OZET Bu calismada karisik dislenme donemindeki cocuklarda sut azi dislerinin aproksimal curuklerinin arkta yol acabilecegi yer kayiplari arastirildi. 7-12 yaslan arasi 47 cocugun modelleri hazirlanarak, Moyers tablosuna gore, her yarim cenede curuge bagli yer kaybi analiz edildi. Alt cenede 7, ustte 12 olguda ise, yer kaybi analizi karsit saglam yanm cene kontrol alinarak yapildi. Moyers'e gore asiri curuk nedeniyle disleri kok halinde kalmis yanm ceneler-deki yer kayiplari alt cenede 1.21 mm., ust cenede 1.34 mm., curuge bagli yer kayiplari ise alt cenede 0.68 mm, ust cenede ise 1.26 mm olarak saptandi. Karsit kontrol dislere gore yer kayiplari da alt cenede 1.42 mm, ust cenede 1.58 mm bulundu. Sonuc olarak sut dislerinin aproksimal curuklerinin arkta yol actigi yer kaybi ve bunun erken donemde onlenmesinin onemi vurgulandi. Anahtar sozcukler. Aproksimal curuk, sut azisi, yer analizi, yer kaybi. ABSTRACT The aim of tliis study was to evaluate space loss occurring in the mixt dentition due to the interproximal caries of primary molars. Model analysis were performed to 47 children aged between 7-12 years who had had space loss, according to Mayer's prediction table. Separate space analysis were done in 7 lower and 12 upper casts with one side affected by caries and the opposite side caries-free as a control The results from the Moyer's tables showed that the amount of destruction in severely decayed cases was 1.21 mm in tower 1.34 mm in upper quadrants; in moderate caries 0.68 mm. and 1.26 mm in lower and upper quadrants respectively. The results from the comparison of opposite sides indicated that the space loss was 1.42 mm in lower and 1.58 mm in upper quadrant. It was emphasized that the early destruction of primary tooth structure as in die case of interproximal caries would result in space loss of the dental arch dimension and precaution should be taken to avoid this phenomenon. Key words: Interproximal caries, primary molar, space analysis, space loss.


The results of a previous paper on homogeneous Green's functions for a multi‐dimensional iterated Klein‐Gordon operator (□ + μ2)l are extended to include homogeneous Green's functions associated with the operator [□m (− μ2)m]l in multi‐dimensional spaces. The Fourier representation of the Green's functions may be expressed, after some angular integrations, as a one‐dimensional infinite integral which does not in general converge. Using the concepts of distribution analysis, it is shown how this improper integral can be evaluated directly to get explicit expressions for the Green's functions. The Green's functions themselves must then be interpreted as distributions in the sense of Schwartz. Several distributions instrumental in this treatment are introduced and their properties studied. Explicit expressions for the singularities of the Green's functions on the light cone are presented. The well‐known difference between even‐ and odd‐dimensional spaces is reflected in the nature of these singularities. The...


This study investigated the possibility of producing biogas from tannery waste water (liming and deliming liquors) in Al-Amatounj Tannery in Khartoum. The study is based on laboratory analysis and experimental works which have been took place through a pilot scale anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR), which's designed for the digestion process for biogas production. Experiments verified that the biogas production rates were mainly affected by operating temperature, pH, and substrate concentration. Two experiments were carried out in the range of temperature 35–40°C. The gas produced was measured by the liquid displacement system. Meanwhile, the highest biogas yields were 72% of CH4 and 28% of CO2. The production of biogas from 20 L tannery waste water with 100 g yeast , 0.0215m3, and the biogas was generated after three days. The results from this research work are considered as providing useful information and operational parameters and that promotion is more successful with efficient anaerobic codigestion.


The relationships between temperature rise, flow rate, and power output of turbine are presented for a small solar chimney unit. An experimental solar chimney system was constructed at Engineering ...


The formation of interaction fronts between an expanding barium laser‐produced plasma and a partially photoionized deuterium background has been observed with holographic and schlieren diagnostics which employ resonant enhancement to achieve sensitivities of approximately 3×1013/cm3 for Baii ions. The front is found to be sharp, but turbulent, apparently due to Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities. The radius vs time behavior of the front is consistent with collisional coupling between the expanding plasma and the photoionized fraction of the background over the D2 pressure range 0–1000 mTorr. Data obtained with a microwave interferometer complement and support the conclusions based on optical diagnostics.


Over the past twenty years, the smart city vision has gained popularity to the extent that it is now the dominant vision of the future city. Like any vision, however, the smart city holds a particular view on what the good life in the city entails and thereby raises various dilemmas and concerns. In particular, the smart city vision puts important public values at stake by portraying data technologies as neutral instruments towards an uncertain future.

To navigate the emerging social and ethical implications of smart cities, citizens need to be included as experts on how they experience the city and what they find important in it. Specifically, we consider citizen engagement to be meaningful when it is embedded in the innovation processes of Responsible Innovation. This governance framework prescribes inclusive, anticipatory, reflexive, and responsive innovation processes to better align emerging technologies to societal wants and needs. Despite numerous citizen engagement initiatives in the smart city, however, citizens are hardly engaged in a meaningful way because the smart city vision makes it difficult to identify what is at stake, to include a broad range of publics, and to connect engagement outcomes to ongoing technological trajectories.

The literature suggests that some of these challenges may be addressed with art-based citizen engagement methods. Yet, even though art-based engagement methods are increasingly used to engage citizens on controversial technologies, little is known about how it works and why. The aim of this thesis is, therefore to support Responsible Innovation in the smart city by examining the conditions for, as well as the processes and outcomes of, art-based citizen engagement.

To this end, we performed two literature studies and three case studies. The literature studies explored the concept of responsible innovation, and the practice of art-based public engagement, respectively. The case studies followed an action-oriented methodology, which means that we developed and tested various theatre-based interventions in 'smart city' Amsterdam together with artists, smart city innovators, and citizens in vulnerable positions. "Art-based" in these case studies mainly takes the form of theatrical interventions, which are complemented with methods from interaction design and social research. In these case studies, the research team members doubled not only as social scientist and public engagement organizer, but also as interaction designer or theatre maker.

Our findings suggest that the main contribution of art-based citizen engagement to responsible innovation is to make more tangible what is at stake for whom. In this way, art-based engagement enables the involvement of broader publics, the identification of strained public values, and the articulation of alternative visions of the future. At the same time, art-based engagement makes the challenges of embedding citizen engagement in technological trajectories more pronounced because it highlights the emergent character of citizen engagement as well as the significance of participant experience.


Background:  Regional anesthesia causes sympathetic blockade, vasodilation and higher skin temperature in anesthetized dermatomes. Measurement of skin temperature changes might provide a useful estimate of the level of caudal anesthesia in children. Pupillary reflex dilation (PRD) allows estimation of the sensory level during combined general/epidural anesthesia in adults, but has not been assessed in children. This study was designed to evaluate skin temperature and PRD as methods of estimating sensory level in children receiving combined general/caudal epidural anesthesia.


Trapped vorticity concentration engendered by deliberate modification of the internal surface of an offset diffuser is coupled with a spanwise array of surface-integrated fluidic-oscillating jets for hybrid flow control of the secondary flow that gives rise to flow distortions. The trapped vorticity mimics the effects of local separation within aggressive diffusers and is used as a testbed for investigations of the effectiveness of such hybrid flow control for alleviation the flow distortions at the engine inlet (AIP). The local and global characteristics of the diffuser flow in the absence and presence of the actuation are investigated at Mach numbers up to M = 0.7, using a forty-probe AIP total pressure rake, surface oil-flow visualization, hot-wire anemometry, and particle image velocimetry. The present investigations demonstrate that the actuation affects the strength and scale of the trapped vorticity and its interaction with the cross flow, and consequently alters the flow evolution within the diffuser and leads to significant suppression of pressure distortion at the AIP (by about 80%). These findings indicate that hybrid actuation based on trapped vorticity concentrations can be utilized for mitigation of flow distortion in diffuser flows by strong coupling to the natural formation of vorticity concentrations due to the local flow separation.


On the topic of the activist activities of young descendants of migrants, public debate frequently draws oppositions between those that engage in activist activities to integrate into their country of origin and those that are interested by political, religious, and local development questions in their areas of origin. Such a dichotomized and compartmentalized approach tends to silence the dual reality of the varied associative practices of young migrant descendants, while also underestimating the effects of such practices in terms of recognizing forms of non-exclusive, cumulative, and fundamentally transnational citizenship. Mobilizing 35 biographic interviews in the reconstruction of the different "transnational activist careers" of young descendants of migrants, the aim of this article is to articulate the connection between the short temporality of transnational engagement with the long temporality of family history. In the first part, transnational activist careers are analyzed both "upstream," that is as potentially resource-generating immigrant experiences, and "downstream," as windows of opportunities that may be opened by political, social, and cultural events in France as well as in countries of origin. As will be developed in the second part, the aim is not to think of the subjectivity of political engagement and the objectivity of a cause as two separate realities. Instead, the social and familial conditions making transnational activist practices possible will be rendered sensible by following the experience of politically engaged youth as well as processes of transmission from one generation of immigrants to another with immigrant origins.


37 patients who had undergone PCL reconstruction between 2009 and 2014 were included. A standard follow-up was performed for at least two years and consisted of pre- and post-op Lysholm scores. Lateral knee radiographs were studied and the measurements of the tibial Plateau to tibial Tunnel Length (PTL) and superior tip of Fibula to tibial Tunnel Length (FTL) were collected. A correlation was then derived and illustrated via scatter plots.


