In allusion to present construction waste resolution problem in Beijing, system dynamics method is adopted by selecting 68 parameters and construct system dynamics model consists of ecology, environment, economy and construction waste management. It carries out a research on construction waste change upon economic growth, waste emission pollution and occupation loss as well as construction waste charge, etc. It points out the complexity of waste in Beijing city building, and forecast the future changes of construction waste. It not only provides a case for resolving Beijing construction and urban sustainable development problem, but shows certain reference for similar problem research of other cities.


We describe the design principles, fabrication, and characterization of a precision AC resonant capacitance bridge (RCB) sensor, based on a resonant differential planar printed circuit board transformer with a solid (ungapped) MnZn ferrite core, demonstrating a short-term sensitivity at 293 K of 0.225 +/- 0.005 aF/rtHz, at around 120 kHz resonance frequency and 1 Hz Fourier measurement frequency. At 120 K the RCB short term noise sensitivity is 0.118 +/- 0.005 aF/rtHz. We compare the ungapped configuration to five different RCBs; three with a core gap of 65 um and two with a core gap of 130 um. Their average room temperature short term noise sensitivities are 0.30 +/- 0.01 aF/rtHz and 0.45 +/- 0.01 aF/rtHz, while the cryogenic operation of these transformers at 120 K resulted in averaged sensitivities of 0.23 +/- 0.01 aF/rtHz and of 0.36 +/- 0.01 aF/rtHz respectively. Multi-hour room temperature runs, with one core of each of the three gap types, proved the stability of their long-term sensitivities of 0.234 +/- 0.005 aF/rtHz, 0.338 +/- 0.009 aF/rtHz, and 0.435 +/- 0.010 aF/rtHz for the ungapped (40-hour duration) and the 65 um and 130 um (28-hour duration) cores respectively. At 0.1 mHz, a critical frequency for space gravitational wave detectors, the respective sensitivities are 0.25 +/- 0.02 aF/rtHz, 0.35 +/- 0.02 aF/rtHz, and 0.53 +/- 0.07 aF/rtHz. Measurements with the ungapped transformer configuration for temperatures from 325 K to 349 K further validate the dependence of the noise model on the temperature and permeability. The performance of our RCB with an ungapped core matches the calculated performance value and shows an improvement in signal-to-noise of two or more compared with capacitance bridges developed for similar applications. A further factor of about two noise reduction is achieved by cooling to 120 K.


Abstrak. The quality of education can be seen from the success of students in the learning process in the classroom, this is certainly influenced by several factors such as one of the teaching methods used by teachers. The selection of methods used by teachers in teaching is very important to support student success, especially in increasing stimulating and increasing students' critical thinking skills. The purpose of this study is to: (i) to find out the critical thinking skills of students who are taught using the Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) learning model; (ii) to find out the critical thinking skills of students who are taught using the Guided Inquiry (GI) learning model; (iii) to determine differences in students' critical thinking skills taught using the Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) and Guided Inquiry (GI) learning models. This research is a quasi-experimental study. The population in this study were all students of SMAN 101 Jakarta in the 2016/2017 school year. The sampling technique was purposive sampling, with the research sample was class XI MIA 1 with 31 students as the POGIL experimental class and class XI MIA 2 with 31 students as the GI experimental class. Data collection techniques using the test results of students' critical thinking skills. Data analysis technique uses independent sample t-test with SPSS version 22.0 for windows. The results showed that (i) students' critical thinking skills taught using the Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) learning model were included in both categories (71.51%); (ii) students' critical thinking skills learned using the Guided Inquiry (GI), learning model are included in the good category (62.20%); (iii) there is a significant difference in students' critical thinking skills between students who are taught using the Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) and Guided Inquiry (GI) learning models. Keywords: Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL), Guided Inquiry (GI), critical thinking skills.


I review recent developments in the theory and phenomenology of Higgs bosons at an $\epem$ linear collider with $\sqrt s$ of order 500 GeV.


In the area of high voltage cables assessment, PD (Partial Discharge)-measurement on-site is becoming more and more important. Not only for testing cables on-site along with the commissioning tests, but also to monitor the condition of the cable after long time of service. Here, it is of special interest to detect the potential failures or degradations inside the cable accessories in order to prevent the breakdown during service. Online condition monitoring was developed over the past with good results, showing the measurable PD under service voltage. Likewise offline PD measurement is also applied during on-site commissioning tests with resonant test voltage (20 Hz–300 Hz) with good experience. This paper shows a comparison of UHF PD-measurement using 50 Hz AC and Damped AC (DAC) on an operating 110-kV-Cable circle in the lab. At the same time a standard PD-measurement (IEC 60270) will be applied to compare the UHF PD-data with them. The 110-kV-Cable circle consists of a 110-kV-cable with one slip-on joint and two terminations filled with silicone fluid.


AbstractAs the antheridia of Anthoceros near maturity, wall ingrowths develop along the inner faces of the jacket cells. These cells contain numerous mitochondria and abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) thus resembling transfer cells described previously from a variety of other anatomical situations. Microbodies, hitherto undescribed in the gametophyte of Anthoceros, also occur in the jacket cells. Since ER and ribosomes are absent from the nearly mature spermatocytes of Anthoceros, production of proteins for the final stages in their development is considered to be a likely function of the jacket cells. The increase in surface area of the cell membrane, brought about by the wall ingrowths, may be an adaptation to facilitate transport of such materials from the jacket cells. Wall ingrowth development may also be related to the retrieval of excess carbohydrate from the maturing spermatocytes. In addition it is suggested that the wall thickenings in the jacket cells of Anthoceros may playa part in the...


Tree Unification Grammar is a declarative unification-based linguistic framework. The basic grammar structures of this framework are partial descriptions of trees, and the framework requires only a single grammar rule to combine these partial descriptions. Using this framework, constraints associated with various linguistic phenomena (reflexivisation in particular) can be stated succinctly in the lexicon.


In this paper, global adaptive output feedback tracking problem is considered for a class of multivariable nonlinear systems with unknown parameters and nonlinear terms linear in unmeasured states. Based on a modified high-gain observer and Hurwitz assumption of high frequency gain matrix, an adaptive backstepping design is proposed, which is able to guarantee global stability of the closed-loop system and circumvent the over-parameterization problem raised by using conventional back stepping method.


The mean-square-error (MSE) distortion criterion used in the state-of-the-art video coding standards, e.g. H.264/AVC and the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) under standardization, is widely criticized for poor measurement of perceived visual quality. Existing research on perceptual video coding mainly employs low-level features of images/video, which cannot take into account the big picture people see. This paper proposes a scene-aware perceptual video coding scheme (SAPC), which accommodates human visual perception of the scene by reconstructing the scene from video and perform scene-based bits allocation. To be specific, more bits are allocated to the foreground object and its boundaries considering that people tend to pay more attention to the foreground and object boundaries are prone to blur at low bitrates for object occlusion. The structure from motion (SFM) technology is employed for scene reconstruction. Experiments taking HEVC as the benchmark show that our algorithm can give better visual quality than the original HEVC encoder at the same bitrate.


This paper analyzes the basic concepts of fever and fever of unknown origin(FUO),and introduces clinical characteristics of 4 FUO subtypes: Classic FUO,nosocomial FUO,neutropenic FUO and HIV associated FUO.The diagnosis strategy and etiology distribution characteristics of classic FUO were also discussed,which may be instructive for the diagnosis and treatment of related fever diseases.


Consumers When will the health care reform law take effect? The health insurance reforms adopted as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), and the subsequent reconciliation bill, are phased-in over the next 5 years. Most provisions will not take effect until Jan. 1, 2014. However, some new protections must be implemented when plans renew after Sept. 23, 2010. In addition, a new federal high risk pool program will begin this summer and greater transparency will be required of health care plans in the coming months.


Background: Recently, it is suggested that the use of olive leaf polyphenols like oleuropein (OLP), hydroxytyrosol (HT), and others could decrease breast cancer cells viability significantly. Also it has been shown that it inhibits cell proliferation, induces cell apoptosis, reduces cell viability, and significantly stops cell cycle in growth 1 phase (G1) demonstrated via increasing the Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF7) cells in the G0/G1 phase. Objectives: We aimed to study whether the use of olive leaf extract affects breast tumor size and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Materials and Methods: Four groups of female BALB/c, each containing five mice were studied. Three days after tumor transplantation, the first group received distilled water. The second, third, and fourth groups were treated with 75, 150, and 225 mg/kg/day of olive leaf extract (OLE) for 3 weeks, respectively. To assess anti-cancer and antioxidant effect of OLE, volume and weight of tumor, and also antioxidant enzyme activity were measured. Results: Treatment with 150 and 225 mg/kg/day of OLE reduced the tumor volume and weight (P < 0.05) compared to the first group significantly. It also increased the CAT activity (P < 0.05) in the third group and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase in the third (P < 0.05) and fourth groups (P < 0.005) resulted in excitotoxic tolerance in the treatment groups. Conclusions: Consumption of OLE after tumor transplantation reduced the tumor growth. On the other hand, owing to its highly-packed polyphenols, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in tumor tissue were increased.


My impression is that many of the features and mechanisms of the cold events described here with the CCSM3 model are actually very similar to those of the decadal cold events in the simulations with the MPI-ESM model in that referred paper. For example, the conspicuous cooling and sea ice expansion around the Labrador Sea, the weakening of the subpolar gyre and the oceanic deep convection shutdown, or the length of the cold events itself. I would add, nonetheless, that the authors are here able


Both riboflavin-2',3',4',5'-tetrabutyrate and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), especially the latter, could inhibit H2O2-induced platelet aggregation. FAD enhanced the glutathione reductase activity of platelets. FAD might exert its inhibitory effect on the H2O2-induced platelet aggregation via the glutathione reductase and peroxidase system.


