interesting is W. J. Sheils's study of the archbishop of York's exploitation of impropriate rectories, which shows that, however disadvantageous such livings were in terms of income, they nevertheless provided the archbishop with a much needed supply of patronage which he could exercise on behalf of family and servants. Although the episcopal princes receive their due share of attention, two ground-breaking studies concern the clerical paupers. The examination by Rosemary O'Day and Anne Hughes of the work of the Cromwellian trustees shows that they made Cromwell's state church "more than a chimera" and were in some respects the true predecessors of Queen Anne's bounty and the church commissioners. In his study of the latter Ian Green does not claim that the bounty solved that perennial problem of clerical poverty which plagued the Reformation church in England, but he does show that substantial augmentations were made, not least because crown, clergy, and lay patrons and impropriators were finally in a mood to cooperate. This collection will interest all students of the institutional church. Where it is weakest is not in the hard analysis of economic data but in the very impressionistic speculations most studies append about their social and political implications. Christopher Hill's name is invoked by a number of these authors. What is needed now is a new edition of his seminal Economic Problems of the Church and a convincing answer to why so much of the medieval institutional structure survived the shock of Reformation and revolution.


Now a day's web search portals provide information to different kinds of people. But it is providing irrelevant information that is not related to user requirements. To improve results accuracy we introducing new framework named as personalized web search along with user customizable personal search which provides relevant results and privacy for user given query.In this framework including two algorithms those are greedyDP and greedyIL for online generalization.


: In order to assess the geological environment impact of a city landfill by the Yangtze River, soils from different depths in the dumpsite were sampled and analyzed. It was found that pollutants content at the site was distinctly higher than that in nearby environments. The content of heavy metals, such as Cd, Hg, As, Pb and Cu, reduces as depth increases; the content of elements F, Cl and N is the contrary. Pollutants migration driven by underground water flow was analyzed, considering the hydro-geological conditions of the site. It is believed that, due to leaching after rainfall infiltration, pollutants in the garbage layer migrates deeper, the cohesive soil in the underlying surface prevents them from spreading to the deeper aquifer; additionally, the high pressure tolerance of the deep groundwater is a key factor in preventing pollutants from entering the aquifer. Furthermore, human control has reduced the annual fluctuation range of water level in nearby rivers, weakening the hydrodynamic relations with phreatic water, and thus reducing the spreading of pollutants to nearby surface waters.


This study examined the mangrove degradation in Pahang River Estuary, Pekan sub-district, Pahang between 1990 and 2017 using supervised classification. Landsat 8 OLI and Landsat 5 TM images of Pahang River Estuary have been analyzed using supervised classification and field survey. Based on the accuracy assessment, the confusion matrix for supervised classifications ranged from 77% to 81%. Kappa coefficient (K) for supervised classification ranged between the value of 0.67 and 0.72. The total mangrove covers in 2017 was 1,535.40 ha, decreased by 43.7% or 670.80 ha from its total area of 2,206.20 ha in 1990. The expansion of development area was observed in the past 27 years. Several other causes of mangrove degradation were identified during field survey, including sand mining activities along riverbank, mangrove clearing for aquaculture and agriculture. The rapid development within the coastal area and estuary had suppressed the mangroves propagation over the years. Long term monitoring of mangrove distribution is crucial to ensure the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem.


A two-dimensional arc magnetohydrodynamic model is presented to study the effects of metallic vapour and gassing material on air switching arc motion based on different mixture plasma properties (pure air, 99% air–1% Cu, 99% air–1% Ag, 99% air–1% Fe, 90% air–10% PA6). It demonstrates that metallic vapours may cool the arc central region and reduce the arc motion velocity, and iron vapours have the strongest action compared with copper and silver vapours; the gassing material may improve the arc motion velocity. In addition, the effect of the net emission coefficient model and the grey body radiation model on the calculation results for pure air arc motion is compared. To verify the simulation results partially, using the integrated imaging diagnostics system, experiments are carried out to measure the average velocity of arc motion with one model chamber.


Multi-relational classification is one of the most popular research areas in data mining.Current multi- relational Bayesian classifiers take all the tables connected with the target table into consideration,including the weakly- linked ones.In this paper,we propose a new Classifier,Graph-NB.It optimizes the semantic relationship graph by cutting off some tables,and reduces the adverse effect of those weakly-linked tables thereby.It is implemented by both the depth-first and width-first traverse strategy.Experimental study shows that the optimization of the semantic relationship graph is effective on the increase of accuracy.Comparing with other multi-relational naive Bayesian classifiers,it has short run time and relatively high classification accuracy.


Analysis of predicted and measured path loss over a Lagoon environment is presented. Propagation measurements were carried out at 1800 MHz, within a quarter of a year (May to August 2017) using Huawei Technologies drive test equipment. Measured data comprising of the received signal strength was taken for the initial measurements, measurements after first month, measurements after second month, and measurements after the third month. Measured path loss was compared with predictions made by free-space, log-distance, two-ray, COST 231-Hata, and Stanford University Interim (SUI) models. The COST-231 Hata model showed the most accurate performance with root mean square errors (RMSEs) of 10.03 dB, 12.38 dB, 17.59 dB, and 7.67 dB for the initial measurements, measurements after first month, measurements after second month, and measurements after third month, respectively. In order to achieve a more accurate prediction, the COST 231 Hata model was optimized using the least square algorithm. The optimized model showed improved signal prediction with RMSEs of 7.90 dB, 9.28 dB, 14.82 dB and 5.28 dB, respectively. The average RMSEs of the optimized COST 231 Hata model showed 9.32 dB compared with 11.92 dB predicted by the actual COST 231 Hata model. This accounts for about 21.81% improvements over the existing COST 231 Hata model. Therefore, the optimized COST 231-Hata model could be used to characterize radio channels in the investigated environments. Keywords: Propagation measurements, 4G LTE network, Lagoon environment, Pathloss models, Root mean squared error, Least square algorithm


This essay discusses womens status in China and addresses the road to liberation womens health care education marriage and family legal position and political participation social welfare minorities womens groups and remaining problems. The history of women in China follows 3 periods: pre-1949 1949-78 and post-1978. Women in the early years were disadvantaged in many ways and did not engage in formal work. During the founding of the Peoples Republic laws changed and equality of the sexes was defined. Women benefited from reforms. Post-1978 reforms advanced womens position but women did not create a feminist self-awareness. The womens liberation movement began in the late 1800s to free women from feudal society and to benefit the whole nation. The womens movement in the early years of the Peoples Republic worked to free women from the husbands authority in the family. The leadership of the Communist Party encouraged women to join labor groups. Women were freed but at the expense of individual consciousness and group solidarity. Post-1978 the womens movement experienced the resurgence of the superiority of males. Women joined nongovernmental organizations and pushed to improve living conditions. Change was brought about by women. The key government organizations for women include for example the Women and Children Work Committee of the State Council and the National Womens Federation (formerly the All-China Womens Federation). Problems awaiting improvement include illiteracy among women poverty abduction and selling of women and prostitution.


ireless communication systems are being designed to integrate features that include high data rates as well as high quality of service in the existing communication framework. For this an orthogonal space-time block code (OSTBC) technique improves error performance of synchronous data links without sacrificing data rate or requiring more bandwidth. Trellis coded modulation (TCM) enables efficient transmission scheme and to achieve high coding gain by integrating coding and modulation. In this work an OSTBC concatenated with TCM is implemented for information transmission over different antenna configurations, from Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) to Multi-Input Multi- Output (MIMO) channels. The channel used is a quasi-static Rayleigh fading channel with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The proposed model takes the advantages of the concatenation scheme: the spatial diversity gain offered by OSTBC and the coding gain offered by TCM. Using MATLAB Simulink the system performance is compared with using only TCM or OSTBC and TCM concatenated with OSTBC. Significant performance improvement of the system is achieved using this scheme. The proposed scheme achieved full transmits diversity and coding gain of more than 2dB without using interleavers/deinterleavers. It is observed that performance of MIMO system is better than SISO or MISO (Multi-Input Single- Output) system.


With great interest we read and studied the work 1 mentioned by Mellors et al 2 . The authors filtered gene features using public microarray gene expression data of blood samples from 58 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 3 , and obtained single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) signatures inferred from RNAseq data of 143 RA samples. After a second round of feature selection, by integrating the selected gene features, SNP signatures, and clinical parameters from 143 RA patients, they trained a random forest model to predict RA patients' ACR50-based responsiveness to five TNF inhibitors (TNFi) as a whole.


Prefatory to any discussion of our ten years' sanitary campaign in the Philippine Islands, it is necessary to touch on the condition of affairs existent at the time of the arrival on the scene of American sanitary administrators. CONDITIONS PRIOR TO AMERICAN OCCUPATION At the time of the fall of Manila, Aug. 13, 1898, it is safe to say that the sanitary situation in that city was as bad as any ever maintained by a civilized nation. Not only was the condition that which would result from years of crowded habitation by a wandering and, to a large extent, ignorant people in a tropical environment, but a large amount of the sanitary work which had been done by our predecessors was of negligible value or of extremely temporary character. Successful municipal sanitation, like successful municipal commerce or any other large community enterprise, depends on a few essentials. The chief of


OBJECTIVE To investigate the pharmacological actions and mechanisms of motherwort on dysmenorrhea. METHOD In vivo, the effects of motherwort on uterine constriction were observed after giving the decoction via duodenum in guinea pigs. Effect on alleviating pain was measured in mice treated with i.p. administration of oxytocin and 15M-PGF 2α respectively. Anti-inflammatory action was examined with the models of auricular swelling in mice induced by dimethyl benzene, and of the experimental inflammatory uteri in rats. The influence on the concentrations of PGF 2α , PGE 2 in the uterine smooth muscle was measured. The levels of serum estradiol, progesterone in rats were determined by radioimmunoassay.RESULTS The data showed that the motherwort decoction increased the constrictive force of normal uterus in guinea pigs in vivo. It obviously reduced the twisting reaction of mice induced by oxytocin or 15M-PGF 2α .The decoction could alleviate the auricular edema in mice and inflammation of uterus in rats. It reduced PGF 2α and PGE 2 concentrations in uterine smooth muscle of rats. The motherwort decoction increased serum progesterone level in rats, but had no significant effect on estradiol level. CONCLUSION Motherwort has intensive pharmacological effects on uteri. It had the effects on relaxing uterus spasm, anti-inflammation, reducing PGF 2α and PGE 2 concentrations in uterus smooth muscle, increasing the serum progesterone level. These effects may play important roles in treating dysmenorrhea.