Problem setting. The demographic situation in Ukraine and the nature of social and economic processes, which inextricably are connected with increasing human potential, show that the reproductive health of population is a factor of state importance, national security and development of our state, as well as the success factor of Ukrainian society. The conceptual positions of the authorities on the basic provisions of reproductive health regulation are an important part of the management processes and implementation of state policies in the field of public health and provision of medical services. Recent research and publications analysis. Scientific works of modern foreign and domestic authors, such as: V. Averianov, S. Brauns, D. Puhach, B. Khartman, M. Shchyrban and other authors, who are engaged in scientific substantiation of issues of state regulation in the field of health care, were dedicated to the development of reproductive health issues; as well as practicing lawyers, such as: S. Antonov, O. Babych, V. Zukin and others, who focused their research on the protection of rights of the subjects during application of the assisted reproductive techniques. At the same time, it should be noted that the vast majority of modern research focuses on the legal aspect of administrative and legal regulation of the provision of medical services in the field of assisted reproductive techniques. The scholars have considered only certain legal aspects. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem: detection and identification of weaknesses and strengths in legal regulation of relations in the process of providing medical services in the field of assisted reproductive techniques, and possible directions for the development of legislation in this area. The purpose of the study is to determine the legal framework for regulating the provision of medical services in the field of assisted reproductive techniques in Ukraine. Paper main body. The purpose of the article is to determine the legal basis for management of processes of provision of medical services in the field of the assisted reproductive techniques in Ukraine. The article analyzes the current regulations of different legal force that constitute the legal basis for management of provision of medical services in the field of the assisted reproductive techniques in Ukraine. The international, national and departmental levels of regulation of medical services in this area have been identified and studied. It has been determined that the state policy in the field of reproductive health protection goes beyond the competence of the health care sector and becomes a priority of the national security policy. On the other hand, the existing legislative and regulatory sphere of Ukraine is favorable for solving the problems of reproductive health and family planning. However, state monitoring of reproductive health and family planning legislation are unfortunately ineffective: insufficient and volatile funding for measures hampers the desired results. It is necessary constantly to supplement and update existing regulations, taking into account international legal instruments and economic, social and sectoral reforms in Ukraine. The article analyzes five legislative drafts that are currently being considered by the Parliament. Based on this, were identified the trends in development of regulations governing the management of provision of medical services in the field of assisted reproductive techniques in Ukraine in the coming years, the main of which is gradual liberalization of the legislation. The main problems are the following: the legal status of surrogate mothers (birth mothers), genetic parents, donors of the reproductive cells. All these shall be regulated by the legislation. Now this issue actually remains in the field of contractual relations. The genetic parents are also at the particular risk. All parties involved in such relationship need the protection. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The trend of recent years in legal regulation of the provision of medical services in the field of the assisted reproductive techniques in Ukraine is liberalization of the legislation. Based on the law, the conclusions of experts, it can be noted that the regulation of medical services to ensure the application of ART still has a number of problems, namely: improper implementation of powers and authority regarding regulatory and legal regulation of the state sectoral bodies in the field of health care; insufficient efficiency of functioning of the ART financing mechanism used by the State; shortage and low level of qualification of medical staff; low and inefficient implementation of oversight functions by the authorized public administration bodies in the field of ART, etc. The promising areas of scientific research include such proposals for solving the abovementioned problems as: a continuous analysis of the practice of implementation of legal provisions in the field of health care, in particular the ART; identification and elimination of gaps in legal regulation of medical services in the field of the ART; development of mechanisms of professional liability for medical staff; establishment of guarantees and measures of social support for medical staff; development and implementation of mechanisms for monitoring the activities of all stakeholders during the application of the ART.


Since the early nineties of the XX century, multiple sclerosis (MS) moved drastically from a scarcely treated disease to a neurological chronic condition which is targeted by an increasing number of drugs that can significantly modify its natural evolu tion. These disease-modifying drugs (DMD) were specifically designed to intervene in the various inflammatory and immunological steps which underpin the MS pathogenesis, so their main indication is the relapsing-remitting (RR) form, and more recently, the clinically isolated syndromes (CIS). The first licensed drug was interferon beta 1-b, then formulations of interferon beta 1-a, glatiramer acetate, and, for aggressive forms, mitoxantrone. More recently natalizumab was introduced, and approximately one and a half year ago fingolimod was ap proved. Interferon beta and glatiramer acetate constitute the first-line group of DMD, being worldwide known due to the expected efficacy in clinical (≈30% reduction in the annualized relapse rate) imaging (reduction in T2 lesion burden and in gadolinium-enhancing lesions) parameters, as well as in many other aspects: side effects; production of neutralizing antibod ies to interferon, thus compromising its efficacy; need of adherence evaluation since these are self-injectable drugs which may lead to needle tiredness and perception of lower than expected efficacy after long-term therapy. Second-line DMD are significantly more efficient and its therapeutic administration regimens is easier, yet, its safety profile is worse, thus imposing strict vigilance programs: mitoxantrone is cardiotoxic and increases the risk of blood malignancies; natalizumab generates risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, especially in patients previously submitted to immunosupressants with positive blood serology and after two-years of exposure; fingolimod, the first oral DMD approved for MS, needs strict cardiac monitoring and ophthalmologic assessment to exclude macular edema. All DMD are expensive, representing a major cost to MS clinics and hospitals in countries in which the health system entirely reimburses them, the insurance companies and even the patients treated in private units in countries with strict health systems. The need for a health team specialized in MS, which would be able to provide frequent assistance, including patient and caregiver education, is determinant for a successful management, but it also would increase the economic burden of MS. Before DMD, MS patients were treated with immunosupressants such as cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, methotrexate, and also with plasma exchange and human immunoglobulins, which non-specifically alter the immunological process, being still of off-label use in selected cases. Fortunately, MS patients now have a great therapeutic armamentarium that will surely be enriched in the near future, since numerous molecules being evaluated in many clinical trials. It is conceivable that the goal of an accurate personalized therapy according to the MS form and the patient idiosyncrasy in order to reach the disease-free


ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 184.108.40.206) catalyzes the key step in the prokaryotic pathway for glycogen synthesis. The enzyme from Firmicutes is encoded by two genes, glgC and glgD, leading to a heterotetrameric protein structure unlike other bacterial ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylases. The enzyme from different orders (Bacillales, Clostridiales and Lactobacillales) in the Firmicutes phylum presents dissimilar kinetic and regulatory properties, as shown in this work. Thus, we comparatively studied the ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylases from Ruminococcus albus (Clostridiales), Streptococcus mutans (Lactobacillales) and Geobacillus stearothemophilus (Bacillales) to shed light on the structure‐to‐function relationships of the firmicute enzyme. In each case, we produced separate GlgC or GlgD subunits, as well as the GlgC/GlgD co‐expressed forms. There were two active quaternary structures, homotetrameric GlgC and heterotetrameric GlgC/GlgD, whereas GlgD by itself was inactive for all species tested. Nevertheless, the presence of the GlgD in the co‐expressed enzymes depicted different kinetic and regulatory effects depending on the source, which suggests distinct evolutionary adaptations for the non‐catalytic subunit in each of the Firmicutes orders. For example, in the S. mutans, GlgC/GlgD was one order of magnitude more active than GlgC alone. In the others, the activity of GlgC/GlgD was 2‐fold higher than the respective GlgC. Two effectors (fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate), opposing to the insensitive enzyme from G. stearotherophilus, modulated the S. mutans and R. albus ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylases. Interestingly, phosphoenolpyruvate is a highly specific inhibitor of GlgC/GlgD ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase from S. mutans but an activator of both GlgC and GlgC/GlgD R. albus enzymes. The latter ones were also inhibited by fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate, whereas this metabolite activated the S. mutans GlgC conformation. Thus, results suggest that allosteric control might be a common feature rather than an exception in the ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase from Firmicutes. Consequently, Glycogen synthesis may be regulated by metabolites from the main carbon utilization pathway, as reported in other bacteria.


An important component of risk management relates to project schedule uncertainty. To address this issue, a scenario (i.e., macro-level approach) for modeling and analyzing projects with significant uncertainty in their network structure and/or durations of some activities is presented. This approach requires that a set of project network scenarios is able to be identified, each with an assessed probability of occurrence. These scenarios might differ according to the results of uncertain events that could occur during the course of the project, uncertain activity durations (whether independent or dependent), finite loops where repeated activities can have different durations, or a combination of these. Advantages of our approach include the use of standard methods and software, as well as greater accessibility to, and likelihood of, the use of uncertainty analysis in project planning. Several examples are used to illustrate the suggested approach.


Charge redistribution in high-Tc superconductors due to structural defects or interfaces is known to be crucial for electronic applications as the band structure is modified on a local scale. In order to investigate these effects in more detail, we address the normal-state properties of YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) in the vicinity of YBCO-metal interfaces by electronic structure calculations for well relaxed interface configurations. Our findings can be interpreted in terms of a band-bending mechanism complemented by local screening effects. We derive quantitative results for the intrinsic doping of the superconducting CuO2 planes due to the metal interface. In particular, the net charge transfer amounts to 0.13 electrons in favour of each intraplane copper site, which appears to be a typical value for interfaces of high-Tc superconductors, thus opening great possibilities for a systematic optimization of wires and tapes from high-Tc materials.


