present a prospective randomized study of 100 patients with acute duodenal perforations. The patients were randomized to either Graham omentopexy or omental plugging technique. The primary endpoint of the study was postoperative mortality. The secondary endpoints were postoperative suture line leak, postoperative hemorrhage, and evidence of gastric outlet obstruction by endoscopy and upper GI barium study. All duodenal perforations were at least 2 cm in size. Nearly half the patients had a history suggestive of chronic ulcer symptoms for more than 3 months' duration. The authors did not indicate the number of patients who presented in shock. The mean age in both groups was less than 40 years old with a male predominance. Gastrograffin upper GI study detected a suture line leak in six patients treated with a Graham patch (12%), but none in the omental plug group. This difference was found to be statistically significant. The postoperative mortality rate was 16% (8 patients) in the omentopexy group and 8% (4 patients) in the omental plug treatment arm. All deaths in the study were attributed to sepsis. Early gastric outlet obstruction was significantly greater in the omentopexy group, but at five years, this difference was insignificant. The authors concluded that the technique of omental plugging had a significantly lower leak rate and was less likely to obstruct the pylorus compared with the Graham technique. The introduction of new acid-reducing drug therapies, and the recognition of the potential pathogenic role of Helicobacter pylori has ushered in a new era in the management of peptic ulcer disease, culminating in a sharp decline in elective peptic ulcer surgery. However, this change has been buffered by a corresponding increase in the incidence of emergency peptic ulcer surgery for the complications of peptic ulcer, mainly attributed to the increasing use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Several investigators now believe the indications for surgery in patients with perforated duodenal ulcers have changed. It is widely recognized that perforated ulcers frequently seal spontaneously by the adherence of omentum or adjacent organs to the perforation. When a water-soluble contrast study confirms that the perforation has sealed, it may be reasonable to pursue nonoperative management. The current guidelines for nonoperative management include fluid resuscitation, placement of nasogastric tube, use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, proton pump inhibition, antibiotics to eradicate H pylori, close monitoring of the hemodynamic status, and serial abdominal examinations. This approach has been shown to be safe and effective in a randomized controlled trial. This policy tends to require a longer hospital stay than for surgically treated patients and more often fails in patients over the age of 70 years old. Nonetheless nonsurgical treatment is successful at least 80% of the time. For those who fail nonoperative therapy, the treatment of choice is omental patch closure of the duodenal perforation, which can be performed via a laparotomy (open) incision or laparoscopically. There are several potential advantages to the minimally invasive approach. These include decreased postoperative analgesic requirements, lower incidence of wound complications such as infection and incisional hernia formation, quicker resumption of oral intake, shorter hospital stay, and a quicker return to work. One disadvantage of laparoscopic ulcer closure is the longer operating time which can be rectified by employing the sutureless technique, which consists of using a gelatin plug and application of fibrin glue to close the perforation. The laparoscopic closure technique is contraindicated in the presence of shock and symptoms of perforation for greater than 24 hours. The age of the patient, clinical presentation, use of NSAIDs, and presence of H pylori, which has been found to infect at least 90% of patients with perforated duodenal ulcers, all play a major role in the management algorithm of patients with acute duodenal peptic ulcer perforation. Patients younger than 50 years old who present with a perforated duodenal ulcer without shock and do not take NSAIDs are likely to have H pylori infection and are reasonable candidates for nonoperative treatment as outlined above, as well as H pylori eradication. Patients older than 50 years old in this group are good candidates for the minimally invasive procedure. For patients with chronic ulcer symptoms of more than 3 months' duration, who are negative for H pylori and are unable to discontinue NSAIDs, who acutely perforate within 24 hours, the recommendation is surgical closure of their duodenal perforation followed by definitive surgical treatment of their peptic ulcer diathesis. The traditional open approach of omental patch/plug is reserved for those patients presenting in shock.


This editorial refers to 'Prognosis and treatment of atrial fibrillation patients by European cardiologists: One year follow-up of the EURObservational Research Programme–Atrial Fibrillation General Registry Pilot Phase (EORP-AF Pilot registry)'[†][1], by G.Y. Lip et al ., on page 3365.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia, with an estimated prevalence of 6 million among all Europeans.1 This places a huge public health burden in terms of morbidity, mortality, and cost issues.2,3 The disease continues to grow to epidemic proportions as the aged population increases, with a projected doubling of the disease in the next 50 years.1 Despite advances in our understanding of the disease process, patient awareness, technology, and therapeutic strategies, the incidence of AF-related stroke continues to rise.4

The EURObservational Research Programme–Atrial Fibrillation General Registry Pilot Phase (EORP-AF Pilot registry) has now been published, where data are presented on 1-year follow-up of 3319 patients included in the registry that were obtained from 67 centres in nine European countries.5 The EORP-AF Pilot general registry is an ambitious effort and was designed as a long-term cohort. As stated by the authors, the main objectives of the follow-up of the EORP-AF registry are stated as follows: (i) to obtain contemporary information on the occurrence of AF-related complications in Europe; (ii) to assess whether the diagnostic work-up of AF complies with current European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines (2010 guidelines and the 2012 focused update) and the impact on outcomes; (iii) to evaluate appropriateness of treatment in the different subsets of …

 [1]: #fn-2


This paper argues that the basic model of the 'modern' view of macroeconomics appears to be a poor approximation of the actual economy.


Bilirubin (B) toxicity was investigated in 2 neural cell lines NBR10A and N115 using a quantitative dye assay (MTT) as a measure of cell viability and 3H-Thymidine incorporation as a measure of DNA synthesis. The cells are adapted to grow in a protein free medium. Bilirubin concentration varying between 0.3 and 0.003 mM at bilirubin/albumin molar ratio (B/A) of 0.5 to 1.5 are introduced to the media and incubated for 2 and 24 hours. MTT (0.5 mg/ml) and/or 3H-Thymidine (1 μCi/dish) are added and incubated for a further 2 hours. Short exposures to B even up to a B/A of 1.5 showed no evidence of toxicity using both assays. After a 24 hour exposure to B, a decrease in cell viability and 3H-Thymidine incorporation was detected at B/A of 0.8 when B was 0.1 mM or higher, whereas at lower B at this molar ratio showed no deleterous effect. At B/A of 1.5 and B of 0.3 mM the decrease in viability was 90% and only 20% when B was 0.025 mM for NBR10A. N115 followed a similar but less dramatic response. The concentration effect is more evident in the 3H-Thymidine studies. At B/A of 2.5 and B of 0.075 mM or higher, there were both cell kill (decrease in DNA levels) and inhibition of 3H incorporation (decrease in specific activity). When B is reduced to 0.03 mM, even at B/A of 1.5 there was little or no cell death (no change in DNA levels), but decrease in DNA synthesis (42% decrease in specific activity) still existed. Results showed viability and function of these neural cell lines is dependent not only on B/A but also on absolute concentrations of B, and time of exposure.


This research has identified that the small organizations of Bangladesh have very little or no interest in the presence and implementation of business ethics. In some areas, they are ethical and in some areas they are not. Despite this type of mixed attitude towards business ethics, it can be said from the findings that in time, ethical trend will change in small organizations as it did in larger organizations. In this study, the consideration and future trend of business ethics are studied using fifty small organizations in Dhaka city in Bangladesh. Results indicate that small organizations demonstrate little or no interest in business ethics. However, their assumptions about the future trend of business ethics are enthusiastic. The study also implies that the status of business ethics in small organizations is not very satisfactory but promising and in the near future, small organizations are likely to comply with business ethics in their organizational activities. This article attempts to find out the current status of ethics and ethical standards in small organizations, especially in Dhaka city in Bangladesh.


Footwear is one of Indonesia's leading export commodities. However, this achievement is still far from the target set by the Indonesian Ministry of Industry, namely growth of 10% annually. The aim this study are to analysis of Indonesia's competitiveness of footwear products exported to the United States, factors affect Indonesian footwear exports to the US and the Islamic economy view competitiveness and the factors affecting exports. The method used is a quantitative method. Using the RCA analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The data taken from this research is secondary data. The results showed that the RCA index>1, then the export of Indonesian footwear products to the US was competitive in the world. Partially, US GDP and the exchange rate have a positive and significant effect on Indonesian footwear exports to the US, prices have a positive and insignificant effect on Indonesian footwear exports to the US, and production has a negative and insignificant effect on Indonesian footwear exports to the US. Simultaneously, US GDP, exchange rates, prices and production together influence the export of Indonesian footwear to the US. Competition from an Islamic economic perspective is highly recommended, but it must be healthy as explained in Q.S Al-Baqarah:148 where every country is prohibited from committing fraud, one of which is the dumping technique.
Keywords: RCA, US GDP, Exchange Rates, Prices, Production, Footwear Exports, Islamic Economic Perspective.