Steel pickling process is important to the quality of product. Pickling is related to the time and concentration of acid. In this paper, Pickling rate Inspection method with optical image processing is proposed. To prove the theory, Several jobs are executed, Sample, Pickling, Measuring(Estimation), Analysis.


In the present paper is given the calculation's parameters of dam and simulation results of reservoir in the river Tuul. (Mongolia).


This paper develops an analytical approach for the workspace analysis of redundant cable robots with consideration of two types of interference. Both types of interference, cable/cable and cable/platform, are taken into account with important limiting factors for 2D and 3D cable robots with any number of redundancy. Simulation results are presented to show the importance of the interference consideration.


Henry VII's reign has been the subject of increased study in recent years, in particular his relationship with the nobility and his determination to ensure the loyalty of his subjects. Henry VII was adept at utilising the numerous methods at his disposal in order to keep his crown. This article makes a contribution to this broader understanding of Henry VII's reign by focusing on one document, a letter to the city of Carlisle dated 15 February 1498, which ordered that the statutes relating to retaining and the distribution of liveries should be upheld. While the letter has been noted by previous historians, it has not been the subject of a detailed examination. This article explains the significance of the document for understanding the reign of Henry VII, his attitude towards retaining and the relationship between royal and urban governments in the late fifteenth century. This particular letter includes two novel features not found in other letters to towns about retaining. First, there is an explicit reference to the possibility of a Scottish invasion. Second, the city's government were all required to swear oaths of fealty to Henry VII. Although the letter confirms the general picture that Henry VII was keen to remind his subjects of their duties and obligations to the Crown and that he built on and adapted Yorkist innovations, it highlights his specific concern in early 1498, in the aftermath of the Perkin Warbeck conspiracy, that James IV of Scotland might still invade.


The understanding of cultural and psychological aspects of modern culture encourages overcoming the crises that appeared in modern post-modern society. Psychoanalysis of plastic language of culture allows not only to reveal the deep processes and problems of current culture but it also gives the possibility to see the vision of cultural epoch and its facilities influence on the human worldview, which is reflected in plastic language. Due to plastic language psychoanalysis, the author tries to uncover the human culture of Modern and Post-modern ontological problems that prevent his self-identification, selfconsciousness and unity of existence. Society pressure, ideological attitudes, economic relations have a decisive impact not only on consciousness but they also participate in plastic language of culture building. The person of civilization being under constant pressure tends to be tightened in body movements. Thomas Hanna's theory on reflexes causing the sensory-motor amnesia is the most interesting and reasonable in psychoanalysis as this theory reveals the causes and effects the technogenic civilization impact on human physical and mental condition. The plastic language reaction to social and cultural attitudes results in the appearance of «red color» reflexes (inherent to culture of Modern), «green color» reflexes ( typical for Post-Modern) and capture reflex (reflecting the consuming psychology of modern society). The appearance of reflexes indicates the alienation of body from consciousness, the inability of human to feel and control his living body. Modern person is passionately interested in his social roles and his thoughts so as to feel and sense the unconscious processes taking place in his body. The escape from reality and its rejection, conflicts between the individual and the society – these are all the components of emotional illness of western culture. Physical values in western culture take mostly the form of illusive and immediate. Chasing the sensual pleasure as the way to wind down and to relax becomes the goal in itself for many members of western world. The modern life rhythm demands the constant human self-control and control over the situation, that is why the human searches the opportunity to get rid of control, finding it in rest, i.e. getting fast pleasure or enjoyment. We can conclude that in favor of culture the human is ready to repress his own vital feelings in different parts of his body. Being tightened on psychological and physical level the person is unable to be holistic, moreover, he can be dual. The problem of dual personality is the basic problem of modern society. The psychoanalytical approach in plastic language examination reveals the problem of body and consciousness conflict as well as the problem of absence of human integrity in self-perception. Psychoanalysis proves the plastic language connection with culture on the example of ideology influence on «muscular shell» formation. The plastic language of culture is shaped by social attitudes, ideology and moral standards.


Although economic theory indicares that services are income elastic, empirical Evidence on this issue has not been conclusive. Using time series dat from 1965 to 1996 this paper ettempts to test whether consumer's demand for services is income elastic in Singapore. Unlike in other studies,the stationary of the macro economic variables used in this analysis is tested to obtain more reliable estimates. The empirical results show that demand for services is not income elastic in Singapore. [C12, C22]


With the ever-increasing study of migrants and their culture, the study of religion occupies a pertinent position in the contemporary field of diaspora studies. While on the one hand, it has been o...


Hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) has been adapted to be a continuous growth process for high-density carbon multiwall nanotubes (MWNTs). MWNT growth is optimized in 1:5 CH4:Ar at 150 Torr with reactor temperatures of 400 and 550 °C for static and flowing gases, respectively. Ferrocene is employed to provide a gas-phase catalyst. Highly graphitic nanotubes can be continuously deposited with iron content as low as 15 wt % and carbon impurities below thermal gravimetric analysis detection limits. The MWNTs are simply purified to 99.5 wt % with minimal structural damage and with a 75 wt % yield. Carbon multiwall nanotubes (MWNTs) are promising for multiple applications including strong composite materials, field emission displays, and adsorbents for gas separation or storage. A continuous low-cost production method for easily purified MWNTs is therefore desired. MWNTs were discovered while vaporizing carbon in an electric arc 1 and were then produced at higher yield by increasing the pressure of the helium gas atmosphere. 2 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques employing benzene pyrolosis, 3 and the decomposition of ethylene 4 and acetylene 5 on supported metal catalysts were also demonstrated as viable large-scale production methods. Recently, MWNTs have been grown on supported metal particles or films via CVD, 6-10 plasma enhanced CVD, 11-21 hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD), 22,23 and plasma enhanced HWCVD methods. 24,25


Information on the enemy has always been advantageous in battle, but today it is crucial for any successful resolution of a crisis by military means. The new information requirement is based on a combination of the changed security environment, developments in modern weaponry and the application of technology in the use of military force. Air Vice‐Marshal Tony Mason here explores the ISTAR requirement using the model of a Regional Opposition versus an Intervening Coalition. He discusses issues of objectives, commitment, costs, humanitarian complications and casualties. The place of technological advantage, dominant battlespace knowledge and the point of action are also highlighted. Air Vice‐Marshal Mason concludes that timely and accurate information is vital for both successful political decision making and 'out of area' military activities.


Fusion proteins between heptahelical receptors (GPCR) and G protein (cid:1) -subunits show enhanced signaling efficiency in transfected cells. This is believed to be the result of molecular proximity, because the interaction between linked modules of one protein chain, if not constrained by structure, should be strongly favored compared with the same in which partners react as free species. To test this assumption we made a series of fusion proteins (type 1 and 4 opioid receptors with G o and (cid:2) 2 adrenergic and dopamine 1 receptors with G sL ) and some mutated analogs carrying different tags and defective GPCR or G (cid:1) subunits. Using cotransfection experiments with readout protocols able to distinguish activation at fused and non-fused (cid:1) -subunits, we found that both the GPCR and the G (cid:1) limb of one fusion protein can freely interact with non-fused proteins and the tethered partners of a neighboring fusion complex. Moreover, a bulky polyanionic inhibitor can suppress with identical potency receptor-G (cid:1) interaction, either when occurring between latched domains of a fused system or separate elements of distinct molecules, indicating that the binding surfaces are equally accessible in both cases. These data demonstrate that there is no entropy drive from the linked condition of fusion proteins and suggest that their signaling may result from the GPCR of one complex interacting with the (cid:1) -subunit of another. Moreover, the enhanced coupling efficiency or Noc, both 1 (cid:5) M ) was determined in the presence of 3 (cid:5) M GDP using 2 (cid:5) g of membrane proteins. The levels of the resident OP 1 R-G (cid:1) o X and the transfected OP 4 R-G (cid:1) o were measured by radioligand binding assays ("Experimental Procedures"). The expression of OP 1 R-G (cid:1) o X (47.3 (cid:5) 6.2 pmol/mg) did not change significantly with OP 4 R-G (cid:1) o [C350I] cDNA transfection, but the latter produced less expression in the permanent clone than in control cells (note the difference in axis scale between the graphs). The binding is plotted as a function of OP R binding activity. Data are of quadruplicate determinations of a single experiment in which control and clone cells were transfected and assayed simultaneously. The experiment was repeated two additional times using different protocols. In one, both fusion proteins were transiently transfected in COS-7 cells, whereas in the other increasing amounts of OP 1 R-G (cid:1) o X cDNA were transiently transfected in a HEK293 clone permanently expressing OP 4 R-G (cid:1) o [C350I]. Similar results were obtained in all cases.


