ed from Geary DF, Hodson EM, Craig JC. Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;1:CD008327. Source(s) of funding None. CO M M EN TA RY In children with impaired renal function it is widely believed that controlling phosphate and PTH levels will treat or prevent 'renal rickets'. The standard approach has been to lower phosphate fi rst by dietary interventions, then if necessary by the addition of phosphate binders. The use of vitamin D preparations helps increase plasma calcium and reduce PTH. Geary, Hodson and Craig's detailed review concludes that vitamin D preparations reduce PTH levels and that phosphate binders reduce plasma phosphate. They report that one particular phosphate binder (Sevelamer) causes fewer episodes of hypercalcaemia than others. The current body of evidence does not allow accurate assessment of clinical patient benefi ts to be inferred from the reduction in PTH. It is not known, but is believed, that by intervening we reduce fracture rates and bony deformities and improve growth. Beyond the uncertainty of benefi t, concern has been raised regarding a possible link between raised calcium/phosphate product and vascular calcifi cation, with subsequent premature cardiovascular morbidity. Calcium absorption is increased by the vitamin D, but if diet and the binders do not control the high phosphate this results in a raised calcium phosphate product. The clinical management of bone disease in children with renal impairment is more complex than just balancing two groups of medications. Children and their families need extensive dietary support in combination with their medication. In common with other chronic medical conditions, adherence with treatment is probably the single biggest issue in long-term management. In line with this the input of play specialists, teachers, psychologists, nurses and dieticians is vital. The current goal in managing 'renal bone disease' is to attain levels of calcium and phosphate within the normal range in conjunction with a PTH within or close to the normal range. To accomplish all this with scanty evidence while doing no long-term harm is the challenge we currently face. In common with the fi nal statements of most Cochrane reviews, more evidence is needed. The evidence needed for clinicians is that which relates clinical outcomes to the surrogates of biochemical tests and markers of adherence. The creation of the Medicines for Children Research Network in the UK has seen a rise in the number of trials in children, and there is optimism that this may see the quality and quantity of published evidence in this area improve.


The non-volatile memory device and the manufacturing method thereof are provided to obtain the high reliability even when the high integration is facilitated. In the non-volatile memory device type(100), the first doped layer is provided on the substrate(105). It has the first conductivity. The semiconductor pillar is extended from the first doped layer on the substrate. It has the second conductive type which is opposite to the first conductivity type. The first control gate electrode surrounds the first side wall of the semiconductor pillar. The second control gate electrode surrounds the second side wall of the semiconductor pillar. It is separated from the first control gate electrode. The second doped layer(130) is disposed on the semiconductor pillar. It has the first conductivity type.


That microfinance institutions empower women has become a heated debate at both theoretical and empirical economics. A large proportion of women in developing countries are characterized by segregation, relegation, poverty, vulnerability; majority of them engaged in agriculture and related economic activities, while a few others have menial jobs. The objective of this chapter is to determine how microfinance has empowered women in Nigeria. It employed propensity score matching and logit model to estimate the effect of microfinance on women empowerment and welfare. The results show that age of women, education, belonging to saving association, and operating an account are the determinants of women empowerment and welfare as they access finance from the microfinance banks. It was also observed that there is disparity among women who have access to liquidity. It is recommended that more microfinance banks be cited in the rural sector where the majority of the poor reside, policies like low interest rates, national awareness, and incentives for more women to access micro-credits.


This paper presents the results of study on the toxic action mechanism of organic derivatives of tin (IV) on black lipid membrane (BLM) as a model of cell membrane. Trimethyltinchloride, tripropyltinchloride, tributyltinchloride, triphenyltinchloride, dimethyltindichloride, dipropyltinchloride, dibutyltindichloride, diphenyltindichloride were tested. The compounds were selected to determine the role of their structural elements in the mechanism studied. The measurements were made for the concentrations of investigated compounds ranging from 0 to 12 x 10 -7 mol/L, i.e. within the range of toxic concentrations, causing the BLM depolarisation. The effects of compounds studied on BLM were strongly dependent on their concentration and structure, which the trans-membrane-potential measurements of model-membrane depolarisation (dynamics and extent) showed the most evidently. The efficiency of the interaction between the black lipid membrane and the tin (IV) derivatives increased as follows: dialkyl > trialkyl > diphenyl > triphenyl. The compounds studied were recognised as having the lipophilic properties-crucial for modification of model and biological membranes.


Abstract Services in building automation traditionally have been implemented using a variety of fieldbus systems. Recently growing interest has been put into convergence of the various systems. A classical approach is the use of gateways. The engineering effort, however, to build gateways for an arbitrary number of systems is of quadratic order. This paper focuses on a data-centered view, which defines a set of abstract services needed for building services, and discusses the resulting challenges. With this approach an application can be migrated from one system to another, leading to a linear engineering effort for controllers, data servers and multi-protocol nodes.


Scarlet Robins Petroica multicolor and Flame Robins P. phoenicea occurred sympatrically during the breeding season in southeastern Australia. Scarlet Robins that occur territories in forest habitat remained there throughout the year, while those, mostly first-year birds, that occupied territories in grassland habitat were present only during the non-breeding season. Flame Robins were present for 9 months of the year and were territorial for 6 of those months. The migratory Flame Robin did not show more intense or prolonged territorial or courtship behaviour than the sedentary Scarlet Robin, despite having to obtain territories and mates when it returned each year. It is suggested that the similarities between the two species' social organizations arise partly from high adult survivorship (70–75%) and lengthy breeding seasons (4–5 months). High adult survivorship and scarcity of suitable breeding habitat also caused intense competition for territories and mates, and appears to have led to the evolution of bright, signalling plumages among female and young male Scarlet Robins. Scarcity of females and breeding habitat may have caused delayed maturation of plumage among male Flame Robins.


Standardized power measurements of MICROMORPH tandem photovoltaic (PV) modules based on a spectrally tuneable flasher have been developed over the recent years at TEL Solar. The accurate calibration procedure includes all steps from a pair of primary calibrated component reference cells to the secondary calibrated reference module. A proper performance measurement under fully balanced spectral conditions is the starting point where the followed steps of cell limitation investigation and spectral responsivity measurement, both derived on large modules (Gen.5), are added. An improved hardware setup with a dynamic light-emitting-diode (LED) backlight array and a set of bandpass filters allow us to produce uniform LED floodlight and quasi-monochromatic light for the spectral study of MICROMORPH modules. Spectral light quality and distribution is analyzed by an array spectrometer system of high accuracy to characterize pulsed sources. Besides full spectral mismatch consideration, all other aspects of transient effects are covered by the multiflash approach in use.


Conventional building technique has long dominated the Malaysia construction field, but one of its weakness is that these materials all have relatively low thermal resistance properties. This will lead to the building interior temperature varies when the exchange of day and night circle. Therefore, human comfort in the building is less guarantee. To counter with that, the best way is to use the air conditioning unit, but this will consume lots of electrical energy. Although the Insulated Concrete Form (ICF) technique has been long introduced in the North America and Europe countries, the awareness related to building thermal insulation is relatively low when compared to Asia countries, including Malaysia. This has caused a high electrical power consumption, in the meantime accelerates the use of non-renewable natural resources to generate electricity. Therefore, introducing ICF into the Malaysia construction field can help to solve this problem because the ICF combines the polystyrene panels into its construction. In common, polystyrene is popular in the food industry sector due to its naturally excellent thermal resistance property. Therefore, this research will be conducted by creating a polystyrene block. Three blocks with a different outer surface, which are 2 inches, 4 inches and 6 inches are involved in this research. The outer surface will be illuminated and heated with the use of a halogen lamp, and the temperature on both outer and inner surface will be recorded with the use of an infrared thermometer. The thermal resistance slightly increases with the increased thickness of the outer layer. The difference is between I to 2°C when increasing the thickness by 2 inches. Further research can be conducted on a larger scale sample such as ICF wall or a complete ICF house which could more accurately determine the effectiveness of ICF to achieve human comfort.


Multigrid schemes based on high order compact discretization are developed for convection-diffusion problems. These multigrid schemes circumvent numerical oscillations and instability, while also yielding higher ac- curacy. These instabilities are typically exacerbated by the coarser grids in multigrid calculations. Our approach incorporates a 4th order compact formulation for the discretization, while also constructing a consistent multigrid restriction scheme to preserve the accuracy of the fine-to-coarse grid projections. Numerical results demonstrating the higher accuracy and robustness of this approach are presented for representative 2D convection-diffusion prob- lems. These calculations also confirm that our numerical algorithms exhibit the typical multigrid efficiency and mesh-independent convergence properties. 1. Introduction. Convection-diffusion problems in which convective effects are strong frequently exhibit steep boundary layers or interior layers within the domain. When conven- tional methods are used to solve such problems, the cell Peclet (or Reynolds) number imposes restrictions on the permissible mesh size - the solution is oscillatory when the mesh is too coarse. The usual techniques for circumventing this problem in standard single-grid formu- lations include the use of artificial dissipation, upwind discretizations, mesh grading and/or refinement (1, 3). When multigrid methods are used for solving convection-diffusion problems, these diffi- culties are exacerbated (2). The use of coarser grid levels introduces a new source of problems since, even if the finest grid satisfies the mesh restrictions, one or more coarser grids may vio- late it. Various techniques for dealing with such problems have been proposed in recent years (2, 8, 9, 14). Some of these are based on extensions of the standard single-grid techniques, while certain others are designed specifically for use with multigrid methods. The degree of effectiveness varies with choice of technique, and each of them has limitations in terms of efficiency and robustness. In the present work we develop a multigrid strategy based on high-order compact (HOC) discretizations that yields higher accuracy and robustness when applied to convection-diffusion problems. This is conceptually similar to the strategy used by Gupta et al. (5, 6), but differs in the formulation of the discretization scheme and the multi- grid projections between different grid levels, as discussed in Section 2. There we present the model 2D convection-diffusion problem and its higher-order compact approximation, and we also describe the associated multilevel projections for the HOC scheme. In Section 3 we show results for three specific test problems, and compare the HOC multigrid calculations with more standard schemes to demonstrate its numerical behavior.


