Previous work has established that part of the penicillin molecule (I), consisting of the side-chain nitrogen atom, N(8), the ,B-lactam carbon atoms, C(H7) , and the sulphur atom, is specifically derived from L-cysteine (Arnstein & Grant, 1954 b), whereas the carbon chain of the penicillamine moiety is derived from valine (Stevens, Vohra & DeLong, 1954; Arnstein & Grant, 1954a). It is not yet certain, however, whether Lor D-valine is specifically used for penicillin biosynthesis (Arnstein & Clubb, 1957). The mechanism by which cysteine and valine give rise to the fused thiazolidine-,B-lactam ring structure is still obscure. Phenylacetyl-L-cysteine (II) (Arnstein, Clubb & Grant, 1954), P-hydroxyvaline (III) (Arnstein & Clubb, 1957) and ,B-dimethyllanthionine (IV) (Stevens, Vohra, Moore & DeLong, 1954) appear to be excluded as intermediates (for a recent review, see Arnstein & Grant, 1956) and the initial reaction, therefore, may be formation of cysteinylvaline and thus of the P-lactam-peptide bond. The present experiments deal specifically with * Part 5: Arnstein & Clubb (1957). the biosynthesis of the carbon-nitrogen bond common to the thiazolidine and P-lactam rings of penicillin; although this problem is, of course, connected to some extent with the nature of the initial reaction between cysteine and valine, which has not yet been fully elucidated, it has been possible to study certain of its aspects independently. In particular, two mechanisms involving possible dehydropeptide derivatives of cysteine and valine have been considered. Thus the ,B-lactam ring could be formed by addition of the hydrogen atom of the peptide bond to an af-dehydrocysteine derivative (Fig. 1, A) or by addition of one of the


. We analyze the two-species reaction-diffusion system including trapping reaction A + B → A as well as coagulation/annihilation reactions A + A → ( A, 0) where particles of both species are performing L´evy flights with control parameter 0 < σ < 2, known to lead to superdiffusive behaviour. The density as well as the correlation function for target particles B in such systems are known to scale with nontrivial universal exponents at space dimension d ≤ d c . Applying the renormalization group formalism we calculate these exponents in a case of superdiffusion below the critical dimension d c = σ . The numerical simulations in one-dimensional case are performed as well. The quantitative estimates for the decay exponent of the density of survived particles B are in a good agreement with our analytical results. In particular, it is found that the surviving probability of the target particles in superdiffusive regime is higher than that in a system with ordinary diffusion.


The feasibility of in utero measurement of cerebral blood flow diffuse correlation spectroscopy was demonstrated in lamb fetuses and compared with measurements outside the uterus.


Evolutionary BiologyHarvard University evolutionary biologist Hopi Hoekstra's first college summer job—as a tick target for researchers assessing where and when hikers were most susceptible to attacks by Lyme disease–transmitting ticks—made her itch for more fieldwork and, eventually, a life as a biologist. Although she considers herself to be a molecular biologist, her research on adaptation in beach mice shows her to also be comfortable working with whole organisms, something few other researchers are able to do as well.


Objective To report a case of early pregnancy loss with septate uterus, successfully managed by hysteroscopy guided suction & evacuation of product of conception along with removal of uterine septum in same sitting. Design Case report. Setting Tertiary care hospital. Patient One woman with early pregnancy loss with septate uterus. Intervention Hysteroscopy guided suction & evacuation of product of conception along with removal of uterine septum in same sitting. Result Hysteroscopy guided suction & evacuation of product of conception followed by septum removal with hysteroscopic scissor was performed, with minimal blood loss, in same sitting. Products of conception were sent for pathologic examination. There were no intra-operative or postoperative complications. Conclusion Even though the role of septum as a contributing factor to miscarriage in not certain, early pregnancy loss may be seen in patients with septate uterus. Blind removal of POCs with dilatation & curettage, may be complicated with retained products of conception (RPOC) or intrauterine adhesion formation, which can lead to adverse fertility outcomes in the future. Also removal of septum, which may or may not be the cause, is often performed before further pregnancy. This requires another admission & exposure to anaesthesia, along with added cost. Hysteroscopy guided resection of POC with septum removal in same sitting has been associated with complete tissue removal under vision, less damage to surrounding endometrium, cost effective combination of two surgical procedures & earlier time to conception compared with 2 sitting procedure (dilation and curettage than septum removal). Thus, hysteroscopy guided suction & evacuation of POC & septum removal in same sitting can be considered as an alternative surgical technique for management of early pregnancy loss in patients diagnosed with septate uterus. This case report demonstrates the successful application of hysteroscopic procedure in a case of early pregnancy loss with septate uterus.


This paper bases it self upon then achievements inside or outside the country.It analyses the landforms,economy, population and enviroment of the valley of Xiang Xi river-the typical branch in Three Gorge reservoir area.Meanwhile,the paper establishes a new two dimensional random water quality model.This model is based on the fundation of one dimensional random water quality model and two diamensional model for water transferring and diffusing. Besides,it takes the stochastic influences of the respective parameters -K 1,K 2,K 3 and D y into account so that it can be conveniently used for the waters with large extension of draining contamination under complex hydraulic conditions.For anycalculating point of a river,it cannfigure out the probability distribution of water pollutants consistence.Also, the model can be easily extended to the similar water quality models. Then, with the model, the paper analyses and prodicts the water quality of the firth of Xiang Xi River after Three Gorge reservoir is built.The results in the paper can be used as reference data for water environment protection and regulation in Three Gorge reservoir area.


The fatigue strength and preferred location of crack initiation at the welded termination of cover plates of beams is studied using the concepts of linear elastic fracture mechanics and finite element methods. From a parametric study it was found that in general, the stresses at the toe of the transverse end weld of tapered cover plates would be higher than the stresses at the toe of square ended cover plates. However, the difference in the fatigue life would not warrant two different fatigue categories. It was also found that if the weld is particularly shallow and/ or the size of the weld is small, then the likelihood of a crack forming at the root of the end weld is increased (a).


Recent events such as natural catastrophes or terrorism attacks have highlighted the necessity to ensure the structural integrity of buildings under exceptional loading. Accordingly, a European RFCS project entitled "Robust structures by joint ductility" has been set up in 2004, for three years, with the aim to provide requirements and practical guidelines to ensure the structural integrity of steel and composite structures under exceptional loading through an appropriate robustness. In this project, the importance of the structural joints has been shown; indeed, these ones experience additional high tying forces after the loss of a column, as a result of the development of membrane forces in the beams located just above the damaged column. Moreover a reversal of moments occurs in some joints. In this paper design models for the evaluation of the mechanical properties of joints in such extreme situations are presented. References are made to recent tests on joints in isolation recently achieved in the framework of the above-mentioned RFCS project.


Carbopol is a high molecular weight copolymer of acrylic acid crosslinked with a polyalkenyl polyether. It is an excellent thickener, suspending agent and stabilizer. The gelling property of carbopol retards the release of the drug from the dosage form in stomach upto a certain extent and makes it susceptible to degradation in the colonic environment. In order to make it perfectly colon specific, it was conjugated with the amino acid (histidine) using the azo bond. The azo conjugate of carbopol with histidine was subjected for evaluating its colon targeting property by in-vitro method using rat fecal matter. Our experimental results reveal that the carbopol-histidine conjugate showed promising colon specificity for a period of 120 minutes in a controlled manner. So it can be used as a carrier for formulating colon targeted dosage forms.


The widely accepted theory of two-dimensional turbulence predicts a direct downscale enstrophy cascade with an energy spectrum behaving like $k^{-3}$ and an inverse upscale energy cascade with a $k^{-5/3}$ decay. Nevertheless, this theory is in fact an idealization valid only in an infinite domain in the limit of infinite Reynolds numbers, and is almost impossible to reproduce numerically. A more complete theoretical framework for the two-dimensional turbulence has been recently proposed by Tung et al . This theory seems to be more consistent with experimental observations, and numerical simulations than the classical one developed by Kraichnan, Leith and Batchelor.

Multiresolution methods like the wavelet packets or the cosine packets, well known in signal decomposition, can be used for the 2D turbulence analysis. Wavelet or cosine decompositions are more and more used in physical applications and in particular in fluid mechanics. Following the works of M. Farge et al , we present a numerical and qualitative study of a two-dimensional turbulence fluid using these methods. The decompositions allow to separate the fluid in two parts which are analyzed and the corresponding energy spectra are computed. In the first part of this paper, the methods are presented and the numerical results are briefly compared to the theoretical spectra predicted by the both theories. A more detailed study, using only wavelet packets decompositions and based on numerical and experimental data, will be carried out and the results will be reported in the second part of the paper. A tentative of physical interpretation of the different components of the flow will be also proposed.