The Sociological Laboratory of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia has conducted a number of comparative studies using the method of mass surveys on the representative samples of student youth in different countries and different regions within them. The results of these surveys were presented in the articles in both Russian and foreign scientific journals, and we hope to establish a kind of tradition to publish two types of articles based on the comparative research data: in 2015 we focused mainly on methodological and technical issues to identify key problems of the comparative analysis in cross-cultural studies that become evident only if you conduct an empirical research yourself - from the first step of setting the problem and approving it by all the sides involved to the last step of interpreting and comparing the data obtained. From 2016 to the end of the Russian Foundation for Humanities' support in 2017 we will focus on the results of our comparative studies together with our colleagues that participate in the project and conduct surveys on the student samples in their countries using the same questionnaire (with the inevitable and predictable changes) as we do. The authors present only a small part of the empirical data revealing the perception of the Serbian and Russian student youth of their own situation through the identification of the key problems of the younger generations and the trust to the basic social institutions. This is a deliberate decision of the authors - to leave other topics (and corresponding questions) out in order to address them more thoroughly later in the further analysis and publications. The article considers the results of the empirical studies conducted on the representative samples of students of two Serbian universities - University of Belgrade and University of Pristina with the head-office in Kosovska Mitrovica, and on the representative sample of Moscow students (a part of the sample was recruited in the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia).


This article discusses software tools for studying non-linear dynamical systems. For a detailed analysis of the behavior of chaotic systems stepsiz e-parameter diagrams are introduced. A new self-adjoint semi-explicit algorithm for the numerical integration of differential equations is described. Two modifications of the proposed method are represented. A two-memcapacitor circuit is selected as a test dynamical system. Symmetry, accuracy and performance analysis of semiexplicit extrapolation ODE solver are considered in a series of computational experiments. Phase space of the two- memcapacitor circuit model, stepsize-parameter diagrams and dynamical maps are given as experimental findings.


This paper examines the broad features of taxation and public expenditure in Ireland. It reviews the rationale for taxation and examines the desirable features of a tax system.


The development of influenza candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs), coordinated by WHO, remains an essential component of the overall global strategy for influenza pandemic preparedness. Selection and development of CVVs are the first steps towards timely vaccine production and do not imply a recommendation for initiating manufacture. National authorities may consider the use of one or more of these CVVs for pilot lot vaccine production, clinical trials and other pandemic preparedness purposes based on their assessment of public health risk and need.


This study presented a novel diagnosis for the combustion of coal–water slurry (CWS) in a pilot-scale slag-tap vertical cyclone furnace using flame images and three-dimensional temperature distributions reconstructed from these flame images through a two-step inverse radiation analysis. The accuracy of the reconstructed temperature was evaluated by infrared thermometer measurements, with a discrepancy of less than 50 K. The effects of the air/fuel equivalence ratio, the air distribution pattern, and the furnace load on combustion performance were analyzed based on the reconstructed temperature profiles. Experimental and analytical results showed that flame stability was clearly represented by the variance of the image pixel values. The three-dimensional temperature profiles also effectively illustrated the combustion characteristics in the cyclone furnace under different air/fuel settings. By appropriately supplying air, the combustion efficiency of CWS can be maintained at >99% in the proposed cyclone fu...


Objective To evaluate different methods in glomerular filtration rate measurements Methods Using clearance of 99m Tc DTPA (CL 99m Tc) as the standard method, we compared the clearance of iohexol (CLIoh), 4 hours endogenous creatinine clearance (4 h Ccr), lean body weight creatinine clearance (LBWCcr) and Cockcroft Gault creatinine clearance (CkCcr) using Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, correlation and regression analysis Results The mean area under ROC curve of CLIoh, 4 h Ccr, LBWCcr and CkCcr from 35 patients were 0 98, 0 91, 0 94, and 0 89, respectively The correlation coefficients for CLIoh, 4 h Ccr, LBWCcr and CkCcr were 0 98, 0 88, 0 92 and 0 90, respectively The regression coefficients for CLIoh, 4 h Ccr, LBWCcr and CkCcr were 1 013, 0 71, 0 95, and 0 91, respectively Conclusions The accuracy of CLIoh was the best The accuracy of LBWCcr was better than that of 4 h Ccr and CkCcr LBWCcr was simple and reproducible The accuracy of 4 h Ccr was good but it yielded higher values than that of the standard method CkCcr was also good and it was the simplest method


The contents of calcium, copper, iron, zinc, managnese, selenium, chromium and lead of eggs in phasianus were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The each elements had good linear in experimental range, with recovery from 97.9% to 102.2%. The contents of calcium, copper, iron, zinc and selenium in phasianus egg were 973.2, 5.86, 419.40, 99.78, 7.66, 1.25μg•g^(-1), respectively, which were much higher than those of eggs in Roman chicken. These results suggest that eggs in phasianus have higher nutritional and healthy value.


Based on the multi - temporal Landsat TM/ETM + data acquired from 1992 to 2001, integrated with a history of robinia pseudoacacia planted forest in the Yiqianer nature reserve of Yellow River Delta, robinia pseudoacacia planted forest changes following the super storm surge of Sept. 1992 and Aug. 1997 are analyzed. As a whole, the total area of robinia pseudoacacia planted forest continually decreased after the super storm surge of Sept. 1992 in the Yiqianer nature reserve. Before the super storm surge of Sept. 1992, the total area of robinia pseudoacacia planted forest was about 307.44 hm(2), but the total area decreased to about 176. 85 hm(2) in Oct. 1993 and 110.34 hm(2) in Oct. 1995 after the super storm surge of Sept. 1992. Although the total area came back to about 138.69 hm(2) in Sept. 1996, the super storm surge of Aug. 1997 destroyed the robinia pseudoacacia planted forests again, and its total area sharply decreased to 41.31 hm(2) in Oct. 1997 and 34.02 hm(2) in May 1998 and 38.70 hm(2) in June 1999 and 29.70 hm(2) in May 2000. Thus it can be seen that defending the robinia pseudoacacia planted forest against super storm surge is very important for forest ecosystem health.


Over inland waters the altimetry radar return is typically contaminated by both land and surrounding vegetation. Moreover, the radar returns corresponding to floodplain vegetation and exposed mud flats can have similar waveform shapes to those reflected from open water surfaces so that the derived water surface elevations are either inaccurate or difficult to extract. This letter presents a robust and automated method based on image analysis of satellite imagery for the selection of altimetry waveforms over inundated zones. The altimetry footprint is assessed as being inundated if the radiometric response of an image kernel within the footprint conforms to known remotely sensed responses for water. The method was applied in the lower middle Fly floodplain of the Fly River in the Western Province of Papua New Guinea (PNG). Altimetry waveforms were assessed for inundation extent and vegetation cover, with those that met threshold levels being flagged for further retracking and water surface elevation monitoring. The results show that the method accurately identified> 90% of inundated sites along altimeter ground tracks and correctly selected waveforms reflected from water surfaces.


Three different encoding mechanisms are combined to improve further steganographic embedding efficiency. They are secret-bit representation derived from the parity check coding, exploitation of the modification direction on pixel-values, and wet paper coding. The parity of least significant bit weight in each pixel-group is used to accommodate one secret bit. The weighted-sums of all pixel-groups and wet paper coding are used to select which pixels are modified and decide the way of modification as to whether to add or subtract one for carrying more secret data. It is shown that, by taking full advantage of these mechanisms, the embedding efficiency of the proposed scheme is higher than any of the previous steganographic embedding techniques.


The thermal power plant consumes a large amount of water so the demand for water saving is urgent. The usage of new techniques on water treatment and dust removal make it possible for water saving in power plant. The water saving methods such as heightening concentration rate and using dry dust removal must be taken by an all-around consideration, and based on water balance test. Also the water should be classified and used respectively according to their different qualities. As a result, the water is properly and safely used and both the supply water and the discharge water are decreased. Therefore, the benefits both on economy and on society are obtained.


The bandwidth penalty of digital systems is very obvious in the case of transmission over coaxial cables because of the exponential increse of cable attenuation with square root of frequency. From capacity point of view, it is only at very high information rates (> 500 Mbit/s typically) that a digital system might be competitive with an analog system, because the disadvantage of noise accumulation in an analog system ultimately cancels the bandwidth penalty of the digital system. In addition, it is, however, difficult to realize common functions, such as amplification, equalization, regeneration, clock extraction, etc. with electronic components having a frequency range comparable to the frequency range of the information signal, which extends from zero frequency to the microwave range. Besides, the complexity of a regenerative repeater should be kept to a minimum for reliability reasons. It is shown in the paper that with present-day technology a 560 Mbit/s repeater can be constructed, operating in sections of 1.5 km coaxial cable (2.6/9.5 mm). Also, we demonstrate that new technologies exist which may lead to repeaters with a high degree of monolithic integration, even at such a speed, which is important from the reliability viewpoint. The constructed and described repeater is characterized by unconventional and economic design of amplifier/equalizer and clock extractor and by monolithically integrated decision circuits.