The large (102–105) and strongly temperature dependent resistive anisotropy η=(σab/σc)1/2 of cuprates perhaps holds the key to understanding their normal state in-plane σab and out-of-plane σc conductivities. It can be shown that η is determined by the ratio of the phase coherence lenghts li in the respective directions: . In layered crystals in which the out-of-plane transport is incoherent, lc is fixed, equal to the interlayer spacing. As a result, the T-dependence of η is determined by that of lab, and vice versa, the in-plane phase coherence lenght can be obtained directly by measuring the resistive anisotropy. We present data for hole-doped YBa2Cu3Oy (6.3<y<6.9) and Y1-xPrxBa2O7-δ(0<x≤0.55) and show that σcb of crystals with different doping levels can be well described by a two parameter universal function of the in-plane phase coherence length. In the electron-doped Nd2-xCexCuO4-y, the dependence σab(η) indicates a crossover from incoherent transport in the c-direction.


an impressive mastery of the subject. For example, the whole of the "epigraphic corpus" of the site al-Harashif consists of only three short inscriptions (two of which have 2 short lines each, whereas the third consists of only 3 signs). However, even from this sparse material Robin manages to extract some important historical information. Most notably its analysis permits Robin to make significant progress towards the identification of the territory of the kingdom of Kaminahfl (at least during some part of its history): he shows that this territory stretched along the left bank of Wadi Madhab (pp. 157-8, 198) and bordered Nashan in the south (and not west as most thought before). In general, Robin's historical syntheses included in Inventaire mark serious progress in the study of the small kingdoms of al-Jawf. He studies systematically the political, social and religious institutions of Haram and Kaminahfl, and their ethnic composition; he identifies the main periods of their history, and the main transformations which occurred there with transition from one period to another. Most notably Robin shows the radical transformation of all the institutions, culture and ethnic composition of Haram in the second century B.C., which he convincingly attributes to the migration of the Northern tribes (firstly those belonging to the Amirite confederation) to al-Jawf (pp. 23-61). Robin also has some grounds to suppose a similar transformation in Kaminahu (p. 164). Most remarkable are the extensive onomastic analyses which Robin employs to detect these transformations (pp. 35-40, 162-4). The only significant defect of this very high-quality publication seems to be the absence of any indexes (there is only a concordance of the inscriptions) which appear to be essential for an edition of this kind. I hope this can be corrected in the future volumes of the Inventaire which are awaited with impatience by all those interested in South Arabian history, languages and culture.


This issue of the Journal of Physics: Conference Series contains the proceedings of the 2022 2nd International Conference on Communication Technology and Information Technology (ICCTIT 2022). The conference took place in Harbin, China during December 16th-18th, 2022 (virtual conference), with the attendance of about 50 prominent delegates in related fields all around the world. The conference established an international academic forum for scholars, specialists and researchers in related fields to present their research activities, share their professional experiences, exchange new ideas, and discuss the key challenges and research directions facing the development of related fields, as well as promoted the development of communication technology and information technology. To make this conference on schedule, we had a three-part plenary conference including a keynote speech part delivered by four speakers from different parts of China. Among them, Assoc. Prof. Pingyi Fan from Tsinghua University, China performed a keynote speech on Timeliness Challenges for 6G Wireless Networks Toward Metaverse. In this speech, he mainly focused on the implementation timeliness. If the promising scenarios is coming, what techniques we need to prepare in 6G wireless networks. He first introduced the Meatverse concept and its potential applications in our daily life and then present its challenge requirements for communication technologies, especially, on the implementation timeliness. Later on, he analyzed the existing status for wireless networks from multiple layers and point out the possible solutions to the existing problems and their corresponding new research directions. Finally, he gave a short summary to show what he and his team need to do in next step. We are very optimistic that all participants will acquire new ideas and knowledge from this conference to enhance the capability toward communication technology and information technology. Through a rigorous peer-review process, all submissions were performed double blind review to check their quality of content, level of innovation, significance, originality and legibility. Based on the expertise review comments, some excellent papers were accepted and the corresponding authors were invited to submit their papers for final publication. The accepted papers included topics on: Network and Wireless Communication, Network Information Security, Coding and Signal Processing, Data Science and Systems, Web Technologies, etc. We would like to thank the Conference Chairman and the Technical Program Committees for their hard work that lead to the organization of this event, to our colleagues who contributed to its realization, to the members of the Journal of Physics: Conference Series for their patience while waiting for the final versions of the papers and to every author who has contributed with an article to these proceedings. We firmly believe that all the attendees have had fruitful discussions and gained valuable knowledge, and will enjoy the opportunity for future collaborations. The Committee of ICCTIT 2022 List of Committee member is available in this Pdf.


Experimental measurements and Monte Carlo simulation of the mean energy of backscattered electrons by Au/Si targets irradiated by electron beams have been made as a function of the Au layer thickness for primary electron energies in the range 8–20 keV. The simulated trends are compared to experimental data. The mean backscattered energy as a function of the layer thickness presents a maximum whose position depends on the primary energy. The simulated and experimental behaviors are in satisfactory agreement. Similarities and differences between experimental and Monte Carlo results are illustrated and briefly discussed. A somewhat unexpected effect is observed: the maximum of the mean backscattered energy of layered targets is higher than that of the elements constituting the system. This effect is discussed on the basis of semi-empirical considerations.


We develop a coded modulation system with continuous phase and a small controlled envelope variation. We call the system constrained envelope continuous phase modulation (ceCPM) and show that, there is a gain for ceCPM over CPM under the same spectrum constraint. With normalized amplitude varying in the interval {1/spl plusmn/0.2} the gain for ceCPM is up to 2.5 dB over CPM at symbol error probability 10/sup -3/. We also show that ceCPM performs well with reduced state sequence detection (RSSD).


In order to survive in times of crisis and a volatile environment the contemporary organisations have to be quick on their feet i.e. capable of taking decisions swiftly. To this extent, new applications, based on Information Systems and Information Technology (IS/IT) that make it possible to analyse any organisation's current status swiftly and to respond to a developing situation appropriately,. are particularly useful Such applications are used in every operational area of an organisation, starting from cost calculation, through operational processes and ending up with monitoring. Watching developing trends gives a reason to put forward a theory that implemented IS/IT projects cease to play a support function, but more and more they are becoming the strategy of an organisation. In recent years new, functional systems have become available on the market. They are commonly dubbed "clouds". They are having a greater and greater impact on the operations of numerous organisations. This paper discusses theoretical aspects of cloud computing and a practical example of applying this solution in a business dealing with the distribution of automotive spare parts. In particular, this paper takes a closer look at the application of the statistics of internet search engine queries to the organisation of a company procurement system delivering products whose distribution represents the core business activity of the company.


To the Editor: —I have had an unusual and frightening experience. I was smoking a cigarette and laid it down on the table while I was tying my shoes. All of a sudden the cigarette contacted the rims of my glasses and they exploded, and the whole room caught fire and was in flames, within one minute's time. The frames exploded with such force that it startled me, and I called at once for help—that there was a fire in my room. I am writing of this experience as I do not think any optical company should be allowed to sell frames that are inflammable, and I thought it would be well to call your attention to this terrible experience.


Objectives Two functional genetic variants in the inosine triphosphatase (ITPA) gene have been shown to be strongly associated with protection from ribavirin (RBV)-induced hemolysis. We aimed at evaluating this finding in a chronic hepatitis C genotype 2/3 cohort with a predominance of genotype 3 patients where available data are scarce. A second objective was to determine whether a protective association translated into the need for RBV reduction and hence a possible impact on treatment response. Methods Overall, 457 patients were recruited from two trials of genotype 2/3 patients treated with pegylated interferon &agr;-2b and weight-based RBV. rs1127354 and rs7270101 were genotyped and a composite ITPAase deficiency variable was graded according to the two single nucleotide polymorphisms. The primary endpoints were hemoglobin (Hb) decline from baseline and Hb decline of more than 3 g/dl at week 4. Results Both single nucleotide polymorphisms and the composite ITPAase deficiency variable were strongly and independently associated with protection from a decline in Hb at week 4 in multivariate linear regression models (Prs1127354=7.0×10−4, Prs7270101=0.0036, PITPase deficiency variable =6.3×10−22). Patients with any degree of reduced ITPAase activity were less likely to have their RBV dose reduced (odds ratio 0.39, 95% confidence interval 0.16–0.96, P=0.040), although this did not translate into increased rapid viral response or sustained viral response (Prvr=0.93, Psvr=0.22). Conclusion We have confirmed a strong association between functional ITPA variants and RBV-induced hemolysis and showed protection from RBV dose reduction, although this did not translate into increased rapid viral response or sustained viral response.


According to modern science, systemic juvenile arthritis (sJA) is an autoinflammatory disease characterized by severe systemic manifestations and life-threatening complications. This article discusses the developmental predictors, clinical and radiological manifestations and pathogenetic features of the disease. Particular attention is paid to genetically engineered biological therapy.
Numerous pulmonary complications are now known in sJA children, including interstitial lung disease (ILD), pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), pulmonary hypertension (PH), and lipoid pneumonia. Fatality rate in sJA patients increases against the macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) development and pulmonary hypertension, which occurs with proliferation of endothelial cells, muscle tissue and fibroblasts in the lungs vessels. A more severe disease progression is typical for children with genetic defects. SAM and PAP relapses are observed more often in such patients. Instrumental diagnostic methods helped to identify, 5 subtypes determining the lung tissue damage in sJA. Computer tomography (CT) revealed the main signs of lung damage in sJA patients: ground-glass opacity, crazy-paving sign, thickening of the bronchial wall, interlobar septum, pleura, peripheral consolidation, and lymphadenopathy. Due to the high level of sJA activity, children were prescribed genetically engineered biological drugs (GEBP). Timely therapeutic correction is necessary to exclude life-threatening adverse reactions. Under dynamic observation, it is possible to diagnose lung damage in children at the early stage and to control the pathology.
The purpose of this review is to systematize the existing data on developmental predictors, pathogenetic features of the disease, sJA clinical and radiological manifestations, and genetically engineered biological therapy as a method of sJA treatment.


