This report presents the results of work accomplished in 1983 under EPRI contract RP 1336-1 on the evaluation and development of hot gas clean up technology for pressurized, fluidized-bed combustion (PFBC). Reported are results of continued testing and evaluation of the woven-ceramic bag filter concept. A theoretical model for pulse jet cleaning is described and correlated with test results. All test work has been conducted on the modified, high-temperature, high-pressure (HTHP) subscale test facility described. Work is also reported on the testing and evaluation of an advanced diagnostic instrument that is being developed to measure directly the deposition and removal of dust cake on the filter bag surface. 15 references, 71 figures, 12 tables.


The partitioning of incoming shortwave radiative energy on evaporative surfaces determines mass and energy exchange with the atmosphere, and influences measurements of various climatic and hydrologic processes. We quantified the coupling between an evaporative flux from a drying porous surface and the corresponding surface temperature dynamics. The analytical approach employs a pore-scale diffusion model for the evaporative flux from a unit cell (representing the porous surface) based on Schlünder's [1988] model. The evaporation flux from the unit cell's pore was linked with other components of the surface energy balance through heat exchange across the pore's solid walls. Model predictions for evaporative flux and associated mean thermal fields during the drying of porous surfaces were in good agreement with experimental results. The model was used to predict the so-called soil evaporation transfer coefficient ( a h ), yielding good agreement with measurements. Analysis shows that commonly assumed interfacial isothermal conditions (where surface and air temperatures are similar) may yield 15 to 40% overestimation in evaporation rates relative to nonisothermal conditions (where evaporation rates affect surface temperature). Theoretical results indicate that when shortwave radiation is significant, an evaporating porous surface may gradually warm up as it dries resulting in enhancement of evaporation rates and energy partitioning. The analytical model addresses the long standing challenge of nonlinear evaporative fluxes from drying surfaces while providing predictions for surface energy partitioning over evaporating surfaces. 1 Published as: Aminzadeh, M., and D. Or (2013), Temperature dynamics during nonisothermal evaporation from drying porous surfaces, Water Resour. Res., 49, doi:10.1002/2013WR014384.


Botanical extracts and essential oils are considered important replacement additives for the antibiotic growth promoters in animal feeds. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of botanical extracts and essential oils on production performance of laying hens and microbial count viz; total bacterial count, E. coli and salmonella presence in feces. One hundred and twelve, 40 weeks old, white Novagin laying hens (1480+50 grams average live body weight each) were randomly assigned to seven groups equally (n = 16). Each treatment group was replicated four times with four birds per cage unit. Experimental diets were prepared by adding polyphenolic extracts of black tea (C), black cumin seed (D), fenugreek seed (E) as well as seed oils from black cumin (F) and fenugreek (G) in the negative control (B; treatment with no antibiotic or antioxidant added in the diet) and compared with positive control (A) carrying antibiotic lincomysin (4.4%) 120mg/kg of feed, antioxidant seldox (BHA, BHT, ethoxiquine and citric acid) 120mg/kg of feed, acetic acid (99.5%) 0.15mL/kg of feed. After completion of the five weeks trial, weekly egg production percentage of all treatments were significantly higher than negative control (B) (P<0.05), however treatments A, C, D, E, F and G had non-significant differences among one another (P>0.05). The presence of Salmonella and E. coli in feces of the birds on experimental treatments on different days of trial was insignificantly variable but total bacterial count decreases with increasing age except negative control. These results demonstrate that the plant extracts/oils have positive affect on the production performance and microbial health of the laying hens and thus can be used instead of commercial antibiotics.


A new sugar recognition system using a combination of two methodologies (electrochemistry and self-assembly) and two materials (ruthenium complex and dendrimer) was constructed and evaluated. This system was shown to provide an efficient sugar recognition function.


The distribution of fluorescing dye solutes in scintillating tiles for the Tilecal/Atlas project is assessed, and a link between the homogeneity of the dopant distribution and the optical yield and nonuniformity is established. The effect of the injection-molding parameters on the dye distribution is also analyzed, as well as the actual dye incorporation into the scintillators. This incorporation has been assessed with a set of experiments performed with laboratory samples with controlled amounts of additives and with samples obtained from injection-molded scintillators. Differential scanning calorimetry has been used to characterize the raw material and to establish a link between the thermophysical properties and the processing conditions, and it is proven to be a quite appropriate technique. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 2714–2718, 2003


In dialogue management for statistical spoken dialogue systems, an agent learns a policy that maps a belief state to an action for the system to perform. Efficient exploration is key to successful dialogue policy estimation. Current deep reinforcement learning methods are very promising but rely on ε-greedy exploration, which is not as sample efficient as methods that use uncertainty estimates, such as Gaussian Process SARSA (GPSARSA). This thesis implements Bayes-By-Backpropagation, a method to extract uncertainty estimates from deep Q-networks (DQN). These uncertainty estimates are used to guide exploration. We show that Bayes-ByBackpropagation DQN (BBQN) achieves more efficient exploration and faster convergence to an optimal policy than ε-greedy based methods, and reaches performance comparable to the state of the art in policy optimization, namely GPSARSA, especially when evaluated on more complex domains, and without the high computational complexity of Gaussian Processes. We also implement α-divergences, variational dropout, and minimizing the negative log likelihood as other means to extract uncertainty estimates from DQN, and compare performance to BBQN and DQN. This work is carried within in the Cambridge University Engineering Department dialogue systems toolkit, CUED-pydial.


Series of pot experiments were conducted to study effects of lead stress on the physiological characteristics of potted Brassica chinensis. The results showed that the synthesis of chlorophyll and soluble protein were first not affected markedly and then inhibited significantly,the content of MDA decreased first and then increased with the increasing of Pb concentration. But POD activities were decreasing with the increasing of Pb concentration. The physiological indices indicated that the critical concentration of Pb in soil was about 600 mg·kg-1,and Brassica chinensis could maintain normal growth and the metabolic process proceeded smoothly at this concentration.


Among all the cancer related deaths of non-skin type, Breast Cancer is the one having highest mortality rate. There are many methods such as Mammography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron Emission Tomography being employed for the cause of its detection. In all these methods there are certain drawback in terms of low sensitivity and specificity, or high radiation risk, case of false negative or false positive. These drawbacks have caused the researchers to come up with a technique based on microwave imaging which provides advantages over all these drawbacks. Here Sensors are developed to behave as a transceiver to incident and receive signals in the microwave frequency range. The purpose of this review paper was to discuss various systems developed so far based on microwave imaging for early detection of breast cancer. One of the most important advantages of using microwave imaging is that it provides better illumination of malignant tissue in this frequency range. Some of the prototypes are still in experimental phase where as other prototypes have been involved with the clinical experiments as well.


The implementation of security protocols in RFID systems is challenging because of the fierce constraints concerning power consumption and low die size of RFID tags. The choice of the appropriate cryptographic primitive is difficult because there are many different algorithms available and the design options for each are manifold. In this paper, we analyze the standardized cryptographic algorithms SHA-256, SHA-1, MD5, AES-128, and ECC-192 in terms of implementation efficiency. The three parameters mean power consumption, chip area, and the number of clock cycles, are used to introduce a metric for a fair comparison of different hardware implementations. We describe the implementations of the five modules which were optimized for application in passive RFID tags and compare their results. We give conclusive evidence that the use of AES in RFID systems is most appropriate today


We examined the responses of two tree fern species (Dicksonia antarctica and Cyathea australis) growing under shade or variable light (intermittent shade) to sudden exposure to high light levels. Steady-state gas exchange as well as dynamic responses of plants to artificial sunflecks indicated that difference in growth light environment had very little effect on the tree ferns' capacities to utilise and acclimate to prevailing light conditions. Two weeks of exposure to high light levels (short-term acclimation) led to decreases in all photosynthetic parameters and more negative predawn frond water potentials, mostly irrespective of previous growth light environments. After 3months in high light levels (long-term acclimation), D. antarctica fully recovered, while C. australis previously grown under variable light, recovered only partially, suggesting high light level stress effects under the variable light environments for this species.


Dyslipidemia secondary to obesity is commonly observed in both animals and humans. As it has been hypothesized that obesity can result in overproduction of VLDL, leading to the subsequent dyslipidemia, we have examined the triglyceride and apoB secretion rates in vivo in obese C57BI/ KsJ db/db and C57BI/6J ob/ob mice and their lean littermates. In ob/ob animals, obesity resulted in significantly lower, not higher, triglyceride secretion rates in both males (3.94 +/- 0.49 mg/h per g liver vs. 5.45 +/- 0.29 mg/h per g liver in lean littermates, P < 0.001) and females (4.29 +/- 0.81 mg/h per g liver vs. 5.25 +/- 0.59 mg/h/g liver, P < 0.001). For db/db, the obese females did not show a statistically significant triglyceride secretion rate compared to their lean littermates. Only the male db/db animals showed a significantly higher triglyceride secretion rate compared with lean littermates (5.50 +/- 1.1 mg/h per g liver vs. 3.37 +/- 0.36 mg/h/g liver, P < 0.001). Examination of the apolipoprotein B (apoB) secretion rates showed that for ob/ob animals and db/db obese females, apoB48 secretion was significantly decreased compared to that of normal littermates, with a small increase in apoB-100 secretion. Total apoB secreted, however, was not increased. Our data further suggest that the predominant cause of the dyslipidemia under these conditions is a defect in removal of VLDL from the circulation.