Obstacles in off-road environments can pose a greater risk to autonomous vehicles, so it is necessary to accurately detect obstacles. This paper proposes an obstacle detection method based on logistic regression. In order to extract the obstacle features better, we first project the discrete point cloud data into the two-dimensional depth map, and then we extract the height difference value and distance difference value between the pixels neighborhoods, after that we use the logistic regression to train and get the corresponding parameters. Combining the training parameters and the extracted effective features, we can obtain the passable probability in the depth map coordinates, and then back-project the depth map pixels into the two-dimensional grid map to obtain the final passable region result. We conduct a number of experiments and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Furthermore, our method meets the requirements of real-time applications and provides accurate environmental information for unmanned vehicle decision-making and planning.


This article summarizes Tall Gastrodia Tuber 's research progress in both chemical composition and pharmacological effect recently,to provide reference for further research.


The characterization and control of plasma-assisted processes, has become increasingly urgent to adapt this kind technology to industrial contexts. This work presents the design and construction of a cold plasma characterization system by electrostatic means (Langmuir probe), based on concepts of plasma physics and tools of engineering, design of experiments and conceptual design. The result of this work is a functional prototype probe and some measurements on the reactor.


The advantages of switched reluctance motor(SRM) are obvious, and it applies to more and more industries. However, the torque ripple is more serious than other kinds of motors, so the control strategy of SRM is very important. As a kind of variable structure nonlinear control, sliding mode control is widely used. In this paper, the torque controller in indirect torque control(ITC) strategy is implemented with sliding mode control. Through the stability analysis of ideal conditions and parameter perturbation, the selection of controller parameters is given. Finally, the controller is verified by simulation and experiment. The simulation and experiment show that the controller can effectively track the real-time changing torque instruction, and the tracking effect is good.


The salicylaldehyde semicarbazonate anion O,N,O-chelates to the Cu atom in the title compound, bis[μ-2-(semicarbazonomethyl)phenolato]-1κ3O3,N1,O:2κO;1κO:2κ3O3,N1,O-bis[(formato-κO)copper(II)] [Cu2(C8H8N3O2)2(CHO2)2], the N and O atoms occupying three sites of the square-planar environment around it. The fourth site is occupied by the negatively charged O atom of the formate anion. Two molecules are bridged through the phenoxy O atom across a center of symmetry to give a dinuclear compound, so that the Cu atom exists in a square-pyramidal geometry [Cu←Ophenoxy = 2.546 (1) A in the apical position]. Hydrogen bonds link the dinuclear molecules into a three-dimensional network architecture.


The use of front-end engineering techniques by a major world-class manufacturing company, to improve decision making on capacity planning, capital equipment selection and control strategies, is discussed. In particular, attention is focused on the modeling and analysis of a sequential plastic parts manufacturing line using discrete-event simulation. The use of simulation allied to designed experiments leads to the design of a semi-automated manufacturing line. The line could be built using standard equipment rather than custom-built equipment resulting in considerable cost savings. Using the model to obtain the control strategy before the actual production equipment was in place enabled the line to be commissioned in a shorter time than normal.


Harmonic is a most severe problem in power system. With wide use of power electronics devices at industries, commercial, residential electrical load there is a serious problem relating to power quality. One of such problem is generation of current and voltage harmonics. Traditionally it was suppress by LC filters known as passive filters. On another way newly developed active filters are universally suppressing the harmonics. Active filters are comparatively superior to conventional passive filters. In this paper the active shunt filter control strategies for harmonic mitigation is reviewed.


Undertreatment with evidence‐based pharmacotherapy for heart failure (HF) is an important problem, and it has been suggested that specialized HF clinics (HFCs) can improve treatment initiation and correct dosing. The objective of this study was to examine long‐term adherence to and dosages of evidence‐based pharmacotherapy during and after participation in specialized HFCs.


Most measuring systems require a software system to support their operation and application. This article deals with setting up a software project element. It introduces the whole process by which a functional need is converted into a software program and discusses the steps and methods needed for sound development.


Osteoarthritis is common in the knee joint. Currently, arthroscopic techniques and procedures are developed for osteoarthritis of the knee aiming to remove factors that causing symptoms as well as regain the integrity of the articular cartilage. Arthroscopic lavage and debridement which has been widely used for many years is palliative, other than curative, for the purpose of reducing pain, improving function and postponing total knee arthroplasty. Satisfactory results are shown in some patients. However, challenge arose in recent years to the role of debridement in treating osteoarthritis of the knee. Mesenchymal stem cell stimulation techniques, including drilling, microfracture and abrasion arthroplasty, can produce a hybrid of fibrocartilage and hyaline-like cartilage. These procedures are minimally traumatic, relatively easy to operate and low in cost. Newly designed methods, such as arthroscopic osteochondral autologous transplantation and autologous chondrocyte implantation, have become technically feasible nowadays. These surgical interventions seeking to repair large localized chondral defects are more aggressive, and expensive. Although early reports have shown encouraging results, long-term tissue survival and clinical outcome remains to be evaluated in the future.


We fabricated indium-zinc-oxide (IZO) thin film transistors (TFT) gated by chitosan (CS) on ITO/glass substrate. Chitosan is demonstrated to be a new kind of solution-processed organic polymer electrolyte, which has nice film-forming characteristic. The chitosan thin film shows a large specific gate capacitance of 8.06 (µF/cm2 due to the mobile-ions induced electric-double-layer effect. These devices exhibited a good performance with a small subthreshold swing of 0.3 V/dec, a large on-off current ratio of ∼106, a high field-effect mobility of 1.24 cm2V−1 s−1 and a low operate voltage of 2 V. The solution-processed chitosan-based TFTs may have many potential applications for large-area, mechanically flexible, lightweight, and inexpensive electronic logic circuits.


The metric dimension of a connected graph G is the minimum number of vertices in a subset W of V(G) such that all other vertices are uniquely determined by its vector distance to the vertices in W. In this paper, we consider a connected graph G where every vertex of G has relatively same probability to resolve some distinct vertices in G, namely a (μ, σ)-regular graph. We give tight lower and upper bounds on the metric dimension of a connected (μ, σ)-regular graphs of order n ≥ 2 where 1 ≤ μ ≤ n − 1 and σ = n − 1.


While some higher ed administrators have a firm grasp on the legal aspects of providing adequate support and access to transgender students, staff and faculty members, many other administrators may be at a loss, leaving their institutions exposed to legal risk.


Methods for the characterization of polymers using advanced separation technology are presented here, focussing on adsorption liquid chromatography, pyrolysis gas chromatography, and flow injection polymer analysis. The Figure shows a plot of the bivariate Stockmayer copolymer distribution—information that can be obtained experimentally by adsorption liquid chromatography.


The Conservative Government came to power in 1979, with the general aim of reducing the role of the public sector. One measure of their success or failure is the extent to which the public estate ‐ the financial and physical assets which go to make it up ‐ have been reduced or transferred to the private sector. Against that standard their record falls far short of what the rhetoric appeared to promise, and their opponents feared ‐ a wholesale dismantling of the State.


Life cycle assessment is a tool to analyze the impact of a product to the environment which has five phases involved, which starting from extraction of raw materials, manufacturing process, used on the product, transportation and end of life. This study is focused on hand dryer product that be used in Malaysia. The percentage of energy and carbon dioxide emission of hand dryer is calculated to know whether the design of hand dryer is included in Eco design product. The calculation of the CES-EduPack software is done using a new design prototype of the hand dryer. The overall result is good and encouraging because it is much better compared to tissue paper, but it used is slightly higher from the standard hand dryer which the emission of energy is 4.07 x 103MJ and the emission of CO2 is 267kg. Thus, it is recommended revising the design for better performance.


3D braided material based on space group P3 symmetry has not been used in industrial production although the braided fabric has been proved to have excellent properties. Considering that plate 3D braided fabric iswidely used in some fields, the processing of plate 3D braided material based on space group P3 is first proposed. Based on the novel geometry structure of space group P3 symmetry, the yarn arrangement and motion law of the carriers of plate 3Dbraidedmaterial are studied. The fiber volume percentage and its variation tendency of the plate 3D braided material are predicted by establishingmathematicalmodel. Plate 3D braided material based on space group P3 symmetry has excellent properties and lays the foundation for industrial applications.


The equations of motion governing the dynamical behavior of nonlinear viscoelastic Timoshenko beam with finite deformation are established and they are simplified by the Galerkin method. The viscoelastic material is assumed to obey the fractional derivative constitutive relation. The influence of the load and the fractional derivative parameters on the deflection is investigated respectively. With the increasing of the load parameter, the motion states of the system are changed from periodic motion with period 1 to complex motions, such as mult-periodicity, quasi-periodicity or chaos. With the increasing of the material parameter, namely the damping of the viscoelastic material is adding, the motions of the systems are changed from muti-periodicity, quasi-periodicity or chaos to one-periodicity. So the increasing of the damping of the viscoelastic material benefits the stability of the structures. The numerical methods of nonlinear dynamics, such as time-history curve, phase diagram, Poincare section and power spectrum, are synthetically applied to reveal plenty of dynamical properties of nonlinear viscoelastic Timoshenko beam. K e y w o r d s : viscoelastic Timoshenko beam; fractional derivative constitutive relation; nonlinear dynamical system, bifurcation.


Tactile display for displaying Braille and tactile images consisting of a plurality of movable in a perforated plate pins which are identifiable by touch in a freely determinable by a computer program pattern, said pins which can be raised by means of actuators and are lowerable, characterized in that (at the actuator 6) a first coupling element (2a, 4a) for each pin (1) is arranged which engages positively (at the respective pin 1) to move the pins (1) during the lifting of the actuator (6) independently of one another, that a second coupling element (2b, 4b) is fixed for each pin (1) at a below a sensing plane arranged guide plate (5) which engages positively on the respective pin (1) to lock the pins (1) in a raised position, and that the first and second coupling elements are designed as piezoelectric bending elements.