ABSTRACT This article aimed to carry out a historical analysis of the dissemination of the scientific concepts on obesity, overweight and excess weight in the field of nutritional epidemiology in the world. The methodological procedures comprised: (1) Systematic search in the PubMed® database using single keywords and without date filter; (2) Documentary analysis of normative instruments on the websites of the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Obesity Federation; and (3) Analysis of the scientific production of scientists participating in the obesity classification of the International Obesity Task Force. The historical analysis showed that, considering the volume of publications on obesity, it appears that in the 1940-1949 decade the problem of obesity emerged on the world scenario. From the number of publications issued in the last 20 years, which corresponds to 85% of the investigated period, we can deduct that scientists' concern to investigate the subject as a phenomenon coincides with the World Health Organization declaration of obesity as a global epidemic issued in the year 2000. In accordance with normative procedures established by international organizations, there has been a hegemonic use of the concepts of obesity and overweight, in this order of priority, by scientists worldwide. The concept of excess weight has experienced a relative rise since the year 2000, but its use has been very restricted, expressing dissonance in face of the recommendations of international standardization organizations, a fact that suggests discussion and review of its use by the world scientific community.


In this study, protein bands of excretory/secretory antigens of Fasciola hepatica were determined using SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Blood and faecal samples were obtained from cattle brought to Kazan slaughterhouse. After examining the organs and faecal samples of these cattle for Fasciola hepatica and other helminths, serum samples were divided into two groups as positive (10 cattle) and negative (5 cattle) for F. hepatica. The sera of these two groups were tested using Western blotting. The bands obtained from the sera of positive and negative groups were compared and the specific protein bands for F. hepatica infection were 36, 29 and 17 kDa.


The first forensic day treatment program in the Netherlands was started in February 1992 with a capacity of 10 clients. In this article, results of an ongoing evaluation study are presented. More than 40% of the clients had committed sexual offenses; the majority of the others had committed nonsexual crimes. 77Te clients exhibit symptoms of various personality disorders with high levels of hostility and general psychopathology. Assessment of treatment results reveals a substantial reduction of pathology, especially in terms of hostility and anxiety. However, a comparison of pretreatment test scores of dropouts with those of clients who have completed the program reveals that forensic day treatment may better suit the group of relatively older (225 years) child molesters with cluster C personality disorders. Younger offenders with cluster B personality disorders who had committed nonsexual crimes are over represented among the dropouts.


This study comparatively analyzes the calculation performances of different large-eddy simulation (LES) combustion models in a diffused flame simulation to investigate the performances of different LES-turbulent combustion models. The flamelet/progress variable (FPV), partially stirred reactor (PaSR), and transport joint possibility density function (PDF) combustion model are adopted to perform a numerical simulation analysis for Flame D in the Sandia Lab. The comparison between the calculation results and the test data shows that the three models can properly simulate the diffused flame. The transport PDF model based on the Eulerian stochastic field method can realize better results, especially the forecast for the intermediate radicals (OH) and the pollutant emissions (NO). However, the calculation volume is huge. The calculation speed and precision of PaSR are acceptable. The FPV method can save much CPU time, and has great value in engineering applications. (Less)


In the paper the methodology for air pollutants emissions estimate from road transport, developed within the EC project MEET, is applied to a case study of an urban road with gradient in the actual situation and in prevision up to 2010. The emission estimates are then used as input to standard CALINE4 dispersion model developed by California Department of Transportation to evaluate the concentration of carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide in the actual situation and in prevision to 2010. The results are compared with concentrations measured by air monitoring station in the road. The effects of road gradient and of dispersion model photochemical mechanism are finally discussed.


Objective To examine the role of diabetes risk factors in the prediction of prediabetes and to explore patterns of risk factors and behavioural vulnerability in adults diagnosed with prediabetes. Method Participants were 623 Australian adults screened for diabetes and subsequently diagnosed with diabetes (n = 28), prediabetes (n = 492), or no glucose impairment (n = 103). Measures included risk factors for diabetes (age, sex, ethnicity, family history diabetes, personal history prediabetes, hypertension, physical inactivity, waist, smoking) and a behavioural vulnerability profile of mood (depression, anxiety, stress), cognition (diabetes knowledge, motivation, self‐efficacy), and lifestyle (eating habits, social support). Results Apart from previous history of high blood sugar, diabetes risk factors did not predict incident prediabetes. Latent class analysis of those with prediabetes revealed three distinct groups or subtypes, with differing patterns of risk and vulnerability. Subtype A was younger with a family history of diabetes, high‐risk ethnicity, physically inactive, smokers who were overweight, depressed, anxious and stressed, with poor diet and low levels of motivation, self‐efficacy, and social support. Subtype B was older, inactive women with healthy eating habits but large waists. Subtype C was older, physically active men with high stress and poor eating habits. Subtypes B and C reported adequate social support, motivation, and self‐efficacy for lifestyle change. Conclusions A general "one‐size‐fits‐all" approach to intervention may not be optimal. At least three subtypes of prediabetes may exist, and intervention programmes to prevent the onset of diabetes should be specifically tailored to the needs of each subtype.


Atom propositions are the basic unit of symbolic logic.The relationship between atom propositions' relativity and logic calculation was analyzed.In classical two-valued logic,the truth value of the proposition logic calculation result only bears on the truth value of the proposition which participates in the logic calculation,but is independent of the idiographic content in the proposition.In probabilistic logic,proposition logic calculation is decided by the relationship of propositions.The different propositions with the same truth value can not have the same logic calculation result.Implication connectives which are compatible with classical two-valued logic were defined,and they overcome the shortcoming that conditional probability can not be used to inference.


This paper tries to examine some issues considered important i.e.fīrst, the nature of fundamentalism as a manifestation of religious thought. Second, the nature of liberalism as a form of religious thought. Third, the importance of explanation about interpretation, appreciation and realization of religion which have given birth to a different mode of interpretation that does not lead to conflict. Keywords: Fundamentalism, liberalism, religion.


Abstract The economic focus of our culture has bequeathed many benefits to many people, but it has left a wake of environmental destruction and great gulfs between the rich and the poor within our country and between nations. Emerging from the global grassroots is an approach that moves away from domination to cooperation. Sustainability, or sustainable development, offers a new approach that links local and global, social and environmental, and economic. The article explores various models of sustainability and museums' use of these models to engage their communities.


The restrictions on the heat flux, the structure of the water-ice shell, and the composition of the Titan ocean, which are necessary to match the calculated (model) and experimental Love numbers, are considered. Estimates are obtained for model Love numbers and maximum surface heat fluxes for the L/LL chondrite composition of the rock-iron component of Titan, taking into account the radiogenic and tidal energy, as well as the energy of ice crystallization in the ocean due to satellite cooling. The values of the tidal Love numbers k2 of Titan were calculated for various models of the water-ice shell of the satellite, including the outer ice crust (ice Ih ± CO2 clathrates) and the internal ocean of various compositions (pure or sea water, ammonia + dissolved salts solution, aqueous solutions of ammonia and methanol). Titan models with an outer ice crust (ice Ih + 5% CO2 clathrates) and with an internal ocean of low salinity based on ammonia (5% NH3) aqueous solution better than other tested models satisfy the k2 experimental values.


In this paper, based on the structure of fuzzy information and the mechanism of fuzzy optimization, we propose the concept of quasi-linear fuzzy number; by distinguishing principal index and secondary indices, we give the comparison method based on synthesizing effect combining with the compound qualification strategy of fuzzy information; starting from the essence of constraints, we give a fuzzy optimization model based on synthesizing effect and inequity degree (BID & SE-FOM), and propose an instructive fuzzy genetic algorithm based on principal operation and quasi-linear fuzzy numbers(PO QL-FGA); Finally, we analyze the performance of PO QL-FGA by using Markov chain theory, and further explain the application of quasi-linear fuzzy numbers by a concrete example.


The energy used for biological process in a wastewater treatment plant depends on aeration equipment and hydraulic parameters in aeration tank. Gas bubbles flow into bioreactor determines an extra turbulence into the mixture. This paper presents the results obtained using the volume of fluid (VOF) mathematical model to determine the velocities generated by bubbles into an upward flow air-water mixture in a column of water. Also, it was identified vertexes center in the ascending air bubbles movement and the number and the diameter of the bubbles were determined. The theoretical results were compared to experimental and theoretical data from the literature and it was found a good correlation.


