient will be one which all dermatologists practising acute dermatology will have encountered in their professional practice. On the one hand, a severe, extensive mucocutaneous disorder, often drug-induced, associated with significant morbidity; on the other, a milder, limited, predominantly infection-induced illness. And yet, the initial clinical presentation of these diseases may be strikingly similar. This month's issue of the JEADV includes an immensely valuable contribution to the literature on SJS/TEN (together referred to by the authors as Epidermal Necrolysis, EN) in the paediatric population and on the important differential diagnosis in this population of EMM. The cohort size of 62 well-characterized patients in this observational study, drawn from 10 clinical departments, is impressive, allowing for meaningful conclusions to be drawn about the clinical appearance of these patients. The authors clarify the most useful clinical signs for distinguishing EMM, with its more favourable prognosis, from EN. Assessment of the morphology of the target lesions is key, which tend to be predominantly 'typical' in the former (maintaining the 3-ringed structure), and more 'atypical' in the latter. The extent of body surface area involvement also gives an indication to the type of process, being greater in EN than in EMM. These simple clinical observations can be appreciated by thorough clinical examination, but could also be assessed remotely from highquality clinical images, assisting triage in cases where the patient may be remote from the expert. The study also highlights an important consideration when assessing causality in SJS/TEN in the paediatric population – although predominantly a drug-induced phenomenon in the adult population, the high proportion of so-called idiopathic cases in a paediatric cohort mandates a thorough screen for infectious precipitants. The authors usefully provide in Table 5 a suggested list of investigations which should be completed in all cases of EN and EMM. This is a useful checklist for the practising clinician – if a rigorous approach to detection of infectious precipitants is adopted, this will hopefully lessen the number of paediatric cases wrongly attributed to paracetamol or ibuprofen, rare causes of SJS/TEN. These 'bystander' medications are often given in response to the onset of the prodromal coryzal symptoms in SJS/TEN and subsequently mislabelled as causative in the disease process. The finding that histology is not usefully discriminatory between EN and EMM is also useful in the paediatric population; however, this author would contend that a skin biopsy is still an essential investigation to distinguish these disorders from autoimmune blistering disease. This approach is also endorsed by the excellent British guidelines for the management of paediatric SJS/TEN. One possible criticism of the paper is that the nature of reference centres is that they may attract patients with manifestations towards the more severe end of the spectrum, meaning that milder cases of EMM are under-represented. However, the French network of reference centres for the care of patients with skin-loss conditions such as EN is an exemplar in the provision of care for patients with these challenging conditions. The network structure also places the group in a unique position to carry out research on these rare skin diseases, and the authors may be congratulated on this practical and robust contribution to the literature on these disorders.


The stability of a boundary layer on a heated flat plate is investigated in the linear regime. The flow is shown to be unstable to longitudinal vortex structures which develop in a non-parallel manner in the streamwise direction. Solutions of the non-parallel equations are obtained numerically at O(1) values of the appropriate stability parameter, i.e. the Grashof number. We investigate the particular cases in which instability is induced by localized or distributed wall roughness or non-uniform wall heating. The case when the vortices are induced by free-stream disturbances is also considered. We then investigate the high-Grashof-number limit and the fastest growing mode. The fastest growing mode is found to be governed by a quasi-parallel theory and occurs at high wavenumbers. The wavenumber and growth rate of the fastest growing mode are found in closed form. At low wavenumbers the vortex instability is shown to be closely related to Tollmein–Schlichting waves; the effect of wall heating or cooling on the latter type of instability is discussed.


A method for sample preparation for chromatographic separation methods, in which a sample vessel (1) partially filled with a substance under investigation and sealed, the object substance is subjected to a thermo-chemical reaction in which at least one sample component is converted into another substance, and wherein a are taken sampling device samples from the sample vessel (1) for the analytical examination, characterized in that the sample vessel (1) forms a cavity into which filled the object substance as a core and applying a heating zone for an indirect heat transfer along the filling with the substance under examination.


In this paper, a finite element model is used to describe the inhomogeneous deformations of dielectric elastomers (DE). In our previous work, inhomogeneous deformations of the DE with simple boundary conditions represented by a system of highly nonlinear coupled differential equations (ordinary and partial) were solved using numerical approaches [1-3]. To solve for the electromechanical response for complex shapes (asymmetric), nonuniform loading, and complex boundary conditions a finite element scheme is required. This paper describes a finite element implementation of the DE material model proposed in our previous work in a commercial FE code (ABAQUS 6.8-1, PAWTUCKET, R.I, USA). The total stress is postulated as the summation of the elastic stress tensor and the Maxwell stress tensor, or more generally the electrostatic stress tensor. The finite element model is verified by analytical solutions and experimental results for planar membrane extensions subject to mechanical loads and an electric field: (i) equibiaxial extension and (ii) generalized biaxial extension. Specifically, the analytical solutions for equibiaxial extension of the DE is obtained by combining a modified large deformation membrane theory that accounts for the electromechanical coupling effect in actuation commonly referred to as the Maxwell stress [4]. A Mooney-Rivlin strain energy function is employed to describe the constitutive stress strain behavior of the DE. For the finite element implementation, the constitutive relationships from our previously proposed mathematical model [4] are implemented into the finite element code. Experimentally, a 250% equibiaxially prestretched DE sample is attached to a rigid joint frame and inhomogeneous deformations of the reconfigurable DE are observed with respect to mechanical loads and an applied electric field. The computational result for the reconfigurable DE is compared with the test result to validate the accuracy and robustness of the finite element model. The active membrane is being investigated to simulate the deformation response of the plagiopatagium of bat wing skins for a micro-aerial vehicle.