Ground based measurement of Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) was made at Gosan station on Cheju Island, Korea, during the Atmospheric Brown Cloud ? East Asian Regional Experiment 2005 (ABC-EAREX2005) campaign conducted in March ? April 2005. The CCN concentration is key parameter to estimate the magnitude of the indirect effect of aerosols on radiative forcing, because CCN can modify cloud microphysics. In spite of the great importance of CCN activity of aerosols however, CCN measurements are still very limited especially in Asia. In this study, impacts of anthropogenic emissions on CCN concentrations are evaluated. During four supersaturations, S = 1.0, 0.6, 0.3, and 0.1%. An S concentrations in the maritime (less than 1000 cm-3) and continental (about anthropogenic emissions variation of CCN number concentrations are interpreted by three factors; 1) change in total aerosol number, 2) change in aerosol size distribution, and 3) change in chemical composition of aerosol. The results show that while the CCN concentrations at S = 1.0 and 0.6% are primarily explained by the temporal change in aerosol total number, the aerosol size distribution becomes more important for the CCN concentration at S = 0.3 and 0.1%. Factors controlling aerosols which are important for CCN are also discussed.


The general situation and pathogeny characteristic of waterfowl new disease were recommended in this paper including waterfowl influenza,duck hepatitis,avian paramyxovirus,duck reovirus,duck circovirus and Riemerella anatipestifer.Moreover,the strategy of prevention and control was pointed out.


In this stimulating discussion of early Magyar nationalism Professor Barany, drawing upon a broad knowledge of the historical literature, has traced its development from estates or feudal nationalism, characteristic of the period before the middle of the eighteenth century, through the transitional stage represented by Stephen Szechenyi in the 1830's to the modern nation-state variety propounded by Louis Kossuth and his supporters on the eve of the revolution of 1848. Professor Barany has concerned himself in particular with the questions of how and why the rising modern Magyar nationalism of the 1830's and 1840's inherited certain fundamental features of estates nationalism. He has raised several interesting points upon which I would like to comment briefly.


Vitamin A, or retinol, and its natural derivatives are required for a wide variety of physiological events, including embryonic development, maintenance of epidermal differentiation, testicular function, vision, and regulation of the proliferation and differentiation of many different cell types. Retinol deficiency is characterized by alterations in epithelial proliferation and keratinization, immunodeficiency, blindness, male sterility, and eventually death. Many of the effects of vitamin A deficiency can be reversed by administering all-trans retinoic acid (t-RA) such that with the appropriate doses of t-RA, animals deficient in vitamin A can thrive. Vision and spermatogenesis constitute exceptions, in that t-RA cannot support these functions and retinol is required for normal a ~ t i v i t y . ~ Because many of the effects of vitamin A are related to epithelial differentiation, cell culture systems, in which cells can be induced to differentiate, are useful models for studying the actions of retinol and its metabolite, t-RA. In certain cell culture systems, t-RA is at least 100-fold more potent for inducing differentiation than retinol itself, indicating that not only can t-RA replace retinol, but that t-RA can be more active than retinoL6 Thus, both in vivo and in vitro data suggest that t-RA is the active form of vitamin A in many physiologic processes. This hypothesis is supported by the recent discovery that specific nuclear receptors can bind and mediate activity of t-RA.'-14 These receptors are members of the steroidkhyroid hormone superfamily of receptors and function as ligand-dependent transcription factor^.'^ Thus, the physiologic effects of vitamin A in many cell systems are mediated through the binding of the vitamin A metabolite, t-RA, to nuclear receptors, which results in a modulation of the expression of specific gene products. As yet no nuclear receptors that directly bind retinol have been described. Until recently, metabolism of retinol to t-RA and the binding of t-RA to retinoic acid receptors (RAR) was the sole pathway known in mammalian systems for the activity of vitamin A. In the developing chick, 3,4-didehydro-retinoic acid has been shown to be a form of retinoic acid that may in part be responsible for the activity of vitamin A in this system.16 Interestingly, a new metabolite of retinol,


Differentiated embryonic chondrocyte (DEC) genes have been reported to be involved in the regulation of mammalian circadian rhythms, differentiation, apoptosis, the response to hypoxia and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Activation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling is known to promote EMT for the development of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa). However, the role of DEC genes in the TGF-β-induced EMT of PCa remains unclear. In the present study it was demonstrated that TGF-β increased the transcriptional/translational levels of DEC1 but decreased those of DEC2 in PC-3 cells. Moreover, TGF-β evoked the phosphorylation of Smad2, followed by the activation of mesenchymal markers, such as N-cadherin and vimentin, in addition to the suppression of epithelial markers, such as E-cadherin. The knockdown of DEC1 restrained TGF-β-induced cell morphology changes as well as cell motility, which was compatible with the upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of pSmad2, N-cadherin, and vimentin. However, DEC2 knockdown endorsed PC-3 cells with a more metastatic phenotype. EMT-related markers in DEC2 siRNA-transfected cells exhibited a reverse expression pattern when compared with that in DEC1 siRNA-transfected cells. Taken together, these results provide evidence that DEC1 and DEC2 have opposite effects on TGF-β-induced EMT in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells.


Resonant tunneling in a novel coupled-quantum-well (CQW) base transistor is investigated. The CQW-base structure is confirmed through secondary ion mass spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Transconductance measurements reveal that the collector current is attributable to resonant tunneling transfer from the emitter to collector through the modified energy states in the CQW-base. Current gain β as large as 5.5 is observed for the first time with respect to the resonant tunneling current.


