Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. iii FOREWORD The persistent miniaturization or rescaling of the integrated chip (IC) has led to interconnect dimensions that continue to decrease in physical size. This, coupled with the drive for reduced IC operating voltages and decreased signal-to-noise ratio in the device circuitry, requires new interlayer dielectric (ILD) materials to construct smaller and more efficient devices. At the current 90 nm technology node, fully dense organosilicate materials provide sufficient ILD shielding within the interconnect junctions. However, for the ensuing 65 nm and 45 nm technology nodes, porous ILD materials are needed to further decrease the dielectric constant k of these critical insulating layers. The challenge to generate sufficient porosity in sub-100 nm features and films is a significant one. Increased levels of porosity are extremely effective at decreasing k, but high levels of porosity deteriorate the mechanical properties of the ILD structures. Mechanically robust ILD materials are needed to withstand the stresses and strains inherent to the chemical–mechanical polishing steps in IC fabrication. To optimize both k and the mechanical integrity of sub-100 nm ILD structures requires exacting control over the pore formation processes. The first step in achieving this goal is to develop highly sensitive metrologies that can accurately quantify the structural attributes of these nanoporous materials. This Recommended Practice Guide is dedicated to developing X-ray Porosimetry (XRP) as such a metrology. It is envisaged that XRP will facilitate the development of nanoporous ILD materials, help optimize processing and fabrication parameters, and serve as a valuable quality control metrology. Looking beyond CMOS technology, many attributes of XRP will be useful for the general characterization of nanoporous materials which are becoming increasingly important in many emerging fields of nanotechnology.


In this paper we present a biconvex programming approach for the design of output feedback controllers for discrete-time systems. The method is based on necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of stabilizing static output feedback controllers. An interesting feature of the solution is that the matrix of output feedback gains is given explicitly. Then, we show how convex design constraints can be incorporated in the proposed design approach. Mixed frequency and time domain specifications for the closed-loop system like H/sub /spl infin// performance requirements and state constraints in the presence of disturbances are considered.


In this paper, a novel bandgap reference (BGR) is proposed in 180 nm BCD process. By adding a high order temperature compensation circuit and a power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) enchanced circuit, the BGR offers significant improvement in temperature compensation and PSRR performance. The proposed bandgap reference could operate under a wide supply voltage range of 2.47V to 10V. The simulation result shows temperature coefficient (TC) is 9 ppm/°C from −40 °C to 125°C and the PSRR at 120kHz is 86dB. The proposed reference is believed to offer great performance for wide input range low drop-out (LDO) linear regulator applications.


In this paper a AC-DC converter has been proposed for the application of speed control of a DC motor. The converter comprises two stages. The first stage is the diode bridge rectifier and the second stage is DC-DC buck converter. The two stages are coupled by a dc-link capacitor which also eliminate the ripple present in the output of the rectifier. For DC-DC buck converter, a feedback control system, based on PWM technique, has been designed which regulates its output to control the speed of dc motor. The prototype model has been designed and results obtained with it have a closed resemblance with the simulation results which has been done in LTspice software. The results of the simulation and prototype demonstrate that the output voltage of DC-DC converter and hence the speed of the dc motor can be controlled by controlling the duty cycle of DC-DC converter. The results also demonstrate the faster dynamic response of the converters.


Line 78: It is correct, that the computation of SQI does not involve the correlation of the Rx-signal with the Tx-signal, but the so called "coherence" with the Tx-pulse is intrinsic to the retrieved moment. When calculating the radar moments from IQ-data the Tx-phase is crucial. Therefore, the random phase of each Tx-pulse is recorded (random each pulse due to magnetron drift). During processing, the measured IQ-data is shifted in phase to cohere to the Tx-pulse, which has a major impact on the resulting moments, as it effects the separation of signal and noise. This step is necessary as the auto correlation lag one is not calculated by shifting a single pulse (IQ time series) in range, but by correlating successive pulses in the range gate. Therefore, a reasonable correlation can only be retrieved, if both Rx-signals are correctly aligned based on their individual Tx-phase. To achieve this, each Rx-pulse has to be coherent to its Tx-pulse. In particular, this effect is commonly used to identify and eliminate 2nd and multi trip echoes. If the utilized Txphase does not match the Rx-signal, the signal appears as white noise in the power spectrum due to its random phase. A meaningful signal is only retrieved if the measured IQ-data is shifted correctly to cohere to the Tx-pulse. In other words, a non-coherent Rxpulse will always lower the retrieved SQI, even though the calculation is done by solely correlating successive pulses. As such, any external interference signal will be noncoherent to the transmitted radar pulse and thereby, it will increase the spectral width and reduce the SQI. On the other hand, a coherent external signal would be interpreted as valid weather signal with a high SQI. Clarified marked sentence: "SQI quantifies the coherence..." to "SQI effectively quantifies the coherence...".


The wet paper web transfer belt comprises a base body, a wet paper web side layer, and paper side layer, the wet paper web side layer is formed of a high molecular weight elastic section, the high molecular weight elastic section having fibers protruding from the surface. Fiber projections may reside moisture from the wet paper web, thus improving the transfer the wet paper web by attachment to a conveyor belt carried out, and when the wet paper web is transferred to the next step of the papermaking process, the wet paper web from the conveyor belt smoothing the removed without compromising the durability of the belt.


Background and Aims Metabolic syndrome includes a collection of risk factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes type 2. The prevalence of both conditions has been increased due to urbanization and changes in life style. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children and its relationship with nutritional habits sleep duration and physical activity. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 338 (166 male, 172 female) children aged 10–18 years old. Waist circumference, blood pressure, blood sugar and lipid profile were measured. Metabolic syndrome defined according to IDF criteria. The pattern of nutrition, physical activity and sleep evaluated with Iranian version of international valid questionnaires. Results Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 11.8%. There was no significant association between sleep duration and metabolic syndrome except association between short sleep duration and high level of LDL (P<0.03). The average daily salt consumption of in metabolic syndrome patients was more than healthy children. Subjects with daily active activity more than 2 hours had lower level of LDL and metabolic syndrome prevalence (p=0.04). Metabolic syndrome was significantly lower in subjects with organized activity. Conclusion Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in Iranian children. These findings suggest importance of healthy nutritional habits and organized physical activity to prevent metabolic syndrome.


This book is for software developers, automation testers, Devops and engineers working on selenium automation testing project. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced developer, this book will help you master the skills on Selenium. The book starts with introduction of Selenium and then dives into key concepts like setting up project in IntelliJ, integration with Junit and TestNG, integration with build tools like Gradle and Maven. You will also learn how to integrate selenium with Cucumber. In the end, you will learn how to run the Selenium tests on CI servers like TeamCity, Bamboo and Jenkins. You will also learn how to work with various types of frameworks like Page object models, Page factory Keyword driven frameworks etc. Book also touches the concepts related to mobile automation using Selenium.


The Beam Energy Scan program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Co llider (RHIC) is aimed to probe the QCD phase diagram in the vicinity of a possible critical p oint. Higher moments of multiplicity distributions of conserved quantities are predi cted to be sensitive to the fluctuations due to critical point. Lattice QCD predictions and statisti cal thermal models suggest that the susceptibility of the medium formed in heavy-ion collision s can be related to various moments (Mean (μ) = 〈x〉, Variance ( σ2) = 〈(x−μ)2〉, Skewness ( S) = 〈(x−μ)3〉/σ3 and Kurtosis ( κ)= 〈(x− μ)4〉/σ4−3, of the conserved quantities like net-baryon number ( ∆B), net-electric charge (∆Q) and net-strangeness ( ∆S). Non monotonic deviation in the higher moments from the bas eline predictions would indicate the existence of the QCD critica l point. We present various moments and their products for the net-charge multiplicity distrib utions in Au+Au collisions at different energies ranging from √ sNN = 7.7 to 200 GeV, measured by PHENIX experiment at RHIC. The experimental results are compared with different heavy-io n c llision models, which do not include the QCD phase transition and critical point.


Relevance. The list of imported varieties and rootstocks is often determined by the marketing policy of the producing countries ; they had not been tested for specific conditions. For the first time in the arid conditions of the Astrakhan region a comprehensive assessment of new introduced apple varieties of autumn and winter ripening period was carried out to select a modern adaptive assortment for arid conditions.Methods. The experiment was laid in 2012 in the experimental orchard of the Caspian Agrarian Federal Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The purpose of the research is a comprehensive assessment of apple varieties by economic and biological indicators to optimize the regional assortment and selection of the best varieties for cultivation using intensive technologies in the Astrakhan region. The article presents the results of the study of 9 new apple varieties by productivity components in the semi-desert zone of the Northern Caspian Sea.Results. It was found that in the conditions of the arid zone, the most rapid-fruiting varieties are Renet Simirenko, Prikubanskoe, Pamyati esaulu and Renet Kubansky, who fructified in the second year of vegetation (0.2–0.5 kg/tree). Prikubanskoye (31.0 t/ha), Galakub (31.1 t/ha) and Pinovo (28.7 t/ha) varieties have been characterized by high yields over the past five years. The harmonious taste of apple fruits distinguished varieties Prikubanskoe, Pamyati esaulu, Renet Kubansky (16.7–20.0). Varieties Zolotaya korona, Paskhalnoe, Galakub, Red Chief and Pinovo had sweeter fruits (21.0–35.8).


Primary cardiac lymphomas are extremely rare and can be diagnosed by echocardiography. We present the case of a 79‐year‐old man with an intracardiac mass, shown to be an aggressive large B‐cell lymphoma by mediastinal aspiration, who had rapid regression of the tumor following one cycle of chemotherapy.