Health care professionals involved in HIV care and prevention must be aware of difficulties involved in effective condom counseling. There are 2 types of counselors that are not as effective they could be: the avoiders and the inundators. The avoiders are uneasy about discussing condom use and often make hurried allusions to bodily fluids. The inundators usually have a standard speech that if often quite long and involved. Both these techniques are ineffective because they do not address the problems that cause people to avoid the use of condoms. A fundamental principle of medicine is diagnosis yet when it comes to counseling diagnosis is often ignored in favor of a method based on a priori assumptions of patient need. Behavioral diagnosis is a method that allows the counselor to pinpoint the reasons a patient may have for not using a condom. Clinical experience has shown that there are 18 common reasons why people do not use a condom. Most people usually only have 2-5 reasons so a long speech is often unnecessary if you can pin point what those few reasons are. Behavioral diagnosis is very easy. Simply ask the patient some open ended questions about their condom use habits. Their answers will usually reveal which of the 18 reasons prevents them from using condoms. Sometimes close ended questions will be needed to supplement the open ended ones. In this case ask questions about the specific problems found in the list. Sensitivity to the patients lovemaking preferences and perceptions will also promote an honest exchange. Follow up is also very important since new problems are often discovered by the user after attempts are made to use condoms. Thus behavioral diagnosis must be used on every visit to the clinic until success is achieved.


We consider Riemann's zeta function from the viewpoint of the theory of stationary Gaussian processes. In the previous two papers ([11, 12]), we proved that Riemann's zeta function satisfies an ordinary differential equation with time delay and then obtained a new representation of the KM2O-Langevin system which is the characteristics for the non-negative definite function associated with Riemann's zeta function. As a continuation of the previous papers, first, we introduce in this paper a derived Kummer function and prove a new representation theorem for an analytic continuation for Riemann's zeta function, by obtaining an analytic continuation of the derived Kummer function. Second, we prove an inner product representation theorem for the analytic continuation of Riemann's zeta function and the derived Kummer function, by constructing a Hamiltonian operator associated with a stationary Gaussian process with T-positivity.


Citrobacter rodentium is a naturally occurring murine bacterial pathogen which is used to model human diarrheagenic E. coli (EPEC and EHEC) infections in mice. C. rodentium causes colonic hyperplasia and a variable degree of colitis and mortality in the majority of inbred and outbred lines of mice. Differences in C. rodentium-induced disease are determined by the genetic background of the host. Here, C. rodentium infection in resistant outbred Swiss Webster (SW) mice was compared with infection in the cognate inbred FVB strain for the first time. In contrast to subclinical infection in SW mice, adult FVB mice developed overt disease with significant weight loss, severe colitis, and over 75% mortality. Fluid therapy intervention completely prevented mortality in FVB mice, and expression of pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory genes in the colon was similar in both lines of mice, suggesting that mortality in C. rodentiuminfected FVB mice is due to hypovolemia resulting from severe dehydration. To identify host factors responsible for the development of mortality, gene expression in the distal colon of FVB and SW mice was investigated using a whole mouse genome Affymetrix array. Transcripts represented by 1,547 probe sets (3.4%) were differentially expressed between FVB and SW mice prior to infection and at 4 and 9 days post-inoculation. Data analysis suggested that intestinal ion disturbances rather than immune-related processes are responsible for susceptibility in C. rodentium-infected FVB mice. Marked impairment in intestinal ion homeostasis predicted by microarray analysis was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR and serum electrolyte measurements that showed hypochloremia and hyponatremia in susceptible FVB mice. C. rodentium infection was next characterized in additional inbred strains of Swiss origin. SWR and SJL mice developed minimal morbidity and no mortality in response to the pathogen, demonstrating resistance to disease. Furthermore, C3H mice developed severe diarrhea and gene expression changes comparable to those in infected FVB mice, suggesting common pathogenic mechanisms in susceptible strains. In conclusion, C. rodentium infection in FVB mice is a useful model for fatal infectious diarrhea. These studies contribute to our understanding of C. rodentium pathogenesis and identify possible candidates for susceptibility to fatal enteric bacterial infection. Thesis supervisor: David B. Schauer Title: Professor of Biological Engineering


The present study investigates the petrographical and chemical characteristics of the feedcoal used in the coal-fired Figueira Power Plant, Paraná, Brazil, and the chemical characteristics of fly and bottom ashes generated in the combustion process. Chemical characteristics of soils, water and plants collected in the proximity (250 to 5000 m) of the power plant were also studied in order to determine if there exist any contamination caused by emissions of the power plant. The feedcoal is of high volatile C/B rank. Mean ash content is 30.3 wt% and the mean sulphur content is 4.3 wt%. Trace element concentrations > 500 mg·kg−1 include Zn and As, trace elements > 100 mg·kg−1 include Mn, B, Pb and Sn, and trace elements > 50 mg·kg−1 include Cr, U, V. For fly and bottom ashes the highest trace element concentrations were recorded for Zn, As, Mn, Sn and B, with most trace element enriched in the fly ashes. In the soil samples the mean values of the trace elements are highly variable ranging from < 1 mg·kg−1 for elements such as Cd, Sb, Se and Tl to concentrations > 20 mg·kg−1 for elements such as B, Cr, Mn, V and Zn. At 5 sample locations out of 38 As concentrations were found to exceed the upper limits considered by the Brazilian Environmental Agency, and at one point each Co and Sb was found to be elevated. The saturated hydrocarbon fraction in the soils suggest an origin from terrestrial plants by the predominance of C27, C29 and C31 n-alkanes. Enrichment of PAHs were determined at sample locations near the power plant, with PAH ratios suggesting an origin both of petroleum and coal combustion. Analyses of the surface water showed sulfate concentrations well within the range reported for fresh water, with pH values indicative of neutral conditions for most samples. At one locality very high sulfate concentrations, along with a low pH value and enrichment in a number of trace elements (B, Be, Cd, Co, Li, Mn, Ni, Tl, U and Zn) were observed. It is suggested that these unusual concentrations are related to the proximity of the sample location to an abandoned coal mine. The saturated hydrocarbons determined in the water samles indicate a contribution of terrestrial plants by the predominant C27, C29 and C31 n-alkanes, whereas most PAHs where below the detection limit. Trace element concentrations in the Fern and Arrow Leave samples taken at locations of the prevailing southerly wind direction show for a number of elements (As, B, Pb, U, Zn) increasing values at sample sites near the power plant. One extraordinary high concentration of As (5248 mg kg−1) was determined in a fern sample, which also showed a relatively high Se value. It is suggested that the high As and Se concentrations are not related to emissions from the power plant, but rather reflect the proximity of the sample location to mine waste areas of the operating nearby coal mine. Enrichment of certain elements such as Zn and As found in soil and plant samples and the occurrence of some PAHs at locations near the power plant, suggest a contribution from emissions by the power plant. However, most trace element concentrations do not exceed the upper limits as indicated by the Brazilian Environmental Agency and PAH ratios suggest for many samples an origin of petroleum (incomplete fuel burning by motor vehicles) rather than coal combustion. Enrichment of trace elements and sulfate concentration in soil and water samples observed at a limited number of sample locations may be related to other anthropogenic sources such as abandoned coal mine sites and mine waste areas of operating coal mines.


This article analyzes the reflexivity level used by the business elit to answer discoursively to three problems and demands in the Araucania region of Chile, namely, the Chilean-Mapuche conflict, the high poverty levels and the low statehood. Three types of reactions are identified: adaptation, reconversion, learning, fear, and indifference. Through a qualitative framework (documental analysis and interviews), we conclude that the answers are characterized by a degree one of reflexivity, that is, considering the criticisms to their projects as threats resulting from external factors and agents; the resulting answers are of minimization, denial, or invisibilization. This explains that reactions to problems are characterized by fear and indifference.


An essential task for tourists having a pleasant holiday is to have a well-planned itinerary with relevant recommendations, especially when visiting unfamiliar cities. Many tour recommendation tools only take into account a limited number of factors, such as popular Points of Interest (POIs) and routing constraints. Consequently, the solutions they provide may not always align with the individual users of the system. We propose an iterative algorithm in this paper, namely: BTREC (BERT-based Trajectory Recommendation), that extends from the POIBERT embedding algorithm to recommend personalized itineraries on POIs using the BERT framework. Our BTREC algorithm incorporates users' demographic information alongside past POI visits into a modified BERT language model to recommend a personalized POI itinerary prediction given a pair of source and destination POIs. Our recommendation system can create a travel itinerary that maximizes POIs visited, while also taking into account user preferences for categories of POIs and time availability. Our recommendation algorithm is largely inspired by the problem of sentence completion in natural language processing (NLP). Using a dataset of eight cities of different sizes, our experimental results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm is stable and outperforms many other sequence prediction algorithms, measured by recall, precision, and F1-scores.


Random effects models are widely used in population pharmacokinetics and dose finding studies. In such models the presence of correlated observations (due to shared random effects and possibly residual serial correlation) usually makes the explicit determination of optimal designs difficult. In this paper we develop a class of multiplicative algorithms for the numerical calculation of optimal experimental designs in such situations. In particular we demonstrate its application in a concrete example of a cross-over dose finding trial. Additionally, we show that the methodology can be modified to determine optimal designs where there exist some requirements regarding the minimal number of treatments for several (in some cases all) experimental conditions. Keyword and Phrases: correlated observations, heteroscedastic regression, dose-finding studies, pharmacokinetic models, random effects, locally optimal design, multiplicative algorithms AMS Subject Classification: 62K05


The second bounded cohomology of a free group of rank greater than 1 is infinite dimensional as a vector space over ℝ [4]. For a group G and its nth commutator subgroup G (n), the quotient G/G (n) is amenable and the homomorphism induced from the inclusion homomorphism G (n) → G is injective. In this article, we prove that if G (n) is free of rank greater than 1 for some finite ordinal n, then G is residually solvable and its second bounded cohomology is infinite dimensional. We prove its converse for a group generated by two elements. As for groups that are not residually solvable, we investigate the dimension of the second bounded cohomology of a perfect group. Also, some results on bounded cohomology of a connected CW complex X by applying a Quillen's plus construction X + to kill a perfect normal subgroup of π1 X are given.