Situation awareness is an important aspect of ubiquitous computer systems, as these systems of systems are highly integrated with the physical world and for successful operation they must maintain high awareness of the environment. Acoustic information is one of the most popular modalities, by which the environment states are estimated. Multi-sensor approaches also provide the possibility for acoustic source localization. This paper considers an acoustic localization system of dual channel smart sensors interconnected through a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The low computational power of smart sensor devices requires distribution of localization tasks among WSN nodes. The Initial Search Region Reduction method is used in the WSN to meet this requirement. The system is implemented on smart dust motes utilizing Atmel ATmega128RFA1 processors with integrated 2.4GHz IEEE 802.15.4 compliant radio transceivers. The paper discusses complications, introduced by low power hardware, and reviews conditions of real-time operation.


Objective To explore the optimal moment of surgical management for the anterior circulation aneurysms, and to summarize the experience of microsurgical treatment for the anterior circulation aneurysms. Methods The clinical data of 210 patients with anterior circulation aneurysms were retrospectively analyzed. In 183 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, there were 82 cases of grade Ⅰ -Ⅱ, 77 cases of grade Ⅲ, 21 cases of grade Ⅳ, 3 cases of grade Ⅴ according to Hunt⁃Hess grade. Results 199 patients underwent aneurysm clipping and 11 patients were underwent aneurysm wrapping. According to Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) classification criteria for the prognosis, 97 cases (46.19% ) cured, 80 cases (38.09%) had slight disability, 24 cases (11.43%) showed severe disability, and 9 cases (4.29%) died. Conclusion In the microsurgery for anterior circulation aneurysms, the patients should be early operated according to the individual clinical signs. The judgment and skills in surgery for the subtypes of anterior circulation aneurysms are the key points to cure intracranial aneurysms successfully.

 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2012.01.012


An optimized pre‐operative planning framework for lumbar spinal fusion was proposed, which augmented a novel functionality of suggesting optimal insertion trajectories and the screw size, considering operational safety and vertebra–screw interface strength, autonomously.


This work had as its objective in the evaluation of the growth and production of the sugarcare plant under different phosphorus sources. The experiment was carried out in Coruripe, AL, Brazil with 10 fertilizer treatments: 1) Control; 2) NK + micronutrient; 3) Super Phosphate Simple; 4) Triple Super Phosphate; 5) Fosmag; 6) Gafsa; 7) MAP; 8) NPK 06-26-24 (460 kg ha-1); 9) Compost and 10) Simple Super Phosphate - splitdose. The experiment was in random blocks, with four replicates. Parameters evaluated were: number of tillers, height of plants, IAF, rate of stalk growth, rate of biomass production of the stalk, relative growth rate, production and P in leaf and available in soil. P sources did not show any significant influence upon the growth of cane-plant due to the residual effect of previous manuring, with average yield of 80 t ha-1. The triple super phosphate produced the best production in the cane-plant, which presented three growth phases: 1st phase: intense tillering until 120 days after planting (DAP); 2nd phase:intense growth between 120 and 240 DAP; and 3rd phase: maturation, between 240 and 360 DAP. The major growth rate and fresh matter stalk production occurred after intense tillering phase between 120 and 240 DAP.


THE INVENTION REGARDING THE USE OF POLYMERS AS DESIGNATED BY scleroglucan FLUID FRAC DID NOT NEED TO BE CROSS AND DO NOT LEAVING TO REMAIN SOLID RESIDUES DURING THE BREAK. ALL OUTSTANDING PROPERTIES, AMONG OTHERS. RESILIENT TEMPERATURE AND SALT


Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis requires a low cost detection technology that is capable of miniaturization, multiplexing, and high sensitivity. In this research, a DNA chip with a microelectrode array was fabricated using microfabrication technology. Several probe DNAs consisting of mercaptohexyl moiety at their 5' end were immobilized on gold electrodes by using a DNA arrayer. Then, target DNAs were hybridized and reacted with Hoechst 33258, which is a DNA minor groove binder and electrochemically active dye. Linear sweep voltammetry or cyclic voltammetry showed a difference in the anodic peak current values between target DNA, mismatched DNA, and control DNA.