Having come thus far we are now and at this point made to face another problem, which is important and not without interest. It is contained in this: 'how have we the idea of liberty if such liberty do not exist? How do we believe ourselves free if we are determined in our every act?» There are several philosophers who have written on this point. Their aim has been chiefly to conciliate determinism and responsibility. What reason there is for doing this I do not know. Is it that they do not wish science to take from governments and from powers the only and sacred right of and reason for inflicting penalties upon men? Or is it a certain fear of the new, a certain remnant of respect for the old and warmly cherished ideas which are generally, if not entirely, wrong? Now the idea of liberty is either legitimate or it is not. If it be an idea, truly and purely a simple idea, it is, ipso facto, legitimate, and liberty is a truth (fact). Or on the other hand it is only by name an idea, that is, an intuition, of the nature of those of time, of space, of colour, or, still better of those of good and of beautiful. In this latter case since it is not an intuition, it must be the result of reasoning. We shall now consider both these theories. In the first place, free-will has not the characteristic quality of intuition, simplicity. An intuition cannot be defined. What colour is, what space is, we cannot say; if we define them, we do so wrongly and in terms of the thing defined.


In this paper, the principle on digital image watermark is introduced and a method based on concrete DCT is proposed, in which a two-dimensional image is used as watermark. The simulation shows that the method is feasible.


Comparison and evaluation of root ability,growth of seedlings,height and ground diameter and the main genetic parameter estimation showed that between different clones existed genetic differences.The seedling height and ground diameter were much higher than the check,and the changing range of height and diameter was more.The heritability of tree height and ground diameter were,respectively,83.6% and 86.8%,and the rootability heritability was 90.2%,that showed genetic stability.Among the clones,No.0086,No.0006,No.0012 and No.0216 were thought outstanding ones.


The extended dynamical mean field equations are analyzed using semiclassical methods for a model describing an interacting Fermi-Bose system. We compare the semiclassical approach with the exact quantum Monte Carlo method. We found the transition to an ordered state to be of the first order for any dimension below four.


Data extracted from dynamic distributions for realworld applications lead to a phenomenon called concept drift. Term concept in "concept drift" primarily refers to an unseen dependency or correlation between input attributes and target variables. There are various factors responsible for the drift in the concept. Such as random noise, change in the distributions of incoming streaming data, variations in the dependency of target variable on input features. This hitch could encounter when the dependency and relationship between input data attributes and target variables would vary gradually. So, the model must be capable of processing this data efficiently and swiftly adapt to these variations. This paper presents an outline of the concept drift research field and provides a review of various kinds of approaches adopted by researchers for mitigating issues related to concept drift.


The accession of Poland to the Euro Zone is a necessary, strategic condition, causing far-reaching consequences for the economy as a whole, but also for individual market participants. The purpose of this article is to show the nature of the commercial activity of small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) in the context of the impact of Polish accession to the euro zone trade with third countries and EU Member State. The analysis goal is to indicate if the introduction of common currency affects the size of SMEs' trade with the countries of the European Union, the Schengen area and the euro area.


Experimental investigations are conducted to determine the mechanism and characteristics of a jet in an L-shape crossflow simulating the radial swirl injector of a lean premixed-prevaporized (LPP) combustor. To simplify the radial flow of the actual injector while ignoring the centrifugal effect, the L-shaped 2D-channel is used for the crossflow, and water is used as a fuel simulant. The jet breakup is captured using a high-speed camera, and the density gradient magnitude is post-processed to clarify the spray. The Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the spray is measured via a laser diffraction method with a helium–neon laser optical system (HELOS). The characteristics of the jet in the L-shape crossflow are compared with the characteristics of the jet in a typical crossflow through the flat channel. The results for different outlet heights of the L-shape channel (H/d0) and different injector positions (L/d0) are presented. A dimensionless number (τ) consisting of a time ratio is introduced to describe the jet characteristics. In a previous work, the spraying tendency was demonstrated for different injector positions. In addition, the effect of the recirculation area on H/d0 was empirically shown. H/d0 determines the size of the recirculation area, and the range of τ determines the jet breakup mechanism inside the L-shape channel. The results of this study present the breakup mechanism of the jet in the L-shape channel flow, which simulates a jet in a radial swirler injector for gas turbine engines. It is expected that these results can be used to assist in designing gas turbine engines with more combustion efficiency.


The December page is devoted to IEEE Communications Society Awards and the Awards Committee that receives the nominations and processes them to identify the recipients. ComSoc Awards are meant to honor colleagues who in some ways, either via scientific/technical contributions or exemplary services, have reached significant, widely recognized achievements in our telecommunications community. Owing to their high significance and value, they need to be awarded through a fair and transparent process, and this is the essential, yet difficult and heavy task of the Awards Committee. It is my pleasure to introduce Lajos Hanzo, the Chair of the IEEE Communications Society Awards Committee, who will describe the awards and the procedure followed by the Awards Committee.


The purpose of this research is to find out how the community consumptionpatterns towards goods credit and what are the factors that affect farmersconsumption patterns towards goods of household credit in Jorong Koto TuoKenagarian Koto Tuo Kecamatan Harau Kabupaten 50 Kota. This type ofresearch are used by quantitative descriptive approach with the method ofquestionnaire. The result of the research shows that consumption patterns as seenfrom the relationship of the level of consumption patterns against income that isclassified as being idr 500.000 to idr 1.000.000 per month. It is influenced byseveral factors, among which the most dominant to its ease in credit payments andthe acquisition of goods. From this data are expected to research the resultsobtained can be a reference for consumers to reconsider the use of the creditservices in accordance with the consumer income.


How to distinguish gifted children has been a disputed question in the field of children's psychology. Compared with other means, WISCIII which has advantages of its own is an effective means to distinguish gifted children. But some of the problems arising in the course of implementation should not be overlooked. And to this question this paper gives a careful treatment.


Unit Commitment problem (UC) is a large family of mathematical optimization problems usually either match the energy demand at minimum cost or maximize revenues from energy production. This paper proposes a new approach for solving Unit Commitment problem using the EADPSODV technique. In PSODV, the appropriate mutation factor is selected by applying Ant Colony search procedure in which internally a Genetic Algorithm (GA) is employed in order to develop the necessary Ant Colony parameters. In EADPSODV method the advantageous part is that, for determining the most feasible configuration of the control variables in the Unit Commitment. An initial observation and verification of the suggested process is carried on a 10-unit system which is extended to 40-unit system over a stipulated time horizon (24hr). The outcomes attained from the proposed EADPSODV approach indicate that EADPSODV provides effective and robust solution of Unit Commitment.


We describe two prototypes from the Baby Tango project: electronic textile toys that enable soft, tangible, full-body interaction. It presents interaction techniques that bridge the physical, the digital, and the social, as well as a case study in constructing interactive composite textiles. Given that the softness of the toy is a central design constraint, most of the circuit, including the sensors, is embroidered directly on the surface of the artifact using technical threads (with varying electro-mechanical properties) and a digital embroidery/laying machine. This submission includes design and technical details, as well as initial interaction design scenarios. The next steps of this project will explore how these toys could support the development of empathy in toddlers through embodied play. Further work is needed in order to develop background research, collaborations with early childhood researchers, as well as empirical studies. Future work will include the development of these studies; iterating aspects of interaction and play through participatory design; and improving technical design to focus on reliability, robustness, and durability.