Consider the random graph G(Pn, r) whose vertex set Pn is a Poisson point process of intensity n on (− 2 , 1 2 ], d ≥ 2. Any two vertices Xi, Xj ∈ Pn are connected by an edge with probability g ( d(Xi,Xj) r ) , independently of all other edges, and independent of the other points of Pn. d is the toroidal metric, r > 0 and g : [0,∞) → [0, 1] is non-increasing and α = ∫ Rd g(|x|)dx < ∞. Under suitable conditions on g, almost surely, the critical parameter dn for which G(Pn, ·) does not have any isolated nodes satisfies limn→∞ αndn logn = 1. Let β = inf{x > 0 : xg ( α xθ ) > 1}, and θ be the volume of the unit ball in R. Then for all γ > β, G ( Pn, ( γ logn αn ) 1 d ) is connected with probability approaching one as n → ∞. The bound can be seen to be tight for the usual random geometric graph obtained by setting g = 1[0,1]. We also prove some useful results on the asymptotic behavior of the length of the edges and the degree distribution in the connectivity regime. AMS 1991 subject classifications: Primary: 60D05, 60G70; Secondary: 05C05, 90C27


IT IS WITH SOME RELUCTANCE THAT I AGREED TO CONTRIBUTE A.FEW REMARKS to conclude a learned and fruitful colloquium and to react, once again, to a wonderful exhibition on Qajar art. My reluctance is simple to explain and to justify. Such professional competencies as I have are those of a medievalist who begins to feel slightly.uneasy by the middle of the fourteenth century. But, then, as a historian of the visual arts and as an individual curious about the lessons to be drawn from the making and uses of works of art everywhere and at any time, I became fascinated by the exhibition and many questions came to mind which may not be of immediate significance for the history and culture of Iran, but which have a lot to do with the arts in general. For these reasons, I shall not comment directly on the papers published in this volume, which are, for the most part, beyond my competencies, except to make two observations. One, a crucial one, is the importance taken from the nineteenth century onward by documents (photographs, die press, caricatures, and one could have added fiction as well) which were used and manufactured by and for a broader spectrum of the population than had been the rule in the past. The cultural texture of the Iranian world thus presented is rich and diverse and prefigures the complexities and varieties of information available in the modern world. The mediodological problem posed by this diversity lies in the scope of the generalizations which can reasonably be drawn from these documents. Are they only valid for the group which initiated them? Or is it proper to extend their value to other social and cultural groups as well? And my second observation is the relative absence of religion or piety in most papers, as well as in the exhibition. Does this absence reflect the considered preferences of a group of scholars and organizers? Or is it perhaps justified to argue that, with lip service accorded to the maintenance of sanctuaries and with some support for an existing religious establishment, matters of faith, whether on intellectual or social levels, left center stage within the spectrum of Iranian cultural concerns? Turning to the arts, as they appeared in the exhibition and, in a more modest form, in the colloquium, I will concentrate on two broad topics suggested to me by the works of art themselves, by the remarks made in the catalogue, and by some of the papers. One topic is that of the continuity of a Persian visual tradition. How much did I feel or recognize in Qajar art the "spirit," the "ways," the "expectations" of a continuous Iranian tradition in the visual arts? Or does Qajar art and, a fortiori, Qajar culture, represent a break, what historians and critics of


Objective: Liquisolid technique is a new approach for delivery of drugs through oral route. This technique is suitable for poorly or water insoluble drugs and also for immediate or sustained release formulations. Design of this technique was according to new mathematical model proposed by Spireas et al. The in vitro dissolution property of slightly water soluble Lornoxicam was improved by exploring the potential of Liquisolid system (LS) using two non solvents. Material & Methods: Different LS compacts were prepared using a mathematical model to calculate the required quantities of powder and liquid ingredients to produce acceptably flowable and compressible admixture. Avicel PH 102, Aerosil 200 and Explotab, polyethylene glycol 400 and propylene glycol were employed as carrier, coating material, disintegrant and non volatile solvent respectively for preparing LS compacts. Evaluation: The in vitro release pattern of LS compacts and directly compressed tablets were studied using USP-II apparatus. The prepared LS compacts were evaluated for their flow properties such as bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr's compressibility index and Hausner's ratio. The interaction between drug and excipients in prepared LS compacts were studied IR spectroscopy. The drug release rates of LS compacts were distinctly higher as compared to directly compressed tablets, which show significant benefit of LS in increasing wetting properties and surface area of drug available for dissolution. The LS-1 of LS powder system showed acceptable flowability, Carr's compressibility index and Hausner's ratio. The DSC and XRD studies conforms the no significant interaction between the drug and excipients used in LS compacts. Conclusion: From this study it concludes that the LS technique is a promising alternative for improvement of dissolution property of water-insoluble drugs. © 2014 iGlobal Research and Publishing


Based on the data collected from the permanent plots of Castanopsis carlesii communities in Wuping County,Fujian Province during the past 12 years,the effects of different cutting and regeneration patterns(selection cutting regeneration,natural regeneration and artificial regeneration)on these communities were analyzed by using indexes of β diversity.The results showed that the C.carlesii was the dominant and competitively superior species in the different restoration phases of the natural regeneration and the selection cutting regeneration.The indexes of β diversity(Jaccard index CJ,Sorenson index CS,Bray-Curtis index CN and Morisita-Hom index CMH)in the selection cutting regeneration were above 80%,which belonged to low disturbance.The indexes of β diversity in the natural regeneration were 64%-88%,which belonged to intermediate disturbance.The dominant species in the artificial regeneration was Chinese Fir,although the dominant species before being cut was C.carlesii.The indexes of β diversity in the artificial regeneration were 15%-49%,which belonged to heavy disturbance,and could not be self-regenerated.The natural regeneration and the selection cutting regeneration could be self-regenerated in the different restoration phases,which had recovered to the C.carlesii community.The similarities of the indexes of β diversity in each restoration phases of the natural regeneration and the selection cutting regeneration patterns were above 50% and their species diversity could be maintained or increase,showing that the disturbance of these two management patterns on the communities were rational.


Objective: Telemedicine helped maintain primary care access for patients with diabetes when in-person health visits were restricted early in the COVID-19 pandemic. There is little known about the longer-term impact of pandemic telemedicine on patient outcomes.
 Method: In an integrated health care system that temporarily shifted all patient-initiated primary care visits to telemedicine during the early pandemic, we used EHR data to compare patients with diabetes exposed to a primary care video or telephone telemedicine visit during the first year of the pandemic (4/2020-03/2021), and examined two outcome variables in second year of the pandemic (04/2021-03/2022): any HbA1c measured, and HbA1c <8%. Using multivariate logistic regression to examine the association between telemedicine exposure and outcomes, we adjusted for patient age, sex, race, language, neighborhood SES and internet, video visit and patient portal history, other comorbid chronic conditions, and baseline HbA1c, then calculated multivariate adjusted outcome rates.
 Results: Among 242,848 patients with diabetes, 49.8% were age 65+, 59.9% were of non-White race/ethnicity. During the first year of pandemic, 42% were exposed to a primary care video visit, 32% had only telephone visits (25% had no visits). The adjusted rate of HbA1c testing in the outcome period was 91% among those with a video or telephone visit, compared to 87% for those with no visit (p<0.05). Similarly, an adjusted 69% of those with a video visit had HbA1c <8% compared to 67% among patients with no visit (p<0.05), with stronger associations among patients with baseline HbA1c 8+.
 Conclusion: In patients with diabetes, primary care telemedicine exposure during the initial pandemic period was associated with downstream higher rates of HbA1c testing and greater rates of HbA1c's within target range. Telemedicine primary care access likely supported continuity in diabetes management during the pandemic.

 M.Reed: None. J.Huang: None. A.Millman: None.

 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK085070)


Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 recognized female labor force participation as an important component for economic growth. This study investigates the relationship between female labor force participation rate, female tertiary school enrolment, female life expectancy and per capita income measured quarterly between 1991 and 2017. The study employs traditional unit root tests of Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Phillips-Perron (PP) and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS) complemented by Zivot and Andrews (ZA) test. Furthermore, for robustness check, combined cointegration test as prescribed by Bayer and Hanck (2013) and Pesaran ARDL bound tests were performed. Toda-Yamamoto causality test examined the causality flow among the variables. The result posits all independent variables have positive significant effect on female labor force participation rate within Saudi Arabia; rendering a policy recommendation: higher female labor participation can be achieved through investment in female education, health sector and achieving economic growth.


In this paper we are discussing various encryption and authentication algorithms and foreseeing the effect of these algorithms over network performance HMSC-MD5 and AES (authentication encryption) gives the optimum network performance parameter.