A model for process‐zone growth and crack propagation is discussed and the model predictions are compared to experimental results. Critical crack tip opening displacement (CTODc) is used as a traction‐free crack extension criterion. It is assumed, as a first approximation, that CTODc has two critical values, initial and secondary. Based on the parameter analysis, comparison to experimental results, and findings of other researchers, it is concluded that CTODc changes during crack propagation and depends on specimen size and crack length. Model predictions are compared successfully to experimental results obtained on concrete beams in a broad range of sizes and initial crack lengths from initial loading through nonlinear prepeak and postpeak softening response to failure.


Purpose: While resultant maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) is commonly used to assess muscular performance, the simultaneous activation of antagonist muscles could dramatically underestimate the strength of the agonist muscles. While quantification of antagonist torque has been performed in plantar- (PF) and dorsi-flexion (DF) joint in isometric conditions, it has yet to be determined in anisometric (concentric and eccentric) conditions. Methods: The experiment was performed in 9 participants through 2 sessions (reliability). The MVCs in DF and PF were measured in isometric, concentric and eccentric conditions (10°.s-1). Electromyographic (EMG) activities from the soleus, gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis, and tibialis anterior muscles were simultaneously recorded. The EMG biofeedback method was used to quantify antagonist torque, where participants were asked to maintain a level of EMG activity, corresponding to antagonist EMG activity and related to the muscle contraction type, according to a visual EMG bio-feedback displayed on a screen. Results: Resultant torque significantly underestimated agonist torque in DF MVC (30-65%) and to a lesser extent in PF MVC (3%). Triceps surae antagonist torque was significantly modified with muscle contraction type, showing higher antagonist torque in isometric (29 Nm) than eccentric (23 Nm, p < 0.001) and concentric (14 Nm, p < 0.001) conditions and resulting in modification of the DF MVC torque-velocity shape. The difference between DF eccentric and concentric MVC was attenuated when considered agonist torque (12%) rather than resultant torque (45%). Conclusion: Estimation of the antagonist torque in isometric or anisometric condition brings new insights to assessment of muscular performance and could result in costly misinterpretation in strength training and/or rehabilitation programs.


By way of the talents which were trained domestically and abroad, modern China developed a great deal of new talents that met the demand of Chinese modernization. However, the effect of the talents who were trained at home and abroad was different. The domestic talents acted on the basic role during the modernization and then the talents who were developed abroad played the leading roles in many new realms.


Ziggy Drozdowski, Director of Technology at Hoberman Associates in New York, describes the Adaptive Building Initiative (ABI), a collaboration with engineers Buro Happold that is conceived to catalyse innovation in environmental building performance. The emphasis here is on developing technologies that both architects and engineers can engage with rather than products per se, ensuring that 'the design and the technology layers employed are intertwined into one dynamic system'. This is exemplified by the initiative's development of the Tessellate™ adaptive facade system that both interacts with and helps control incident sunlight. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Large stratospheric balloons are the easiest access to near space. Large long duration balloons (LDBs) can float in the stratosphere for weeks collecting measurements (e.g., astrophysical or geophysical data) or samples (e.g., contaminants, volcanic ash, micrometeorites). The recovery of data media and samples is a common problem in this type of experiment because direct radio communication becomes useless when the balloon crosses the horizon, and satellite links are too slow and expensive. For this reason, physical recovery of the payload is mandatory to obtain experimental results, which is a difficult task, especially in polar regions. The goal of HERMES (HEmera Returning MESsenger) is to allow researchers to obtain experimental data prior to payload recovery. HERMES is a system equipped with an autonomous glider capable of physically transporting data and samples from the stratosphere to a recovery point on the ground. The glider is installed on the balloon payload via a remotely controlled release system and is connected to the main computer to store a copy of the scientific data and to receive the geographic coordinates of the recovery point. This allows scientists to obtain experimental results before recovering the payload. The article describes HERMES and the first experimental flight of the entire system, which was conducted at Esrange Space Center (Kiruna, Sweden) in July 2022.


It has come as a fact that the use of Information and Communication Technologies has come to stay in this world. It aids the implementation of the emerging and irresistible e-government concept that seems to be the in-thing the world over. Zimbabwe has also joined the world by ascertaining its commitment to e-government as witnessed by its promulgation of various e-government services. However, despite the government of Zimbabwe having committed itself to e-government, it is of concern to note that up to this day, the country is operating without a clear information management policy or strategy that will guide and direct all the information management practitioners in the country. This comes as a great weakness in this day and age when the government of Zimbabwe has declared its intentions to subscribe to the e-government concept both in principle and in practice. Although the country has managed to survive without a clearly defined information policy in the pre e-government era, chances of it rolling out an effective and sustainable e-government policy on the same foundation are very slim, given the importance of well managed information as a pillar of sound e-government. The paper employed document analysis as its methodology in which Zimbabwe National Information and Communication Policy (ICT) Policy Framework of 2005 and the Ministry of Information Communication Technology's (MICT) Strategic Plan (2010-2014) were reviewed and assessed the extent to which they sufficed to serve as information management frameworks that can support e-governance in Zimbabwe. The study revealed that there are ICT policies that are meant to serve as ICT strategies for the country but none of them has been put to test and such policies are very piecemeal at best as far as their coverage of information management is concerned. The first policy of such nature was the Zimbabwe National Information and Communication Policy (ICT) Policy Framework of 2005 that was developed by the government of Zimbabwe. This was followed by the Ministry of Information Communication Technology's (MICT) Strategic Plan (2010-2014) which was being led by the then Minister Nelson Chamisa in the Government of National Unity (GNU). Following the dismantling of the GNU, the MICT was also dismantled and a new Ministry known as the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology, Postal and Courier Services that was headed by then Minister Webster Shamu came up with a new draft policy to guide ICT in Zimbabwe. Ironically, that new policy did not see the light as the then Minister was relieved of his duties and the new and incumbent Minister; Mr Supa Mandiwanzira came up with a new draft to guide the ICT operations in Zimbabwe. Despite all these developments, it remains of concern to notice that none of these policies ever prioritised information management as a strategic pillar of e-government. It is the argument of these authors that without the country's e-government strategy being governed by a sound information management policy that will ensure the creation, management, and preservation of information, the concept will suffer the consequences in retrospect, to the detriment of the concept and the citizens. The study further revealed that the present policies are only addressing technical issues such as network and infrastructural issues of information management, yet other important aspects such as preservation, disposal and legal issues of information management are neglected. The study recommends a new framework that is comprehensive in terms of all the facets of information management. The framework covers all the relevant information management players such as archivists, librarians, records managers and the ICT personnel who should work together so as to collectively manage national information that support e-governance which Zimbabwe has just embarked on. The study further recommends that every government department has an information manager and the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Services should be the one in charge of the information management framework and oversee its implementation.


With the Lilium concolor var.pulchellum pollens which were collected from Heilongjiang,Jilin,Liaoning,Shandong and Hebei as materials,the experiment determained the pollen viability of L.concolor var.pulchellum with the method of in vitro germination.The experiment studied the influence of the different light conditions,cultivate temperature,carring methods and various concentration of the sucrose,boric acid and inorganic nutrient solution on pollen germination,in order to get the best cultivate conditions of the L.concolor var.pulchellumpollen.The results showed that the best light conditions was sunshine,the best cultivate temperature was 25℃and that the optimum germination medium in the method of in vitro germination of L.concolor var.pulchellumpollen was a medium supplemented with sucrose 100g/L+boric acid 20mg/L+calcium chloride 20mg/L.


The advent of ubiquitous computing and the proliferation of portable computing devices have raised the importance of mobile ad-hoc network. A major challenge lies in adapting multicast communication into such environments where mobility and link failures are inevitable. The purpose of this paper is to study impact of mobility models in performance of multicast routing protocols in MANET. In this work, three widely used mobility models such as Random Way Point, Reference Point Group and Manhattan mobility models and three popular multicast routing protocols such as On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol, Multicast Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing protocol and Adaptive Demand driven Multicast Routing protocol have been chosen and implemented in NS2. Several experiments have been carried out to study the relative strengths, weakness and applicability of multicast protocols to these mobility models.


Fabricating the significant electrocatalysts with enriched activity and stability is necessary due to the increasing demands of the fuel cell industries for its commercialization. This report provides a widespread impact on fabrication of a suitable and significant porous bimetallic nanocatalyst for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). Here, we have developed nanofoams of Cu‐Co alloys/oxides with varied carbon supports using simple combustion method, where graphite oxide (GO) shows synergistic "catalyst‐support" effect than other substrates. The morphological studies reveal a honeycomb‐like structure with dense porous nature of Cu‐Co nanofoam (CuCo@rGO). X‐ray diffraction and spectroscopic studies reveal the formation of spinel structure of CuCo2O4 with active {110} facets in case of CuCo@rGO, exhibiting higher methanol electrooxidation activity of 198 mA/cm2, which is found to be improved than that of the previous reports. The optimized composition, CuCo@rGO shows the slow decrease in the current in chronoamperometric studies with 40% retention of its activity even after 10 hours. The CoCu@rGO nanofoam shows improved Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller surface area of ~50 m2/g due to the addition of GO. In addition, the composite shows an excellent electrochemical surface area value of 7.75 m2/g over other compositions of different carbon supports. The intrinsic effect of better conductivity of Co75Cu25@rGO has also been confirmed using impedance spectroscopy. The porous honeycomb structure of Co75Cu25@rGO composite synergistically impacts methanol oxidation and also forbids the formation of CO intermediate, maintaining the activity.