Class Versus Industry Cleavages: Inter-Industry Factor Mobility and the Politics of Trade by Michael J. Hiscox Domestic political conflict has been a constant companion to international trade, but the nature of that conflict has varied greatly in Western democracies over the last two centuries. Political battles over trade policy appear to have sometimes divided societies along broad class lines and at other times split them into narrow industry-based coalitions. I argue that this diversity stems from historical and cross-national variation in inter-industry factor mobility. Class coalitions are more likely where factor mobility is high, whereas narrow, industrybased coalitions are more likely where mobility is low. Evidence from six Western economies for the last two centuries indicates that levels of factor mobility have varied historically and cross-nationally in accord with industrialization and regulation. This variation corresponds broadly with observable differences in the formation of trade policy coalitions. The Community Trap: Liberal Norms, Rhetorical Action, and the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union by Frank Schimmelfennig The decision of the European Union to expand to Central and Eastern Europe is a puzzle for rationalist intergovernmentalism. This approach to the study of European integration accounts for most of the preferences of the state actors and many characteristics of the intergovernmental bargaining process but fails to explain why it resulted in the opening of accession negotiations. I introduce the mechanism of rhetorical action in order to show how the supporters of enlargement succeeded in overcoming the superior material bargaining power of their opponents. Through the strategic use of arguments based on the liberal norms of the European international community, the "drivers" caught the "brakemen" in the community trap and, step by step, shamed them into acquiescing in Eastern enlargement. Institutions and Investors: The Politics of the Economic Crisis in Southeast Asia by Andrew Maclntyre I develop a systematic argument about the politics of the 1997-98 Asian economic crisis. I focus on institutions—specifically, the connection linking the institutional framework of national politics, the policy environment, and investment. I seek to resolve the tension between the literatures on credible policy commitment and policy flexibility, arguing that if either is severely undersupplied, the risk associated with the policy environment rises rapidly for investors. Building on a veto player framework, I develop a simple model of a U-shaped relationship between the number of veto players in a political system and policy risk to investors. Institutional vetoes on executive authority lower policy risk for investors but only up to a point, after which additional veto players promote unwelcome policy rigidity. I illustrate this using four cases: Thailand, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia, the four main Southeast Asian countries involved in the financial crisis. I argue that the institutional framework of national politics had a powerful and predictable influence on policy responses and investor reactions. Foreign Aid and Statehood in Africa by Arthur A. Goldsmith Has foreign aid destroyed state institutions in Africa? African states depend on development assistance to conduct basic government operations, yet few of these states are well governed or effective at providing public goods. The two trends, mounting foreign aid and static or diminishing state performance, raise an obvious question: Is aid dependency contributing to misrule and state failure in Africa? Many critics argue the two phenomena are related. I find they are not. My analysis fails to show a negative association between aid receipts and two measures of democracy and economic freedom. Instead, the evidence is consistent with a small, positive relationship between aid and these indicators of state performance. Since the international community seems bent on reducing foreign aid, an important issue is how African states can maintain and improve their performance with less foreign assistance. Liberal Social Reconstruction and the Resolution of Civil Wars in Central America by Mark Peceny and William Stanley The international community, in its efforts to overcome the security dilemmas that inhibit conflict resolution, need not always offer forceful security guarantees to combatants in civil wars. We argue that noncoercive, liberal international intervention can end civil wars. As suggested by a constructivist perspective and the insights of the democratic peace, the promotion of liberal democracy can successfully resolve civil wars by transforming the identities and institutions of the combatants. We develop this argument by examining the resolution of civil wars in Central America during the 1990s. Of the Central American cases, Nicaragua, the country subject to the strongest security guarantees, has been the least stable of the three. El Salvador and Guatemala, in contrast, have experienced more successful conflict resolution despite the lack of any forceful security guarantees by the international community. The termination of these civil wars can be best explained by the adherence of local actors to liberal democratic norms and institutions in response to a variety of international pressures and opportunities. Stabilizing the Peace After Civil War: An Investigation of Some Key Variables by Caroline Hartzell, Matthew Hoddie, and Donald Rothchild In the wake of negotiated settlements to civil wars, one critical problem involves reassuring people who have been killing one another that conflict is not about to break out again, endangering people's lives. Those concerned with the success of negotiated settlements have debated how best to enhance the prospects of a stable peace. We address this question by exploring variables that may explain the longevity of negotiated peace settlements. These variables are divided into two categories—one tapping into the potential effects of the environment in which settlements are negotiated and another focusing on the impact of settlement arrangements. On the basis of our analysis of thirty-eight civil war settlements negotiated between 1945 and 1998 we identify the environmental factors and institutional choices that affect the short-term stability of the peace following civil war.


Smartphones have started to take an essential place in every aspect of our lives with the developing technology. All kinds of transactions, from daily routine work to business meetings, payments, and personal transactions, started to be done via smartphones. Therefore, there is a significant amount of very important user information stored in these devices which makes them a target for malware developers. For these reasons, machine learning (ML) methods have been used to detect malicious software on android devices quickly and reliably. In this study, a machine learning-based Android malware detection system has been developed, optimized, and tested. To this end, firstly, the data in the dataset has been balanced with 3 different methods namely SMOTE, SMOTETomek and ClusterCentroids. Afterward, the obtained results have been tried to be optimized by using different feature selection approaches including mRMR, Mutual Information, Select From Model, and Select k Best. Finally, the most two successful methods from the five tested ML algorithms (i.e. RF, SVM, LR, XGBoost, and ETC) have been tuned using GridSearch, Random Search, and Bayesian Optimization algorithms in order to investigate the effects of hyperparameter tuning on the performance of ML algorithms.


In connection with a study of geographical differentiation in two species of Iris (Anderson 1928), an attempt has been made to work out their distribution in as great detail as possible. While the survey is not yet completed, it gives promise of contributing useful evidence as to vegetational changes in glacial and post-glacial times. Iris versicolor is a northern species, its distribution being roughly that of the northern coniferous forest. Iris virginica is a southern species which spreads up from the Gulf and the southern coastal plain to Virginia, Ohio, southern Michigan, and central Minnesota. At the western limits of their ranges, where the transition between northern coniferous forest and deciduous forest is a sharp one, the range of Iris versicolor coincides exactly with that of the white pine (Pinus Strobus). Figure 1. is compiled from my own collections and from records very kindly sent me by Prof. F. K. Butters of the Uni versity of Minnesota and by Prof. N. C. Fassett of the University of Wisconsin. It shows the western distribution of Iris versicolor in relation to that of the northern forest. Eastward, in Michigan, Ontario and Ohio, where the boundaries of the northern forest become less clearly defined, the ranges of Iris versicolor and Pinus Strobus show greater deviation though they are still essentially the same. 1 Contribution from the Univ. of Mich. Biological Station. Published with aid of a grant to Rhodora from the National Academy of Sciences.


Objective: to characterize the inter-hospital transfers of trauma victims performed by the Mobile Emergency Care Service. Method: descriptive, quantitative study, carried out with 204 trauma victim transfers, which took place from 2014 to 2019. An instrument was used to characterize the sociodemographic and transference. Descriptive data analysis was performed. Results: there was a predominance of transfers in January (14.70%), carried out in the night shift (42.2%), with male patients (83.3%), adults (73.5%), affected by a car accident (38.7%), destined for the city of Recife (61.2%). The most frequently performed procedure was peripheral venipuncture (25.5%) and the most commonly administered drugs were dipyrone (18.0%) and midazolam (18.0%). Conclusion: transfers of victims due to traumatic injuries occurred predominantly in January, during the night, with male, adult victims, victims of a car accident and peripheral venipuncture was the main procedure performed. DESCRIPTORS: Ambulances; First Aid; Emergency Medical Services; Patient Transport; Traumatology.


There has been significant recent interest in micro-nano robots operating in low Reynold's number fluidic environments. Even though recent works showed the success of controlling micro-nano robots, there are some limitations because of the tracking method. In this paper, we introduce and implement a feature-based tracking method (FTM). Scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) is a well-explored technique at much larger length scales for research fields regarding robotics and vision. Here, the technique is extensively investigated and optimized for microbiorobots (MBRs) in low Reynold's number environments. Also, we compare the FTM with the conventional tracking method for cells, which is known as the region-based tracking method (RTM). We clearly show that the FTM can track more accurate positions of the objects in comparison with the RTM in cases where objects are in close contact or overlapped. Also, we demonstrate that the FTM allows tracking microscopic objects even though illumination changes over time or portions of the object are occluded or outside the field of view.


Through reviewing the literatures published from 2003 to 2013,this article analyzed and summarized the regularity and characteristics of the diagnosis criteria,acupoint selection,and clinical control in the clinical studies on acupuncture-moxibustion for osteoporosis.


Culture of Spirulina maxima utilizing beer wastewater was studied.Effects of composition of beer wastewater,nitrogen,density of algae,and luminance et al on growth and content of protein in Spirulina maxima was determined.Results showed that the relative growth rate of algae cultured in aerated beer wastewater is the same as that cultured in a CFTRI medium.Algae protein content reaches its peak on the6 th day,at0.2886g/g dry weight smaller than that cultured in a CFTRI medium.In order to optimize algae culture in aerated beer wastewater,wastewater pH must be adjusted with NaOH,density of algae should be53.8mg/L,luminance1000~10000lx and urea,sodium bicarbonate or aeration must be added8hours per day.The research also suggested that protein content of the algae cultured in beer wastewater treated by PSB,was0.4825g/g dry weight on the3 rd day,the same as that cultured in CFTRI medium.Optimim algae culture conditions using beer wastewater treated by PSB are wastewater pH adjusted to7.0and volume rate of wastewater to PSB maintained at3:1.


With gradual commercialization of transgenic crops, the safety of transgenic crops is becoming a public focus. The application and security of selective marker genes in multi-transfer system of transgenic program and the ways of excising those genes are discussed in the paper.


This talk is based on work made with L. Magnea and R. Russo [1]. We give an explicit expression of the multiloop partition function of open bosonic string theory in the presence of a constant gauge field strength. The Schottky parametrization allows to perform the field theory limit, which at two-loop level reproduces the Euler-Heisenberg effective action for adjoint scalars minimally coupled to the background gauge field. String theory achievements are very impressive: maybe the most important is that the consistency between quantum mechanics and special relativity in the description of the motion of a string implies the presence of gravitons (and of their supersimmetric partners) and therefore yields a consistent quantum theory of (super)gravity. But the richness (and the problems) of string theory as a fundamental theory cannot be discussed now; here we will take a much more modest attitude just looking to string theory as a natural and very fruitful embedding for Quantum Field Theory; open strings, in particular, represent a natural generalization of charged particles since they couple, through their endpoints, to gauge fields. A peculiar feature of this embedding is open-closed string duality: exchanging the role of the worldsheet coordinates τ and σ, an annulus spanned by the time evolution of an open string can also be seen as a cylinder described by free propagation of a closed string. This property has far reaching consequences as it relates gravity (described by closed strings) with Yang Mills theories (open strings); here we will use it only as a technical device for computing open string amplitudes not otherwise accessible.