Deformity in the adult has a significant and measurable impact on health-related quality of life. Reconstructive surgery for spinal deformity is challenging for the patient and the physician. Medical complications of reconstructive surgery are an important risk and limitation of spinal deformity surgery. In the adult population, age and comorbidities, including osteoporosis and systemic disease, are important considerations in the preparation of patients before surgery, and in anticipating perioperative complications. Hu as well as Baron and Albert address how to prepare the patient for major reconstructive surgery, and how to reduce the prevalence of complications of surgery, emphasizing the importance of consideration of systemic health in the evaluation of patients in the perioperative period. In a debate format, Akbarnia, Oglivie, and Hammerberg identify specific considerations of when to operate and when to avoid surgery in a patient with significant comorbidities. There is significant variability in the clinical presentation of patients with adult deformity and in the strategies for surgical care. Lowe et al propose a classification for adult scoliosis that is useful in categorizing deformity patterns and will improve the ability of future surgeries to identify and compare similar cases. Surgical strategies for adult deformity encompass a broad spectrum of approaches and options. Kuklo describes principles for decision-making on the choice of levels for surgery. In specific debates, Polly, Hammill, and Bridwell address considerations on when to fuse to L5 versus S1, and Suk, Mardjetko, and Shufflebarger debate considerations at the thoracolumbar junction. Surgical techniques for the management of kyphotic deformity and of combined coronal and sagittal imbalance are discussed by Bridwell and Macagno. DeWald identifies the limitations of fixation in the older patient and strategies to avoid complications of fixation in patients with compromised bone quality. Surgical approaches to adult deformity continue to evolve, and the role of new techniques and technologies is included in this issue. Weidenbaum discusses limited surgical intervention in adult deformity and addresses the advantages and limitations of decompression only and short instrumented fusion procedures. McAfee presents biomechanical data that demonstrates rotational destabilization of the lumbar spine resulting from disc arthroplasty, and concludes that existing arthroplasty devices may exacerbate rotational deformity in the adult lumbar scoliosis. This Focus Issue on Adult Spinal Deformity is intended to identify and discuss important considerations in preoperative planning, perioperative complications, surgical decision-making, and new approaches in surgical reconstruction. The debates included demonstrate that, in many cases, a single right answer does exist and variability in approaches is valid. It should be noted by the reader that the debaters were required to support their assigned position even if it would not be their preferred choice. The articles included review data that have been presented in the literature on adult deformity to date. There remains a significant need for future research to provide compelling data to develop an evidence-based approach specific deformity patterns and treatment strategies. It is important to recognize that the surgical management of spinal deformity and degenerative disease is not often accomplished in a solitary moment in time by a single surgical procedure. Rather, this management occurs along a continuum that may necessitate involving the patient in multiple surgical episodes. The utility of an improvement of health status with limited duration, and of delaying the progression of degenerative pathology will require valuation in determining where surgery for spinal deformity lies on the spectrum of medical and surgical interventions that compete for our healthcare dollars. From the *Department of Neurosurgery, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; †Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; ‡Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; §Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush Medical College, Rush Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Miami Children's Hospital, Miami, FL; ¶Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, Des Plaines, IL; **St. Joseph's Hospital, Towson, MD; ††Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; ‡‡Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; §§Department of Clinical Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY; and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH. The manuscript submitted does not contain information about medical device(s)/drug(s). No funds were received in support of this work. No benefits in any form have been or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this manuscript. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Keith H. Bridwell, MD, Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, One Barnes-Jewish Hospital Plaza, Suite 11300 West, St. Louis, MO 63110; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


Relax policy for Songhua River basin water environment quality improvement provides a powerful policy support and non-point source pollution has been effectively Songhua River,the Songhua River water quality was improved obviously.The paper discusses the non-point source pollution of Songhua River and the effects on non-point source pollution control.The causes of non-point source pollution are complex,mainly for agricultural production and urban non-point source,firstly agricultural non-point source pollution.It were polluted mainly by pesticide,fertilizer,villages and towns and rural wastewater e-missions and livestock and poultry breeding waste emissions at will.Livestock and poultry waste compre-hensive treatment engineering,the construction of ecological farming,the rational using of chemical fertiliz-ers and pesticides,speeding up the town sewage treatment proj ect construction can effectively control the non-point source pollution of Songhua River basin,reduce the pollution load and improve the water quality of Songhua River.


Summary and Conclusion The erythrocytes of 2 patients with acquired hemolytic anemia and spherocytosis have been shown to be readily agglutinated by an immune rabbit serum containing an anti-human globulin antibody. Since both patients have exhibited abnormal hemolytic activity for transfused cells this finding is compatible with the existence of an immune body type of hemolytic agent as the cause of the accelerated hemolysis. Evidence has been presented to show that the immune substance can be separated from patients' cells by heating the cells to 56° C for 5 minutes and can then be combined with normal cells. The similarity of this immune body to the Rh blocking antibody is discussed. The demonstration of the presence or absence of an immune body attached to the erythrocytes should become a routine procedure in the study of hemolytic anemias.


WRKY is a superfamily of transcription factors existing abroad in plants,containing a conserved WRKYGQK domain and having a zinc finger motif. The expression of WRKY is induced by pathogen,wounding,SA,etc. WRKY proteins regulate target genes' expression via binding the (T) (T) TGAC (C/T) sequence (W-box) located in their promoter regions. WRKY proteins involved in many physiological processes,such as resistance,wounding,development,senescence. In this article,we primarily interpret their structure and review the current progresses on their functions.


Probiotics can act as an alternative to antibiotics in animal feeding, but their use is minimal due to their expensive production. Dry grass is rich with bacteria beneficial for animal feeding and can be used as a probiotic. However, data about the quantitative dependence of the grass microbiome on environmental factors and seasons remain insufficient for preparing "grass-meal-based probiotics". Four grass samples were collected in two geographically remote regions of Russia; their microbiome was characterized by metagenomic sequencing of 16S rDNA libraries and microbiological seeding, and biological testing of the grass meal was carried out on 6 groups of birds containing 20 Ross 308 cross broilers each for a period of 42 days. The positive control group (PC) obtained 16–25 mg/mL toltrazuril (coccidiostatic agent) and 0.5 mL/L liquid antibiotic enrostin (100 mg/mL ciprofloxacin and 106 MU/mL colistin sulfate in the commercial preparation) within the drinking water, while the negative control group (NC) obtained no medicines. Four experimental groups were fed the diet supplemented with 1% grass meal over the period of 7–42 days of life; no commercial medicines were used here. A spontaneous infection with Eimeria was registered in the NC control groups, which caused the loss of 7 chickens. No losses were registered in the PC group or the two experimental groups. In two other experimental groups, losses of coccidiosis amounted to 10% and 15%, respectively. All specimens of the grass meal demonstrated a significant effect on the average body weight gain compared to NC. Taken together, these observations support the hypothesis that the grass meal may substitute toltrazuril for protecting the chickens from parasitic invasion and increase average daily weight gain (ADG) as effectively as the antibiotic enrostin.


The analysis of the functioning of dynamic models of real information systems was performed. It shown that randomness is caused by the manifestation of the basic property of environmental processes — their basic incomplete predictability. A systematic approach and relevant research principles have applied to ensure the scientific formulation and solution of the problem of ensuring the sustainability of critical information infrastructure of departmental information network functioning, its decomposition into particular research problems and aggregation of particular results obtained. The development trends and the construction considered and analyzed, which allowed us to suggest ways of practical implementation of the proposed synergistic approach.


Oxygen tracer diffusion has been measured in single-crystalline YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}} from 300 to 650 {degree}C in the {ital c} direction, at a few temperatures in the {ital ab} plane of twinned crystals, and in the {ital b} direction of an untwinned crystal. The diffusion coefficient in the {ital c} direction, {ital D}{sub {ital c}}, is {approx}10{sup 6} lower than the diffusion coefficient in polycrystals at 400 {degree}C and diffusion in the {ital b} direction is at least 100 times faster than diffusion in the {ital a} direction at 300 {degree}C. The oxygen diffusion coefficient in polycrystals is, within an experimental uncertainty of a factor of 2, independent of oxygen partial pressure at 400 {degree}C, in agreement with previous results measured at 600 {degree}C. Some suggestions are presented on the mechanism of diffusion, the relation of diffusion and internal friction in YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}}, and on the meaning of the activation energy.


Abstract Egyptian Vernacular Arabic is often used when Disney animated movies are dubbed in Arabic. Since vernacular varieties reflect culture, the present article aims to study the translation procedures used in dubbing culture-bound expressions in Disney animated movies. Three Disney animated movies were selected for this purpose, The Lion King, Toy Story 2, and Finding Nemo. To analyse the dubbed culture-bound expressions, I adopted Tomaszkiewicz's procedures of dubbing and subtitling. The study revealed that the most frequently used dubbing procedures were adaptation taken from the target language and providing cultural equivalents. These two procedures are recommended by previous scholars who suggested that culture cannot be translated literally and translators should always find an equivalent that the viewer understands in the target language. The procedure literal translation was seldom used, whereas omission, generalisation, and replacement were not used at all. It has also been concluded that manipulation of the original text was done by using dubbing procedures that mainly aim to make the text closer to the viewer in terms of adjusting to their native language and culture. The article concludes with recommendations for further research.


The content of Fe, As, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg and Cd in the muscles and gonads of the Pacific capelin sampled in 2020 in the coastal waters of the southwestern part of Sakhalin Island was estimated. The highest content of As is noted in muscles, Mn – in fish eggs, Hg – in muscles and milt. The content of trace elements in fish muscles and gonads decreases in the range Fe – Cd or Hg. The concentrations of normalized toxic elements Pb, Cd, As and Hg in the muscles and gonads of the Pacific capelin are safe according to hygienic requirements for food products. The data obtained indirectly indicate a favorable ecological situation in terms of the content of normalized toxic elements in the waters near southwest Sakhalin.


Transformerless inverters (TLIs) have become increasingly popular in single-phase distributed photovoltaic power generation systems due to the superiorities of their high efficiency, slighter volume, moreover lower cost than the one with the transformer. However, in the absence of a transformer, high-frequency common-mode voltage (CMV) brings about hazardous ground leakage current flow. To reduce the leakage current, plenty of TLI structures have been published in the works, and among them, H5, H6, and Heric topologies are the three topology's very popular mainstays. The third has the highest efficiency but the worst CM behavior owning to the switches' junction capacitances. Consequently, the CM leakage current may exceed the recommended limit. In this paper, an optimized HERIC inverter with a quasi-diode clamp structure, namely OHERIC-BQDC topology, is suggested, in that a bi-directional clamping based upon MOSFETs, but like a diode clamping without dead time, is added on the basic HERIC inverter to eradicate the common-mode voltage fluctuation in freewheeling periods. A Matlab/Simulink pattern is constructed to investigate the feasibility of the suggested approach. In addition, PSIM's software package is used to confirm the effectiveness of the suggested HERIC-based inverter.