This article seeks to complicate the rhetoric of "the cultural insider" that surrounds Chinua Achebe and to interrogate readings of Things Fall Apart (TFA) that assume the novel provides an unmediated ethnographic perspective on a traditional African culture. It argues that Achebe's self-professed position at the "cultural crossroads" is manifest in the narrative voice of TFA, as the narrator oscillates from situating himself as a participant in Igbo culture to an observer, looking at the culture from the outside. In this way, this article shows that Achebe's position vis-Ã -vis the Igbo does exemplify many of the dilemmas of ethnographic observation—if we understand the relationship between the observer and the observed to be more complicated, and sometimes fraught, than most anthropological readings of the novel assume. By exploring the complexities inherent in the ethnographic relationship, this reading sheds light on the unappreciated dynamism of the narrative voice of TFA.


This paper presents a numerical solution for the analysis of the axisymmetric thermo‐elastic problem in transversely isotropic material due to a buried heat source by means of extended precise integral method. By virtue of the Laplace–Hankel transform applied into the basic governing equations, an ordinary differential matrix equation is achieved, which describes the relationship between the generalized stresses and displacements in transformed domain. An extended precise integration method is introduced to solve the aforementioned matrix equation, and the actual solution in the physical domain is acquired by inverting the Laplace–Hankel transform. Numerical examples are carried out to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method and elucidate the influence of the character of transverse isotropy, the anisotropy of linear expansion coefficient, the anisotropy of thermal diffusivity, and medium's stratification on the thermo‐elastic response. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers are promising as a booster, a repeater and a preamplifier in the long haul transmission systems like submarine transmission lines because of their desirable features1). Radiation resistance characteristics are one of the important reliability issues for such long haul lines. Several radiation-induced loss measurements have been reported2,3), however a dierct measurement of gain reduction by irradiation has not been seen so far. We report in this paper on the radiation sensitivity including the gain reduction for Er-doped fiber amplifiers.


A novel complex [Ni(C10H8O5N3)2]and#183;H2Oand#183;(CH3OH) (1) (C10H9O5N3= 2-[(4-nitro- benzoyl)-hydrazone]-propionic acid) has been prepared by reaction of NiCl2 with C10H9O5N3 in mixed solvent of methanol and water. The Ni(II) complex in octahedral geometry was characterized by elemental analysis and X-ray single crystal diffraction. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was performed to observe the reactions between Ni(II) and C10H9O5N3 in methanol solvents. The results showed that the binding constant (Ka), enthalpy change (ΔH), entropy change (ΔS), and Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) of the system are 5.2and#215;105, -11.82 kJand#183;mol-1, 69.78 Jand#183;mol-1and#183;K-1 and -32.62 kJand#183;mol-1, respectively. In addition, the structure was optimized and frontier molecular orbital (FMO) of (1) were analyzed by B3LYP and HF methods with 6-31g level.


ABSTRACTImproving and maintaining researchers ' academic writing competencies is the central goal of research focused higher education institutions in their endeavour to achieve scientific visibility and excellence in research. This article proposes an in- depth needs analysis validation that would be used as an instrument to fundament, improve and adapt academic writing programs. The project aims to develop academic writing skills based on enhanced interventions focused on identified needs of master and Ph.D. students (N = 33). The need analysis was conducted using an adapted version of the Duszak and Lewkowicz (2008) questionnaire. Results are suggesting that, the number of already published articles does not. function as an objective predictor for the development, of academic writing competencies, both categories (social and hard sciences) aiming in comparable percentage to increase their skills. Investigating students ' needs regarding academic writing process is an important, tool to adapt, the specific teaching approach and to enhance the learning experience and outcomes.KEYWORDS: needs analysis, academic writing interventions, research competenciesIntroductionAcademic Writing (AW) skills have not been a priority in the Romanian higher education system. The pressure of the Romanian cultural / academic environment which does not traditionally acknowledge such values, explains why universities are reluctant to build AW programs. Exceptions are notable and usually stem from contamination with the western cultural model. Even so, the model is followed without much conviction (Lupu & Panaitescu, 2005).AW programs such as the one developed in the framework of our research project are trying to transform an inertial "model imitation" attitude into an accepted and structured initiative, with clear objectives in what regards changing the views in the academia upon: i) the way AW skills are valorised; and ii) AW skills as such. In other words, the matter in hands is not just to create the right programs but also to change the way in which such programs are generally acknowledged in the academia. If successful, our program will show whether the objectives set are achievable and, eventually, will reveal the strategies that are needed to accomplish them. AW skills must not be seen as necessary only for those (students, researchers) who want "to confront" with western environments (either through publications based on their own research results or by continuing their studies abroad), rather they must be assimilated by the entire academia because writing and publishing is the way in which any researcher in the higher education system expresses his/her personality (beyond the obvious use of writing publications specific to the researcher's area of interest) (Stoiculescu & McDougall, 2010).AWAW only in English or in Romanian as well (or in the mother tongue of the researcher)? This question has a primary and unique answer, and a secondary, a more "differentiated" one. The first one says that AW, as an academic communication skill, (Kruse, 2006) is not as much a result of the language in which these skills are expressed, but rather a matter of the user's mental perception. Some lexical areas, such as the particular vocabulary of a certain scientific area, can be better developed in a certain language - consequently, we prefer to communicate problems/results specific to that area in that particular language. However, the capacity to articulate a clear, conclusive scientific discourse, with a well-built structure of the demonstration, based on solid argumentation, is a skill that does not depend on the language in which the discourse is constructed, but rather on the intellect which builds it (Larry, Yorea, Florence, Pearsona, & Weaver, 2006). The "secondary" answer refers to particular connections between some of the areas of knowledge / research and certain languages in which the knowledge results are being traditionally expressed. …


As evidenced by broad-based institutional initiatives (e.g., National Governors Association [NGA] Center for Best Practices, Council of Chief State School Officers [CCSSO], 2010) and United States Congressional actions (Every Student Succeeds Act [ESSA], 2015), recent educational policy discourse in the United States has promoted strategic interest in the mathematical content demands associated with college and career readiness. In previous work, Sanford-Moore et al. (2014) documented a lesson-difficulty continuum for K-12 mathematics and Williamson, Sanford-Moore and Bickel (2016) quantified mathematical content demands (and hence requisite student ability) for general college and career readiness. The purpose of this research brief is to quantify the demand of mathematical skills and concepts associated with access to specific postsecondary careers and occupations. In so doing, the student mathematics ability necessary for career preparedness or career accessibility can be inferred for specific individual careers and occupations through conjoint measurement. The current study does not focus on the mathematics demand of continuing successfully in a particular career, only the mathematics demand of career preparedness or accessibility. Key Hypotheses: The study provides descriptive results only.


The present study aimed to analyze and classify the evaluation criteria used in selection notices for theatrical projects, observing which are the most recurring classes. To this purpose, the following specific objectives were defined: characterize a theatrical project; identify how theatrical project selection process are made; and introduce what a prioritization/ranking technique is comparing to classification process. Selective processes of theatrical notices and festivals are good examples of decision making in the context of Creative Economy and have all the elements needed to apply an MCDA method. This study consists of research that aims to analyze and classify the evaluation criteria used in selection notices for theatrical projects, observing which are the most recurring classes. By gathering information throughout the research and information analysis, it was concluded that, in the sample studied, most theatrical project selection notices already use the MCDA scoring technique and address five major categories of criteria. From these data, we analyzed the proportion between the criteria categories and suggested a basic set of ten minimum items to be observed in a theatrical project selection process.


Within the object oriented community, the basic object concepts have many, often conflicting, interpretations. A particular set of concepts (templates, types and classes) has been notorious for generating confusion. By drawing from existing models, the open distributed processing initiative has endeavoured to produce a consistent object model that includes the power of the different interpretations. Open distributed processing (OPD) is an international standards activity aimed at developing a framework for distributed systems that are based on a variety of computers and networks, provided by different vendors. The differences in architecture are masked by an object based abstraction


Path analysis is used to describe and to examine a model of relationship between variables in the form of causal. Path analysis is usually used for continuous variables using linear regression equation (Supranto, 2010). Data in sosiology and behavior study are usually obtained from a questionnaire or interview that generates data in the data ordinal.The handling on ordinal data categories are transformed or either.This research aimed to compare the results of the path analysis of ordinal data with and without transformation , using Method Of Successive Intervals and log transformation. The data used in this study was secondary data drawn from the Academic Administration and Evaluation Section of Nursing Academy Dharma Husada Kediri.Variabel studied consists of exogenous variables, namely student satisfaction, student interest, parental income, parental education and the endogenous variable are the grade point average and motivation to learn. Path analysis generates the estimated value of and , which means there is significant influence of the exogenous variable to variable endogen.The size of direct effects, indirect effects and total effects of ordinal data and the data transformation is the same. The ordinal data is not necessary to be transformed in examination using path analysis.The path analysis on ordinal data form should use software lisrel with ordinal data processing facilities.


After the most successful conference held by the Royal Historical Society on October 22, 1887, and the admirable paper by Mr. Oscar Browning on the subject of teaching history in schools, it may seem presumption on my part to refer to the subject again.


Bagolan P, Giorlandino C, Nahom A, et al. 2002. The management of fetal ovarian cysts. Journal of Paediatric Surgery 37:25– 32. Bryant AE, Laufer MR. 2004. Foetal ovarian cysts: incidence, diagnosis and management. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 49:329–337. Camparetto C, Giudici S, Coccia ME, et al. 2005. Fetal and neonatal ovarian cysts: what's their real meaning? Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics and Gynaecology 32:123–125. Varma TR. Ovary, cyst. Varma www.Fetus.Net. 1994.