A disaggregated and discrete approach to behavioural modelling of traffic on a street is described. The technique used is termed 'particle in the cell'. The road space is divided into cells of one lane width and one car length with fixed locations and specified constraints on vehicle behaviour within them (eg, no lane change, no left turn, right turn permitted). The vehicles are considered as particles passing through the cells. The particles also have attributes (type of vehicle, route plan, temporal status). The behavioural response of the individual driver is restricted to acceleration (positive, zero, negative) except in cells where turns or lane changes are permitted. In the standard cell, the driver response is a function of three cue variables, speed and headway of the vehicle in front, and speed of the vehicle itself. The problem structure and process of solution are well suited to computing techniques.


In the structure of geopolitics in East Asia,A geo-strategic relation characterized by the nature of competition exists in China-Japan relations.Because of its"zero-sum"model of Japan's national strategy to China,Japan considers China a competitor and contains China with various geopolitical measures to occupy dominance in East Asia.Consequently, Japan has made troubles to China's strategy and brings difficult circumstances of strategy environment to China.


Leuconostoc mesenteoides is commonly used in fermen ted food. The study on developing molecularly targe ted drugs to achieve a higher grade of drug delivery system t hat is one of the indispensable issues in pharmaceu tical fields. This paper reported the effects of carbon sources i ncluding in glucose, maltose, lactose, saccharose a t the different concentrations as 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 g/L on the cell differentiation of Leuconostoc mesenteroides VTCC-B -871. As results, L. mesenteoides VTCC-B-871 formed minicell s with highly significant number of 4.6 ± 0.3 (%) s tarting cells in modified MRS broth with 20 % glucose. The minice lls were collected and checked for the less than 40 0 nm in size and round shape under scanning electron microscope. Th refore, minicells could be used as a nanopartic le in pharmaceutical science.


The P4VP electrografting process realized on chemically oxidized p-type silicon surface, instead of traditional oxide free surface, leads to a thicker grafted polymer film. In this paper, we studied the influence of the surface states generated during the chemical oxidation of the silicon surface, on the thickness of the P4VP film. We used electrochemical measurements and Mott-Schottky plot analysis to demonstrate that such an oxidized surface does not only allow the electrografting process to occur, but also increases the accumulation of electrons at the silicon interface. In this condition, the chemical oxidation of silicon surface enhances the electro-initiation of the P4VP electrografting process and promotes the polymer growth.


In this paper we present a methodology to generate stochastic population projections combining the cohort-component method with Monte Carlo simulation of two of the main demographic inputs: fertility rates (by age) and survival probabilities (by age and gender). The Monte Carlo simulation is based on a parsimonious parameterization of the corresponding curves and a multivariate time series model that is used to simulate future scenarios. The paper also includes a procedure to condition the stochastic projections to a long-term benchmark using the information provided by a panel of European countries that share with Spain the main drivers of the dynamics of fertility and survival. This procedure aims to tame idiosyncratic effects that may arise when considering only the information related to just one country. Written by Ainhoa Osés-Arranz and Enrique M. Quilis Revised by Ángel Estrada and Álvaro Pastor Approved by Carlos Cuerpo


Self-report measures of anxiety may present an objective, cost-effective method for identifying at-risk children experiencing chronic anxiety. The present study investigated the validity of two self-report anxiety measures (the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale and the Children's Anxiety Scale) for groups of Anglo-American, Mexican-American, and black students (total N = 444) in grades 1-3. Results indicated that both scales were minimally effective in identifying learning-disabled students and unsuccessful in identifying children with emotional handicaps. In predicting academic achievement, both scales had low, nonsignificant relationships with reading and mathematics performance for all three ethnic groups. Bias in the scales' predictive validity, as per the regression definition, was found to be nonexistent.


It is publicly considered a difficult problem to share the duty of offering proof in civil cases.Specifically,the problem is to decide which party to take the responsibility of providing proof when the facts are still not clear.That party is the one who undertake the bad effects of the civil lawsuits,Greatly influenced by the Mainland Law Branch,the principle on how to share the duty mentioned above is set up according to Rosenpeig law Essential Condition,based on formalism of recent Civil Law Book.As the establishment of market economical system,the principle is growing increasing fair.However,to achieve actual fair in law,it is impossible to depend completely on existing norm to distribute the duty.The court judge have began to try the way of free measuring in practice.China surely is capable of learning from it by putting it in Chinese situation.The methods,nevertheless,should be limited and following certain essential principles.


On the background of information revolution and service-supply trend of global economy,the service industry in metropolis grows rapidly,and its inner structure shows up new features.Based on the structure analysis to the service industry of metropolis between 1990 and 2000,this paper summarizes the structural features of service industry in metropolis at different level.And then it generalizes the main function features and development trend of metropolis.


Summary The cosmetic industry has evolved over the last 50 to 60 years from an era of secret formulas, elusi-ve promises and false hope to an entirely new industry based on science. No longer are the cosmeticgiants isolated scions, but there is an ever growing interactions and interdependence among cosme-ceutical, pharmaceutical, biochemical, and medical community. Thus new development has been suc-cessfully translated into more effective treatments as well as preventive treatments of dry or agingskin, as example.At this purpose, active compounds of new cosmetic products has to be carefully selected to obtainthe best efficacy and safeness. Thus innovative cosmetics have become more sophisticated in bothformulations and presentation meanwhile new tests have been developed to ensure not only quanlityand safety but also the validation of products claims.Different in vitro and in vivo tests are reported to show the capacity of chitin nanofibrils to be usedboth as penetration enhancer and active compound as anti-ageing agent.


The urgency of thе research is caused by the need to introduce three -phase power electronic converters, which have high efficiency, im proved electromagnetic compatibility with supply network and motor, simple and reliable control system and relatively low price. The main aim of the study: to investigate the proposed threephase AC voltage converter, intended to control the voltage applied to stator windings of a squirrel cage induction motor. The methods used in the study: methods of the Theory of Signals and Systems, Power Electronics, numerical circuit modeling; experimental research was conducted by use of the implemented prototype of the proposed AC voltage converter. The results: The authors describe output voltage control properties and output voltage THD expression, compare the results of computer modeling and experimental research of the proposed converter.


The critical heat flux (CHF) during saturated pool boiling of water was investigated experimentally using a honeycomb porous plate attached to a heated surface. In a previous study, the CHF was shown experimentally to be enhanced to more than twice that for a plain surface. According to the proposed capillary limit model, the CHF can be increased by decreasing the thickness of the honeycomb porous plate. However, the CHF could not be greatly enhanced when the thickness of the honeycomb porous plate was comparable to the thickness of the thin liquid film (the macrolayer thickness) formed beneath coalescent vapor bubbles. The results of the previous study showed that honeycomb porous plates for CHF enhancement in saturated pool boiling should be constructed by the superposition of two kinds of porous materials and that each of the honeycomb porous plates must fulfill two conditions. First, a honeycomb porous plate simply attached to a heated surface should have very fine pores to supply water to the heated surface due to strong capillary action, and the honeycomb porous plates should be as thin as possible to decrease the pressure drop caused by internal water flow. Second, the other honeycomb porous plate, stacked on top of the thin honeycomb porous plate, needs to be structured to hold a sufficient amount of water in order to prevent the inside of the honeycomb porous plate from drying out during the bubble hovering period on the plate.


Historically, notation in Southeast Asia has been used for musical documentation and preservation rather than functioning as a medium for realising music during performance. As a consequence, today both heritage and hybrid forms of script such as Balinese ding dong notation and Javanese kepatihan cipher notation play only a minor role in the musical expression of this region's predominantly aural-based forms. When musical notation is used, it may be found written on a variety of traditional and modern medium including palm leaves and plain paper to computer programs with specialised fonts or even cell phone text messages. In this article, I observe notation in three distinct traditions existing along a continuum from preservation to innovation. Despite technological advancements and the availability of Western staff notation, diverse forms of indigenous musical notation primarily serve to sustain traditions and aide the memory of musicians for teaching and learning.


We present the neural interpretation of our autonomous adaptive control (AAC) method. The AAC control system is a simulation of the natural brain function. We propose our model of a neuron and give an example of the way in which the neurons are connected together in networks to realize all functions of the autonomous adaptive control system.


This study compares and contrasts the most relevant research priorities identified through two Delphi studies by the authors.  The panels of experts used in these studies, an international and a U.S. study group, were asked to identify important topics to guide future research studies for the school subject of technology education. Both panels sought to determine the most relevant issues that need to be researched related to K-12 technology education and preparation for teaching this school subject.  This study reports the similarities of research priorities identified by both expert panels, then contrasts the major differences that the groups identified for further research.


Abstract This paper describes an Interactive Tool for Control Relevant Identification (ITCRI). It evaluates all stages of a control-relevant identification process, from input design to closed-loop control, simultaneously and interactively in one screen. Control-relevance in ITCRI is accomplished primarily through prefiltering, which is implemented via single-pass and two-step algorithms. By simultaneously displaying both open- and closed-loop responses of the estimated models and important control-relevant validation criteria, ITCRI enables the user to readily assess how design variable choices and control performance requirements impact model error and ultimately, closed-loop performance. A case study involving a fluidized bed calciner is presented to illustrate the workings of the tool and the considerations that arise when control requirements are incorporated during identification.


Slab, fiber waveguides of homogeneous and inhomogeneous cross section find application for guiding optical signals. The propagation characteristics of such guides can be analyzed by modal methods, ray methocls, or a combination of these. This paper reviews various methods, with emphasis on their physical interpretation, on the relation between them. Attention is given to a new asymptotic theory for guided modes in graded index media that is based on the propagation properties of evanescent waves. Also discussed are new techniques for dealing with the excitation of slab, fiber waveguides by incident Gaussian beams.