The effects of reduced food availability on the behavior of juvenile walleye pollock Theragra chalcogram~na were examined in laboratory experiments designed to test for potential energyconserving responses. Groups of juvenile fish were held on 1 of 6 ration treatments ranging from ad hbltum to near starvation, and thenvertical distribution and activity levels were quantified in a 2.5 m deep water column under isothermal and thermally stratified conditions. Stratification resulted in a general sh~ft o the upper, warmer layer in the 2 experiments employing a sharp thermocline at middepth, but the occurrence of fish in the colder bottom layer varied with different ratlon treatments. Movement lnto cold water increased in intermediate ration groups compared to high ratlon groups. Since reduced temperatures should reduce metabolic costs, this behavior is consistent with our hypothesis that food deprivation should invoke energy-saving behaviors. However, activity levels increased for fish held on intermediate rations, suggesting that the greater movement into cold water was a corollary result of increased searching for food. Fish in the lowest ration treatments had decreased activity levels, but also decreased their movement into cold water when a sharp thermocline was present, negating potential bioenergetic benefits. In the third experiment, there was a gradual thermal gradient from surface to bottom rather than a sharp thermocline. Temperatures associated with vertical positions of the fish were determined. In this experiment, clear energy-conserving responses to temperature were displayed by food-deprived fish; the average temperatures occupied by fish on starvation rations were 3 to 4°C colder than those of the higher ration groups. Based on the high Qlo for metabolic rates of juvenile pollock, these reduced temperatures potentially conferred energy savings of up to 34 %, relative to the metabolic expenditures of fish on high rations. The contrast in behavior for the lowest ration groups between sharply stratified and gradually stratified conditions suggested that the severity of the temperature gradient influenced the fishes' ability to take advantage of cold water as an energetic refuge. The behavior of fish in the laboratory was consistent with prior observations in the Bering Sea, where juvenile walleye pollock remained in surface waters if food availability was high, but initiated vertical migration into deeper, colder water with reduced prey densities. Results of this study demonstrated a broad flexibility in the behavioral mechanisms used by walleye pollock to deal with declining food levels. The initial response to food limitation was increased activity, indicative of greater searching behavior With extended food deprivation, a switch to energy-conserving behavior was evident. The temperature responses of fish experiencing severe food limitation provided support for a bioenergetic hypothesis of die1 vertical migration. KEY WORDSBehavior . Temperature . Starvation Bioenergetics . Walleye pollock INTRODUCTION tially incompatible mechanisms can be implemented to reduce the probability of starvation. Foraging behavior Anlmals can respond to declining levels of prey can be modified to improve the chances of finding abundance by behavioral adaptations that offset or prey. This approach may involve movlng to a new locadelay the effects of reduced food intake. Two potention, increasing the amount of time spent searching for prey, increasing the intensity of searching behavior, or 'E-mail firstname.lastname@example.com edu changing the type of prey consumed. Alternatively, 0 Inter-Research 1996 Resale of full article not perm~tted 4 4 Mar Ecol Prog Ser 133: 43-55, 1996 animals can lower energetic costs, thereby extending the amount of time availab1.e before energy reserves are depleted. Many behaviors associated with the first strategy, such as increased searching activlty, will likely increase energy expenditures. In turn, behaviors thdt lower metabolic costs, such as quiescence or reduced activlty, may decrease the probability of encountering prey patches. Thus, there are trade-offs between the 2 mechanisms in their relative costs and benefits. Wieser (1991) predicted shifts in the 2 types of behavior depending on the extent of food deprivation; locomotor activity and searching behavior should initially increase, despite the energetic costs, to improve the chances of finding food, but if low food conditions continue, metabolic expenditures should be reduced as much as possible to forestall starvation. Extensive experimental work has demonstrated that fishes do change their foraging behavior as food levels decline, often wlth an associated ecological cost, such as increased predation risk (see reviews by Lima & Dill 1990, Milinski 1993). Hungry fish improve their food intake by foraging in habitats with higher predation risk (Magnhagen 1988, Sogard 1994) or by increasing the time spent foraging while reducing vigilance toward predators (Milinski 1984, Godin & Smlth 1988, Morgan 1988, Gotceitas & Godin 1991). Evidence of behavioral responses that reduce energetic costs is more limited. One potential mechanism is lower locomotor activity. In juvenile cod, swimming speeds initially Increased as food levels declined, then decreased with further food deprivation (Bjornsson 1993); O2 consumption rates were 4 to 5 times higher for cod on intermediate rations compared to higher or lower rations. Because the energetic costs of metabolism are directly related to ambient temperature in ectotherms (Cossins & Bowler 198?), energy conservation can also be achieved by behaviors that lower body temperature. Animals exhibiting lower temperature preferences under reduced food conditions include snakes (Regal 1966), turtles (Gatten 1974), reduviid bugs (Lazzari 1991) and fire ants (Porter & Tschinkel 1993). The optimum temperature for growth in fishes generally declines as food availability declines (Brett 1971, Crowder & Magnuson 1983, Brandt 1993). Under conditions of negative growth, i.e. starvation, occupancy of cold water inhibits loss of condition and increases longevity. Thus, fish should alter their distribution from warmer to colder temperatures when the cost:benefit ratio associated with increased food searching becomes physiologically prohibitive. Modelling studies by Crowder & Magnuson (1983) and Brandt (1993) suggested that in natural aquatlc systems, fish should select habitats that provide optimal bioenergetic benefits, based on the integration of food and temperature distributions. Field data supporting a correlation between food abundance and temperature distribution is evident in cisco Coregonus artedii, which reside in lower temperatures in oligotrophic lakes (presumably food-poor) than in eutrophic lakes (Rudstam & Magnuson 1985). Only a few studies have directly tested the influence of food level on behavioral responses in thermal gradients, and conflicting results have been reported. Selection of lower water temperatures at lower food levels, presumably resulting in energy conservation, has been described for juvenile lake charr Salvelinus narnaycush (Mac 1985), bluegill Lepomis macrochirus (Stuntz & Magnuson 1976), American plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides (Morgan 1993), brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, and rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri (Javaid & Anderson 1967). Mac's (1985) study examined a full series of ration levels in a broad thermal gradient, with a regular decline in selected temperature as ration decreased. However, Atlantic salmon Salmo salar displayed a significant increase in selected temperature under low rations (Javaid & Anderson 1967), and in contrast to Stuntz & Magnuson's (1976) results, Wildhaber & Crowder (1990) concluded that ration had no influence on temperatures selected by bluegills. Wildhaber & Crowder (1990) suggested that thermal preferences of bluegill prevailed over energetic considerations, since temperatures selected by fish on low rations declined by <l°C (a 5°C decrease was possible in the experimental setup). Mac (1985) also suggested that temperatures selected by fish on low rations did not decrease energetic costs to the fullest extent possible with the temperatures available. Thus, additional trade-offs between the energetic benefits of lower water temperature and the associated physiological and ecological costs presumably modified behavioral choices. Intermittent use of cold water as an energy-conserving mechanism has been proposed to be a causal factor in vertical migration behavior (McLaren 1963, Brett 1971). Bevelhimer & Adams (1993) developed a bioenergetics model to determine the migration scenarios that would best enhance growth of kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka under different patterns of prey distribution and abundance. Their simulations reveal clear advantages to migrating into colder water; estimated growth rates were always higher with vertical migration than under any isothermal regime. However, experimental evidence supporting a bioenergetic hypothesis for vertical migration is limited. In the present study, we examined potential energyconserving behaviors of juvenile walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma. In the Berlng Sea, juveniles displayed a variable pattern of die1 vertical migration (Bailey 1989). At night, the fish were concentrated in Sogard & Olla. Food deprivation affects flsh vertical distribution 45 the surface layer above the thermocline. Daytime migration down through the thermocline appeared to be influenced by body size, with smaller fish more likely to remain in surface waters, and by food availability. At a site that had high food levels and high juvenile growth rates, vertical migration did not occur, and juvenile pollock remained in surface waters both day and night. In contrast, at sites with lower food availability and lower growth rates, extensive movement into cold water occurred during the day. These results were consistent with a bioenerge


Using the information processing approach adopted by Harkins and Petty, the authors find the polarization of thoughts and attitudes in response to strong versus weak arguments to be greater when subjects are exposed to multiple message sources rather than to a single source.


Context: Swellings of the thyroid are commonplace in day-to-day practice. Whether symptomatic or not, the differentiation of a benign from malignant swelling is a primary objective for all physicians. In the recent past, Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) has emerged as the foremost application in the diagnosis of thyroid swellings. Through this study, we evaluated the accuracy of FNAC in our setting. Settings & design: The study was conducted in Shyam Shah Medical College and associated Sanjay Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Rewa (MP), on 86 patients who presented with thyroid swellings. Methods & material: 86 subjects presenting with thyroid swellings were included on whom FNAC was done whereas histopathology was carried out on 22. The predictive value for FNAC was retrospectively correlated clinically and with biopsy results, if available. Results: In the current study, 80 diagnoses clinically correlated to 86 cytological diagnoses. The most common thyroid swellings were benign adenomas (69.76%). Out of the 22 biopsies performed, 20(90.91%) were correctly diagnosed by FNAC itself. Conclusion: FNAC achieved a diagnostic accuracy of 95.34% and a discordance of only 4.66%. As it provides the advantage of being less complicated, cheap, and produces a faster result compared to biopsy, FNAC efficiently differentiates benign from malignant lesions, obviating the patients need to undergo surgery for accurate diagnosis.


Pore network model is more and more widely used in the field of microscopic flow,but the lack of visualization greatly limits its application.Based on four basic assumptions,three-dimensional geometric knowledge is applied to determine the throat and pore body.Then,data files of pore network model are processed to achieve the visualization of Berea sandstone pore network model,complex pore network model and distribution of oil saturation.Thus,three-dimensional pore network model is presented.This method can show not only the distribution of the pore body and throat in one pore network model,but also the pore body and throat distribution of complex pore network model,and even the distribution of oil saturation.It facilitates the analysis of flow mechanism and microscopic remaining oil distribution,so as to expand the application range of pore network model.


Right ventricular (RV) involvement commonly occurs in patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction and is associated with high mortality and morbidity. RV dysfunction and dilatation commonly recover in survivors; chronic RV dyskinesia and failure are rare complications.This case report presents a patient in whom an isolated RV aneurysm complicates a RV involvement of acute inferiorposterior myocardial infarction.


Objective To explore influence of probiotics (lactobacillus acidophilus) on the intestinal flora and bile composition in infantile hepatitis syndrome(IHS). Methods Researchers randomly assigned 60 IHS children who were the patients in Tongji Hospital from Mar.2002 to May 2008 into treatment group and control group in desired random number table. The treatment group received Lactobacillus LB sachet (two times a day,a packet each time,15 days as a course of treatment)and the control group received freeze dried culture medium,both on the basis of basic therapies such as UDCA(three times a day,25 mg each time) and liver protection therapy. Total bilirubin(TB),direct bilirubin(DB),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),γ-glutamyltranspeptidase(γ-GT),totle bile acid(TBA) of serum and intraduodenal drain(bile) were observed before and after the treatment. SPSS 10.0 software was used to analyze the data. Results After two treatment courses,the effective rates were 92.86% in the treatment group and 74.07% in the control group respectively. Significant differences were observed between the two groups(P 0.05). Compared with the control group,the levels of TB,DB,ALT,γ-GT and TBA in serum of treatment group reduced significantly(P 0.05),and the liver size reduced obviously(P 0.05),while the level of TB,DB,γ-GT and TBA in bile of treatment group increased significantly (P 0.05). There was no obvious side effect in the two groups. Conclusion There is intestinal flora disturbance in infantile hepatitis syndrome. Probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus) and UDCA can increase the excretion of bile flow,improve the function of liver,and stabilize the balance of intestinal flora,which has significant curative effect on infantile hepatitis syndrome (IHS).