Thirteen antioxidative phenolic compounds were isolated from a dichloromethane extract of Kokuto, a kind of non-centrifugal cane sugar. Their structures were analysed by spectral methods (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS, and IR). Three test systems, linoleic acid autoxidation in water/ethanol, 2-D-deoxyribose oxidation, and rabbit erythrocyte membrane ghost system were used to evaluate their antioxidative activities. Most phenol compounds had strong antioxidative activity in both the linoleic acid autoxidation and 2-deoxyribose oxidation system. Three compounds, syringaldehyde, isovanillic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone had as strong antioxidative activity as α-tocopherol in the rabbit erythrocyte membrane system. Antioxidative phenolic compounds from non-sugar fraction in Kokuto, n... file:///F:/Panela Monitor/Base de datos/Functional and health properties...


Introduction: Anaerobic bacteria in the oral microbial flora are involved in many infections of the oral cavity and surrounding structures. Fusobacterium nucleatum is believed to differ from other bacteria in its interaction with oral mucosal epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Fusobacterium nucleotum in the epithelial cells of the oral mucosa of patients with periodontitis compared with healthy individuals.
Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, Realtime-PCR technique used to detect the Fusobacterium nucleatum in gingival samples of 15 patients with chronic periodontitis and 15 individuals with clinically healthy gingival specimens. The results analyzed by Fisher's exact and Independent t-tests with a significance level of less than 0.05.
Results: The Fisher's exact test showed that the F.nucleatum in patients with periodontitis was higher than the healthy population. Also Independent t-test showed that average titer of bacteria in patients with Periodontitis was significantly more than people without gingival inflammation (p value < 0.001).
Conclusion: There is a statistically significant relationship between periodontitis and the presence of F.nucleatum in epithelial cells of oral mucusa.


Abstract : This monograph examines the theory of operational art in light of economic growth and societal development. The study uses W.W. Rostow's five stages of economic growth as a framework for analysis and examines how operational art is manifested as different phenomenon as a society grows and develops. The monograph provides three conclusions about operational art. First, operational art existed in the pre-Newtonian world and transforms itself over time as a society develops and grows. Second, operational vision is a key ingredient in operational art. Third, a social maturation process associated with growth and development must occur for the operational artist to use the tools of his society to practice operational art. Finally, the monograph provides insights into the evolution of operational art. The paper suggests that operational art is in transition. The implications of the changes are not totally clear at this time. However, these changes are important because they will shape the future of Army doctrine, equipment, and the way soldiers adapt to these changes.


Tanzania is a united republic consisting of the former Tanganyika and the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba. Tanganyika was under British rule and became independent in 1961 and Zanzibar in 1963. The two countries formed the Union Government in 1964 and today Tanzania is a growing multiparty democracy. Tanzania is located in the Eastern African region of the Great Lakes between longitudes 29° and 41° east and latitudes 1° and 12° south of the equator. Tanzania has frontiers with Kenya and Uganda to the north Rwanda Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo to the west and Zambia Malawi and Mozambique to the south; on the east is the Indian Ocean. Tanzania has a total area of 945 200 km2. Mainland Tanzania has a land area of about 881 300 km2 of which 61 500 km2 is covered with water. The Tanzanian population was estimated to be 29.5 million and was projected to be 32.3 million by the year 2000.1 The population is characterised by a high dependence ratio of 106% (0-14 years 101% and above 65 years 4.8%). Males and females account for 49% and 51% of the total population respectively. About 32% of the population live in urban areas. The rate of urbanisation is 6% per annum. Population characteristics according to functional groups are as follows: 0-4 years of age 20.4%; 5-14 years 28.7%; youth 15-24 years 18.8%; 25-60 years 26%; and elderly (above 60 years) 6.1%. The proportion of the latter segment of the population is increasing as a result of improved living conditions. The average life expectancy at birth is 51 years the total fertility rate is 5.3 the infant mortality rate is 90/1 000 live births the under-5 mortality rate is 141/1000 live births and the maternal mortality rate is 530/100 000. (excerpt)


The neurochemical consequences of amphetamine administration at toxic dosage are complex. The specificity of damage to dopaminergic neurons is based on the ability of amphetamine and methamphetamine to release dopamine and elicit its redistribution. The changes inside the synaptic terminals of dopaminergic neurons in the striatum due to this redistribution initiate a wide spectrum of non-specific mechanisms of neuronal damage. Excitotoxicity and metabolic and oxidative stress are involved and play critical roles in amphetamine neurotoxicity. On the other hand, amphetamine administration elicits changes in endogenous neuroprotection that are important in damage prevention. Although the fine mechanisms of cell interactions, intraneuronal changes and involvement of various neurotransmitter systems in metabolic and oxidative stress are not completely understood, the data available offer prospects of developing neuroprotective therapy.


The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet consistently reduces blood pressure (BP), but the mechanism remains unclear. Emerging evidence suggests that intestinal dysbiosis leading to increased intestinal permeability (IP) and inflammation may contribute to elevated BP. Using data collected from a pilot controlled feeding study (DASH-Mechanism) designed to explore the mechanisms of the BP-lowering of DASH, we examined the impact of DASH on IP and inflammatory markers.

 Randomized controlled feeding study where participants consumed a typical American diet for one week then were randomized to either continue the typical diet (control) or the DASH diet for two weeks. Data were collected at the end of the first week (baseline) and after two weeks of randomized feeding. Sera were analyzed for the IP marker-zonulin and for inflammatory markers hsCRP, IFN-g, IL-6 and TNF-a. Multivariate models were used to examine the effect of diet on the aforementioned biomarkers and the association of the change in biomarkers with change in BP.

 Twenty unmedicated participants with stage 1 hypertension completed the study. Sera for this analysis were available for 18 participants (9 in control and 9 in DASH; Race: 5 Whites, 12 Blacks and 1 other; systolic/diastolic BP:140.1 ± 12.3/86.8 ± 14.2 mmHg). DASH diet significantly reduced SBP/DBP (−10.3 ± 11.7/−10.9 ± 5.9 vs 3.9 ± 6.6/3.6 ± 10.5 mmHg in control, P < 0.01 for both). There was a non-significant reduction in zonulin with DASH (Control: −1.97 ± 8.70 ng/ml; DASH: −5.81 ± 10.49 ng/ml), and a significant positive association between change in zonulin from baseline and change in both SBP (P = 0.03) and DBP (P = 0.05). Controlling for collinearity, multivariate linear model showed that change in zonulin, diet and age (for DBP only) (all P < 0.05) affect change in BP significantly (overall model: SBP P = 0.015 and DBP P = 0.022). Changes in inflammation markers did not differ between arms and none was associated with change in BP.

 Our findings suggest that the DASH diet may improve IP and such impact may be related to the BP lowering effect of DASH. Multivariate models also suggest independent effect of diet and zonulin on BP further implicates the potential role of IP in BP regulation. Investigation of the effect of DASH on the microbiota is warranted.

 AHA.


Thispaperpresents a newmodeltoidentify the criticality class ofspare parts (SPs) based onfuzzy and greytheory. By usinggroup-discussing and anonymous questionnaire methods, index setforthe evaluation ofcriticality class ofSPsareputforward. A newalgorithm, which isintegrated ofmodified Delphi, AHP,fuzzy comprehensive evaluation andgrey relational analysis, isdesigned toconvert the qualitative description toquantitative data. Atthe sametime, itseffectiveness andsuperiority aretested inthepractical example. Then,theunreasonable target service level setting whichisconfirmed bythe different criticality class willbemodified andthe optimal inventory control parameters canbegained. Bydeploying this model, theinventory holding costs wasreduced significantly inapowerplant.


Novel drug targets for sustained reduction in body mass index (BMI) are needed to curb the epidemic of obesity, which affects 650 million individuals worldwide and is a causal driver of cardiovascular and metabolic disease and mortality. Previous studies reported that the Arg95Ter nonsense variant of GPR151, an orphan G protein-coupled receptor, is associated with reduced BMI and reduced risk of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Here, we follow up on GPR151 with the Pakistan Genome Resource (PGR), which is one of the largest exome biobanks of human homozygous loss-of-function carriers (knockouts) in the world. Among PGR participants, we identify 3 GPR151 putative loss-of-function (plof) variants (Arg95Ter, Tyr99Ter, and Phe175LeufsTer7) with a cumulative allele frequency of 2.2% and present at homozygosity. We confirm these alleles in vitro as loss-of-function. We test if GPR151 plof is associated with BMI, T2D, or other metabolic traits. GPR151 deficiency is not associated with a significant difference in BMI. Moreover, loss of GPR151 confers a nominally significant increase in risk of T2D (odds ratio = 1.2, p value = 0.03). Relative to wild-type mice, Gpr151-/- animals exhibit no difference in body weight on normal chow, and higher body weight on a high-fat diet, consistent with the findings in humans. Together, our findings indicate that GPR151 antagonism is not a compelling therapeutic approach for obesity.