For some years it has been possible to detect a change of direction in the development of the law of evidence. It has involved a movement away from what appeared to be an elaborate system of rules and exceptions, chiefly concerning admissibility, whose rigid application was enforced by the dogma of stare decisis, subject to alleviation from time to time by fits of judicial irrationality or neglect. Instead, there has developed an approach to admissibility which tends to ask two questions: (1) What is the task of proof which the questioned item of evidence is put forward to do in the particular case? (2) How reliable is it as a means of performing that task? This second question involves asking, in a jury trial, whether the evidence is likely to assist rather than mislead the jury in its deliberations. Both judges and Parliament have been engaged in this development, the effects of which can be seen, for example, in the law relating to so-called similar fact evidence, in the application of what has been traditionally known as the rule against hearsay and in the operation of discretions under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and the Criminal Justice Act 1988.1 Not everyone who has to deal with evidence has been able, or perhaps willing, to recognise the extent of this change. A remedy may be to take discrete sections of evidence law and see what close examination reveals. One section which can be regarded in this way deals with the interaction of sections 74(1) and 78(1) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. This comment will argue that when the courts are considering whether to admit evidence of the conviction of someone other than the accused under section 74(1), or to exclude such evidence by virtue of the overriding provisions of section 78(1), they attach primary importance to the


Recently, patch-based denoising techniques have proved to be very effective. Indeed, they account for the correlations that exist among patches of natural images.


In Croatia, tourism is one of the most important industries. When we are talking about the tourism, significant roles have hotels, as well as the main accommodation facilities for tourists. In this paper Croatian five-star hotels websites were examined in a model of marketing and commercial activities. The resulting conclusions are that high-categorized hotels have very good websites, but there are always possibilities to improve it. Some recommendations are given at the end of this paper.


This thesis analyze the Wasserstein gradient flow of a functional defined as a double convolution of a non-smooth repulsive interaction potential. To be more precise, the potential under investigation has a -|x| behavior close to the origin. The already existent machinery of Wasserstein gradient flow is well posed for lambda-convex potential. In this case this property is lost, but it is proven that in the one dimensional case existence and uniqueness of the solution is still achieved.


Uptake of 14C-Iabeled aldicarb by potted hop plants, Humulus lupulus L., began within 6 h of application and continued for 18-48 h, depending on the application rate; higher rates took more time. Accumulation was greatest in the leaves, with relatively little in stems and roots. Leaf and cone residues were determined at 5-d intervals for 60 d following an application. In leaves, aldicarb residues peaked in 10 d (36.5 parts per million [ppm]), and peak accumulations of aldicarb sulfoxide and sulfone occurred at 25 d (89.9 ppm) and 45 d (14.9 ppm), respectively. Aldicarb residues were much lower in cones than in leaves. In cones, the peak (1.3 ppm) occurred 60 d after an application. Aldicarb sulfoxide and sulfone residues were low throughout the test period and reached peak levels (11.6 and 3.1 ppm, respectively) at 60 d. Residue levels were higher in dried hop leaves and cones. Drying increased the concentration of residues approximately three-fold in leaves and fourfold in cones.


H CHAUN, JH BECKMAN, TG SPARLING. Cerebral venous thrombosis in ulcerative colitis and review of the literature. Can J Gastroenterol 1991 ;5(4 ): 129l32. A JO-year-old man with an e ighl year history of ulcerative colitis developed left occipital headach e, mental confusion , dysphasia and righr-sided weakness when his bowel disease was asymptomatic. Invest igations revealed thwmbosis of the cere bral sagitta l sinus and left transverse sinus. The literature relating to cerebrovascular complications associated with ulcerative colitis is reviewed, and the possible pathogenetic mech anisms of venous thrombosis in ulcerative colit is are discussed. The importance of recognizing that ven ous thrombosis may occur in association with u lcerative colitis in remission is emphasized.


On August 19-20, 1981, environmental and medical surveys were conducted during diesel and gasoline bus servicing. Based on the environmental air samples collected during the dates of the survey, overexposure to CO, CO/sub 2/, SO/sub 2/, NO/sub 2/, and total particulate did not exist. However, significant short-term exposures to formaldehyde were measured depending on workers job task, the time of the shift, and the mechanical condition of the bus. The symptoms reported and/or experienced by the workers are generally consistant with formaldehhde exposure and diesel fume exposure.


Autism, also known as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by abnormalities in social behavior, language skills, and communication abilities. A correlation was found between ASD patients and their mothers' excessive weight gain during pregnancy. However, the relationship between BMI before pregnancy and ASD incidence is inconclusive. In addition, research investigates the potential role that preventative factors, such as folate and fatty acid consumption, play in the development of the disease. There is growing evidence that certain factors, including advanced maternal and paternal age, valproate consumption, exposure to toxic chemicals, maternal diabetes, enhanced steroidogenic activity, immune activation, and possibly altered zinc–copper cycles and treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, are associated with an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring. The large, multisite case-control study discovered that severe maternal obesity (obesity Class 2/3) was associated with approximately double the risk of ASD (with or without ID) and increased odds of DD. In the United States, an investigation was conducted. ASD was also associated with GWG when gestational age was considered, and this association was particularly strong in male offspring. Still, no connection between GWG and DD could be established. No correlations were found between the GWG rate and ASD or DD when the data was evaluated based on how well it matched clinical recommendations. Patients with autism spectrum disorder whose mothers gained an unhealthy quantity of weight during pregnancy were found to have a correlation. However, there is little correlation between BMI before pregnancy and the risk of having a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).


Attenuated skin blood flow (SkBF) is often assumed to critically impair core temperature (Tc) regulation. Recent evidence has shown that a profound pharmacologically‐induced attenuation of SkBF leads to a reduction in local sweat rate. Whether attenuated SkBF to a level more commonly observed in aged or diseased populations leads to decrements in sweat rate, and consequently, a reduction in heat loss potential is presently unknown. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that attenuated SkBF would lead to lower sweat rate and heat loss potential, defined as the critical ambient vapour pressure (Pcrit) at which core temperature (Tc) inflected, while maintenance of a high SkBF would preserve sweat rate and heat loss potential. Seven healthy males (28±4 y) completed the protocol, which consisted of non‐encapsulated passive heat exposure (41°C), while ambient vapour pressure increased by 0.17 kPa (~2% RH) from 2.57 to a maximum of 5.95 kPa every 6 min until an upward inflection in Tc occurred. Three separate treatments elicited changes in plasma volume (ΔPV) with the goal of achieving three distinct levels of SkBF: control (CON), diuretic‐induced iso‐osmotic dehydration to lower SkBF (DEH), and continuous saline infusion to maintain SkBF (SAL). Tc, mean skin temperature (Tsk), heart rate (HR), mean laser‐Doppler flux (forearm, thigh; LDFmean), mean local sweat rate (LSRmean), and metabolic rate were measured. In DEH, a −14.2 ± 5.7% ΔPV resulted in a ~20% lower LDFmean (DEH: 139 ± 23, CON: 176 ± 22, SAL: 186 ± 22 PU; P = 0.034). However, LSRmean and whole‐body sweat losses were unaffected by treatment (P > 0.482). Pcrit for Tc was similar between treatments (CON: 5.05 ± 0.30, DEH: 4.93 ± 0.16, SAL: 5.12 ± 0.10 kPa; P = 0.166). Further, no differences were observed in the Tsk‐Ta gradient, metabolic rate, and changes in Tc (P > 0.197). In conclusion, a physiological reduction in SkBF consistent with those reported in the elderly and diseased populations alters neither local and whole‐body sweating nor heat loss potential during non‐encapsulated passive heat stress.


Feminism and Political Economy in Victorian England examines the attitudes of leading nineteenth-century economic writers to the 'Woman Question'. Focusing on the work of J.S. Mill, Henry Fawcett, W.S. Jevons, Henry Sidgwick, Alfred Marshall, the Webbs and Clara Collet, this volume reveals that women's issues were more widely discussed during the Victorian era than is sometimes supposed.


Abstract Prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus‐indica) is a medicinal plant that plays important economic and ecological roles in arid and semi-arid regions. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation isolated from O. ficus-indica rhizosphere and/or vermicompost supplementation on growth and biochemical properties of newly developed O. ficus-indica cladodes. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with four treatments: control, AMF inoculation and vermicompost application individually or in combination with AMF. After eight months of cultivation, the results showed that the application of AMF and/or vermicompost improved growth and stimulated mycorrhizal colonization. Treatments with AMF, vermicompost, and AMF + vermicompost treatments increased sugar and protein contents by 30, 55 and 67% and 21, 60 and 84%, respectively. In addition, these treatments improved the superoxide dismutase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase activities and total phenolics and flavonoids content. Consequently, the same treatments enhanced the inhibition of the free radical 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity by 58, 52 and 33%, respectively compared to control plants, which reflects the highest antioxidant activity. In conclusion, our findings suggest that AMF combined with vermicompost induced the greatest effect on the different parameters tested and could improve the growth and development of cactus plants.