Stress is a ubiquitous condition that affects all people. Stress can be mental or physical, although in the context of this article the focus will be mental stress. Mental stress involves challenge, threat or worry about future adverse events. Such stress activates the brain's stress response systems, which in turn affect the body. Many of the body's major systems are altered by stress (cardiovascular, muscular, urinary, gastrointestinal, sweat glands, etc) often with adverse consequences. Gastrointestinal function is particularly influenced by stress. Common gastrointestinal symptoms due to stress are heartburn, indigestion, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, constipation and associated lower abdominal pain. These symptoms and the alterations in intestinal function that cause them are becoming understood. Gastrointestinal Stress Reactions in Animals and CRF In animals such as rats, stress can be induced in experimental situations. When rats are wrap restrained, or placed on a small platform surrounded by water they become stressed. During these situations, alterations in motility of the gut occur. The upper gut, including the stomach and small intestine, exhibits markedly reduced transit. This may be a defense mechanism to promote vomiting and reduce oral intake. Conversely the large bowel motility increases with increased stool output and transit speed. This may be a defense mechanism to eliminate toxins. We have learned that a hormone called corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) influences these changes. CRF is released from nerve cells in the hypothalamus of the brain. These nerve cells release the hormone via long processes into other parts of the brain such as the locus ceruleus, where arousal and autonomic nervous system changes are mediated. In rats, injection of CRF blockers into the brain fluid diminishes the stress induced motility changes in the gut. CRF directly injected into the brain fluid mimics the stress


To evaluate the most effective way to present (telephone) numbers, factors of practical and theoretical relevance were studied. This includes list length (i.e. number of digits); visual vs. auditory presentation; duration of the presentation; and digit-grouping format (chunking). In the present study, auditory (i.e. sequential) presentation was compared directly with simultaneous visual presentation (all digits together). Not surprisingly, list length is the most critical factor for immediate recall (the more digits, the less recalled), and a longer presentation time favours both modalities. An effect of the digit-grouping format was found only for auditory presentations, where ungrouped numbers did worse. Plots of serial-position effects for different digit-grouping formats show that the digits in ungrouped, visually presented numbers are, in fact, subjectively grouped in twos.


Abstract : This paper presents IDA's participation in a review, conducted during FY 2004, of systems engineering-related education and training for the acquisition workforce. The purpose of the review was to determine ways that the education and training could be revised or updated to achieve better implementation of systems engineering on acquisition programs. Most of the work centered on the courses offered within the Systems Engineering (SE) career path of the Systems Planning, Research, Development and Engineering (SPRDE) career field. This paper begins with background leading up to the review, summarizing recent changes to DoD acquisition policy and SE policy. The remainder of the paper documents the implementation of the review, highlighting IDA's participation. It includes proposed revisions and updates to the SPRDE/SE position category description, certification requirements, and other education and training-related resources as well as guidance regarding certification course content.


In this letter, the authors report the experimental observations of pressure induced liquid motions in a confining nanoporous gel. As the pressure is sufficiently high, water molecules can move out of the initially energetically favorable gel matrix and enter the hydrophobic nanopores. As the pressure is lowered, this process is irreversible, leading to the pronounced hysteresis of sorption isotherm. This phenomenon is essential to developing advanced energy absorption systems. A first-order thermodynamics analysis is presented.


. The Covid-19 pandemic has led to the implementation of online learning. Online learning, which is currently being implemented, certainly cannot cover all the aspects needed, especially the lack of interaction and demonstrations. This causes lecturers to find difficulties in teaching writing classes, especially writing in non-alphabetic foreign languages for beginners. By using qualitative methods, this study describes the difficulties experienced by lecturers in teaching writing orthographic characters in the Covid-19 pandemic conditions. The participants involved were 24 lecturers from Chinese literature and Japanese literature from some universities in Indonesia, in which both languages have Hanzi and Kanji characters, respectively. The findings of this study are, the lecturers find it difficult to demonstrate online how to write characters that are in accordance with the strokes and stroke order, besides, lecturers also have difficulty finding applications or software that can be used for teaching writing orthographic characters. The lack of interaction on the video conference platform was also recognized by the lecturers as an obstacle because they could not check students' work in real time at the same time. The results of this study will be used to provide input to institutional management in order to create strategies and possible solutions that can help to overcome these problems.


The utility model relates to a mould with parting surface zero offset, which comprises a fixed die and a moving die. The fixed die and the moving die at least comprise a parting surface. Under the condition of keeping the integrated joint part of the parting surface of the fixed die and the moving die with a cavity, the fixed die or/and the moving die are segmented into at least two parts near the joint part which cannot be reached by manual or mechanical die polishing, wherein the two parts with the integrated joint part are connected by a positioning mechanism, and the joint part is in zero offset. The mould has the advantages that the manufacturing cost is low, and the joint part is a zero section.


The general-purpose computing environment that characterizes the PC and Internet was not designed for privacy or integrity. Surveying a variety of Internet targets, the author discusses likely attackers and their techniques. He offers defense mechanisms for protecting system integrity and blocking such attacks.


Tehran city located on the large alluvial fans in recent decades due mainly to the north of the Alborz mountain range located south east and west has trend of industrial development and population growth spawned the development high buildings also in southern parts of has created change the size sediments from north to south and also the water level underground in conditions, event, earthquake-possibility to create phenomenon, Liquefaction take probable, makes. This paper has attempted to examine the geology of the site with the use of boreholes and geotechnical characterization of sediments and soil mechanics changes in groundwater level as well as liquefaction potential was evaluated results showed that different parts of the south of Tehran, was susceptible to liquefaction, Using dynamic analysis of potential risk zones on the verge of separation and liquefaction areas were also identified. These areas at depths less than 20 m below ground water surface and fine-grained sediments are non-cohesive. Due to Tehran's position and the presence of active faults near the southern Pediment of the Alborz around them, continuously recorded earthquakes in the seismic network around the city and the devastating earthquake in the history of the seismic potential is high(2). Studies in this direction, as attested by the high probability destructive earthquake occurred in the metropolitan area in the not too distant future in addition, the uneven growth of Tehran especially in recent decades has led these cities against possible earthquake high vulnerability (5and6). Construction of boundary faults and areas prone to the geologic instability no attention to the intensity of seismic Tehran The design and operation of buildings and critical facilities Uneven distribution of facilities and amenities needed in times of crisis, Despite numerous and diffuse tissue vulnerable and aging In the city, and many others, all show that In the event of a severe earthquake in Tehran Irreparable loss and injury partly will to be. In order to reduce seismic risk required in Tehran while recognizing the earthquake and seismic vulnerability of Tehran with purposeful planning, realistic and holistic perspective measures to reform the city and achieve sustainable development done (11). The first step in this direction is to recognize existing too according to the study design and follow-up actions should be complementary. So one of the important steps in this regard recognizing the condition of the earth and site development projects .The geotechnical properties of cholera in southern Tehran Occurrence of liquefaction of the ground conditions likely to exacerbate the groundwater level. In this paper we are considering the possibility of showing geological conditions geotechnical borings to identify areas prone to liquefaction. 2-Geology and geomorphology of Tehran Tehran in the Alborz mountain range in the south is located and north of the central Iran plain is considered. Alborz mountains in north of Tehran, consisting of series of folds and thrust fault east - west from the center outwards Alborz (North and South) have been driven.


Reporting street or any civic problems has no longer been an easy process for the citizens. They have to undergo a long procedure and formalities to report such problems like street damages, street cleaning, potholes, garbage bin overflowing, light post damages etc. or in short everything that comes under the surveillance of municipality .There is still no guarantee that the reported grievances would be addressed by the concerned authority. That is why most of the time complaints go unheard, unanswered and unresolved usually because the company is too large to worry about one little complaint from a single person. To facilitate this complaining procedure, we are going to implement an online web application that lets citizens report problems with infrastructure in their city to relevant authority. So whenever people come across any defects in city`s infrastructure, transportation, environment cleanliness or any daily life disturbances, they can share, discuss and get resolved the problems by concerned authority by means of this online web portal. The complaint is registered via a mobile application. The Global Positioning System (GPS) sensor presents in smart mobile devices will determine the exact location of problematic zone and camera can be used to take the snap of problematic zone as a visual proof. The system then generates a form consisting of all data entered by user along with the location and visual proof and send that to the central server notifying the concerned authority.