Mobile IPv6 has been designed by the IETF to provide mobility to the Internet. With mobility a user can move and change his point of attachment to the Internet without losing his network connections. If Mobile IPv6 was deployed on the Internet, typically Correspondent Nodes would be large servers of current content providers. These large servers have thousands of clients and in such scenario many of them would be mobile clients. In Mobile IPv6 if a Mobile Node wants to communicate with a Correspondent Node directly (Route Optimization) it must perform the Return Routability procedure which includes sending and receiving signaling messages, cryptographic calculations and storing a state. This procedure must be performed for each mobile client connection and for each handover. The Return Routability procedure would introduce a very significant load on these servers. Moreover the servers must be modified in order to support Mobile IPv6 Route Optimization. These issues may be a drawback for Mobile IPv6's deployment. In this paper we propose Mobility Agents, a centralized solution that performs Route Optimization on behalf the Correspondent Nodes. Mobility Agents reduce the deployment cost, do not require modifying the servers, they can benefit NEetwork MObility (NEMO) and other mobility protocols and allow deploying different Mobile IPv6 extensions such as Optimized MIPv6 without modifying the Correspondent Nodes. Finally our proposal reduces the data packet overhead up to 25% compared with existing solutions.


The sediments with a high arsenic content,namely coarse sand,fine sand,silt and clay,are chosen as experimental materials taken from Zhengzhou Northern Suburb Source Field.Effect of pH and Eh on the dissolution of arsenic from the sediments is discussed,and reasons for the influence are analyzed.The experimental results show that the alkaline condition and reduction condition can promote the dissolution.


The behavior of single G-protein coupled receptor molecules were studied with single-molecule microscopy in the plasmamembrane during Dictyostelium discoideum chemotaxis. The mobility of the receptor was different in the anterior and posterior regions of living cells migrating towards the source of chemoattractant. This difference of mobility can account for an amplification of the extracellular signal, necessary for chemotaxis. It was also found that the receptor molecules are internalized.


Certain 1,4-diketones undergo fragmentation reactions on treatment with amalgamated zinc and hydrochloric acid. Where two pathways of scission are possible, the most highly substituted bond is cleaved preferentially. In particular cases other reactions, such as alcohol formation or rearrangement, compete with the fragmentation process. Further experiments to probe the mechanism are described.


An electric vehicle needs to use multiple individual batteries in a set to meet the requirements for use. This then imposes very strict requirement for the consistency in performance among individual batteries. This article has studied the internal resistance on the consistency in a set of batteries at low temperatures. The result indicates, the inconsistency of internal resistance among individual batteries connected in series in a set will hinder the performance of the batteries set. During the process of recharge, because of the difference in internal resistance, the recharge voltages applied to individual batteries in serial connection are different, resulting in the inconsistency in recharge voltage among batteries. And as the process of recharge goes on, the voltage of the battery with higher internal resistance may reach the upper limit on recharge voltage early. As far as the batteries in parallel connection in a set is concerned, because of the difference in internal resistance, the recharge currents distributed among individual batteries are different, with the voltages of the batteries at higher recharge currents to rise fast.


included 20 to 29 additional subgoals at up to eight different levels, with associated specific tasks and plans. Conclusion: The HTA provided a unified structure for the complex task of responding to a major train accident in cold climate and inaccessible terrain. One specific benefit of the HTA was that it provided an overview of organizational interdependencies, and can serve as a tool when developing and streamlining response plans to major incidents.


This paper presents 6T SRAM cell-based bit-parallel in-memory computing (IMC) architecture to support various computations with reconfigurable bit-precision. In the proposed technique, bit-line computation is performed with a short WL followed by BL boosting circuits, which can reduce BL computing delays. By per-forming carry-propagation between each near-memory circuit, bit-parallel complex computations are also enabled by iterating operations with low latency. In addition, reconfigurable bit-precision is also supported based on carry-propagation size. Our 128KB in/near memory computing architecture has been implemented using a 28nm CMOS process, and it can achieve 2.25GHz clock frequency at 0.9V with 5.2% of area overhead. The proposed architecture also achieves 0.68, 8.09 TOPS/W for the parallel addition and multiplication, respectively. In addition, the proposed work also supports a wide range of supply voltage, from 0.6V to 1.1V.


The literature has discussed the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on host economies, but has overlooked the case of the least-developed countries (LDCs) and, in particular, the transfer of knowledge to these economies. Drawing on different streams of the literature (FDI impact, knowledge transfer, and absorption capacity), this paper analyzes how a country's absorptive capacity may moderate the transfer of knowledge. By collecting and analyzing secondary data of FDI inflows and education, we examine the case of Mozambique. Data show that a country's low educational level, and thus low absorptive capacity, may prevent effective knowledge transfer. We argue that policies that are aimed at expatriation, emigration, and tertiary education can help to increase the potential impact of FDI inflows. The main contribution of this paper to the literature is to examine how absorptive capacity and transfer of knowledge inter-relate within LDCs.

 Key words: FDI inflows, transfer of knowledge, absorptive capacity, education.


Communication between tumor and carcinoma associated fibroblast cells (CAFs) become hot topic in cancer research recently because of their roles in tumor proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis. Tumor cells interact with fibroblasts and make fibroblasts transdifferentiate to CAFs and autophagy in CAFs is induced. [1] To study mechanism of autophagy of CAFs by tumors, we try to develop a high throughput screening chip based on a single tumor cell-to-fibroblasts interaction.

Junyoung Kim, Hacer Ezgi Karakas, Yongjun Choi, Devrim Gozuacik, Yoon-Kyoung Cho, Proceedings of Anuual Autumn Meeting of the Korean BioChip Society'15, Gangwon, Korea, pp 126, 2015


Cellulose is one of the most abundant polymers on earth. It is present in huge amount in the various wastes of agricultural produce. Cellulase enzyme can be produced by using these wastes. Cellulase enzyme has been produced by a wide range of microbial flora such as fungi and bacteria. Production conditions for the production of cellulase enzymes has been optimized using one factor variable at a time approach. Various production conditions such as carbon source, nitrogen source, pH, temperature, incubation temperature and inoculum size have to optimized for maximum enzyme production. This review describes the production of cellulase enzyme using various agricultural wastes, which are reported in the literature till now. In this, we have mentioned the various microbial species, which are able to produce cellulase under optimum conditions. In this we have also discusses the comparative production of cellulase enzyme using submerged and solid-state fermentation. In today's world, due to wide role of industrial enzymes in commercial market makes them more popular and we have to focus on more research towards their production using cheap substrates. These substrates are available annually and also environmentally friendly to use. The above-mentioned methods are very useful for the production of cellulase by reducing disposal problem of these agro-wastes. These substrates are more efficiently consumed by a potential strain like microbes, plants, etc. for production of cellulase enzyme. By this review, we are trying to explore the more potent source of cellulase production both in terms of increased productivity as well as quality.


RXTE/PCA observations of several black hole X‐ray binaries in the low spectral state revealed a tight correlation between spectral parameters and characteristic frequencies of variability of X‐ray flux. In particular, the amplitude of reflection increases and the slope of Comptonized radiation steepens as the noise frequencies increase. The data also suggest that there is a correlated increase of the width of the Fe fluorescent line, probably related to the Doppler broadening of the reflection features. Moreover, the width of the line seems to follow ΔE/E ∝ vQPO1/3 law. If confirmed with higher energy resolution observations, this result will have significant impact on the models of the accretion flow and on our understanding of the nature of characteristic frequencies of variability in X‐ray binaries. In particular, it will lend support to the truncated disk picture, confirming that the spectral variations are indeed related to changes of the position of the inner disk boundary and that characteristic va...


Background : Giving the drug information and counceling are parts of pharmacist clinical task as be stated in ministry of health statue number 35 year 2014 on Pharmacy service standar in community pharmacy (Permenkes no 35 tahun 2017 tentang standar pelayanan kefarmasian di apotek). Through these tasks, pharmacist can inprove the patient therapy outcome. Aim : The purpose o this study was to describe the clinical service of  drug information in community pharmacies (CP) at South Tangerang City. Methods : This was a descriptive-explorative study with survey technic. Sample were the 50 CPs and clinical pharmacy services were evaluated on their pharmacist who could be met at the visiting time. Results & Conclusion : Thirty eight percent of pharmacists could be met at the visiting time. The highest percentage of drug information service is drug usage (72,22%) whereas the lowest are drug interaction and the way of its prevention i.e 5,55%.  The quality of pharmacy clinical service of drug information is 41,66% and meet the bad criteria. The clinical pharmacy service of drug information in south Tangerang has not been run well and met the Pharmacy service standard yet.

 Keywords: drug information service, pharmacit, south tangerang, community pharmacy.


The unemployment rate differs considerably among countries, particularly within Europe. A large variance in its evolution across countries has emerged since the 60s, which has been subject to numer ...


The federal system for financing physician training and residency programs needs to be overhauled to ensure that the United States is producing the physicians that the nation needs, according to a new Institute of Medicine (IOM) report that the AUA says makes recommendations that would have a negative effect on teaching hospitals and fails to acknowledge a doctor shortage across all specialties.


Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of cervix diseases of rural women for the diseases control and prevention.Methods Totally 6 135 married women in nine poverty counties in Qingyuan City were investigated by cross-sectional study.Results The prevalence of cervix diseases was 35.1%(2 154/6 135),in which cervicitis 29.4% and cervical polyps 5.7%.The prevalence of cervicitis aged 18-30 was the highest(45.0%) and cervical polyps aged ≥50 was the highest(8.6%).By using logistic regression analysis,the older age and higher education level were protection factors,and contraceptives,ligation,condom using and placement of IUD were risk factors.Conclusion The prevalence of cervix diseases of women is higher in poverty counties.Health education should be strengthen and early examination and treatment should be carried out for reducing the disease.


Conical surfaces pose an interesting challenge to crystal growth: a crystal growing on a cone can wrap around and meet itself at different radii. We use a disk-packing algorithm to investigate how this closure constraint can geometrically frustrate the growth of single crystals on cones with small opening angles. By varying the crystal seed orientation and cone angle, we find that -- except at special commensurate cone angles -- crystals typically form a seam that runs along the axial direction of the cone, while near the tip, a disordered particle packing forms. We show that the onset of disorder results from a finite-size effect that depends strongly on the circumference and not on the seed orientation or cone angle. This finite-size effect occurs also on cylinders, and we present evidence that on both cylinders and cones, the defect density increases exponentially as circumference decreases. We introduce a simple model for particle attachment at the seam that explains the dependence on the circumference. Our findings suggest that the growth of single crystals can become frustrated even very far from the tip when the cone has a small opening angle. These results may provide insights into the observed geometry of conical crystals in biological and materials applications.