The present invention is an organic thin film transistor: s (OTFT organic thin film transistor), a method of manufacturing the same and thus use a shadow mask, and more specifically to active matrix-matrix a plurality of organic thin film arranged in a geometry transistors on the substrate for display is, the present invention relates to the production method and the shadow mask to be used for it. An object of the present invention to provide a substrate having a plurality of organic thin film transistor, which requires a simpler manufacturing process, compared to the organic thin film transistor element of the current technology. Another object of the invention is to provide a manufacturing method of an organic thin film transistor, in particular a plurality of organic thin film transistor array on a substrate, the matrix circuit or which require a low cost. A further object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus which can manufacture a plurality of organic thin film transistor arranged on a low cost substrate. Channels of semiconducting material (1) between the in one aspect of the invention, each of the drain electrode (2a) and source electrode (2), and a gate electrode 4 and a drain electrode (2a) and source electrode (2) 11, there is provided a substrate 5 having a plurality of thin film transistors having a, the electrodes of adjacent transistors minimum distance (L) between drain electrode (2a) and source electrode (2) of a transistor (2 , 2a), channel (11 a minimum distance (M) or the substrate (5) other wires and electrodes (2, smaller than the minimal distance (M) between 2a), a thin film semiconductor material (1) of the transistor in between ) is the minimum distance between the back formed by a semiconductor element (1) in a regular pattern 12, the maximum size (D) of the semiconductor element 1 has the electrodes of adjacent pairs (pair) (2, 2a) (M) the minimum distance (L) between (or other wires and electrodes (2, 2a) the minimum distance between the substrate 5) than a small one pairs of drain electrodes (2a) and source electrode (2) of the (pair) than Even equal. A semiconductor element, a source electrode, a drain electrode, a gate electrode pattern, hexagon-shape, a circular shape


Objective
The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and risk factors of electrical storms (ES)in patients who received implantable cardioverter defibrillator(ICD).

Methods
We retrospectively assessed 134 ICD patients' medical records and ICD programmed records.ES was defined as the occurrence of three or more ventricular tachyarrhythmia episodes that needs ICD therapy.

Results
seventeen point four percent of the patients experienced at least one ES episode.In most ES cases, the index arrhythmia was ventricular tachycardia.Compared with non-ES patients, ES patients had depressed left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF 0.48±0.13 vs.0.40±0.09, P=0.04), enlarged left ventricular diameter[(56.2±9.5)mm vs.(60.8±7.9)mm, P=0.03], insufficient use of β-blocker(91.8% vs.71.8%, P=0.01). And ES episode could increase the risk of combined incidence of mortality and heart transplantation.

Conclusion
ES events are not rare in a ' real-world' patient population with ICDs.It is most likely to occur in patients with lower LVEF, and insufficient use of β-blocker would increase the risk of ES.

Key words:
Implantable cardioverter defibrillation; Electrical storm; Ventricular tachyarrhythmia


Accurate forecast of electric load provides scientific grounds for national departments to plan how to produce electric power or how to use it and it also benefits the maintenance and construction plan of power grid to improve power supply security. Now the demand of electric power in Beijing increases yearly due to sustained economic development, the electric-load-forecast is practical for Beijing to prepare future development of its electric power. This paper selected 1973~2008 data of Beijing to test the causality between economy and electric load. Then it established equation based on cointegration theory to forecast electric load in future years.


Abstract The expediency of using probability‐based approaches in the analysis of beams subjected to lateral‐torsional buckling is discussed. The values of buckling resistance moments and their uncertainties for rolled and equivalent welded I sections as particular members of the designed structures are analyzed. The safety margins of buckling steel sections exposed to permanent and variable vertical loads are modeled. The survival probability and reliability index of sections exposed to lateral‐torsional buckling are considered. The prediction of probability‐based safety of rolled and welded beams in buildings and civil engineering works are provided and illustrated by numerical examples.


On the basis of a theoretical model deduced from previous research, this study investigated how the background variables of preschool teachers affected their job satisfaction and job burnout through intervening variables such as job characteristics and organization climate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of related factors and then to explore the influence mechanism that possibly existed among these variables. The statistical methods, consisting of factor analysis, multiple regression analysis and path analysis, were employed to analyze the results of a questionnaire gathered from 327 respondents who were all teachers of public and private kindergartens and preschools in Hualien District. The results of this study were shown as follows: (1) The intervening variables, job characteristics and organization climate, had significant effects on job satisfaction and job burnout; (2) Based on the results that job satisfaction was mainly affected by the intervening variables, not directly caused by the background variables, this study strongly supported the theoretical model accounting for the job satisfaction and job burnout among these preschool teachers. Finally, according to the results, practical suggestions to promote job satisfaction and effectively reduce job burnout were proposed for educational management and future studies.


The paper focuses on the problems that block the further development of legal aid and puts farward some practical ways of raising the fund and its management.


The study of the liquid–liquid extraction of gadolinium (Gd(III) ion) with a chelating compound, 4-benzoyl-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (HP), and the determination of the process parameters are presented by employing two ionic liquids, namely, ([C1Cnim+][Tf2N−], n = 4, 10) and CHCl3, as diluents. Compared to CHCl3, the ionic liquid offers increased distribution ratios in an aqueous medium. A step forward, enhanced solvent extraction, and improved separation upon the addition of ethylene glycol are demonstrated, i.e., a boost of two immiscible organic phases, compared to traditional aqueous solutions. However, this is noticeable when using CHCl3, but unfortunately not with ionic liquid combination, [C1C10im+][Tf2N−]. Several conclusions are given, highlighting the role of the ionic diluent in complexation processes and selectivity with an employment of the chelating agent HP for various metal s-, p-, d-, and f-cations, i.e., nearly 25 metals. A detailed evaluation of the selectivity between these metals was made when changing both the aqueous phase completely with ethylene glycol or partially with glycerol (1:1). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has been used to study the established chemical species in the obtained organic extracts, such as Gd3+, Fe3+, Cu2+, and Cr3+, with unpaired electrons.


By minimizing the total energy within the density-functional method we determined lattice parameters, atom positions, interatomic forces, and electronic structure of the new $\mathrm{Pu}\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{5}$ superconductor. The on-site Coulomb repulsion $U$ and Hund's exchange $J$ lead to changes in the electronic structure, particularly near the Fermi energy, and to a better agreement between the calculated and experimental geometries. Using this ab initio input, the phonon dispersion relations are determined and classified by their symmetries. Phonon densities of states and the lattice heat capacity are discussed. Using individual contributions due to all optical modes at the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ point we estimate electron-phonon coupling $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\sim}0.7$ which does not suffice to explain the observed value of ${T}_{c}$ and suggests that electronic interactions also play a role in the pairing mechanism.


The Buru tetralogy consists of Bumi Manusia, Anak Semua Bangsa, Jejak Langkah, and Rumah Kaca. The fourth novel has coherence and similarity of themes, namely the domination of indigenous resistance Java feudalism (priyayi) and Dutch colonial, indigenous colonial antiracism culture and the birth of Indies culture (East and West). The objective of this research is to describe 1) the discourse of the blending of Eastern and Western cultures orientalism; 2) representation of Indigenous and Colonial as a consequence of the relationship between the colonized and the colonizers by using the post-colonial theory. The method of this research is the qualitative-interpretation-understanding (verstehen-hermeneutic-qualitative). The Cue of the power relations between East and West is characterized by the interaction of Western and Eastern cultures, known as the seven cultural universal. Meanwhile, repression between colonized and colonizer is revealed on exclusion and racial disparities felt by Natives in European society. Therefore, Orientalism as a reference to identify on the East, as the Indonesian identity has weaknesses, advantages, strangeness, and exotic causing the East is unmatched.


Objective To observe the effects of aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) on prognosis of patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Methods The changes of PWV with the decreasing blood pressure in 52 patients aged (62 ± 13)years undergoing maintenance hemodialysis were monitored for (17 ± 9) months. BP was controlled by adjusting patient′s dry weight. Results 12 deaths occurred, including 7 from cardiovascular complications and 5 from other complications. Cox analyses suggested that maintenance of PWV in response to a decrease in BP, increased left ventricular volume, age, and preexisting cardiovascular disease were the independent factors for affecting mortality rate which were not dependent on the changes of BP. The risk ratio of death was 0.288 in those with maintenance of PWV responsive to a decline in BP (95% CI 0.084 to 0.987,P 0.05). Conclusion Nonsignificant changes in aortic PWV with a declining BP can be used as a predictor for the long-term mortality in patients with ESRF undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.


This research is about respondents 1 behavior toward savings and deposits at public banks in Surabaya during the recapitalization period. The respondents of this research are those retail customers who own savings and / or deposits at public banks in Surabaya and who are personally responsible for making decisions for their money situation. In this research, the writer uses primary data which is obtained through questionnaires and direct interviews with retail customers so they are believed to be the appropriate respondents. Next, through the data collected, the writer applies descriptive analysis and comparison of means analysis uses Paired - Samples T Test with the guidance of the SPSS program. The main purpose of this analysis is to give a description of respondents' characteristics, together with the average percentage and to differentiate the percentage of savings and deposits which is allocated by respondents based on time Then the writer gives further description of the respondents' behavior, i.e : the withdrawal, transfer, and deposit of funds. Last of all, the respondents' behavior is compare based on groups. Through the analysis above, the writer reaches conclusions as follows : ? Group 1 (that is who has the amount of savings and deposits below 100 million rupiahs) were tend to have the same status as that of group 2 (that is who have the amount of savings and deposits above 100 million rupiahs) which were mostly in the status as husband. Despite their marrital status, they did not have the same status in their jobs, which mostly of that status of group 1 were in the private employee's status of job. On the other hand, group 2 were mostly in the private enterpreneur's status. ? That banking recapitalization program which has been done when the third party's saving guarantee program was still proceeding and also followed by the relatively stabil political situation, has made the respondents beliefed to the bank.? During the recapitalization period, respondents tend to have more faith in state banks and foreign private banks, compared to private national banks. ? Before the announcement of the banking recapitalization that has been planned to be announced on March '99, both group 1 and group 2 of the respondents were mostly tend to allocated both their savings and their deposits on IDR currency and put them in to the National Private Banks ? Group 1 of the respondents were mostly tend to allocated both their savings and their deposits on IDR currency and put them in to State Banks, not only before the recapitalization program that has been planned to be started on March '99 began but also after that Meanwhile, group 2 of that respondents were mostly tend to allocated their savings and their deposits on foreign currency and put them in the National Private Banks. Nevertheless, they had also planned to switch them into the Foreign Private Banks in a short future ? During the recapitalization period, some respondents who own money equivalent to or less then IDR 100,000,000 are inclined to be more passive, and more selective in handling their savings and deposits, while respondents who possess savings and deposits above IDR 100,000,000 tend to be more panicky, more agressive, more braver, and have more freedom of action in taking care of their finances.