Prostaglandin E2(PGE2) is an arachidonic acid metabolite mainly produced by activated monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Mφ) that display broad immunomodulatory activities. Several viruses capable of infecting Mo/Mφ modulate PGE2 synthesis in a way that favors the infection processes and the spread of virions. In the present work, we studied the effect of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection of Mo/Mφ on PGE2 synthesis. Our results indicate that HHV-6 inducesCOX-2 gene expression and PGE2 synthesis within a few hours of infection. We mapped the different promoter elements associated with COX-2 gene activation by HHV-6 to two cis-acting elements: a cyclic AMP-responsive element and an activator protein-1 element. HHV-6 immediate-early protein 2 was identified as a modulator of COX-2 gene expression in Mo/Mφ. Finally, addition of PGE2 to HHV-6-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultures was found to increase significantly viral replication. Overall, these results further contribute to the immunomodulatory properties of HHV-6 and highlight a potential role for eicosanoids in the replication process of this virus.


The outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic forced affected countries to implement strict lockdown to contain the spread of this disease before the advent of the vaccine. This containment resulted in social and economic crisis globally. This study evaluated the impact of COVID-19 on three "P" s of sustainability (Planet, People, and Profit) in India. A comparative analysis was conducted by evaluating the available secondary data in different sectors during the pre-lockdown and lockdown period. Seven major air quality parameters: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ammonia (NH3), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) were studied in six states of India to review the ambient air quality status. Stratified random sampling technique was used in this study for collective portrayal of the country's air quality. A drastic cutback of the level of PM2.5 and PM10 with significant increase of O3 was observed in the lockdown phase for most of the selected monitoring stations. A significant change in level of PM2.5 and PM10 was observed when t-test was performed in between the pre-lockdown and lockdown period. Improvement of ambient air quality was also observed considering the air quality index (AQI) during lockdown. The trend and volatility of two broad Indian stock market indices, SENSEX and NIFTY-50, were analyzed, and results showed that both the indices have recovered during the forty-day lockdown phase. The potential effects of the crisis on various sectors of Indian economy were assessed in this study, and a set of policy recommendations for these sectors were suggested.


Another article in this issue of Pediatrics, "Assessment of Tuberculin Screening in an Urban Pediatric Clinic," (p 856) again focuses attention on a weighty question: Is routine use of the tuberculin test important? The authors have pointed out the difference in philosophy of the Center for Disease Control, and the American Academy of Pediatrics. The Center for Disease Control recommends that routine tuberculin testing for school children and other similar programs be abandoned if the yield of
 positive tuberculin reactions is less than 1%1; this recommendation is based on the assumption that discovery of cases at this low rate will not have epidemiologic impact (italics added).


This paper will discuss the design of the Automated Prototype Egg Conveyor and Separator. The aim of this project is to support an already designed fully automated prototype chicken farm. The purpose of designing this project is to transport the egg from the nest to the separator unit, where the eggs would be separated based on their height to two different locations. This unit will be powered from a dc power supply and consists of three main parts which are Egg Conveyor unit, Egg Separator, and Controlling unit. The Egg Conveyor transports the eggs from the nest to the conveyor. The Egg Separator unit is made of a ramp which inclines for the big size eggs and remains flat for the small size eggs. The Controlling unit will adjust the level of Egg Separator Unit based on the height of the egg. The Fully Automated Prototype Chicken Farm is controlled by an interfacing board that is connected to the computer and is comprised of the Light Unit, Food Supply Unit, Water Supply Unit, and Fan Unit. In this project, the hardware units will be discussed in detail. This project would benefit mostly small scale chicken farms by reducing cost of operation, manual labor, and increasing productivity. Future additions to this project include building an incubator unit with correct facilities to hatch the egg.


The invention relates to a V-shaped positioning double-screw locking tooth crown drill bit. The drill bit comprises a drill rod, a tooth crown blade, a pressing bolt and a plug. The drill rod comprises a working part, a neck part and a handle part. The working part is provided with a spiral chip groove. The blade back is provided with a cooling hole in the axial direction. The handle part is cylindrical. A single direct cooling hole is formed in the axial direction. The neck part is provided with a through hole for connecting the cooling hole in the blade back of the working part and the single direct cooling hole in the handle part. The through hole is provided with a radial threaded hole communicated with the through hole. The radial threaded hole is provided with the plug in a matched mode. The end face of the drill rod working part is provided with a V-shaped positioning groove for positioning the crown tooth blade. The two sides of the V-shaped positioning groove are provided with fastening screw holes for being matched with pressing screws in a screwed mode. The tooth crown blade is fastened into the V-shaped positioning groove through the pressing screws. A spiral inner cooling structure is adopted, the core thickness of the drill rod is reduced on the premise of lowering the strength of the drill rod, and the chip discharging space is increased beneficially; the V-shaped positioning structure contact face is large, and positioning accuracy is high; clamping is facilitated in surface coating and follow-up processes through the tooth crown blade groove.


Scaling of pressure spectrum in zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers is discussed. Spatial DNS data of boundary layer at one time instant (Reθ = 4500) are used for the analysis. It is observed that in the outer regions the pressure spectra tends towards the -7/3 law predicted by Kolmogorov's theory of small-scale turbulence. The slope in the pressure spectra varies from -1 close to the wall to a value close to -7/3 in the outer region. The streamwise velocity spectra also show a -5/3 trend in the outer region of the flow. The exercise carried out to study the amplitude modulation effect of the large scales on the smaller ones in the near-wall region reveals a strong modulation effect for the streamwise velocity, but not for the pressure fluctuations. The skewness of the pressure follows the same trend as the amplitude modulation coefficient, as is the case for the velocity. In the inner region, pressure spectra were seen to collapse better when normalized with the local Reynolds stress than when scaled with the local turbulent kinetic energy


This paper presents an application of continuous quality improvement (CQI) process for a typical engineering course using constructive alignment. The performance measures are the course learning outcomes (CLO) attainment and overall course grades which combines the marks obtained in the tests, assignments and final examination. Tests and final examination represent the cognitive assessment while assignments represent the generic skills assessment measured using rubrics. Pareto diagram is used to analyze the CLO attainment data resulting from tests, assignments and final exam marks. Possible causes related to low CLO attainment are explored using the QC tool of Ishikawa diagram. From detail studies on both Pareto and Ishikawa diagrams, CQI activities based on constructive alignment are then drafted and implemented to the course. The CQI implementation shows significant improvements to the CLO attainments.


The ACM/SIGAPL election took place early this year, and the time has come to report on the results. The winners took office on July 1, 1991; their addresses appear on the back of the inside back cover of this issue. Below are the vote counts on June 28th, 1991. Asterisks (*) mark the winner: There were seven invalid ballots cast. Several explicit "no" votes were received, five for Chairman and Vice-Chairman, eight for Secretary/Treasurer, and one for each member-at-large. At the request of several members, the period for tabulation of votes was extended into July to accommodate postal delays, primarily for members in Europe. Although these results are not tabulated above, they do not materially effect the results. As chairman of the nominating committee, I believe that we picked out a slate of people willing to serve and improve the service record of SIGAPL, and we wanted that outcome no matter who was victorious. We are somewhat dismayed at the relatively small number of votes cast in this election. Less than 20% of the eligible voters actually cast ballots. Is there some way we can improve the proc-ess? Please tell us! Our thanks to all candidates; we hope the new SIGAPL Executive Committee the best of luck. We look to them for new leadership and vitality. • "Dialog," a newsletter of Dietrich and Partner, and is reprinted with permission. we celebrate the twenty-fifth birthday of APL. This is a clearly definable point in time because it is the timestamp on the first saved APL workspace, 1 CLEANSPACE (a workspace still available in the newly-announced APL2 Version 2 for IBM mainframes). But is this precise moment really the moment of birth of APL? I, personally, do not believe in the concept of "moment of birth" or "moment of death" even for people. 1 think each is a process, not a momentary event. This is certainly true of the evolution of a language, either natural or formal. IiiAPL can be traced as an evolution of human thought from the distant past, as far back as you wish to go. ~1 APL can be traced as an evolution of human thought from the distant past, as far back as you wish to go. The invention of Al'abie decimal numbers is certainly one major step. From then, ability to comprehend the concepts of mathematics and computation spread as the usage of symbolic representation of …


The discussion about the Compilation of Islamic Laws (Kompilasi Hukum Islam/KHI) never ends. There are differences among scholars in comprehending the texts because such compilation was issued in the New Order regime. In the constellation of the KHI, the product of the law appears in semi-responsive strategy. In addition, in the KHI there is a reduction of the law to a certain limit in the context of law in the country. The But political configuration Islamic law also brings impacts on the domination each other in the New Order political coniguration. Kata kunci: Kompilasi Hukum Islam, Konfigurasi Politik, Orde Baru, dan Otoriter


This paper addresses "walls" as a traditional tool used to establish and preserve sovereignty in different political contexts. By discussing the process of the loss of sovereignty control by states, attention is placed on the impact of phenomena, such as interdependence and integration, on the redefinition of sovereignty repositories. The main hypothesis of this paper is the appearance of an unorganized hypocrisy of sovereignty. Accordingly, states, despite their efforts put into preserving their control on sovereignty, cannot really build walls anymore.


This project presents FPGA design of ECG compression by using the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) with FIR. Unlike the classical works based on off-line mode, the current work allows the real-time processing of the ECG signal to reduce the redundant information. A model is developed for a fixed-point convolution scheme which has a good performance in relation to the throughput, the latency, the maximum frequency of operation and the quality of the compressed signal. The quantization of the coefficients of the filters and the selected fixed-threshold give a low error in relation to clinical applications. Low-cost finite impulse response (FIR) designs are presented for this project. We jointly consider the optimization of bit width and hardware resources without sacrificing the frequency response and output signal precision. No uniform coefficient quantization with proper filter order is proposed to minimize total area cost. Multiple constant multiplication / accumulation in a direct FIR structure are implemented using an improved version of truncated multipliers.


