This study aimed at investigating the effect of using computerized instructional package on immediate and postponed achievement of the sixth primary grade students in jurisprudence concepts. The study sample consisted of (141) students.The researchers developed a multiple-choice test to measure the impact of immediate and postponed achievement.The study showed the following results: There was a statistically significant difference at (? = 0.05) in immediate and postponed achievement in jurisprudence concepts for sixth grade students in Islamic Education due to the method of teaching for the benefit of the group that studied using the computerized instructional package and there was no statistically significant difference at (? = 0.05) in immediate and postponed achievement in jurisprudence concepts for sixth grade students in Islamic Education attributed to gender, and the interaction between teaching method and gender.(Keywords: Computerized Instructional package, Intel, immediate achievement, postponed achievement,jurisprudence concepts, Islamic Education).


The increasing demand for wider bandwidth in the current wireless networks and the need to work simultaneously with different networks impose many design challenges for power amplifiers (PA) design and the digital predistortion (DPD) in many aspects. The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) sampling speed for conventional DPD has to be several times the original signal bandwidth in order to cover the out-of-band intermodulation components caused by a nonlinear PA, which leads to use high-speed ADCs that tend to be the most expensive components in a transmitter with DPD. The emerge of concurrent dualband (multi-band) PAs, two (multiple) ADCs are needed to deal with each band separately. Eliminating the need to repeat the components for each band is essential to lower the complexity and cost of the DPD design. In this paper, a method to compensate for the nonlinearities in a nonlinear concurrent dual-band transmitter is presented. The method uses only one branch to feedback the PA output signal instead of two (multiple) branches in the conventional architecture. Thus, It allows the use of only one ADC with only one down-converter, hence making a complexity reduction for the design of the DPD. The results show that the implementation of a dual-band DPD can be simplified using the proposed approach without sacrificing the DPD accuracy.


DOI: 10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000228 academic medical center routinely ensures that all clinicians are following best practices for maintaining urinary catheters. Inpatient and procedure areas at the organization have CAUTI prevention champions who receive routine education on CAUTI prevention and are accountable for spreading change in the areas in which they practice. Anecdotal evidence collected from the champions supported an inconsistent practice of intermittent irrigation of indwelling urinary catheters (IUCs). In 2015, 3 of the 28 CAUTIs at our institution involved IUCs that were irrigated intermittently. A subcommittee was formed to (1) determine current practices, (2) research best practices, and (3) propose recommended practices concerning intermittent irrigation of IUCs.


This dissertation investigates the temporal systems of Standard Arabic, Syrian Arabic and Modern Hebrew. The syntactic configuration put forward in this thesis is based on the idea that tense and aspect are to be defined by the same set of relations holding between time spans. The relations between each pair of time spans are encoded by two syntactic categories. Cross-linguistically, either both categories or only one of them can be made to be structurally visible. It is suggested, that in Hebrew, the higher temporal category is rendered structurally visible, while in Arabic (Standard and Syrian), it is the lowest of them two. Arguments for this syntactic configuration come from two distinct domains : non-finite clauses et non-verbal predicates in the present tense. These domains of investigation were chosen because they permit to examine the structural manifestation of temporality by (partly) dissociating inflection from the lexical verb carrying it. The present analysis shows explicitly that Modern Hebrew is a tense prominent language and that Arabic is an aspectual one. The theoretical contribution of this dissertation is showing the temporality is derived in the syntax and that its source is not one fixed position in the syntactic hierarchy.


An 80-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with a disorder of consciousness, nystagmus, dysarthria, and right hemiplegia after bathing. Brain MRI showed acute small subcortical infarction in the left parietal lobe, and magnetic resonance angiography revealed left internal carotid stenosis that suggested atherosclerotic infarction. On the day after admission, his level of consciousness suddenly worsened to JCS-300, and he developed respiratory arrest during sputum aspiration. He received endotracheal intubation and was ventilated. His level of consciousness improved gradually, but quadriplegia persisted. On the fourth day of admission, brain and cervical spine MRI showed a longitudinally extensive lesion from the right medulla to the upper cervical cord, and computed tomography angiography showed right vertebral artery occlusion. We diagnosed medullary and cervical spinal cord infarction. In con-clusion, it is important to consider that unilateral vertebral artery occlusion can occur with upper cervical spinal cord infarction, which requires appropriate care.


Results. In the univariate model, a positive relationship was found between plasma fibrinogen concentration and carotid IMT (p<0.001). Fibrinogen concentration also correlated positively with age (p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (p<0.001), smoking (p<0.05), diabetes (p<0.05), PROCAM (p<0.001), CRP and vWF (p<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, the association of fibrinogen with carotid IMT remained significant (p=0.008) after adjustment for all parameters analyzed. Interpretation and Conclusions. In a population sample of adults without clinically overt atherosclerotic disease, elevated fibrinogen levels was related to carotid IMT independently of a wide range of important confounding variables. Plasma fibrinogen may represent a systemic marker of carotid atherosclerosis.


It is important to know the significance of developing college sports competitions. In China, the total number and kind of college sports competitions are very little. Compared with the American college sports competitions, this paper points out that we should stress the reform on college sports competitions, learn successful foreign experience and popularize the way of CUBA and Philip football competitions.


The comparism of the dark adaptation and plasma retinol level (Vitamin A) was a potentially useful method of studying the basic nature of the aging process in vision. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of age upon the dark adaptation time and plasma retinol level. Dark adaptation time, visual fields and plasma retinol levels were studied in two different age groups of Myanmar subjects (young adults: 18-25 years and middle-aged subjects: 40-60 years) (n=30 each). Dark adaptation time (DAT) was determined by a rapid dark adaptation test adopted from Thornton (1977). Visual field was assessed by manually setting kinetic perimetry. Plasma retinol level was determined by colorimetric method using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). None of the subjects exhibited subnormal plasma retinol levels. Although the plasma retinol levels of middle-aged subjects were comparable to those of their younger counterparts (66.3 (5.2) µg/dl vs 61.4(8.1) µg/dl) (mean(SD)), the middle-aged subjects had significantly longer DAT (5.7 (1.4) vs 3.6 (1.3) minutes; P<0.05) and significantly greater reduction (P<0.05) in visual fields of both eyes. There was a significant negative correlation (P<0.05) between plasma retinol level and DAT in the middle-aged subjects, but not in young adults. No correlation was found between serum retinol level and visual field reduction in both groups. Even with comparable plasma retinol level, longer DAT and greater reduction of visual field in middle-aged subjects indicated that retinal function might also be affected by the age-related changes in retina.
Keywords: Dark Adaptation Time (DAT), Rapid Dark Adaptation Test, Vitamin A, Visual Field, Aging.


Introduction The article examines oral narratives about construction endeavors across Elista in the 1950s and early 1960s. Goals. The work analyzes narratives of earliest builders as a source to highlight somewhat universal features inherent to accounts of everyday life, feelings and moods associated with the restoration of the city on a specific example of stories narrating about the construction of Elista. This makes it possible to highlight universal elements and emphasize specifics of construction-related oral narratives, such as atypical plots in stories of residential building, features of architecture as a cultural factor, efficiency of use of local construction materials, as well as plans of the Soviet government. For this purpose, microurbanism is used both as a method of the city's reconstruction and a way of describing its language. Materials. The study investigates field data collected in 2021–2022 in Elista. Results. Insights into oral narratives yield an opportunity, on the one hand, to examine the way of life of earliest builders, their active consumption and (re)construction of urban space marked by certain construction nuances, urban features and local contexts, and, on the other hand, to show the development of oral narrative about the city's expansion in the 1950s–1960s — its universal and unique properties for microurbanism, and how these specificities are manifested (in what plots and topics).


PURPOSE: An LCD panel and a method for fabricating the same are provided to radiate light to a photosensitive sealant via a transparent conductive material by forming a pad link, or a portion formed with a photosensitive sealant of the pad link with a conductive material. CONSTITUTION: An LCD panel includes first and second substrates, a transparent conductive film(63) formed on a predetermined portion of the first substrate, gate metals(GP1-GP3..) and data metals(DP1-DP3..) formed on the first substrate except the predetermined portion, a photosensitive sealant(67) formed at a portion between the first and second substrates corresponding to the predetermined portion, and a liquid crystal layer formed between the first and second substrates.


The learning media used in the process of learning Theme 8 Subtema 3 Proud of the Region where I live in grade 4 at MIN 2 Kebon Agung Imogiri Bantul is internet and projector media. This media is very commonly used by teachers. In its learning activities the media is used to convey material about various production and professional activities that exist around students through pictures and videos. The obstacle in the learning media application is that teachers have difficulty in determining the media used because not all material can use interesting media. This is also due to the teacher's limitations in mastering learning media. But in the learning process, many students have understood the material by using learning media. Apart from all that, there are still students who do not understand the material because the teacher does not pay attention to all student activities in class. Many students play during learning. Classroom learning begins with showing pictures and videos related to the material to be explained, then the teacher will provide stimulus questions to students. The problem is that teachers have difficulty choosing a fixed learning media, this is also related to the teacher's limitations in mastering learning media


The transmission properties of a simple fiber-optic directional coupler are determined by coupling slope and the coupler length.When the coupling coefficient and the coupler length meet certain conditions,the optical fiber coupler can be designed as a first-order or second-order optical time differentiator.The operation mechanism of the all-optical differential characteristics of the optical fiber directional coupler is analyzed,and the transmission properties of picosecond Gaussian optical pulse including the operation error,bandwidth and energy efficiency are numerically analyzed for dual-core optical fiber coupler.The result shows that the operating bandwidth of the differentiator is determined by the coupler length and coupling slope.While the optical differentiator parameters are fixed,the operating bandwidth of second-order optical time differentiator is about 2.9 times of that of the first-order differentiator.Compared with a longer Gaussian pulse through the fiber coupler,a shorter Gaussian pulse will produce higher energy efficiency and larger operation errors.An actual optical differentiator could be designed for different intended purposes of practical applications.