Photoreceptor phytochrome B (phyB) mediates a variety of light responses in plants. To further elucidate the molecular mechanisms of phyB-regulated hypocotyl elongation, we performed firefly luciferase complementation imaging (LCI) screening for phyB-interacting transcription factors (TFs). LCI assays showed that phyB possibly interacts with BZR1, BZR2, ARF6 and several WRKYs TFs in a red light-dependent manner. Furthermore, biochemical assays demonstrated that photoexcited phyB specifically interacts with non-phosphorylated BZR1, the physiologically active form of a master transcription factor in BR signaling, and this interaction can be competitively interfered by PIF4. Furthermore, we showed that phyB can directly interact with the DNA-binding domain of BZR1 and affect the enrichment of BZR1 on the chromatin of target genes. Moreover, our genetic evidence and RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that phyB negatively regulates BR signaling. Together, we revealed that photoexcited phyB directly interacts with the transcription factor BZR1 to repress brassinosteroid signaling in Arabidopsis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Effective integration of knowledge from merged enterprises is an important means and step to improve MA performance in the integration process afterwards. Variables such as organizational learning orientation, knowledge integration capacity,core competence and MA integration performance are employed in the construction of transmission mechanism module for MA integration, which is based on practical manipulation of measurable,feasible scales and on validation of the relations among variables by means of information gathered from questionnaires and interviews.Studies have shown that there exist remarkable correlation among knowledge integration capability,organizational learning orientation and the core competence, and that knowledge integration capability and core competence have a remarkable, direct and positive impact on MA performance.


The multi-physics simulation workflows involve many software components, the legacy use of monolithic fluid solvers is replaced by complex assemblies where, most of the time, the CFD solver is the main one. These software parts are released by different teams and the resulting assembly may be a single application built for an ad-hoc purpose. The Onera elsA CFD solver and its pre/post companion softwares are used in such an environment we want to test before its actual submission to an expensive HPC host. As our interoperability design guideline sets the CGNS/Python standard as the main input/output mean, we propose here a test process, based on the check of each component interface by means of CGNS/Python trees generated through a mutation testing framework. We show how this helps to achieve a large functional coverage of the software components and thus how this leads to a greater confidence in simulation assembly.


—Microbeads are small, solid, manufactured plastic particles that are less than five millimeter in diameter and do not degrade or dissolve in water. They are often added to act as an exfoliant or application enhancer in personal hygiene products such as rinse-off cosmetics, personal care and cleaning products. The overuse of plastic results in accumulation of plastic waste in our ecosystems. Microbeads are not captured by most of the wastewater treatment systems. If they are washed down the drains after use, they can end up in rivers, lakes and oceans. The Netherlands was the first country to ban cosmetic microbeads in followed by Austria, Luxembourg, Belgium and Sweden. The United States enacted a legislative ban in December one year later. Although ban of microbeads in some developed countries has proven effective, but many countries do not take any legal actions. They are very small but collectively have a huge surface area. In the marine environment microbeads can both release and absorb toxins, which can then move throughout the food chain. In human beings plastic ingested causes internal bleeding, abrasion, ulcers and blockage of digestive tract. A recent review highlighted the bioaccumulation of microbeads via the food chain and its adverse effect on environment.


The present invention relates to a substituted 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine compound adopted as a cMet inhibitor and a substituted 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine compound, a preparation method of the compounds, uses of the compounds, a compound represented by a formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs and solvates thereof, and a preparation method of the compound represented by the formula (I), wherein X , X , X , X , W, R and R1 are defined in an instruction. The invention further discloses the preparation method of the compound represented by the formula (I) and a drug composition containing the compound represented by the formula (I).


Provisions in the 2010 Affordable Care Act will require chain restaurants with 20 or more US locations to display calorie information on their menus, including drive-through menu boards. The US Food and Drug Administration released preliminary regulations in April 2011, and the long-delayed final regulations are expected soon, perhaps as early as summer 2014. The documented effects of menu labeling on consumer and restaurant industry behavior suggest that menu labeling will likely encourage some consumers to eat more healthfully some of the time, and the policy is likely an important first step toward improving the public's eating habits.

This Viewpoint discusses the reasons public health advocates have pressed for menu labeling and the state of evidence regarding its likely effectiveness. Consumers often fail to recognize the high calorie content of most restaurant foods, and people are more likely to overeat at restaurants. Restaurant foods also account for a large and increasing proportion of calories consumed in the United States. For these reasons, advocates have maintained that consumers have the right to readily usable calorie information at the point of purchase and have called for complementary changes to nutrition facts labels on packaged foods.

In March 2014, the Food and Drug Administration released revised nutrition facts labels that present calorie content more prominently, and the plan is for these labels to start appearing on products in 2017. The hope is that providing consumers with calorie information could increase awareness of food choices in the midst of an environment that often undermines healthy decisions through constant access to and promotion of unhealthy foods. Importantly, the majority of consumers would like to know what they are eating. A nationally representative survey1 (N = 1817) found that 81% of respondents supported menu labeling in chain restaurants.

Several states and municipalities have already enacted calorie menu labeling laws, with New York City leading the way in 2008. Research shows that menu labeling can help encourage people to order and consume fewer calories. In a study examining more than 100 million transactions at Starbucks in New York City (subject to menu labeling), and the Boston, Massachusetts, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, areas (not subject to menu labeling at the time), Bollinger et al2 found a significant calorie reduction (6%) per transaction after calorie labeling compared with the period prior to labeling. A cross-sectional study3 of 648 diners in 1 full-service chain restaurant found that after controlling for demographic characteristics, customers dining at restaurants with calorie labels (in Philadelphia) purchased 151 fewer calories than those dining in restaurants without calorie labeling (outside Philadelphia).

Other studies have found minimal, if any, effects of calorie labels. A study conducted among 7309 New York City fast-food diners before and 8489 diners after calorie labeling found no overall association between labeling and meal calorie content (828 calories before, 846 after).4 However, when researchers examined specific chain restaurants, they found that diners at McDonald's, KFC, and Au Bon Pain purchased fewer calories after the law, whereas those at Subway purchased more; no difference before vs after labeling was found for the remaining 7 chain restaurants. After the law, 15% of diners reported using the calorie information to help guide their decisions. In another evaluation of the New York City law, Elbel et al5 surveyed 1156 low-income, fast-food restaurant customers in New York City and Newark, New Jersey (not subject to menu labeling) before and after calorie labeling and also found no significant differences in calories purchased. Consumers did report greater recognition and self-reported use of calorie information postlabeling.

These inconsistent results might be explained by the diverse methods used and settings investigated across studies. Existing studies have examined different sources of calorie information, restaurants, regions, populations, and periods before and after labeling. Some used control groups whereas others did not, and the power and sample size of studies have varied substantially. Studies in laboratory settings also have shown divergent results. All of these study design factors likely influence the results of calorie labeling studies in different ways.

A major gap in understanding the potential benefit of calorie labeling is the absence of long-term data. Exposure to calorie information in restaurants over time might increase consumer awareness of calories, discourage eating out, encourage eating less, change social norms around food ordering, or generally raise awareness about eating healthfully. In contrast, the effect of calorie labelling could wane over time with more exposure leading to less effect. Given the mixed research findings, it is likely that menu labeling influences some consumers some of the time at some restaurants. Because people eat out so often, this modest effect on food choices, on consumption, or both could still have a meaningful influence on public health. Only longer-term studies before and after the federal menu labeling law is implemented will provide an answer.

Even if the law does not lead to changes in consumer behavior, disclosing calories could prompt the restaurant industry to make changes. There is already evidence of some positive response from the restaurant industry. McDonald's recently announced plans to promote salads as alternatives to french fries in value meals and will no longer promote soda for children's Happy Meals. Burger King introduced a lower-calorie french fry option, and Taco Bell plans to reduce the calorie content of some menu items. A study in Seattle, Washington, found that chain restaurants decreased the calorie content of offerings after their menu labeling law went into effect.6 These industry changes could arguably have a greater effect on public health than trying to shift consumer behavior directly with menu labeling.

Although there are concerns about the federal menu labeling law's possible effectiveness,7,8 these concerns miss a broader message of menu labeling. Menu labeling is an important first step. It was the first large-scale, national policy targeting an environmental contributor to overeating but, certainly, is not the sole answer to solving the obesity epidemic. Instead, multiple interventions across many societal domains will be needed. Although information provision policies are limited in their ability to influence behavior, the scope of menu labeling is similar to surgeon general warnings on cigarette packages and sets the stage for additional policies.

Menu labeling should be viewed as an early approach in governmental policy to address the obesity epidemic. Researchers should be vigilant as implementation begins. Specifically, future studies should examine whether calorie labeling increases disparities among those with lower numeracy and health literacy or has unintended consequences in populations who might be prone to increase calorie intake after labeling, such as adolescents. Anticipating the effect of menu labeling based on existing data and suggesting possible improvements to its design can be worthwhile, but evaluating its long-term benefits on public health will be especially important.


The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), as applied to the plant location problem, involves the structuring of this decision‐making process into different levels. Each level has certain attributes unique to the structure of the problem. Two levels of attributes are considered in the plant location problem. With respect to the first level, the user will focus upon all the tangible and intangible factors which affect the plant location problem, eventually leading to a stated objective or goal. Each attribute at this level will be assigned an appropriate weight through the AHP method. The second level of attributes consists of the possible locations under evaluation. The AHP method also assigns weights to each of the proposed locations as they relate to each of the attributes of the first level.