Describes a smart bus fleet and route infrastructure project in the Gatwick Airport region in Britain backed by the Fastway public/private consortium that includes British Airways and the British Airports Authority. Real time passenger information is envisioned


Dependability is a subject of great importance in the development of critical systems and may be quantified in terms of various factors, such as reliability, maintainability and availability, whose significance may vary between different applications. A generic technique based on the Markov model is proposed in this paper, using fuzzy theory, for the reliability and safety assessment of fault-tolerant computational systems, composed of replicated modules. As the Markov model requires some parameters which may not be precisely known during the calculation, this method allows uncertainty-based parameters that are represented as fuzzy numbers. As a consequence, the reliability and the safety time response are composed by several curves which have associated degrees of confidence. This result may be used to estimate the reliability and safety value range at a given instant of time where each value has an associated possibility degree in which the developer believes the system has.


In this paper a four-cavity 60:1 frequency bandwidth (1-60 GHz) ultra-wideband nested coaxial waveguide feed with extended center conductors is designed and analyzed. The performance of the feed is presented and discussed in detail. The feed has less than -10 dB reflection loss over its operating frequency. The excitation of the coaxial cavities is accomplished by impressing a circularly polarized TE/sub 11/ coaxial waveguide mode. The correlated parameters are rigorously carried out by experimental measurement (1-8 GHz) and a finite element method (FEM) computer simulation study (8-60 GHz).


The continuous hot rolling process of thin slab was studied with the aid of elastic-plastic and thermal-mechanical coupled FEM using commercial software Marc.Variation of equivalent stress,equivalent strain,strain rate and rolling force were also researched.The results showed that in rolling stock deformation zone the equivalent strain increased along the direction of rolling and came to maximum at outlet of workpiece.The equivalent stress and equivalent strain rate had a maximum value near the surface at the inlet of workpiece.The rolling force had a small variation during stable rolling stage.The rolling force simulated accorded with that measured.The result may serve as reference to industrial production.


Towed decoy can simulate the time domain and frequency domain characteristics of target in radar beam and form effective angle deception. In order to improve the radar ability to countermeasure towed decoy, this study extracts and uses the radar diagonal difference channel in the conventional monopulse radar. The characteristic of diagonal difference channel is analysed. Then, the equations of sum channel, azimuth difference channel, elevation difference channel, and diagonal difference channel are established. By solving the equations, the angles and amplitude of decoy and target are obtained. Decoy recognition method is proposed. The new method can obtain the angles of decoy and target using only one pulse, and recognise decoy steadily using several pulses. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the new method.


A package for electronic or optoelectronic device, comprising a housing having a seal to absorb organic impurities and water adsorbent. Adsorbent formed of a porous metal particles are scattered relatively fragile and liable to occur during use of the device. To prevent the occurrence of each element within the housing fault or failure, the adsorbent is placed a shell, the casing having sufficient holes or pores, these pores or voids allow water infiltration through the vapor and organic impurities but can stop any particles scattered from the adsorbent, let particles through.


The invention relates to a process for hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of pyrolysis oil and also to a process for upgrading of pyrolysis oil implementing said HDO process, and also to processing of the aqueous phase resulting from the HDO by steam pre-reforming and then steam reforming.


We report the design, fabrication, and characterization of the first monolithically 3D-printed, three-dimensional, three-material, cored inductors for use in compact electromagnetic systems. Additive manufacturing technologies can produce functional, freeform-compatible mechanical devices; however, the ability of additive manufacturing to create electronic components that could enable the monolithic fabrication of devices that integrate sensors and actuators is still unfulfilled. This study aims at advancing the state of the art through the demonstration of the first truly three-dimensional, monolithically 3D-printed, cored solenoids. The novel 3D-printed inductors are made via material extrusion using three PLA-based materials (dielectric, conductive, and soft magnetic). The devices attain Gauss-level magnetic fields while drawing tens-of-milliamps currents. The work is of great interest for fast and inexpensive fabrication of compact sensors, actuators, and power conversion systems, and for the integration of electronics with MEMS devices of intricate geometries.


This paper is a follow-up to our recent literature review of outcomes with immediate molar implants and summarizes considerations used by various highly experienced clinical investigators to achieve acceptable survival rates. The surgeon's skills and experience, proper case selection and specific modifications in osteotomy preparation all are crucial in avoiding intra- and extra-operative complications and implant failure.


Vitamin D status is associated with bone health and with cardiovascular health, diabetes mellitus and cancer. Since vitamin D status is affected by food and supplement intake and by sun exposure, the ability to accurately predict vitamin D status assessed from these sources is important. The objective of this study is to evaluate the use of 3‐day diet records (3DR) including dietary supplements and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) not including dietary supplements to predict serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations [25(OH)D] in 40 male and female subjects (30 to 69 yrs). Time spent in sunlight was self‐reported along with a Fitzpatrick Skin Type Questionnaire. Vitamin D intake from the 3DR was positively correlated with 25(OH)D with a curvilinear relationship and may be used to predict 25(OH)D (rs=0.60, P <0.001). FFQ was not correlated with 25(OH)D (rs=0.15, P=0.38) but the FFQ with supplements was positively correlated (rs=0.42, P=0.013). Unprotected sun exposure or skin type did not aid the ability to predict 25(OH)D levels possibly due to winter month data collection with minimum unprotected sun exposure. Intake of vitamin D from supplements must be considered when estimating vitamin D status.


Electroencephalography (EEG) is an effective modality being used to develop brain computer interface (BCI) systems, but the EEG signal is predominantly marked with low signal-to-noise ratio. Thus, extracting information of interest from EEG data becomes quite a challenging task. Brain activity is usually modeled as an adaptive autoregressive (AAR) model and various adaptive algorithms are implemented to obtain its parameters. Here, QR decomposition based recursive least squares (QR-RLS) algorithm with forgetting factor is derived for AAR parameter estimation and realized to track the EEG features with numerical stability. EEG features from motor imagery datasets are extracted by the proposed method and classified with Linear Discriminate Analysis. For further validation, a comparative analysis is obtained between the presented methodology and already existing EEG processing methods, i.e., Least Mean Squares, RLS and conventional QR-RLS. Results indicate that EEG features extracted from the proposed algorithm provide better classification accuracy than other adaptive algorithms. Thus, promising towards development of reliable and proficient brain computer interface systems.


The worship and veneration of sacred trees, groves, mountains and surface waters is very common in Yoruba traditional religion and culture, to the extent that almost all communities have designated sacred natural sites. Information for this study was gathered from the author's visits to different sacred sites, from folklore, and through open-ended interviews with elderly people in South-western Nigeria between September 2012 and April 2013. Additional information was also acquired through the study of relevant published papers in 2014. Findings include a list of existing sacred trees, groves, mountains and surface waters in South-west Nigeria and beyond that are still venerated and worshipped. The importance of these sacred natural sites to environmental sustainability, and the threats they face, are discussed. Three-pronged recommendations on the effective conservation of these sacred sites are also put forward.


Dementia is a complex clinical syndrome resulting fromdysfunction ofmultiple brain systems caused by heterogeneousmechanisms, ranging from the toxic effect of drugs to infection, genetic, ischemia, hormonal imbalances, systemic pathologies and specific brain diseases, characterized by peculiar pathologic changes, for instance the abnormal deposition of hyperphosphorylated tau protein or -synuclein. Themain clinical categories are: i. cognitive impairment; ii. behavioral and psychological symptoms; iii. physical andmotor symptoms. In turn, all of them affect both quality of life and activity of daily living. Dementia, as a neurobehavioral syndrome, consists of symptoms collectively called disorder of global cognitive power, which is not followed by deterioration the degree of alertness, but related to behavioral changes.Despite of the complexity of deseases underlying dementia, the understanding of neuropathobiological perspectives of dementia is a very usefulmeans in the effort to elucidate themechanisms, diagnosis, andmanagement of dementia in general.The brains ofAlzheimer's disease patients exhibit a variety of degenerative changes, including the loss of dendrites and synapses, neuron death, abnormal capillaries, senile plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles.Cognitive symptoms, ie.memory deficit, involves hippocampus and entorhinal area.Dysfunction of associative neocortex results fromits disconnection fromthemesial temporal lobe.Disconnection of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex leads to deficit of both episodic and workingmemory. Temporal-parietal disconnection has been associatedwith other cognitive disturbances, such as apraxia and agnosia.Behavioral and psychological symptoms, such as apathy and depression are thought to derive fromdysfunction of the fronal lobe and anterior limbic system.Physical andmotor symptoms (tremor, axial rigidity and bradykinesia) can complicatedAlzheimer's disease in the advanced stage due to the spreading of pathological change to cortical and deep motor structures. The present paper discusses some principles of neuropathobiological aspects (neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neuropsychology, and neuropathology) involved in dementia.


We use interband exciton transitions in InSb∕AlxIn1−xSb multi-quantum-well samples to determine the heavy-hole and light-hole energy gaps as the strain is varied using Al concentrations up to 25%. The gaps are compared to deformation-dependent calculations of the energy gaps in the presence of biaxial strain to obtain a measure of the deformation potentials α and β.