Rational use of fertilizers and irrigation water are concerns to modern agronomy considering an efficient and promising perspective to obtain better yields. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of potassium-based hydrogel on the growth and yield of okra on anthropized soils of Korhogo in Northern Côte d'Ivoire. The experimental design used consisted of three repetitions with the 8-modality hydrogel as the first factor (0 g, 0.1 g, 0.3 g, 0.5 g, 1 g, 2 g, 3 g and 4 g). The second factor was the type of application with 2 modalities: (0 cm and in depth of 6 cm). Control seedlings were established in soils without hydrogel. The results showed that the germination rate, growth and fruit yield of okra were significantly different for the different amounts of hydrogels used. The best results were obtained on plots that received 0.3 g of hydrogel applied at a depth of 6 cm. It was concluded that the rational use of 0.3 g hydrogels not only contributes to germination but also stimulates growth and improves the yield of okra grown on anthropized soils in the town of Korhogo. This quantity of hydrogel is therefore recommended for agricultural use to deal with the constraints linked to water scarcity and soil depletion.


1 PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health 5 University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, 6 University of Granada, Camino de Alfacar, 21, 18071, Granada, Spain. 7 2 Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Calle Domingo Miral, 8 s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. 9 3 Bone Metabolic Unit, Endocrinology and Nutrition Division. Hospital Universitario San Cecilio. Instituto de 10 Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs.GRANADA). Av. de la Ilustración, s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain. 11 4 CIBERFES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. C/ Sinesio Delgado, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain. 12 5 Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Camino de Pozuelo s/n, 16071, Cuenca, 13 Spain. 14 6 Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental 15 Sciences, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK 16 7 Department of Medicine. Universidad de Granada. Av. de la Investigación, 11, 18016, Granada, Spain. 17 18 Short title: Bone impairment by 3D DXA in primary hyperparathyroidism 19


Due to the rapid advancements in mobile communication and wireless technologies, many researchers and educators have started to believe that these emerging technologies can be leveraged to support formal and informal learning opportunities. Mobile language learning can be effectively implemented by delivering learning content through mobile phones. Because the screen size of mobile phones is limited, the presentation of materials using different Learning Content Representation (LCR) types is an issue that needs to be explored. This study addresses the issue of content adaptation in mobile language learning environments. Two dimensions have been taken into consideration to identify a promising solution: instructional strategies (LCR types: written annotation and pictorial annotation), and learners' cognitive models (verbal and visual short-term memory). Our findings show that providing learning content with pictorial annotation in a mobile language learning environment can help learners with lower verbal and higher visual ability because such learners find it easier to learn content presented in a visual rather than in a verbal form. Providing learning content with both written and pictorial annotation can also help learners with both high verbal and high visual abilities. According to the Cognitive Load Theory, providing too much information may produce a higher cognitive load and lead to irritation and a lack of concentration. Our findings also suggest that providing just the basic learning materials is more helpful to learners with low verbal and visual abilities.


We present the S– and T–matrix formulations of device characteristic for a 2–port device. We demonstrate that while the S–matrix formulation is intuitive and corresponds to physical quantities, the T–matrix formulation is better when it comes to handling multiple devices in series. We then compute the translation from S–matrix to T–matrix formulations and vice–versa.


The present invention relates to a time reversed space time block coding:: (Time Domain Equalizer block block TDE) (TR-STBC-Reversal Time Space Time Block Code) block time domain equalizer for the system. Blocks for TR-STBC system in accordance with the present invention TDE, the equalizer tap weights block equalizers (block equalizer), the output and the equalizer to produce an output on the basis of the (tap weight) for two consecutive reception block generating an error vector on the basis of the group tap weights and includes a signal conversion unit to screen the digital signal to the output of the equalizer tap weight update unit, and zero padding is removed, for updating the equalizer tap weights from the error vector. Block TDE (Time Domain Equalizer), TR-STBC (Time Reversal-space time block code), NLMS (Normalized Least Mean Square), RLS (Recursive Least Square)


Filter bank multicarrier spread spectrum (FBMCSS) has proven to be a robust and reliable waveform choice for communication in harsh channels. In previous works, the impact of channel frequency selectivity on the M-PSK FBMC-SS waveform has been studied, and it has been found that it results in a relatively low performance degradation. This paper extends this theory to FBMC-SS with biorthogonal signaling – a spread spectrum signaling method which increases the spectral efficiency while improving on Eb/N0. Presented theory is confirmed with simulated results, and found that the behavior follows that of the M-PSK case.


Transgender persons often face complications concerning their voice during their transition from one gender to another (e.g., male to female or vice-versa). This thesis aims to examine how transgender individuals living in Cyprus view their voice quality based on their new gender. A questionnaire was used to gather qualitative information from transgender females and males. Six transgender individuals took part in the survey. Each individuals had to answer questions from personal experience regarding their voice use, quality and satisfaction. The relationship between the degree of satisfaction of voice and quality of life was examined. The results were compared to similar studies from the literature on the topic. Previews international studies revealed positive correlations between voice therapy and voice satisfaction.
In the Cypriot context, most of the participating transgender individuals had not attended any voice therapy sessions. While some individuals mentioned that their voices sounded 'unnatural' for their new gender, the results indicated a positive correlation between voice satisfaction and quality of life. We attributed this effect to the inclusion and acceptance of transgender individuals in the Greek-Cypriot society.


The prognosis for children suffering from a brain tumor has improved greatly over the past few decades. For medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor in childhood, the 5-year progression-free survival for standard-risk patients has risen to almost 80% with the introduction of the Packer treatment regimen [1]. This protocol consists of neurosurgery, aiming for complete resection, postoperative radiotherapy and concurrent vincristine, followed by cisplatin, vincristine and chloroethylcyclohexylnitrosourea (CCNU, lomustine) chemotherapy. Of course, a survival of 80% means there is still much room for improvement. However, with increased survival, another question concerning childhood brain tumor treatment also becomes more and more important: what effect does the treatment have in the later life of survivors? Within the treatment of malignant pediatric brain tumors, radiotherapy takes up a central role in a child's chance of survival. However, it is also the main cause of late adverse side effects after treatment. These side effects range from cognitive damage and hormone dysfunction (e.g., growth disorders and early puberty) to loss of hearing and taste [2–4]. The severity of side effects and the extent to which they occur are dependent on the amount of radiation that is received [4–6]. Even with the standard radiation dose having decreased since the introduction of the Packer protocol, side effects can still be substantial. Ris and colleagues reported an average loss in IQ scores of over four points per year for the first 3 years after treatment with this protocol. In specific subgroups (i.e., younger children or those with a higher baseline IQ score at the start of treatment), this loss was even more severe [6]. The side effects are caused by damage that is inflicted on the healthy tissues within the irradiated field. In general, side effects are caused by lack of specificity of treatment for the tumor, and improving specificity would allow for greater survival and/or fewer and less severe treatmentrelated side effects. Within major research fields, such as that of non-small cell lung cancer, abundant attention has been focused on exploring possibilities of targeted treatment, leading, for instance, to the introduction of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors in clinical trials [7]. However, for children with medulloblastoma, treatment still consists of relatively unspecific conventional modalities. Little gain has been made in the area of targeted treatment, although it is here that opportunities for improvement lie. To achieve greater treatment specificity, several routes are open: the use of tumor-targeted toxic therapies, neuroprotectors and radioand/or chemosensitizers.


"The third party" evaluation for Japanese University implemented by evaluating organization is independent on government and university.Being evaluated by the third party is the duty of Japanese universities.The paper analyses the pattern and characteristics of "The third party" evaluation for Japanese University,and introduces the main body,the purpose,the standard and the operating process of the evaluation as well.


Abstract In research directed at the development of adenine triphosphate (ATP) analogs as potential glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitors, adenine and allopurinol derivatives have been synthesized either as novel ATP analogs or as scaffolds for the construction of such analogs.


A gun structure capable of nanosecond beam intensification has been developed. The paper will present design details and test results. The development was prompted by an immediate need for such a device in a specific project. However, with the trend towards shorter duration pulses, the development of wide-bandwidth oscilloscopes and high-scan-rate television systems, a gun structure capable of nanosecond beam intensification should have many applications. The design also provides for better control of the spot size than is possible with a conventional gun. Preliminary tests of an experimental tube have shown that the gun is capable of producing a visible display of a single 1-nsec pulse, of 10 v intensification voltage with an accelerating potential of 24 kv.


A general route for the synthesis of homogeneous mixed-element oxides, based on the use of block polyalkylene oxide copolymers and single-source molecular precursors, is described. Thermolytic deco...