We report the results of extensive thermal magnetoresistance measurements on polycrystalline potassium specimens. The specimens had residual resistance ratios ranging from 2100 to 7300. Measurements were made between 3 and 9 K, for magnetic fields up to 9.5 T. No sign of saturation was observed. The previously observed quadratic term persists to the highest fields, completely dominating the linear term. The various possible sources of error are carefully analyzed and discussed and we conclude that the quadratic term is not due to probe effects or measurement artifacts. Using previously determined values of the lattice thermal conductivity ${k}_{g}$, we correct the data for the effects of lattice heat conduction. The corrected thermal magnetoresistance has the same form as the uncorrected: $W(H,T)T=W(O,T)T+AH+B{H}^{2}$. Values of $A$ and $B$, corrected and uncorrected for ${k}_{g}$, are presented. $A={A}_{0}+{A}_{1}{T}^{3}$, with ${A}_{0}$ strongly purity dependent and ${A}_{1}$ almost independent of purity. $B$ is also almost independent of purity and is a monotonically decreasing function of $T$. The thermal Kohler slope is compared to the electrical Kohler slope and is found to be nearly four times larger for specimens of similar purity. A speculation concerning the role of deviations from Matthiesson's rule on the Kohler slopes is presented. Kohler's rule is obeyed. The Wiedemann-Franz law is not obeyed, even if the quadratic term is ignored.


Brief reports on the work done by the British School at Palaikastro in April and May 1902 have appeared in the Journal of Hellenic Studies (1902, p. 384) and in Man (1902, No. 119). In the present paper I propose to describe the discoveries made in the cemeteries and in the houses, reserving for a future occasion the discussion of certain problems on which fuller light may be thrown by the excavations of 1903, to be made with larger resources and over an extended area, thanks to a liberal grant from the Cretan Fund and to the unfailing goodwill of Prince George's Government. The past campaign was of a preliminary nature and cost less than £150, including the somewhat serious item of transport, but excluding that of drawings and photographs.


The optics simulation group at HZB is designing a multi-turn energy recovery linac-based light source. Using the superconducting Linac technology, the FemtoScience-Factory (FSF) will provide its users with ultrabright photon beams of angstrom wavelength at 6 GeV. The FSF is intended to be a multi-user facility and offer a variety of operation modes. In this paper a design of transverse optic of the beam motion in the Linacs is presented. An important point in the optics design was minimization of the beta-functions in the linac at all beam passes to suppress beam break-up (BBU) instability.


The main concern of the paper is the energy consumption management, in relation to the advantages and disadvantages of an intelligent building. The building sector consumes about one third of primary energy. An intelligent use of energy could have an impact on the energy consumption and cost. Energy management is the process of controlling, conserving and monitoring the energy in a building or recently in a home. With the use of sensors, all systems are connected and useful data is gathered to improve the building's efficiency. Intelligent building design is the future of building and building services sector. Enhancing energy preservation strategies and using sustainable design approaches are necessary in developing intelligent buildings. This implies a more effective approach to reaching the green goals, and it also implies financial savings. Building an intelligent building involves a larger investment, but in the long run the usual expenses will decrease. National grid energy consumption will decrease with the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind energy, if the energy is produced on site. In order to make a difference in the climate change, intelligent buildings depend on the non-fossil sources, which will affect the energy usage. Furthermore, an intelligent building will increase the comfort and productivity of its occupants, for either a workspace or a home.


Drilling activity is up in deeper water, to deeper geological horizons, through depleted zones and in higher pressures and temperatures. Sampling the impressive wares at February's SPE/IADC drilling conference in Amsterdam, Rick von Flatern highlights current industry initiatives focused on doing things better, faster and cheaper even as it all gets more difficult.


Touch screen display sensor having a transparent touch detection element disposed on the surface of the transparent substrate, and disposed on the transparent touch the detection element force detecting device is provided. Force detection device includes two sets of micro-mesh band, and may have a pressure sensitive material between the micromesh band. Micromesh band has a wiring metallic conductors. The micromesh band forming a pair are separated, and is substantially placed parallel planes. .The


Indonesia currently faces many health-related problems, both in terms of increased morbidity and mortality due to infectious and non-communicable diseases, which stem from increasing unhealthy behaviors. The progress of science and technology is still not able to overcome this dilemma. Another problem is that actual health financing is already very good for helping communities with the existence of National Health Insurance. But over time it turned out that many obstacles appeared that could disrupt its sustainability. This becomes a serious problem that must be well thought out for the community so that people are not harmed. All of these problems arise as a result of the majority of people who have not been actively involved in prevention activities. Most of our society has behaviors that do not support health, but they engage in inactivity that is actually detrimental to health.


This study examines (i) the impact of market drivers of sustainability on the adoption of sustainability learning capabilities and (ii) the moderating role of sustainability control systems (SCS) on the relationship between market drivers of sustainability and sustainability learning capabilities. Drawing on the levers of control framework, stakeholder theory and organisational learning literature, survey data were collected from 175 large scale local and multinational companies operating in Sri Lanka. Findings reveal that market drivers of sustainability have a significant positive impact on sustainability learning capabilities. Whereas the interactive use of SCS shows a positive moderating impact, the diagnostic use of SCS shows a negative impact. The study enhances our understanding of (i) the influence of market drivers of sustainability on the adoption of sustainability learning capabilities and (ii) the use of SCS in enabling sustainability learning capabilities. The study reveals novel insights for managers responding to changing market drivers of sustainability, on how to (re)align different uses of SCS to enable sustainability learning capabilities.


This article analyzes the profitability of the enterprises by using a multifactor Du Pont model. The advantages of its usage is approved . The authors analyzed the impact of sales profitability indicators, reversibility of assets and structure of capital on profitability of own capital with the help of such elimination methods: chain substitutions, absolute difference and integral method. As a result authors revealed such factors that most effect on profitability of enterprises in terms of profitability of own capital and the directions of its increasing.


A proportional to absolute temperature voltage (PTAT Voltage) generator under ultra low power supply with MOSFETs operating in weak inversion region is proposed. The PTAT voltage generator is a necessary circuit for temperature sensor and bandgap reference circuit under low power supply in minimized CMOS analog integrated circuit. When two MOSFETs operating in weak inversion region are connected between rails, the PTAT voltage generator can be driven even under ultra low power supply voltage. As gate terminals are common in two MOSFETs connected in series and also bulk terminals are common, a gate to bulk voltage for MOS diode in a MOSFET is equal to that in another MOSFET. The proposed PTAT voltage generator operating under supply voltage from 0.2V to 1.8V with -70dB PSRR is fabricated with a standard 0.18μ m n-well CMOS technology and measured to investigate the basic principle. The measured characteristics of output voltage versus temperature fit to the theoretical ones deriving from design principle exactly.


In this paper we present an augmented reality system for automatic try-on of 3D virtual eyeglasses. The user can select from various virtual models of eyeglasses for trying-on and the system will automatically fit the selected virtual glasses on the user's face. The user can see his/her face as in a mirror with the 3D virtual glasses fitted on it. We also propose a method for handling the occlusion problem, to display only those parts of the glasses that are not occluded by the face. This system can be used for online shopping, or short listing a large set of available models to a few before physical try-on at a retailer's site.


Two-dimensional materials such as graphene or hexagonal boron nitride are indispensable in industry. The recently discovered 2D ferromagnetic materials also promise to be vital for applications. In this work, we develop a phenomenological description of non-centrosymmetric 2D ferromagnets with trigonal prismatic crystal structure. We chose to study this special symmetry group since these materials do break inversion symmetry and therefore, in principle, allow for chiral spin structures such as magnetic helices and skyrmions. However, unlike all non-centrosymmetric magnets known so far, we show that the symmetry of magnetic trigonal prismatic monolayers neither allow for an internal relativistic Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) nor a reactive spin-orbit torque. We demonstrate that the DMI only becomes important at the boundaries, where it modifies the boundary conditions of the magnetization and leads to a helical equilibrium state with a helical wavevector that is inherently linked to the internal spin orientation. Furthermore, we find that the helical wavevector can be electrically manipulated via dissipative spin-torque mechanisms. Our results reveal that 2D magnets offer a large potential for unexplored magnetic effects.


New porphyrin derivatives having alkyl phosphorylcholine groups as amphiphilic moieties and their iron complexes were prepared. Based on the hydrophobic–hydrophilic balance, some of the synthesized complexes were efficiently embedded in the bilayer of phospholipid liposomes.