Heat exchanger plays an important role in industry. In industrial applications, the type of heat exchanger that is often found is the shell and tube type heat exchanger. The aim of this paper is to of tube and shell type heat exchanger for nanofibril cellulose production applications. The method used is to design several assumptions and calculate parameters related to determining the performance of the heat exchanger. The parameters are calculated manually using the Microsoft Excel application. In this design, the TEMA standard is used as a reference. The result of this paper is the heat exchanger has 53 pcs of tubes with the effectiveness up to 89.21%. This indicates that the overall performance of the heat exchanger in cellulose nanofibril production applications can be further improved by selecting the right fluid, fluid flow rate, and other physical properties, as well as the number of tubes that will be required


In this paper,a kind of monitoring terminal of communication base station electricity utilization,which is based on ATT7022B、MSP430F149 and GTM900,is designed.Via SPI communication mode MSP430F149 can gain register value from ATT7022B,various kinds of real-time electrical parameters can be calculated in the way of the transformation on register values,the voltage and current of storage battery can be monitored,then real-time parameters are compared to the setting values in order to be true whether alarm signals happen.the terminal communicates with FTP via GPRS/SMS and can be active in uploading electrical parameters and responding the command from FTP.


This paper presents an optimization model to help distribution system planners to site and size battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and to site isolation devices. The purpose is twofold: (i) to enhance system reliability and (ii) to generate revenue by taking advantage of energy arbitrage. Our work fills a research gap regarding the optimal coordination of the siting of BESSs and isolation devices. Input data for the model includes utility historical load and fault data. This data is used to generate multiple scenarios pertaining to normal and faulted operating conditions. The proposed optimization model is recast as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem and solved using a commercial solver. It is successfully applied in a real-world case study.


We propose a regularization procedure for the novel Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet theory of gravity, which produces a set of field equations that can be written in closed form in four dimensions. Our method consists of introducing a counterterm into the action, and does not rely on the embedding or compactification of any higher-dimensional spaces. This counterterm is sufficient to cancel the divergence in the action that would otherwise occur, and exactly reproduces the trace of the field equations of the original formulation of the theory. All other field equations display an extra scalar gravitational degree of freedom in the gravitational sector, in keeping with the requirements of Lovelock's theorem. We discuss issues concerning the equivalence between our new regularized theory and the original.


Time-resolved second-harmonic generation (TRSHG) and transient photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy are utilized to probe the ultrafast creation and subsequent relaxation of excited carriers immediately following band-gap excitation in single ZnO nanowire and nanoribbon lasers. The TRSHG signal consists of a 1−5 ps recovery present only during strong lasing and a 10−80 ps intensity-dependent component. The transient PL response from single structures exhibits an 80 ps decay component independent of pump power (free exciton PL), and a < 10 ps power-dependent component (stimulated emission) that shifts to earlier delay by ca. 10 ps at high pump fluence.


Abstract The longevity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in wool is of interest not only because this bacterium may cause green and other discolourations of fleece wool, but also because it is a plant and animal pathogen. Normal Corriedale fleece wool and green-stained wool held in the laboratory were sampled for micro-organisms by the plate-count method for five years. During this period the numbers in both samples dropped from 109 to 106 micro-organisms per g. This high survival rate is discussed in the light of previous findings.


Summary The presence of NaEDTA in the lumen of isolated canine jejunal segments in situ produced significant enhancement of intestinal absorption of heparinoid as measured by the disappearance of heparinoid from the lumen. Increases in clotting time of recalcified citrated plasma accompanied the enhanced absorption and verified that the heparinoid had been absorbed without loss of anticoagulant activity.


A radio transcript of an interview with Helen McCordick (wife to Frank McCordick) about the work of the Red Cross Women's Transport Corps during World War II. The work included picking up salvage materials for reuse, transporting blood donors to and from clinics, and the delivery of blood to hospitals across Niagara and the Greater Toronto Area. The Corps were looking to enlist fourteen new recruits.


This study aimed to find an effective intervention measure through establishing the correlation between self-regulation (control over life style) and height growth through neuro-feedback training. 40 elementary students in grades two to four with height growth programs (20 experimental group students, 20 control group students) were examined for the changes before and after undergoing neuro-feedback training. The experiment lasted for three months with one 30-minute training session two times a week. After analyzing the differences in self-regulation among the control group with no neuro-feedback training and the experimental group with neuro-feedback training, the differences in height growth were analyzed. First of all, there were positive changes in self-regulation of the experimental group compared with the control group. Secondly, the experimental group showed larger changes in height growth. In conclusion, neuro-feedback training had positive effects upon the self-regulation that adjusts the acquired factors of height growth, which led to positive effects.


With the French at the door, on May 31st of 1509, the Head of the Venetian Garda fleet received the order to burn and sink the ships and come back to Venice: the war on the lake was temporarily lost. The small fleet, whose base was at Lazise, was formed by one light galley and two fustas, so the commandant sunk the galley and one fusta in front of the town and went with the third ship to the northern lake to take a safe trip to Venice on horseback. One shipwreck was discovered in 1960 and was studied in several campaigns, but it was not clear if it was a small galley or a large fusta. New research was started in 2018 with BENĀCUS, a project of the Department of Humanities and Cultural Heritage of the University of Udine, in a joint venture with the Trieste and Firenze Universities, and under the Superintendency for the Archaeology, Arts and Landscape of the provinces of Verona, Vicenza and Rovigo. The aim of this project was an historical research and geophysical survey to map the underwater cultural heritage (UCH) of Garda Lake.


7339 Background: This phase I/II trial is being conducted to test the safety, toxicity, and initial efficacy of this novel regimen of celecoxib plus carboplatin/gemcitabine for advanced NSCLC. Cele...


University's sports course has its unique advantage in training university student's innovation ability.Sports educates and offers the unique study and living environment and abundant chance of observation,thinking,and the behavior operated in practice.How is it to teach knowledge in teaching of sports,train students' innovation ability and quality,make it become the high-quality talents with initiative spirit,it is the important problem of the reform in education of present sports.


Introduction: Alzheimer's is a neuro-degenerative disease associated with a decline in memory abilities and brain changes that ultimately lead to dementia. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of eight weeks of endurance training on the hippocampal concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in female rats with Alzheimer's disease . Materials and Methods: A total of 30 female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group, a sham group and an endurance training group. Alzheimer's was induced to the rats through Methyltin Chloride. The endurance training group exercised on the treadmill for eight weeks. The hippocampal concentration of TNFα was then measured in all the groups. The data obtained were analyzed using the two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test . Results: The hippocampal concentration of TNFα was significantly lower in the exercise group compared to the sham group. Methyltin chloride poisoning increased this concentration and endurance training reduced it in the rats (P≤0.05). Conclusion: Endurance training reduces the hippocampal concentration of TNFα in female rats with Alzheimer's disease.


OBJECTIVE
To study the inhibitory effect of Guizhi Fuling Capsule (GFC) on migration of human ovarian cancer cells and explore the possible mechanism.

METHODS
Sixty Wistar rats were randomized into 4 groups for daily gavage of saline or 4, 8, or 16 g/kg GFC suspension for 5 days to prepare blank and low-, medium- and high-dose GFC-medicated sera. Cisplatinresistant ovarian cancer SKOV3/DDP cells were treated with these sera with nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor SN50 as the positive control, and the changes in migration ability and apoptosis of the cells were examined using scratch assay and flow cytometry, respectively; the changes in the mRNA and protein expressions of CDH1, CDH2, caspase 3 and NF- κB were detected using RT-qPCR and Western blotting. ATAC-seq was used to analyze the changes in expressions of CDH1, CDH2, caspase 3 and NF-κB genes in the open chromatin.

RESULTS
Treatment with GFC-medicated sera dose-dependently inhibited the migration (P < 0.05), increased apoptosis (P < 0.01), inhibited CDH2 and NF-κB mRNA expression (P < 0.05), and enhanced caspase 3 and CDH1 mRNA expressions (P < 0.01) in SKOV3/DDP cells. The effects of high-dose GFC-medicated serum were comparable to those of SN50 (P>0.05), but its effect for enhancing DH1 protein expression was weaker than that of SN50 (P < 0.01). GFC-medicated sera significantly lowered the expressions of NF-κB and CDH2 and increased CDH1 expression in the open chromatin without obviously affecting caspase 3 expression.

CONCLUSION
GFC- medicated sera inhibits the migration ability of SKOV3/DDP cells possibly by promoting cell apoptosis and caspase 3 and CDH1 expressions, inhibiting CDH2 and NF-κB expressions, and regulating the expressions of NF-κB, CDH2 and CDH1 in the open chromatin.