This paper presents a machine learning (ML) surrogate modeling for fast processing in meshless/meshfree methods. The main idea is to leverage the universal approximation (UA) propriety of supervised ML models (shallow/deep learning and other regression models) to surrogate the heavy shape function construction in meshless methods. The resulting ML metamodel preserves the same accuracy of the meshless interpolation while avoiding costly matrix inversion operations. The total computation time for solving 3D test simulation problems (using more than 20[Formula: see text]k nodes) is reduced by a factor of 1[Formula: see text]k in the case of the Gaussian process (GP) metamodel.


Skin diseases result from abnormal cell proliferation due to mutations caused by unrepaired DNA damage. They are classified as basal cell, squamous, and MELANOMAs, whereas MELANOMA being a deadly skin cancer that increases mortality. Dermoscopy is used to diagnose MELANOMA in its early phases by identifying its pigmented structures. Effective segmentation of MELANOMA image structures using machine learning models such as the XGBOOST algorithm can improve dermatologists' productivity and accuracy in diagnosing skin diseases. The pigment network's colour, diameter structures, asymmetry, border irregularity, and diameter structures play a crucial role in MELANOMA diagnosis. Identifying a MELANOMA image requires more than two increases dramatically in the near future. Better diagnostics have revealed that the prognosis for a cancer patient is directly related to the disease's stage. It is advised that MELANOMA suspects be detected and treated sooner rather than later to improve the possibility of a successful outcome. Since doctor's subjectivity increases the likelihood of false diagnoses and erroneous results, practical features, and dermoscopy photos help to separate MELANOMA groups. The proposed model can aid in early detection and treatment of MELANOMA, especially in populations with higher risk of developing the disease.


An unusual feature of the management of wilderness and other natural areas is that price is rarely used to ration recreational access. This often leads to queuing for access. At the same time there is often a relatively poor level of infrastructure provided for recreation. This paper argues that it is the relatively high level of public and political involvement in the management of wilderness and other natural areas that is ultimately responsible for the particular way in which recreational access is allocated. This introduces two "biases" into managerial objectives. Queuing and infrastructure distortion are the symptom of these biases.


Predictive power and generalizability of models depend on the quality of features selected in the model. Machine learning (ML) models in banks consider a large number of features which are often correlated or dependent. Incorporation of these features may hinder model stability and prior feature screening can improve long term performance of the models. A Markov boundary (MB) of features is the minimum set of features that guarantee that other potential predictors do not affect the target given the boundary while ensuring maximal predictive accuracy. Identifying the Markov boundary is straightforward under assumptions of Gaussianity on the features and linear relationships between them. This paper outlines common problems associated with identifying the Markov boundary in structured data when relationships are non-linear, and predictors are of mixed data type. We have proposed a multi-group forward-backward selection strategy that not only handles the continuous features but addresses some of the issues with MB identification in a mixed data setup and demonstrated its capabilities on simulated and real datasets.


Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) commonly befalls both children and adults and is a major cause of mild morbidity. URTIs ranges from mild self-limiting diseases such as common cold to serious life-threatening illnesses such as epiglottitis. The present study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activities of Tectona grandis (teak) leaves extractson some pathogenic microorganisms isolated from clinical samples causingURTIs. The antibacterial activities were assayed using the agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were evaluated using standard microbiological techniques. Phytochemical andmineral compositions of all the extracts were determined. Appreciable quantities of phytochemical such as saponins, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, anthraquinone and alkaloids were present in both extracts of the plants with flavonoids having a higher percentage. Minerals such as K, Ca, Fe, Na and Fe were presented in both solvents. Heavy metals like Pb, Cd and as were presented in significant quantities in both extracts, however, high amount of the heavy metal composition was observed in the ethanol extract. The plant extracts exhibited varying degrees of concentration-based antibacterial activities against bacteria implicated from URTIs. They showed a high significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Conclusively, the plant extracts contained several bioactive compounds (phytochemical), thereby validating the use of this plants for therapeutic tenacities. Also, the antibacterial activity of the leaf extracts against the test organisms also supports its usage in traditional medicine practice.


A simple model for event-based transient flow to a subsurface tile drain was developed. Green-Ampt theory was used to describe redistribution of infiltrated water in the vadose zone. Semi-analytical solutions in terms of Fourier series were sought for the Boussinesq equation describing subsurface saturated flow subjected to time-dependent recharge. Model results were compared with observed hydrograph data from the Purdue Water Quality Field Station (WQFS) in West Lafayette, Indiana. In general, the models were able to capture the sharp peak of the tile drain hydrograph, as well as the time to peak and the time of initial response to rainfall. The models performed particularly well for rainfall events with single-burst hyetographs, and in the prediction of the first hydrograph peak from a multiple burst hyetograph, though subsequent peaks could not be captured as well. We conclude that the solution developed here holds promise for use in larger watersheds where the hydrology is governed by tile drains.


Actors have catalyzed the development of a new programming methodology and architecture for ultra-concurrent systems. This sourcebook on the development and impact of the actor paradigm brings together more than 20 milestone contributions on the actor concept and its application to knowledge processing. Each contribution is placed in its historical context and explained. This book is divided into four major areas: Foundations of Concurrent Systems covers actors, laws of concurrent systems and mathematical models. Languages takes up design principles, actor languages, meta-interpreters, and comparison with other programming languages. Systems and Architectures discusses monitoring and debugging environments, and multicomputers. Knowledge Processing examines the scientific community metaphor, open systems, and organizational semantics. Future prospects for actors and knowledge processing are discussed in the concluding section.


Computer specialized fundamental courses include a series of row electric circuit related curriculum.The effectiveness of teaching this course has direct impact on the comprehensive professional level and employment prospect of the students.According to the characteristics of computer major,this paper proposes suggestions on the basis of curriculum pedagogic system,the selection of course contents,further improving the present teaching methods and model and etc.And further improvements will be made in the process of practical work of teaching.


Background In order to better monitor non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients at higher risk for HCC, there is a need for non-invasive diagnostic approaches to screen for the presence of advanced fibrosis in these patients. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis will be to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of ARFI elastography in detecting hepatic fibrosis in NAFLD patients. Methods Relevant studies were identified from systematic searches of several major electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials). The primary outcomes were the summary sensitivity, summary specificity, the diagnostic odds ratio, and the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (SROC) of ARFI elastography in detecting significant fibrosis (defined as 4>F≥2) in NAFLD patients. Study quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy included in Systematic Review (QUADAS-2). Results The summary sensitivity and specificity of ARFI in detecting significant fibrosis were 80.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.758–0.842; p = 0.0000) and 85.2% (95% CI: 0.808–0.890), p = 0.1617), respectively. The pooled diagnostic odds ratio of ARFI in detecting significant fibrosis was 30.13 (95% CI: 12.08–75; chi-squared = 14.59, p = 0.0237). The area under the SROC curve (AUC) was 0.898 (standard error (SE): 0.031) with a Q* index of 0.830 (SE: 0.033). Conclusions ARFI elastography appears to be modestly accurate in detecting significant fibrosis in NAFLD patients. Future studies in this field should provide head-to-head comparisons of ARFI elastography versus other elastographic imaging modalities in NAFLD patients.


Fiber Optical Gyroscope (FOG) is becoming affordable for many applications such as vehicle navigation and stabilization. Operating under the circumstance of which, vibration can't be ignored. This paper researched into the characteristic of vibration of structure of FOG. Base on the model analysis using ANSYS (finite element analysis software), we did dynamic analysis for bracket of FOG. On the model analysis, we got the frequencies and model shapes of bracket. On the harmonic response analysis, we got the curves of frequency response. We analyse the frequencies and model shapes of bracket. At last, we brought forward the methods to optimize the framework design of FOG.


Maximum reading rate in the native and second language has often been used to assess bilingual balance. In the present study, the duration of L2 sentences produced at a nonmaximal rate was measured. The subjects were 24 native English (NE) speakers and 240 native Korean (NK) speakers assigned to ten subgroups based on age of arrival in the US (2–22 yrs). The subjects repeated 21 aurally presented English sentences following a delay. The durations of sentences that were produced without pauses or repetitions were measured. The NK subjects who arrived in the US after the age of 9 years produced sentences that were significantly longer than did the NE subjects. Significant correlations were found to exist between the Koreans sentence durations and age of arrival in the US: (1) self‐estimated use of both Korean and English; (2) the number of segmental errors produced in English sentences; and (3) knowledge of English morphosyntax (assessed by a 144‐item Grammaticality Judgment Test). The correlation with amou...


Based on the analysis of types, Lepidanthrax brachialis (Thomson, 1869) and L. quinquepunclatus (Thomson, 1869) are considered junior synonyms of L. tinctus (Thomson, 1869). Notes and illustrations of the type are presented.


During the past few decades, Zen (Ch'an) Buddhism has been the most popular Buddhist school in the West and many scholars have expounded the essence of Zen. One of the most well–known expositions is D. T. Suzuki's psychological interpretation. Wu–nien in Zen is identified by him with the unconscious, and satori is seen as the psychological leaping of the unconscious. Other scholars contend that Zen has its ontological roots and should be understood ontologically rather than psychologically. Zen Buddhists are said to be pilgrims of the absolute, and Zen is seen as a search for pure being.


Beyond the predominant paradigm of an essentially rational human cognition, based on the classical binary logic, we want to propose some reflections that are organized around the intuition that the representations we have of the world are weighted with appreciations, for example affective ones. resulting from our integration into a social environment. We see these connotations as essentially ternary in nature, depending on the concepts underlying neutrosophy: either positive, negative or neutral. This form of representation would then influence the very nature of the cognitive process, which in complex real-world situations, has to deal with problems of a combinatorial nature leading to a number of cases too large for our abilities. Forced to proceed by shortcuts on the basis of heuristics, cognition would use these assessments of the representations it manipulates to decide whether partial solutions are attractive for solving the problem or on the contrary are judged negative and are then quickly rejected. There is still the case of a neutral weighting that allows processing to continue. Thus a neutrosophical conception of our representations of the world explains how our cognition functions in its treatment of combinatorial problems in the form of producing processing accelerating heuristics, both in terms of partial solutions selection and processing optimization.