AbstractEstimation of second-order, near-surface wave kinematics is important for interpretation of ocean surface remote sensing and surface-following instruments, determining loading on offshore structures, and understanding of upper-ocean transport processes. Unfortunately, conventional wave theories based on Stokes-type expansions do not consider fluid motions at levels above the unperturbed fluid level. The usual practice of extrapolating the fluid kinematics from the unperturbed free surface to higher points in the fluid is generally reasonable for narrowband waves, but for broadband ocean waves this results in dramatic (and nonphysical) overestimation of surface velocities. Consequently, practical approximations for random waves are at best empirical and are often only loosely constrained by physical principles. In the present work, the authors formulate the governing equations for water waves in an incompressible and inviscid fluid, using a boundary-fitted coordinate system (i.e., sigma or s coordi...


Using peroxidase‐lahelled antibodies, the ultrastructural localization of IgA and secretory component (SC) was investigated in duodeno‐jejunal biopsies from six children with coeliac disease and compared wilh that observed in non‐coeliac mucosa. In normal intestinal mucosa this study confirmed the presence of IgA in the rough endoplasmic reliculum and the pcrinuclear space of numerous subcpithelial plasma cells and on the lateral cell membranes of villous and especially crypt epithelial cells. SC was only detected in the epithelium and principally in crypt epithelium where it was identified in endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi saccules, perinuclear spaces and on lateral cell membranes. These findings support the suggestion that SC is synthesized mainly in crypt epithelium and acts as a receptor on epithelial cell membranes for dimeric IgA. In untreated coeliac patients, SC was observed at the same sites, but SC staining was reduced in damaged surface epithelial cells. The number of IgA immunocytes was increased and heavy deposits of IgA were found on basement membranes. In post‐treatment biopsies, no abnormality was apparent. After re‐exposure to gluten, depositions of IgA on basement membranes were the only early change. The unaltered distribution of SC and IgA in crypt epithelium strongly suggests thai the epithelial transport mechanism of secretory IgA is normal in coeliac disease.


Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in healthcare offer the promise of improved decision making for clinicians, and better healthcare outcomes for patients. While technical AI advances in healthcare showcase impressive performances in lab settings, they seem to fail when moving to clinical practice. In this position paper, we reflect on our experiences of designing for AI acceptance and discuss three interrelated challenges to AI in clinical practice: technical feasibility, financial viability, and clinician acceptance. We discuss each challenge and their implications for future research in clinical AI. We encourage the research community to take on these lenses in collaboratively tackling the challenges of moving AI systems into real-world healthcare applications.


Each device in a MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network) is free to move independently in any direction. The primary challenge in building a MANET is equipping each device to continuously maintain the information required to properly route traffic. Audio message send from one device to the entire network devices. Using static and dynamic topology. When the mobility is high using SBA (Scalable Broadcast Algorithm) and the mobility is low using MaBA (Memory aided Broadcast Algorithm) Using the above algorithm drawbacks are overhead and latency and packet loss .And this drawbacks are overcome using EABA (Environs Aware Broadcast Algorithm) Using this technique the node only decide to use either SBA or MaBA depending on network condition. The performance metrics are reachability and packet delivery ratio to be analyzed in EABA algorithm. Index Terms – MANET, Scalable Broadcast Algorithm, Memory aided broadcast Algorithm, Environs Aware Broadcast Algorithm.


Dolomite and graphite were used as pore-forming materials to prepare red mud porous ceramic filtration materials in this paper.The effects of the type and adding amount of the pore-forming materials and firing temperature on the porosity,crushing strength,acid and alkali resistance and microstructures of the sample were investigated.The result show that the sample BS4 with 10% graphite fired at 1 100 ℃ had an apparent porosity of 45.37%,water absorption of 27.95%,crushing strength of 9.57 MPa,acid resistance of 90.69% and alkali resistance of 99.57%.The pores were three-dimensionally bonded and distributed uniformity by SEM,which possess excellent filterability and may meet the requirements of filtration material.


The main environmental problem facing companies fishmeal is pollution of marine waters due to the various effluents generated. Given this reality application of method arose with Flotation Dissolved Air and use of flocculants in the water treatment system pumping Pesquera Hayduk SA - Malabrigo in order to reduce pollution levels.
The hypothesis states that if a significant reduction in pollution indicators occurs, then it will have reduced pollution levels.
The economic evaluation of the DAF system reports an NPV of U.S. $ 520151 (calculated at a discount rate of 20% annually), monthly IRR of 67% and a payback period of 1.37 months.
Environmental indicators point to significant achievements as a reduction of water consumption and energy source in the order of 25% and 20%, respectively. Likewise the recovery of solid fats and increases.
For these technical reasons it is recommended to use this effluent treatment system and expand its use in other companies.


The development of requirements for the content of education is due to the dynamics of the factors of the external environment, and, fi rst of all, the trends of economic development. The essence of the requirements lies in the closest approximation of the content of educational programs, regulated by federal educational standards, to the content of the practical activities of graduates, determined by professional standards.The conducted research is aimed at analyzing the methodological base for linking professional standards and federal state standards at the level of formation of competencies and indicators. A systematic approach to evaluating the model of educational activity made it possible to assess the change in the nature of the interaction between the requirements of the labor market and the ways to meet them within the framework of the content and main aspects of the quality of educational programs. The features of the implementation of relations between communities of employers in the process of forming professional standards and their translation into methods of evaluation tools, which are an integral part of professional educational programs, are presented.The article formulates the main results of the study, namely, the methodological problems of the quality of education and the direction of the scientifi c, methodological and organizational and methodological activities of educational organizations in the community with employers and regional bodies that coordinate the requirements for graduates.


An increasing body of research makes clear that just "improving toilets" or "improving pit emptying" is unlikely to be sufficient for reducing faecal-oral disease in slum communities, because of the complexity of faecal pathogen pathways in the environment. The SaniPath project has generated extensive information about some pathways of exposure, using E. coli as indicator. Meanwhile, the Shit Flow Diagram model has proved an influential framework for top-level analysis and advocacy, highlighting that city sanitation requires consideration of the entire sanitation chain. Nonetheless, many investments in sanitation continue to be made on the basis of simplistic assumptions about likely impacts on disease transmission. There has not yet been any significant attempt to create a practically applicable methodology by which city-level decisions about sanitation investment can be supported by understanding of pathogen flows.


The ever increasing demand for more bandwidth at core routers has been a challenge for switch design. To address the challenge, parallel packet switches (PPSs) combine multiple parallel switching fabrics and provide huge aggregate bandwidth. However, most existing PPSs handle only fixed length packets, also called cells, mainly because traditional switching fabrics can process only cells. Since packets in the Internet are of variable length, existing PPSs need segmentation-and-reassembly (SAR) to process such packets, which will introduce padding bits and waste precious bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a PPS to directly handle variable-length packets without SAR. First, we present a simplified $1 \times 1$ variable-length PPS. We design the packet distribution and collection algorithms, and show that input and output conversion buffers are bounded by $2L$, where $L$ is the maximum packet length. Next, we present a general $N \times N$ variable-length PPS, and propose the packet scheduling algorithms. We then prove our main result that such a PPS can emulate a first-in-first-out (FIFO) output queued (OQ) switch with speedup of two, i.e. emulating an FIFO OQ switch with bandwidth $R$ by $2K-1$ parallel switching fabrics each with bandwidth $r$, where $r=R/K$.


Venous thromboembolism (VTE), consisting of both pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thromboses (DVT), remains a well‐recognised complication of major urological cancer surgery. Several international guidelines recommend extended thromboprophylaxis (ETP) with LMWH, whereby the period of delivery is extended to the post‐discharge period, where the majority of VTE occurs. In this literature review we investigate whether ETP should be indicated for all patients undergoing major urological cancer surgery, as well procedure specific data that may influence a clinician's decision.


The invention relates to a rape seed husk color regulation and control method, which comprises the step of spraying fully and evenly mixed solution to rape siliques at dusk on a cloudy day or a sunny day prior to 8 days to 15 days before rape harvesting, wherein the solution contains 60-80mg/L abscisic acid and 0.5-0.8g/L Tween 40. By adopting the method, the synthesized seed husk pigment can be reduced, the content of the seed husk pigment is reduced, the seed husk transparency is increased, the formation of yellow rape seeds is facilitated and the quality of rape is improved.


Summary Part I describes the relative effect of 3.0 per cent sulphuric acid on six timbers. These were tested by the following combination of methods at atmospheric temperature:— 1a. Determination of hardness and lb. crushing strength in comparison with unexposed control timbers and with control specimens immersed in water. 2a. Quantity of sulphuric acid absorbed and 2b the rate of absorption. 3. Temporary and permanent expansion or shrinkage. 4. Loss of weight of timbers after four weeks' exposure. 5. Colour imparted by the timber to acid, and the condition of the test pieces after immersion and drying. In these tests Balau gave the best results from nearly all aspects; South African Pine was the least satisfactory. For four out of the seven tests Balau, Merbau and Pitch Pine are amongst the three best, and for six out of seven tests they are amongst the first four. No wood tested behaved similar to Californian Redwood in all respects.