This research reveals how the strategy in cultivating Minangkabau cultural values in the Minang Migrant family in Bandung City. The method used in this study using a literature study that analyzed a variety of studies relevant to the value investment strategy cultural studies Minangkabau. The presentation of the data is carried out using descriptive techniques, namely describing the strategy of cultivating  Minangkabau cultural values in Minang nomadic families in Bandung. The results of this study point to the right strategy cultivating cultural values Minangkabau in Minang nomadic families in the city of Bandung, namely: 1) Providing examples and role models from parents; 2) Actuating their wedding ceremony customarily Minang pure; 3) Supporting them participate Minang activities; 4) Performance culture: Minang sing, dance Minang, Silek Minang, traditional food, and traditional clothing Minang; 5) Coming Home  West Sumatra within a certain time so that children can see the beauty of the natural beauty and culture of West Sumatra Minangkabau, kampong can see the customs, art, and culture.


The using of sewage to confecting polymer solution is the inevitable choice of oilfield development and environmental protection, as Daqing oilfield produced a lot of sewage. With the increase of quantity of bacteria and population. We did experiment in the laboratory and analysised the mechanism of the new stabilizer. The results show that the new stabilize can effectively inhibit the growth of bacteria in sewage. The main mechanism is the complexation, antibacterial effect, and inhibition of carbon and oxygen free radical of the stabilizer. With the industrialization scale of polymer flooding expanding continuously, fresh water resources become increasingly tense and produced sewage is short of economic and effective treatment method, which brings great pressure on oil production and environmental protection. Therefore, the preparation process of compounding with clean water and diluting with sewage is used in the polymer flooding industrial area. The sewage used to diluting has high salinity, which contains a lot of bacteria, sulfate reducing bacteria, saprophytic bacteria, and iron bacteria. Fe 2+ and S 2- , the decomposition products of bacteria, produce oxygen free radicals when combined with O 2 . The oxygen free radicals lead to the degradation of the polymer and the decrease of viscosity. In order to solve the problem of viscosity loss during the compounding and injecting process, we carried out laboratory evaluation experiment and field test of the new polymer viscosity stabilizer, which has achieved remarkable results.


We combine model mapping, exact spectral bounds, and a quantum Monte Carlo method to study the ground state phases of a mixture of ultracold bosons and spin-polarized fermions in a one-dimensional optical lattice. The exact boundary of the boson-demixing transition is obtained from the Bethe Ansatz solution of the standard Hubbard model. We prove that along a symmetry plane in the parameter space, the boson-fermion mixed phase is stable at all densities. This phase is a two-component Luttinger liquid for weak couplings or for incommensurate total density, otherwise it has a charge gap but retains a gapless mode of mixture composition fluctuations. The static density correlations are studied in these two limits and shown to have markedly different features.


We present a combined experimental and theoretical study of the fragmentation of molecular CS2 after sulfur 1s Auger cascade decay, consisting of electron–multi-ion coincidence spectra of charged fragments and theoretical simulations combining density functional theory and molecular dynamics. On the experimental side, a procedure for a complete determination of all sets of ions formed is described. For many of the fragmentation channels, we observed a higher charge in one of the sulfur atoms than the other atoms. Based on these observations and the theoretical simulations where the time scale of the nuclear motion and decay is taken into account, we propose that KLL Auger decay after the 1s core hole creation, via 2p double hole states, results in highly charged and strongly repulsive states with one localized core hole. These localized core holes are sufficiently long-lived that some will decay after fragmentation of the molecular ion, thereby efficiently impeding charge exchange between the fragments.


The objective of this study is to provide estimates of price elasticities of irrigation water demands in Zhangye Basin (ZB), an inland river basin in China, with the most recent data and to compare the values of marginal product (VMPs) of water to the prices of water farmers are currently paying. With a set of village and household survey data collected in 2009 and 2014, household fixed effects models are used to estimate water demand and crop production functions. The estimation results are then used to estimate price elasticities and VMPs. Results show that demands for surface water, groundwater, and conjunctive irrigation water are all in the inelastic range. The results imply that water prices may need to be increased significantly to induce sizable water savings. Another significant finding is that for a large share of the sample households, VMPs of water are higher than the prices of water. The estimated VMPs provide policy makers with some guidelines on the minimum level of water prices required to achieve any water savings among those households.


The process of fluid outflow from a flat semi-infinite channel space, flooded with another fluid, caused by the difference of densities is considered. A semi-infinite horizontal channel of finite height is filled with fluid and fully immersed in any fluid. Equilibrium is impossible due to the difference in medium density. The flow begins at the start time. Heavy fluid invades the channel and removes the light one. when changing the roles, heavy fluids flow through the bottom of the inlet section and are replaced by light ones. It is necessary to describe the propagation of a repression wave in the channel. The main objective is to determine the quantitative estimates and qualitative features of the process. This study complements the solution of the problem of oil spills in the guillotine rupture of submarine pipeline. A self-similar solution of the equations of motion is built. The comparison of the nature of light and heavy fluids outflow is presented.


Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs or P450s) play paramount roles in detoxification of insecticides in a number of insect pests. However, little is known about the roles of P450s and their responses to insecticide exposure in the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.), an economically important fruit pest. Here we report the characterization and expression analysis of the first P450 gene, designated as CYP9A61, from this pest. The full-length cDNA sequence of CYP9A61 is 2071 bp long and its open reading frame (ORF) encodes 538 amino acids. Sequence analysis shows that CYP9A61 shares 51%–60% identity with other known CYP9s and contains the highly conserved substrate recognition site SRS1, SRS4 and SRS5. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that CYP9A61 were 67-fold higher in the fifth instar larvae than in the first instar, and more abundant in the silk gland and fat body than other tissues. Exposure of the 3rd instar larvae to 12.5 mg L−1 of chlorpyrifos-ethyl for 60 h and 0.19 mg L−1 of lambda-cyhalothrin for 36 h resulted in 2.20-and 3.47-fold induction of CYP9A61, respectively. Exposure of the 3rd instar larvae to these two insecticides also significantly enhanced the total P450 activity. The results suggested that CYP9A61 is an insecticide-detoxifying P450.


The invention relates to an optical imaging lens and an electronic device including the optical imaging lens. The optical imaging lens orderly comprises a first lens, a second lens, a third lens, a fourth lens and a fifth lens from an object side to an image side; the first lens has a positive refractive index; the image side is provided with a convex section in an area near the circumference; the object side of the second lens is provided with a convex section in an area near the circumference; the object side of the third lens is provided with a concave section in an area near the circumference; the fourth lens is provided with a concave surface facing the object side of the fourth lens; the image side of the fifth lens made of a plastic material is provided with the concave section in an area near an optical axis; and the ratio of an air gap G23 between the second lens and the third lens to an air gap G34 between the third lens and the fourth lens meets the formula that G23/G34 is greater than or equal to 1.40. The electronic device comprises a casing and an image module which is arranged inside the casing; and the image module comprises an optical imaging lens, a lens cone, a module rear base unit, and an image sensor. By adopting the optical imaging lens and the electronic device, the length of the lens can be effectively shortened; and the performance of the system is maintained.


AN examination of the relationship between international law and municipal law raises two important issues regarding the nature and operation of international law. The first is the question whether rules of international law can become perse part of municipal law; that is, whether its rules have a direct legal effect on individual citizens and courts within the State without any necessity of transforming them into municipal law by some legislative process. The second question is whether, even assuming that such direct operation is possible, rules of international law automatically override conflicting rules of municipal law. These two issues are connected with the wider juridical debate on the relative merits of the monistic and dualistic theories of the interrelationship between public international law and municipal law.


The cable body of the superconducting busbar conductor for ITER by the multistage twist of the superconductivity strand and the pure copper strand is quite soft.How to process it affects the equivalent prediction of the entire conductor performance.According to the traditional composite theory,the following several predictions were carried: only consider the functions of the stainless steel conduit outside the cable body,the double insulation and the double shielding layer;the influence of the flexible cable body is neglect,so only consider the function of its internal helium tube;the material nature of the cable body is assumed the isotropism,which the elasticity modulus is 1-10 GPa(here taking 2 GPa);combining the homogenization theory with the composite damage theory.Finally,the equivalent elasticity modulus and the reference experimental moduli were compared.The result of the last prediction is relatively reasonable and the influence of the cable body to the superconducting busbar conductor is very small.


The Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) proposed by the Chinese high energy physics community is aiming to measure Higgs particles and their interactions precisely. The tracking detector including Silicon Inner Tracker (SIT) and Forward Tracking Disks (FTD) has driven stringent requirements on sensor technologies in term of spatial resolution, power consumption and readout speed. CMOS Pixel Sensor (CPS) is a promising candidate to approach these requirements. This paper presents the preliminary studies on the sensor optimization for tracking detector to achieve high collection efficiency while keeping necessary spatial resolution. Detailed studies have been performed on the charge collection using a 0.18 μm CMOS image sensor process. This process allows high resistivity epitaxial layer, leading to a significant improvement on the charge collection and therefore improving the radiation tolerance. Together with the simulation results, the first exploratory prototype has bee designed and fabricated. The prototype includes 9 different pixel arrays, which vary in terms of pixel pitch, diode size and geometry. The total area of the prototype amounts to 2 × 7.88 mm2.


The paper presents the results and experiences related to the use of BIM technology in hydraulic and land reclamation projects. The authors rely on their extensive experience gained from various projects in the field. The article aims to demonstrate the potential and possibilities that modern BIM technology offers in designing hydraulic and land reclamation structures. The research focuses on areas such as hydrotechnics, land reclamation, embankments, ditches, culverts, and bridges, as well as the use of specific tools and software such as HEC-RAS, Autocad Civil 3D, MacroStacion Inroads, OpenRoads Designer, and Allplan. Combined with CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) modelling, BIM technology is crucial in analyzing and designing hydraulic and land reclamation structures. The article discusses the benefits of using BIM technology, such as improved collaboration and data exchange between different disciplines involved in the project, more efficient hydraulic analysis, precise and consistent models, and the ability to visualize projects for better understanding and communication with stakeholders.