(21) Appl. No.: 11/742,447 Agichtein, et al: Improving Web Search Ranking by Incorporating User Behavior Information; Aug. 2006; Proceedings of the Twenty (22) Filed: Apr. 30, 2007 Ninth Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, p. 19-26. (51) Int. Cl. (Continued) G06F 7/30 (2006.01) G06F 7700 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. Primary Examiner — Pavan Mamillapalli CPC. G06F 17/30648 (2013.01); G06F 17/30064 (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Fish & Richardson PC. (2013.01) (58) Field of Classification Search (57) ABSTRACT CPC .................... G06F 17/30044: G06F 17/30876; In general, the Subject matter described in this specification G06F 17/301; G06F 17/30551; G06F can be embodied in a method that includes: obtaining user 17/30648 feedback associated with quality of an electronic document; USPC .................................................. 707/723, 727 adjusting a measure of relevance for the electronic document See application file for complete search history. based on a temporal element of the user feedback; and out putting the measure of relevance to a ranking engine for (56) References Cited ranking of search results, including the electronic document,


Based on ANSYS finite element analysis software,steel mesh discrete models were formulated for simulating the mechanical properties of steel skeleton reinforced PE-HD composites.Both Young′s and bending moduli of the composites increased with increasing diameter of the steel skeleton and mesh density.The calculated moduli agreed well with the experimental data.


The purpose of this study is to improve effectiveness of Korea's Official Development Assistance (ODA) provided to developing countries. To do this, we analyze the efficiency of ODA provided to 38 recipient countries by Korea through data envelope analysis method. The effects of four factors including population, GDP, economic decline and poverty, and external intervention on efficiency are also investigated by utilizing tobit regression analysis. As a result of the DEA efficiency analysis, it is found that the average efficiency score of the total is about 59%. By region, the average efficiency score of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, and the East and CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) are about 42%, 68%, 70%, and 74%, respectively. It indicates that the Asian countries are inefficient compared to countries of the other regions. It is also found that factors of population, GDP, economic decline and poverty, and external intervention have statistically significant effects on efficiency at 0.01 significance level. In the case of the population, the higher the population of the recipient country, the more negative (-) effect is on the efficiency. The other factors such as GDP, economic decline and poverty, and external intervention have positive effects on the efficiency.


Utilizing the cartographic and textual depictions of the southern Andes made by naturalists such as Malaspina, Darwin, Gay, Burmeister, Gillis and Humboldt between 1793 and 1862, this article identifies scientific conceptions, notions and representations of a natural phenomenon that was alternately interpreted as a transportation route, the profile of a nation, a geologic manifestation of the earth's inner forces and the contour of the planet. This demonstrates how a scientific instrument, conceptual framework or scientific method is not enough to guarantee a uniform understanding of a natural phenomenon such as a mountain, and how the objectives, interests and contexts involved in each of the cases studied determined their representations of nature.


(2010) Diurnal preference and sleep quality: same genes? A study of young adult twins. Northumbria University has developed Northumbria Research Link (NRL) to enable users to access the University's research output. Copyright © and moral rights for items on NRL are retained by the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. Single copies of full items can be reproduced, displayed or performed, and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided the authors, title and full bibliographic details are given, as well as a hyperlink and/or URL to the original metadata page. The content must not be changed in any way. Full items must not be sold commercially in any format or medium without formal permission of the copyright holder. The full policy is available online: This document may differ from the final, published version of the research and has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies. To read and/or cite from the published version of the research, please visit the publisher's website (a subscription may be required.) (2010). Diurnal preference and sleep quality: same genes? A study of young adult twins. Diurnal preference and sleep quality: Same genes? 2 Abstract The aims of this study were to examine: 1) genetic and environmental influences on diurnal preference and sleep quality; 2) the association between these phenotypes; 3) the genetic and environmental influences on this association; and 4) the magnitude of overlap between these influences. Using a twin design, data on diurnal preference (measured by the 'Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire') and sleep quality (measured by the 'Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index') were collected from 420 monozygotic twins, 773 dizygotic twins, and 329 siblings (mode age = 20 yrs, range = 18-27 yrs) from a population-based twin registry across the UK. Univariate analyses indicated that dominance genetic influence accounted for 52% and non-shared environment 48% of variance in diurnal preference. For sleep quality, additive genetic influence explained 43% and non-shared environment 57% of the variance. The bivariate analysis indicated a significant association between greater eveningness preference and poorer sleep quality (r = .27). There was substantial overlap in the additive genetic influences on both phenotypes (rA = .57), and overlap in the dominance genetic influences common to both phenotypes was almost absolute (rD = .99). Overlap in non-shared environment was much smaller (rE = .02). Additive genetic influence …


Background : The U.S. population is becoming increasingly diverse; however, nursing remains a predominantly Caucasian profession. To promote positive outcomes among diverse patients, nurses must rely on rigorous transcultural research. When conducting research with people different from oneself, knowledge of one's own values and beliefs is a necessary first step. In Transcultural Nursing Research, a required doctoral course, the first assignment is a reflexive exercise followed by online discussion about one's personal culture and the origins of values and beliefs. Objectives: To (a) examine students' responses to a reflexive exercise for evidence of cultural self-awareness, cultural humility, and insights gained and (b) assess the effectiveness of the teaching method. Methods : The setting was online within the Learning Management System (LMS), Blackboard. Participants: The sample consisted of twelve doctoral students enrolled in Transcultural Nursing Research. Methods: Student consent was obtained after course grades were submitted. Data was extracted from the LMS, de-identified, coded, categorized and collapsed into themes. Results : Four themes emerged from the data: "different versus familiar", "cultural experiences", "memories" and "reflections and implications". Conclusions : Posts reflected insight into cultural awareness, values and humility. Students identified growth opportunities for themselves and their children. Suggestions for future education and research are presented.


www.jogh.org • doi: 10.7189/jogh.13.03009 1 2023 • Vol. 13 • 03009 The National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) was launched by the Government of India as a sub-mission of the National Health Mission (NHM) in May 2013, and was the first major programmatic response at the national level to address the health issues of the urban poor [1]. With around 38.6% of the population (estimated at 479 million in 2022) expected to live in urban areas by 2036 [2], providing health care services to this city-based population will largely determine India's success in achieving universal health care [3]. The existing primary health facilities, grossly inadequate in number, varied in norms and quality, and had limited scope of services. Absence of a comprehensive health system in urban areas prior to NUHM resulted in confusion and increased inequalities, especially among the poor and migrant population [4].


   Runoff from rivers and coastal plains delivers significant amounts of nutrients to the Mediterranean Sea from the agricultural activities and urban waste waters. Several recent studies show that variations in rivers inputs may play a significant role on the marine biogeochemical cycles and planktonic food web in the entire basin. The aim of this study is to estimate the release of nutrients (N & P) to the Mediterranean Sea from basin-wide agriculture and urbanization through the implementation of the biogeochemical land-sea nutrient transfer processes within the agro-ecosystem model LPJmL. This is a contribution to the LaSeR-Med project (Towards an integrated prediction of Land & Sea Responses to global change in the Mediterranean Basin).

A compilation of a new input data set of fertilizer, manure and wastewater nutrients content [1961-2005] has been added to the LPJmL forcing data set, with a new land use patterns produced by an econometric model. The representation of the nutrient transfer from land to sea has been introduced into LPJmL by considering the following processes: mineralization, denitrification, adsorption, remineralization, nitrification, and phytoplankton dynamics.

First basin-wide LPJmL simulation at 1/12°, indicates that the model succeeds in simulating the temporal variations of water discharge for the main rivers flowing to the Mediterranean Sea, and shows a good consistency between the simulated nutrients concentration (NO3 and PO4) and available in-situ data. Preliminary results show that wastewater strongly contribute to the phosphorus fluxes (as PO4), while both agriculture and wastewater control the nitrogen fluxes (mainly as NO3). Alternative scenarios for land-use will allow to explore the future amounts of terrestrial nutrients that will reach the sea through rivers discharge and water runoffs and impact the marine ecosystems.


This paper discussed the problem of silting in water diversion ditch, analyzed the origin and pointed out the prevention measures.


This paper introduces the realizing course and functional features of integrating maps into application system by using two methods of automatic OLE and MapX, and makes comparison of these two methods, and points out that the concrete integrating methods can be selected according to concrete conditions in real development.


Across the nation, the June 1986 graduating class and millions of other teenagers are being cajoled, cautioned and threatened to avoid becoming one of the 9,500 Americans under age 25 who die each year in alcohol-related traffic accidents. This article reviews what the federal government and the states are doing about raising the legal drinking age to 21. A list is provided showing those states with a certified drinking age of 21, those with provisional 21-year minimum age, and those not in compliance.


The relativity of the concept of the degree of development of international
tourism business makes the traditional understanding of its assessment mainly sensual. The
article proposes to assess the level of development of international tourist business, taking
into account economic, natural, cultural, transport, recreational, socio-political and other
factors, and the like. The dependence of the level of development on the crisis situation in the
economy and socio-political life of the country is tracked and the main reasons for the
deterioration of the level of development of the tourist business in the crisis years, beginning
in 2014, are formulated.


(noun) The theory that if we define something as real, or believe that something is real, it is real in its consequences.


The lectures scheduling problem of large-scale size is considered very hard and cannot be solved by exact deterministic methods. Usually, heuristic procedures are used to deal with this problem and the one based on the Exchange Procedure proposed by Ferland is of prospect. In the present note we describe another approach based on Tabu Search technique and show that the combination of Tabu Search and Exchange Procedure methods may provide an efficient way for the solution of the problem. Some numerical results are given for showing the advantage of the combination method in comparison with the Tabu Search and Exchange Procedure techniques implemented separately. MOTS-CLÉS : Ordonnancement des lectures, programmation en entiers, recherche Tabou


This study was conducted to examine the effects of added rice wine (10, 30, and 50 ml) and bean (0, 5, and 10 g) on Gangjung, traditional Korean rice confectionary and to determine the optimum levels of these ingredients. Expansion ratio tended to increase as the level of rice wine decrease and the level of bean increased. Oil absorption was the greatest when 30 ml rice wine and 10 g bean were added. From the results of response surface analysis on the sensory data optimum levels of rice wine and bean were determined as 35 ml and 8.5 g per 200 g waxy rice, respectively.