Background: Elderly face various health problems that need immediate and integrated handling. With increasing age, there will be a decrease in body function in the elderly both physically, physiologically and psychologically. The mental health problem that often occurs in the elderly is feeling worried.
Objektif:: This study aims to analyze whether there is a relationship between anxiety levels and sleep quality among the elderly in Surabaya.
Methods: The design of this study was analytic correlation with the approach used  cross-sectional. The population Is all elderly in the qoryah thoyyibah kenjeran Surabaya posyandu, which amounted to 44   elderly. The sampel size of this study was 40 respondents, probability sampling technique was simple random sampling, this study contained an independent variable of anxiety level while the dependent variable was sleep quality. data collection instrument using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the spearman rank correlation test with a value of a = 0,05.
Results: The results of research from 40 respondents showed that half (50%) experienced severe anxiety and almost half (47,5) had moderate sleep quality. Further analysis using the spearman rank test with a significance level of a= 0,05, the value of p=0.02 is obtained, which means p<a the Ho is rejected, which means that there is a relationship between the level of anxiety and the quality of sleep in the elderly at qoryah thoyyibah kenjeran Surabaya
Conclusions: The conclusion of this study is that there is relationship between anxiety and sleep quality in the elderly at qoryah thoyyibah kenjeran Surabaya posyandu. It is hoped that the result of this study can develop the ability of further researchers to conduct more specific research related to the relationship between anxiety levels and sleep quality in the elderly.


Biorenewable fillers have recently gained a greater focus in research to produce composites because of their unique properties, abundance, and diversity. These biorenewable fillers can include various terrestrial based plants naturally grown throughout the world. The focus of this work was on the natural fiber feedstocks that are created as waste streams from a wide range of industries, in particular agave fibers. Creating a composite composed of fibrous materials would have potential benefits that include cutting costs of composite products, decrease in density, increased strength and durability, and utilizing plant fiber waste streams for cost recovery. However, these natural fibers tend to be hydrophilic in nature and do not adhere well to hydrophobic polymer matrices. Directly combining plant fibers with plastics tends to yield poor mechanical properties because of this incompatibility. These plant fibers must first go through treatment(s) to alter their surface properties, mechanically and/or chemically, to promote strong interfacial bonding to occur. Processing temperatures of polymers for extrusion or molding into a finished part vary based on the polymer used; however, they tend to be higher than the degradation temperatures of the fibers, which can result in brittle fibers. Polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene have processing temperatures ranging from 140-200 °C. To allow processing of fiber-reinforced composites, polymer additives are used to suppress the processing temperatures and thus reduce thermal degradation of the natural fibers. Finding both ideal treatments for fibers and additives for polymers will allow a wide variety of feedstocks to be utilized throughout the world, affecting many industries. Potential industries impacted by this research include automotive, aerospace, and consumer goods.


Socialism and capitalism is very closely associated with each other. If make little of capitalism's essence we cannot definition socialism's essence. We customarily entitle "capitalism" is a extent order of humanity co-operation. Fanciness socialism is a shadow of capitalism. It is one another opposite Hayek's three "extent order of humanity co-operation" propositions. Because realism socialism is not fanciness socialism, so the key we comprehend realism socialism is the tradition civilization and the historic chance of select socialism path. Point of view in history evolution, realism socialism is another pattern and path. The debate core problem of tradition is capital hire labor or labor hire capital, is bourgeois or proletariat dominant society. But these problems have fade out for the knowledge economy's come. Since 1990, although socialism again become the key word in intelligentsia, but the understand about socialism had many new change. When the institution and the civilization in great change and transition, realism socialism is not capitalistic shadow, but it is an institution arrange and path select for post-develop country achieve modernization.


For existing airports, the simplest form of privatization is contracting out management of the airport on a relatively short-term basis. Larger economic benefits can generally be obtained via a long-term lease or sale of the airport, increasingly common overseas. To create new airport facilities (or entirely new airports), the private sector can be granted either a long-term or perpetual franchise to finance, design, own, and operate those facilities. These techniques can also be used to convert military bases to commercial airports.


A quantum analogue of the automorphism group of a finite graph is introduced. These are quantum subgroups of the quantum permutation groups defined by Wang. The quantum automorphism group is a stronger invariant for finite graphs than the usual automorphism group. We get a quantum dihedral group D 4 .


Stability and oscillation of solutions of retarded functional differential equations are investigated. The study concerns linear and nonlinear scalar equations with piecewise constant argument [t].


A presumed high rate of U.S. drinking problems often has been ascribed to ambivalence over alcohol. Ambivalence is argued to be a necessary component of normative explanations which contemplate only constraining norms, as exemplified also in the place of ambivalence in Parsons' theory of deviance. Although ambivalence refers broadly to the individual's experience of conflicting norms, its psychotherapeutic origins in analyzing special kinds of relationship give it connotations of continuity in time and of excitation and potential explosiveness. It is these connotations which give ambivalence the appearance of providing an explanation of the origin and maintenance of deviance. Although sociologists have treated ambivalence as a property of the individual mind, possible meanings of ambivalence seated at aggregate levels are explored. The use of ambivalence as an explanatory concept should be replaced by analysis in terms of the conflicting norms and values the concept purports to cover.


Several new wideband configurations, such as, elliptical, square, rectangular, and hexagonal disc monopole antennas have been fabricated and results have been compared with the reported circular disc monopole antenna. The elliptical disc with ellipticity ratio of 1.1 yields the largest bandwidth from 1.21 GHz to more than 13 GHz for VSWR<2.


A cross-cultural comparison of suicide in old age, including a discussion of recent epidemiological trends in suicide rates. The authors also discuss the impact of social and cultural variables on the detection of depression and the formulation of suicide prevention strategies.


An insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) driver is crucial for improving the reliability of a power electronics system. This paper proposes a method for predicting the optimal driving strategy of high-power IGBT module based on backpropagation neural network optimized by the mind evolutionary algorithm in order to solve the problem of compromise among switching loss, switching time and overshoot and achieve a good driving effect. The three regions of switching transitions are analyzed based on the switching characteristics of the IGBT module. Neural networks are established to predict turn-on and turn-off driving strategies for variable gate resistance active gate driver of the IGBT module. The mind evolutionary algorithm is used to optimize the weights and biases of the neural networks so that the optimal weights and biases can be obtained. In order to verify the effectiveness of the driving strategy prediction method proposed in this paper, experiments are carried out for 4500V/900A the IGBT module. Compared to the conventional gate driver, the predicted driving strategies reduce the turn-on energy loss, turn-on time, over-current, comprehensive evaluation method, turn-on delay time and tail voltage duration by 59.31%, 46.38%, 36.99%, 65.65%, $1.9~\mu \text{s}$ , $2.9~\mu \text{s}$ , respectively. It was also found that the Planar-IGBT turn-off process was rarely affected by the gate resistance. The proposed method in this paper can be used not only for the guidance of the driving strategy determination of high-power the IGBT module driver, but also for the driver circuit improvement in the design process.


This paper studies geometrical structure of the manifold of escort probability distributions and shows its new applicability to information science. In order to realize escort probabilities we use a conformal transformation that flattens so-called alpha-geometry of the space of discrete probability distributions, which well characterizes nonadditive statistics on the space. As a result escort probabilities are proved to be flat coordinates of the usual probabilities for the derived dually flat structure. Finally, we demonstrate that escort probabilities with the new structure admits a simple algorithm to compute Voronoi diagrams and centroids with respect to alpha-divergences.


The present invention relates to novel processes for preparing certain aza cyclohexapeptide compounds, e.g. caspofungin, novel intermediates used in said processes and a process for preparing said intermediates. In particular, the intermediates have formula (II), wherein X is amino or substituted amino, and contains a cyano/nitrile functionality.


Harnessing of ultrasonic guided waves confined in local features such as bends and welds, known as feature-guided waves, has emerged as a promising technique for non-destructive testing and structural health monitoring of industrial and aerospace structures. This article introduces a fiber Bragg grating based technique which uses feature-guided waves to detect anomalies or defects in plate structures with transverse bends. We are able to obtain good consistency between simulation and experimental results, both in the case of defect-free bent plates and those with transverse defects. Such results establish fiber Bragg gratings as a viable alternative to conventional techniques for structural health monitoring of bent plates.


In this work we look at one special case to provide a rational basis for the following assertion known as Statistical Law of Large Numbers: If an event E has a constant probability p of occurrence on any one trial, and has occurred m times in n trials, then, if the relative frequency of E, m/n, approaches the value of a limit point l and the accuracy of the approximation increases as the number of trials increases, we have l = p. The argument we propose is based on the concepts of "event" and "trial", formulated in a recent paper by the author himself, and their direct implications.


In the title compound, [ZnCl2(C19H15N3)], the ZnII atom is four-coordinated by two N atoms from the 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-3-(2-pyridyl)-1H-pyrazole (L) ligand and two terminal Cl atoms in a distorted tetrahedral coordination environment. In the crystal structure, inversion-related ZnII mononuclear units are linked to form dimers through π–π stacking interactions between the pyridine and pyrazole rings, the centroid–centroid distance being 3.5166 (19) A. The dimers are interlinked to form a chain along the a axis by C—H⋯π interactions involving both benzene rings of the L ligand.