Although Chernyshevsky is not a Marxism aesthetician,his aesthetic theory becomes a constituent in the Marxism theory of literature and art because it manifests the revolutionary color.Chernyshevsky's aesthetic theory also demonstrates the human and ecological aesthetics ray of Marxism.From the aspect of the primitive ecological aesthetic activities,such as sensors,information and rhythm wave etc,Chernyshevsky describes profoundly the close relationship between beauty and life.From the aspect of ecological functions of aesthetic activities,he explains explicitly the ecological survival of human life,namely,the rich connotation of "Existence","Harmony","Cooperation" and "Progress",and determines his own ideological core of the aesthetic theory: "Beauty is life." "Anything in which people can see the life in accordance with their understandings is beauty;anything that can reminds people of life is beauty".


The long term objective of education is for the future of children.Hence,education must be based on the biology of child development and follow the mechanism and characteristics of child growth.A great deal of knowledge on child growth and development is being accumulated thanks to the rapid expansion of life science research.It is understood that scientific research on the early child growth and development will provide important information to the nurture and education of children.Moreover,interdisciplinary scientific research has made a lot of progress;therefore the concept of bio-education has gained inereasing acceptance.Edueation,as an important driving force and advocate for child development,has not been closely connected with life science,namely developmental biology and developmental pediatrics for a long period of time.Therefore,it will be helpful to develop educational ideas,mechanisms and approaches that are more consistent with the rules and characteristics of child development.In conclusion,educational science must be evidence-bused.Its advance may benefit from learning the footsteps of the advancement in developmental pediatrics,which has a solid life science basis.


Variation design of open-cell foams located in the bumper car were investigated in this paper. A brief experimental result on the dynamic response of crash was focused on energy absorption and deformation behavior. The bumper design was based on typical design of bumper compared with gradual density of hexagonal foam type. The method used was imitate crashing real behavior dynamic explicit using ABAQUS simulation software with some extra constraint, such as: crashing object and crash direction. Results showed the design strongly affect the value of energy absorption and deformation. Energy absorption was higher using hexagon foams compare to the normal bumper structure with 4.8740 E6 Joule and 4.8572 E6 respectively. Furthermore, highest energy absorption was by simulated redesign hexagon foam into varying thickness (gradual density) – similar to cortical bone structure – with 4.950 E6 Joule. Meanwhile the deformation shows highest value on typical design of bumper with 4 cm translation after crashed. Expected design has to be safe for passengers with have high ability to absorb energy and minimize the deformation movement.


This paper describes some of the practical problems encountered and the resolutions applied during the design and development of a turbo-charged derivative of a production engine. Some further problems are described which were met when the prototype designs were manufactured in the production area. A very brief summary of the reasons for turbo-charging, and the performance results, are also included. The base engine was a 6-litre direct injection dry-linered diesel engine with a rated speed of 2800 rev/min in its naturally aspirated form, used for commercial vehicle propulsion plus industrial and marine purposes.


In this study, we attempt to investigate how educational subsidy, childcare allowance and family allowance affect economic growth and income distribution on the basis of simulation models which incorporate intergenerational ability transmission and endogenous fertility. The simulation results show that financial support for higher education can both increase economic growth and reduce income inequality, especially if the abilities of parent and child are closely correlated. In contrast with educational subsidy, raising childcare allowance or family allowance has limited impacts on growth and income inequality.


II and III are solely based on quantitative results and their interpretations. The chapters also have important lessons for India, especially Chapters 6, 8 and 9, that cover issues related to the national innovation system in India, technological capability of its industry, industrial development and access to technology. One general observation in the context of this volume, while the topics are carefully selected, the contexts appear to be slightly more scattered. This might lead to generating only selective interest about this book. This, however, does little to bring down the relevance of this very important volume. The chapters in this volume contain rich analysis of key issues with sharp focus on systemic challenges. This should not only guide future researchers in their choice of hypothesis, parameters and variables but would also offer serious insights and interpretations. An abridged version of the conclusions should send out clear policy lessons. Implementation of the SDGs requires mitigating systemic challenges and reforming global and national institutions. The analysis and evidence presented in this volume would be important and informative to the development and public policy community in this regard.


Abstract— The sound production from the Morávka fireball has been examined in detail making use of infrasound and seismic data. A detailed analysis of the production and propagation of sonic waves during the atmospheric entry of the Morávka meteoroid demonstrates that the acoustic energy was produced both by the hypersonic flight of the meteoroid (producing a cylindrical blast wave) and by individual fragmentation events of the meteoroid, which acted as small explosions (producing quasispherical shock waves). The deviation of the ray normals for the fragmentation events was found to be as much as 30° beyond that expected from a purely cylindrical line source blast. The main fragmentation of the bolide was confined to heights above 30 km with a possible maximum in acoustic energy production near 38 km. Seismic stations recorded both the direct arrival of the airwaves (the strongest signal) as well as air‐coupled P‐waves and Rayleigh waves (earlier signals). In addition, deep underground stations detected the seismic signature of the fireball. The seismic data alone permit reconstruction of the fireball trajectory to a precision on the order of a few degrees. The velocity of the meteoroid is much less well‐determined by these seismic data. The more distant infrasonic station detected 3 distinct signals from the fireball, identified as a thermospheric return, a stratospheric return, and an unusual mode propagating through the stratosphere horizontally and then leaking to the receiver.


PURPOSE: To make it possible to determine the quantity of irregular abrasion accurately by juxtaposing a non-contact type probe with the tread surface of a rotating air-filled tire, and obtaining the data fro the tread rib. CONSTITUTION: A laser probe 22 determines the distance between the probe 22 and a reflecting surface based on the reflected light. The probe 22 is positioned on a slide 22 so that the laser beam is cast on the rib of a tire 12 in the circumferential direction. The predetermined number of data points are obtained based on the aligned tire ribs during one rotation of the tire 12. Each of these data points corresponds to the distance of the data point from the central axis of the tire 12. An encoder 20 acts so that the number of the obtained data points is confirmed in each circumferential direction. The data obtained from the ribs are drawn on a monitor 28 and inputted into the memory of a microprocessor 26. Heel-to-toe analysis is performed for each protruding part of each rib. The irregular abrasion is measured by subtracting the height of the corresponding toe from the height of the heel. COPYRIGHT: (C)1993,JPO&Japio


How have financial markets reacted to the disclosure of the list of Other Systemically Important Institutions by the European Banking Authority? With an event study of bank stock prices, we document that the immediate reaction of the stock market is negative, suggesting that the included financial institutions are perceived to be less profitable because they are subject to tighter regulation. However, within a few days, investors change their perception in the case of both euro-zone and noneuro-zone banks, which can be attributed to their too-big-to-fail status. CDS spreads react similarly, increasing first before decreasing almost immediately thereafter. On the day of the event, abnormal returns are more negative for banks selected using supervisory judgement and for large banks. In the long run, the market reacts more positively in the case of financial institutions selected using discretionary information and those with a lower capitalization.


Abstract: The purpose of this study was to measure the impact of Rate my professors.com (RMP) on college students' choices in class selection and professors. The controversial site RMP has been a social media phenomenon. Is RMP a device for disgruntled college students with a score to settle with a professor? This social media trend has had an impact on college undergraduate students 18-25. These behaviors have made popular social media such as Facebook and RMP a power tool for students' to use to connect or against individuals. As a social media tool, RMP has been used by college students to blog their comments concerning college professors' performance in the classroom. Are these blog comments valid and reliable? This study was guided by three research questions: (a) does RMP have a major influence on college students' choices of courses; (b) does RMP have an impact on students' choices of professors; (c) does RMP have an impact on future students' choices for selecting professors? This study used a principal component analysis (factor analysis) methodology. A pilot study of (N = 110) college students was taken conducted from two universities to test the instrument and data. What emerged from the factor analyses were six new factors that influenced student behavior.


Objective:To investigate the inhibitive effect and the underlying mechanism of Xiaoji Decoction(消积饮,XJD)in human lung cancer A549 cells.Methods:A549 cells in logarithmic proliferation were cultivated in RPMI-1640 containing 10%low,medium or high dosages of XJD serum.The inhibitive effect of XJD in A549 cell proliferation was assessed by methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide(MTT)assay.The pro-apoptotic effect of XJD in A549 cells was observed by fluorescence microscope via Hoechst 33258 staining.The role of the Akt signaling pathway was observed by examining the presence of p-Akt protein by Western blot and the mRNA expression of downstream proteins such as Bcl-2/Bcl-XL-associated death promoter(BAD)and caspase-9 by real time polymerase chain reaction.Results:MTT assay revealed that XJD could inhibit A549 proliferation in a dose-and time-dependent manner.Hoechst 33258 staining showed that XJD induced the typical nuclear apoptotic morphology after XJD treatment.Moreover,XJD could reduce the phosphorylation of Akt and increase the mRNA expression of BAD and caspase-9.Conclasions:XJD can inhibit the proliferation of A549 cells in a dose-and time-dependent manner through signaling Akt pathway via up-regulating the expression of BAD and caspase-9.XJD may provide a novel therapeutic model for lung cancer and deserve further study.