This paper defends contextualism against relativists" "faultless disagreement' objection, while focusing on the debate about the semantics of predicates of personal taste. Relativists argue that there exists the phenomenon of faultless disagreement, and that relativism is the only framework where we can provide an explanation of this phenomenon. Against this argument, I first suggest three categories of disagreement which are not a faultless disagreement, and I argue that all apparent cases of faultless disagreement belong to one of these three categories. In particular, I argue that the illusion of the existence of faultless disagreement arises when we have not specified the context of conversation in a sufficient way or when we have failed to notice that there is simply a conceptual disagreement.


The threshold voltage and current necessary for ventricular defibrillation was measured in dogs using capacitor-discharge and half-sinusoidal pulses of current of various durations. From these quantities the electrical strength required for defibrillation was determined and expressed as energy, peak current, and charge per gram of heart. The optimum current duration depends on the criterion selected. It was found that with half-sinusoidal current, less energy, current, and charge were required; this type of waveform approximates that delivered by capacitor-inductor defibrillators. For minimum energy with this waveform, the optimum duration range is 1.25 to 8.3 msec and the energy required is approximately 7 mw-sec per gram of heart. For minimum current, the optimum duration is 8.3 msec; with this duration the peak half-sinusoidal current is about 30 mamp per gram of heart. There is no clearly defined duration for minimum charge for capacitor-discharge or half-sinusoidal current.


Summary The homogenization of milk and cream with a piston-type homogenizer has been studied. An examination has been made of the influences upon the mean fat globule diameters of changes in milk fat content, flow rate and homogenization temperature. The results are discussed in terms of the variations in the parameters q and P0 of the empirical equation d = (P0/P)q relating the globule diameter d to applied pressure P.


COLLEGE DOMINATION.-For a long time secondary-school administrators have been critical of traditional college-entrance requirements. They have argued that, if the requirements could be eliminated, secondary schools would be stimulated to carry on curriculum revisions and thereby develop programs which would give better preparation for life in a rapidly changing world as well as for success in college. Early in the past decade the Progressive Education Association took an interest in the problem and established a Commission on the Relation of School and College. The purposes were to seek better co-ordination of secondary-school and college work and, at the same time, to secure an agreement which would provide more freedom for the secondary schools in their curriculum revisions. More than three hundred colleges and universities and thirty selected secondary schools agreed to work together on such an experiment. The institutions of higher education agreed to accept the graduates of the thirty secondary schools on the basis of records of their development without regard to the usual requirements. Under this arrangement the secondary schools were free to make any changes in their programs which they considered desirable, since they did not have to meet the traditional collegeentrance requirements for eight years. The thirty selected schools represented a cross-section of secondary schools having college preparation as a major problem. Every section of the United States was represented except the Southeast. Fourteen of the schools were public institutions, and sixteen were private. The majority of the students in the experiment were enrolled in the public schools. One school had to withdraw before the study was completed, so that actually twenty-nine reported. A series of publications has been written as a result of this experiment. In the last of these volumes' each school presents an account of its participation in the study. The volume is unique in that the series of reports shows what the schools actually did when the college-entrance requirements and examinations were eliminated. The reports are arranged by schools in alphabetical order, with Altoona Senior High School, Altoona, Pennsylvania, appearing first and Wisconsin High School, Madison, Wisconsin, last. The very nature of the organization of the book required that the reports be brief summaries of the schools' experiences. A number of common features are to be


Written from 1964 until 1969, the year in which Ernest Becker rediscovered the writings of Otto Rank, these journals offer a poignant answer to Becker's call to all of us, and most of all to himself, in his Pulitzer Prize—winning The Denial of Death (1973)— becoming "conscious of what one is doing to earn [one's] feeling of heroism is the main self-analytic problem of life." Reflecting on what he was doing to earn his own feeling of heroism, Becker offers in these journals glimmers of hope for the future impact of his work as well as a riveting self-analysis of his dreams and nightmares.


D EXATHS from influeniza anid pneuimonoia in the Uinited States have decreased steadily since 1900 except during the great panidemic of 1918-19. The greatest decrease began about 1937, with the advent of the sulfa drugs and, a few years later, of penicillini and aureomycin. Deaths from influenza and pneumonia, however, still rank ainong the first 10 causes of (leatli in the lnite(l States and were sixth ill 19)5 (1). Biecause influeniza aind pneumiiioniia are of sucl imajor importance as a cause of death aind becauise of the explosive nature of influenza, these diseases contiinue to be of great conicern. TJj,e Influeniza Informationi Center at the National Office of Vital Statistics, part of the World Healtlh Organizationi Influenza Study Program in the Uinited States, receives reports on local outbreaks of influieniza and onl the predominatinig strain of the virus iinvolved in these outbreaks (2). Tlie,weekly reports of mtiortality froim influeniza anid pnieuimoniia rieceived by the Nationial Office of Vital Statistics fromn the lhealthl (lepartineilts of 62 large cities are the basis of this review. Since peunmomia is so often the terminafltion of fatal cases of infli-


Objective To observe the efficacy and adverse effects of microwave treatments on syringoma.Methods Ninety-six syringoma patients with the lesions on lower eyelids received one to three microwave treatments.The effective rates after each treatment and adverse effects including immediate painful feeling were evaluated.Results The effective rate reached 88.54% after the first treatment,increased to 92.86% after the second treatment and reached 100% after the last treatment.Most patients recorded slight and endurable pain.Only 3 patients(3.12%) developed light scarring after microwave treatments.Conclusions Microwave could safely and effectively treat syringoma.Patients need no down-time.


The chemical characterization of the saponins and sapogenins isolated from roots and aerial parts of two alfalfa cultivars with differing saponin content is reported. A procedure for the extraction and quantification of saponins is described, and the identification of the major components of the saponin mixture has been performed using thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. Characterization, using gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectral analysis, of sapogenins released following acid hydrolysis allowed the identification of medicagenic acid, hederagenin, soyasapogenols B, C, D, E and F as the major compounds, together with oleanolic acid. Quantitative analysis of the sapogenins in aerial parts and roots of the two cultivars is reported and discussed.


The implementation and integration of smart city, autonomous vehicles, and connected vehicle applications in future cities will depend on extensive communication of computing devices. Many of the smart city safety and mobility applications are based on vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure data exchanges between different devices through wireless communication. Therefore they may be subjected to the full spectrum of security concerns associated with wireless networks that are susceptible to different types of attacks. Furthermore, since they operate in a critical infrastructure, where failure of applications could result in injury and loss of life, reliability is crucial. The deployment of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) requires well-defined technologies in order to ensure safe, resilient, and reliable system operation. In this paper we first introduce the underlying technologies associated with VANET that can be used in future cities. Second we address security challenges and attacks ranging from simple denial of service of communication to sophisticated attacks, and discuss mitigation strategies against such attacks.


The refractive indices of In/sub 0.53/Al/sub 0.16/Ga/sub 0.31/As and In/sub 0.53/Al/sub 0.21/Ga/sub 0.26/As/InP were measured for the first time in the wavelength range from 280 to 1900 nm by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The results on InP and GaAs are in good agreement with the measurements in the literature. The interface layer due to the exchange of phosphorus and arsenic atoms during the desorption procedure of the molecular beam epitaxy growth exists and was also found by high resolution X-ray diffraction.<<ETX>>


The article designates the necessity of pursuing of a multipronged scientific research of a system of incentives for a positive after-criminal behavior. It suggests several problems for meticulous exploration.


Indocyanine green (ICG) is a fluorescent probe used in clinical imaging. However, its utility remains limited by optical instability, rapid circulation kinetics, and exclusive uptake by the liver. Using mesocapsule (MC) constructs to encapsulate ICG, we have developed a technology to stabilize ICG's optical properties and alter its biodistribution. We present in vivo fluorescence images of mammalian organs to demonstrate the potential application of our ICG encapsulation technology for optical imaging of specific tissues.


The key of training students' innovation capacity in teaching was to establish the teaching concepts of taking students as center,enhance the practice of teaching,reform the teaching content and teaching model.Aimed at the cross of Compound Feed course teaching,summarized the methods and means of innovation capacity training.


Since the output of a data mining task can be very large even for a reasonably small data set, the objective of the present paper is to describe an approach which reduces the data mining output and hence the execution time by approximating the set of frequent closed itemsets. More precisely, an algorithm called CIGA+ (Closed Itemset Generation and Approximation) is proposed and aims at partial or complete generation of frequent closed itemsets ( FCIs ) based on the construction and exploration of a dependency graph. The degree of approximation (eventually null) depends upon the value assigned to two parameter thresholds : cooccurrence frequency between two individual items and tolerance. Experimental analysis of our approach illustrates its cost-effectiveness and its potential for efficient association rule mining. Moreover, a comparative study with an existing and efficient algorithm for mining FCIs shows that CIGA+ has good performances even for large and dense data sets.