The present invention relates to a method for examining a short circuit of a reinforcing bar of a concrete electric pole by using a mobile phone with a built-in permanent magnet and a built-in terrestrial magnetism sensor. The permanent magnet magnetizes the reinforcing bar inside the concrete electric pole. Therefore, provided is the method for detecting the unusual condition or the short condition of the reinforcing bar inside the concrete electric pole by using the mobile phone with the built-in terrestrial magnetism sensor.


The Ri plasmid of Agrobacterium rhizogenes can induce plants produce hairy roots.The basic characteristics of type,structure and genetic transformation of Agrobacterium rhizogenes and the introduced ways,identification technique and mechanism that it induces plants to come into bing hairy roots were expounded;research status of its induction of hairy root plants produce secondary metabolites were reviewed.


Objective: To assess the effects of delivery in water, as a normal way of delivery without intervention, in reducing the pain and duration of delivery. Methodology: This is a clinical trial studying a community of Gravida one and two pregnant women at the gestational age of 38-42 weeks, referred to Asalian hospital. The sample volume was 100 cases, equally divided in two groups of routine delivery and delivery in water. The pain and duration of delivery were analyzed using K-square, Kruskal-wiallis, and mann whitney, with pv<0.05 considered significant. Results: The findings show that the average duration of active delivery was 3.1 hrs ± 0.8 in the delivery in water group, significantly lower than that of the other group, that is, 4.7 hrs ± 0.8 (p<0.05). Also the average of the second phase of delivery was 0.53 hrs ± 0.22 in the delivery in water group, significantly lower than that of the routine group, that is, 0.88 hrs ± 0.43 (p<0.05). The amount of pain was measured in both groups using the visual analog score, yielding 3.53 ± 0.79 in delivery in water, and 6.9 ± 1.7 in the other group, which indicates a significant decrease in pain in delivery in water (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study indicates that delivery in water may be a suitable, nonmedical, and non invasive alternative, because it reduces the pain and duration of delivery.


To explore the effect of sudan I, III, and IV on the DNA/RNA ratio and changes in the 3D structure of HepG-2. LCM and 3D images are used to detect the DNA/RNA ratio and changes in the 3D structure of HepG-2 when treated with different dosages of sudan I, III, and IV. The DNA/RNA ratio of the control group is 1.223 2±0.084 4, while the fluorescence intensity of DNA in HepG-2 treated with sudan I, III, or IV is markedly greater than that of RNA, with the low-dosage group showing significant effect (P0.01), yielding DNA/RNA ratios of 1.609 6±0.199 0, 1.445 5±0.163 3, 1.708 1±0.109 0 respectively; 3D images show that DNA fluorescence in HepG-2 is mostly concentrated in the nuclear region, and is denser and stronger than RNA fluorescence. The DNA/RNA ratio of a treated group increases after being treated with different dosages of sudan, but it declines with increasing dosage, and within a certain dosage range, sudan I, III, and IV are shown to promote the growth of HepG-2.


Analysis of the performance of NEC's PASOLINK system radio receivers at the grand crown pontianak used to compare the results of the power received on a radio device with power received in the calculation results. To compare the results of the received power at a radio device with the calculation results of received power required calculation parameters are: Feeder Loss, Loss Rain, Free Space Loss, Gain Antenna, EIRP, and Accept Input Power Receiver. Based benchmarks used for acceptance refers to the standards of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), namely Pr -50 dBm then proceeds received power on the device is very good radio. From the calculation of the received power obtained without the K factor is -53.454 dBm. Whereas the results of power received by the K factor is -54.784 dBm. Based benchmarks used for acceptance refers to the standards of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), namely Pr = - 50 dBm, then it is very good, Pr = < -50 s / d - 88 dBm, then it is good enough, Pr < - 88 dBm, bad. Preventive maintenance on radio equipment NEC PASOLINK should run well because it aims to prevent equipment damage during surgery. Preventive maintenance is done on a scheduled basis according to the estimated life of the equipment. Results received power at a radio device in the grand crown of october until november is very good because the received power is greater than -50 dBm. The best results obtained on 21 October 2015 in the amount of -35.7 dBm. Keywords: Microwave, Network Access, Link Budget, Radio NEC PASOLINK


Abstract Background & Aims: Activation of NF-κB/Rel has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Various drugs used in the treatment of IBD, such as glucocorticoids, 5-aminosalicylic acid, and sulfasalazine, interfere with NF-κB/Rel signaling. The aim of this study was to define the molecular mechanism by which sulfasalazine inhibits NF-κB activation. Methods: The effects of sulfasalazine and its moieties on NF-κB signaling were evaluated using electromobility shift, transfection, and immune complex kinase assays. The direct effect of sulfasalazine on IκB kinase (IKK) activity was investigated using purified recombinant IKK-α and -β proteins. Results: NF-κB/Rel activity induced by tumor necrosis factor α, 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, or overexpression of NF-κB–inducing kinase, IKK-α, IKK-β, or constitutively active IKK-α and IKK-β mutants was inhibited dose dependently by sulfasalazine. Sulfasalazine inhibited tumor necrosis factor α–induced activation of endogenous IKK in Jurkat T cells and SW620 colon cells, as well as the catalytic activity of purified IKK-α and IKK-β in vitro. In contrast, the moieties of sulfasalazine, 5-aminosalicylic acid, and sulfapyridine or 4-aminosalicylic acid had no effect. Activation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) 1 and 2, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1, and p38 was unaffected by sulfasalazine. The decrease in substrate phosphorylation by IKK-α and -β is associated with a decrease in autophosphorylation of IKKs and can be antagonized by excess adenosine triphosphate. Conclusions: These data identify sulfasalazine as a direct inhibitor of IKK-α and -β by antagonizing adenosine triphosphate binding. The suppression of NF-κB activation by inhibition of the IKKs contributes to the well-known anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of sulfasalazine. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2000;119:1209-1218


Polymer-clad silica optical fibers are employed for development of different absorption optic fiber sensors of gaseous analytes. In our case, the physical principles of the detection are combined with a chemical reaction between analyte and suitable opto-chemical absorption reagents. Selected organometallic complex reagents with different lengths of lateral aliphatic chains are studied with respect to the type of central ions and their coordinative conditions to surrounding ligands. The effect of solvent type on solubility and the long-term stability of the prepared reagents in solid matrix are presented and discussed. Various methods are also tested in order to achieve an effective reagent immobilization into the polymer matrix, which creates optical fiber cladding. The chemical reaction of the reagents with ammonia based on ligand exchange process is accompanied by changes of visible-near-infrared optical absorption influencing via evanescent field on the guided light intensity. Experimental results suggest that the selected reagents provide optical properties suitable for practical sensing applications and that the sensitized PCS optical fibers could be used for detection of ammonia gas.


This study demonstrates a simple automated measuring method for planar or linear features on the rock excavation surface. In this method, the attitudes of geological planar or linear features are measured using digital images. Spatial coordinates can be calculated from overlapped stereo images, captured from juxtaposed two cameras. Factors used in the calculation are (1) local coordinates of the left and right images, (2) the focal length of cameras, and (3) the distance between two cameras. This method requires at least three points in a planar feature and two points in a linear feature. The measured spacial coordinates are interpolated to calculate the attitude of the planar or linear feature using the least square method. Although the concepts are simple, capturing images and the selecting the matching points on both images require a large amount of time, and significant errors in measurements can also occur. To solve the problem, a simple image capturing device is constructed and incorporated with an image treatment routine coded by Visual Basic and GIS components A test of the device and software shows a promising result for casual application. It shows less than 1 cm error when a point is measured from 179 cm in distance. However, the accuracy becomes much improved for the vertical space which is parallel to the two camera line. Computerized process helps to measure and calculate the 3D coordinates visually, and the measurements of the orientation data on the rock surface is faster than the conventional compass when the initial setting is completed. Automation of the matching points from two images has also been attempted. A linear laser beam is projected to the outcrop surface so that it acts as a refracted linear target on the irregularly broken rock excavation surface. Since the broken surface tends to follow geological features such as joint, fault, foliation and bedding planes, straight portions of the laser beam are compared with both images, and the matching points of such images are selected to calculate the orientation of the particular plane. This method works well in an ideal model which is constructed in laboratory. However, it is not so realistic in the field. There are much room for improvement to image processing process of this method, and such an attempt is ongoing project of this study. Introduction Geologists are often requested to measure a large number of planar or linear features on a single outcrop. This is especially important in engineering projects such as rock slope and tunnel constructions. When the size of the outcrop is not manageable, measuring the attitudes of planar and linear features using traditional compass is not easy. Considering the importance of the amount of data required for stability or safety analyses of the rock excavation surface(Mauldon and Ureta, 1996; Tsoutrelis, 1990), remotely controlled data acquisition method can be an important tool for such studies. In remote sensing studies, attitude of the topographic surfaces are measured from DEM (Chorowicz et al, 1991; Koike et al,1998), and topographic surface shape has been successfully modeled by photogrammetric methods. Similar approach can be applied to measure the orientation of rock partings but only limited numbers of such attempts have been made. Multimodel photogrammetry methods (Dueholm and Pillmore, 1989; Dueholm, 1990; Dueholm, 1992) are adopted to analyze fracture orientation of quarry outcrops in South India (Garde, 1992). The multi-model photogrammetry method generates 3D DEM model from two overlapped ordinary color slides (typical 35mm color slide) of a model area. Dip and strike of fracture planes are measured from the DEM by a computerized measurement technique (Chorowicz and Bread, 1991). It is an affective technique, however, it requires a sophisticated analytical machine for the DEM modeling. The current study introduces a simple and relatively economic DEM generation method for measurement of rock partings on an excavated rock surface. Concept If the coordinates of three points on a surface are measured, the 3D orientation of the surface could be established. The 3D coordinates can be measured from two stereo images. Fig. 1 illustrates the concept of photogrammatric survey method. Two stereo photograph (A and B) are aligned along a straight line. The lenticular objects (O1, O2) are the positions of the two camera lenses and C is the focal length of the camera. Three points (Pt1, Pt2, Pt3) on a plane are illustrated. Note the straight lines between the index point (Pt1) and the points on the photograph (P1, P2). If the straight line between the center of the right lens (O2) and the point on the photograph (P2), moves to the left image as in Fig. 1, the triangle O1-P1-P2 has similar shape as that of Pt1-O1-O2. Therefore following relationship can be established. P1-P2 : O1-O2 = C : O3-Pt1 -----------------The 3D coordinates on the target surface could easily be measured by following equations, if the focal length of the camera (C) and the distance between the two camera lenses (D) are known. X = (x1 / x1-x2) D Y = (y1 / x1-x2) D = (y1 / x1-x2) D -----------------Z = (C / x1-x2) D Fig. 1. A schematic illustration of the stereoscopic photogrammetry measurement of the 3D coordinate. A plane equation (ax+by+cz+d=0) can be derived from more than 4 points on a target surface using following least-square method (Koike et al, 1998).