(57) [summary] An object of the present invention is to solve the problems caused by the pollution particles from the radiation source. A step of generating a A stream consisting of liquid droplets (39) (35), comprising the steps of injecting the stream into the connected source space (33) to a vacuum pump (34), each of the small dropwise (39), it is irradiated with strong pulsed laser beam focused on the droplets (41), and generating a plasma (47) which emits EUV radiation, and the EUV radiation It discloses a method of generating. Prevents above the liquid breaking vacuum in the source space (33), also in order to guarantee the continuity flux consisting of EUV radiation, the flow (35) additional vacuum generated source space series space (53,56,63) are derived medium. Further, the EUV radiation generating source unit for implementing the method, and how to apply this method to the preparation and exposure projection apparatus device such as an IC device, is disclosed.


Chairman Rockefeller and distinguished citizens who served on the Arts, Americans and Education Panel: while it is probably impossible for any single group to speak for a collectivity as diverse as you have sought to address, I suspect that many professionals in arts education will share some of my concerns about the [Panel's] Report. Although members of the Panel were not selected for their professional experience in the field of arts education (p. viii), the intent of the Report is to recommend "philosophical, substantive, and structural changes" in the field of arts education at the national, state, and local levels; in short, to propose a national arts education policy (p. 10, 248263). It is my understanding that individual arts educators served as resource persons for the Panel; however, the several professional associations in arts education were not requested to forward recommendations to the Panel nor given time to study them prior to the publication of the Report and presentation of the Recommendations on May 25, 1977, in Congressional hearings on arts legislation.l It is inexplicable to me why the Panel would wish to offer recommendations centering on the field of arts education without soliciting recommendations from the associations representing an estimated 200,000 persons whose professional commitment is to improve the quality of arts education for


According to characteristics of CFB boilers operation,this paper analyzes the boilers safety problems,such as wear,fault of ash cooler,fault of feed system and boiler expansion.At last,it offers their counter-measures.


For financial market participants, the current focused topic (Brexit, Federal Reserve Interest-Rate, U.S. and China trade war, etc.) and its sentiments (whether it is Risk-On or Risk-Off) is very important to decide investment strategies. In this study, we proposed extended topic model called supervised Joint Sentiment-Topic model (sJST) which using not only text data but also numeric data as a supervised signal to extract current focused topic and it's sentiment of market. By using the topic and sentiment weight of the market as a features, we apply several machine learning models to predict foreign exchange market price movement. Comparing the average accuracy over 32 currency pairs and prediction models, the result using sJST weight as features achieved 1.52% better performance than the results which use only historical prices as features. Furthermore, comparing the results limited to specific currency pairs which is difficult to predict when using only historical prices as features, the result using sJST weight as features achieved 3.64% better accuracy than the result which use only historical prices as features.


Circuit annotation is one of the most important tasks in the analysis of integrated circuit images for hardware assurance. Recently, deep learning methods have been adopted for circuit annotation due to their promising accuracy. However, the pixel-wise optimization metrics in deep learning methods are insufficient to ensure a good spatial contiguity in the segmentation results. This could result in circuit connection errors that are detrimental to the subsequent circuit analysis. In this brief, a patch-based adversarial training framework is proposed to mitigate such circuit connection errors. Our proposed method consists of a encoder-decoder segmentation network and a patch-based discriminator to provide adversarial supervision for the segmentation network. The adversarial training aligns the distributions of the segmentation results with the ground truth in patches, which we hypothesize to be more effective for mitigating circuit connection errors. In our experiments, we have achieved a 17.4% reduction in circuit connection errors as compared to the second best reported technique. We investigated the explainability of our proposed method through a heat map analysis, and demonstrate that our patch-based discriminator has a higher feature response in regions that are likely to contain circuit connection errors.


Research on new seismic sources and seismic data has already performed in 2016 to 2017. Four new shallow crustal fault sources were observed surrounding the city of Semarang, the capital city of Central Java Province, Indonesia. The seismic parameters related with the seismic mechanism (reverse fault) and the maximum magnitude prediction (6.5 Mw) for each seismic sources was also released based on the 2017 research. Following this research, structural evaluation especially for buildings that was designed and constructed based on 2002 Indonesian Seismic Code was also performed. The spectral acceleration design of 2002 seismic code was developed based on subduction source located at the southern of Java island. The structural evaluation was performed for all university buildings located at the Diponegoro University. This paper describes the seismic hazard analysis results of the university area and an example results of building evaluation located at this area. The seismic hazard analysis was performed based on the 2002 Probability Seismic Hazard Analysis/PSHA of the code and the Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA) of four seismic sources. Two different structural analysis were conducted for all buildings such as structural deformation and drift ratios. Based on the seismic hazard analysis results, all buildings located at the university area were strong enough in resisting the surface ground motion (Peak Ground Acceleration/PGA) due to shallow crustal fault earthquake scenarios having magnitude 6.5 Mw. The buildings deformation and drift ratios calculated using 2002 Indonesian seismic code are greater compared to the same analysis calculated based on deterministic model of shallow crustal fault sources.


Summary This study investigated the potential of peanut skin extract (PSE) as inhibitor of lipid oxidation in cookedand raw ground beef (GB) and as antimicrobial agent in raw GB. Results show that addition of PSE to rawGB before cooking significantly inhibited the formation of peroxides and TBARS in cooked GB during therefrigerated storage. PSE at concentration ‡0.06% was as effective as BHA⁄BHT at 0.02% in inhibiting lipidoxidation. PSE also inhibited the oxidation of meat pigments thereby preserving the fresh redness of treatedmeat when used at 0.02–0.10%. Microplate assay showed complete inhibition of test bacteria (Bacillussubtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli) in thepresence of PSE at 0.4% or higher. However, the antimicrobial effect of PSE in GB was less potent. Hence,PSE can primarily serve the dual purposes of preserving the colour of raw GB and preventing lipid oxidationin cooked products.Keywords Antibacterial, antioxidant, ground beef, peanut skin, polyphenols.


Intimate partner violence in India : The physical and mental health of victims due to intimate partner violence in India.


From the legal perspective, the Main Land and Taiwan have independent legal systems. Both of the courts of the Main Land and Taiwan need the help the judicial assistance from the other side. This article probes into the necessity and feasibility of the construction of the system of Judicial Assistance between the Main Land and Taiwan. 


According to the network layout and the practical parameters and using the inverse method,the surveillance capacities of the digital network and the simulated network in Datong were analyzed and calculated respectively,the responsibility range of the fast earthquake report of the digital network was determined roughly,and the response capacity for the large earthquakes of the network was discussed.The conclusion showed that the surveillance capacity of digital seismological network in Datong increased than the simulated network,its surveillance capacity reached the magnitude 2 0 inside and its edge.The detectability of the digital network is the magnitude 5 0 inside,the records of the bigger earthquakes will limite variation,the determination of the magnitude is difficult.


Amino acid (AA) glycine (Gly) of D1 protein may participate in protein-protein interactions. They are important for conformational change that may regulate the electron transfer (ET) rates in the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center protein (RC). Gly was replaced by 20 AA by mutagenesis in cyanobacteria Synechocystis PCC 6803. Only three mutants supported the photoautotrophic growth of an organism. It was shown that function of protein and ET rates in mutants decreased in direct ratio to the AA size. On the contrary, energy of activation of ET at mutants increased. Results indicate at central role of Gly in inter-protein interactions forming and ET rates regulation in PSII RC.


At the fifth anniversary of the Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA), Administrator Appel reviews the work and accomplishments of RITA's six components and advances a vision of researchers communicating across modes to share findings and best practices and to develop and implement innovative transportation solutions. An insert with this article describes the growing partnership between RITA and the Transportation Research Board (TRB).


Purpose: Recently, we introduced a novel hardware design for an image and dose guidance in radiation therapy. An in‐line cone‐beam CT was integrated on a Siemens linear accelerator providing a radiographic localisation of bone and soft‐tissue targets and an on‐line in vivo 3D reconstruction of delivereddose. In this presentation we focus on the aspect of dose guidance. We will present a new developed method of 3D in vivo dosimetry and the first clinical results. Method and Materials: A flat‐panel detector RIDXXX (Perkin Elmer) is mounted at the Linac head, in front of the patient. The flat‐panel was calibrated against a film measurement to consider off‐axis variations of the photon spectrum. Images of each therapy beam were recorded by the flat‐panel during beam delivery and beside dark correction each measured image was deconvoluted using an empirically derived scatter kernel resulting in a 2D distribution of the primary photon fluence which is comparable with the TPS fluence. As a final step the measured fluence distribution for each IMRT beam was fed into the TPS in order to reconstruct the delivereddose distribution in 3D. This method of entrance dosimetry was applied to 12 patients. Results: A generally good agreement of planned and reconstructed dose distribution was also seen for all patients. The error was calculated to be less than +/− 3% for all cases and a very good reproduction of all isodose contours was achieved, with agreement to within +/− 1mm in most places. Conclusion: A new method of 3D in vivo dosimetry called "Entrance Dosimetry" was developed. This kind of 3D in‐vivo dosimetry can be used for an off‐line treatment plan verification and for dose guidance by means of an on‐line delivered beam verification as well. Conflict of Interest: This work was partly supported by Siemens OCS.