We report here the preparation and characterization of polyaniline Ni-complex catalytic electrode by one-pot plasma deposition for the electrochemical detection of phosphate via the redox reaction of glucose. We first prepared a precursory solution by combining NiCl2 and 3-aminobenzoic acid in a mixed solution of methanol (MeOH) and water, and adding aniline as a conductive polymeric precursor for increasing the electron transfer potential. We then synthesized the catalytic electrode in a one-step cold plasma process by preparing the precursors on ITO glass. We characterized the obtained Ni-coordinate catalytic electrode via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical methods. Electrochemical characterization produced stable redox properties of Ni3+/Ni2+ couples in a 0.1 M NaOH solution. Cyclic voltametric experiments have drastically increased electrocatalytic oxidation and reduction of glucose by increasing the concentration of phosphate (PO43−) ions using the prepared Ni-modified catalytic electrodes. From these results, the prepared catalytic electrode could be used as the electrochemical sensor for phosphate in actual water.


In response to public pressure, urban districts in the USA have initiated reforms that aim at redrawing the boundaries between the school system and other major local institutions. More specifically, this article focuses on two emerging reform strategies. We will examine an emerging model of governance that enables big-city mayors to establish authority over the school system, a significant departure from the dominant practice of district governance under an independently elected school board. Mayors in New York, Chicago, Boston and Washington DC, among others, have taken control over the school system with the authority to appoint the school board and/or the superintendent. Further, this article examines a reform strategy that allows for a closer working partnership between public schools and outside providers. This 'diverse provider' strategy significantly shifts power from traditionally powerful stakeholders (such as organized teachers' union) by enabling non-profit and for-profit organizations to manage schools and other services. To illustrate the design and implementation of this type of reform, we will discuss the experience in Chicago (a mayor-led district) and Philadelphia (a district jointly governed by the governor and the mayor). In short, mayoral accountability and the diverse provider model constitute the latest reconfigurations in urban school governance in the USA.


This paper describes the application of a discrete event controller to the simulation of human pilot behavior. The model is calibrated to data collected at a trial conducted at a Boeing 747-400 simulator based at NASA Ames. It is demonstrated that a plausible model of pilot control behavior is constructed and the values of model parameters are similar to those calibrated for a model of human response to a laboratory tracking task.


From conference on day of nuclear ship propulsion; Trieste, Italy (28 Jun 1973). Tests simulating a collision between two tankers were carried out to determine the probable damage and to evaluate the efficiency of an anticollision barrier. The test conditions were described in some detail, and the results are reported. (JSR)


The invention provides a blended yarn of chinlon, acrylic fiber and cellulose acetate. The blended yarn comprises the following components: 45-55 weight parts of chinlon, 25-35 weight parts of acrylic fiber and 15-25 weight parts of cellulose acetate. The blended yarn provided by the invention makes the characteristics of chinlon, acrylic fiber and cellulose acetate fiber to be complementary and brings the advantages thereof into play.


Microarray study of gene expression profiling Treatment with drugs for microarray analysis: Prior to therapy, HFLS-RA cells were seeded in 75 cm2 culture flasks for 24 hours. MTX IC50 concentrations were used to treat the cells.


Two optical methods - polarimetry and laser light diffraction - have been used to study valine aqueous solutions. It has been shown that optical activity of valine enantiomers depends on deuterium content in aqueous solutions. The influence of deuterium-dependant heterophase clusters of water on optical activity of valine aqueous solutions has been discussed.


The efficient market hypothesis assumes that investors behave rationally, by using all relevant information, and analyse it in the most effective way to achieve the best possible outcome. However, many investors appear to behave in irrational ways. For example, irrelevant information, such as rumour, is used and the analysis may be subject to misinterpretation, emotion and other psychological bias. Investors may not base decisions on their own views about investments, but upon what they see as the majority view. The majority being followed are not necessarily well-informed rational investors. The investors that are followed may be uninformed and subject to psychological biases that render their behaviour irrational (from the perspective of economists). Rational investors may even focus on predicting the behaviour of irrational investors rather than trying to ascertain fundamental value. This may explain the popularity of technical analysis amongst market professionals. This paper compares and evaluates the existing literature of psychological bias, based on the critical analysis of uneconomic variables, such as weather and biorhythmic variables, on investors' mood that are found in the literature. This paper argues for the need to develop a new methodology to examine the efficient market hypothesis by reflecting psychological bias as a main driver of financial market assessment .


The adsorption behavior of a cationic surfactant (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, CTAB) in a sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (NaPSS) brush in the presence of 1 mM NaNO 3 was investigated by ellipsometry. The interactions between surfactants and brush chains determined from these results are compared with data from other types of experiments on similar systems. Four adsorption regimes were found, including regimes dominated by electrostatic interactions and by hydrophobic interactions. As the concentration of the surfactant increased from zero in the bulk solution surrounding the PSS brush, (1) surfactant monomers replaced Na + ions reversibly, in a manner analogous to ion exchange, until β (the ratio of the number of bound surfactants to the total number of negatively charged monomers of PSS) reached 0.2-0.3 (1 x 10 -6 M CTAB), (2) surfactants in the brushes interacted with each other hydrophobically, making adsorption irreversible and producing contraction of the brush (0.3 < β < 0.4), (3) the rate of adsorption increase was suppressed, by the squeezing out of available volume in the shrinking brush (β = 0.4), (4) additional uptake of surfactants took place above 1 x 10 -4 M CTAB in bulk solution (still 1 order of magnitude lower than the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of CTAB), because of the hydrophobic aggregation of surfactants on surfactant-polyelectrolyte complexes in the brushes. The overall conclusion and insight gained from this work is that surfactants are taken up, even at micromolar concentrations, extensively and in a nonlinear, cooperative fashion, in polyelectrolyte brushes. These data imply that the properties expected from highly hydrated polyelectrolyte brushes (steric protection, lubricity) are strongly modified by the presence of oppositely charged surfactants.


We have investigated the adsorption of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)
of molecular weights 56000, 205000, 685000 onto glass surfaces using a
development of the atomic force microscope technique. In this method a
glass particle is glued to a silicon cantilever to give a particle
probe surface forces apparatus. Data are presented for the polymers
adsorbed onto one and two surfaces at low and high coverage of
adsorbed polymer. In the case of polymers adsorbed onto one surface a
strong adhesion is noted on separation of the surfaces. This is due to
PEO being pulled off the glass surface on separation. Similar effects
are also observed when the polymer is adsorbed onto both surfaces at
low surface coverage of polymer. However, rarely is any attraction
noted as the surfaces are brought together. This is a consequence of
the rapid rate of approach in this method not allowing sufficient time
for polymer rearrangement and adsorption to occur. At high coverage of
polymer on both surfaces repulsive steric interactions were observed.
The range of these interactions increased with the molecular weight of
the adsorbed polymer, such that the adsorbed layer thickness δ
scales roughly with the molecular weight M through a power
law with exponent 0.4.


Aim : The purpose of the study was to assess the oral health status among the under five children. Study revealed to find out selected dental conditions like dental caries, gingival and periodontal conditions and DMFT score and socio-demographic background. Methods: A descriptive type of cross sectional study was conducted at Dhaka Dental College Hospital at children OPD.A total 120 under five children's parents were interviewed through a structured questionnaire followed by oral examination through a checklist. Results: Among 120 children, 44.17% were male and 55.83% were female. Most of the children (94.17%) were found to clean teeth regularly by themselves. 70.83% children clean their teeth themselves with brush and paste once daily spending 1-3 minutes. Maximum children (73.33%) clean their teeth before breakfast. Fluoridated toothpaste was being used by most of the children (85.84%). Only 4.17% child change their toothbrush every month and 55.83% every two months and 40% after 3-6 months. Regarding feeding history, it was found that 58.33% children were given exclusive breast feeding. Most of the children (63.33%) take soft drinks. It was found from the study that 87.50% children had pink color oral mucosa and their gingival condition was normal. Though prevalence of dental caries was 96.67% but overall oral hygiene status was good (86.67%). Conclusion: The study revealed that, dental caries among the under five children was a major health concern creating awareness among the people about their own and their children's oral health through appropriate plan can reduce the dental diseases. Moreover mass media and general education of the people create vital role in this regards. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2015; 5 (2): 09-17


The possibility that a current driven drift wave turbulence may be responsible for the outward ion flux observed in Reversed Field Pinches (RFPs) is investigated; the latter flux was recently proposed as the driving mechanism of the dynamo sustaining the poloidal current in the external region of an RFP discharge. It is shown that this possibility can be supported by the linear theory of current driven drift waves. Finally, on the assumption that the transport is dominated by these instabilities, a scaling law for the temperature in RFPs is derived, which shows an approximately linear dependence on the current and a weak dependence on the size of the machine, in agreement with the experimental results.


Background: Since the start of coronavirus epidemic in Wuhan, China, in early December 2019, many literatures addressed its epidemiology, virology, and clinical presentation. In this review, we systematically reviewed the published literature in the field of liver function tests profile in COVID-19 patients at the admission time. Materials and Methods: systematic literature search were performed in EMBASE, PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus using "severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)", "SARS," "SARS-CoV," "coronavirus," "novel coronavirus," "liver," "hepatitis," "Liver function" keywords. The search was limited to range from 2019 to May 19, 2020. Results: From a total 7298 articles, 145 were screened and 18 were eligible for further analysis. The highest rate of liver associated comorbidities was reported 11%. The aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were the most frequent assessed enzymes. Increase in AST level was seen in 10%–53% of patients while The ALT increase was seen in 5%–28% of COVID-19 patients at the admission time. The prothrombin time was increase in 7%–12% of patients and the D-dimer was reports increase in 14%–36% of COVID-19 patients at the admission time. Furthermore, albumin decrease was seen in 6%–98% of COVID-19 patients at the admission time. Conclusion: In conclusion, by using the results of study, it could be suggested that the liver function tests assessment is critical assessment in COVID-19 patients at the admission time. This liver function test could be used as potential prognostic factor in COVID-19 severity in future.