General anesthesia (GA) is one of the pharmacological modalities used in the treatment of pediatric dental patients. This study aims to assess the rate and associated factors of repeated dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia in pediatric patients; The electronic health records of three- to 12-year-old children who received dental treatment under GA between 2015 and 2019 were identified and analyzed. Subjects were classified into cases with repeated dental treatment under GA within 5 years and controls who had dental GA once. Each case was matched to three controls based on gender and age. The collected data included the child's age at the first and second dental GA, gender, health status, Type, and the number of dental treatments provided. A total of 2376 patients had dental treatment under GA. Forty-five controls were matched to 15 cases in a 3:1 ratio. The prevalence of repeated dental GA over 5 years was 0.63%. The number of restorations, pulp therapies, and extractions showed no statically significant differences except for the number of crowns, which was higher in controls compared to cases (p=0.011). Treatment of patients under GA requires a more aggressive course of treatments compared to local anesthesia. Consequently, it is advisable to choose full-coverage crowns rather than composite or amalgam restorations.


In the distribution area of Novi Sad, owned by ODS EPS Distribucija, there are 35 substations 35/10kV that are on average over 50 years old. Considering the tendency to gradually eliminate the voltage levels of 35kV and 10kV in this distribution area and the transition to the voltage level of 20kV, some of these substations are planned for reconstruction into 20kV distribution plants. Reconstruction of these substations requires large financial resources, because their construction part is in a very bad condition, electric power equipment is unreliable and difficult to maintain, and operational readiness is an increasingly important factor in presenting successful business. During the reconstruction of these transformer stations, the possibility of a backup power supply route for electricity customers, the speed of intervention and the smooth performance of preventive maintenance must be taken into account. The appearance of reclosers opened a new chapter in the world of electricity. Namely, now the above problems and requirements can be solved in a simpler and cheaper way with the use of reclosers. The paper will present a proposal for the reconstruction of the substaion 35/10 kV "Kuzmin" in the area of the Branch Distribution Sremska Mitrovica, which has been operating for more than 60 years, in an external 20 kV distribution plant formed with the help of reclosers built on steel lattice poles. The proposed solution can be used to solve the same or similar problems, primarily in the distribution area of Novi Sad.


Collisional deactivation of highly vibrationally excited azulene in the electronic ground state was investigated using infrared fluorescence detection. Azulene (S/sub 0/, E) was prepared with Eapprox. =17 500 cm/sup -1/ and Eapprox. =30 600 cm/sup -1/ by laser excitation at 600 and 337 nm, respectively. Advantage was taken of the fast internal conversion rate to S/sub 0/ azulene from S/sub 1/(600 nm) and S/sub 2/(337 nm) electronic states. The collider gases investigated are He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, H/sub 2/, D/sub 2/, N/sub 2/, CO, O/sub 2/, CO/sub 2/, H/sub 2/O, NH/sub 3/, CH/sub 4/, SF/sub 6/, n-C/sub 4/H/sub 10/, and unexcited azulene. The results are expressed in terms of , the average energy transferred per collision, which can depend on the vibrational excitation energy E of the azulene. Using previously obtained knowledge of the dependence of infrared fluorescence intensity on E (M. J. Rossi and J. R. Barker, Chem. Phys. Lett. 85, 21 (1982)), two methods were used to obtain values from the fluorescence decay curves: (1) an approximate method that considered only the average energy, and (2) solution of the full collisional master equation. Both methods gave values that depend strongly on E. The limited experimentalmore » information on the identity of the energy-transfer processes operative in the deactivation of azulene is discussed. Additional experimental results on vibration-to-vibration energy transfer from azulene to CO/sub 2/ are presented, which indicate that the emission at 4.3 ..mu..m observed previously (J. R. Barker, M. J. Rossi, and J. R. Pladziewicz, Chem. Phys. Lett. 90, 99 (1982)) originates not only from CO/sub 2/(001), but from other states with one quantum of excitation in ..nu../sub 3/. The experimental results are discussed in terms of models for energy transfer, which have appeared in the literature. It is concluded that only a superficial understanding exists and theory has lagged far behind experiments on energy transfer.« less


The pulse phenomena are clearly observed by the proposed pulse diagnosis system. The input equipment is designed from two portions, i.e. One is using the condenser microphone to get the pulse wave and the other is using pressure transducer to get the pressure against the skin when the microphone is pressed. The input waves are analyzed using the graphical expression and the derivative method, and the subjective descriptions in the traditional Chinese medicine are translated into the fuzzy inferences, and diagnosis is automatically proceeded.


This research project analyzes the relations between the Philippine state and selected civil-society actors in the context of globalization. It focuses on four sectors: the Benguet vegetable, hog, garment, and telecommunications industries. These sectors are widely known to have been affected by economic liberalization—negatively in the case of the first three, and positively in the case of the telecommunications industry. The project investigates two interrelated aspects of state-civil society relations: (1) how civil-society actors engage with official state agencies through various formal and informal strategies of dialogue, negotiation, and bargaining; and (2) the extent to which civil-society actors have been able to influence governmental policymaking. These concerns come in light of studies showing the importance of the role of a strong and effective civil society as one of the major factors in furthering development and democracy. While this study does not assume that a strong civil society is automatically beneficial to development, it is predicated on the view that civil-society participation and inputs can make a positive contribution to the policymaking process. In the academic literature, for example, it is generally accepted that there is some kind of relationship between economic development and the kinds of participatory democracy signaled by the proactive role of civil society. Some analysts claim that there is a strong association between the two; others assert that they exhibit a positive linear relationship, while still others claim this relationship is indeed causal (see


Constructed wetlands is a new technology according to the theory of bionomics.It has particular characteristics and superiority.In the day of the advocation of environmen it was paid much attention to.Constructed wetland possesses expand potential in the field of sewage disposal.Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands has been on application in every country.This topic mainly introduces the system,study and trend,expectation of it.


Background: Job involvement is one of the most important ways to increase employee effectiveness by improving ethical climate and reducing social undermining. On the other hand, job involvement helps employees to be more committed to their work. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of ethical climate and social undermining on job involvement of employees. Methods: Research method is applicable in terms of practical purpose and type of descriptive–correlation and stepwise regression. Among 292 employees of the general department of education of Lorestan Province, 169 were selected by relative stratified random sampling. In order to collect data, from three questionnaires of ethical climate, social undermining was used in job and job involvement. SPSS software was used to analyze data from descriptive statistical methods and Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression. Results: The results showed that ethical climate and its dimensions have a significant positive relationship with job involvement. 21.3% of the changes in job involvement of employees are influenced by 3 aspects independence and instrumental and regulation. Also, social undermining and its dimensions have a significant negative relationship with job involvement. 4.8% of job involvement changes are affected by the aspect coworker undermining. Conclusion: Based on research results of ethical climate and social undermining have an impact on job involvement and are considered as important variables associated with it.


By perspective direction in relation to prognostication to the display of flexibility possibility of application of genetic markers during the selection is young gymnasts, which prognostications of success of employments by a calisthenics promote. Taking into account the high genetic conditionality of capacities for the display of flexibility and the promoted requirements of this type of sport to the level of its development can be foreseen, that application of genetic markers of flexibility will help to reduce the percent of errors during a selection. By authors an organizational structure and pedagogical technology of using traditional methods and markers of dermatogliphics for projecting the manifestation the flexibility in a callisthenic.


Dimensional analysis and numerical simulation on the low velocity projectile penetrating the laminated plate composed of two layers of steel panel were carried out.The influence of the interface position on the penetration resistance of the laminated plate was also investigated.When the projectile penetrates the moderate-thickness laminated plate at the low velocity,the penetration resistance of the plate ascends at first and then descends after reaching the peak value.The typical experimental result shows that,under the certain experimental conditions,the penetration resistance of the plate with the 2.0 thickness ratio of the upper panel to the lower one is much better than the plate with the 0.5 thickness ratio.


Based on Pyatov's method, the GT U state energies and Pdecay log(ft) values with low energy for i28,i3o,i32sb an(j i32,i34,i36j jsot0pes have been calculated. In this method, the strength parameter of the effective spin-isospin interaction is found by providing the commutativity of the Gamow-Teller (GT) operator with the central part of the nuclear Hamiltonian. The problem has been solved within the framework of pnQRPA. The calculation results have been compared with the corresponding experimental data.


Herbicides are considered the most effective weed management approach in the world. Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS, EC 220.127.116.11) is widely used due to its advantages in crop selectivity, effectiveness to control broad-spectrum weeds and low mammalian toxicity has become one of the most popular herbicides used by farmers. The overreliance on the same herbicides over the years to control the weeds led to the evolution of herbicide resistance by several weed species, including Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau is among the resistant weed species in the rice fields of Southeast Asia. This species has been reported to develop resistance to bensulfuron-methyl (AHAS inhibitor). This study aims to determine the morphological characteristics of susceptible and resistant L. flava populations by comparing the growth and development of the plants. Results showed that the Asp-376-Glu mutation in the AHAS gene of the L. Flava-resistant population has exhibited significantly stronger (dry weight) or no significantly different impacts as compared to the susceptible population in the fresh weight, height, epicuticular weight, and leaf area. The insignificant differences were observed in the leaf structure and morphology of R and S plants which appears to have no possible fitness cost in the R population. This is the confirmation of the differences between the AHAS-resistant and susceptible populations that emphasizes the morphological characteristics that is crucial for herbicide application for controlling L. Flava populations.