We have studied the effect of variable laser energy on pulsed laser deposition (PLD) grown MgO(111) films on Al2O3(0001) substrates by X-ray diffraction and reflectivity measurements, atomic force microscopy and reflection high energy electron diffraction. In spite of the polar instability of MgO(111) surface, the surface roughness drastically decreases from ∼2 to ∼0.5 nm as the laser energy increases from ∼50 to ∼150 mJ. The in-plane lattice constant is larger than the bulk value at the smaller laser energy while it is smaller than the bulk value at the larger laser energy. This indicates that the balance between the electrostatic energy due to the polar structure, which favors a larger in-plane lattice constant, and the interface epitaxial strain, which favors a smaller in-plane lattice constant in MgO(111)/Al2O3(0001), can be tuned by varying the laser energy in PLD.


Eventually, you will very discover a new experience and success by spending more cash. yet when? attain you say you will that you require to get those every needs taking into account having significantly cash? Why don't you try to get something basic in the beginning? That's something that will lead you to understand even more regarding the globe, experience, some places, subsequently history, amusement, and a lot more?


Over-dependence of African countries on the West has been reflected in various socioeconomic dimensions. Such dependence has also been reflected in the telecommunications industry of Africa's LDCs in a bid to solve its low teledensity (number of main telephone lines per one hundred inhabitants) problems. African LDCs are greatly behind other regions of the world in utilizing information and telecommunications technologies, which in turn, has repercussions such as the great digital divide that leaves African LDCs far behind other regions of the world. Various technological-oriented obstacles account for the low levels of teledensity in these countries. This therefore calls for a debate on what strategies can be adopted to solve this problem: use the 'viagra' approach by totally depending on the West to come in for a short term, vigorously solve the problem, and leave thereafter an infrastructure with nobody to manage it, or use a self-sufficiency approach and an African Foreign Alliance approach to solve the technological-oriented obstacles. Therefore use of the term 'viagra' in this context is to imply a quick and easy solution. Using Friedman's Test, factor analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) statistical procedures, this study examines the perceptions of Africa's telecommunications stakeholders on strategies to solve the technology-oriented obstacles.


Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses provide tactile stimulation to terminate apnoea in preterm infants, but guidelines recommending specific methods are lacking. In this study, we evaluated current methods of tactile stimulation performed by NICU nurses.


Reading academic literature in digital formats is becoming more and more of a normalcy for students, but designers of reading support tools do not share common, metrics for evaluating such tools. This paper introduces our work in developing an evaluation form which we call the aRSX (active Reading Support IndeX). The aRSX-form is a quantitative means for evaluating whether a specific software or hardware tool supports active, academic reading in a way that resonates with personal user experience and learning preferences in other words; whether the tool is practical and pleasant to use for the student who consumes academic literature. The paper presents the first and second iterations of the aRSX evaluation survey based on a preliminary exploratory experiment with 50 university students. The paper also describes how the evaluation form can be developed and used by designers of reading support tools.


Abstract Publication of the first known papyrus of Hermogenes' On Issues (Περὶ ϲτάϲεων), a leaf from a papyrus codex of the fourth century. Besides orthographic variants, the papyrus presents two new readings.


This research presents study of inspection for electrical safety in electrical system. The four locations are observed. The objective of this research are to study the problems which may be occurred in electrical system and introduce the prevent ways. The four locations consist of 2 factories of paper and 2 animal food factories. For factory of paper, the total electrical load is 18,450 kVA which consists of 10 transformers and another 13,450 kVA which consists of 10 transformers. For the animal food 800 kVA, another is 1000 kVA which each location is a transformer. The inspected systems include transformer, main distribution board, ground and electrical wire systems. The check instruments are test oil maker, thermo scan, earth clamp tester, earth ground tester, infrared tester and outlet tester. The all data from test is analysed to compare among of four locations. For experimental results, it is of found that for transformer, the oil insulation transformer is lower than standard and silica gel is deteriorated and broken box, rubber shield and rubber gasket is broken and damage. For main distribution board, the ground value is lower than standard and the temperature of junction for breaker is high and more dust. For ground system, the ground value is lower than standard and broken. For wire system, the electrical is damaged because of heat and animal.


Kinetics of interaction between thiosemicarbazide with the title complex has been studied spectrophotometrically as a function of [Pd2(bipYMOHh +], [thiosemicarbazide], pH and temperature. The reaction has been monitored at 280 nm, the Am... of the substituted complex, where the spectral difference between the reactant and the product is maximum. The reaction rate increases linearly with increase in [thiosemicarbazide]. The second order rate constants have been calculated from the slope of the kobs versus [ligand] plot. From the experimental findings an associative mechanism for the substitution process is suggested. The activation parameters (11H' = 50.4 ± 1.9 kJ mor l , ~ = -105 ± 6 J KI mor l ) also support the proposition.


Summary and Conclusions By the use of 3 criteria, namely: the presence of circulating antibodies in the serum; the mode of development of the skin reactions to intradermal injections of antigen, and the passive transfer of anaphylactic sensitivity to guinea pigs; it has been demonstrated that the sensitivity induced in rabbits to foreign proteins while incorporated in Freund's adjuvant is of the usual anaphylactic or foreign protein type. The animals simultaneously develop a tuberculin sensitivity due to the M. tuberculosis organisms injected but this in no way alters the quality of the sensitivity developed to the foreign proteins. The persistence of the skin reactions to the higher concentrations of the serum antigens appears to be a reaction to the marked necrosis of tissue that occurs in these highly sensitized animals to the concentrated antigens rather than to any fundamental qualitative difference in the type of reactivity induced in the animals.


Human Action Recognition (HAR) and Human Behaviour Anomaly Detection (HBAD) systems require intelligent and multimodal features extraction for classification. The RGB deep learning based methods represent the state-of-the-art for HAR and HBAD. On the other hand, human poses extracted by popular RGB-based detectors have shown promising results for posture-level HAR and HBAD. However, both modalities present limitations, e.g. the RGB-based methods are difficult to extract explainable features relevant to generalisation, especially when contextual data is dominant. Furthermore, human poses cannot model complex human actions, i.e. involving objects or with high contextual information. To overcome the above limitations, three Joint RGB-Pose based multimodal networks are proposed. Combinations of CNNs, 3DCNNs, RNNs, MLSTMs, and ResNet-152 pre-trained CNN networks are exploited. The proposed three methods for joint learning are compared with the correspondent RGB-based and Pose-based methods, in the context of HAR for HBAD applications. Experimental results are provided on the challenging datasets UCF101 and MPOSE2019, showing promising results in terms of recognition accuracy and processing time.


The continuing and explosive growth of the Internet has shown that current TCP mechanisms cannot achieve efficient utilization of networks with large bandwidth-delay products. To address this problem, we propose an enhanced transport-layer protocol called gHSTCP, which is based on the HighSpeed TCP proposed by S. Floyd (see RFC 3649, 2003). By monitoring the changing trend of RTT (round trip time), gHSTCP adapts to the traffic load by switching between two congestion control modes, which is shown to provide significant performance improvement against traditional TCP Reno in terms of throughput and fairness. Furthermore, it is observed that the performance of gHSTCP is limited by both TailDrop and RED/ARED routers, thus we develop a modified adaptive RED called gARED to address the problem of simultaneous packet drops among multiple flows. By adapting to the trend in variation of the average queue length, gARED performs active queue management more effectively than ARED. Simulations show that combining gHSTCP with gARED leads to achieving utilization of network bandwidth and good fairness.


In the title compound, rel-(2R,3S,1′R,2′S,5′S,7′S)-3-allyl-2-(2′-hydroxy-7′-trimethylsilylbicyclo[3.3.0]octan-2′-yl)cyclopentanone, C19H32O2Si, the two rings of the bicyclo[3.3.0]octane unit adopt an envelope conformation and the cyclopentanone ring is in a twist conformation. In the crystal, molecules related by a center of symmetry are hydrogen bonded to form dimers.


An integral equation expression for shear modulus was derived from stress relaxation modulus and bulk modulus of solid propellant by using inversion of Laplace transform according to the viscoelastic theory in this paper.And a numerical integration method for the shear modulus solution was presented by means of iteration and numerical integration.Numerical computation results showed that this method was simple and practicable,which was convenient for determining input parameters when doing viscoelastic analysis using ANSYS and other softwares.This integration method that was originated from trapezoidal integration could be considered as a universal numerical integration method for solving the viscoelastic parameters of solid propellant.


"This report evaluated Texas Department of Transportation's (TxDOT) current sign retroreflectivity maintenance practices, assessed their effectiveness, and recommended statewide sign retroreflectivity maintenance practices that could be easily and effectively implemented to ensure that TxDOT would be in compliance with the new Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) language related to minimum sign retroreflectivity."


This paper presents the results of a program directed toward the development of an emitting device which can be used as a transfer standard over the 30 to 200 MHz frequency band [1]. This device can be used to define the differences in the measured EM field strength levels between various test sites involved in the performance of radiated emission measurements. The design, construction, and calibration are discussed, and preliminary results of its use as a transfer standard are given.


In this study, we present the location of the ferredoxin-binding site in photosystem I from spinach. Image analysis of negatively stained two-dimensional crystals indicates that the addition of ferredoxin and chemical cross-linkers do not significantly alter the unit cell parameters (for untreated photosystem I,a = 26.4 nm, b = 27.6 nm, and γ = 90°, space group p22121 and for ferredoxin cross-linked photosystem I, a = 26.2 nm,b = 27.2 nm, and γ = 90°, space group p22121). Fourier difference analysis reveals that ferredoxin is bound on top of the stromal ridge principally interacting with the extrinsic subunits PsaC and PsaE. This location would be accessible to the stroma, thereby promoting efficient electron transfer away from photosystem I. This observation is significantly different from that of the ferredoxin binding site proposed for cyanobacteria. A model for the binding of ferredoxin in vascular plants is proposed and is discussed relative to observations in cyanobacteria.