This paper presents a modified model to calculate the fractal dimension of digital images. The estimation of fractal dimensions is crucial to fractal analysis and is popularly carried out through methods based on box counting. The problem with these approaches is that, most of them do not remove the potential effects of noise on fractal dimensions properly. Accordingly, this study examines the effects of three different type of noises on fractal dimensions by using different images taken from Background image database. The examination shows that the fractal dimensions change Significantly, after noise adding, so we put forward a noise-robust and efficient fractal dimension calculation method Which is a combination of two methods, the gray-level co-matrix algorithm and improved box counting method. The results of experiments on the Background image dataset confirm the robustness and efficiency of the proposed method.


In the general population, a history of asthma (HA) is associated with a higher risk of mortality of anaphylactic shock (AS), but it is unknown whether this association remains valid for intra‐operative AS. The goal of this retrospective study was to investigate whether a HA was associated with a higher risk of bronchospasm during intra‐operative AS. We analyzed 106 patients (January 2009–December 2012) with intra‐operative AS: 57% of them had a confirmed IgE‐mediated reaction and 27% had a HA. On logistic regression, the only factor statistically associated with bronchospasm was a neuromuscular blocking drug, with both IgE‐ or non‐IgE‐mediated reactions. These results suggest that the mechanisms of bronchospasm in AS may be different from those of asthma and that, in the presence of bronchospasm during anesthesia, AS should be considered to be the most likely cause.


Title. Compounds for Tau Protein Degradation Patent Application Number. WO 2019/014429 A1 Publication Date. January 17, 2019 Priority Application. US 62/531,773 Priority Date. July 12, 2017 Inventors. Gray, N. S.; Haggarty, S. J.; Cai, Q.; Telo Baptista Lima Da Silva, M. C.; Zhang, T.; Ferguson, F. M. Assignee Company. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Inc. and The General Hospital Corporation D/B/A Massachusetts General Hospital Disease Area. Neurological disorders Biological Target. Tau protein Summary. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive deficits in cognitive, memory, and other mental functions. There are nearly 35 million people that suffer from AD worldwide, which is one of the main causes of mental disability and death among seniors. The exact pathogenesis of AD has remained elusive; however, several hypotheses have been proposed, including pathogenic tau protein, β-amyloid (Aβ) cascade, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, acetylcholine abnormalities, and so forth. AD studies in the past decades using mouse models and human brain samples have revealed numerous signaling cascades that lead to pathological changes in structure, function, and synapse number. The two main characteristic protein deposits associated with AD are the senile plagues and the neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). The senile plaques involve extracellular accumulation of Aβ in the brain of AD patients, which is the primary driver to the disease progression. The formation of NFT, which contain hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, is the result of an imbalance between the accumulation and clearance of the Aβ. The tau proteins are abundant in neurons and are expressed at very low levels in the central nervous system, and accumulation occurs prior to extensive neuronal damage. Consequently, tau deposits have become a target for determining the progression and treatment of AD. Furthermore, the tau hypothesis states that an excessive or abnormal phosphorylation of tau disassembles microtubules and sequesters normal tau, microtubule associated protein1 (MAP1), MAP2, and ubiquitin into tangles of paired helical filament. Aβ peptides are generated from amyloid precursor protein (APP) and consist of short peptides that are 39−43 amino acids. The understanding of synaptic failure in AD comes from studies of AD mouse models that overexpress specific AD risk genes, including APP, PSI, PSI, tau, etc. However, none of these approaches have translated into successful clinical applications with disease-modifying outcomes. An early pathological marker in AD patients and animal models shows evidence that suggests intracellular accumulation of Aβ. Electron microscopy studies indicate prior to Aβ plaque formation intracellular Aβ deposition at the axon terminals, mitochondria, lysosomes, and dendrites, which may affect the synaptic plasticity. In addition, intracellular Aβ causes potential long-term memory deficits. These pathological changes have been shown to be caused by also extracellular Aβ. Intracellular Aβ may appear prior to extracellular plaques formation, and a intraneuronal Aβ level decrease does result in extracellular plaque accumulation. The possibility exists that the toxicity and pathological effects caused by extracellular plaques would have resulted from the long-term effect of the intracellular Aβ accumulation. Several signaling pathways have been shown to participate in the AD process, and their cross functional activities are complicated. Consequently, there exists an urgent need for the understanding of the net effect of signal pathways for AD therapy. A recent therapeutic strategy to reduce or eliminate proteins associated with pathological states such as PROTAC (Proteolysis targeting chimeras) was developed, which involves bifunctional compounds that recruit target proteins to E3 ubiquitin ligases and subsequently induce proteasome-mediated degradation of the target protein. The E3 ubiquitin ligases are proteins that, in combination with an E2 ubiquitinconjugating enzyme, promote the attachment of ubiquitin to a lysine on a target protein. The ubiquitination of the protein results in degradation of the target protein by the proteasome. This Patent Highlight describes the conjugation of tau binding moieties with an E3 ubiquitin ligase binding moiety such as lenalidomide or thalidomide, which provide compounds that can induce the ubiquitination of tau protein and promote its degradation in cells. Since aggregation of tau protein, in particular hyperphosphorylated tau protein, causes tauopathies in AD, targeting tau protein or any post-translationally modified form and recruiting an E3 ubiquitin ligase such as Cereblon to ubiquitinate the tau protein would mark it for degradation. Consequently, a single bifunctional molecule can promote the degradation of tau protein and would provide new


Radio Occultation is a very powerful technique to probe a planetary atmosphere, in providing vertical density profiles of the neutral atmosphere and ionosphere. The standard method uses a radio link at S and/or X band between a spacecraft and an Earth ground station. At Mars, such measurements are conducted since the 60s. The three most recent data sets are from MGS (1998-2006), Mars Express (since 2004) and MAVEN (since 2016). Taking advantage of two European spacecraft in orbit around Mars, the European Space Agency is currently preparing an experiment that consists of mutual radio occultations between Mars Express and the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. Both spacecraft use UHF transceivers that are included primarily for communication between landers on the surface of Mars and the spacecraft, where the spacecraft act as relay orbiters to pass the data from the landers on to Earth. Therefore, these mutual occultations will be performed in the UHF range (centered around a frequency of 400 MHz). The feasibility of this technique on UHF was demonstrated between the NASA Mars Odyssey and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiters [Ao et al., 2015].

In this presentation, the advantages and challenges of this technique over the traditional spacecraft to Earth occultation measurements, the plans for conducting these experiments with Mars Express and the Trace Gas Orbiter, and the envisaged data processing technique will be briefly reviewed.

Before the data becomes available, and in order to prepare the data processing, a simulation-based strategy has been adopted to implement an algorithm able to retrieve vertical electron density profiles from Doppler shift measurements. More specifically, as a first step, simulated spacecraft orbits are calculated and a Chapman function is used to obtain the electron density of the Martian ionosphere. Subsequently, a numerical 3D ray-tracing algorithm [Kashcheyev et al., 2012] is applied to compute ray trajectories in the presence of the ionosphere and the relevant Doppler shift time series corresponding to the simulated radio occultation event. Then, assuming a spherical symmetry [Fjeldbo et al., 1971] for the ionosphere electron density, the (excess) Doppler data are converted to bending angles and impact parameters. Finally, the bending angle profile is inverted (through Abel integral) to a vertical refractivity profile, which, in turn, provides information about the ionospheric electron density.

For completeness, the simulation described above has been carried out with an exponential refractivity function defining the neutral atmosphere alone and with both the Chapman and the exponential refractivity functions to simulate the whole atmosphere of Mars.

The first results obtained by means of the mentioned approaches will be presented, with particular focus on the retrieval of the ionospheric electron density profiles.

References

Ao, C. O., C. D. Edwards Jr., D. S. Kahan, X. Pi, S. W. Asmar, and A. J. Mannucci (2015), A first demonstration of Mars crosslink occultation measurements, Radio Sci., 50, 997–1007, doi:10.1002/2015RS005750.

Fjeldbo, G., A. J. Kliore, and V. R. Eshleman (1971), The neutral atmosphere of Venus as studied with the Mariner V radio occultation experiments, Astron. J., 76, 123–140.

Kashcheyev, A., B. Nava, and S. M. Radicella (2012), Estimation of higher-order ionospheric errors in GNSS positioning using a realistic 3-D electron density model, Radio Sci., 47, RS4008, doi:10.1029/2011RS004976


Poe's homage to beautiful dead women accompanies his discussion of the nuts and bolts of poetic composition. From his perspective, women oblige male poets by dying and being brought back to life via their creative vision. One might wonder why it is that women are best able to inspire poetry when they are dead. I begin with Poe's observation because, in addition to positing a rationale for poetic inspiration, it suggests a particular mechanics of observation, one that renders women passive recipients of male gazing. Scopophilia, or pleasure in looking, would thus seem to require female passivity, even death. In order to analyze how pleasure and power infuse economies of gazing, this essay reads Aphra Behn's Oroonoko (1688) as an adaptation of Shakespeare's Othello (1604). Both texts are obsessed with the problem of knowing, and this shared concern leads to their respective interrogations of visual transactions. Especially when the knowledge-quests manifested in Othello and Oroonoko are placed side by side, they offer evidence of a modern-making epistemological shift that is grounded in issues of seeing and being seen. Othello anticipates Poe by suggesting that gazing is a masculine privilege and prerogative. Oroonoko provides the perfect means of testing this assumption, as its female narrator calls attention to her roles as spectator and as storyteller. In what follows I consider whether the scopophilic drive evident in Shakespeare's play is transformed via the female narrator's insistent knowledge-making efforts in Behn's novel. Literature Interpretation Theory, 14: 99–117, 2003 Copyright # 2003 Taylor & Francis 1043-6928/03 $12.00 +.00 DOI: 10.1080/10436920390215357


COVID-19 may predispose to both venous and arterial thromboembolic disease due to excessive inflammation, hypoxia, and immobilization. Remarkably, thrombotic complications have hardly been described. We describe a patient with severe pneumonia, COVID-19 correlated, who developed a presumable and rare form of thromboangioiitis with cerebrovascular thrombotic complication and neurological symptoms, in absence of other cardio-vascular risk factor. Significant inflammation is present in our patient, which may explain more dramatic activation of coagulation and arterial endothelium vessels damage. The probable mechanism of this cardiovascular injury may be a direct effect of coronavirus related to Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2-r). The exact mechanisms by which COVID-19 induced hypercoagulability remain incompletely elucidated and more research are necessary.