The technology and methods of the study on molecular mechanism of Cytoplasm Male Sterility (CMS) are introduced in regard to mitochondrial genome, mitochondrial gene, mitochondrial RNA, mitochondrial protein, transformed plants and abortion of pollen. The progress of the studies on molecular mechanism of CMS is reviewed and its prospects are described.


ABSTRACT Despite the clear negative impact of high textbook costs on students, limits—including space, funding, and policies—prevent many academic libraries from fully supporting textbook collections. Partnering with other campus units on textbook lending requires creative thinking but can provide students access to other services in addition to the books they need for class. This article describes a partnership between an academic library and a student services unit to provide support for a noncustodial textbook lending program.


A professionally committed teacher educator should possess all the attributes of a professional teacher. As a profession, teaching has been considered as the noblest profession from times immemorial. In this regard the National Policy on Education (1986) has also observed that the status of the teacher reflects the social cultural ethos of a society. Besides, Kothari Commission (1964-1966) has put forth that of all the different factors which influences the quality, competence and character of teacher are undoubtedly, the most significant. This study examined factors promoting teacher effectiveness like professional commitment, punctuality, job satisfaction, attitude towards teaching, appropriate training and good learning environment. The sample for the study consists of 800 secondary school teachers which were collected by random sampling. Professional commitment scale developed by Ravinder Kaur and Sarbjit Kaur was used and Teacher Effectiveness scale developed by Umme Kulsum. The results of the study showed that the effective secondary school teachers have more professional commitment towards their teaching profession. The results also revealed that effective teachers are more committed to their jobs and also show positive commitment both towards students as well as the progressive betterment of society. Citation: Rayees Ahmad Dar (2018). Qualities of Effective Teachers. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Scientific Research (IJAMSR ) ISSN:2581-4281 Vol 1, Issue 10, December, 2018, #Art.1019, pp 82-87 International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Scientific Research(IJAMSR) ISSN:2581-4281 Volume 1, Issue 10, December, 2018 https://doi.org/10.31426/ijamsr.2018.1.10.1019 https://doi.org/10.31426/ijamsr.2018.1.10.1019 83 International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Scientific Research (IJAMSR) ISSN:2581-4281 through education that man develops his thinking and reasoning, problem solving, intelligence and creativity and aptitude, positive sentiments and skills, good values and attitudes. Education is a dialogue between the past, present and the future, so that the coming generations receive the accumulated lessons of the heritage and carry it forward (UNESCO, 1998). A professionally committed teacher educator should possess all the attributes of a professional teacher. As a profession, teaching has been considered as the noblest profession from times immemorial. In this regard the National Policy on Education (1986) has also observed that the status of the teacher reflects the social cultural ethos of a society. Besides, Kothari Commission (19641966) has put forth that of all the different factors which influences the quality, competence and character of teacher are, undoubtedly, the most significant. It is necessary that teachers should be given full support to develop their potential and creative skills so that their teaching be more effective. The teacher acts as a pivot for the transmission of intellectual and technical skills and the cultural traditions from one generation to another. The responsibility of the teacher is very great. Therefore, it is right to say that the nations will depend on the teachers well being. A teacher needs much more than he needs to have the vision of the kind of the society for which he is preparing the students. Every trade or occupation requires certain necessary qualities and qualifications which an individual member of it required to possess. It is an admitted fact that the effective and fruitful teaching depends on the personality of the teacher, which influences the developments of the tuft. It cannot be denied that certain typical divergent characteristics make a person an ideal teacher. Kneller (1968) is of the opinion that of all the people the teacher is the best placed to promote the growth of free and creative mind; in those who came before him aspiring with a passionate concern. His function is to assist each student personally in his journey. Towards self realization, the teacher has the task of stimulating and guiding his child learning so as to assure his attainment of socially approved goals in the most efficient way possible. The job of teacher is more than teaching, it also involves the job of improving the profession and education and there is a third role that he has to play the role as educational leader. This third role for teachers are, perhaps unique among the professions, because the members of no other profession are so intimately involved in lives in almost all the people of the community so involved in the task of economic, political, social, and cultural life as the teacher.


In order to maintain privacy on online social networks, such as Facebook, users must define a privacy policy through an arduous multi-step process for each status update and each of an average of 338 friends. Despite the functionality to set privacy policies per status update, a recent survey found 36% of Facebook users still strongly disliked others sharing too much about themselves and 27% of users still strongly disliked someone seeing posts or comments they did not mean for them to see. Much of the state-of-the-art has revolved around clustering users based on observable friendships lists, which is no longer feasible; in this work, we present empirical results from our method of clustering users into friendship groups without access to friendship lists. We also show that utilising knowledge about these groups can generate topic models that are competitive with LDA. We present a probabilistic model for predicting whom a user would want to share a real-time status update with, utilising these topic models. Our results show this ordering over a user's friends is accurate 82.6% 97.4% of the time. We implemented a plugin for Facebook based on our model for audience prediction and topic modelling. Our approach can be generalised to any data with an assumption that authors or publishers know one another. For example, in this work we use data from Facebook, Twitter, and a screenplay. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Emil Lupu, who listened to my ideas nine months ago, saw potential in them, and brought in guidance and support in the form of both Dr. Daniele Sgandurra and Dr. Luke Dickens. I am indebted to all three for the countless hours spent inspiring, encouraging and critiquing. Thank you to my friends and family for offering support and thanks to those who offered intimate anecdotes, putting personal meaning behind this project.


Abstract Seed germination implies an expansion process restarting the growth of the embryonic axis (Ax) and which is completed by radicle emergence through the seed covering layers. In developing soybean seeds, abscisic acid in Ax (ABAa) mainly inhibits Ax growth. Additionally, the expression of the EXP1 gene at the elongation zone (EZ) was found to be involved in the promotion of mature soybean Ax growth, which increased during water incubation and which was repressed by exogenous ABA. This work aimed to evaluate (1) the ABAa and EXP1 levels at the EZ and (2) the role of the seed coat (SC) in developing soybean seed germination. Whole seeds (Se), embryos (Em) and Ax at 25–45 d after anthesis (DAA) germinated in vitro, and germination performance increased with DAA. ABAa decreased in planta from 25 DAA until its critical non-inhibitory threshold (ABAc) at around physiological maturity (45 DAA). At earlier ages, the ABAc was reached during the in vitro incubation. Concomitantly, EXP1 transcripts accumulated with age into the pool of long-lived mRNAs and were up-regulated during incubation. Additionally, isolated Ax germinated faster, took up more water and increased its water potential more rapidly during incubation than Ax in Se. Also, a lower osmotic gradient was required to germinate at 45 DAA, when ABAa was no longer inhibitory. Simultaneously, the pressure to protrude SC through the micropylar area increased from 25 to 45 DAA. These results support the role of ABAa and EXP1 in controlling Ax growth and the SC in delaying radicle protrusion.


T publication of volume 60 of Studies in Bibliography provides an appropriate occasion for bringing up to date the record of the Society's activities that appeared in its fi ftieth-anniversary history in 1998 (item 1998.2 below). While the nature of the sections is self-evident, the essays that accompany the original listing provide useful context for understanding the undertakings and accomplishments identifi ed here. The fi rst four essays in the book were also published in SB 50 (1997), 1-212.


Didactical conditions of development of informative-communication competence of future engineers during master preparation, which will promote their personal and professional growth in conditions of modern society, are stated in the article.


The place occupied by theology within a university depends on how university itself is conceived. University is a community of people striving to acquire knowledge as a good in itself and spread it in different historical periods. The freedom to accomplish this mission can be rendered compatible with the social circumstances in which it is exercised. Moreover, facing with today's diversified and specified knowledge, it is necessary to look for ways of conserving knowledge's unity. The zealous quest for this unity was present in the university's origin. In that undertaking, theology played a significant yet, at the same time, debated role.