The most important problem in the risk analysis of slope is how to predict an unstable slope. In this paper, a method of evaluation for the risk degree of slope failures is described by the application of Hayashi's quantification method III, which is a mathematical-statistical method in order to convert qualitative data into quantitative relations. The investigated area is Sakurajima volcano located in the center of Kagoshima Bay, southern Kyushu, Japan. Taking engineering aspects into consideration, the basic data relevant to slope stability were obtained on topographic and geotechnical conditions, land utilization and vegetation in a fixed unit area overlaied with the mesh of 250m square.8 items and 33 categories are chosen as the factors of characterizing the unit area. The collected data are categorical, that is, non-numerical and qualitative, data, which can be quantified by the use of a suitable computer program based on the theory of quantification. Numerical values given to each category for the quantification are elements of eigenvectors, which are obtained from vector equation, corresponding to eigenvalues which are obtained from characteristic matrix. According to the relative distance between a couple of categories which can be calculated by elements of eigenvectors, each category is grouped into five classes, which are given the score of risk degree estimated by the values from 0 to 4. The rank of risk level is determined from the total scores of risk degree and finally a classification map of risk level of slope is presented.The remarkable feature of this paper is that the score of risk degree for categorical data of slopes was determined theoretically by the grouping classification using a mathematical-statistical approach. Moreover, it is greatly interested to note that the informations of slope failures are not always required in applying the method III to the prediction of risk degree of slope.


Spending your days examining mouse diarrhea is not most people's idea of a worthwhile endeavor; but, at least for Toivola et al. ([page 911][1]), the activity has proven highly productive. By doing so, they have uncovered a possible protein sorting function for intestinal keratin 8 (K8), the major


Today's society called information society, grows rapidly and undergoes changes in the sources of information under the Information Technology and Communication ("tics"), in this situation it is necessary to develop tools or reference sources that allow the (to) user (a) the accessibility and use of information. It systematized information on the Meritorious Citizen of the Fatherland and Honor that is Costa Rica, since 1847 to 2008, due to its contribution to culture, science, recreation, among others. The overall objective of this research was to make a work print and digital reference, which will collect each of the biographies and works written by (as) Benefactors (as) of the country and citizens (as) of Honor and to facilitate access to information and strengthen outreach conducted by the Library "Victor Manuel Sanabria Martinez" of the Legislature, through its publications, exhibitions and related activities, to publicize its documentary. The variables used for this investigation were:-sources (primary and secondary), Organization of information - tools in various documentation centers and libraries. This was carried out a questionnaire, which was structured in the Excel program, aimed at (as) directors (as) or officers (as) in different libraries and documentation centers, and visits to selected sites for search and selection information. It is important to spread this final graduation in different public and school libraries in the country, since history and culture rescues national, who gave identity to the Costa Rican people. The systematization made by a thematic CD-ROM, provide accessibility to all (as) the (as) citizens (as) who access the Internet through the website of the Legislative Assembly Library and other state institutions wishing through a hyperlink on your "web", to refer the same.


Porous ceramics have received wide recognition in industrial applications as a filter to
trap particulates, ions and gases. Nevertheless, considerable attention has been given to improve
its treatment capability in the exhaust emission control technology. This research focuses on the
application of porous ceramic/zeolite filter on the exhaust system of 1300 cc gasoline engine.
Emission analysis on four compositions of filters has been investigated and the comparison is
made to the standard ceramic catalytic converter available in the market. A filter with the
composition of 90 vol.% alumina, 10 vol.% zeolite with additional 50 vol.% yeast exhibits
significant results in reducing both hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). Other filters also work effectively towards HC treatment but the reduction of CO only obviously improves above 1800 rpm. Further experiments indicate the use of filter independently has outperformed
other configurations by presenting the lowest normalized emission for CO and HC. Therefore, porous ceramic/zeolite filter has shown its outstanding potential to improve the emission performance of gasoline engine.


The change of the act of youngsters is one of the important reasons,which causes the juvenile delinquency.We can find by analyzing the change of youngsters' acts that the change of aesthetic conceptions is an outstanding factor.


OBJECTIVE:To construct a tissue microarray for the study of human brain glioma on the molecular mechanism of tumorigenesis and malignant progression,and study the expression of CyclinB1 in tissues/cells related to the tumorigenesis and malignant progression of human brain glioma and its clinicopathological features.METHODS:A tissue array was amstracted,and a Envision was applied in immunohistochemistrical staining to examine the expression of CyclinB1 in the tissue microarray,and the clinicopathological features of human brain gliomas tissues/cells were analyzed.RESULTS:The positive expression of CyclinB1 was almost in the nuclear.The positive expression rate of 71 cases of human brain glioma tissues was 52.1%,and the difference was significant statistically compared with that of normal adult brain tissues(18.2%),χ2=5.15,P0.05.The positive expression rates of CyclinB1 in all grades of human brain glioma were 11.2%(grade Ⅰ),44.0%(grade Ⅱ),65.2%(grade Ⅲ)and 71.4%(grade Ⅳ),respectively,which were positively correlated with the pathologic grades,r=0.959,P0.05.The positive expression rates of CyclinB1 in SHG44 cells and GBM cells were higher than those in the neural stem cells and brain tumor stem cells,χ2=9.60,P0.01.Over-expression of CyclinB1 was observed in the human fetal brain tissues,implanted xenografts of nude mice and normal nude mouse bone marrows.CONCLUSIONS:CyclinB1 is related to the malignant progression of human brain glioma.The overexpression of CyclinB1 can be one good mark showing the proliferative ability of human brain glioma cells and determining the clinical stage of human brain glioma.


Monitoring body kinematics and analyzing posture and gesture is an area of major importance in bioengineering and several other connected disciplines such as rehabilitation, sport medicine, and ergonomics. In particular, the knowledge of the position of joints ensures the possibility to remotely describe the posture, and may consent the participation of remote operator to certain performance executed by a subject wearing a sensing garment, including the possibility to tele-rehabilitate patients in their own environment. The aim of this paper is to present a wearable system able to reveal the status of body kinematic chains. In particular a sensing glove developed to detect the posture of the hand is presented.


To find out the effects of fertilization and fertilization time on the survival rate and tree growth of young Pinus massoniana, a study was carried out on the mountain red soil sites derived from granite at Fubo Experimental Farm of Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry of CAF, in Pingxiang city of Guangxi Autonomous Region from 1991 to 2002. The results showed that there was an evident influence on the survival rate of %Pinus massoniana% by fertilization Variance Analysis showed that there were extremely significant differences among the treatments. By means of Multiple Comparison, it was found that the survival rate of the young trees fertilized with NP, PK and NPK as basal fertilizers was significant lower than CK. Based on the 12 years' successively determined data, the growth curves showed that fertilization had long time effect on the growth of the young %Pinus massoniana% and the better treatments at the beginning would continue to maintain predominance in the end. Variance Analysis of the growth increment data observed for 11 years, showed that there were not significant differences among treatments except their stand volume. The effects of the different treatments on the growth of %Pinus massoniana% were different. The best fertilizer treatment was P-2(P-2O-5:100 kg5hm+{-2}), in which the tree height, DBH and stand volume increased by 3^75%, 14^17% and 33^60% respectively than those of CK. The optimum time was P among all the time treatments, in which the tree height, DBH and stand volume increased by 3^98%, 27^57% and 45^76% respectively than those of CK. Furthermore, the stand volume of Pe treatment was significant higher than that of CK.


Introduced vertebrates have a variety of impacts on ecosystems and economies, and many cause problems for humans. One such problem is the loss of electrical power when invasive animals cause short circuits in power-transmission equipment. Cuban treefrogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) are known to cause power outages and are a nuisance to humans when they invade homes and defecate on doors and windows. These large, slightly toxic treefrogs were introduced into Florida from the Caribbean. They now occur throughout the peninsula of Florida and are spreading to other states in the Southeast. We used refugechoice experiments to test the effectiveness of Sniff 'n' StopTM animal deterrent to exclude Cuban treefrogs from enclosed spaces, such as utility switchgear boxes. We found that the deterrent was effective and showed potential as a low-cost means to prevent frog-related power outages and reduce confl icts with residents in the urbanized areas preferred by these invasive frogs.


Solomon W. Golomb was born into an intellectually gifted family in Baltimore, MD. His father, a polyglot, was a professor at Baltimore Hebrew College and Sol grew up speaking several European and Middle Eastern languages. In adulthood he would add at least two East Asian languages to the point of being able to lecture in both. With this background he was also expert in the etymology of numerous words and expressions in a variety of language families and he never missed an opportunity to so enlighten conversation with friends and colleagues.