The microstructure and its effects on mechanical properties of medium manganese lightweight steel are investigated under both intercritical annealing (IA) and a new type of quenching and partitioning processing, actualized by combining intercritical quenching and tempering (IQ‐TP). The result shows that the steel intercritically annealed at 800 °C exhibits a superior tensile ductility, which is related to long‐term continued transformation‐induced plasticity (TRIP) effect of austenite. Tempering has different effects on steels quenched at various temperatures. For the sample quenched at 800 °C, tempering has a negative effect on its mechanical properties due to a decrease in both volume fraction of austenite and carbon content in austenite. However, for the samples quenched at the range of 850–900 °C, the tempering heat treatment can remarkably improve mechanical properties, which is related to the improvement of austenite stability due to the partitioning of carbon from the carbon‐supersaturated primary martensite into the austenite through the simple quenching and tempering treatment. Meanwhile, the tempering treatment can dramatically promote the yield strength. One of the important reasons is carbon in the primary martensite precipitation as carbides within tempered martensite.


Given a null-cobordant oriented framed link L in a closed oriented 3–manifold M , we study the condition for the existence of a generic smooth map of M to the plane that has L as an oriented framed regular fiber such that the singular point set is unlinked with L. As an application, we give a singularity theoretical proof to the theorem, originally proved by Hector, Peralta-Salas and Miyoshi, about the realization of a link in an open oriented 3–manifold as a regular fiber of a submersion to the plane.


: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic at present, it is necessary to detect whether pedestrians in public places wear face masks or not for preventing the spread of novel coronavirus. The pedestrian flow in public places is large, and it puts forward higher requirements for the accuracy and speed of real-time mask detection. Improving the face mask detection effect especially in the night environment is a challenging problem. A novel object detector namely MaskHunter is proposed in this study for the real-time mask detection. Specifically, the authors propose novel effective structures of backbone, neck and prediction head based on YOLOv4 series, which achieves the state-of-the-art performance and a novel improved Mosaic data augmentation method. Moreover, they propose a novel mask-guided module to enhance the discrimination ability of face mask especially in the night environment. As a consequent, experiments show that MaskHunter achieves better detection performance for real- time mask detection compared with other obtained models in this scenario.


Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) has a characteristic that passes the given target area at the same local mean solar time, and is commonly used by remote sensing satellites. The ground track of these satellites could repeat precisely, by applying specific design methods. However, the revisit time of a single SSO remote sensing satellite could be greater than one day, and hard to achieve continuous Earth observation, especially for low latitudes. The N-hour repeating equatorial orbit introduced in this paper is a new concept medium Earth orbit (MEO) for remote sensing satellites, which can realize several revisits in one day, and same local time revisits on different days for a designated target at low latitudes. In this paper, the inertial period definition of equatorial satellites is clearly defined and calculated, the design of prograde and retrograde repeating equatorial orbits is given and analyzed theoretically and numerically. The longitude coverage features of equatorial satellites are also evaluated.


The growth of the cities and the development of the transportation have been contributing to the economic and social development, however the lack or inefficacy of the urban transportation planning associated to the disordered growth of the city centers have created not very appropriated sceneries. The quality of life of the population is committed mainly when in these cities the flow of heavy vehicles interacts directly to the urban flows in the main road network without necessary infrastructure. The objective of this work was to use the dynamic simulation of the flow of heavy vehicles in the urban road network as a tool of the traffic planning to generate sceneries operationaly more appropriated with smaller impacts in the community. The simulation was carried out with the software Traffic Software Integrated System (TSIS) to physical and operational characterization of the main interactions of the flow of heavy vehicles in the urban area. The case study took place in Araguari (MG), the small sized city.


French universities are faced with new budgetary and financial constraints that induce the introduction of new management tools. The aim of the research is to explore the role played by the social representations of actors in the emergence of a management tool with an institutional interpretative framework. The research is based on a one-year action research within a university. This methodology allow to study players' expectations regarding the emergence of an accounting tool management. This study shows a multiplicity of representations that blocks the emergence of a suitable tool and magnifies the distance between the players and the institution, thus underlining the pressing force of the institutional environment on social representations.


The paper uses comparison theory of Lyapunov method to analyze the input ratio of fuel and atmosphere in combustion control system. The balance between adjustment value and set value after affected by outside interference shows that at that time the combustion efficiency is the highest and the thermal value is the steadiest. It analyzes the supply status of fuel and atmosphere by simulating combustion process mode and confirms the validity and stability.


Results of experimental investigation of concrete containing waste tyre crumb rubber are presented in the paper to determine mechanical properties such as the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete. The C35/45 compressive strength class concrete was used in this study. Five to twenty-five per cent of sand volume was replaced with waste tire crumb rubber, and the results were compared to ordinary concrete test results. The results revealed that the performance slightly increased by 1.46 % and 1.96 % at 5 % and 10% of crumb rubber replacement compared to ordinary concrete.


Composition of gas field water in west part of Sichuan is complicated and chemical composition varies greatly,so rational selection of analysis method facilitates improving accuracy of analysis results and working effficiency.Based on the comparison among diversified analysis methods and in combination with years of practice in water analysis,the author studies and discusses the way to select analysis method for gas field water.


This paper proposes a methodology that allows the combination of the Stability Factor and handling characteristic to predict the probability of rollover per single vehicle crash. Paper No.202-O Simulation of Occupant Kinematics in Vehicle Rollover Dummy Model versus Human Model Norbert Praxl, Markus Schönpflug, Jiri Adamec Institute for Legal Medicine Munich, Germany Abstract Currently, 25% of all automobile crashes with severe injuries are rollover crashes and the incidence of this particular accident type even shows an upward tendency (e.g. Minivans, MPVs). Therefore, there is a great potential of injury reduction in that area. Available dummies are designed and validated for impacts but not for complex kinematics. Existing human models with flexible spine and realistic joints should provide a better biofidelity than dummies. Therefore the main objective of the investigation is to compare dummy and human model in standard rollover crashes. Paper No.231-O Crash Attributes that Influence the Severity of Rollover Crashes Kennerly Digges, Ana Maria Eigen National Crash Analysis Center, The George Washington University United StatesCurrently, 25% of all automobile crashes with severe injuries are rollover crashes and the incidence of this particular accident type even shows an upward tendency (e.g. Minivans, MPVs). Therefore, there is a great potential of injury reduction in that area. Available dummies are designed and validated for impacts but not for complex kinematics. Existing human models with flexible spine and realistic joints should provide a better biofidelity than dummies. Therefore the main objective of the investigation is to compare dummy and human model in standard rollover crashes. Paper No.231-O Crash Attributes that Influence the Severity of Rollover Crashes Kennerly Digges, Ana Maria Eigen National Crash Analysis Center, The George Washington University United States Abstract This analysis examines restrained and unrestrained occupants in crashes with and without ejections. It investigates cars, pickups, vans and SUV's as separate classes. The relative severity of single vehicle vs. multi vehicle rollover crash events is examined. Other crash severity variables evaluated include the number of quarter turns, the number of roof contacts, and the extent of vehicle damage.This analysis examines restrained and unrestrained occupants in crashes with and without ejections. It investigates cars, pickups, vans and SUV's as separate classes. The relative severity of single vehicle vs. multi vehicle rollover crash events is examined. Other crash severity variables evaluated include the number of quarter turns, the number of roof contacts, and the extent of vehicle damage. Paper No.236-O MADYMO Modeling Method of Rollover Event and Occupant Behavior in Each Rollover Initiation Type Hideo Takagi, Akihisa Maruyama Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. Koichi Kawaguchi TNO-Automotive Japan Jeff Dix, Nissan Technical Center North America Inc. United States Abstract There are many initiation events that can cause a vehicle rollover, and the occupant behavior is different for each type of rollover initiation. Therefore it is necessary to understand the differences in occupant behavior for each type of rollover. This paper describes a MADYMO modeling method used to study occupant kinematics in various rollover events that was developed using vehicle rollover research test data.There are many initiation events that can cause a vehicle rollover, and the occupant behavior is different for each type of rollover initiation. Therefore it is necessary to understand the differences in occupant behavior for each type of rollover. This paper describes a MADYMO modeling method used to study occupant kinematics in various rollover events that was developed using vehicle rollover research test data.


The MAAP Accident Response System (MARS) for Northeast Utilities Millstone Unit 1 (MP-1) has been jointly developed by Northeast Utilities (NU) and Fauske Associates, Inc. (FAI). Millstone Unit 1 is a 2011-MW(thermal) boiling water reactor (BWR)/3 with a Mark-I containment. MARS/MP1 is user-friendly computer software that is structured to provide Northeast Utilities management and engineering staff with key insights during actual or simulated accidents. Times to core uncovery, vessel failure, and containment failure are among the figures of merit that can be obtained from this system. MARS/MP1 can predict future conditions of the MP-1 plant based on current plant data and their trends (time-dependent plant data). The objective of this paper is to present the research and development effort of the MARS/MP1 software at Northeast Utilities.


Aim: The present study aimed at introducing high yielding clones of commercially important short rotation tree species such as Casuarina junghuhniana under arid and semi-arid conditions of North India and investigating their adaptability, growth and productivity potential for identification of superior clones for cultivation. Methodology: Nine clones of Casuarina, four of Casuarina junghuhniana and five of inter-specific hybrid of C. equisetifolia x C. junghuhniana, were introduced from the Institute of Forest, Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu and were planted at two distinct agro-climatic conditions representing the arid and semi-arid conditions of Punjab, India. Results: The clones were studied for morphological traits (quantitative, qualitative, and fruiting) and showed significant variation in terms of adaptability, growth and branching traits under both environmental conditions. The clones IFGTB CH 2, CH 5 and CJ 108 were found superior for growth, stem quality characters and adaptability for which the data were recorded at the age of 2 ¼ and 3 ¼ yrs. Interpretation: Findings of the current study will contribute in the adoption of selected clones in agroforestry situations. Further, field testing is required to estimate the yield potential of shortlisted clones and to broaden the genetic diversity of planting material through introduction of more number of clones.