The self-cleaning ceramics coated with nano-TiO2 thin film were prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis,and their crystal structure, surface morphology, photocatalytic activity and anti-bacterial function were investigated,respectively. The results show that TiO2 films at proper temperature will be anatase phase and have a good photocatalytic activity. The best killing rate of 98.42 % for Escherichia coli presents at the sample prepared at 450 ℃. The mechanism of photocatalytic bactericidal effect of self-cleaning ceramics coated with nano-TiO2 thin film is discussed.


Nutritional ecology predicts consumer behavior based on the biochemistry of species and biogeochemistry of the environment. It is thus well suited as a tool for predicting the effects of specific nutrients on consumer activity, abundance, and diversity across the landscape. We tested hypotheses from nutritional ecology in a Neotropical litter ant community by supplementing forest plots with carbohydrates (CHOs) and protein in a blocked factorial design. We tested the Compensation Hypothesis, which posits that consumers accumulate in patches of the rarest food type relative to demand, and the Economics Hypothesis, which assumes that species differ in nutrient based-functional traits, and that changes in nutrient availability will generate changes in species composition and community behavior. We found that CHO and protein had distinct effects on ant density, community composition, and per-worker activity. Ant density increased by 35% on +CHO plots but not +Protein plots, a result supporting the Compensation Hypothesis because CHO-rich plant exudates are uncommon and CHO-demanding microbial productivity is high in this brown food web. Consistent with the Economics Hypothesis, we found that +CHO plots had higher per-capita ant activity (the Metabolic Fuel Hypothesis) and attracted ants averaging 10% lower δ15N values. Species composition changed as well, with Wasmannia auropunctata, an invasive outside its native range, elsewhere, increasing five-fold on +CHO plots. Nutritional ecology can thus account for some of the patchiness and behavior of consumers in diverse communities.


Given the increasing risk posed by invasive species (IS), which can affect any region, invasion studies have received increased scientific attention and the science has significantly progressed in the past decades. However, there is strong geographical bias in invasion studies, especially in tropical regions. For example, while SE Asia is highly vulnerable to IS, invasion studies are under-represented in the region. This chapter provides an overview of invasion ecology and management, and examines trends in invasion studies in SE Asia to identify opportunities for further research in this field. A systematic review quantified the numbers of IS studies by years and species groups, research foci, types of studies and geographical focus. Categories were developed based on reviewing the literature of global invasion science. The review showed that there is a high skew of invasion studies toward animals in SE Asia. Studies mainly recorded the presence of and described the general traits of IS. Few studies explored invasibility, impacts or practices for effective management. Particularly, studies on policy and regulations on IS management are absence. A strong bias for field observation reflects that the invasion discipline in the SE Asia is still in the phase of exploratory research rather than providing a scientific basis for understanding invasion mechanisms and management. Within the region, the number of studies in a country was correlated to education and research capacity (number of higher education providers), but there was no correlation between the number of studies and economic development or with population. Geographic biases in the region are likely to increase the challenges for understudied countries in understanding the IS problems and providing effective management to address them. Recommendations for future studies to reduce bias and improve invasion science in the region are discussed.


Abstract : Throughout the past years, significant progress has been made in Type II (InAs/GaSb) photovoltaic detectors in both LWIR and VLWIR ranges. BLIP performance at 60 K for 16 pm photovoltaic type II detectors has been successfully demonstrated for the first time. The detectors had a 50% cut-off wavelength of 18.8 pm and a peak current responsivity of 4 A/W at 80 K. A peak detectivity of 4.5 x 10(exp 10)cm - Hz(sup 1/2)/W was achieved at 80 K at a reverse bias of 110 mV. Detectors of cutoff wavelength up to 25 micrometers have been demonstrated at 77 K. The great performance of single element detectors appeals us to lower dimensional structures for both higher temperature performance and possible wavelength tunability. Simple calculations show that quantum effects will become significant when the lateral confinement is within tens of nanometers. The variation of applied gate voltage will move the electron and hole energy levels unevenly. The cutoff wavelength of the superlattice will vary accordingly. Auger recombination will also decrease and higher temperature operation becomes possible. In this talk, the latest results will be discussed.


Wind energy is the world's most dynamically growing energy source. The first initiative toward an economy based on renewable energy resources in Germany was set by the governmental decision to gradually reduce the use of nuclear energy. Plans were promoted to implement large wind farms far out in the German North Sea and large areas within the coastal sea. As wind energy operations only take place above water surfaces, the idea was born to co-use these areas for offshore aquaculture.


Food by-products in the food industry is characterized by a high ratio of product specific waste not only does this mean that the generation of this waste is unavoidable, but also that the level and the kind of by-product which consists primarily of the organic residue of processed raw materials, can scarcely be changed if the finished product quality is to remain consistent. Using and disposal of the merchandise specific waste is difficult due to its inadequate biological stability, potential pathogenic structure, high water content, potential auto oxidation tendency and high amount of enzymatic activity. In the food industry, the diverse types of by-products can be evaluated by various branches of industry due to the selected desired properties of food by-products. The pulps, dregs, and wasted in food processing depends on the quality of byproduct management, while ensuring environmental protection and sustainability in by-production monitoring. Food by-products or food industry shelf-stable co-products such as liquid, pomace, or powder forms can be obtained from fruits, vegetables, meats, seafoods, milk and dairy, cereals, nuts, fats and oils processing; drying by-products and converting them into powder offers a way to preserve them as useful and valuable products. Those above-mentioned byproducts may be evaluated as a source of dietary phytochemicals including phenolic antioxidants, carotenoids, bioactive other polyphenols, dietary fibers; as a source of proteins, peptides and amino acids, may be evaluated as extruded products as sources of collagen, gelatine, and as sources of various food additive materials and they may be evaluated as extruded products. However, some of the byproducts can be utilized as compost for plants, can be used as animal feed and can be utilized as industrial materials. Today, the potential utilization of these major components has been the focus of attention. The Epidemiological studies have pointed out that fruits and vegetable consumption imparts health benefits including certain types of cancer, reduced risk of coronary heart diseases. Chemoprevention is an active cancer preventive strategy to inhibit, delay, or reverse human carcinogenesis, especially using naturally occurring chemical agents. Dietary Supplements and/or food fortification based on food byproducts may be an alternative to the above mentioned healthy constituents. The health benefits of fruits and vegetables are majorly attributed to bioactive nutrients as phytochemicals, carotenoids, vitamins (ascorbic acid, tocopherol etc.), also to dietary fiber of these products. Due to the high consumption and industrial processing of the edible parts of fruit, wastes such as the peels and seeds of fruit (apple, pear, orange, pomegranate, and tomato) residues, citrus fruit skins, mango residues, pineapple residues, residues of other exotic tropical fruits (avocado, banana, guava, jackfruit, and longan fruit), chestnut residues, olive residues and sugarcane bagasse are generated in large quantities in big cities. Moreover, the peel, leaf, or stem fractions of cabbage, cauliflower, celery, Chinese cabbage, coriander, cucumber, eggplant, endive lettuce, fennel, potato, rape, scallion and spinach can be evaluated as dietary phytochemicals and can be used extruded product, and the dietary fiber is also used in manufactures powder forms. The current methods for further utilization of product-specific waste of fruits and vegetables have been developed along traditional lines and these utilizations are closely bound to the agricultural origins of the raw materials. The majority of by-products in the meat industry are produced during slaughtering. Slaughterhouse waste consists of the portion of a slaughtered animal that cannot be sold as meat or used in meat products. Such meat by-products include internal organs, fats or lard, skin, feet, abdominal contents of the gastrointestinal tract, blood, bones, tendons, and the powder produced from these by-products.


The path towards North Macedonia's membership in the European Union has been long and arduous. After resolving the naming dispute with Greece, North Macedonia is now facing opposition from Bulgaria, a member of the European Union, over issues related to history, culture, and language. Bulgaria has the right to veto North Macedonia's accession to the European Union.  The current situation in North Macedonia is dire. Corruption is rampant in state administration and society at large. The economy is deteriorating, and the young generation is leaving the country in droves. The international community can play a crucial role in preventing this chaotic social and political situation in North Macedonia. It can push both countries to find a reasonable solution in order for North Macedonia to be part of the European Union as soon as possible.


This study aims to determine the productivity of Panicum maximum cv. Trichoglume with different types and dosage of organic fertilizer. The trial was for 2 months, with factorial completely randomized design (CRD). The first factor were type of organic fertilizer: S (cow manure); K (goat manure); and SK (cow and goat manure), and second factor was dosage of organic fertilizer: D0 (0 ton ha-1); D1 (10 tons ha-1); D2 (20 tons ha-1); and D3 (30 tons ha-1). There were 12 treatment combinations and each treatment was repeated 4 times. The observed variables : growth variables, yield variables and growth characteristics variables. The results showed that there was no inter- action between the type and dosage of organic fertilizer in increasing the productivity of Panicum maximum cv. Trichoglume. The use of cow and goat manure (SK) can increase the number of leaves, number of branches, plant height, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, total dry weight of forage, leaf area per pot, ratio of leaf dry weight to stem and weight ratio completely dry forage with roots. Dosage of organic fertilizer from 10-30 tons ha-1 can increase the productivity of Panicum maximum cv. Trichoglume on the variable number of tillers, number of leaves, number of branches, dry weight of leaves, dry weight of stems, total dry weight of forage, leaf area per pot, ratio of dry weight of leaves to stem and ratio of total dry weight of forage to roots, and the best results in dosage of 30 tons ha-1. It was concluded to increase the productivity of Panicum maximum cv. Trichoglume with cow and goat manure fertiliza- tion at dosage 30 tons ha-1.