Vegetation association plays important role in the shallower coastal zone for sediment control and the nutrient and carbon absorption. It is necessary to understand the fluid motion including turbulence in the vegetation so that we may evaluate precisely shallow water region including vegetation and wet land. As the first step of research on fluid motion in the vegetation, circular cylinders are sometimes used. Many researches on the fluid force acting on the circular cylinder and fluid motion around the cylinder have been achieved so far. However, the properties of turbulent flow induced around circular cylinders in a wave, especially turbulence transition mechanism and spatial-temporal distribution of turbulence, are not almost investigated. The purpose of this study is to understand the fluid flow including turbulent induced by wave transmitting vegetation association. In this study fluid motion was measured by oscillating circular cylinder arrays in a tank by using the PTV technique.


legal problems and whether the manner of finalisation depended on the type of problem. This paper summarises these findings. Most commonly, legal problems were finalised through agreement with the other side (30%) or as a result of the respondent not pursuing the matter at all or deciding not to pursue the matter further (30%). While only a minority of legal problems (3.4%) were finalised through legal proceedings in a court or tribunal, 24 per cent of family problems were concluded via this means.


In this paper an ultra-light weight block cipher named ACT is proposed. This cipher is exclusively designed to operate in resource constrained environments. ACT is a 64-bitsubstitution permutation network (SPN) with a key length of 80 bits. The construction of ACT requires only 1481 Gate Equivalents (GE). The new 4-bit substitution box (sbox) introduced in this design achieves minimal differential and linear cardinalities. The Permutation layer proposed in this design, combined with sbox properties offers excellent security performance which is indicated by large numbers of both linear and differential active sboxes in a fewer number of rounds. The minimum number of rounds required for a full diffusion of data is just 3. Key schedule and permutation layer together provide excellent resistance against biclique attacks. The dynamic power consumption of ACT is just 30 mW which is lesser compared to other block ciphers like PRESENT, LED etc. The details of differential, linear, biclique and algebraic cryptanalyses are given in this paper. Comparison of parameters with other block ciphers is also given.


Previous work for land areas and the North Atlantic Ocean working toward a universal extreme wind distribution is extended to all of the tropical cyclone areas of the world. Additional data on the universal values of the parameter of the distributions verify and extend previous results. The basis for the extreme value distribution and its parameters is found to be in geometric probability theory. An example is given illustrating the application of the methods to an ocean location.


open pit mining and civil engineering. Microseismic monitoring techniques have been recognized as an efficient tool to map rock fracture network development for slope stability assessment (Hardy and Kimble, 1994; Lynch and Malovichko, 2006). Properly interpreted microseismic data can be used to augment surface monitoring systems in identifying potential instability and the associated failure mode. This technique has been used for identifying potential failure locations (Trifu, Shumila, and Leslie, 2008), estimating potential damage scales and unstable volume (Wesseloo and Sweby, 2008), and prediction of impending failures and improving understanding of how mining affects the pit stability (Lynch et al., 2005). Microseismic monitoring techniques measure seismic signals generated from rock breakage or movement inside the open pit. As microseismic sensors can measure rock fracture events remotely, these techniques are capable of mapping the 4D pattern and dynamic development of rock fractures before any deformation on the slope surface can be observed. A microseismic system used for open pit monitoring normally consists of a geophone network with a number of geophones installed in the ground, spaced at 100–200 m. In order to obtain the 4D pattern of seismicity, the seismic signals must be recorded by four or more geophone stations. The system is commonly operated in a trigger mode, based on a short-time averages (STA) and long-time averages (LTA) algorithm. When at least four stations experience a STA/LTA ratio greater than the set threshold, the system is triggered and the event is recorded. This approach was developed for underground mines, where there has been a focus on larger events leading to hazard identification and re-entry protocols (Mendecki, 1997). However, near an open pit mine slope, the rock mass can be highly fractured because of blasting, destressing, and weathering. The fractured nature of the rock near surface may cause significant attenuation of the seismic waves. (Willenberg et al., 2002) and a small seismic event may not be strong enough to trigger four geophones. Due to the weakness of the initiated seismic energy and fracture attenuation, many weak seismic events may only trigger one or two nearby geophones. It is possible for many weak events that are not recorded by the trigger mode to occur near the slope before ground movement can be observed. Weak seismic events are as important as strong seismic events for open pit stability assessment. However, there has been lack of investigations of these weak seismic events in previous microseismic monitoring projects at open pit mines. Microseismic events for slope stability analysis — a case study at an open pit mine


Knowledge of the position of the mental foramen is important both when administering regional anaesthesia,performing periapical surgery and dental implant surgery and endodontic treatments in the mandible. This study was to investigate the variation of the mental foramen in human skull. The study sample included eleven skulls taken in Anatomy Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Cenderawasih University. The mental foramen was symetrical in 100% of skulls. The most common size of foramen is 2.6 mm (46%) and the most common position of the mental foramen was between the first premolar and the second premolar (64%).Key words:  mental foramen, variation , mandible, human skull


We can be inspired by biological systems, but that does not mean we should attempt to directly implement the components from which those biological systems are built. Particularly with cognitive systems, the properties of the components are submerged by a higher level organization which is not deducible from the components. It may be easier to use a process of reverse engineering of the product of a biological system to understand its operation, than theorizing about its operation or attempting to build up the working system from its perceived components. The reverse engineering of a cognitive system to handle a high level task is described, including the extensions required to an already undirected structure. It is shown how construction of operators built on demand at a ground state can be used to make up for the lack of the massively parallel activity of a biological cognitive system.


To meet the needs of wastewater treatment in townlet,an effective reactor with dual aeration and dual sludge filter partitions based on our patent of invention is set in the paper.By the use of artificial feeding flour water in the laboratory,the reactor is achieved step by step 5 kg(CODCr)/(m3·d) VLR through changes of inlet organic concentration and HRT.Tests show in the condition of 5 kg(CODCr)/(m3·d) VLR that CODCr removal is 93%,ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen are more than 90%.When inlet CODCr 2000 mg/L and NH+4-N 110 mg/L,outlet water quality indexes are that CODCr≤100 mg/L,NH+4-N≤10 mg/L and TN≤16 mg/L.Its volume loading and denitrification are higher than that of now available biological treatment processes.


Shallow groundwater and soil were analyzed by samples collected from three type of agricultural areas in small karst basin. Results showed that the chemical composition of shallow groundwater was distinctly varied in different farming regions. The permanganate index and the content of SO2-4、 NO-3、NH+4、PO3-4 in shallow groundwater increased by the order of dry farming areas of lower index with planting crops,complex agriculture areas with higher index planting crops. The content of nitrogen and phosphorus was higher in higher complex index planting crops farming areas. The content of NO-3 in shallow grounderwater was obviously influenced by organic matter,total nitrogen,available nitrogen; The content of PO3-4 in shallow grounderwater was mainly influenced by total phosphorus,available nitrogen and CEC; The tested 13 water chemistry components were hardly influenced by Cl-in shallow groundwater. The different content of NO-3,NH+4 and permanganate index in shallow grounderwater resulted from different agricultural practices. The special double hydrographic structures in Karst made the aquatic environment quality were easily influenced by some environmental factors such as land quality,especially the shallow groundwater was more likely prone to be polluted.


Many varieties and ways for someone to understand al-Qur'an or tafhim al-Qur'an. It is because one's ability to understand and to explain about the essence of Allah's commandment is different, based on his/her ability and understanding himself/herself. The difference in understanding is not separable from many factors, among other are: the level of intellegence, the level of education, the level of underlying religious understanding. The focus of problem in this research was to find the proper formulation of tafhim, in order that the messages contained in al-Qur'an are easy to understand correctly based on the text and the context of the referred verse. The results of the research were: that al-Qur'an has verses in the forms of muhkamat and mutasyabihat, therefore, to understand them, aided tools are needed such as tafhim manhaji, in order that the messages contained on them can be understood correctly based on the referred text and context. Although it is proper to appreciate if every effort of tafhim and interpretation of al-Qur'an always uses a method or strategy of new study, including a new style contained in the tafhim manhaji of al-Qur'an, because the method of tafhim manhaji is considered as being able to reduce many kinds of abstruse in understanding the verses of Allah written in al-Qur'an or verses which are broadly spread on this universe.