Caltech and JPL collaborate on a new infrared telescope in space that will change the way we see the universe. Here's a first peek.


To characterize the electrostatic hazards of lead styphnate(LTNR),the static electricity accumulation and electrostatic spark sensitivity are tested.5 kinds of flumes with different lengths and slanting angles made of stainless steel,aluminum,fabroil,conductive rubber and shellac painted kraft are used to test the flowing time and static electricity accumulation of LTNR.The friction coefficients between LTNR and various flumes are calculated.The quantitative relation between the static electricity accumulation and the length and slanting angle of flume is investigated,and the linear and quadratic equations are obtained.The effects of slip velocity and friction on the static electricity accumulation of LTNR are studied,and the binary linear regression equations are obtained.Furthermore,the electrostatic spark sensitivity of LTNR is tested with various capacitances,resistances and electrode gaps.The result shows that the test condition has an significant effect on electrostatic spark sensitivity which increases with the increase in electrode gap.


The developing constitutional government with the core of constitution is the most successful system innovation made by USA,andi s the system foundation for every development.Analyzing the thought foundation of American constitutional government is helpful in exploringt he mystery of success of American constitutional government.Generally speaking,the thought foundation of American constitution includesP rotestantism thought,thought of being governed by law,people-sovereignty thought,and power-decentralization and so on.Combined action ofm any factors formed the unique model of American constitutional government.


Describes the outcome of a pilot study in which a number of hotel managers were interviewed at length in order to ascertain their understanding of "communications and social skills". The objective was to investigate how these skills might be taught effectively by educators through the medium of tailor‐made courses within colleges and universities. Analyses managers′ perceptions in order to investigate the possibilities of producing "customer‐led" courses, the customer in this respect being the employers; and then discusses these perceptions in terms of their consequences for educators.


SUMMARY The purpose of this report is to provide members of the Advisory Committee on LongTerm Care Homes and Services with a copy of the minutes of Castleview Wychwood Towers Home Advisory Committee meeting, for their information.


Five sexually mature male--beagles were injected with 0. 5 ml 10% zinc arginine into eachepididymis from caude to head. Two months later, the dogs were killed for .pathologicalchecking. It was found there were no lesions in the main live organs, but the spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules and the spermatic maturity in epididymides were influenced.Sperms in the cauda epididymides were decreased to a minimum and most of them became deteriorative. The immunohistochemical staining showed that many immuno--complexes weredeposited in the interstitial tissues of epithelium of epididymides, cauda epididymides andtestes. The results indicated that the role of sterilization with cauda epididymal injection ofzinc arginine was affirmative and the resulting anti--sperm antibodies and immuno--complexeswere only injurious to the function of epididymis, testes and fertility, but not to the mainlive organs of the body.


For many years virtual reality has been associated with science fiction, fantasy, and entertainment. On the fictional starship Enterprise, the crew uses the Holodeck to learn and experiment with new concepts in a "natural" way. Have we, in reality, reached a stage where virtual reality environments can be put to use for "real work" applications? This article will take you on a basic tour of virtual reality technologies and introduce a novel approach where virtual reality is used as an environment for interactive visual data mining. Our research goal is to use virtual reality technology to enable users to increase the amount of information that can be extracted from databases. The extracted information is presented in a manner that takes advantage of the human visual system, which is unrivaled as a processor of spatial data and as a pattern recognizer. We present information in the form of 3D geometric objects in an Immersed Virtual Environment (IVE), where the user learns concepts by walking, flying and interacting with the objects making up the virtual world.


A total of 64 references to papers, books and conference proceedings on the subject of software reliability have been selected. Each of these references is provided with an annotation consisting of a paragraph of commentary. Sections of the bibliography are devoted to requirements definition, programming methodology, certification, fault‐tolerance and reliability modelling.


This project aimed to obtain a set of fluorescent nucleoside analogues that closely resemble cytosine with extending the aromatic surface (extended conjugation) for enhance the photophysical properties. In addition to synthesize new fluorescent nucleoside analogues and evaluate their photophysical properties, this project aimed to understand the effects of donor substituent on the tC photophysical properties. The main goal of these studies is to develop highly fluorescent nucleotide analogues. We first were looking to synthesize tC fluorescent nucleotide with the pyrimido[4,5-b]quinolone. In this part, 2-chloro-3formylquinoline was easily prepared, yet the cyclization of 2-chloro-3formylquinoline with urea or guanidine HCl was the most challenging that faced us. However, we have synthesized 2-amino [4,5-b]quinoline-one ring tC under super dry reaction conditions in <10% yield. The second goal was synthesizing new modified fluorescent nucleoside derivatives of tricyclic cytidine, which structurally mimics natural cytidine, and evaluates the photophysical properties of the new fluorescent tC nucleoside to understand the affects of the donor substituent, OCH3, group on tC. In this part, we have reported new tC nucleoside derivatives with


The magnetic and conductive properties of polycrystalline La 0.5 Pb 0.5 MnO 3 containing ∼13at.% of a second phase Pb 3 Mn 6 O 13 , were investigated. The studies reported include measurements of magnetization. electrical resistivity and magnetoresistance, in a temperature range 10 ÷400 K and at applied magnetic fields up to 5 Tesla. It was found that the sample exhibits a ferromagnetic ordering with relatively low coercive field at room temperature. Measurements of field-cooled and reversed-field-cooled magnetization support models of coexisting magnetic phases in ferromagnetic La-based manganites. The resistivity measured exhibits a maximum at ∼ 230 K and a broad shallow minimum at ∼ 20÷25 K. These features are also attributed to the temperature dependence of the magnetic inhomogeneities. Measurements of magnetoresistance show a characteristic giant effect at low temperatures.


In this paper, a comparative analysis of walking patterns during different cognitive states is conducted, followed by the classification of our database into Fallers and Non-fallers; by Fallers we describe subjects with repeated falling history. Vertical Ground Reaction Forces (VGRF) acquired from underneath the heel and toes of both feet are processed and analyzed for that endeavor. The subjects underwent three levels of tasks: 1) Single task: Walking at self-selected-speed (MS), 2) Dual task: Walking while performing a verbal fluency task (MF) and 3) Complex Dual task: Walking while counting backwards (MD).The ultimate objective of our research is fall prediction among the elderly by characterizing the variation of time-domain feature of Gait signals. For that, walking VGRF is analyzed and tested for the existence of indicators of the effect of dual task on subject falling susceptibility, whether parametric or pattern-wise analysis. As a result to our work, dual task in Fallers VGRF signals were recognized at 74% while at those non-fallers were recognized at 85%. Most importantly, subjects with history of fall have shown more potential to change the way they walk while performing mathematical cognitive task.


The aim of this study was twofold: first to ascertain the amount of difficulty reported to be experienced by subjects communicating assertive mes-sages through different media (letter, telephone, face-to-face) and secondly to investigate the role of individual differences (assertiveness itself and fear of punishment) in the difficulty of communication. With few exceptions the subjects found the communication of specific assertiveness messages by letter least diffi-cult and face-to-face most difficult. The two individual difference variables produced a number of significant main effects (individual differences, media), but almost no interaction effects. Results are discussed in terms of the measurement and training of assertiveness as well as the social psychology of telecommunications.


Genital Candidiasis in Man, a Little-known Venereal Disease. (La candidose genitale de l'homme, maladie venerienne meconnue.) RIMBAUD, P., and Rioux, J. A. (1958). Montpellier med., 53, 757. 1 fig. Describing a form of primary genital candidiasis which has been observed with increasing frequency in young adults, the authors state that Candida albicans is found in some 20 to 30 per cent. of healthy persons. A description is given of recent methods of isolation and identification of this fungus, which is usually considered to be "an organism of opportunity", that is, it profits by biological disturbance of the tissues, as in endocrine dysfunction or after treatment with antibiotics. In the condition now described vulvo-vaginal infection is usually the first part of an epidemiological cycle. Thus in certain conditions, and especially after antibiotic therapy, the drug-resistant strains of Candida tend to flourish as the drug sensitive micro-organisms are killed off. Also, a natural increase in the virulence of the fungus may occur, so that from being formerly mainly saprophytic it now becomes pathogenic; this change is very commonly observed in the female genital tract. The authors then describe typical clinical cases of balanoposthitis, eczema genitalis, and vulvitis, in all of which itching was a prominent symptom. Suspicion was aroused by a history of a similar condition in the sexual consort or of previous treatment with antibiotics, given either locally or parenterally. Microscopical examination and culture of the exudate confirmed the diagnosis in these cases. The treatment advised for males is application of an ointment containing nystatin, for females the use of vaginal pessaries of nystatin combined with oral treatment with this drug. The authors stress that it is important to treat both partners simultaneously, to avoid so-called "ping-pong" reinfection, and to observe the patients for at least a week for signs of recurrence or reinfection. Robert Lees


285 Background: Blockade of T cell co-inhibitory receptor CTLA-4 with a monoclonal antibody, Ipilimumab (BMS), has led to augmented anti-tumor immune responses, clinical benefit, and FDA approval of Ipilimumab for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Only a subset of patients benefit from anti-CTLA-4 therapy. In order to identify genes, microRNAs, and signaling pathways that are modulated by anti-CTLA-4, which may be used for potential correlation with clinical outcomes or provide additional targets for therapy, we purified and analyzed CD4+ T cells from patients treated with anti-CTLA-4 for changes in gene and microRNA expression profiles.