This article argues that Olive Moore's 1930 novel Spleen investigates the appropriative relationship between experimental modernism and disability. While the text takes up the disabled aesthetics of broken statues and incapacitated narratives, it also dramatizes how modernists articulate their own exceptional capacity, mobility, and able-bodiedness in ways that reinforce eugenic understandings of disability. Specifically, Moore demonstrates how feminist and emerging queer politics in the inter-war period borrowed disabled aesthetic tropes in order to recast understandings of sexuality and gender through exceptionalism, but did so by reifying disability and race as supposedly immutable categories. This reading of Spleen, via disability studies and a detour into suffragist art vandalism, insists that modernist studies must address the legacy of appropriating disabled modes of perception and expression.


Weakly-supervised object detection (WSOD) is the process of detecting instances with bounding boxes in an image using only image level labels. Multiple instance learning (MIL) based networks are one of the fundamental frameworks of WSOD methods. To convert object detection to MIL proposals classification, proposal methods such as selective search windows (SSW) interpret the image as a bag of proposals. While WSOD reduces the requirement for datasets, the lack of instance-level supervision makes it challenging to constrain the proposals, which poses a considerable challenge to both the training process and the final detection accuracy. In order for training to proceed smoothly, the model often has to ignore targets with complex spatial overlap and obscure features, and focus on learning regions with distinct features. This can lead to serious problems of object missing and wrong detections. To address the aforementioned issues, this paper proposed a co-teaching structure to improve the adaptability of the model to complex scenes. This approach involves analyzing the different performance of different categories of proposals in the training process, training two deep neural networks with mutual supervision simultaneously, and controlling the back-propagation loss function while ensuring the learning ability of the original MIL network. Experimental results have demonstrated that this structure can effectively enhance the accuracy of detection and can be seamlessly integrated into other models that perform the same MIL processing.


SELF EMULSIFIED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: A REVIEW Nandini Chauhan, Himansu Chopra Faculty of Pharmacy, GRD (PG) IMT, 214-Rajpur Road, Dehradun, India. __________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Oral route is the easiest and most convenient route for drug administration. The major problem in oral drug formulations is low and erratic bioavailability, which mainly results from poor aqueous solubility. This may lead to high interand intra subject variability, lack of dose proportionality and therapeutic failure. The dissolution is the rate limiting step in their absorption and oral bioavailability. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) possess unparalleled potential in improving oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble or lipophilic drugs. Following their oral administration, these systems rapidly disperse in gastrointestinal fluids, yielding microor nanoemulsions containing the solubilized drug. In particular SEDDS is isotropic mixture of lipids, surfactant and cosurfactant that can disperse spontaneously in aqueous media and form fine emulsion. This review includes the current research and development in the field of SEDDS with emphasis of excipients, formulation aspects and characterization.


Abstract The sacS gene controls the expression of 2 saccharolytic enzymes in Bacillus subtilis (sucrase and levansucrase). This paper describes a recombinant plasmid containing a mutant allele, sacSc. The plasmid was isolated from a B. subtilis DNA bank established in Escherichia coli. Moreover, it was shown that the sacSc allele, placed on a high-copy plasmid, is dominant over the wild-type chromosomal sacS+ allele. This result strongly suggests that the sacS gene encodes a positive regulatory protein.


ABSTRACT The article considers several socioeconomic processes to analyze changes in the social services of federal subjects in the south of the Russian Far East and Baikal region following the reforms initiated by President Putin's 2012 May Decrees. According to the Romer–Lucas model, increasing knowledge and improving the quality of human capital are key conditions for the long-term development of territories; therefore, the state of health care and education is one of the most important factors in solving the geopolitical problems of eastern Russian. Research has shown that at least in the public sector the recent reform of the social services has failed to improve the individual wealth of workers or to increase the availability of education and health care services. This is equally true for the border regions, where the new measures caused institutional transformations, and for the Baikal region, which was "not covered" by these measures. The results of the study confirmed the thesis that in the regional policy of the East, it is important to emphasize the quality rather than quantity of investment—the extent to which it improves the basic conditions determining the citizens' quality of life.


A 7-year-old girl presented with a history of recurrent fractures since the age of 1 month. She was born out of a non-consanguineous marriage and had short stature with macrocephaly and triangular facies. Her sclera and teeth were normal. She did not have any hearing defect or a family history of frequent fractures. Her biochemical metabolic profile was normal except for vitamin D deficiency which was corrected. She was provisionally …


Background and significance: Despite the fact that numerous entities are devoted to improving reproductive health outcomes, most current sex education paradigms use fear to dramatize sexual debut rather than welcoming and accepting it as a natural part of human development. This counter-intuitive approach is ineffective. Therefore, is it surprising that reproductive literacy is low? A better approach respects the power and process of human reproduction. Accepting human reproduction as a biological, involuntary, inevitable, and evolutionary process normalizes the knowledge, skills, and preparation required to intentionally plan one's reproductive life and future.


The Mind and Brain Society (MBS; formerly known as the BU Organization for the Mind and Brain Sciences) was founded in the fall of 2008 in concert with BU's new Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience. The group aims to create a network for undergraduate students who wish to take an active role in current issues and research. MBS serves as a hub for not only Neuroscience majors, but all students interested in Psychology, Biology, Philosophy, Computer Science, etc. Our goal is to support an eager multidisciplinary undergraduate community with the conversations and resources fundamental to Neuroscience today. Throughout the academic year, MBS hosts events spotlighting many different facets of Neuroscience. We hold discussion sessions during which we informally discuss a topic of interest over coffee; previous topics include " The Neuroscience of Religion " and " NeuroEthics. " The group also hosts research presentations by BU professors and screenings of thought-provoking films containing neuroscience motifs. T he U.S. media has been consumed by healthcare reform for the past year or so, arriving at a climax with the historic vote in the House of Representatives on March 21. Whether or not the new legislation will alleviate the country's problems remains to be seen. No matter what your opinion on the changes making their way through America's healthcare system, we cannot deny that they will have an impact on our community. Our hopes are that a new system will only enhance the neurological care for those around us. Here at The Nerve, we hope you will take a few minutes to forget about the politics and enjoy the science. Having set out to conquer the world by means of studying abroad, our editorial team brings you the Second Issue from three continents, including Europe and South America. Our goal was to collect articles as far-reaching as our staff. From the relationship of the military with neuroscience to the neuroanatomy of homosexuality, we are confident you will find something inside to stimulate your brain. The eye is a truly wondrous processing organ composed of six primary cell types separated into two primary plexiform layers. While rods and cones, the actual light responsive cell types, are well characterized , horizontal and amacrine cells are significantly more complex in their activity and ability to modulate visual input. In their study, Grimes et al. examined one specific type of amacrine cells, the A17, and their morphological, biophysical, …


This paper analyses the evolution s ystemic structure of scientific innovation in China and the influence of the system structune to seientific innovation in the ethnic area of Western C hina and also offers some concrete me asures.


The research aims to identify:

achievement motivation among supervisors.
personal style (A-B) to the supervisors.
Relationship correlation between achievement motivation and personal style (A-B)

    It is determined by the current educational research community supervisors of Baghdadprovince, and both sexes (Males and females) the subject of the study is about (650) supervisors for the academic year (2015-2016). They are selected randomly.  To obtain the goals of the research, the researcher adopted a measurement tool (Afaf and Soltani 2010) to achieve (24) items. The measurement tool is (Butcher personal. After conducting the test upon sample through usingthe statistical Pouch (spss) the study shows a number of findings which can be shown as follow:

The supervisors have motivated achievement.
Most of the supervisors are fitting the pattern (A).
There are no correlative relationship between achievement motivation and personal style (A-B).


In 1974, Major League Baseball adopted final-offer arbitration to settle salary disputes between players and teams. Currently, a player is eligible for arbitration after 3 years of major league service. The paper analyzes arbitration salary outcomes for MLB batters from 2002 – 2006. The findings of this paper show that players who threaten arbitration earn 16% higher salaries than those players who settle before the exchange date specified in the Collective Bargaining Agreement. The data used in this paper also show that the criteria used in the salary determination process during arbitration are equivalent to those used in the free agent market. This paper concludes by suggesting possible alternatives to the current arbitration system and discusses the implications of the findings from both player and team perspectives.


Increased blood‐brain barrier (BBB) Na‐K‐Cl cotransporter activity appears to contribute to cerebral edema formation during ischemic stroke. The cotransporter is stimulated by hypoxia and aglycemia, although the mechanisms responsible are unknown. Inhibition of p38MAP kinase (p38MAPK), which is activated by ischemia, has been found to reduce brain infarct in ischemic stroke. In the present study we examined the possibility that p38MAPK participates in ischemia‐induced stimulation of the BBB Na‐K‐Cl cotransporter. Cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (CMEC) were exposed to hypoxia (7.5% O2) or to aglycemia, then subjected to Western blot analysis, using antibodies that recognize phosphorylated (activated) p38MAPK (p‐p38MAPK) or both phosphorylated and non‐phosphorylated (total) p38MAPK. CMEC were also evaluated for cotransporter activity as bumetanide‐sensitive K influx. Hypoxia (5 – 120 min) and aglycemia (30 min) caused 1.9‐ and 2.8‐fold increases in p‐p38MAPK levels without changing total p38MAPK. Exposing CMEC to the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB239063 (20 μM) abolished hypoxia‐ and aglycemia‐induced increases in Na‐K‐Cl cotransporter activity. Confocal immunofluorescence of perfusion‐fixed rat brain slices also revealed the presence of p38MAPK in BBB in situ. These findings suggest that p38 MAPK participates in ischemia stimulation of BBB Na‐K‐Cl cotransporter activity.