Methods are one of the foundations of biomedical research. Be it ubiquitous and long-standing, such as the simple hemocytometer, or unique and recent, such as the latest imaging probe, techniques and methods have a profound impact on our ability to observe and study biology. While full papers in Integrative Biology must present evidence of new biological insights, we seek to provide a venue for new methods that may not yet have revealed new insights, but that clearly have the potential to do so, and thus are of strong interest to the biomedical research community. This is in keeping with our overarching mission to provide a bridge between technology and biology. As such, we introduce a new Method section in Integrative Biology. Method articles, then, must provide a sound utility of the technology in the biological world and have clear potential to enable new insights and impact biology research. The article by Vykoukal et al. (DOI: 10.1039/b906137a) is a first example. An ongoing problem in biological research is the need to sort and quantify biological entities (e.g. cells or molecules) with minimal perturbation. In this article, Vykoukal et al. apply recent microscale dielectrophoretic techniques to enable label-free analysis of leukocyte subpopulations. As described in the commentary by Larissa Cheran below, this has clear implications for enabling and improving our ability to study immune response and other related areas.


Graphene oxide (GO) and its reduced version (RGO) were prepared and functionalized with phenyl glycidol chlorophosphate (PGC) to obtain the corresponding GO-PGC and RGO-PGC materials. These graphene systems were used to prepare thermosetting composites with a tetrafunctional epoxy resin, 4,4′-methylenebis(N,N-diglycidylaniline) (TGMDA) cured with 4,4′-diamino-diphenyl-sulfone (DDS). The systems were evaluated by dynamic mechanical analysis at constant strain and temperature sweeps to estimate the viscoelastic properties and relaxation phenomena at long time, which is important for modeling the mechanical long-term behavior. The time temperature superposition (TTS) principle was employed for the construction of a master curve. The addition of the graphene-type fillers shifted the time when the relaxation phenomena start to occur towards higher values, suggesting a better working temperature and durability of the corresponding nanocomposites when compared to the neat epoxy network. This phenomenon is more pronounced for the systems prepared with functionalized graphenes. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 133, 44816.


Objectives: Left-ventricular mass (LVM) is widely used to guide clinical decision-making. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) quantifies LVM by planimetry of contiguous short-axis images, an approach dependent on reader-selection of images to be contoured. Established methods have applied different binary cut-offs using circumferential extent of left-ventricular myocardium to define the basal left ventricle (LV), omitting images containing lesser fractions of left-ventricular myocardium. This study tested impact of basal slice variability on LVM quantification. Methods: CMR was performed in patients and laboratory animals. LVM was quantified with full inclusion of left-ventricular myocardium, and by established methods that use different cut-offs to define the left-ventricular basal-most slice: 50% circumferential myocardium at end diastole alone (ED50), 50% circumferential myocardium throughout both end diastole and end systole (EDS50). Results: One hundred and fifty patients and 10 lab animals were studied. Among patients, fully inclusive LVM (172.6 ± 42.3 g) was higher vs. ED50 (167.2 ± 41.8 g) and EDS50 (150.6 ± 41.1 g; both P < 0.001). Methodological differences yielded discrepancies regarding proportion of patients meeting established criteria for left-ventricular hypertrophy and chamber dilation (P < 0.05). Fully inclusive LVM yielded smaller differences with echocardiography (&Dgr; = 11.0 ± 28.8 g) than did ED50 (&Dgr; = 16.4 ± 29.1 g) and EDS50 (&Dgr; = 33.2 ± 28.7 g; both P < 0.001). Among lab animals, ex-vivo left-ventricular weight (69.8 ± 13.2 g) was similar to LVM calculated using fully inclusive (70.1 ± 13.5 g, P = 0.67) and ED50 (69.4 ± 13.9 g; P = 0.70) methods, whereas EDS50 differed significantly (67.9 ± 14.9 g; P = 0.04). Conclusion: Established CMR methods that discordantly define the basal-most LV produce significant differences in calculated LVM. Fully inclusive quantification, rather than binary cut-offs that omit basal left-ventricular myocardium, yields smallest CMR discrepancy with echocardiography-measured LVM and non-significant differences with necropsy-measured left-ventricular weight.


The design and efficient synthesis of oxygen redox electrocatalysts possessed with high activity are of the essence for advanced rechargeable Zn-air batteries (ZABs). In particular, porous architectures composed of transition metal compound and carbonaceous material have attracted significant attention owing to their enhanced electrocatalytic activity. This study reports the fabrication of metal-free N and S co-doped porous CNT microspheres (3DNSCNT) via spray drying and subsequent post-treatment. Moreover, to hybridize with metal phosphide, CoP nanoparticles are uniformly decorated on the microspheres (3DNSCNT/CoP) by the hydrothermal method and phosphidation treatment. Due to the effect of the combination of the porous architecture inside the entangled 3DNSCNT and uniformly deposited CoP nanoparticles, 3DNSCNT/CoP exhibits superior bifunctional electrocatalytic activities for oxygen redox reaction in 0.1 M KOH electrolyte compared with noble metal-based catalysts like Pt and Ru. Furthermore, as an air cathode for ZABs, 3DNSCNT/CoP exhibits a high-power density (177 mW cm-2), low polarization overpotential, and durable cycle performance (200 h).


A lidar system for determination of vertical profiles of the aerosol extinction coefficient, operating with 355 nm and 532 nm laser wavelengths, is presented. Lidar measurements will be performed within the European collaboration named EARLINET-ASOS and data will be used as a part of the assessment of a method for prediction of the observation range of optical systems in the atmosphere, based on meteorological weather forecast models. The lidar system has been extended with a detector channel for elastic scattering at 532 nm and Raman scattering from N2 at 387 and 607 nm to enable determination of the aerosol extinction coefficient. Extinction coefficients and backscatter coefficients will later be compared to corresponding values received from meteorological predictions of atmospheric aerosols. The aerosols prediction will be calculated using weather forecast model (HIRLAM) together with a forward dispersion model in the chemical transport model MATCH. Atmospheric scattering calculations (Mie-calculations) will give extinction and backscatter coefficients so comparison can be with lidar measurements. The design of the lidar system and the first measurements will be presented.


Throughout the European refugee crisis that began in 2012 and peaked in 2015, hundreds of thousands of individuals and families from Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, and elsewhere were caught in existential transition, at once fleeing the unbearable conditions of their previous lives and facing the grave prospects of permanent exile from their countries. Experiences of displacement, legal precarities, and pressing economic and health concerns were just some of the circumstances asylum seekers experienced along their trajectories toward safety and bureaucratic legitimacy. Remarkably, at the height of an already chaotic situation, it came to light that several groups, determined to free themselves from such hardships, had accidentally acquired State in Time passports under the false premise that the documents issued as part of an art project conceived by Neue Slowenische Kunst (NSK) in 1992 would ensure passage and safety within the EU.1


Herbart and Dewey are presentation of tradition education and modern education respectively.Their ideal differences were concluded as the differences from teacher and student perspective,curriculum perspective and the form of teaching organization.In fact,those differences may be attributed to differences of epistemology in essence.founding it can help us realize their each merits and demerits in origin and promote education practice.


fibrinolytic activity. The biochemical changes of the fibrinolytic system of normal persons after mild, moderate or exhaustive exercise have been studied by Biggs et al.,1 Fearnley & Lackner,2 Sherry et a1.,3 Ogston & Fullerton,4 and Cash and fellowworkers. 5-8 Cash and his associates found a group of poor responders among normal young and middle-aged persons. Simultaneous activation of blood clotting and fibrinolysis was found after strenuous exercise by Iatridis & Ferguson.9 Early reports on the effect of intravenous injections of nicotinic acid were given by Weiner et al./o Wilson & Fostiropoulos,11 and Weiner. 12 Later studies have confirmed the stimulative effect of nicotinic acid by the demonstration of fibrinogen or fibrin degradation products in serum or plasma by use of specific immunological methods.l3-15 Findings indicative of simultaneous activation of blood clotting and fibrinolysis have also been published.16 The purpose of the present work was to study the fibrinolytic response of patients with ischaemic vascular disease to well defined short-term stimuli in comparison with that of normal persons and patients with non-ischaemic diseases.


This is an analysis of "A Survey Evaluation of the Efficacy and Efficiency of Natural Family Planning Services and Methods in Australia." Part 3 presents data on Natural Family Planning (NFP) centers clinics and teachers. The data-collection forms are found to be unspecific and imprecise. The Survey seems to have concentrated on centers where the teaching orientation would be lower-caliber than at the clinics. Since NFP is primarily an educational approach to family planning this is a major weakness in the Survey. A high percentage of the teachers polled had less than full confidence in the method they were teaching suggesting a skewed sampling. In fact an evaluation of NFP by individuals with NFP teaching and program experience would have been more sensible. Not much discussion was given to the adequacy of the training which the respondents had reviewed. Part 4 of the Survey Report was a discussion of the methods of natural family planning. The discussion did not adequately distinguish among these methods. There is an important difference between use-effectiveness of a method and extended use-effectiveness; the Survey does not make the distinction. Even pill use-effectiveness falls over time. The Report also does not clearly define "unplanned pregnancy." NFP can be used either for planning or for avoiding pregnancy; method failure is not responsible for a pregnancy resulting from NFP therefore.


Quantifying the rates of geomorphic change is critical for a range of applications within river science and management, including monitoring the evolution of river restoration and assessing the impacts of flow modifications and engineering structures on habitat availability. The tools available for monitoring small river systems at high spatial resolutions are growing with the adoption/availability of airborne/terrestrial laser scanning data and Structure from Motion (SfM)-based
photogrammetry. Monitoring the bathymetry of these smaller stream systems is still limited to traditional survey techniques and these methods do not provide
spatially continuous data and can overlook important changes at a range of spatial scales. Recently, we have advanced our capabilities for spatially continuous
surveying of fluvial geomorphology at finer spatial scales using unmanned aerial systems (UAS) and SfM photogrammetry. In this research, we highlight several methodological improvements for the bathymetric SfM process and assess the potential for refraction corrected SfM data to be used for change detection in the lowland
River Teme in Herefordshire, UK.