This research has the purpose to know the student's learning outcome in Buffer Solution by implementing Project Based Learning model integrated with Lesson Study. Besides that, the purpose is to kn...


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to: first, examine why companies create brand pages in social media, how they use them, what policies and strategies they follow, and what outcomes do they expect; and second – from firms' point of view – how users are benefited from such pages. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative study approach was employed for this study. Data were collected from personal interviews with 14 marketing managers responsible for the social media activity of their company, providing preliminary evidence about the actions firms take, the motivations that led them to getting involved, and the derived outcomes. Findings – The main actions of the firm are making prize competitions, announcing new products/services, interacting with fans, providing advice and useful information, and handling customer service issues. The basic motivations are the increasing popularity of social media, competitors' presence, headquarters' strategy, and cost reduction pressure. Interact with customers, ...


The population development and dry matter accumulation of Jimai 19 and Lumai 14 with different grain-leaf ratio has been studied The results showed that the population of Jimai 19 with higher grain-leaf ratio has good physiological characters for grain weight and yield, such as few invalid tillers, higher ratio of fertile tillers, longer period of green leaf area and its function, richer dry matter accumulation, higher grain filling rate and longer grain filling period, quicker increasing of grain weight These showed the better coordination among source, sink and transportation Therefore, the variety with higher grain-leaf ratio should be selected during wheat breeding for plant-type


In this note, we consider M-curves of odd degree with real scheme of the form $ >$. With help of complex orientations, we prove that for $m = 9$, $\alpha \geq 2$, and for $m = 11$, $\alpha \geq 3$.


Objective To establish a TLC identification method for Groundsel.Method Did research of TLC to groudsel through differ- ent deloyment systems. Results Ethyl acetate- methanol -formic acid (15∶9∶1) was used as the developer , it has good separation effect .Conclusion The method is simple and special, it can be used as Identificat for Groundsel.


In NMCC(Nishina Memorial Cyclotron Center) we are doing researches on PET of nuclear medicine (Positron Emission Computed Tomography) and PIXE analysis (Particle Induced X-ray Emission) using a small cyclotron of compactly designed. The NMCC facilities have been opened to researchers of other institutions since April 1993. The present status of NMCC is described. Bio-samples (medical samples, plants, animals and environmental samples) have mainly been analyzed by PIXE in NMCC. Small amounts of bio-samples for PIXE are decomposed quickly and easily in a sealed PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) vessel with a microwave oven . This sample preparation method of bio-samples also is described.


Road side environments exposed to de-icing salts do not readily fall within any of the qualitative assessment categories commonly used in ISO 9223 to define corrosion risk. The potential impact of seasonal use of de-icing salts complicates the definition of the environment and may increase corrosion rates. It is therefore common within highways authorities to assume the environment is comparable to a marine splash zone, C5 environment of ISO 9223, equating to a high corrosion loss for 120-year design life. In the absence of data this may be an understandable, if conservative, assumption. This paper challenges this assumption and presents a detailed case study for sheet piling adjacent to highways, exploring the benefits of a quantitative assessment using the Dose Response Function methodology given in ISO 9223 and calculation of long-term loss in accordance with ISO 9224. The method allows better definition of the service environment and results in more modest assessment of total corrosion loss. The assessed corrosion loss from this methodology is compared with the results obtained from the recovery and analysis of long-term exposure samples from the English trunk road network. The range of total corrosion loss of the mild steel samples recovered, fall within the range predicted by the analysis using the methodology described in ISO 9223 and ISO 9224 over the exposure period.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate student use of the reference desk at a residential college, so that academic libraries can better understand the role of in‐person assistance to meet the information needs of students.Design/methodology/approach – Survey respondents answered open‐ended questions related to ways they ask for help in the library; data were coded and analyzed for salient trends. Photo diary entries and interviews with smaller groups of students were also used to illuminate findings.Findings – Students express a need for the kind of help provided by the reference desk in terms of how students use and describe the desk. Usage patterns can also be predicted in terms of class year, gender, and major, indicating a way for the library to provide specific outreach to students who underutilize the reference desk.Research limitations/implications – The study investigates student use of the reference desk at a single institution. The unique characteristics of the institution might ...


Objective: In the present investigation efforts were considered to optimize the different conditions for the preparation of spray dried lactose based proniosomes. The aim of this research was to investigate the feasibility of proniosomes as stable precursors for the development of niosomes as oral drug delivery system for poorly water-soluble drugs.Methods: A total of twenty-eight plain proniosomal formulae were prepared with various surfactant-cholesterol loading ratios in each formula using spray dried lactose as a carrier. Span 20, 40, 60 and 80 were used in various molar ratios with cholesterol. Different evaluation techniques were performed to study the performance of the prepared proniosomes. The micromeritic properties of the prepared proniosomes were analyzed. The reconstituted niosomes were further evaluated for morphological characterization using transmission electron microscope (TEM), particle size analysis, zeta potential, and polydispersity index (PDI). Finally, selected proniosomal formulae were tested for stability study.Results: The proniosomal formulae prepared using span 40 and span 60 exhibited excellent flowability while those prepared with span 20 and span 80 showed poor flow properties. TEM photographs revealed that the vesicles were discrete, spherical without aggregation. The mean vesicle size of reconstituted niosomes was found to be in the range between (252.9±0.43–624.3±0.23 nm) with perfect PDI values (0.387±0.05–0.835±0.03). The negative values of zeta potential indicated that all prepared formulae were stabilized by electrostatic repulsion forces. Stability studies confirmed that proniosomes give a more stable system that could overcome the problems of standard niosomes. Formulae with the smallest particle size, higher surface charge values and best flow properties were selected to be loaded with poorly soluble drugs for further study.Conclusion: The obtained results offered evidence that spray-dried lactose based proniosomes are promising stable drug delivery carriers and ready to incorporate various poorly water-soluble drugs in order to improve their limited oral bioavailability.


BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degenerative disease has not been determined. To establish the ideal animal model of intervertebral disc degeneration is an important approach to study the pathogenesis or treatment of the disease. OBJECTIVE: To review model selection, modeling method and the advantages and disadvantages of the studies concerning various animal models of intervertebral disc degeneration. METHODS: We retrieved Wanfang database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure database, PubMed database and FMJS database for articles on animal models of intervertebral disc degeneration in vivo and in vitro published in recent five years all over the world. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The present literature shows that small and medium-sized animals are now commonly used animal model. Building methods can be divided into two major categories of in vivo and in vitro models. The in vitro model revealed mechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration by the cell or tissue culture from the cellular and molecular levels. In vivo model, different kinds of physical or chemical methods are used to intervene intervertebral disc, causing the intervertebral disc degeneration, proving the mechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration by the process of intervention. However, pathogenesis of human intervertebral disc degenerative disease is complex and has not been determined, so the current animal models are not comprehensive simulation of human intervertebral disc degenerative disease. Subject headings: Intervertebral Disk; Intervertebral Disk Degeneration; Disease Models, Animal 巴穆登,等. 如何构建能较全面模拟人类椎间盘退变性疾病的椎间盘退变实验动物模型 ISSN 2095-4344 CN 21-1581/R CODEN: ZLKHAH 2941 www.CRTER.org Ba MD, Aierken Amudong, Meng XY. How to make animal models of intervertebral disc degeneration that fully simulate the human intervertebral disc degeneration? Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongcheng Yanjiu. 2015;19(18):2940-2946. 0 引言 Introduction 椎间盘退变性疾病是目前脊柱外科的常见病和多 发病,是椎间盘组织在多种原因综合作用下发生生物学 变性进而引起椎间盘力学和组织结构学特性的改变,使 椎间盘纤维环破坏,髓核组织突出,压迫脊髓、神经根、 椎动脉,引起相应临床症状和体征的综合征 [1] 。为了研 究椎间盘退变形疾病的病因、病理机制以及验证新兴治 疗方法的有效性,需要在动物身上来模拟椎间盘退变性 疾病的病理现象,通过对动物模型的病理表现,以及治 疗方法的疗效来指导人类椎间盘退变性疾病的诊治 [2] 。 1 资料和方法 Data and methods


Modeling and prediction of soil hydrologic processes require identifying soil moisture spatial-temporal patterns and effective methods allowing the data observations to be used across different spatial and temporal scales. This work presents a methodology for combining spatially- and temporally-extensive soil moisture datasets obtained in the Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory (CZO) from 2004 to 2010. The soil moisture was investigated based on Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis. The dominant soil moisture patterns were derived and further correlated with the soil-terrain attributes in the study area. The EOF analyses indicated that one or two EOFs of soil moisture could explain 76–89% of data variation. The primary EOF pattern had high values clustered in the valley region and, conversely, low values located in the sloping hills, with a depth-dependent correlation to which curvature, depth to bedrock, and topographic wetness index at the intermediate depths (0.4 m) exhibited the highest contributions. We suggest a novel approach to integrating the spatially-extensive manually measured datasets with the temporally-extensive automatically monitored datasets. Given the data accessibility, the current data merging framework has provided the methodology for the coupling of the mapped and monitored soil moisture datasets, as well as the conceptual coupling of slow and fast pedologic and hydrologic functions. This successful coupling implies that a combination of diverse and extensive moisture data has provided a solution of data use efficiency and, thus, exciting insights into the understanding of hydrological processes at multiple scales.