METHODS
On an IRB-approved Phase Ia presurgical clinical trial, 6 patients with localized bladder cancer were treated with two doses of Ipilimumab at 10 mg/kg at weeks 1 and 4. Pre-therapy and post-therapy blood samples were collected for CD4+ T cell enrichment by using the T cell isolation kit from Miltenyi Biotec (Auburn, CA). RNA and microRNA were isolated from purified CD4+ T cells using Qiagen RNA isolation kits for Affymetrix microarray and micoRNA array analyses. Microarray data were then analyzed using Ingenuity iReport (Redwood City, CA). RT-PCR and Western blot were used to confirm significant changes in genes or pathways identified in microarray analyses.

RESULTS
Ipilimumab treatment resulted in modulation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). After two doses of treatment, Ipilimumab significantly changed expression of a total of 289 DEGs. Further pathway analyses indicated that Ipilimumab induced a variety of pathways involved in cell proliferation and immune modulation, including PI3K/AKT, MAP/ERK, and IFN/JAK-STAT pathways. We have also identified 9 microRNAs that potentially regulate the expression of genes changed by anti-CTLA-4 therapy.

CONCLUSIONS
Ipilimumab treatment results in modulation of multiple genes, microRNAs, and pathways, which likely play important roles in anti-tumor immune responses. We are currently testing a number of these identified genes and microRNAs as potential predictive biomarkers for anti-CTLA-4 therapy in a small cohort of patients who had complete response vs. progression of disease after anti-CTLA-4 therapy.


Classifying multi-class pattern plays an important role in grouping of records in database systems, detection of faults in the VLSI circuits and so on. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for the construction of multi-class pattern classifier with minimum memory capacity using MACA(Multiple Attractor Cellular Automata) and the subspace concept for given multi-class patterns.


This book is intended as a practical guide for novice clinical supervisors and supervisees, for more experienced participants who possibly feel that they have lost their way, and for those who wish to 'bring their supervisory experience to a satisfactory conclusion' (p. 2). It is also intended to encourage nurses to think about the benefits of clinical supervision and its 'potential pitfalls' (p. 3). These aims are each inherently laudable. They are also timely, even though the case may not yet have been universally made for the investment of resources in clinical supervision. The chapter headings/sequence/content are designed broadly to reflect the journey that the novice supervisor/supervisee would take, starting with an examination and debunking of common misconceptions about clinical supervision in Chapter 1, and proceeding to: an understanding of clinical supervision as a discipline in its own right (Chapter 2); a review of the preliminary practical questions (Chapter 3); (in part) a review of what is involved in the first supervisory session (Chapter 5); a review, in effect, of what can go wrong after the honeymoon period is over (Chapter 7); and, finally, how the supervisory experience can be brought to a satisfactory conclusion (Chapter 8). This is the basic scheme of the book, with Chapters 4 ('Communicating in clinical supervision') and 6 ('Finding a solution by knowing how to look for the problem') together dealing with the actual mechanics/dynamics of the clinical supervision process itself. Thus, Chapter 4 begins with a basic account of communication theory and practice, certain aspects of which are specifically related to the clinical supervision context. The focus then successively shifts to what are some of the key parts of the whole book: nonverbal communication; verbal interaction (the analysis being based on an adaptation of Lieberman and Cobb's 'micro-skills'1); and giving and receiving feedback. This chapter also contains one of the key tables in the book: 'Table 4.2: Various types of statements for use by clinical supervisors' (pp. 87–94). Chapter 6 contains 'a framework for supervisory intervention' (pp. 140–71). The author sees 'this particular supervision framework as a way of easily compartmentalising the crucial elements of the supervision process in terms of what is being considered at any given time' (pp. 143–44). Chapters 6, 7 and 8 are linked by a progressive consideration of the six stages of supervisee development, from stage 1, 'Excitement and anticipatory anxiety' (p. 136), through to stage 6, 'Calm and collegiality' (p. 210). The layout of the book is somewhat untidy, in particular because of the 546 Book reviews


Aim: To determine the nutritional status of children under five-years of age, the factors related to it and the degree of malnutrition. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration: In the department of Paediatrics, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar for the duration of six months from July, 2021 to Dec, 2021. Methods: Using a non-probability-based convenient sampling technique, approximately 130 children under the age of five were selected. The nutritional status and physical development of children was assessed with simple anthropometric technique. A partially pre-tested organised survey form was given to collect the data by face-to-face interviews with the mothers of the children. SPSS version 22.0 was applied for data collection and to estimate percentages and numbers. Results: Of 130 children, 80(61.5%) were male and 50(38.5%) were female. According to the classification of Gómez's, 102 children had Malnutrition out of 130 children; 55 (42.3%) had grade I, and 24 (18.5%) had grade II and 23 (17.7%) had grade III malnutrition. Of 80 children, 32.3% had mild stunned growth, 16.9% moderate stunned growth, and 12.3% severe stunned growth. When status of immunization was calculated, 32 (24.6%) were nonimmunized, partially immunization was seen in 65 (50%) children and fully immunization in 33 (25.4%) cases. Of the 98 uneducated mothers, 60(63.2%) had malnourished children, 70(71.4%) had Kwashiorkor, and 28(28.6) had marasmus. Of 130 children, 90 were breastfed and children on bottle-fed were 40. Conclusions: The malnutrition rate was augmented among children <5 years of age (78.6%) due to inadequate eating habits. Accompanying influences were insufficient immunization and illiterate mothers. The education regarding health counting adequate weaning, exclusive breastfeeding, family planning and routine immunization via schedule of EPI should be encouraged. Keywords: Nutritional status, Child, Risk factors, Protein and Energy malnutrition.


The VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc Network) is a collection of mobile nodes forming a temporary network on variable topology, operating without base station and without centralized administration. The characteristics of VANET network that distinguishes it from other ad hoc networks, such as high mobility and communication with the infrastructure to support security or comfort applications, have prompted researchers to develop models and mobility-specific protocols[1] [2]. The main goal of our work is firstly to integrate the alerts functionality to LEACH protocol by developing five procedures that will ensure the following features: - Event point detection - Search close neighbors - Sending of messages to nearby neighbors - Communications From vehicles to infrastructure - Communications From infrastructure to vehicles The second goal is to examine the impact of varying density on the number of received packets, sent packets and average delay. The results of our work show that our proposed algorithm is reliable in view of the number of packets sent / received and of the low average delay.


Abstract Past research suggests that African American clients in need of mental health services are less likely to be properly diagnosed and receive appropriate treatment compared to White Americans. It has been further suggested that this may be even a greater problem for those who are both African American and female. In the current study, 2 groups of hospitalized clinically depressed females (92 African American females; 99 White females) were administered the Self-Esteem Rating Scale, Internal Control Index, and Suicide Risk Scale. Results indicated more similarities than differences between the two groups. For instance, there were no differences in locus of control or suicide risk between groups. In addition, although there were differences in self-esteem between groups, self-esteem was the best predictor of suicide risk within groups (White, R2 =42%; African American, R2 = 19%). African American females possessed higher self-esteem than White females (p = .05). For African American females age and self-esteem were positively correlated (r = .27, p =.01). Clinically depressed females could benefit from treatment focusing on improving self-esteem within a context of multicultural sensitivity.


Numerous studies have proven that cereal and pseudo cereal could be a great source of
polyphenols that help to prevent different lifestyle diseases like hyperlipidemia. The
ethnographic survey represents production, uses and consumption of cereal in Bangladesh
due to well-developed agronomy. On the other hand pseudo cereal (buckwheat, quinoa,
amaranth and chia) production, consumption and research actions are limited. This study
aimed to conduct an ethno-graphic survey of local cereals and pseudo grains will provide
the knowledge and current information of their availability and uses in Bangladesh for
advance research. A qualitative, inductive, exploratory and longitudinal study was
conducted. Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS) and Bangladesh
integrated Household Survey (BIHS) investigated that people intake maximum 459 g and
33.5 g per capita rice and wheat in National level. Approximately 85% of black rice, 80%
of red rice and 99% of buckwheat were sold by local producers, identified by focus group
discussion. On the other hand 100% of experimental quinoa and chia production were
used for research purpose. Serious studies on Buckwheat, chia, millets, oat and sorghum
are conducting for their excellent nutritional value. The government of Bangladesh
conducted various developmental, agricultural, food and nutrition security programs
which indicate a positive social and political impact on the farming system. In spite of
having Governmental support, good agricultural practices, huge health and agro-economic
benefits, pseudo cereal production, distribution, use and consumption data are very scanty
in Bangladesh compared to other cereals.


Particle impact wad repeated on SiC ceramics and the results were compared with the case of single particle impact. A SiC or steel particle was accelerated to impact a SiC specimen repeatedly by an air gun with a time interval of 2 seconds. Ring cracks were overlapped with each other on the surface of the specimen by the repetition of particle impact. Chippings were initiated at the over-lapped points of ring cracks after the accumulated damage reached a critical value. The relation between chipping initiation life and impact velocity expressed by an inverse power law. The residual strength of the specimen was evaluated by a four-point bending test after the particle impact experiment, and it was degraded with the increase of impact velocity and of repeated numbers. However, the degradation was saturated in a comparatively small repetition. No more degradation in residual strength could be seen, even though the small parts were broken off due to chipping. The erosion rate under repetition of particle impact was expressed by a power function of impact velocity with the exponent of 3.2.


This article, by means of a theoretical discussion, proposes a reflection on the historical and conceptual evolution of health promotion, and presents the interdisciplinarity, its limits and possibilities, as the main instrument for a change in the actual health care model into another one, that might approach health questions in an integral way.