In the present paper, a system for determining longitudinal displacement of an object is described. In this system the laser radiation is modulated by a rotating diffuser and it creates a dynamic specklefield whose intensity is analyzed by a low-frequency spectrum analyzer. A change in the geometrical parameters of the system due to varying the distance between the radiating head fixed on the object and the receiving unit with a diffuser changes the intensity fluctuation spectrum, which permits determining the displacement. The system is simple in design.


Porous silicon nitride ceramics with various porosities were fabricated by liquid phase sintering of mixtures containing fibrous and equiaxed α-Si3N4 powder with a various content ratios. The effects of the contents of the fibrous α-Si3N4 powder (0%–100%) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of porous Si3N4 ceramics were studied. As the increase of the fibrous α-Si3N4 powder content, both the density of green bodies and the linear shrinkage decreased, resulting in increased porosity due to the inhibited densification by the fibrous Si3N4 particle. XRD analysis proved the complete formation of single β-Si3N4 phase. SEM analysis revealed that the microstructure of the low content of fibrous α-Si3N4 porous ceramics was almost composed of fine elongated β-Si3N4 grains with high aspect ratio while numerous coarse elongated β-Si3N4 grains with low aspect ratio surrounding fine grains were formed as the content of the fibrous α-Si3N4 powder increased. With the increase in content of the fibrous α-Si3N4 powder from 0% to 100%, the porosity changed from 47.8% to 56.6%, and the flexural strength decreased from 146 to 62 MPa correspondingly, indicating a flexural adjustment of the porosity and mechanical properties.


Summary
In this research, we develop a framework for understanding the emergence of transactive memory systems (TMS) in project-based teams characterized by different levels of group level positive affectivity (PA) and negative affectivity (NA). With a focus on enhancing understanding of the means of transmission, we test the mediating role played by group level psychological safety (PS) in the relationship between team affectivity and TMS. From a sample of 107 software implementation project teams, in a lagged field study, we find support for a mediated model in which high group NA, but not group PA, promotes environments psychologically unsafe for interpersonal risk-taking (low PS) and which are negatively associated with TMS. This study extends prior research on the differential effects of PA and NA, by contributing to the limited research on group affectivity, environmental antecedents of TMS, and the mediating role of PS for predicting group level transactive processes and structures. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The design and fabrication of a capacitive shunt switch are described. The switch is based on a bridge structure that can be modulated using electrostatic actuation. The switch has two states: when the bridge is up the signal passes through with less than 0.1 dB insertion loss. When the bridge is down the signal is attenuated by 15–20 dB at 20 GHz. The residual stress of the bridge material is critical to operation of these switches. This stress was tightly controlled by varying the temperature of the plating bath. Different bridge widths and shapes are compared. "Bowtie" shaped bridges are demonstrated to have increased insertion loss and similar isolation compared to straight bridges. These devices were observed to be sensitive to packaging stress, resulting in more than doubling the actuation voltage. This work also describes the development of a test fixture that facilitates standard microwave connections for testing the devices without a probe station. The test fixture was observed to have an inserti...


Liraglutide is a long‐acting glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonist used as an anti‐hyperglycemiant agent in type 2 diabetes and recently approved as an anti‐obesity agent. The mechanisms underlying weight loss include delayed gastric emptying and induction of satiety, and there are data indicating it may also result in increased energy expenditure. Beige adipocytes are an inducible cell type in white adipose tissue (WAT), in a process so‐called browning of WAT. Upon appropriate stimuli, beige adipocytes are fully capable of executing thermogenesis.


LIKE SPORTS FANS habitually disappointed when their team falters after a promising early season, researchers working on monoclonal antibody (Mab)— targeted cancer therapies are no strangers to initial enthusiasm followed by dashed hopes. While Mabs found a ready place as diagnostic tools within a decade after investigators discovered how to mass-produce identical antibodies using mouse cells, efforts to develop Mab-based treatments were considerably less successful. "Difficulties were underestimated, the time line was unrealistic, and the claims were overstated," said Lloyd J. Old, MD, director of the Cancer Research Institute's (CRI) scientific advisory council and the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY. Now, with a better understanding of some of the pitfalls in bringing these Mabs into the human arena and the development of new generations of reengineered Mabs entering the clinic, some researchers at a CRI-sponsored conference in New York City expressed cautious optimism that the approach will


Recently, it was reported that in a dual-phase ferromagnetic Fe-Ga alloy, highly thermally stable magnetization is achieved by a diffusional transformation between the two phases with different magnetizations, which compensates for the inevitable magnetization reduction. Contrasting with the compensation mechanism through a diffusional transformation, here we report that a diffusionless martensitic transition can also be used as a compensation mechanism for achieving nearly temperature invariable magnetization. We found that ferromagnetic Co-Al-Fe alloys with a non-thermoelastic martensitic transformation exhibit almost unchanged magnetization up to 830 K (about 81% TC). In-situ heating transmission electron microscopy reveals that the gradual transformation from a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) martensite phase with lower magnetization into a face-centered-cubic (fcc) parent phase with higher magnetization occurs over a wide temperature range, giving rise to such temperature invariable magnetization. The electrical resistivity measurement reveals that the fcc → hcp transformation can be repeated during heating-cooling cycles, which can be used to design temperature invariable magnets with a long cycling life.Recently, it was reported that in a dual-phase ferromagnetic Fe-Ga alloy, highly thermally stable magnetization is achieved by a diffusional transformation between the two phases with different magnetizations, which compensates for the inevitable magnetization reduction. Contrasting with the compensation mechanism through a diffusional transformation, here we report that a diffusionless martensitic transition can also be used as a compensation mechanism for achieving nearly temperature invariable magnetization. We found that ferromagnetic Co-Al-Fe alloys with a non-thermoelastic martensitic transformation exhibit almost unchanged magnetization up to 830 K (about 81% TC). In-situ heating transmission electron microscopy reveals that the gradual transformation from a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) martensite phase with lower magnetization into a face-centered-cubic (fcc) parent phase with higher magnetization occurs over a wide temperature range, giving rise to such temperature invariable magnetization. The e...


A facile approach to producing silver (Ag) microspheres with a porous structure via a one-pot synthesis is described. The success of this work relies on the use of Cu2+ to mediate the reduction of silver chloride by oleylamine. The type of additives, amount of copper(II) chloride, type of Ag precursor and reaction temperature were systematically investigated to reveal their roles in the formation of the unique porous structure. The method described provides a convenient route for fabricating porous Ag micro/nanocrystals and could be potentially extended to similar synthesis of other noble metals.


The salient artistic merits of a series of bark paintings from Groote Eylandt added to the ethnological collection in the University of Melbourne are presented. It is observed that the several paintings in the series are of previously unknown painters and high artistic quality and are influenced by the styles of Yirrkala, Caledon Bay and eastern Arnhem Land.


The present work aims at estimating, based on a biological study, the thermal exigencies to the development and the number of generations per year of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera, Culicidae) in field. The life cycle of the A. aegypti populations has been studied at constant temperatures of 18, 22, 26, 28, 32 and 34 ± 2oC, and 12 hours photophase. The low threshold temperature of development (Tb) and the thermal constant (K) have been determined. The number of generations per year in laboratory and field has also been estimated. The favourable temperature to the A. aegypti development its between 22oC and 32oC, and to the longevity and fecundity A. aegypti adult its between 22oC and 28oC. The egg to adult basal temperature, thermal constant and the number of generations in field were, in order, 11.33; 8.99 and 13.61 oC, 192.3; 213.2 and 116.5 graus-days, and 23; 24.6 and 30.3 generations to A. aegypti populations from Boqueirao (07o29'27''S, 36o08'09''W), Campina Grande (07o13'32''S, 35o54'15''W) and Remigio (06o58'1''S, 35o47'29''W).


Several in vitro models have investigated the consequences of mechanical stimuli on osteoclasts (OCs). However, the mechanisms whereby mechanical forces trigger osteoclast responses remain poorly understood, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their relationship with bone resorption in OCs under the influence of mechanical forces require investigation. The present work examined the role of centrifugal force application on ROS production and its effect on osteoclast activity and differentiation. Human U937 macrophage cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts treated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were subject to centrifugal force. Osteoclast markers such as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and bone resorption activities were measured. ROS levels and actin ring formation were determined. Also, U937 cell responses to centrifugal force and PEG-induced fusion were studied. Individual cells subjected to centrifugal exertion increased their ROS levels, formed actin-like rings, revealed TRAP expression and bone resorption activities, and expressed typical osteoclast markers. Control PEG-fused U937 cells also showed these effects, and cell treatment with NAC stopped all these responses. Centrifugal force, as well as PEG-induced cell fusion, can promote osteoclast-like features, including oxidative stress. The present experimental model allowed us to understand the mechanisms underlying the osteoclast differentiation associated with ROS production stimulated by mechanical compressive force, where NAC can contribute to reducing this oxidative stress condition.