2,4,6-trichloroanisole (2,4,6-TCA) formation is often reported as a cause of taste and odor (T&O) problems in water distribution systems (WDSs). The biosynthesis via microbial O-methylation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) is the dominant formation pathway in distribution pipes. This paper attempted to utilize the reported data on the microbial O-methylation process to formulate deterministic kinetic models for explaining 2,4,6-TCA formation dynamics in WDSs. The pipe material's critical role in stimulating O-methyltransferases enzymatic activity and regulating 2,4,6-TCP bioconversion in water was established. The kinetic expressions formulated were later applied to develop a novel EPANET-MSX-based multi-species reactive-transport (MSRT) model. The effects of operating conditions and temperature in directing the microbiological, chemical, and organoleptic quality variations in WDSs were analyzed using the MSRT model on two benchmark systems. The simulation results specified chlorine application's implication in maintaining 2,4,6-TCA levels within its perception limit (4 ng/L). In addition, the temperature sensitivity of O-methyltransferases enzymatic activity was described, and the effect of temperature increase from 10 to 25 °C in accelerating the 2,4,6-TCA formation rate in WDSs was explained. Controlling source water 2,4,6-TCP concentration by accepting appropriate treatment techniques was recommended as the primary strategy for regulating the T&O problems in WDSs.


The presence and magnitude of photorespiration in the submersed freshwater angiosperm Scirpus subterminalis Torr. was investigated by gas-exchange characteristics in an open water-flow system. The minimal rates of photorespiration during active photosynthesis were measured by following the time course of differential 14CO2 and 12CO2 uptake. At 8 mg O2 L−1 (equal to oxygen saturation at 20 °C), the rate was 0.4 μg C (mg organic dry weight)−1 h−1, which was about 10% of net photosynthesis under the experimental conditions. Increasing the oxygen concentration to 30 mg O2 L−1, enhanced photorespiration to 30% of net photosynthesis. It was shown that the concentration of oxygen affected net photosynthesis, CO2 evolution into CO2-free water in the light, the post-illumination CO2 burst, and the CO2 compensation point.The effect of the internal gas space on recycling of CO2 was investigated by comparing gas-exchange by intact and sectioned leaves. About 30% of the CO2 of photorespiratory origin was recycled inte...


As a consequence of long-term transformations in both fertility and mortality, the age structure of Japan's population has been shifting to a marked extent over the past several decades. The proportion of those aged 65 and over increased from 5 per cent in 1950 to 20 per cent in 2005, when Japan's population became the oldest national population in the world. Further, the proportion of those aged 65 and over is projected to increase to 31 per cent in 2025, which suggests that the country's population is very likely to continue to be the world's oldest national population for the next 20 years. More importantly, the population is expected to reach the world's highest level of ageing at an unprecedented rate. As the forerunner in such transformations, Japan's experiences of population ageing and of policy responses to it seem to offer a useful foundation for the discussion of important policy issues related to population ageing elsewhere. This book by Florian Coulmas discusses a wide range of socio-economic and cultural problems caused by the rapid age-structural transformations in Japan. In the first chapter, the author lists 17 headlines of major demographic news published in leading newspapers in Japan over the past few years. In the same chapter, the author also provides a concise discussion of each of seven demographic keywords and phrases that have captured public attention since the early 1990s. Although a rather unusual and somewhat surprising way to start a book, the approach is effective in focusing the reader's mind on what follows in the rest of the book. In subsequent chapters the author discusses a wide range of issues related to population ageing in Japan*some serious, some unique, some both. For example, he sheds light on (i) the retirement from the labour market of baby boomers born in the period 1947 49; (ii) changing life cycle patterns and multigenerational living arrangements; (iii) rapidly declining fertility and the delayed timing of marriages; (iv) gender equality at home as well as in the workplace; (v) changing familial and social networking mechanisms; (vi) the public provision of both childcare and old-age care; (vii) age-compositional impacts on consumer market opportunities; (viii) longevity and the solvency of the public pension system; (ix) population ageing and political power; (x) the possibilities of importing foreign labour from neighbouring countries; and (xi) ageing, euthanasia, and death with dignity. In discussing each of the foregoing topics as they relate to the unprecedented ageing of Japan's population, the author refers to numerous Japanspecific terms and newly coined words that are deeply rooted in the socio-economic and cultural spheres of contemporary Japanese society. To name a few: both 'sodaigomi' (large garbage) and 'nureochiba' (wet fallen leaves) are disparaging labels for retired husbands who stay at home and bother their wives; the terms 'otaku' (a young person too obsessed with something to engage in social interaction) and 'hikikomori' (a young person who mainly stays at home and does not interact with the outside world) are considered to be among the negative consequences of very low fertility lasting for many years. The author makes effective use of numerous up-to-date expressions and terms of this nature in each chapter, together with interesting photos and convincing graphical presentations that successfully enrich the discussions developed in the book. The book is highly descriptive, and contains little analysis based on formal demography. However, the author refers to numerous newspaper articles, papers published in academic journals, and books available only in the Japanese language. For this reason, readers outside Japan and interested in learning about the ageing of the country's population and societal responses to it may find this book extremely valuable. While the book is confined largely to population ageing in Japan, the lessons learnt about policy in this field are likely to be useful to an increasing number of less developed countries, particularly those in Asia, that are currently undergoing rapid demographic transformations. Despite its rapid economic development, Japan has retained some of its traditional cultural values, which is a further reason Population Studies, Vol. 62, No. 3, 2008, pp. 349 355


This report was prepared to support the analysis of building and fire codes and standards of the National Institute of Standards and Technology World Trade Center (WTC) Investigation. This report was prepared to support the overall objective of determining how and why WTC 7 collapsed. The purpose of this report is to document modifications and/or repairs of the fire protection, life safety, and structural framing systems of WTC 7.


Over the last two decades in Makassar city, there have been a phenomenon of massive progress Syiah (Shiite), and the interesting part of the phenomenon is largely the actors in the phenomenon are among Muslim students. With the aim to describe the development, the process of regeneration, and changes in religious beliefs and attitudes of students who become followers of Shiite Muslims in Makassar, then it is carried out this research using qualitative research methods and descriptive approaches analysis by exploring the information from the student who becomes the focus of this study. Shiite is quite familiar known by students in Makassar even though they have a different perspective in assessing and addressing the Shiite. Developments in the Shiite in of Makassar city supported by the existence IJABI as mass organizations and supported by 9 Shiite foundations and various study groups that exist on college campuses. The approach used in conducting penetration intellectual approach and encourage the spirit of Iran Islamic revolution that quite sparked the interest among students, especially to the activists. The progress of Shiite among Muslim student has been influenced the changes in religious beliefs and behaviors that follow the pattern of religious understanding and behavior based on the teachings of Shiite.


The selenol group of selenocysteine is much more nucleophilic than the thiol group of cysteine. Selenocysteine residues in proteins thus offer reactive points for rapid post‐translational modification. Herein, we show that selenoproteins can be expressed in high yield and purity by cell‐free protein synthesis by global substitution of cysteine by selenocysteine. Complete alkylation of solvent‐exposed selenocysteine residues was achieved in 10 minutes with 4‐chloromethylene dipicolinic acid (4Cl‐MDPA) under conditions that left cysteine residues unchanged even after overnight incubation. GdIII−GdIII distances measured by double electron–electron resonance (DEER) experiments of maltose binding protein (MBP) containing two selenocysteine residues tagged with 4Cl‐MDPA‐GdIII were indistinguishable from GdIII−GdIII distances measured of MBP containing cysteine reacted with 4Br‐MDPA tags.


In this paper, we propose and demonstrate the ultimate limit of resolution of Gold-Silicon-di-Oxide-Gold (Au-SiO2-Au) Nanorod arrays over 700 nm-1000 nm range. Through rigorous electromagnetic simulation we found that such arrangement can provide near-field subwavelength imaging over 337 THz to 345 THz range with 2.67% operating bandwidth.


This paper outlines some of the implications of delivery and participation within e-Learning courses and explores whether awareness of these implications may affect the behavior of participants in these courses.


WWW which is an applicable massive set of document on the Web is a thesaurus of various information for users. However, Search engines spend a lot of time to retrieve necessary information and to filter out unnecessary information for user. In this paper, we propose the EFAM(the Extended Fuzzy AHP Method) model to manage the Web resource efficiently, and to make a decision in the problem of specific domain definitely. The EFAM model is concerned with the emotion analysis based on the domain corpus information, and it composed with systematic common concept grids by the knowledge of multiple experts. Therefore, The proposed the EFAM model can extract the documents by considering on the emotion criteria in the semantic context that is extracted concept from the corpus of specific domain and confirms that our model provides more efficient decision-making through an experiment than the conventional methods such as AHP and Fuzzy AHP which describe as a hierarchical structure elements about decision-making based on the alternatives, evaluation criteria, subjective attribute weight and fuzzy relation between concept and object.


Combination of genetic systems of degradation of xenobiotic compound and heavy metal resistance is one of the approaches to the creation of polyfunctional strains for bioremediation of soil after co-contamination with organic pollutants and heavy metals. A bacterial strain Pseudomonas putida PhCN (pPhCN1, pPhCN2) has been obtained. This bacterium contains two plasmids, a 120-kb catabolic plasmid that encodes for breakdown of phenol (pPhCN1) and pPhCN2 plasmid that codes for cadmium and copper resistant. Cyanide assimilation by this bacterium is encoded by chromosomal genes. The inhibitory effect of cadmium (Cd 2+ ) or copper (Cu 2+ ) on the degradation of phenol by P. putida strains PhCN and PhCN1 (contained pPhCN1) were investigated in the presence of phenol and cyanide as a sole carbon and nitrogen source, respectively. The resistant strain PhCN showed high ability to degrade phenol and cyanide in presence of Cd 2+ or Cu 2+ as compared to the sensitive strain PhCN1. In addition, Cd 2+ or Cu 2+ was also found to exert a strong inhibitory effect on the C23O dioxygenase enzyme activity in the presence of cyanide as a nitrogen source. However, the presence of heavy metal resistance plasmid alleviated the inhibitory effect of metals on the enzyme activity in resistant strain.