During the course of preparing the paper, however, we found that although there is growing interest in nonwood fibers, the pulp and paper industry as a whole is reluctant to embrace the use of nonwood fibers for a variety of reasons. Given this realization, we decided to address some of the key concerns expressed by the industry in relation to the potential use of nonwood plant fibers by North American pulp and paper mills.


Asmundson, G. J. G., Norton, P. J., & Norton, G. R. (1999). Beyond pain: The role of fear and avoidance in chronicity. Clinical Psychological Review, 19(1), 97–119. https://doi .org/10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00034-8 Brown, N. J., Mannix, R. C., O'Brien, M. J., Gostine, D., Collins, M. W., & Meehan, W. P. (2014). Effect of cognitive activity level on duration of post-concussion symptoms. Pediatrics, 133(2), e299–e304. https://doi.org/10.1542/ peds.2013-2125 Buckley, T. A., Munkasy, B. A., Clouse, B. P., & Evans, K. M. (2017). Acute rest does not predict symptom recovery in collegiate student athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(11), A84–A84. Gibson, S., Nigrovic, L. E., O'Brien, M., & Meehan, W. P. (2013). The effect of recommending cognitive rest on recovery from sport-related concussion. Brain Injury, 27(7–8), 839–842. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2013.775494 Gioia, G. A., Vaughan, C., Reesman, J., et al. (2010). Characterizing post-concussion exertional effects in the child and adolescent. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16(Suppl. 1), 178. Lundine, J. (Ed.). (2020). Current perspectives on speechlanguage pathology and pediatric traumatic brain injury. Seminars in Speech and Language, 41(2). Majerske, C. W., Mihalik, J. P., Ren, D., Collins, M. W., Reddy, C. C., Lovell, M. R., & Wagner, A. K. (2008). Concussion in sports: Postconcussive activity levels, symptoms, and neurocognitive performance. Journal of Athletic Training, 43(3), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.3.265 McCrory, P., Meeuwisse, W., Dvorak, J., Aubry, M., Bailes, J., Broglio, S., . . . Vos, P. E. (2017). Consensus statement on concussion in sport—The 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(11), 836–847. https://doi. org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097699 Moor, H. M., Eisenhauer, R. C., Killian, K. D., Proudfoot, N., Henriques, A. A., Congeni, J. A., & Reneker, J. C. (2015). The relationship between adherence behaviors and recovery time in adolescents after a sports-related concussion: An observational study. International Journal of Sports & Physical Therapy, 10(2), 225–233. O'Brien, K.H. (2020). Overcoming knowledge barriers for inclusion of school-based speech-language pathologists in the management of students with mild traumatic brain injury. Seminars in Speech and Language, 41(2), 195-207. Partridge, B. (2014). Dazed and confused: Sports medicine, conflicts of interest, and concussion management. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 11(1), 65–7427. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11673-013-9491-2 Philips, H. C. (1987). Avoidance behaviour and its role in sustaining chronic pain. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25(4), 273–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(87)90005-2 Salvatore, A. P. (Ed.) (2019). Concussions: Interdisciplinary management. Seminars in Speech and Language, 40(1), 1–2. Schatz, P., Moser, R. S., Covassin, T., & Karpf, R. (2011). Early indicators of enduring symptoms in high school athletes with multiple previous concussions. Neurosurgery, 68(6), 1562– 1567. https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0b013e31820e382e Schnabel, M., Ferrari, R., Vassiliou, T., & Kaluza, G. (2004). Randomised, controlled outcome study of active mobilisation compared with collar therapy for whiplash injury. Emergency Medical Journal, 21(3), 306–310. https://doi .org/10.1136/emj.2003.010165 Teasell, R. W., McClure, J. A., Walton, D., Pretty, J., Salter, K., Meyer, M., . . . Death, B. (2010). A research synthesis of therapeutic interventions for whiplash-associated disorder (WAD): Part 2—interventions for acute WAD. Pain Research Management, 15(5), 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/640164


Supersonic flow of Bose–Einstein condensate past macroscopic obstacles is studied theoretically. It is shown that in the case of larg the Cherenkov cone transforms into a stationary spatial shock wave which consists of a number of spatial dark solitons. Analytica developed for the case of obstacles having a form of a slender body. This theory explains qualitatively the properties of such shocks o recent experiments on nonlinear dynamics of condensates of dilute alkali gases.  2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


Introduction: Nursing profession and professional organizations in Iran are relatively young and nursing promotion and empowerment is in relation with nurses' commitment. Providing the strategies for leading nurses to act more in professional ways is one of the priorities of nursing activities. This study aims to define Iranian clinical nurses' opinion on their professional commitment. Method: A qualitative content analysis approach was used. The sampling process was initiated with purposive sampling and continued with theoretical sampling. The data gathered through semi-structured interviews. Data gathered in 14 month and 28 interviews had been done. The qualitative data obtained from comprehensive interviews were analyzed and interpreted by content analysis method. Results: In this research three main themes were obtained: "Meaning of professional commitment", "facilitating factors in professional commitment", and "obstacles to professional commitment". Conclusion: Nurses commitment to their profession depends on their reception for the career. Factors leading to obligatory will due to no commitment; an inside acceptance would be accompanied by a commitment and responsibility to the career. The professional organizations are recognized for promotion and training of nurses' commitment. Nursing managers have the most important role in promotion of professional commitment. More studies on formation of professional commitment is


The paper is devoted to development and integration of the dynamic method of bandwidth management in service (control) communication channels for non-stationary objects. Polar codes (PC) were chosen as a scheme to combat interference in communication channels. Firstly, polar codes allow us to achieve the asymptotically possible bandwidth of a binary channel without memory. Secondly, they have the opportunity to freely choose the required code distance within the framework of the Hamming metric. The Bhattacharyya distance (BD) is used to provide the second advantage. This is a universal mechanism for determining the weight of a matrix row in a common generating matrix for the subsequent allocation of the most "strong/significant" matrix rows and the construction of any code vectors. It is important to note that the paper does not use the classical scheme for determining the likelihood ratio logarithm (LLR) but a modified one. For this purpose, there are used properties of the erasing communication channel (a wide erasure interval), integer values of the likelihood ratio logarithm to minimize computational costs (leveling time delays) and the assumption that the scope of variation changes quasi-linearly in the case of mathematical expectation. The paper describes the switching modes and the mechanism of bandwidth management that is determined by the tasks facing the designer and the operator of the communication system. Simulation was performed on FPGA Xilinx Artix-7 XC7A100T.


Considering the nuclear reactions which involve specific features at certain regions of the x-Bjorken variable which was first observed by the EMC group, we indicate that the parton distributions in nuclei are not simply as the parton densities in nucleons. In addition to the most commonly analyzed data sets for deep-inelastic scattering of charged leptons off nuclei, we also analyze the Drell-Yan dilepton production. We investigate parametrizations of nuclear parton distributions at the next-to-leading order (NLO) of αs. Finally, optimum nuclear structure functions are determined by a χ2 analysis of experimental data for the nuclear structure function F2A/F2A′ and Drell-Yan cross-section ratios. The related uncertainties are estimated by the Hessian method. Our results are in good agreement with the available experimental data and better than the results of some other fitting parametrization methods.


Multiple sequence alignment is a central topic of extensive research in computational biology. Basically, two or more protein sequences are compared to evaluate their similarity and to identify conserved regions. This work reports a methodology for parallel processing of a multiple sequence alignment algorithm (ClustalW) in an environment of networked computers. A detailed description of the modules that compose the distributed system is provided, giving special attention to the way a dynamic programming algorithm is run in multilevel parallelism. Extensive experiments were done to evaluate performance and scalability of the reported method. Results suggest that the proposed method is very promising for large-scale multiple protein sequence alignment.


Abstract : A scheme utilizing a temperature probe immersed in the working fluid to compensate for the dependence of hot-wire velocity calibration on ambient temperature variations was analyzed. One needs only to know the properties of the anemometer bridge and the velocity and temperature probes to achieve the compensation. Hence the scheme provides means for incorporating the temperature compensation a priori to conducting the experiments without any need for temperature calibration.


BACKGROUND
Paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2 (PITX2) is another new marker in breast carcinoma since hypermethylation at P2 promoter of this gene was noted to be associated with poor prognosis. We investigated the expression of PITX2 protein using immunohistochemistry in invasive ductal carcinoma and its association with the established growth receptors such as estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth receptor 2 (HER2).

METHODS
We conducted a cross sectional study using 100 samples of archived formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of invasive ductal carcinoma and stained them with immunohistochemistry for PITX2, ER, PR and HER2. All HER2 with scoring of 2+ were confirmed with chromogenic in-situ hybridization (CISH).

RESULTS
PITX2 protein was expressed in 53% of invasive ductal carcinoma and lack of PITX2 expression in 47%. Univariate analysis revealed a significant association between PITX2 expression with PR (p=0.001), ER (p=0.006), gland formation (p=0.044) and marginal association with molecular subtypes of breast carcinoma (p=0.051). Combined ER and PR expression with PITX2 was also significantly associated (p=0.003) especially in double positive cases. Multivariate analysis showed the most significant association between PITX2 and PR (RR 4.105, 95% CI 1.765-9.547, p=0.001).

CONCLUSION
PITX2 is another potential prognostic marker in breast carcinoma adding significant information to established prognostic factors of ER and PR. The expression of PITX2 together with PR may carry a very good prognosis.