Statement of problem: The gonial angle plays an important role in ensuring a harmonious facial profile. Changes in this angle especially after surgery may be an aesthetic concern for both the patient and the surgeon. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate gonial angle changes after mandiblular setback with the BSSRO technique and to measure postsurgical relapse two years after surgery. Material and Methods: Nineteen patients with mandibular prognathism referred to Taleghani Hospital were selected from 1999 to 2001. All subjects underwent surgery for mandibular setback with the BSSRO technique and IMF for 8 weeks. Lateral cephalograms were taken before surgery, immediately postoperatively and 2–4 years after surgery. The setback rate (relapse) and gonial angle changes were evaluated during these periods. Pearson correlation and student t tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean gonial angle decreased in all subjects, it was 135.05° (6.41) before and 128.73° (5.43) after surgery. The mean reduction of the gonial angle was 6.32° (4.08) immediately after surgery while it showed 4.89° (3.44) decrease after 2 years follow-up at the final examination. The mean of setback was 6.27 (2.28) mm which decreased to 5.82 (1.82) mm after follow-up. A significant correlation was observed between the amount of setback and reduction of the gonial angle (P=0.0001) but no correlation was found between sex and gonial angle changes or mandibular setback relapse. Conclusion: Surgical correction of mandibular prognatism using BSSRO and IMF can cause a decrease in the gonial angle. This increase in the setback, may reduce the gonial angle and have correlation to the amount of relapse.


The copolymerization of t-butyl-3-isopropenylcumylperoxide (D120) and methyl acrylate was discussed in this paper. The copolymer with pendent peroxide groups was prepared by the free radical copolymerization. The molecular weight of the copolymer was about 12 000-20 000 and changed with the D120 content in the comonomer.The decomposition temperature of the peroxide groups in the copolymer decreases with the increase of D120 content in the copolymers. Also the reactivity ratio was estimated: r D120 =0 72, r MA =0 400.


In addition to being threatened by habitat loss derived from deforestation and urbanisation, fireflies are further deeply impacted by light pollution, which impairs their unique use of light signals to communicate and track females. The impact of stressors that can lead to declines in firefly populations is poorly known in the southern hemisphere, including the Atlantic Forest where they are especially diverse, associated with lack of knowledge about their distributions. Here, we model the potential distribution of the tracker ghost firefly Amydetes fastigiata and investigate whether light pollution, urbanisation and deforestation are increasing over time in this area. We found that light pollution is the stressor with the most prominent increase rates over its distribution. Light pollution is significantly increasing in extent and intensity over time, outpassing urbanisation and deforestation which increased at lower rates. Protected areas successfully buffer effects of urbanisation and deforestation, but are incapable to halt the spread of light pollution. Increasing light pollution is especially concerning due to the spotlighting behaviour of A. fastigiata to track females through the night, which is imperilled by overshadowing lights. Light pollution trends are increasing fast and should be considered as a significant stressor even within protected areas – which calls for a reform in regional conservation policies and designation of new areas to be prioritised. We presented a framework for the evaluation of threat rates based on species distribution models that can foster future research and assess vulnerabilities of important species facing global change.


A seamless foldable display device is provided to set the size of a pixel disposed in the junction part and the size of a pixel disposed in a part differently except the junction part to make a junction part between neighboring display panels, which are joined to each other, unrecognizable, thereby preventing the discontinuity of an image due to the junction part. A plurality of display panels(30a,30b) is joined to display an image. First pixels(34a,34b), which are disposed in a junction part(31) between neighboring display panels, are smaller than second pixels(33a,33b), which are disposed in a part except the junction part. The first pixels have a higher brightness than the second pixels. In each of the display panels, the size of pixel is gradually larger from the junction part toward the center part over at least two pixel rows.


On the basis of ab initio electronic structure calculations, we provided a thermodynamic study of C14 and C15 Laves phases in Cr-Zr system.


The present invention includes the wireless communication unit for receiving a plurality of position information and obtaining new position information based on the plurality of position information received, and the obtained from the plurality of positions of the received information, new location information of the user terminal provides a medium in which a terminal and a location information management program having a function of a control unit for obtaining the respective path information to the position information.


A comparative analysis of the chemiresistive sensor response of thin films of a series of tetrasubstituted phthalocyanines of various metals with F-substituent in peripheral (MPcF4-p, M = Cu, Co, Zn, Pb, VO) and non-peripheral (MPcF4-np) positions in macroring to low concentrations of ammonia (1–50 ppm) was carried out. It was found that MPcF4-p films exhibit a higher sensor response than MPcF4-np ones. A CoPcF4-p film demonstrated a calculated LOD of 0.01 ppm with a recovery time of 215 s, while a VOPcF4-p film had LOD of 0.04 ppm and the recovery time of 270 s. The selectivity test showed that CO2, ethanol, acetone, benzene, and formaldehyde did not interfere with the determination of ammonia, while H2S at a concentration of more than 10 ppm could act as an interfering gas. It was shown that, as a result of quantum-chemical calculations, the observed regularities are best described by the interaction of NH3 with phthalocyanines through the formation of hydrogen bonds between NH3 and side atoms of the macroring. In the case of MPcF4-p, the NH3 molecule approaches the macrocycle more closely and binds more strongly than in the case of MPcF4-np. The stronger binding leads to a stronger effect of the ammonia molecule on the electronic structure of phthalocyanine and, as a consequence, on the chemiresistive sensor response of the films to ammonia.


Rough structure of Al-Mg-Si alloy substrates were acquired by immersing in solution based on discocation etching.Self-assembled monolayers of perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane was prepared on rough surface by self-assembled method.The characterization of surface properties of specimens was conducted with X-ray diffractometer,scanning electron microscope and surface profiler.Contact angle measurement was used to analyse the surface wettability.The results indicate that the wettability of substrate convert from hydrophilicity to superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity after solution immersing and self-assembled monolayers depositon.Different rough structure of Al-Mg-Si alloy substrates were acquired by changing immersing time;superhydrophobic surface with different adhesive force were prepared by changing the solution immersing time.The analysis indicate that rough structure of specimens by solution immersing and low surface energy material FDTS self-assembled monolayers are the main factors for superhydrophobicity.The different adhesive forces are caused by the different state of water droplets on the superhydrophobic surface with different surface roughness.


In view to better understand the interactions of aminoacids and peptides with metallic cations, in the isolated state, the model system glycylglycine–Zn 2+ has been theoretically studied. Structures and energetic of complexes between glycylglycine dipeptide and zinc cation were investigated applying density functional theory (DFT). Zn 2+ cation was allowed to interact with different sites of glycylglycine and six stable isomers were obtained. Calculation for six different glycylglycine-Zn 2+ isomers were performed at BLYP and B3LYP level of theory using 6-31G* and 6-31G** basis sets. Relative energy calculations at different levels indicated that the most stable complex holds the structure, in which zinc cations are bound to the oxygen sites of carbonyl groups and the dipeptide of glycylglycine which acts as a bidentate ligand that has a structure of six-membered ring. Vibration frequency of most stable isomer is calculated by BLYP level and enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy of reaction was obtained.


Processes of Institutional Assessment and Accreditation of University Careers have been established in the region and therefore placed on the agenda of the University of the Republic (Udelar). As a public University of nonrestrictive entrance, demonstrating that quality education for all students and as a result a good performance of graduates is offered implies a great challenge. As a result, actions that ensure the support of students and graduates tracking should be taken to meet the requirements of Regional Accreditation System of University Degree (arcu-sur). After an analysis of the indicators set for the seven careers that are currently in the process of Accreditation / Re-accreditation (Agronomy, Architecture, Nursing, Engineering, Medicine, Dentistry and Veterinary), it becomes clear that we need a partnership between the structures that support the teaching in the different faculties and the structures and programs that are established centrally at Udelar. Only a planned and coordinated work could make it possible to know students' paths, supporting their entry and stay as well as the integration of graduates and their performance in the world of work; so as to act accordingly, establishing the continuous adjustments required by careers within a culture of quality in higher education, which is what is ultimately promoted from the evaluation processes and university accreditation.


BACKGROUND Ectopic pancreatic tissue is a congenital anomaly where a part of pancreatic tissue is located outside of the pancreas and lacks vascular or anatomical communication with it but shows the same histological features. Currently, the literature reports only two anecdotal cases of malignant transformation of colonic ectopic pancreas.


The paper focuses on treating of partiality within Tichý's
logical system. Tichý's logic is two valued and type-theoretic.
Tichý's simple theory of types (and the deduction system
designed for it) accepts both total and partial functions.
Tichý's late framework is explicitly ramified. So-called
constructions (roughly: algorithms) construct, e.g., values of
functions at arguments; in some cases, however, they do not
construct anything at all. This special partiality phenomenon
is discussed in the second part of the paper.


The regional energy internet is coupled with natural gas, hot and cold, and other technologies complementing the core power system. It is conducive to the complementary advantages of multiple energy sources and is significant for transforming its energy structure. The extraction of key indicators in various aspects of the regional energy internet and the evaluation of comprehensive benefits are essential issues that need to be resolved urgently. Firstly, this paper summarizes existing researches and introduces a typical physical architecture of regional energy internet. Secondly, the evaluation indicator system of regional energy internet is established to offer a fundamental presupposition for the exhaustive evaluation, based on numerous research on the energy internet evaluation. Technology, economy, environment, and society are scrutinized in the established indicator system. Then use the ISM model to sort out the indicator system. Finally, it summarized the significance of the comprehensive indicator system of the regional energy internet in the evaluation process to provide a reference for related research and projects.


Objective: TO study the change of substance P(SP) level in Plasma and its relationship with ankylosing spondylitis(AS).Method: Radioimmunoassay. Results: The author observed that the level of SP in Plasma of AS is singificantly higher than that of healthy controls. SP level in AS patients during active stage is higher than in those during inactive stage. Conclusion: Increased SP may play an importantrole in the pathogenesis Of AS.