How to select the targets is one of the most critical problems in military plan. The complex relation and dynamic character of military targets make the planning process difficulty. Firstly,the structure and the reaction mechanism of the target System of System(SoS) are described,and the dynamic logic gates of the invalidation patterns of the target system are analyzed,and the dynamic damage tree structure of the target SoS is constructed by the logic gates. Secondly,based on the damage tree,the critical target selecting model is constructed,and a heuristic algorithm is presented to solve the model. Finally,an instance of typical air defense SoS is proposed to demonstrate that the method can provide effective assurance for target selecting decision making under the conditions of multi-level and dynamic targets.


An automatic wet-only precipitation collector was operated in the coastal forest of equatorial Congo for a complete seasonal cycle (November 1986 to September 1987). Inorganic (Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca++, NO3−, Cl−, SO4=) and organic (HCOO−, CH3COO−) ions were determined in 169 samples which represent 51 rain events. An average precipitation pH of 4.74 based on the volume weighted of H+ was obtained. Rain from stratiform clouds showed higher acidity (pH = 4.62) than convective rainfall (pH = 4.81). This acidity results from a mixture of mineral acids (64%, of which about 42% is HNO3) and organic acids (36%). Most of the HNO3 component can be attributed to the emission of nitrogen oxides from vegetation burning. To study the influence of variation in rainwater ion concentrations resulting from the differences in atmospheric liquid water content, rainfall events were stratified based on rainfall amount into convective and stratiform events. The seasonal variation in the chemical composition of these types of rain events allowed us to compare the relative seasonal importance of the different sources (terrestrial biogenic, marine, soils, and biomass burning). Comparison between precipitation chemistry in Congo and in Amazonia shows that the African equatorial forest is influenced by local fires and savanna fires in the southern hemisphere during the dry season and by fires in the northern hemisphere during the wet season. In Amazonia, on the other hand, the influence of biomass burning on rainwater chemistry appears to occur predominantly in the dry season. Since the precipitation collector subdivides rainfall events into 10 sequential samples, we examined the evolution in chemical composition and deposition during four large convective events. The results demonstrate the washout of ions at the onset of precipitation producing higher rainwater concentrations and their dilution as the rainfall intensity increases.


Canada needs a seniors' care strategy that celebrates the "triumph of aging," urged new Canadian Medical Association President Dr. Chris Simpson at the close of the organization's annual meeting in Ottawa.

"Our failure to change to meet our seniors' needs impacts every single component


We investigate experimentally and theoretically the interference at avoided crossings which are repeatedly traversed as a consequence of an applied ac field. Our model system is a charge qubit in a serial double quantum dot connected to two leads. Our focus lies on effects caused by simultaneous driving with two different frequencies. We work out how the commensurability of the driving frequencies affects the symmetry of the interference patterns both in real space and in Fourier space. For commensurable frequencies, the symmetry depends sensitively on the relative phase between the two modes, whereas for incommensurable frequencies the symmetry of monochromatic driving is always recovered.


Recently an Oklahoma law was enacted that mandates that Oklahoma coal-fired utilities must burn a minimum of ten percent Oklahoma-mined coal. Public Service Company of Oklahoma (PSO), burning raw Croweburg Seam coal from Oklahoma as part of a blend, was interested in determining if cleaning the Croweburg Seam coal could reduce boiler slagging and fouling problems experienced at its Northeastern Station's Units 3 and 4. Studies of the Croweburg Seam coal performed at CQ Inc. in Homer City, Pennsylvania were used to determine the potential of physical cleaning for upgrading this coal. The test program involved commercial-scale cleaning tests with heavy-medium cyclones, two-stage water only cyclones, and froth flotation cells, well as extensive laboratory and pilot-scale tests. The coal evaluated during the test program responded well to cleaning. Results indicate the ash slagging and fouling can be significantly improved by cleaning. Significant reductions in ash, specific ash constituents, and trace element concentrations were also demonstrated along with increased heating value. Finally, although the raw coal tested can be classified as compliance'' prior to cleaning, the cleaning tests show that further reductions in SO{sub 2} emissions potential were possible, along with high energy recoveries and increased heating values and can bemore » beneficial for improved plant performance.« less


Communist China is the most populous country in the world and the largest after Canada and the Soviet Union, but its influence in international affairs, mainly because of its economic backwardness, is still far from commensurate to its great size and strategic location. How long will this continue to be true? The question takes its immediacy from the speed with which the economy of another Communist giant, the Soviet Union, was transformed.


The present invention provides a salt of a novel use of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable of the formula (I) or the general formula (1A) for the treatment of fibromyalgia and other disorders. Fibromyalgia, gabapentin analogues


Abstract : As a preliminary to study of natural ionization in the atmosphere, ions from corona point discharge in air 20C, 740 torr have been studied by a high-resolution time-of-flight mobility apparatus with a best resolution (width of peak at half height) of 2.5 percent. It is believed this level of resolution has not been achieved before at these pressures. Relative intensities of some ions are influenced by magnitude of current in the discharge without change of mobility. Other ion mobilities are influenced by both humidity and current. In general greater humidity results in a slower centroid of mobility. The mobility spectrum of dry nitrogen is quite different from that of air at ordinary humidities. (Author)


Aim:  To examine the additive protective effects of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ agonist pioglitazone (Pio) and the angiotensin II receptor blocker candesartan (Cand) in a murine model of renal fibrosis: mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO).


Hobbs, Horton H., Jr. The Crayfishes of Georgia. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 318, 549 pages, 262 figures, 3 tables, 1981.—Sixty-six species and subspecies, 18 of which are endemic, comprise the crayfish fauna of Georgia: the genera Cambarus represented by 33, Fallicambarus and Faxonella by 1 each, Orconectes by 3, and Procambarus by 28. Of these, 19 are described as new: Cambarus ( Depressicambarus) harti, C. (D.) reflexus, C. (D.) strtgosus, C. (D.) truncatus, C. (Hiaticambarus) coosawattae, C. (H.) fasaatus, C. (H.) mannings C. (H.) speciosus, C. (Lacunicambarus) acanthura, C. (Puncticambarus) coosae, C. (P-) georgtae, C. (P.) hiwasseensis C. ( P.) parrishi, C. (P.) scotti, Procambarus (Distocambarus) devexus, P. (Hagemdes) cantus, P. (H.) talpotdes, P. ( Leconticambarus) pubischelae dejiciens, and P. (Pennides) peter si. The subgenus Distocambarus is the only new supraspecific taxon proposed. Brief accounts of previous work on the Georgia crayfish fauna, physiographic regions, and drainage systems precede a more detailed discussion of habitats and the crayfishes frequenting them. This is followed by postulates of the affinities and distribution of the extant crayfishes and their ancestors in space and geologic time. Keys are provided for identification of the genera, subgenera, and species. The systematic section consists of synonyms for the genera, subgenera, species, and subspecies. The supraspecific categories are diagnosed, their ranges defined, and the numbers of species and a summary statement of the habitats occupied by them are included. A complete synonomy is presented for each species and subspecies, and for most there is also a complete bibliography; this is followed by a summary of previous reports of the species in Georgia, a diagnosis (and descriptions of new and several previously described species), statements concerning location of types, type-locality, range, specimens examined, variations, ecological and life history data, a list of crayfish associates, and, for new taxa, etymological notes. One of the two appendices consists of a summary of the distribution of the crayfishes in the 159 counties in the state, and the other consists of a list of the crayfishes and the symbionts parasitizing or infesting them. Members of the genera Cambarus and Orconectes are concentrated in upland sections of the state, whereas those of Procambarus are more abundant in the coastal plain and lower piedmont. With few exceptions, representatives of the other genera are largely restricted to the latter. The numbers of species and subspecies occurring in the major drainage basins are as follows: Altamaha 22, Aucilla 1, Chattahoochee 14, Chattooga 9, Coosa 15, Flint 14, Hiwassee 7, Little Tennessee 2, Newport 6, Ochlockonee 3, Ogeechee 16, Saint Marys 7, Satilla 10, Savannah 20, Suwannee 8, Tallapoosa 6, and Tennessee 12. Illustrations include generalized morphological features, habitats, dendrograms postulating affinities, sketches depicting color patterns, morphological characters of each species, and maps noting the localities from which each has been collected. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Montastrea cavemosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hobbs, Horton Holcombe, 1914The crayfishes of Georgia. (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 318) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Crayfish—Georgia. 2. Crustacea—Georgia. I. Title. II. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 318. QL1.S54 no. 318 [QL444.M33] 591s [595.3'841] 80-607908


Two petrified woods from the Cuddalore Series near Pondicherry are described. One of these shows closest resemblance with the woods of Sterculiaceae and the other with those of Lagerstroemia of Lythraceae. They have been named as Sterculioxylon pondicherriense sp. nov. and Lagerstroemioxylon arcotense sp. nov. respectively.


Sixteen (16) grasscutters (Thryonomys swinderianus) used for this study had been fed, in groups of four, one of four treatment diets namely; 2000, 2200, 2400, and 2600 kcalME/kg respectively. Two grasscutters were randomly selected from each treatment group for slaughter. Equal weights (150g) of meat samples collected from the forelimbs and hindlimbs of each slaughtered grasscutter were mixed, packed in waterproof plastic bags and stored overnight at -2℃. The chemical composition and emulsifying characteristics of the meat samples were determined. It was found that the chemical composition and emulsifying characteristics (including protein content, emulsifying capacity, water holding capacity, emulsion stability and cooking loss) of grasscutter meat from varying dietary energy levels were significantly (P<0.05) different. These findings indicate that the protein content and emulsifying characteristics were significantly higher for meat from grasscutters fed the 2000 kcalME/kg diet than for meat from grasscutters fed the higher dietary energy levels.