1. Duhamel, B.: From the mermaid of anal imperforation; the syndrome of caudal regression. Arch. Dis. Child. 36: 152, 1961. 2. Crawford, M. d'A., Ismail, S. R. and Wigglesworth, J. S.: A monopodal sireniform monster with dermatoglyphic and cytogenetic studies. J. Med. Genet. 3: 212, 1966. 3. Moore, T. C. and Lawrence, E. A.: Congenital malformations of the rectum and anus. II. Associated anomalies encountered in a series of 120


An analysis of the declining use of cash within the Netherlands and the eurozone. Recommendations and a redesign are created to tackle the challenges of both a declining cash cycle and a society with limited cash use.


For the reasonable pipeline arrangement,the content and principle of building pipeline arrangement are discussed,and the arrangement demand is put forward,some attentions in the construction are also supplied.


Culture is the foundation of a country and nation. How to make the culture timeless,the culture innovation ability has been improved,which is related to the system and the support of the social atmosphere,and need to pay more attention to cultural originality. What is the state of Chinese cultural innovation ability and how to enhance the cultural main body innovation ability are the key research problems. At the stage,culture innovation as an important part of the strategy of building a harmonious world thought,is an important prerequisite for Chinese dream of achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.


Water resources carrying capacity is the core content of water resources assessment and programming.It is very important to find the new method of water resources carrying capacity assessment.Based on UNESCO proposed the concept of carrying capacity of resources,the definition of carrying capacity of water resources is given.Available water resources and pollutant carrying capacity and per capita GDP 10,000 minimum standards may be regarded as a "range" value.On this basis,fuzzy constraint linear programming model is established;and the basic process of solving is given and applied to Rizhao City to evaluate the water resources carrying capacity;and the results are compared with the literature [5] model results,it is shown that the model proposed is practical,reasonable in calculation results.


In the ongoing effort to modernize and improve the civil process, the Alberta Rules of Court were amended in 1999. Affidavits of records are automatically required within a fixed period of time and non-compliance is sanctionable by a virtually automatic right to double costs. This article traces the genesis of these new, uniquely Albertan procedural rules, then identifies several concerns and critically analyzes them. It concludes that in practice, the five year old amendments generally do not serve to expedite proceedings, reduce litigant or public costs, facilitate settlement on the substantive merits of the dispute, nor enhance the overall public perception of the administration of civil justice. In fact, they may have the opposite effect from what was intended of encouraging settlement and the prudent use of court time. The authors recommend that the current Alberta Law Reform Institute's Rules of Court Project should propose rescission of these recent amendments and return to the demand model reinforced by judicial case management and costs discretion.


Introduction and objective: Cryptosporidium parvum is an intracellular, extracytoplasmic, zoonotic, coccidian parasite that infects the microvillus regions of the digestive tract, and respiratory tract and causes lethal disease mainly among individuals suffering from immune deficiency and children. Suitable animal models are needed to identify different aspects of Cryptosporidium infection and the means of treating and preventing this infection. This study was conducted to represent a simple and usable animal model for C. parvum so that it can be used in the drugrelated studies. Materials and methods: Forty neonatal BALB/c mice and forty neonatal rats as group I (case) were inoculated with 5×10 5 oocysts. At the same time the animals in group II (control) received only sterile PBS solution. The intensity of infection was determined through the microscopic observation of the homogenized intestines of all the samples at 6, 9, 12, and 16 days of post infection. Results: In mice and rats, the intensity of infection in group I (case) reached its peak on the 9 th day after infection, then it reduced gradually and on day 16 post infection, it showed its lowest point. Meanwhile the noninfected animals in group II (control) had no detectable oocysts. Conclusion: As the intensity of infection in both models showed a similar pattern; and because of rat physiological similarity to humans and easier handling and manipulation during the procedure the rat model was considered experimentally preferable. Significance and impact of the study: This study introduces an indigenous laboratory animal model which can be used in cryptosporidium-related investigations and in vivo oocysts reproduction and it has no precedence in Iran.


Abstract A stereospecific synthesis of the endo triazoline 20 has been accomplished by the sequential conversion of norbornylene to the oxime of 3-exo-chloronorbornanone followed by reduction of its acetate or p-nitrobenzoate with diborane to give 2-endo-amino-3-exo chloronorbornane, then coupling of the latter with p-nitrobenzene diazonium chloride to give diazoamine 19, which was cyclized with ethanolic sodium ethoxide in the presence of silver nitrate. Photolysis of endo triazoline 20 gave exclusively endo aziridine 3 (R = p-NO2C6H4), while on pyrolysis in decalin at 165–170° there was obtained endo aziridine 3, exo axiridine 2, imine 4 and a large amount of polymer. Under identical conditions, the isomeric exo triazoline 1 (R = p-NO2C6H4) gave exo aziridine 2, endo aziridine 3, imine 4 and no polymer. The "triazoline-aziridine inversion" is presumed to occur via the diazoimine intermediate 7. While photolysis of exo triazolines 23 and 24 and pyrolysis of 23 gave, as expected, the corresponding exo aziridines 25 and 26, pyrolysis of 24 appears to have given the isoxazoline 28. Evidence for the intermediacy of the diazoimine 27 in the formation of 28 is presented.


Summary Schmitt, M. B., Baur, S. & Von Maltitz, F. 1982. Mensural data, moult, and abundance of the Little Banded Goshawk in the Transvaal. Ostrich 53:74-78. During a five-year study 68 Little Banded Goshawks Accipiter badius were captured in the Transvaal, South Africa. Birds were significantly more common between March and July when moult was completed. Sexual dimorphism is indicated by eye colour and wing length. Mass is given and recaptures stated. The possibility of migration is discussed and compared with conditions in Nigeria.


Zimbabwe is highly endemic for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and also has high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence rates which may result in HIV/HBV coinfection, and as HIV/HBV coinfection may affect the classical HBV serology patterns and cause interpretation challenges, we assessed the seroprevalence of HBV in HIV positive patients and determined their serology profiles. This was a cross-sectional study on 957 HIV positive specimens from treatment naive patients. HBV serology tests were done using enzyme immunoassays for the detection of HBV markers in human serum or plasma. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence was 17.1% (males 19.0%, females 15.8%). Previous and/or current HBV exposure was evident in 59.8% of the patients and hepatitis B e antigen markers were present in 103 (10.8%) specimens. There was high prevalence of unusual HBV patterns with 14.1% of total specimens showing an anti-HBc alone profile and an additional 4.3% HBsAg positive specimens that were anti-HBc negative.


A series of alkanediyl-spaced bis-bisurea ligands ( L 2 – L 4 ) were synthesized and their anion coordination behavior studied. These ligands form interesting complexes with polymeric and oligomeric dihydrogen phosphate aggregates in the solid state. The ligands L 2 and L 3 coordinate with H 2 PO 4 – anions to form a unique molecular "necklace" with an infinite (H 2 PO 4 – ) n chain and surrounding ligand molecules. Meanwhile, two different dihydrogen phosphate-water oligomers, (H 2 PO 4 ) 6 · (H 2 O) 4 and (H 2 PO 4 ) 4 · (H 2 O) 2 , were observed in the complexes with the ligands L 3 and L 4 . In addition, solution anion binding properties of the ligands were studied by 1 H NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy.


This article reports the findings of a study of single mothers who are mandated to participate in workfare programs. It examines how low-income single mothers become involved in paid work and how the structures of their personal lives and their strategies of parenthood in low-income urban environments shape their economic action. Interviews with workfare participants show how single mothers view their economic field of action and how they interpret economic opportunities and make decisions about work in the context of their obligations and commitments to their children and their close kin. This study extends sociological perspectives on the relationship between work and family life to the study of women on welfare and addresses the shortcomings of poverty policy studies that ignore the family and neighborhood contexts of welfare mothers' economic activity.


One of the main functions of the airway mucosa is to maintain a mechanical barrier at the air-surface interface and to protect the respiratory tract from external injuries. Differentiation of human airway epithelial cells (hAECs) to polarized airway mucosa can be reproduced in vitro by culturing the cells on microporous membrane at the air-liquid interface. Here, we describe approaches to study differentiation as well as repair of the hAECs by using a commercially available airway cell culture model called MucilAirTM. CRESPIN, Sophie, et al. Approaches to study differentiation and repair of human airway epithelial cells. Methods in Molecular Biology, 2011, vol. 742, p. 173-85 DOI : 10.1007/978-1-61779-120-8_10


The actions of alkaline wastewater from thermal power plant as treatment agent for circulating or supplemental water are observed and the association of calcium and magnesium bicarbonates in circulating water and alkaline compounds in the wastewater is investigated.It is shown that there is a certain amount of calcium hydroxide in the wastewater,and that the treatment of circulating or supplemental water with the wastewater results in the formation of insoluble compounds CaCO 3 and Mg(OH) 2 which pricipitate out and are removed from water.The results also show that other alkaline wastewater from coking plant added as a promoter significantly enhances the softening of water.