In this paper, a lightweight system level monitoring infrastructure known as kernel objects monitoring infrastructure (KOMI) is presented for commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) embedded systems. The kernel objects consist of certain critical kernel data structures and entry points of system calls, which are protected as first-class objects inside the system. KOMI provides specific runtime protections to different kernel objects: kernel data structures are protected by the periodic detection and recovery, the interception of arguments is used to protect vulnerable system calls. Both protection methods can provide not only consistency regulations but also recovery actions for the system. During its runtime deployment, once any system inconsistency has been detected, predefined recovery actions will be invoked. Since KOMI requires few modifications to kernel source code, it is easy to integrate into existing embedded systems. The evaluation experiment results indicate our prototype system can correctly detect the inconsistent kernel data structures caused by security attacks and also prevent kernel from exploits due to vulnerable system calls with acceptable penalty to the system performance. Moreover, KOMI is fully software-based without introducing any specific hardware and requires no modifications to system call APIs, therefore legacy applications can be also easily reused.


The invention provides a household appliance remote control method based on handheld equipment. According to the household appliance remote control method, handheld equipment and a conversion device are equipped. The household appliance remote control method comprises the following steps that: the handheld equipment remotely controls household appliances and learns control instructions, wherein modulated audio signals are transmitted through audio ports according to control orders (of various household appliances) built in the intelligent handheld equipment; the audio signals are converted into infrared control signals which can be identified by the household appliances through the external conversion device, so as to realize the method that the household appliances are controlled through the intelligent handheld equipment; and by utilizing the method that the handheld equipment learns the control instructions, unknown infrared control signals are acquired and analyzed through the conversion device and subsequently loaded to the handheld equipment to be stored up, so that the purpose of learning is achieved.


Abstract In the early twentieth and late nineteenth centuries, milk was considered both the perfect food and a vector for many diseases. Given this dichotomy, the protection of the milk supply became one of the most important jobs of urban public health officers. In taking on this task, male public health officers took control of a substance that, because of its association with women and child-rearing, was considered feminine. This paper follows the promotion and protection of milk by public health departments and officials during the period 1880–1930 and the importance of masculinity in shaping this history. Masculinity affected milk protection in two major ways. First, male public health officers partially appropriated a task formerly often performed by women. Second, in order to protect milk, it was separated from its female origins through technology and regulation.


To improve the capacity of signalised intersections for left-turn vehicles, an unconventional left-turn design named the contraflow left-turn lane is applied at intersections in several cities of China. The main concept of the design is to provide more capacity for left-turn vehicles by dynamically making use of the adjacent opposite lanes. In this study, a cellular automaton model that simulates left-turn traffic flow at a signalised intersection with a contraflow left-turn lane was developed and verified by field data. Rules for vehicles entering the contraflow left-turn lane were proposed, and various factors including the vehicle type, driver type, and the ratio of U-turn vehicles were considered. The simulation results showed that the contraflow left-turn lane could increase the capacity of the intersection and decrease the delay of left-turn vehicles. Also, the optimal match between the length of the contraflow left-turn lane and the duration of the pre-signal green light can be evaluated via simulation. This study can provide a reference for the actual application of contraflow left-turn lanes.


This article describes Curtins Consulting Engineers' experience in the innovative development of structural prestressed masonry through designs, research and application over the last 35 years. The cross-fertilization of ideas and developments from other materials, and the unique advantages this has revealed for masonry are described. The techniques are illustrated with examples of applications.

The article also describes some recent developments in prefabrication techniques which give masonry a new horizon for exciting developments and applications without the use of traditional mortar joints. The critical issues relating to the development of insitu masonry into the 21st century are also discussed.


The Curiosity Rover landed in a lithologically and geochemically diverse region of Mars. We present a recommended rock classification framework based on terrestrial schemes, and adapted for the imaging and analytical capabilities of MSL as well as for rock types distinctive to Mars (e.g., high Fe sediments). After interpreting rock origin from textures, i.e., sedimentary (clastic, bedded), igneous (porphyritic, glassy), or unknown, the overall classification procedure (Fig 1) involves: (1) the characterization of rock type according to grain size and texture; (2) the assignment of geochemical modifiers according to Figs 3 and 4; and if applicable, in depth study of (3) mineralogy and (4) geologic/stratigraphic context. Sedimentary rock types are assigned by measuring grains in the best available resolution image (Table 1) and classifying according to the coarsest resolvable grains as conglomerate/breccia, (coarse, medium, or fine) sandstone, silt-stone, or mudstone. If grains are not resolvable in MAHLI images, grains in the rock are assumed to be silt sized or smaller than surface dust particles. Rocks with low color contrast contrast between grains (e.g., Dismal Lakes, sol 304) are classified according to minimum size of apparent grains from surface roughness or shadows outlining apparent grains. Igneous rocks are described as intrusive or extrusive depending on crystal size and fabric. Igneous textures may be described as granular, porphyritic, phaneritic, aphyric, or glassy depending on crystal size. Further descriptors may include terms such as vesicular or cumulate textures.


An integrated circuit includes a memory array, a wordline circuit, divided into at least two subcircuits, to control the memory array, and a bitline circuit, divided into at least two subcircuits, to control the memory array. The wordline subcircuits and the bitline subcircuits at least partially overlap separate respective regions of the memory array.


One step combustion synthesis of preparation of plasma display panel (PDP) phosphors for X-ray induced luminescence is reported. The prepared phosphors were characterized by XRD, PL and X-ray excited luminescence (XEL) techniques. Phosphors emitting three primary colors have been be prepared by using the combustion synthesis. These may be used for X-ray imaging phosphors. Copyright © 2011 VBRI press.


The Oxford English Dictionary defines the word "trash" as "a worthless or disreputable person; now, usually, such persons collectively . . . white trash, the poor white population in the Southern States of America," including British usages of "trash" that denote poverty and worthlessness. The American examples, however, include the addition of "white," creating the racialized term "white trash," as in an 183 1 usage: '"You be right dere,' observed Sambo, 'else what fur he go more 'mong niggers den de white trash?'" Another usage appears in a white man's 1833 journal entry: "The slaves themselves entertain the very highest contempt for white servants, whom they designate as 'poor white trash.'" Although this example attempts to trace the term "white trash" to slaves, I suggest that whatever the origin of the expression, it was most likely the invention of middle-class whites, who attributed it to slaves and encouraged animosity among slaves and poor whites in order to prevent cross-racial alliances that would challenge white hegemony. Indeed, the OED etymology cites a white man's journal entry, in which the term is ascribed to African Americans by whites, who most benefit from it. According to Eugene Genovese's history of slavery, Roll, Jordan, Roll, middle-class whites "explained away the existence of such racial contacts and avoided reflecting on the possibility that genuine sympathy might exist across racial lines" (23). Fear of slave rebellion with the aid of poor whites who resented the planter class fostered the hostile atti-


In this study, a high frequency (MHz–order) surface acoustic wave (SAW) device was used to simultaneously concentrate and separate two different sized particle types from the other within a microlitre droplet. This technique exploited two acoustic phenomena: drag force arising from acoustic streaming and acoustic radiation force. For a given particle size, it is possible to cause one phenomenon to dominate over the other. Exploiting these dependencies, 6 and 31 μm polystyrene particles were spatially separated and concentrated in a water droplet using a 20 MHz device within three seconds. This study shows widespread promise for the development of novel lab-on-a-chip devices for microparticle and cell manipulation based on acoustic actuation methods.


Rivers not only represent a vital resource for human activity but they are central to an understanding of geomorphology of most regions. A section of the river Subarnarekha (near Gopiballavpur) is considered for the study on bed and bank morphology associated with patterns of process and channel adjustment. The process-based study of alluvial channel has emphasized an alternative and smaller time and space scale for understanding alluvial channel dynamics. The sand-bed of river tract is complicated by the effects of significantly changing bed forms. However, the gravel bed of the river is lying below the depth of 1 meter from the top of the point bar sand bed which is often not mobile until discharges approach bank-full stage. The bank morphology reveals flood signatures of past events. The depositional activity of over bank flow on the floodplain is very different among the riverine system. The class of extreme events determines channel capacity, affecting channel pattern and more frequent events, although at times widely separated in time, controlled bed load movement and bed form adjustment. Variation of grain size is recorded from the outer bank to inner bank at the meandered section of Subarnarekha. Sand splays are significant feature on the over bank deposits particularly at the section of meandered banks. Bank margin cliffs are found on the older depositional bars at the curvature of the channel. All these modification of channel floor and channel bank are product of bank full discharge in the occurrences of floods. Repeated field survey, sediment grain size analysis, measurement of geomorphic features, satellite image analysis and analysis of discharge data reveal the above features of dynamic alluvial channel.