New, efficient protocols for the syntheses of the marine natural products prepolycitrin A as well as polycitrins A and B were developed by employing the Heck–Matsuda arylation of maleic anhydride or dimethyl fumarate with aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates. Both symmetrical and unsymmetrical 3,4-diarylmaleic anhydrides were easily and effectively prepared. Efficient bromination reactions that employed tribromoisocyanuric acid provided access to the polycitrin family of compounds. Under microwave irradiation in the presence of tyramine, the corresponding maleimides were obtained in high yields from the brominated 3,4-diarylmaleic anhydrides. This methodology provided for the concise synthesis of prepolycitrin A and the total syntheses of the marine alkaloids polycitrins A and B in overall yields of 37 and 47 % from maleic anhydride and dimethyl fumarate, respectively.


Recent studies have highlighted land-use conflicts between stakeholder groups in Ireland. Some of these conflicts can be attributed to European directives, designed with sustainable forest management principles in mind, but imposing incoherencies for land-owners and stakeholders at the local level. This study, using Ireland's Western Peatland forests as a case study area, focused on the development and implementation of a goal programming model capable of analysing the long term impact of policy and industry changes at the landscape level. The model captures the essential aspects of the changes identified by local level stakeholders as influencing forest management in Ireland and determines the future impact of these changes on ecosystem services provisions. Initially, a business as usual potential future is generated. This is used as a baseline against which to compare the impact of industry and policy changes. The model output indicated that the current forest composition is only really suited to satisfy a single, financial objective for forest management. The goal programming model analysed multiple objectives simultaneously and the results indicated that the stakeholders' desired ecosystem service provisions in the future will be more closely met by diversifying the forest estate and/or by changing to an alternative, non-forest land-use on less productive areas.


The geologic tectonic stress field is an important factor that affects the rock bursts. Based on field geological investigation,the actual crustal stress analysis,the laboratory rock mechanics test analysis,and with the example of the deep buried Gaoligong Mt. tunnel,the paper make deeply analysis and research on the deep buried tunnel's rock burst characteristic between the extrusion and shear tectonic environment in the complex geologic tectonic stress field. Using the ANSYS software,the paper has simulated the stress reclassify characteristics at different sections of fold and strike-slip fault geology mass caused by the tunnel excavation,under the current crustal stress field,and made possibly prediction on the rock burst spot and the rock burst intensity. The research indicated that the rock burst has some intensity with the position between the tunnel and the geologic structure body,when the tunnel axis and the axial line of the fold are parallel,and tunnel located at anticlinal shaft and fold limb department,the rock burst possibility is to be the biggest; but when the tunnel axis and the axial line of the fold are vertical,the rock burst possibility is to be low; the strike-slip fault have great affects to the stress redistribution after tunnel excavation,and the partial rock burst possibility is big. The tunnel plan and construction may select the position that the tunnel axis is vertical to the fold axis or the position that far away from the strike-slip,and it is advantageous to weakening influence of the rock burst.


Community service activity was conducted in July-October 2021. The main event was held on September 4, 2021, and attended by around 33 participants divided into two sessions due to the Implementation of Community Activity Restrictions (PPKM). The core activity begins with explaining the history and understanding of hydroponics, the advantages of hydroponics, planting media and potting media, types of hydroponics, stages of hydroponic vegetable cultivation, manufacture of vegetable pesticides, and harvesting. The direct practice of the activity begins with cutting Rockwool, media preparation, and sowing mustard and kale seeds. Transplanting do when the seedlings are 7-10 days old, and after three weeks of transplanting, we can do the harvesting. Each participant filled out a questionnaire for the evaluation. Based on the questionnaire review, most participants had heard of the hydroponic system but had never received the training. Furthermore, after receiving this training, most participants understood the hydroponic system and tended to agree that hydroponic plant cultivation is easy to do and can be a business opportunity. Meanwhile, in terms of costs, participants tend to state that hydroponic systems require high costs.


The mechanical properties after tempering and intercritical annealing of medium manganese steels with 4 wt% Mn for forging applications are presented. After forging with subsequent air cooling, heat treatments were performed, specifically tempering from 250 and 450 °C and intercritical annealing between 600 and 675 °C. Tensile properties, Charpy V‐notch impact toughness, and hardness were determined and compared with microstructural features characterized by metallography and synchrotron measurements, leading to the classification of six different heat treatment stages for medium manganese steels. Furthermore, the effects of different alloying additions (boron 0.0016–0.0057 wt%, molybdenum 0.2 wt%, and aluminum 0.5 wt%) are discussed with respect to the mechanical properties. It is shown that boron increases the impact toughness more effectively in the tempering regime, while the molybdenum alloyed samples exhibit higher toughness after intercritical annealing. Most of the materials and heat treatment states follow the inverse relationship between toughness and strength, while the aluminum alloyed samples show a superior toughness after tempering.


Abstract We investigate causes of the stratigraphic variation revealed in a 177 km, 400 MHz short-pulse radar profile of firn from West Antarctica. The profile covers 56 m depth, and its direction was close to those of the ice flow and mean wind. The average, near-surface accumulation rates calculated from the time delays of one radar horizon consistently show minima on leeward slopes and maxima on windward slopes, confirming an earlier study based on stake observations. The stratigraphic variation includes up to 30 m depth variation in individual horizons over tens of km, fold limbs that become progressively steeper with depth, and fold-hinge loci that change direction or propagate down-ice with depth over distances far less than predicted by the ice speeds. We use an accumulation rate model to show how local rate anomalies and the effect of ice speed upon a periodic variation in accumulation rate cause these phenomena, and we reproduce two key features seen in the stratigraphic variations. We conclude that the model provides an explanation of changes in spatial stratigraphy and local measures of accumulation history given the constraints of surface topography, ice and wind velocities, and a general accumulation rate for an area.


groups that emerged in 1957 in control of the state. The section on economics deals with the tin industry, the rubber industry, rice planting, and oil palm, but not with the structure of wealth or poverty in the country. The popular movements of the twentieth century, both before and after independence, are virtually ignored, especially those related to the Kuomintang or the Malayan Communist party. Many may feel that less-than-adequate space has been given to the growth of Malay nationalism, the influence of recent trends in Islam, the birth of the indigenous press, and the labor movement. The failure of the Andayas to deal with popular movements suggests an elitist bias that has earned them the criticism of their more radical colleagues. The authors anticipate these critics in chapter 2, where they attempt to explain the limitations of pre-nineteenth-century sources: "Failure to appreciate these fundamental differences between the nature of modern records and those stemming from earlier times has led some scholars better acquainted with later Malaysian history to set unattainable goals for their colleagues working the earlier period" (p. 39). The problem however, is that the Andayas' treatment of the modern period, where information does exist for "popular" history, is exactly where they have fallen short. The discussion of political developments since independence will strike many as superficial for it appears to do little more than reflect the official line. The current political leadership is described as struggling to "preserve the country's fragile unity," attempting to maintain "ethnic harmony through accommodation," and trying to "prevent the rise of any political groups which might threaten the nation's unity." Others have described the same phenomena in terms of a ruling clique ready to suppress most civil and human rights in order to preserve its hold on the reins of state power.


First a very simple but important point about statistics. Statistics cannot be used to establish causation, they can only show correlations. As an example, the governor of a certain state is concerned about the test scores of high school students in the state. One of his aides brings up an interesting statistic: there is a very strong link between student test scores and the taxes paid by the parents of the student. The parents of high scoring students pay more taxes. The aide's suggestion for increasing student test scores is unusual; sharply increase tax rates. Surely student test scores will follow! The fallacy, of course, is that even though there is a correlation between test scores and parents taxes, there is likely no causal connection. A better explanation is that there is some hidden variable that explains the correlation. In this case the obvious choice is the income of the parents. This determines the taxes paid. And since the quality of high school that a student attends is to a large extent determined by the parent's income, we see a causal link from parent's income to both taxes and test scores.


Introduction: The widespread deposition of amyloid-beta plaques in late-stage Alzheimers disease (AD) is well defined and confirmed by in vivo positron emission tomography (PET). However, there are discrepancies between which regions contribute to the earliest topographical amyloid-beta; deposition within the neocortex. Methods: This study investigated amyloid-beta signals in the perithreshold SUVr range using Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) PET in a population-based study cross-sectionally and longitudinally. PiB-PET scans from 1,088 participants were assessed to determine the early patterns of PiB loading in the neocortex. Results: Early-stage amyloid-beta loading is seen first in the temporal, cingulate, and occipital regions. Regional early deposition patterns are similar in both Apolipoprotein {varepsilon}4 (APOE) carriers and non-carriers. Hierarchical clustering analysis shows groups with different patterns of early amyloid deposition. Discussion: These findings of initial amyloid-beta deposition patterns may be of significance for diagnostics and understanding the development of different AD phenotypes.