The states of the European Union ('EU') comprise China's biggest commercial partner and trade between it and the EU states is continuing upward. However, recent times have brought about an increasing number of commercial cross-border disputes between the Chinese business domiciles and traders in the EU states. In that regard, the article provides an overview of the recognition and enforcement of the judgments of EU states/foreign courts by Chinese courts. It also looks at the relative risks and the issues involved for EU traders in judgments enforcement in China.


A new principle of 'schizosymmetry' is proposed for interpreting superfield expansions over Grassmann parameters in quantum field theory. Symmetry generators Tphys, determining component field transformation properties, are allowed to depend on the grading via Tphys=Tℙe+T′ℙo, where ℙe and ℙo are the projections onto even and odd components in the Grassmann coordinates, respectively, and T and T′ correspond to different representations. Examples are given for both internal and space-time schizosymmetry. In the latter case, superfield expansions have components with both integer and half-integer spin. A program for the Lagrangian realization of schizosymmetry, including unified model building, is outlined.


This paper is devoted to the relationship with the first credit cooperatives zemstvo organizations. The author highlights the stages of these relationships and elaborates on the analysis of the initial period of the emergence of forms of mutual activity.


According to the development of the Internet,it has become a new communicational medium.Many people communicate with each other by online.And there are still gender differences in online communication.That women and men have different characteristic online style echoes the socialization and integration of men and women into society.


The optimal use of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) may reduce fluoroscopy time and procedural complications during endocardial ablation of cardiac arrhythmias. Due to limited evidence in this area, we conducted the first systematic literature review and meta‐analysis to evaluate outcomes associated with the use of ICE.


In this paper, we describe ReadingCircle, a system designed to explore an alternative approach to encouraging reading among students. It is based on recent research on open student modeling, social comparison and social visualization. The idea of this approach is to develop social visualization of students' reading progress. The visualization will reveal such reading progress through several levels (from chapters to sections to pages) and allow students to visually compare their progress with both the class as a whole and individual peers.


The use of a pellet form of quinacrine hydrochloride to achieve sterilization has been tested in 32,000 women in Viet Nam. The tests resulted in 818 pregnancies, no deaths, and 8 serious complications. Similar Vietnamese trials using surgical sterilization would have resulted in 30 deaths and between 540 and 1812 serious complications. The current method of application is insertion into the uterus which causes scarring of the fallopian tubes. Proponents of this method point to its low cost (2 insertions cost less than US $1), its safety, its effectiveness, and the fact that it avoids costly surgery which is not universally available anyway. Critics note that the method requires multiple (2 or 3) visits to the clinic to achieve total blockage and that the chemical has failed toxicological trials by the US Food and Drug Administration and the World Health Organization. Clinical trials are also underway in Chile and in Pakistan, where researchers are using a one-time insertion method which involves 7 quinacrine pellets and 3 doses of Brugen, a related drug. Initial results from the Pakistani study show a 1% failure rate. To date, nearly 100,000 women worldwide have used this method, and it is hoped that these longterm human tests will resolve the controversy surrounding this drug.


Objective To study the transfection efficiency by NF-кB decoy dsODNs/carrier in the alveolar macrophages in vito during acute lung injury by NF- кB decoy dsODNs /liposome technology. Intended results will provide a preliminary experimental basis in vitro. It could provide the feasibe experiment basis for screening drug targets and seek dfficient and reasonable treatment to prevent and cure SIRS /ALI. Methods Animal model of hemorrhagic shock caused acute lung injury was established. Different stimulation and complex processing were given to alveolar macrophages in vitro using Lipofectamine 2000 as carrier. The transfection efficiency of each phase and the best time to determine dfficient transfection was measured. The LDH level trasformation by different pretreatment were detected in different time points. Results When NF-кB decoy dsODNs / Lipofectamine2000 rate was 1 ∶ 5 and transfected time was six hours,the transfection efficiency was highest,and the cytotoxicity was moderate. Conclusion NF- кB decoy dsODNs could significantly improve the transfection efficiency within a proper dsODNs /Lipofectamine2000 rate and reduce injury of alveolar macrophages by different stimulations as much as possible. Decoy dsODNs strategy provides new ideas and approaches for preventing and treating for SIRS /ALI,determines the precise target and screening specific inflammatory therapy for the clinical treatment,and determines the precise target of the clinical drug development.


Summaries English In recent years problems facing humankind have become more complex and challenging and have increasingly involved science and technology. While the public, generally, has been inadequately informed about such scientific and technical issues, public understanding of issues at the interface of science, society, and technology are an essential part of the resolution of societal problems. This paper outlines specific ways to promote understanding enabling individuals to participate more responsibly in enlightened democratic decision‐making responsive to societal needs. A systematic scheme is outlined with examples from two science education centres at tertiary institutions through activities including teaching, outreach, curriculum development, and research.


This paper presents the basic factors and sources of measurement uncertainty using indirect method of electrical resistance measurement. The procedures of evaluation are described and an example of uncertainty measurement is given.


[Objective]The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of inoculating different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus(Glomuse mosseae and Glomuse aggregatum) and biological control agent on agronomic traits, wilt disease resistance and qualities parameters at seeding stage in tobacco. [Method]Floating seeding technique was used to grow the seedlings in the comparative experiment with inoculation of Glomuse mosseae, Glomuse aggregatum and biological control agents for tobacco agronomic characters, tobacco chemical components and disease resistance. [Result]All four treatments resulted in improved agronomic traits and quality of tobacco compared to CK. The improvement in agronomic traits and qualities of tobacco was more pronounced in seedlings treated with inoculation of Glomuse mosseae and biological control agents (20 mL) compared to the other treatments. The plants treated with inoculation of Glomuse aggregatum and biological control agents (20 mL) showed highest resistance to wilt disease followed by the inoculation of Glomuse mosseae and biological control agents (20 mL) treatment. [Conclusion]The results revealed that under control experimental conditions, inoculation of Glomuse mosseae and biological control agents (20 mL) improved the quality of tobacco.


In order to clarify the relationship between the corrosion and fatigue strength of reinforced concrete (RC) members, fatigue loading tests and corrosion checks were carried out by using RC beam specimens damaged by accelerated galvanostatic corrosion to obtain the following results. First, the crack pattern of RC beam specimens damaged by accelerated corrosion is different from that of the control RC beam specimen with no corrosion. Second, the fatigue strength of RC beam specimen decreases in proportion to the weight loss of tensile reinforcing bar caused by corrosion.


We propose a model to explain the background seismicity occurring at Somma-Vesuvins in its present, mostly quiescent period. A finite element procedure has been used to simulate the stress field due to gravitational body forces in an axisymmetric volcano characterized by a central high-rigidity anomaly. Results emphasize the important effect of axial high-rigidity, which concentrates at its borders stresses resulting from the gravitational load of the volcanic edifice, as well as external (regional) stresses. The joint effect of the gravitational loading and of the presence of the anomaly produces stresses very close to or above the critical rupture threshold. The observed spatial concentrations of seismicity and moment. release correlate well with peaks of computed maximum shear stress. Seismicity is then interpreted as due to small stress perturbations concentrated around the high-rigidity core and added to a system already close to the failure threshold. This model can explain the widely observed occurrence of background seismicity at central volcanoes worldwide.


Neuromorphic circuits have gained a lot of interest through the last decades since they may be deployed in a large spectrum of scientific research. In this paper a hardware realization of a single neuron targeting Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) with 6 levels of pipeline is presented. The proposed circuit implements the Izhikevich's model and is presenting better performance compared to a previous pipelined design. The proposed implementation is based on fixed-point arithmetic, allowing faster computations on values related to the membrane potential and the membrane recovery variable of the neuron. The exploitation of balanced and reduced stages of pipeline, in combination to the fixed point arithmetic, offers two significant characteristics. The circuits characteristics are higher performance up to 14%, achieving also parallel computation, better simulation of the actual operation of a neuron, while area requirements of the FPGA implementation remain low as the initial reference design. The proposed circuit is the first of its kind, in an effort to minimize area and at the same time improve performance of an artificial neuron.


Approximately 212,920 new cases of invasive breast cancer were estimated to occur in the United States in 2006.1 The incidence rate has continued to rise slowly over the past 20 years due to the continued increase of breast cancer in women aged 50 and older (375 cases per 100,000 women), peaking at 75 to 79 years of age (525 per 100,000 women).


The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of an intervention designed to support newly diagnosed primary brain tumour patients. The intervention involved a structured, one time meeting between newly diagnosed patients and trained volunteer "veteran" primary brain tumour patients. Methods Two trained volunteers met for a single, face to face meeting on an individual basis with a total of 10 newly diagnosed patients. A combination of questionnaires and interviews were used to investigate the impact of the intervention for the new patients and the volunteers. Results: The intervention appeared to be of substantial value for both groups of participants. Analysis revealed that the newly diagnosed patients experienced a range of benefits, including those related to the themes of: increased hope; valued guidance; hearing what it's really like; overcoming aloneness; and realignment of priorities. Veteran patients experienced a sense accomplishment and decreased anxiety as a result of the intervention. Only minor adverse effects and challenges were reported. Conclusions The findings provide initial evidence that the experimental intervention has the potential to be a safe, effective means of promoting psycho-social well-being in newly diagnosed patients and may also have positive effects for veteran patients. Further investigation into the use of one to one, peer support for brain tumour patients is an important research priority.