Object detection and tracking from airborne imagery draws attention to the parallel development of UAV systems and computer vision technologies. Aerial imagery has its own unique challenges that differ from the training set of modern-day object detectors, since it is made of images of larger areas compared to the regular datasets and the objects are very small on the contrary. These problems do not allow us to use common object detection models. The main purpose of this paper is to make modifications to the Faster-RCNN (FRCNN) model, then leverage it for small object detection and tracking from the aerial imagery. It is aimed to use both spatial and temporal information from the image sequence, as appearance information alone is insufficient. The anchors in the Region Proposal Network (RPN) stage will be adjusted for small objects. Also, intersection over union (IoU) is optimized for small objects. After improving detection performance, The DeepSORT algorithm is inserted right after the Region of Interest (ROI Head) to track the objects. The results show that the proposed model has good performance on the VisDrone-2019 dataset. Detection performance becomes considerably better than the original FRCNN and the algorithms that are evaluated in the VisDrone-2019 VID challenge. After completing the proposed modifications, the AP-AP50 values reached 14.07-29.41 from 8.08-18.70, which means approximately 75% improvement.


ABSTRACT This study is concerned with the problem of event-based fault detection (FD) filter design for interval type-2 fuzzy systems in a network environment. Firstly, by employing the properties of exponential function, a novel adaptive event-triggering mechanism (AETM) where the boundedness of threshold function is guaranteed and the size of threshold function is inversely proportional to the size of 2-norm of the sampled-output-error is proposed to dynamically adapt the variation of the system and to reduce the unnecessary information communication between the sensor and the filter. Secondly, in the framework of time-delay systems, the FD system with a networked filter and an AETM is modelled as an interval time-varying delayed system. Then, a sufficient condition to implement co-design of the parameters of filter and trigger is obtained by applying a simple Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals, combined with recently developed Wirtinger-based integral inequality and reciprocally convex inequality, and utilising congruent transformation method. Thirdly, based on the obtained co-design condition, an optimisation algorithm subject to convex constraints for the tradeoffs between resource utilisation and performance of the FD system is further developed. Finally, two numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.


In cases where there is compression or indentation of the neural structures, the symptoms are relatively acute. When there is instability in the absence of direct neural compression by the odontoid process, or the instability is central or axial, the symptoms are longstanding or chronic in nature. Majority of musculoskeletal and neural responses in such cases are protective in nature, designed to protect the neural structures and stall or delay neurological defi cits.[8,9]


Source code transformation is a way in which source code of a program is transformed by observing any operation for generating another or nearly the same program. This is mostly performed in situations of piracy where the pirates want the ownership of the software program. Various approaches are being practiced for source code transformation and code obfuscation. Researchers tried to overcome the issue of modifying the source code and prevent it from the people who want to change the source code. Among the existing approaches, software birthmark was one of the approaches developed with the aim to detect software piracy that exists in the software. Various features are extracted from software which are collectively termed as "software birthmark." Based on these extracted features, the piracy that exists in the software can be detected. Birthmarks are considered to insist on the source code and executable of certain programming languages. The usability of software birthmark can protect software by any modification or changes and ultimately preserve the ownership of software. The proposed study has used machine learning algorithms for classification of the usability of existing software birthmarks in terms of source code transformation. The K-nearest neighbors (K-NN) algorithm was used for classification of the software birthmarks. For cross-validation, the algorithms of decision rules, decomposition tree, and LTF-C were used. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed research.


Through the processing analysis of a variational-wall-thickness shell,according to its processing characteristics,the numerical simulation software Deform 3D is used to simu- late each work step.The strain and stress distributions in the deforming process are analyzed. The defects probably emerged in deforming process are predicted.It increases utilization ratio of the blank and protects equipments effectively.


Thi's experiment was designed to answer two questions: (.1) Is relaxation training a necessary element in th_e reduction of phobic anxiety responses? and (2) Does re·ciprocal inhibition by reJ.axation constitute the most viable conceptual basis for the successful operation of desensitization therapy, as compared to alternative interpretations investigated? An equal number of freshman and sophomore college students were assigned to one of three experimental groups and a control group ~ Reciprocal Inhibition, Habituation, Facilitation, and Control). Treatment effects were evaluated with regard to reduction of snake-phobic anxiety by way of two physiological measures ( skin conductance and respiration ) and a behavioral measure ( approach test ). Significant F ratios were obtained for skin conductance scores (p (.05) under the Habituation condition and for approach test scores (p < .01) -under the Facilitation condition. It was concluded that relaxation training, although possibly functioning as a facilitation agent, is not a necessary element in the desensitization of anxiety responses, since ~s not undergoing training were seen to .manifest significant fear reduction. i·urther, it must be concluded that' the comparative effectiveness of the treatments employed is a function of the measure being taken, be it physiological or behavioral. With reference to future research, depending upon what aspect of fear is to be measured, i.e., skin conductance recordings or the approach to a feared object, investigators should select that method which has been shown to be maximally effective in modifying that aspect of fear.


The main contribution of this work is to provide a dynamic general equilibrium model of asset allocation, allowing to reconcile economic theory with several puzzling contradictions recently pointed out in the literature: (i) the asset allocation puzzle, (ii) the observed timevariation in aggregate portfolio holdings and (iii) the occurrence of twin peaks in equity and house prices. In this approach, compared to the existing literature, the main difference stems from the fact that, in addition to consumption and dividends, both prices and portfolio decisions are allowed to be endogenously determined within a general equilibrium framework. Secondly, real estate is introduced into the analysis, labor supply is allowed to be endogenously determined and macroeconomic shocks are the main source of riskiness.


The paper by Klyviene examines the prospects for budgetary policy in Lithuania. It evaluates the recent evolution of public debt and provides estimates concerning contingent liabilities. The paper also examines demographic trends and points to a sizeable increase in the dependency ratio. It also presents alternative scenarios concerning the balance of the State Social Insurance Fund and their implications for public debt. The paper shows that public debt is currently rather low and the conditions of the Fund in the coming years are expected to be rather favourable. However, demographic trends are likely to determine sizeable deficits and an increase in the debt level. The deficit of the State Social Insurance Fund will also be increased by the introduction of the second funded pillar. Klyviene points to the need to introduce further pension reforms, such as extending the coverage of the system and further increasing retirement age.


The Nu-Salween River is one of the most important international rivers in Southeast Asia. Ecological changes in the Nu River in China are of concern given China's increasing development. This paper uses a great deal of data to analyse the ecological changes of the Nu River basin over 40 years. Key conclusions are: policies were the primary driver of ecological changes; population growth was the secondary driver, leading to an increase in the sown area of 29.88%; in 1968–2000, sediment load showed an obvious increasing tend, and it was mainly influenced by natural elements first, then by human activities second.


A catheter having a multilayer soft tip that can be easily bonded is provided. A balloon catheter (10) has a soft tip member (15). The tip member (15) includes a non-stick inner (liner) layer material (33) and a soft, flexible outer layer material (34). Both of these materials can easily be thermally bonded to the catheter balloon.


Objective: To explore 3D visualization images of the circulating areas of muscle meridian,focal point and muscle meridian processed by computer graphics and image processing techniques. Methods: According to the distribution rule and statistical data of KOA muscle meridian lesions,to establish collecting program of two dimension. To turn two dimension data into visualized medical human knee joint 3D images based on the center of Maya computer grahicsworkflow.Results: The high- precise 3D Visualization of medical images has reached a practical stage by using a grand 3D imaging software,and other computer imaging software production workflow. By building 3D model of extreme exact knee joint and muscle tissue around,the study result of KOA muscle meridian focus was composited to visualized medical human knee joint 3D images used computer graphics technique. Conclusion: The technique of computer 3D visualization provides a scientific reference for 3D visualization diagnostic analysis for diagnosing disease conditions and selecting treating methods in TCM clinical.


The work is devoted to the analysis of the concept of «illegal arms trafficking». The opinions of various authors are studied, as well as the author's interpretation of this concept is given. The article presents the opinions of various authors. Regarding the classification of crimes in the field of illegal arms trafficking, the author's position is also indicated. illegal arms trafficking should be understood as a violation of the rules for handling weapons, both prohibited and permitted for circulation, established by criminal legislation. Illegal arms trafficking is a crime under art. 222, 222.1, 223, 223.1, 224, 225, 226, 226.1 (regarding the smuggling of explosives, firearms or their main parts, explosive devices, ammunition, weapons of mass destruction, their means of delivery, other weapons, other military equipment, as well as materials and equipment that can be used in the creation of weapons of mass destruction, their means of delivery, other weapons, other military equipment), 348, 349 and 355 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.


Background 131 I-metaiodobenzylguanidine ( 131 I-MIBG) can be intaked by cardiac sympathetic postganglionic fibre, thus becomes the imaging agent to evaluate cardiac sympathetic nerve function. The aim of this study is to investigate the autonomic nerve dysfunction of patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) by using cardiac  131 I-MIBG scintigraphy.  Methods Clinical data of 12 MSA patients conforming to the "secord consensus statement on the diagnosis of MSA" was analyzed by Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale (UMSARS).  131 I-MIBG scintigraphy was performed in 12 MSA patients and 7 age-matched controls. Planar images of the chest were obtained 15 min, 4 h and 24 h after the intravenous injection of 3 mCi 13 131 I-MIBG. Cardiac  131 I-MIBG uptake was quantified by comparing region of interest (ROI) over heart/mediastinum (H/M) ratio.  Results Cardiac 131 131 I-MIBG uptake ratio in MSA group was significantly less than that in control group in 15 min (1.90 ± 0.41 vs 2.38 ± 0.32, P = 0.017) and 4 h (1.96 ± 0.63 vs 2.60 ± 0.55, P = 0.039). There were significant difference ( P < 0.05) between MSA group and control group.  Conclusions Cardiac  131 I-MIBG uptake ratio in MSA group was less than that in control group. This finding suggests cardiac sympathetic degeneration may occur in MSA patients. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2014.03.018