The interaction of intense few-cycle KrF driver pulses with a gas of neutral He atoms is numerically investigated. Calculations are performed by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation within a framework of the single-active electron model. It is demonstrated that a single attosecond pulse as well as a train of bursts of subfemtosecond duration can be produced by Fourier synthesis of selected succsesive harmonics. The results are compared to those obtained by the strong field approximation model.


We pose and solve a problem concerning consistent assignment of quantum probabilities to a set of bases associated with maximal projective measurements. We show that our solution is optimal. We also consider some consequences of the main theorem in this paper in conjunction with Gleason's theorem. Some potential applications to state tomography and probabilistic quantum secret-sharing scheme are discussed.


Abstract : Recently it has been proposed based on thermal desorption, electron spectroscopy and work function measurements that extremely small pores and cavities in silver films deposited at temperatures below 150K are the location of active sites for surface enhanced Raman scattering. The experiment reported here is an attempt to demonstrate in a more direct way that these cavities are responsible for the observed enhanced Raman scattering. It is shown that by filling these cavities with Xe atoms the enhancement effect on deposited pyridine can be dramatically reduced. Originator furnished keywords: Raman scattering, Surface, Enhanced, UHV, Silver.


FLT3 (fms‐like tyrosine kinase 3) is frequently activated by mutation in acute myeloid leukemia, and is therefore under study as a drug target. Testing and characterization of tyrosine kinase inhibitors is facilitated by the availability of efficient peptide substrates. Searching for FLT3 peptide substrates using phosphorylation experiments on peptide arrays and in solution revealed that the peptide F‐T‐D‐R‐L‐Q‐Q‐Y8‐I‐S‐T‐R‐G‐L‐G is efficiently phosphorylated (apparent Km 10 μmol/l), with Y8 as the phosphorylated site. This peptide presents a novel tool for identifying and characterizing FLT3 kinase inhibitors.


We detail an approach to develop Stein's method for bounding integral metrics on probability measures defined on a Riemannian manifold $\mathbf{M}$. Our approach exploits the relationship between the generator of a diffusion on $\mathbf{M}$ with target invariant measure and its characterising Stein operator. We consider a pair of such diffusions with different starting points, and investigate properties of solution to the Stein equation based on analysis of the distance process between the pair. Several examples elucidating the role of geometry of $\mathbf{M}$ in these developments are presented.


Consumer preference for raw milk cheeses has increased in the past few years. This occurred partly due to their more diverse, enjoyable characteristics, but also due to claims that certain members of the autochthonous microbiota of milk can be beneficial to human health. These microorganisms can inhibit the growth of undesirable microorganisms and may also be used to establish a biogeographic identity for these products. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a multi-strain probiotic preparation on the microbiological safety and composition of bacterial community of a traditional Brazilian raw milk cheese by means of culture dependent and methods and pyrosequencing. Probiotic enriched cheeses presented an average of 50% less sequence reads belonging to Enterobacteriaceae than control cheeses. Total and thermotolerant coliforms cell viability decreased throughout ripening in two seasons (summer and autumn), while in the winter the presence of these microorganisms was negligible since the beginning of ripening. Results obtained through culture dependent method did not correlate with culture independent method, which pointed to a relatively constant number of Enterobacteriaceae reads during ripening. Viable cells of coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus stayed within legal limits in both groups of cheeses since the first day and decreased to zero at the 15th day in probiotic enriched cheeses. Salmonella sp. and Listeria sp. were absent in both control and probiotic groups. Our results support that enriching raw milk cheeses with probiotic bacteria or other bioprotective bacteria may help mitigate off flavors produced by Enterobacteriaceae and result in safer products by inhibiting the growth of these microorganisms, while maintaining the microbial diversity that may be beneficial to sensory profiles and health-promoting characteristics. We also showed that this traditional cheese, if made under right the conditions, can meet legal parameters in much less than 60 days of ripening.


Immunohistochemical studies, using a monoclonal antibody, SMP, raised in a mouse against aged human peripheral blood white cells, are described. This antibody reacts with dendritic reticulum cells in lymph node and tonsil, and, in Alzheimer brain, with argyrophilic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and cerebral vascular amyloid.


Controller Area Networks (CAN) are frequently utilized in vehicles to provide communication between Electronic Control Units (ECUs) and sensors. The use of CAN implementations enables message-based communication among different sections of vehicles. This results in the reduction of complex and dedicated wiring for communication. The CAN have five significant benefits such as low-cost application because multiple nodes communicate via a single bus, the centralized system reduces the probabilities of error, CAN bus provides robustness, reliability, and flexibility with task priority management, and CAN bus provides robustness, reliability, and flexibility with task priority management. This paper focuses on the study of Non-CAN based system which was used earlier inside the automotive applications. Also, the study of open-source hardware like Arduino along with CAN Controllers like MCP 2515. In later part of the paper described laboratory experimentation of Non-CAN-based communication, CAN-based communication by using ARM as well as Arduino. The prototype is successfully implemented and verified the outputs with the help of a serial monitor. The visual output is observed and reported on LCD and LEDs.


Polymeric optical components are potentially low cost and reliable components for applications in optical telecommunication and datacom. A number of (optically nonlinear) polymers has been used to make planar integrated optical components. Various types of passive and active polymeric guided wave devices were made in a multilayer of polymers with different refractive indices, deposited onto a substrate. Lateral confinement of the (channel) waveguides has been obtained via photobleaching applying masks containing the desired waveguide lay-out. The electro-optic effect has been induced via electric field poling. The devices thus made show switching voltages in the range 5 - 10 Volts at a wavelength of 1330 nm together with extinction ratio's in excess of 20 dB. For the passive devices, waveguide propagation losses around 0.4 dB/cm were observed; for switching devices, values were around 1 dB/cm. An important feature is the reliability and environmental stability of these polymeric devices; this issue will be discussed.


Time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) was studied to determine the radiative recombination lifetimes in InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) fabricated on misoriented substrates by the Stransky-Krastanov method. The intensity of PL from the ground state, excited state and wetting layer of QD was also studied as a function of the excitation density. Measured lifetimes were as high as 3.1 ns. The measurements have clearly demonstrated the band state filling effect: it also provides the possibility of estimating the excitation power density corresponding to the manifestation of this effect at the excitation power of 30 A cm-2.


Objective: To investigate the protective effect of methanolic extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on Mitomycin C induced damage in mouse bone marrow and antioxidant enzymes in liver. Materials and Methods: Protective effect of methanolic extract of Ashwagandha (250 mg/kg b.w. p.o, for 7 days) was assessed against formation of micronuclei (MN) in polychromatic cells (PCEs) and normochromatic cells (NCEs) induced by Mitomycin C (4 mg/kg b.w., i.p) using mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. The effect of Mitomycin C and Ashwagandha extract on liver enzymes, superoxide desmutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) was also evaluated. Results: The frequency of occurrence of micronucleated cells in bone marrow was reduced significantly when methanolic extract of Ashwagandha was administered before Mitomycin C. There was a reversal of decrease in P/N ratio. The level of SOD and GSH in liver was significantly depressed by Mitomycin C treatment and the Ashwagandha treatment enhanced level of these enzymes significantly. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Ashwagandha extract is effective in preventing DNA damage, and one of the mechanisms of action might involve scavenging of active oxygen radicals generated in reactions initiated by the mutagens.


only be indirectly known – to the imaginary character of the information technologies that mediate between the individual and the world. He elaborates on the individual's constructed sense of (virtual) reality using Lacan's distinction between the automaton and tuché: the former being the repetitive order of the signifying system and the pleasure principle and the latter being 'an encounter with the real that disturbs the functioning of the pleasure principle' (p. 104). With examples from the Gulf War, South Korean adolescents and their avatars, surfing for pornography and hypertext readers, Nusselder illustrates how the human-computer interface provides the viewer with a 'twofold relation' to reality that can both defend against and disclose the real (p. 108). The book's concluding chapter, 'Mediated Enjoyment, Enjoyed Media', begins with the psychoanalytic concepts of fetishism and perversion in order to analyse the pleasures of the interface of the body and the computer terminal. Nusselder is particularly concerned to distinguish Lacan's theory of the real from Jean Baudrillard's theory of simulation 'in which there is no limit to interpretation because there is no real, no leftover or negativity ...' (p. 134) In contrast he argues that a Lacanian model keeps the subject anchored to an underlying, if inaccessible, reality and therefore can avoid the extremism of both utopian and dystopian theories of virtual reality. More directly than previous chapters, Nusselder also addresses the political implications of virtual reality technologies. However, the recognition that 'The capitalistic fictional structures are closely connected to media technologies that globalize their messages ...' (p. 135) is undeveloped and remains subsidiary to the book's primary focus which is the psychological dynamics of an individual who 'interfaces' with his or her computer screen. While Nusselder's book successfully 'avoids the danger of getting trapped in a Z̆iz̆ekian reading of Lacanian theory' (p. 3), it seems less satisfying in other respects. For example, near the end of the second chapter, he refers to Michelle Kendrick who asserts – in a revision of the poststructuralist truism that there is no subject outside of language – 'there is no subject outside of technology' (p. 51). Declarations such as this one add to the reader's sense that not enough has been done to explain how social forces and divisions might affect one's access to or use of technology. Another example occurs in an aside about feminist critiques of Lacanian theory, which he ignores after characterizing them as mere attempts to dismiss Lacan as one of 'the ''bad guys''' (p. 74). Nevertheless, despite these criticisms, even someone who enjoys getting trapped in Z̆iz̆ek's reading of Lacanian theory can appreciate what Nusselder's 'more systematic' (p. 3) approach adds to his or her understanding of both Lacan and the new media.


Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are productive businesses that are generally managed individually or by business entities and MSMEs themselves, including business fields that have a positive contribution in advancing the national economy. However, it is not uncommon to find problems in running MSMEs, such as in terms of working capital which will later be used to finance business operations and financial management which is still not properly recorded so that it can hinder the progress of these business activities. This study aims to determine the significant effect of working capital and financial management on the income of UMKM Sanrico Store. The type of research used is quantitative research with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques used are interviews, observation, documentation. The method used in this research is Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, Classical Assumption Test, and Hypothesis Test using the SPSS program. Based on data management where the results of the T test in this study indicate that working capital has a positive and significant effect on income, and financial management also has a positive and significant effect on income. The simultaneous results with the F test in this study indicate that working capital and financial management simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on income. The value of R Square (R2) is 0.958 which indicates that 95.8% of working capital and financial management have an effect on income.


The invention relates to the self-generating electricity turncock control device technology; in the embodiment of the invention, the self-generating electricity turncock control device comprises the following structures: a generator for power generation through a cell end and inflow raw water; a self-generating device capable of converting the AC current generated by the generator to DC current; a first capacitor used for storing the DC current generated by the self-generating device; a charge power source used for checking the first capacitor, a switch switching mode is controlled according to the checking result and converted to a set mode, and the charge power source is converted into a needed voltage power source in each power assembling module, thereby driving a corresponding assembling module control device; the control device is controlled, and the switch switching mode is employed to control a charge on/off switch used by the first capacitor to charge; according to the mode selection of the control device, the cell end is electrically connected for voltage boosting and outputting EFT boost circuit device used by cell end power source.


The author of the paper demonstrates that in order to overcome contemporary developmental threats, it is necessary to shift towards a new model of the knowledge-based economy. The features of this model are compared with both the American model of the innovation-driven economy and the European model of the knowledge-based economy. Against this specific background, the drawbacks are presented of reforms carried out in the knowledge sector in Poland since 1990. The focus is placed on an analysis of the reforms in science and higher education implemented in Poland since late 2018. Despite the fact that it was based on recommendations of the new public management system, the author considers not only the strengths but also the weaknesses of the approach, and the fact that the latter may prove to be an obstacle in the modernisation of human capital, which is to effectively harmonise development goals in all spheres of human existence and activity. The author calls for the following solutions to limit the drawbacks referred to above: inviting an observer to the University Council in an advisory capacity, launching a path of individual-oriented interdisciplinary research grants, introducing a reliable process for the university and its organisational units to account for the actual implementation of previously declared programmes of scientific development, student teaching and transference of own achievements, mandating and standardisation of student appraisals in teaching programmes, development of a criterion matrix as a reference for promotions related to teaching achievements, enhancing the status of awards for teaching excellence, with obligatory and permanent monitoring of management procedures at universities in order to reduce bureaucracy.


Abstract This paper presents the morophological and metric descriptions of three human skeletons, two females and one male, recovered from a pit burial in the excavations at the megalithic-cum-early historic site of Kodumanal in the Perundurai taluk of Periyar district, Tamil nadu. Apart from the study of three crania, the post-cranial bones of the male individual have been subjected to a good number of measurements, a detailed analysis and discussion. The findings of the study have been comparatively evaluated with those reported earlier on the skeletal remains of the megalithic period, with a view to understanding the physical affinities of these people.


In this paper, we propose a technique for a high quality haptic display working with a low update rate rigid body dynamics simulator. The proposed method uses two dynamics simulators. One has a low update rate for the whole virtual world and the other has a high update rate for the neighboring objects of the haptic pointer. In addition, the method calculates accelerance matrices of neighboring objects with regard to the contact forces added to these objects. We carried out a simulation and an experiment to check the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Importance: Emerging evidence suggests many people have persistent symptoms after acute COVID-19 illness. Objective: To estimate the prevalence and correlates of persistent COVID-19 symptoms 30 and 60 days post onset using a population-based sample. Design & Setting: The Michigan COVID-19 Recovery Surveillance Study is a population-based cross-sectional survey of a probability sample of adults with confirmed COVID-19 in the Michigan Disease Surveillance System (MDSS). Respondents completed a survey online or via telephone in English, Spanish, or Arabic between June - December 2020. Participants: Living non-institutionalized adults (aged 18+) in MDSS with COVID-19 onset through mid-April 2020 were eligible for selection (n=28,000). Among 2,000 adults selected, 629 completed the survey. We excluded 79 cases during data collection due to ineligibility, 6 asymptomatic cases, 7 proxy reports, and 24 cases missing outcome data, resulting in a sample size of 593. The sample was predominantly female (56.1%), aged 45 and older (68.2%), and Non-Hispanic White (46.3%) or Black (34.8%). Exposures: Demographic (age, sex, race/ethnicity, and annual household income) and clinical factors (smoking status, body mass index, diagnosed comorbidities, and illness severity). Main outcomes and Measures: We defined post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) as persistent symptoms 30+ days (30-day COVID-19) or 60+ days (60-day COVID-19) post COVID-19 onset. Results: 30- and 60-day COVID-19 were highly prevalent (52.5% and 35.0%), even among respondents reporting mild symptoms (29.2% and 24.5%) and non-hospitalized respondents (43.7% and 26.9%, respectively). Low income was statistically significantly associated with 30-day COVID-19 in adjusted models. Respondents reporting very severe (vs. mild) symptoms had 2.25 times higher prevalence of 30-day COVID-19 (Adjusted Prevalence Ratio [aPR] 2.25, 95% CI 1.46-3.46) and 1.71 times higher prevalence of 60-day COVID-19 (aPR 1.71, 95% 1.02-2.88). Hospitalized (vs. non-hospitalized) respondents had about 40% higher prevalence of both 30-day (aPR 1.37, 95% CI 1.12-1.69) and 60-day COVID-19 (aPR 1.40, 95% CI 1.02-1.93). Conclusions and Relevance: PASC is highly prevalent among cases with severe initial symptoms, and, to a lesser extent, cases with mild and moderate symptoms.


The fabrication of a prosthetic socket for a below-the-knee amputee requires knowledge of the underlying bone structure in order to provide pressure relief for sensitive areas and support for load bearing areas. The goal is to enable the residual limb to bear pressure with greater ease and utility. Conventional methods of prosthesis fabrication are based on limited knowledge about the patient`s underlying bone structure. A 3D ultrasound imaging system was developed at Sandia National Laboratories. The imaging system provides information about the location of the bones in the residual limb along with the shape of the skin surface. Computer assisted design (CAD) software can use this data to design prosthetic sockets for amputees. Ultrasound was selected as the imaging modality. A computer model was developed to analyze the effect of the various scanning parameters and to assist in the design of the overall system. The 3D ultrasound imaging system combines off-the-shelf technology for image capturing, custom hardware, and control and image processing software to generate two types of image data -- volumetric and planar. Both volumetric and planar images reveal definition of skin and bone geometry with planar images providing details on muscle fascial planes, muscle/fat interfaces, and blood vessel definition. The 3D ultrasound imaging system was tested on 9 unilateral below-the- knee amputees. Image data was acquired from both the sound limb and the residual limb. The imaging system was operated in both volumetric and planar formats. An x-ray CT (Computed Tomography) scan was performed on each amputee for comparison. Results of the test indicate beneficial use of ultrasound to generate databases for fabrication of prostheses at a lower cost and with better initial fit as compared to manually fabricated prostheses.


The quality of tax revenue refers to the revenue efficiency, revenue fairness and the balancing state of the two. Quality of tax revenue is embodied by three parts including scientific feature of tax system structure, efficient feature of revenue decentralized system, and convenient and safeguard features of managerial system of revenue imposition. It has much difference on the quality of tax revenue in countries on different economic development levels. Government tax system should pay attention to balanced development of native economy, and drive further promotion of quality of tax revenue, which relies on the relative balance on distributive level and income level among localities based on the benefit and control between governments from different ranks. In short term, the quality of revenue of China should give prominence to revenue efficiency, intensification of revenue fairness; and tax revenue fairness should be intensified so as to promote revenue efficiency with the fairness as the productivity increases.


There are several issues in managing safety practices in Malaysian construction industry which lead to project delay, cost overrun and greatly causes increase in of injuries and accident, not only to workers, but also affected to public nearby. Managing safety practices are widely known as responsibilities of safety team compared to other organizations involved in project management of construction industry. The purpose of this study is to analyze the issues confronted by safety teams in the construction industry in managing safety practices. As a consequence, the researcher has devised two (2) objectives in order to accomplish the study's purpose; 1) to explore the role of safety team in managing safety practices in construction industry, and, 2) to identify the issues confronted by safety team in managing safety practices in Malaysian construction industry. By focusing on the issue, the safety team will have a better understanding of the situation and will be able to deal with it throughout the construction project. This study provides issues encountered in the Malaysian construction industry when it comes to managing safety practices. The issues recognized will serve as a basis for the safety team and assist them spot unnecessary dangers and risks. The conclusions of this study will raise awareness and assist safety teams in comprehending issues that emerge in the construction industry.