Sea surface salinity (SSS) plays a critical role in the water cycle. In the Arctic Ocean, SSS responses to river discharge, sea ice melting/freezing and drifting, surface freshwater forcing (precipitation and evaporation), and ocean transport through open straits from/to Pacific and Atlantic oceans. However, in situ SSS data in the Arctic Ocean are very sparse. The L-band microwave radiometer on board of NASA SMAP mission provides salinity measurements since April 2015, at 40 km resolution with global ocean coverage in ∼3 days. With improved land/ice correction and RFI detection, SMAP SSS are retrieved in ice-free regions near the river mouth and ice edge. The collocated SMAP SSS and in situ salinity data collected by AXCTD from Ocean Melting Greenland (OMG) 2016 field campaign along Greenland coast show reasonable agreement in revealing the freshening signature, which is not seen in ocean model output. During the open water season (August), SMAP SSS were retrieved in Chukchi Sea (2015), in Prudhoe Bay and East Siberian Sea (2016), and in Kara Sea in both years. The SSS contrast between the two years is consistent with sea ice concentration observations. Variability of SSS in Kara Sea is correlated positively with adjacent river discharges but negatively with the salinity of water transported from Atlantic Ocean.


Polymer electrolytes have emerged as a powerful platform in the progress of more efficient energy storage devices. In this study, polymer electrolyte materials (PEM) was successfully prepared using drop casting method. A spectroscopic study of the film were prepared by variying the ratio of the volume (PVA/CMC) at 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 %. The functional groups were investigated using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The crystallinity degree obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Their transparency degree were observed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The ionic conductivity studies obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).


In this paper a composite beam element has been developed. The composite beam element can be used to model the nonlinear behavior of composite beams. The element is implemented in a nonlinear finite element program (written by the researcher) and its implementation is verified by the analysis of continuous beam tested by others. The good agreement between the computed results and experimental data demonstrates accuracy of the used element. It was found that the increase of steel reinforcement gives an increase in ultimate load by 14.3%, also the increase of flange width at plastic hinge region gives an increase in the ultimate load by 39.3%.


The relative gain array RGA is a frequently used measure of controllability and control loop interaction in multivariable control system de sign Basically the RGA is used for pairing controlled and manipulated variables in a decentralized control system but it has also been used as a more general measure of controllability In this paper it is demon strated that the RGA has a number of fundamental shortcomings A procedure for dealing with some of these is suggested


The facial energy of fluoro-containning poly(acrylic acid) was studied through touch angle testing. It was found that the facial energy of fluoro-containning poly(acrylic acid) was decreased with increasing the content of the fluorocarbon group and increased with increasing pH value.


The landscape of Breckland was transformed in the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries through a series of overlapping processes directed by the large estates which came to dominate the area. These changes included the enclosure and attempted reclamation of heathland, the expansion of gardens and parks around country houses, the closure and diversion of roads and, most notably in terms of visual impact, widespread tree-planting. This paper discusses an ongoing project to map landscape change in the area in the post-medieval period, drawing on a range of contemporary sources and utilising the capabilities of GIS (Geographic Information Systems) software in order to build a clearer picture of the evolving post-medieval landscape.


One-bit transceivers with strongly nonlinear characteristics are being considered for wireless communication because of their low cost and low power consumption. Although each such transceiver can support only a low data rate, multiple such transceivers can be used to obtain an aggregate high data rate. An important part of many communication systems is the process of channel estimation, which is particularly challenging when the estimation process uses these transceivers. The standard analysis of estimation mean-square error versus training length that is available for linear transceivers does not apply with the nonlinearities inherent in one-bit transceivers. We analyze the training requirements in a large- scale system and show that the optimal number of training symbols strongly depends on the number of receivers, and the optimal number of training symbols can be significantly smaller than the number of transmitters. These results contrast sharply with classical results obtained with linear transceivers.


Securing data is becoming a crucial need for most Internet-based applications. Whereas the problem of data confidentiality has been widely investigated, the problem of how to ensure that data, when moving among different parties, are modified only according to the stated policies has been so far not deeply investigated. In this paper, the authors proposed an approach supporting parallel and distributed secure updates to XML documents. The approach, based on the use of a security region-object parallel flow (S-RPF) graph protocol, is particularly suited for all environments requiring cooperative updates to XML documents. It allows different users to simultaneously update different portions of the same document, according to the specified access control policies. Additionally, it supports a decentralized management of update operations in that a subject can exercise its privileges and verify the correctness of the operations performed so far on the document without interacting, in most of the cases, with the document server


Student modelling systems must operate in an environment in which a student's mastery of a subject matter is likely to change as a lesson progresses. A student model is formed from evaluation of evidence about the student's mastery of the domain. However, given that such mastery will change, older evidence is likely to be less valuable than recent evidence. Data ageing addresses this issue by discounting the value of older evidence. This paper provides a formal evaluation of the effects of data ageing. While it is demonstrated that data ageing can result in statistically significant increases in both the number and accuracy of predictions that a modelling system makes, it is also demonstrated that the reverse can be true. Further, the effects experienced are of only small magnitude. It is argued that these results demonstrate some potential for data ageing as a general strategy, but do not warrant employing data ageing in its current form.


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Bleaching of poplar Kraft pulp with chlorine dioxide assisted by xylanase was investigated.The results are big effect on bleaching as to dioxide chlorine bleaching,xylanase treatment position.In the first D stage,xylanase treatment time of 40 minutes then adds dioxide chlorine has better effect on promoting synergism between them,however,xylanase treatment of 50 minutes then adds alkali in E stage is more preferable,and in the second D stage xylanase treatment of 30 minutes has better synergism promoting.


The MIT Global Supply Chain and Logistics Excellence (SCALE) Network is an international alliance of leading-edge research and education centers, dedicated to the development and dissemination of global innovation in supply chain and logistics. The Global SCALE Network allows faculty, researchers, students, and affiliated companies from all six centers around the world to pool their expertise and collaborate on projects that will create supply chain and logistics innovations with global applications. This reprint is intended to communicate research results of innovative supply chain research completed by faculty, researchers, and students of the Global SCALE Network, thereby contributing to the greater public knowledge about supply chains. Location: Building E40, Room 267 1 Amherst St. 1. Considering the opportunity cost also among actual supply chain costs is a critical viewpoint in the current retail industry. It can result in making different decisions on improving customer's demand fulfillment as well as total long term profits of the companies. 2. Different uncertainties in different stages of the supply chain can be taken simultaneously into consideration using simulation-based approaches. Using sophisticated supply chain analytics can reveal the impact of different decisions and strategies on total value generation and potential achievable profits by assisting managers to make right decisions at the right time with lowest possible risks. Masoud holds a Master of Engineering degree in Industrial Engineering from Technology University of Malaysia (UTM). Prior to that, he worked in automotive industry contributing on various business process improvement projects. His bachelor's degree is also in Industrial Engineering from Yazd University of Iran. Masoud worked in textile industry as well and initiated several effective solutions for enhancing business systems.


MAIA TAMBELLINI, M. Elaboration and standardization of evaluating children's behavior scale in the first pediatric dentistry attendance. 2005. 171p. Dissertation (Master ́s Degree) – Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2005. Pedodontology and the Psychology are interrelated and complementary areas, mainly when the need of interventionist treatment exists. When the patient is a preschool age child, an interaction among these areas becomes imperious so that the final result brings benefits to the patient. The observation of the children's behavior in Pedodontics is an important tool for the elaboration of the treatment plan. Gathering of bibliographical data showed that the scales were the most commonly used instrument to evaluate children's behavior. However, it was not found any that could be applicable in the age groups below 36 months. Predominantly, the behavior evaluating scales were focused on measuring fear and anxiety, presupposing their existence. In this research, we elaborated and applied an observacional scale for evaluation of the behavior, in a first attendance, in children between one and three years. The scale was denominated CBOS – Children's Behavior Observation Scale. The purpose was to evaluate the behavior in all the stages of the first attendance, identifying the cooperation degree and participation, and not to quantify or classify the presence of fear or anxiety. The scale was applied in 398 subjects of both sexes, with all sort of social and family backgrounds, frequenting day cares, pre-schools or at their own home. The materials used were: clothes following the rules for health professionals; the environment was always an odontological clinic with the minimum equipment necessary for the attendance without procedure; as the instrumental a clinical mirror was used and the printed paper material consisted of: invitation to the parents, questionnaire of the patient's demographic and social data, term of informed consent for the parents or the person responsible for the child and orientation pamphlet to the parents on how they should behave during the attendance. The procedure consisted of a sequence of simple attendance, from the child's entrance in the room, presentation to the basic equipments, clinical exam and the child's exit always together with one of the parents. The CBOS – Children's Behavior Observation Scale was developed following criteria of standardization and normatization. It consists of ten items, with five possible answers for each one, related to the atmosphere, equipment, instrumental and to the own person of Pediatric Dentistry and the answers are related to types of behaviors that the children could present during this first contact. After the child's evaluation the obtained punctuations were added being obtained a final score. With the statistical analysis of the data in quartis, we came to a classification divided in four levels corresponding to four patterns of cooperation behaviors / no cooperation. These patterns are also presented in tables divided by age, sex and behavior, where it is possible to locate the individual score and to compare with the classification of the sample. It was observed that most of the children inexperienced with odontological situation don't present fear. We can also affirm that most of the children present a cooperative behavior with the dentist during his attendance, when this is done under these circumstances. As a conclusion it was observed that the scale can be a useful tool to aid pediatric dentistry to perform a complete clinical exam and as a predictor of the future cooperation behavior. Key – words: Pediatric dentistry, Scales, Child behavior, Psychology.