Objective:to learn the nursing measures in the process of ESWL cureing UrolithiasisMethods:Give 1496 urolithiasis patients from June 1999 to July 2008 with ESWL curement,the impulse voltage was 9~15KV and the number of impact was 500 to 2000.with careful preparation,patient and meticulous operation,postoperative care,the effect was satisfied.Results:Follow-up 3 to 6 months,1479 cases have evacuated the stone,the rate was 98.86%,17 cases' effect were poor,which inculd 14 cases nephrolith and 3 cases ureteral stones.Conculsion:In the process of ESWL curing Urolithiasis,the Symptoms and signs of patient must have been obersved tightly and carefully,for different psychological state of patients,release the patient's bad mood,actively cooperate with the treatment,defeat illiness and make discharged guidance well at the same time.


Aim The purpose of this study was to identify barriers to effective clinical nursing leadership in Jordanian hospitals from the perspectives of nurse managers (NMs). Background Clinical leadership is about expertise in specialised fields and involving professionals in clinical care. Even though leadership terminology has been used in nursing and healthcare business literature, clinical leadership is still misunderstood, including its barriers. Method This study adopted a qualitative narrative approach and recruited a purposive sample of 19 NMs and two associate executive directors of nursing from two hospitals. Data were collected through two focus group discussions and in-depth interviews and were analysed using content analysis. The study was guided by the 'Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research'. Result Four themes emerged regarding barriers to effective clinical nursing leadership: (1) power differential, (2) inconsistent connectedness with physicians, (3) lack of early socialisation experiences and (4) clinical practice reform is a mutual responsibility. Conclusion and relevance to clinical practice Barriers are detrimental to effective clinical leadership; they are associated with interdisciplinary and professional socialisation factors. Managers and academicians at all levels should immediately consider these barriers as a priority. Innovative clinical leaders should identify barriers to effective clinical leadership at the early stages. Thus, innovative clinical leadership programmes are warranted.


Materials for urban pavements and building coatings have a direct impact on urban thermal environment: low-reflective and highly absorptive materials, in fact, could contribute to the exacerbation of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon, which negatively affects building energy consumptions and indoor and outdoor thermal comfort. These effects could be worsened especially in Urban Heat Canyon configurations, where the inter-building effect becomes more relevant. As regards UHI mitigation strategies, high-reflective (HR) and retro- reflective (RR) materials have been studied for their application as urban coatings, in order to provide a cooling effect inside urban canyons. In this framework, this study aims at comparing the albedo performance of HR and RR materials applied on a small scale urban canyon facility. To this aim, an in-field experimental campaign was conducted in two days during summer 2020. Different canyon coating combinations and height/width (H/W) ratios were investigated and compared in terms of albedo. Results show that an albedo worsening occurs when the RR coating was applied to the canyon's surfaces, because of the lower global reflectance of the RR with respect to the HR. Nevertheless, the application of RR coating on walls, coupled with HR paint on pavement, lead to higher albedo values of up to 4.7%, with respect to the opposite mixed coating combination. Future developments may concern the investigation of the optimum design of a glass bead RR material for building application, by studying the correlation between its optical capabilities and the dimensions and density of the glass beads.


Temporal, practice, and pharmacological factors influencing behavioral function were examined in male albino rats after middle cortical lesions. Cortical lesioned, sham-operated, and unoperated control groups were given eight daily training sessions in a single-arm maze after postsurgery recovery periods of 10, 20, or 30 days. On Days 9 and 10, the animals received pretest ethanol and saline injections in a counterbalanced design. The middle cor tical groups showed maximal impairment (increases in errors and latencies) after the 10-day recovery period, partial improvement after the 20-day postsurgery period, and control-level performance after the 30-day postsurgery period. Ethanol injections increased errors but not latencies of the lesioned animals, which had begun training 10 days after surgery. The re sults suggest that the lesioned animals displayed a time-dependent recovery in which practice effects played only a minor role. Further, the results suggest that the cortically lesioned animals just at the point of recovery are hypersensitive to the debilitating effects of ethanol.


Cooling stage is a key stage of injection molding. It affects both the quality and efficiency of injection molding of products. Conformal cooling channel, due to its advantages in uniform cooling and rapid cooling, could improve the cooling effect obviously. Therefore, study on methods of machining curved hole are proposed to be used for practice. In this thesis, some methods of machining curved hole and their features in general were introduced.


Scalable and high performance server cluster systems like cloud computing systems are equipped with virtual machines to efficiently utilize server resources. On the other hand, a large amount of electric energy is consumed in a server cluster system since multiple servers consume electric energy to perform application processes on virtual machines. In order to design and implement an energy-aware server cluster system, the computation model of a virtual machine and power consumption model of a server have to be defined. In our previous studies, we proposed the power consumption model of a server and computation model of a virtual machine to perform application processes on virtual machines. However, the proposed power consumption model and computation model does not consider the change of the clock frequency of each core in a server. In this paper, we consider the change of the clock frequency of each core in a server. Then, we newly proposed the extended power consumption model of a server and computation model of a virtual machine to perform computation type application processes.


Within the theory of predicative and enunciative operations, an utterance is referentially located in relation to a system of enunciative coordinates, consisting of two principal coordinates: the subjective coordinate and the spatio-temporal coordinate. The subject is constructed at different levels by enunciative


Twenty surface nests of Reithrodontomys megalotis were observed within an area of approximately 0.8 hectare located on the Nelson Environmental Complex Jefferson County, Kansas. Measurements were taken of various nest parameters. The length of clippings that formed the top of the nests was significantly different from those that formed the bottom. Ambient temperatures adjacent to the nest but under the grass were numerically but not statistically different from interior nest temperatures. After three heavy rains (13-36 mm) observations indicated the nests effectively excluded precipitation. Nest entrances were oriented to the north and northwest on a north facing slope with an approximate 25° incline. The nest structure and entrances are believed to be involved in the thermoregulation of this species. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., Vol. 77 (2), 1974.


Abstract : This study provides the results of analyzing cumulative cost incurred patterns on contracts representing a cross-section of Headquarters, US Army Armament Materiel Readiness Command (ARRCOM) commodity-oriented procurement. The study was performed to develop ARRCOM commodity-oriented termination liability table(s) as requested by Headquarters, US Army Materiel Development and Readiness Command. The study provides comparative regression plots for armament products, ammunition products, ARRCOM combined armament/ammunition products, along with the plot of the DoD Termination Liability Table currently being applied by ARRCOM. The termination liability table developed in the study is based upon the ARRCOM combined armament/ammunition products regression analysis. (Author)


Apocrine hidrocystoma (AHC) are benign adnexal cystic tumours of the skin. They are uncommon and are usually found in the head and neck area. Nevus sebaceous (NS) is a hamartoma which is present since birth and is associated with many benign and malignant tumours such as trichoblastoma, trichilemmoma, sebaceoma, nevocellular nevi, keratoacanthoma, basal cell carcinoma etc. Apocrine hidrocystoma arising from a nevus sebaceous located over scalp region is extremely rare with less than five cases being reported till date. We report an interesting case of a 55 year old male who presented with a nodule over the scalp. A clinical diagnosis of sebaceous cyst was made. On histopathological examination, it turned out to be apocrine hidrocystoma arising in the background of nevus sebaceous.


In this chapter, we consider the mathematical aspects of a number of nonlinear Schrodinger equation models as complete integrable systems and their connection with the theory of a non-ideal Bose gas. We focus on the Hermitian models because these occur frequently in applications; also models having a non-compact internal symmetry and the peculiarities they possess are discussed in details. In conclusion, we present an outline of the Sine-Gordon equation. 1. Equations of motion and the internal symmetry group Our concern here will be with the properties of the vector version of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation with v(P,q) internal symmetry. We consider a system of n coupled equations for a set of complex valued functions defined on the whole axis -00


The existence and uniqueness of global strong solutions to the initial boundary value problem of a simplified two-fluid model in plasma are proved for the small data case.


In this article, the author, based on historical-scientific, handwritten sources and materials of researchers, provided accurate information about the life and scientific heritage of the great Fiqh scientist Alouddin Abu Bakr ibn Mas'ud ibn Ahmad al-Kosani, who lived in the 12th century.


Background Use of intranasal (IN) dexmedetomidine for procedural sedation has been reported in recent years. Good patient selection is important to ensure high success rates. We aimed to identify factors that influence the successful use of IN dexmedetomidine in non-invasive investigations. Methods All paediatric patients who received IN dexmedetomidine for investigations between 01 July 2019 to 01 July 2020 were included. Baseline demographics, time to reach adequate sedation level, duration of sedation, dose, indications for sedation and need for rescue sedatives were recorded. Procedures were classified into "long" or "short" according to completion time. Successful sedation was defined by completion of investigations by IN dexmedetomidine alone. Results Of 105 patients included, median age was 20.0 months, and median weight 11.0 kg. Magnetic resonance imaging (56, 53.3%) was the most common indication. Sixty (57.1%) were successfully sedated using IN dexmedetomidine alone. Automated auditory brainstem response, computerised tomography and mercaptoacetyltriglycine-3 renogram scans had the highest success rate (83.3%, 83.3%, and 100% respectively). On multivariate analysis, short procedures had an adjusted odds ratio of 5.30 (95% CI: 1.69–16.61; P=0.004) compared to long procedures. Conclusions IN dexmedetomidine is effective for procedural sedation for paediatric patients. The most important predictor for sedation success was indication of sedation and duration of procedures.


Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous disease, consisting of distinct subsets with partly distinct aetiologies and risk factors. Such risk factors are environmental, including lifestyle mediated and genetic, and these factors must always be considered in the context of stochastic (i.e. chance) factors. As RA is a disease where immune reactions often precede symptoms, and where symptoms that do not involve joint inflammation such as joint pain, bone loss, and fatigue may precede arthritis, and where severe symptoms and comorbidities may follow after the first episode of joint inflammation, we also have to consider risk factors during these different phases of disease development. This chapter focuses on environmental, including lifestyle, factors, and on when and how during disease development such factors are active. The chapter also describes pathogenic mechanisms that may be triggered by such risk factors. Particular emphasis is on recognition of modifiable environmental/lifestyle factors as such knowledge can be used in primary as well as secondary prevention and also to improve effects of current pharmacological treatments.


A Western Simulation Council was held September 12, 1968 at the Space Division, North American/Rockwell in Downey, California. The host was Mr. A. J. Mauceri of the Space Division Simulation Center. The theme of the meeting was the Apollo Saturn Simulation Program; all speakers were from North American/Rockwell. Opening remarks by Dr. F. A. Aschenbrenner stressed the importance of simulation in the space program. He also mentioned that one of the prime requirements of the simulation complex was to integrate the computers and flight hardware into


Surveys to evaluate teaching performance are one of the most widely used instruments for assessing teaching capabilities and, consequently, the quality of teaching. Their success is largely due to how they are designed and the way in which they process information. The aim of this paper is to simplify the design of the student evaluations by removing the most correlated items, and to propose that Kohonen's self-organizing Kohonen maps be used to group teachers in accordance with all the characteristics surveyed. The methodology is applied to the particular case of the Rovira i Virgili University.Keywords: surveys to evaluate teaching performance, higher education, kohonen's selforganizing mapsJEL Classification: I21, I23, C45(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)1. INTRODUCTIONSurveys to evaluate teaching performance were first used in America in the 1920s. One of the first publications based on the results of these surveys can be found in Remmers and Brandenburg (1927). They have subsequently been used in most universities in the world. Kulik (2001) notes that in 1973, 29% of American universities used student evaluations as a tool to assess teaching, while in 1993, they were used in 86%.Student evaluations have two types of users: teachers and educational institutions. In this respect, Catano and Harvey (2011) point out that surveys are often used to provide remunerative supplements, to decide on continuity of teachers and to support faculty promotion decisions.Theall and Franklin (2001) state that teaching staffare extremely sensitive to this issue. Some teachers, especially new ones, consider evaluations to be positive as they help improve the effectiveness of teaching. Kulik (2001), however, notes that some teachers are reluctant because they fear that students can turn them into a sort of personality contest.Student evaluations can also be understood as a form of accountability to society on the efficiency and effectiveness of teaching conducted by a university.Among the existing literature, Arthur (2009) has studied the validity of using the views of students as a means of evaluating the performance of a teacher. Other studies analyze the factors that affect the evaluation. For example, Remedios and Lieberman (2007) studied the impact on outcomes of qualifications and workload during the course, and Griffin (2004) studied the effect of gender.Although the content of evaluations is open to criticism and some items are of questionable relevance, Penny (2003) argues that universities continue to use them as a central element in assessing the effectiveness of teaching. It is therefore important that results be interpreted correctly.This study has two objectives: first, to consider whether student evaluations of teaching can be simplified by reducing the number of items; and, second, to examine whether overall evaluations take into account all those aspects of teaching that need to be measured.Although this study has been carried out in the particular case of the Rovira i Virgili University (URV), the methodology and the procedure can be generalized to any type of questionnaire.The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes introduces the main methodological tool used, unsupervised Kohonen's self-organizing maps, a particular type of neural network. Section 3 describes the data used and shows the results obtained from the application of the Kohonen maps. Section 4 states presents the conclusions and there are some annexes at the end.2. METHODOLOGY: KOHONEN'S SELF-ORGANIZING MAPSTo evaluate the data obtained in the survey we used a particular type of artificial neural network called a Kohonen's self-organizing map (SOM) (1989), which contains all the features of overall teacher evaluation and does not limit its analysis to the mean of the valuation (or average and standard deviation).These networks were first developed by Dr. …


The recent pandemic disease coronaviruses which spread universally are extremely pathogens for humans. It involved critical respiratory syndrome cause, extra-pulmonary manifestations, and in some times cause death as a result of massive alveolar damage and progressive respiratory failure. Patients with any disease of the liver are prone to be more susceptible to coronaviruses because of their lack of immunity. Angiotensin-converting enzyme2 protein presents in cholangiocytes indicating that coronaviruses can bind to it to enter target cells and dysregulated the liver function. Therefore, the liver is considering a likely target for any infection. Patients with liver disease require special care during coronaviruses crisis for other complications. So this review aimed to illustrate how hepatic patient are prone to respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the care of them. ISSN: 2637-4501


Strain-dependent electronic properties of [112] Ge/Si and Si/Ge core/shell nanowires are studied using first-principles calculations within density functional theory. We show that the transition from indirect to quasidirect gap can be obtained by applying compressive strain and the width of the band gap can be tuned by strain. The analysis of the projected density of states indicates that the quasidirect gap is strongly influenced by the atoms in the {111} facets. Several possible applications have been discussed based on their distinguished electronic properties.


Although concrete bridges can be precast and erected in a large-scale, production-line fashion, concrete can also be used in less spectacular, more economical ways for shorter spans. Many sources of information are available when considering concrete for bridge replacement. Three of these sources, which are particularly valuable for short-span bridges, are discussed in the article as a resource guide. The sources are the American Concrete Pipe Association, the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, and the Prestressed Concrete Institute.


An innovative and economic solution for foundation preparation is being used on the Museum of New Zealand development on the Wellington waterfront. Consultant Tonkin and Taylor is using dynamic consolidation to form a stiff raft of soil enabling the use of shallow footings with significant cost savings over the alternative pile systems.


In this paper the linear method of impact probability calculation using a special curvilinear coordinate system associated with the nominal orbit of an asteroid is described. Comparison with a linear method, which uses a Cartesian coordinate system, shows that the described method is more reliable. As etalon values of the impact probabilities we take ones obtained by the Monte Carlo method. Comparison with the LOV method shows that the LOV method gets more accurate values of impact probability in cases where there are close approaches to major planets before the potential collision. However the described method can be considered as a first step in impact probability calculation problem.


Economies with private information provide a rationale for capital taxation. In this paper we ask what the welfare gains from following this prescription are. We develop a method to answer this question in standard general equilibrium models with idiosyncratic uncertainty and incomplete markets. We find that general equilibrium forces are important and greatly reduce the welfare gains. Once these effects are taken into account the gains are relatively small in our benchmark calibration. These results do not imply that dynamic aspects of social insurance design are unimportant, but they do suggest that capital taxation may play a modest role. ∗We thank the editor and three anoymous referees for comments and suggestions. We are grateful to Florian Scheuer for outstanding research assistance. We thank comments and suggestions from Daron Acemoglu, Manuel Amador, Marios Angeletos, Patrick Kehoe, Narayana Kocherlakota, Mike Golosov, Ellen McGrattan, Robert Shimer, Aleh Tsyvinski and seminar participants at various institutions. Special thanks to Mark Aguiar, Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas, Fatih Guvenen, Dirk Krueger, Fabrizo Perri, Luigi Pistaferri and Gianluca Violante for helpful discussions on the available empirical evidence for consumption and income. All remaining errors are our own.


The criticism on the documentary Delamu, directed by Tian Zhuangzhuang, was often confined to the angle of art criticism.Viewed from the angle of eco-criticism, there existed recovered charm of natural beauty in its grave expression, rich and colorful green poetic principle in dreary image and ecological existent beauty behind image codes.


Objective To identify and access occupational risk factors for ABS resin extension project,study the preventive measures and management,to provide scientific evidence for the inspection by health administrative department.Methods The methods were carried out including on-the-spot investigation,detection,collection of data and information of occupational health together with using analogy and comprehensive analysis.Results The occupational risk factors that existed in this construction project were bug dust,vinyl cyanide,styrene,butyl acrylate,ethyl benzene,glycol,Butadiene,noise,electric field in the work environment and high-temperature.The test results of analogy were less than occupational exposure limits by the investigation and analysis of analogy of the same productive equipment as an object.The detection results of analogical project showed that the maximum TWA concentration of styrene was less than 0.1 mg/m3,butadiene TWA concentration was 0.085 mg/m3,acrylonitrile TWA concentration was less than 0.1 mg/m3,the highest TWA concentration of butyl acrylate was 0.44 mg/m3,noise intensity was up to 90 dB(A),frequency electric field strength was 0.11 kV/m.Conclusion The occupational hazards of this construction project can be preventive,this project is feasible.


oa/xiyv: attractive, for the problem of 'seeing a smell' is removed; 164-6 eK-rneiv (L) KOLV KVXIKO. fiato/Mi (this last, F. W. Schmidt); 170 irapeoKevaofxivov (Blaydes) sc. tori: very difficult. May L's TrapeaKevaa/j.evov = Trapa.TeTiXfj.evov? 287 attractive, indeed; between 321 and 322 lacuna: well possible; 327 elr' (Musgrave)... nXecuv (Gilbert):' I have drunk a full jar and (then) rattle it', removing both a rare enjambment and a disputed sexual allusion; 439-40 rbv <j>iXov d-qpevopev (Scaliger) ai</>wva ro'vSe Ka.K<f>vyeiv OVK elxofiev, disestablishing ai<j>wv as 'penis', but the Imperfect is awkward; -</>vyeiv (in the Paris apograph but not noted) is probably right. Ale. 64 K. makes a good defence of L's Kavar/i., as he does of L's p.6vos at 121; 314 roias (Reiske) convincingly urged; 527 /ecu Bavwv (Schwartz), giving an emphatically tautologous line: perhaps; 673-4K. replaces 673 navaaad'with veiKwv, a free conjecture, and the dramatically unidiomatic 674 a> uai with -navaai; but the couplet surely needs a Vocative, both in itself and for parallelism with 706-7; 811 oliceios well defended against Dale's odvelos. Med. 240 OTTOS (Meineke) apiara (Page): possible; 305 deleted with 304 (Pierson, = 808): very possible; 752 Porson strongly favoured: probable: 910 K. rightly tackles the inappropriate iTapefjmoX&vTo? with ydpov (V) irapepmeaovTOs aXXoiov (V), but the verb would be better applied to the husband than to the marriage; a dubious synizesis makes against e.g. ydfxovs TrapefifiaXovTos aXXoiovs -rrooews. There are excellent Indexes. Proof-reading was not quite perfect.