This study performs a systematic analysis of the recent and future changes of dry spells (DS) in Croatia. DS are defined as consecutive sequences of days with daily precipitation less than 5 mm of the precipitation-per-day threshold (DS5). Daily precipitation data come from a dense national rain gauge network (covering seven regions) and span the period 1961–2015. The spatial and temporal changes of the observed mean (MDS5) and maximum (MxDS5) seasonal and annual dry spells were analysed by means of the Kendall tau method and the partial trend method. Future changes of DS5 were assessed by employing the three regional climate models (RegCM4, CCLM4 and RCA4) covering the EURO-CORDEX domain with a 12.5-km horizontal resolution, resulting in a realistic orography and land–sea border over Croatia. The models were forced at their boundaries by the four CMIP5 global climate models. For the reference period 1971–2000, the observed, as well as modelled, DS5 were analysed, and the systematic model errors were assessed. Finally, the projections and future changes of the DS5 statistics based on simulations under the high and medium greenhouse gases concentration scenarios (i.e., RCP8.5 and RCP4.5) with a focus on the climate change signal between 1971–2000 and two future periods, 2011–2040 and 2041–2070, were examined. A prevailing increasing trend of MDS5 was found in the warm part of the year, being significant in the mountainous littoral and North Adriatic coastal region. An increasing trend of MxDS5 was also found in the warm part of the year (both the spring and summer), and it was particularly pronounced along the Adriatic coast, while a coherent negative trend pattern was found in the autumn. By applying the partial trend methodology, an increase was found in the very long DS5 (above the 90th percentile) in the recent half of the analysed 55-year period in all seasons, except in the autumn when shortening in the DS5 was detected. The climate change signal during the two analysed future periods was positive for the summer in all regions, weakly negative for the winter and not conclusive for the spring, autumn and year. It was found that no RCM-GCM combination is the best in all cases, since the most successful model combinations depend on the season and location.


Over-the-air channel power measurements using Agilent 8960 to model indoor propagation channel is presented in this paper. A transmission bandwidth and frequency of 3.84MHz and 896MHz respectively were selected for the measurements. All experiments were conducted in the mobile and wireless communications research laboratory at University of Greenwich. Channel power measurements along with the other measurement data were directly logged onto a PC/laptop using an Agilent data acquisition system and Matlab. A new indoor channel propagation model is proposed in this paper by analysing channel measurements from Agilent 8960. We considered Rayleigh, Rician, Nakagami and Weibull distribution as potential distribution of channel gain amplitudes and concluded Weibull distribution is the best fit for the measured data.


This study investigated the relationships among college students' internalizing/externalizing problems, parent-child communication, and college adjustment The participants were 281 freshmen and sophomores (103 males and 178 females) from a university in Gyeongbuk Province. A self-report survey Questionnaire was used to measure parent-child communication, adjustment to college life, and the student's internalizing/externalizing problems. Data were analyzed by t-test, and single and multiple regressions. The results were as follows: (1) The college students' communication with parents was negatively associated with their internalizing/ externalizing problems. (2) The college students' communication with parents was positively associated with adjustment to college life. (3) The students' adjustment to college life was negatively associated with their internalizing/externalizing problems. (4) The college students' communication with parents partly or fully exerted indirect effects on the students' internalizing/externalizing problems, mediated by their adjustment to college life.


Recent high-profile scandals suggest the potential for a crisis of trust in charities, which could have negative consequences for the nonprofit sector as a whole. Although widespread, this crisis narrative has not yet been subjected to empirical examination. To assess the extent to which public trust has changed over time, we examined trust in nongovernmental organizations within 31 countries over nine consecutive years using data from the Edelman Trust Barometer (N = 294,176). Multilevel analysis revealed that, after allowing for differences in absolute levels of trust and trends across countries, there was actually a small increase in global trust in the nonprofit sector. This increase was sharper among men, people aged below 40 years, and people with higher education, income, and media consumption. Overall, we find no evidence of a crisis of trust in nonprofits; scandals within individual organizations have not affected sectoral trust.


I shall build my argument on a linguistic claim, viz. the claim that acquiring a language entails the triggering of appropriate values for the parameters associated with universal linguistic principles.


Objective To explore deep vein thrombosis and the application of pressures pushes the Urokinase,whichs is suitable direct radiography.Methods 56 examples patients of DVT,male 38 examples,female 18 examples,right lower limb 20 examples,left limb 36 examples,the course of DVT is 6 hours-5 days.We push the contrast medicinal form the trouble extremity far-end shallow vein,and tie up the tourniquet in the calf next 1/3,enable the contrast medicinal preparation to pass after the deep vein,carries on the lower limb deep vein along good radiography at the same time,pressurize interrupted pushes the Urokinase,carries on dissolves the hitch treatment,the Urokinase uses 20 ten thousand U~80 ten thousand U.Results 56 examples patients have obtained the good clinical curative effect,does not have 1 example to be invalid,does not have 1 example to have the symptom pulmonary embolism,all patients symptom vanishes or obviously drops.Conclusions Pressurizes after the lower limb shallow vein pushes the Urokinase,to carry on dissolves the treatment DVT,the curative effect is accurate,dissolution rate is high,the method is simple,safe is reliable.


The characteristics of the binding of the hydrophilic β-adrenergic antagonist [3H]CGP 12177 to intact rat adipocytes were studied at 37°C and 6°C. At both temperatures and at 90% saturation, the non-specific binding was less than 30% of the total binding.

At 37°C, specific [3H]CGP 12177 binding was rapid, reversible of high affinity (1.8 ± 0.4 nM) and saturable. The number of specific binding sites per adipocyte increased with the fat cell size (about 35000 and 115000 sites per cell in adipocytes with diameters of 60 μm and 88 μm, respectively) but remained constant when expressed per unit fat cell surface area. Displacement of [3H]CGP 12177 bound to adipocytes by unselective and selective β-antagonists was stereospecific, had the same characteristics as those found in adipocyte membranes and showed a heterogeneous specificity for β1 and β2 adrenergic subtypes. In contrast, β agonist competition curves, Which modeled to two affinity-states of binding, showed high-affinity-state Kd values for agonists 10–25-times higher than those found in membranes under the same experimental conditions.

At 6°C, although the number and affinity of the specific binding sites for [3H]CGP 12177 were the same as those found at 37°C, the Kd value for (–)-isoproterenol binding to the high affinity state of these sites (3.0±0.5 nM) was 25-times lower than at 37°C and similar to the value found in membrane preparations (1.5–4 nM).

These results show that the [3H]CGP 12177 specific binding sites detected on intact adipocytes represent the physiological β-adrenergic receptors. Moreover, this study extends to the adipocyte the validity of the model recently proposed for other cell lines, according to which in intact cells, but not in membranes, agonist-binding promotes a rapid and temperature-dependent conformational change of the β-adrenergic receptors, leading to a progressive loss of capacity of agonists to form a high-affinity complex.


A simple and fast method for sensing four states from a single Pseudo-Spin Valve GMR device is presented. Four state sensing shows promise of doubling the potential bit density of Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM) and related devices. A new two step method to detect the GMR bit information has been developed here that is simple to implement and which easily allows for compensation of rapid self-heating effects.


Plastics and synthetic polymers are synthesized from nonrenewable resources like petrochemicals and persist in the environment long after intended use, resulting into problems of solid waste management and global environmental pollution. Hence, an alternative source such as Polyhydroxyalkanoates that are biodegradable, linear polyesters produced primarily by bacteria which can be used as an effective thermoplastic, and has many characteristics similar to those of standard commercial plastics like polypropylene. Aliphatic polyester ,poly3-hydroxy butyrate was discovered and identified as a granular component in bacterial cells.PHB can grow in a wide variety of natural environments and is the reserve polymer found in many species of bacteria found in nature, e.g. in soil, sea water, sewage waste or compost. In this present study high PHB producing strains were isolated from sewage sample. Five strains were showing PHB granules with Sudan Black B staining. The five strains were labeled as strain 2, 4, 5, 9 and 11. Further, they were morphologically and biochemically characterized. Growth profiles were studied for all these strains and were found that the PHB was produced maximum after 48 hrs at 37°C of incubation. Strain 2 showed high PHB production among the five strains isolated. The sugarcane molasses used in the medium for PHB production accounted for the least production cost.


This paper reports on a study of married participants in the Oregon Public Employes Retirement System (PERS) to gain information about their retirement decisions. The study used four mail-in questionnaires in conjunction with computerized participant data. This study looks beyond the status of the couple immediately following retirement and attempts to forecast the well-being of the household, i.e., the surviving spouse, when and if a retiree predeceases the spouse. As indicated by research in labor economics, all income streams are converted to an asset or wealth variable for analysis. The results indicate that, assuming no depletion of savings by long-term illness, 65 percent of the couples can expect adequate monthly income during their retirements. Only about one-third of the participants elected any form of joint-and-survivor payout that assures lifetime income to the spouse. Significant drops in income are expected to occur in these households following the death of the retiree as average life insurance holdings are not adequate to replace the predicted drops in pension and social security payments. Overall the spouses of those who purchased life insurance could expect equivalent levels of income after the death of the retiree; however, the variance was higher among this population. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for the pension plan and its sponsors when a high level of popularity is observed for private alternatives. The changes spurred in Oregon's Public Employee Retirement System as a result of this investigation also are reported.


TOTAL TIME ON TEST PLOT ANALYSIS FOR MECHANICAL COMPONENTS OF THE RSG-GAS REACTOR. Total time on test plot analysis for primary and secondary pumps of the RSG-GAS reactor is reported. This method is for analyzing time between failure of the primary and secondary pumps at the RSG-GAS reactor to see whether the failure data of the component is in the IFR or DFR state. The primary and secondary pumps are the mechanical components in the RSG-GAS reactor cooling system which are used for routine operation. The method uses a total time on test plots for a nonhomogeneous Poisson process failure model based on Barlow and Bernard report. It is reported that the median failure rate of the RSG-GAS primary pumps and secondary pumps lies in the international data range. The calculation results show that the failure rate of the RSG-GAS reactor primary pumps and secondary pumps component has a distribution of fairly exponential characteristics, this means that the operation of primary and secondary pumps of the RSG-GAS reactor component is still within its useful life.