Results of Fourier transform photoluminescence (FTPL), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Raman spectroscopy, and photoreflectance (PR) nondestructive characterization measurements of In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on semi-insulating InP:Fe substates are presented. FTPL identified recombination processes at low and room temperature and carrier types of InGaAs films through correlation of 4.2 K and 293 K PL emissions. XRD measurements determine the extent of film relaxation and the composition. The strained nature of the InGaAs films is suggested by the correlation of low temperature PL bandgap energy and XRD composition. GaAs-like LO and TO modes and an InAs-like LO mode are identified by Raman scattering. Room temperature PR and PL bandgap energies show correlation within experimental error.<<ETX>>


The Capital Development Board of the State of Illinois hereby gives notice of a Special Board Meeting to be held at 10:30 a.m., Monday, August 29, 2011. This meeting will be held via video conference at the Springfield and Chicago offices of the Capital Development Board. The agenda will consist of the Selection of an expert, which will assist in the calculation of a range of capital, as well as operations and maintenance, costs that it believes would be reasonable for the clean coal SNG brownfield facility to recover under the sourcing agreement. The selection will be made in accordance with Public Act 97-0096 as well as the August 9, 2011 Board Resolution and any other matter as may be agreed to by the board.


We consider a model for
 grain boundary motion with constraint. In composite material science
 it is very important to investigate the grain boundary formation and its dynamics.
 In this paper we study a phase-filed model of grain boundaries,
 which is a modified version of the one proposed by R. Kobayashi, J.A. Warren
 and W.C. Carter [18]. The model
 is described as a system of a nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation
 and a nonlinear parabolic variational inequality.
 The main objective of this paper is to show
 the global existence of a solution for our model, employing some subdifferential
 techniques in the convex analysis.


Abstract Organochlorine contaminants (HCHs, DDTs and PCBs) in the muscle tissues of 12 bird species collected from Vellar River watershed areas (S. India) were determined. the accumulation pattern of organochlorine residues in birds of different feeding groups for HCHs and PCBs was: scavengers > inland piscivores > coastal piscivores > insectivores. the pattern for DDTs was: coastal piscivores > scavengers > insectivores > inland piscivores. Scavengers accumulated all the three organochlorines to a higher degree than the other groups of birds. Marked variations in the accumulation pattern by different species and individuals of birds to the same and different organochlorine residues were observed. the differences in the accumulation pattern of residues in different species of birds with similar feeding habits could be attributed to different feeding areas and because migrants are exposed to contaminants in different geographical locations. HCH residues were generally found in higher concentrations than DD...


The public arguments for and against women in the military and in combat are numerous, well-worn, and readily accessible in congressional testimony, books, and articles. But the laundry list of arguments does not necessarily tell us much about how military men actually make sense to themselves of their own experiences and opinions, or the ways that they frame their feelings about the issue. Drawing on in-depth interviews with military officers, this article describes and analyzes a dominant form in which male officers frame their opposition to women in the military, the "PT (physical training) protest," a variant of "standards discourse." Having different physical training standards for men and women is seen as special treatment for women, lowering standards for women, and/or evidence that women cannot cut it in the military. Although standards discourse invokes an apparently "objective" and neutral ideology that links equal status with same standards, the author shows that the discursive context in which male officers utter the PT protest reveals strong feelings of loss and anger about changes in the way the organization is gendered.


The purpose is to study respiratory function in isolated use of trimeperidine and as a part of a combined formulation in various doses in a model of experimental blast trauma. Methods. Experiments were carried out in a model of white non-linear male rats weighing 200‒240 g. The substance of trimeperidine and dexmedetomidine was used as analgetics. To study the influence of analgesic combination on respiration characteristics following traumatic shock the drugs were injected intramuscularly 15 min following trauma modelling. Doses if trimeperidine in monotherapy were 1,7 (1 ED99) and 13,6 mg/kg (8 ED99) and in combination - 0,574 (1 ED99) and 4,592 (8 ED99) with 2,8 и 22,4 mg/kg of dexmedetomidine respectively. The control group got saline. In dynamics the respiratory function of animals was registered as well as respiratory rate and volume which were also recorded before trauma (background), immediately following injury and 15, 30 min, 1, 2 and 24 hour following analgetics administration. The dynamics of oxygen saturation in blood (SpO2) and heart rate were also studied. Data registration was carried out in time-limits similar to study of respiration function 10‒15 sec following pulse wave stabilization. The original model of blast trauma was used in this research. It allows having both extensive injuries of soft tissues in laboratory animals as well as general commotiocontusionale syndrome. Results. It was shown that blast trauma leads to an increase of volume of breath per minute due to rapid rate decrease with simultaneous retention of level of respiratory volume. The administration of trimeperidine in maximum daily dose induces 5-fold reduction of volume of breath per minute in comparison with controls. The injection of the drug was accompanied by the development of an acute respiratory failure (III degree) in majority of animals and death of the half of the group. The application of combined analgesic formulations allows decreasing a dose of narcotic analgetics and enhancing safety of analgesic aid in a system of medical-evacuation measures. Conclusion. The application of experimental combined analgesic combination of trimeperidine and dexmedetomidine enables to preserve minute lung volume parameters mainly due to retention of respiratory movement rate; it also inhibits the progression of arterial hypoxemia and prevents from death of the animals.


Electrowetting beam steering using prism refraction and mirror reflection is presented. Electrowetting at the sidewalls of a square liquid channel is able to tilt prism or mirror apex angles over +/- 55deg.


The decision making process is a phenomenon which is hard to track using the standard signal averaging methods such as peri-event time histograms (PETHs). Indeed, even if the sequence of the events is controlled during a behavioural task, the inter-event interval duration remains highly variable. We have developed a novel temporal normalization method such that PETHs can be mapped across all events of a task trial and compared from neuron to neuron and from session to session. We use it to analyze the whole trial PETHs of recorded striatum and GPi neurons in behaving monkeys during a centre-out motor task. We then focus on the decision phase of the task and show that some of these neurons exhibit tuning curves associating their average firing rate to preferential choice or cue signal values. These coding neurons provide more information about the context than about the choice. We also show that the GPi neurons recorded during the decision phase contained more information about the context and choice combination than striatal neurons.


Nucleosides and their analogs possess several pharmacological activities, so that many strategies have been developed in order to prepare these compounds. The chemical synthesis of these labile and polyfunctional molecules is very complex because many protection–deprotection steps are involved in their preparation. In this sense, biocatalyzed synthesis of nucleosides using either whole cells or enzymes is a greener alternative to conventional methodologies; not only are the number of synthetic steps reduced, but also the waste production is minimized, while the required solvents are environment-friendly.

Some new enzymes, showing different specificities, have become available in recent years. In fact, advances in fermentation, purification, and immobilization techniques have resulted in the production of more stable biocatalysts at significantly reduced cost. Automated screening, new metagenomic techniques, directed evolution, and metabolic engineering have led to the production of novel customized industrial enzymes. For those reasons, there are a large number of patents in Europe and United States of America that are related to these advances. In the present review, we describe many examples used at laboratory scale, and some industrial applications that are not that extensively implemented now will also be commented on. Nevertheless, new scientific developments promise to overcome these drawbacks in the near future.

Keywords:

nucleoside synthesis;
nucleoside phosphorylases;
N-deoxyribosyltransferases;
biotransformations;
enzyme-catalyzed reactions


Significance Originally regarded as invariant messenger RNA (mRNA)-decoding machines, ribosomes and ribosomal proteins (RPs) can regulate gene expression. Specific host RPs can also facilitate translation of mRNAs encoded by select viruses. Compared to uninfected cells or cells infected with other DNA viruses, we unexpectedly found that protein synthesis in herpes simplex virus-1–infected cells was far less sensitive to specific RP insufficiency induced by individually depleting core RPs and paralogs. A single virus-encoded gene product, VP22, enabled infected cell protein synthesis and virus replication to proceed despite representative RP depletion. In addition, VP22 cosedimented with initiating and elongating ribosomes. This identifies an unanticipated virus-encoded effector that reduces the dependence of protein synthesis upon host RPs to support translation during physiological stress like infection. In addition to being required for protein synthesis, ribosomes and ribosomal proteins (RPs) also regulate messenger RNA translation in uninfected and virus-infected cells. By individually depleting 85 RPs using RNA interference, we found that overall protein synthesis in uninfected primary fibroblasts was more sensitive to RP depletion than those infected with herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). Although representative RP depletion (uL3, uS4, uL5) inhibited protein synthesis in cells infected with two different DNA viruses (human cytomegalovirus, vaccinia virus), HSV-1–infected cell protein synthesis unexpectedly endured and required a single virus-encoded gene product, VP22. During individual RP insufficiency, VP22-expressing HSV-1 replicated better than a VP22-deficient variant. Furthermore, VP22 promotes polysome accumulation in virus-infected cells when uL3 or ribosome availability is limiting and cosediments with initiating and elongating ribosomes in infected and uninfected cells. This identifies VP22 as a virus-encoded, ribosome-associated protein that compensates for RP insufficiency to support viral protein synthesis and replication. Moreover, it reveals an unanticipated class of virus-encoded, ribosome-associated effectors that reduce the dependence of protein synthesis upon host RPs and broadly support translation during physiological stress such as infection.


Strengths of the equatorial electrojets are derived at Indian and American sectors employing the same procedure as in Part I, for high solar activity years. On examining the morphological features of the strengths at this activity including the counter electrojet events, a comparative study is made with these results and those obtained for low solar activity years. It is noticed that the strengths in the American sector are uniformly larger during high solar activity when compared with low activity years. Similar increase at high over low is within the theoretically derived ratio at the Indian sector. Probable reasons for this enhanced ratio at American sector are discussed.Morning counter electrojet events are found to be larger in number in both the sectors during high solar activity years. However, afternoon counter electrojet phenomenon is confined to low solar activity years and is more prominent in the Indian sector. The simultaneous occurrence of counter electrojet intervals at both the sectors in the two phases of solar activity show that the morning simultaneous events are more during high and afternoon events more in low solar activity years. Lunar influence appears to exist in the occurrence of morning counter electrojet which maximises at the lunar ages 05 and 17 at both phases of solar activity.