Based on a field investigation,the characteristics of herb populations niche in the arid valley of the Minjiang River were charactorized,soas to provide a scientific base for vegetation restoration and management.Niche breadths and overlaps of 20 main herb populations along gradients of soil moisture,soil pH,available K,available P,and total N were analyzed using Levins and Schoener indices.Scilla scilloides,Indigofera bungeana,Potentilla leuconota,Themeda triandra,Carex crebra have higher niche breadth and adaptability to environment,which are the dominant species and play vital roles in maintaining the diversity and stability of plant community;niche breadth of each population in different resource dimension shows that different population has different ability of using resources,so they have different ecological adaptability.The sum of niche breadth of all populations in different resource dimension is as the following:soil moisturesoil pHavailable K total Navailable P.It indicates that the ability of populations using available P is lower than that of soil moisture;Not all species with low niche breadth were not dominant species in the communities,which depend on the range and evenness of species distribution.The ability of herb populations adapting arid environment is higher than that of shrub populations.


An apparatus includes an operation unit (31; 58; 131), which may be used on a welding unit (22) welded in the edge region of the closing film receiving element (3) (41) (31; 131) or for separating the sheet from the upper portion (62) of the separating unit (58) receiving elements (42), said means (21; 61; 81; 161) comprises a control unit (CU2; CU3), which is programmed to move the group (118); (423) an operation unit (31; 58;; 131) capable of selectively receiving the processing element receiving a continuous strip or discrete elements (3 42).


Nitric oxide mixing ratios have been measured under high sun conditions in the stratosphere over the altitude range 17–30.5 km during four balloon flights launched from New Mexico. Experimental evidence is also presented to confirm that no serious sampling errors were encountered either from contamination of the sampled air or from removal of nitric oxide in the inlet to the instrument.


This article aims to contribute to the debate about Black-White educational achievement and engagement by investigating how the academic ethic is configured for White and Black students and which variables are significantly related to GPA. Students at a medium-size state university in the Southeast were surveyed concerning their attitudes and behaviors about learning. A variety of factors were assessed for their influence on GPA, and students who possessed an "academic ethic" were more likely to have higher GPAs. A higher percentage of Blacks had an academic ethic than Whites, but Blacks also had lower GPAs than Whites. Regression models with GPA as the dependent variable were different for Blacks and Whites. Implications for future research will be discussed.


With the environmental deterioration and destruction of natural balance, those related to air pollution such as CO_2, O_3, SO_2 and so on are important factors which affect the yield and quality of soybean. In a general view,with the increase of CO_2 concentration the yield of biology improves in soybean,but the fact is that,O_3,SO_2,UV-B in air is harmful to the growth of soybean and ultimately decrease its yield.


work carried out in collaboration between all Author designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author CNO managed literature searches. Authors OSO, CNO and MON managed the analyses of the study and literature searches. All authors read approved the final Fresh establish the uncertainty in the measured data. Iron content among the various parameters measured in the boreholes water was found to be in excess of the required limits by the World Health Organization (WHO) and thus formed the focus of this paper. The measurement result showed that the Fe content in groundwater sample was 3.189 mg/l, with the expanded uncertainty measurement ±1.482 mg/l (coverage factor, k = 2, at confidence level 95%). The significant uncertainties showed that the measured values were largely spread around the mean values of the measurand.


Several new 1, 2, 3-trisubstituted tetrahydroimidazoles (11-28) have been synthesised and their structures elucidated on the basis of spectral data. These compounds show promising antiinflammatory activity by carrageenin induced paw edema test in rats and few of them showed an activity better than indomethacin.


Though strong cycle changes affect some women it is anti‐woman to classify these shifts as an illness. Labeling PMS as illness is political; it is a way to deny normalcy to cycle changes. There is a critique of Dalton's anti‐feminist views of women and of the medical model used by one of the progesterone dispensing clinics. Alternative treatments are mentioned with a more detailed look at the possible role of self‐help groups, based on the feminist consciousness‐raising group model, to validate women's experiences and to increase their self‐esteem.


In this work, the results of the study of the water quality of the Furnia River (Pontevedra, NW Spain) using the aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages are presented. Semiquantitative surveys were carried out in autumn of 2007 and spring of 2008, and different indices based on these assemblages (abundance, richness, EPT, IASPT, Shannon-Wiener, IBMWP and % of feeding groups) were calculated. Several environmental variables that complemented the biological data were also measured. Although the indices decreased slightly along the water course, the results indicate a very good water quality of the Furnia River and a very diverse community of aquatic macroinvertebrates that must be conserved.


Overview and Objectives: Determination of the genetic code embedded in DNA molecules is fundamental to molecular biology and medicine. The most successful technique used for DNA sequencing has been the dideoxy termination mechanism developed by Sanger. Some of the main limitations of the traditional Sanger method are its relatively high cost (it heavily relies on multiple costly polymerase chain reactions), slow speed (the technique relies on gel separations), and only relatively short DNA strands can be effectively sequenced in each gel (600-800 bases). Alternative, faster and lower-cost methods for DNA sequencing are thus in high demand. There is a worldwide race towards a DNA sequencing technology that will cost no more than $1k per human genome. Such a personal genome technology promises to revolutionize medicine. Among the various proposed alternative DNA sequencing technologies, nanopore sequencing, especially with solid-state nanopore devices, is an exciting example. The objective of this NIRT program is to develop the necessary science and technology to bring nanopore DNA sequencing to reality. Our research program [1] brings together broad expertise in nanobioscience, both experimental and theoretical, encompassing solid-state physics to biochemistry, to attack a major problem of broad scientific interest and with potentially immense societal impact. The science goals of this project include: (1) to develop low-cost approaches for fabricating addressable nanopore arrays [2] using silicon or other low-cost solid-state materials; (2) to study and to elucidate the translocation processes of biomolecules in nanopores; (3) to exploit the phenomena of electricfield driven transport of DNA molecules through nanopores for DNA sequencing [3] and rapid characterization of biomolecules. This research program offers valuable educational experiences to students at Brown and Harvard in the emerging area of nanobioscience, empowering them with useful skills in nanofabrication, molecular biophysics, biochemistry, and statistical physics. These important skills will prepare our students well for the emerging economy of nanotechnology. Research Findings: In the grant period of 2004, we have engaged in a multi-front effort in attacking the nanopore sequencing problem. Since the future of nanopore DNA sequencing is largely resting on the availability of low-cost nanopore devices, we have spent a significant amount of effort in developing the necessary technology for device fabrication. This effort paid off handsomely. We now have developed a simple low-cost approach for fabricating nanopores in silicon chips, using electrochemical feedback etching. The same technique is also applicable for preparing devices with addressable nanopores.


The aim of the paper is to analyze the use of object detection in the field of wheat phenotyping and the components used inside it. Recently computer vision has started to play a pivotal role in agriculture, so special emphasis has been given to object detection models which are the state-of-the-art and to compare them against one another. The comparison of each algorithm is done based on the benchmark dataset which is the COCO test-dev dataset. The most efficient networks for object detection have been studied, in general, and compared on many fronts to get an overall and comprehensive comparison.


Significance Polariton chemistry holds the exciting promise of manipulating matter properties by strong light–matter coupling with optical microcavities. A crucial step toward achieving this goal is to have a tractable theoretical and computational framework that can describe both, the myriad of molecules in the ensemble, and complex internal vibrational structure characteristic of each individual molecule. Our CUT-E formalism demonstrates that a system of only one or two effective molecules strongly coupled to the cavity mode can describe all relevant phenomena, making the system easily solvable using existing quantum dynamics methods. Besides being a powerful computational tool, our formalism provides intuition on how collective effects can affect local excited state dynamics, establishing a framework to design new strategies for polariton chemistry.


Ensuring system safety is significant for safety-critical systems. To improve system safety in system architecture models, Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL) is used to model safety-critical systems. My thesis provides several safety analysis approaches for AADL models. To make it more effective, model transformation rules from AADL models to target formal models are formulated for the integration of formal methods into safety analysis approaches. The automatic transformation can reduce the degree of application difficulty of formal methods for engineers.