Whether, and how often, women in their forties should undergo mammographic screening remains controversial, as mammography is less sensitive in this age group than in older women. These investigators sought to identify factors associated with reduced mammographic sensitivity in younger women. First, they examined rates of interval cancer (defined as cancer diagnosed within 2 years after a negative screening mammogram) in 73 women in their …


The purpose of this paper is to show that many pressing and bending jobs encountered in the small engineering shop can be successfully undertaken without the costly dies so necessary in machine power pressing. This particularly applies where only a few off are required.


Coal enterprise as coal resource procurement,processing and marketing enterprises.It is an important part of the extractive industries sector in China.The coal enterprises in the whole industry chain upstream,on the one hand,has very close links with the national economy as a whole system,strong constraints on the development of downstream industries;the other hand,at the end of the market feedback,the changes of the market movements do a relatively long time required for the reaction.Therefore,the coal enterprises build modern supply chain system,and has a comprehensive supply chain innovation mechanism is particularly important.


Menstrual cycle occurs in females every months for ones where the endometrium which is the thick lining of the uterus wall where the fertilized egg is attached during pregnancy, this will shed every month. Sodium, chloride, and water reabsorption capacity increases by high-level progesterone during this period. When there is a change in water and sodium reabsorption which may in term affect the functioning of the auditory system especially peripheral auditory system. Otoacoustic emissions (OAE's) arise from outer hair cells (OHC's) which is situated on the basilar membrane that is seen inside the inner ear. The changes in the hormonal levels during the menstrual cycle has a clinically less significant effect on the suppression of TEOAE's, one of the type of OAE. The current study targeted the testing during three different phases of the menstrual cycle (Day 1 to Day 28) - Follicular phase, Ovulation phase and Luteal phase. The amount of suppression (3dB) caused during different phases of the menstrual cycle for each individual frequencies was compared and analyzed. The study shows that TEOAE, CSTEOAE's and suppression did not exhibit any statistically significant differences at all the frequencies between the different phases of the menstrual cycle. There are no significant correlation findings between menstrual cycle and outer hair cell function, and menstrual cycle and efferent auditory pathway functioning, considering the complaints of hearing and balance problem during the menstrual cycle period by.


Films of n-GaAs1-xBix films were grown via molecular beam epitaxy using both Si and Te as dopant sources. Electron mobility was characterized by Hall effect measurements as a function of carrier concentration and Bi content for films with bismuth fractions of x = 0.02 and x = 0.06. While GaAsBi:Te shows lower majority carrier mobility than GaAsBi:Si at low Bi concentrations, the two become comparable as Bi content increases. Furthermore, it was observed that in the presence of bi-metallic Bi-Ga droplets on the film surface, films doped with Si display p-type behavior, likely due to Si preferentially occupying group-V sites. The use of Te as a dopant always resulted in n-type epilayers, making it a more reliable dopant choice for high Bi content films. Finally, ex situ annealing was studied as a method to improve majority carrier mobility in GaAs0.98Bi0.02:Te films, with a 10 min anneal at 350 °C resulting in a 30% improvement in electron mobility. Improvement of film quality was confirmed through spectroscopic ellipsometry examination of film optical properties. Annealing at higher temperatures resulted in electrical, optical, and structural degradation of the GaAsBi films.


Daylength and temperature were shown to be environmental cues which interact to cause an arrest in development at the fourth copepodite instar of two cohabiting, temporary pond species of the genus Diacyclops; D. navus Herrick, and a second species of uncertain specific designation. The first species entered arrest under short-day conditions, the latter under long days. Arrest did not occur in rearings conducted in either continuous light or complete darkness. Cyclopids were sensitive to the photoperiodic stimulus only during the first copepodite instar. Temperature was shown to affect the critical daylength values associated with a transition from a long-day to a short-day response for each species.Similarities with insect diapause and the ecological implications of the response are discussed.


Ambient air pollution remains one of the most important risk factors for health outcomes. In recent years, there has been a growing number of research linking particulate matter (PM) exposure with adverse health effects, especially on cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The objective of this review is to examine the range and nature of studies on time series analysis of health outcomes affected by PM2.5 across a broad research area. A literature search was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping review framework through a strategic search of PubMed and ScienceDirect online databases for articles from January 2016 to January 2021. Articles were first screened by their titles and abstracts. Then two reviewers independently reviewed and evaluated the full text of the remaining articles for eligibility. Of the 407 potentially relevant studies, 138 articles were included for final analysis. There was an increasing trend in publications from 2016 to 2019 but a decreasing trend in the year 2020. Most studies were conducted in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia (69.6%), Europe and Northern America (14.5%) and Latin America and the Caribbean (8.7%), with the majority coming from high- and upper-middle-income countries (95.6%). The main methodology used was Generalized Additive Model (GAM) with Poisson distribution (74.6%). Morbidity was the most common health outcome studied (60.1%), with vulnerable groups (64.5%) often included. The association between PM2.5 and health effects was stronger for respiratory diseases compared to cardiovascular diseases. In short-term studies (less than 7 years), respiratory diseases showed higher risks compared to cardiovascular. However, in long-term studies (7 years and more), cardiovascular showed higher risks.


Target detection and recognition technology based on multi-sensor fusion such as radar, visible light, and infrared has become a development trend in industries and military fields. Deep learning networks have strong characterization learning capabilities and are good at extracting various complex features from multi-source heterogeneous data. This article reviews the research and development status of multi-source image fusion and target detection at home and abroad, and discusses the multi-source information fusion technology and multi-sensor system construction plan. Aiming at the fusion target detection problem of visible light image and infrared image, a target detection algorithm based on decision-level fusion is introduced. The YOLOv3 network is used to detect the visible light image and the infrared image separately, and then achieve rapid target detection based on decision-level fusion.


We analyze the global structure of Lagrangian Grassmannian in the product symplectic space and investigate the local properties of generic symplectic relations. The cohomological symplectic invariant of discrete dynamical systems is generalized to the class of generalized canonical mappings. Lower bounds for the number of two-point and three-point symplectic invariants for billiard-type dynamical systems are found and several examples of symplectic correspondences encountered from physics are presented.


Raw milk manipulation is one of the major food frauds to gain financial benefits that can be identified through basic analysis. Objective: To analyse fresh milk quality parameters not only to define that milk is of poor quality but also to give some sort of clue that milk is adulterated. Methods: In this regard, a total of 110 (47 cows and 63 buffalo) raw milk samples were collected along with control samples through recommended methods and their routine physical & chemical quality parameters were analyzed. Results: The analysis of physical & chemical quality parameters showed 52/110 (47.3%) unsatisfactory samples with significantly decreased levels of major quality parameters like milk fat (94.2%), total solids (90.4%) and specific gravity (75.0%). It also showed an addition of water while other parameters were comparatively less decreased. There was compensation of water with thorough addition of other adulterants. The analysis also showed 58 (52.7%) samples were found satisfactory with 41/58 (70.7%) samples having normal quality parameters showing natural raw milk or precisely prepared adulterated milk while 17/58 (29.3%) samples had exceptionally raised quality parameters as fat 16/17 (94.1%) samples, total solids 14/17 (82.4%) and specific gravity 12/17 (70.6%) of samples showed the addition of water as well as other adulterants. Conclusions: The assessment of the quality of fresh milk through physical and chemical parameters not only described the poor quality of fresh milk but also gave some clues regarding the addition of different sorts of adulterants (>76.6%).


Irreversible thermodynamics is used to obtain the variance matrix of a chemical kinetic system at equilibrium. In contrast to the stochastic master‐equation approach, the variance matrix of the present approach does not depend on the rate constants of the reactions. It is thus possible to obtain a general formula for the variances σij=〈 (Ni−Nie) (Nj−Nje) 〉, where Nje is the equilibrium concentration of species i, which applies to linear systems as well as to some nonlinear systems.


In this paper, we investigate power allocation scheme and outage performance for a physical-layer network coding (PNC) relay based secondary user (SU) communication in cognitive multi-antenna relay networks (CMRNs), in which two secondary transceivers exchange their information via a multi-antenna relay using PNC protocol. We propose an optimal energy-efficient power allocation (OE-PA) scheme to minimize total energy consumption per bit under the sum rate constraint and interference power threshold (IPT) constraints. A closed-form solution for optimal allocation of transmit power among the SU nodes, as well as the outage probability of the cognitive relay system, are then derived analytically and confirmed by numerical results. Numerical simulations demonstrate the PNC protocol has superiority in energy efficiency performance over conventional direct transmission protocol and Four-Time-Slot (4TS) Decode?and-Forward (DF) relay protocol, and the proposed system has the optimal outage performance when the relay is located at the center of two secondary transceivers.


Recently, as the global warming by fossil fuels become social issues. the interest of renewable energy producing system is increasing rapidly. Among these, wind turbines are most highlighted because of its economic competitiveness. The tower occupying about 20% of overall turbine costs, is one of the main components of wind turbine. Tower access door located to base part of the tower, is used to enter the tower. This is the main structural weak point because of door hole, weldment, etc. In this study, by FEM, we retrieved the maximum van Mises stress at door location and carried out fatigue analysis using stresses at weld toe locations of tower access door part.