A free full-text copy of this article can be found at the web page of Upsala J Med Sci: http://www.ujms.se The somatic hypermutation (SMH) status of the immunoglobulin (Ig) V H genes can divide chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) into two prognostic subsets, with mutated V H genes display superior survival compared to unmutated cases. Biased V H gene usage has also been reported in CLL which may reflect antigen selection. In a V H gene analysis of 265 CLL cases we confirmed the prognostic impact of the V H mutation status and found preferential V H gene usage in both the mutated and unmutated subset. Interestingly, CLL cases rearranging one particular V H gene, V H 3-21, displayed poor outcome despite that two-thirds showed mutated V H genes. Many of the V H 3-21 utilizing cases expressed light chains, rearranged a V2-14 gene, and had homologous complementarity determining region 3s (CDR3s), implying recognition of a common antigen epitope. We thus believe that the cases rearranging the VH 3 -21 gene comprises an additional CLL entity. We further analyzed the V H gene rearrangements and, specifically, the heavy chain CDR3 sequences in 346 CLL cases to investigate the role of antigens in CLL. We identified six new subgroups with similar HCDR3 features and restricted VL gene usage as in the V H 3-21-using group. Our data indicate a limited number of antigen recognition sites in these subgroups and give further evidence for antigen selection in the development of CLL. Different mutational cutoffs have been used to distinguish mutated CLL in addition to the 2% cutoff. Using three levels of somatic mutations we divided 323 CLLs into subsets with divergent survival ( 5% mutations). This division revealed a low-mutated subgroup (2–5%) with inferior outcome that would have been masked using the traditional 2% cutoff. A 1513A/C polymorphism in the P2X 7 receptor gene was reported to be more frequent in CLL, but no difference in genotype frequencies was revealed in our 170 CLL cases and


Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable and fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor neuron loss. Although pathological mutations exist in >15 genes, the mechanism(s) underlying ALS are unknown. FUS is one such gene and encodes the nuclear RNA-binding protein (RBP), fused in sarcoma (FUS), which actively shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Intriguingly, nearly half of the ALS mutations identified in FUS cause this protein to mislocalize, suggesting that FUS localization is relevant to disease. Here, we found that excitotoxicity, a neuronal stress caused by aberrant glutamate signaling, induces the rapid redistribution of FUS and additional disease-linked RBPs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. As excitotoxicity is pathologically associated with ALS, it was notable that the nuclear egress of FUS was particularly robust. Further, ALS-FUS variants that predominantly localize to the nucleus also undergo redistribution. Thus, we sought to understand the purpose underlying FUS translocation and the potential relevance of this response to disease. As calcium dysregulation is strongly associated with neurodegenerative disorders, we examined the contribution of calcium to FUS egress. In addition to global changes to nucleocytoplasmic transport following excitotoxic insult, we found that FUS translocation caused by excitotoxicity is calcium mediated. Moreover, we found that dendritic expression of Gria2, a transcript encoding an AMPA receptor subunit responsible for regulating calcium permeability, is FUS-dependent under conditions of stress. Together, these


On November 20 and 21 1994 the Civil-Military Alliance held its first planning conference in Rockville Maryland at the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine. The purposes of this conference were to determine the organizational structure and mission of the Alliance and likewise to consider the major implications of HIV/AIDS for national security and in particular for international peacekeeping commitments. The discussions involved 30 military-medical officers health and development specialists and policy analysts drawn from eight countries. Senior officers from the United Nations Development Programme the World Health Organization the Pan American Health Organization and the U.S. Dept. of State also participated. During their meeting conferees reach agreement on a number of challenges that must be met if successful prevention and education programs are to be mounted against the disease by civilian and military organizations working in cooperation with each other. (excerpt)


As a fundamental study for treating fused oxides containing antimony and arsenic components relating to metallurgical and recycling processes, volatility, a, and vapor pressure of the oxide species evaporating from the CaO-SiO2-FeO1.5 slags with Q (%CaO / (%CaO + %SiO2)) of 0.37, 0.53 and 1 were determined at 1,573 K in a range of mole fraction, N, of SbO1.5 , SbO2.5 and AsO2.5 in the slag between 0.005 and 0.05 by using the transpiration method with a vertical volatilization chamber. It was found that the volatility of the antimony and arsenic components in each slag increases with decreasing Q and suggested that control and adjustment of the slag basicity are very important for eliminating these components from the slag by means of volatilization. The log a versus log N plots represented a nearly straight line with a gradient, which is very close to that predicted by the thermodynamic consideration, and it was concluded that Sb4O6 and As4O6 are the predominant gas species evaporating from the slags. Raoultian activity coefficients, g, of SbO1.5, SbO2.5 and AsO2.5 in the slags, which were derived from the measured volatility, decrease with increasing Q, and gSbO2.5 and gAsO2.5 are less than unity for the slags with Q of 0.53 and 1.


Background: Noroviruses generate the viral replicase through polyprotein cleavage by a viral protease. Results: A cell-based FRET sensor reveals significant variations in substrate cleavage both within and between norovirus genogroups. Conclusion: Norovirus proteases from different genogroups vary in their substrate recognition. Significance: Understanding the cleavage preferences of viral proteases is critical for drug design and provides insights into the potential for generating human-murine norovirus chimeras. The viral protease represents a key drug target for the development of antiviral therapeutics. Because many protease inhibitors mimic protease substrates, differences in substrate recognition between proteases may affect their sensitivity to a given inhibitor. Here we use a cell-based FRET sensor to investigate the activity of different norovirus proteases upon cleavage of various norovirus cleavage sites inserted into a linker region separating cyan fluorescent protein and yellow fluorescent protein. Using this system, we demonstrate that differences in substrate processing exist between proteases from human noroviruses (genogroups I (GI) and II) and the commonly used murine norovirus (MNV, genogroup V) model. These altered the cleavage efficiency of specific cleavage sites both within and between genogroups. The differences observed between these proteases may affect sensitivity to protease inhibitors and the suitability of MNV as a model system for testing such molecules against the human norovirus protease. Finally, we demonstrate that replacement of MNV polyprotein cleavage sites with the GI or GII equivalents, with the exception of the NS6–7 junction, leads to the production of infectious virus when the MNV NS6 protease, but not the GI or GII proteases, are present.


SYNOPSIS To investigate the effect of the large-scale adoption of photovoltaic (PV) systems on the national electricity transmission network, an appropriate represent-ation of solar radiation is a very important factor, since this dictates the power output of the PV systems. This paper discusses the generation of synthetic radiation values at hourly intervals that can represent both the variability and the average solar flux obtained in practice. The use of the Markov Transition Matrix (MTM) method to generate hourly global horizontal radiation series for different locations in the UK is described. The method of preparation of the MTM and the comparison of generated and measured data are presented. A preliminary study on the temporal correlation of insolation between locations is also discussed.


It has been known for nearly 30 years that glucocorticoid receptor stimulation induces increased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene expression. However, the mechanism mediating this effect has remained elusive. Sequences with homology to known glucocorticoid‐responsive elements (GRE) have been identified in the 5′ flanking region of the TH gene of several vertebrate species, but none has been shown to be functional. To identify the GRE element(s) in the TH promoter, we generated chimeric constructs in which different lengths of the 5′ flanking sequences of the mouse TH gene (3.6, 1.1 and 0.8 kb) were ligated to a luciferase reporter gene. Dexamethasone treatment increased luciferase expression only in cells transiently transfected with the construct containing 3.6 kb of the TH 5′ flanking DNA. Co‐administration of mifepristone (RU486), a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, blocked this effect. We identified a TH‐GRE sequence (5′‐GGCACAGTGTGGTCT) in the mouse 5′ flanking DNA between −2435 and −2421 from the transcription start. Responsiveness to dexamethasone was lost following deletion of this sequence. To determine the ability of this element to function in a heterologous promoter, we prepared a chimeric construct in which the TH‐GRE sequence was cloned just upstream of a minimal thymidine kinase (TK) promoter. Promoter activity was increased 2‐fold in dexamethasone‐treated PC12 cells transfected with the TH‐GRE‐TK construct. These results provide strong evidence that the 15 base‐pair sequence in the 5′ flanking DNA of the mouse TH gene functions as a glucocorticoid response element. This is the first report identifying a functional glucocorticoid response element in the promoter region of the TH gene of any species.


Comprehensive genomic profiling of colorectal cancer shows that individuals of African ancestry have more frequent KRAS, APC, and PIK3CA somatic alterations compared with Europeans, while also demonstrating different trends in APC in young-onset disease.


The purpose of this study was to evaluation of science curriculum by the cognitive preference construct, the instrument of emotional domain. The effects of students' variables on the cognitive preference were also examined. Samples of 216 boys and 166 girls for this study were selected from the secondary school students. he data were analyzed by ANOVA, Pearson correlation, factor analysis, etc. The results of this study are as follows: (1) The students prefer the Principles of science than any other kind of cognitive preference. (2) Sex has influence on the tendency of students' cognitive preference among the studnets' variables. (3) It is not significantly different the tendency of student's cognitive preference according to IQ among the studnets' variables. (4) Most of the students avoid Critical Questions and Applications of cognitive preference in spite of the difference of sex, grade, and department of the students.


The purpose of this technical assistance brief is to assist States in aggregating separate rates for the initial core set of children's health care quality measures across multiple reporting units to produce a single State-level rate that represents the quality of children's health care regardless of the program in which they are enrolled, the system used to pay for their care, or the health plans or providers that serve them.


Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe argue that, around the turn of the twentieth century, working-class fragmentation forced an unresolvable crisis upon Marxist theory and practice. This crisis revolves around Marxist theory's notion of the working class as the revolutionary subject and the problem that arises when this notion fails to materialize in the real world. While taking this criticism seriously, the current essay also explores the question of whether or not this crisis is in fact unresolvable and inherent to Marxist theory as such. This is accomplished by turning to the thought of two nonacademic Marxist thinkers, C. L. R. James and Raya Dunayevskaya. Ultimately, this essay points toward possible alternative conceptions of Marxism's revolutionary subject(s).


Nursing is both a science and an art, concerned with assuring high quality healthcare for individuals, families and the whole population. Nursing care is both for health education and maintenance for the healthy and for providing treatment, care and recovery for the sick.


Requirements prioritization is an important activity in software development. Numerous different techniques toprioritize requirements exist. In this paper, we focus on the foll owing research questions: 1) What empirically studied requirements prioritization techniques are presented in the literature? 2) How easy to use, accurate and scalable are these techniques? Tot al of nine basic requirements prioritization techniques wereidentified: 1) Numeral assignment technique, 2) Analytic hierar chy process (AHP), 3) Hierarchy AHP, 4) Minimal spanning tree, 5) Cumulative voting (CV), 6) Hierarchical cumulative voting (HCV), 7) Priority groups, 8) Binary priority list (BPL), 9) Bubble sort. The techniques are presented and analyzed based on the empirical studies from the literature. The results indicate that none of the techniques can be considered the best one. The bes t prioritization technique depends on the situation (e.g. number of requirements used or desired results scale). This study a lso reveals that there are several problems with the existing empirical studies, which make it hard to compare their results to each other. Therefore, this paper also presents recommended pra ctices for future empirical studies about requirements prioritiz ation techniques.


The potential for reducing crash losses through modification of the road environment is substantial. That potential can be approached by providing those responsible for building, maintaining and operating the road networks with the means for systematically reviewing the road safety problems of their areas. Countermeasures for the various problems can then be selected and listed for possible implementation, in order of benefit-cost ratios. Subsequent monitoring enables checking of the efficacy of the countermeasures implemented. Systematic crash investigation can produce the most cost-effective countermeasures. These countermeasures can include behavioural and vehicle issues, as well as the road environment. Pilot studies were undertaken at four NSW Roads and Traffic Authority offices. Each study aimed at developing countermeasures to a particular locally identified road safety problem, and to demonstrate the value of a systematic approach to crash investigation. Each study involved analysis of the RTA's mass database of crash information. Supplementary data were gathered and analysed in different ways in the individual studies.The studies were undertaken by local RTA staff with specialist assistance from RTA Road Safety Bureau staff and consultants. Local staff were responsible for the mass data analysis, field work and countermeasure development. The pilot studies were undertaken to observe the various processes and techniques used, and to determine their advantages and disadvantages. The information would then be used in determining the final design of a statewide crash investigation and prevention program. The paper describes details of the pilot program, and the changes needed to enable the statewide program to be implemented. Deficiencies in the existing systems for identifying and disseminating information on crashes are described, as are some solutions Examples are the current inadequacies in displaying crash data by location, to be addressed by using Geographic Information Systems and digitised maps; improving the currently poor access to Policy reports, by using Compact Disc ROM technology. (A) For the covering entry of this conference, see IRRD abstract no. 843369.


Introduction In November 1948 there was opened, in the York Clinic at Guy's Hospital, a small unit for the investigation and treatment of physical disorders which appeared to be the product of stress. The first patient to be admitted to the unit was a woman of 34 with migraine (Audrey). The attacks were severe and frequent, often two in a fortnight. Audrey stayed in the clinic for five weeks. She had many interviews with her physician and was examined by the clinical psychologist. Her behaviour in the social group of the ward was closely observed by a nursing staff trained in psychiatric methods. Audrey was a pleasant, serious girl who worked as a shorthand typist. She did all the work she was given, however much that might be; it did not occur to her to refuse work on the ground that she was over-burdened, and as she toiled through the heap of papers there mounted up within her resentment against her superior for imposing so heavy a load, and dissatisfaction with herself at her inability to cormplete the task. She felt like complaining but could not, and kept her feelings to herself. When tension rose beyond a critical point, she was visited that evening by a severe headache or a migraine attack with teichopsia and vomiting. She was obscurely aware of the relation of tension to the attacks but had not acted upon the knowledge. During her stay in the clinic this relationship was explored in talks with doctors, nurses and other patients, and the sources of tension were laid bare. Audrey grasped at once the concept of the migraine attack as an overflowing of accumulated tension. She gained insight quickly and accepted with ease the suggestion that her attitude towards work might be changed. With this she became easier and more relaxed in manner and les apprehensive of her responsibilities. Both headache and migraine attacks faded away as she grew into her new pattern of living: over the last year she has had but one attack of migraine, and that less severe than formerly. The immediate response to psychotherapy in this patient stimulateci us to look further into the correlation of migraine attacKs with the patient's emotional life. In this paper vwe describe the results of clinical and psychometric examination of 20 patients with migraine and the effect of therapy upon them.


as Ph.D., D.C.L., LL.D.! However, his status as a Commissioner of Deeds for various States of the Union was ended by the commissions being revoked, and he was compelled to return his " papers," which had to do with an institution that had taken over the business of the Western University of Illinois, which in its turn was, through one Henry Clough, connected with an equally fraudulent degree-mill?the Odessa University of Odessa and Spokane, Wash. How many of the half-educated paid their money and received their degrees from this " delegate-general" we know not; but now that he is no longer able to satisfy the demand for certificates of learning, doubtless others will endeavour to make a dis-


An impressive variety of recent observations which include luminosity evolutions of high redshift supernovae strongly suggest that the cosmological constant (∧) is not zero. Even though the ∧-term may dominate cosmic dynamics at the present epoch, such a value for the vacuum energy is actually unnaturally small. The difficulties in finding a suitable explanation (based on fundamental physics) for such a small residual value for the cosmological term has led several authors to resort to an anthropic explanation for its existence. Here we present a few examples which invoke phase transitions in the early universe involving strong or electroweak interactions to show how the cosmical term of the correct observed magnitude can arise from fundamental physics involving gravity.


A SAS-based laboratory data processing system has been developed to provide reports including patient profiles, abnormality incidences and distribution, safety data summaries, and data edits. Patient profiles display lab data across time with relevant dosing, demographic, concomitant disease and therapy information. Incidence and distribution tables summarize the occurrence of lab abnormalities by drug treatment while safety data summaries provide box plots, bar charts and listings by visit for individual parameters. Data edits allow identification of outliers, errors and missing data. Clinical monitors and data management personnel use these reports for review of on going drug trials. The system has well defined input-interfaces, and is used with data from a variety of laboratories and clinical data processing systems.


1. The adaptive mass-regulation hypothesis suggests that birds should respond to worsening or unpredictable foraging conditions by increasing body mass and energetic reserves. However, previous work on adult European Starlings, Sturnus vulgaris L., has revealed that the response to worsening foraging conditions varies according to the seasonal status of the birds. Photosensitive birds respond to decreased time available to feed by increasing mass, whereas photorefractory birds regulate mass at a fixed level. Juvenile Starlings are in a state of photorefractoriness until puberty. In this paper, we examine whether photorefractory juvenile Starlings respond to worsening foraging conditions by regulating mass at a fixed level, like adults, or whether they increase in mass, in accordance with the adaptive regulation hypothesis.

2. Birds were divided into two treatment groups: control and food deprived. Control birds remained on food ad libitum throughout the experiment. Food-deprived birds had their food removed for 5h every other day over a 6-week period. The effects of these manipulations on the resulting changes in body mass and fat reserves were examined.

3. Food-deprived birds increased fat reserves and body mass in comparison with controls. However, the response to food availability depended on the initial body mass of the birds. Birds with the lowest initial mass exhibited the largest response to the manipulation. This may be because birds with low energetic reserves are more severely affected by changes in the availability of food.

4. Juvenile photorefractory Starlings show a response to changes in food availability that is unlike the response of photorefractory adults. We suggest that the mechanism of responding to environmental change, in addition to being modulated seasonally, may be age structured. We speculate that the function of this age effect may be related to the low competitive status of juvenile Starlings. This subdominant age-class may be displaced to less favourable feeding or roosting sites; as a result, they may have to respond flexibly to a rapidly changing and unpredictable energetic environment.


This is the first of two papers devoted to the study of the properties of the blow-up surface for the $N$ dimensional semilinear wave equation with subconformal power nonlinearity. In a series of papers, we have clarified the situation in one space dimension. Our goal here is to extend some of the properties to higher dimension. In dimension one, an essential tool was to study the dynamics of the solution in similarity variables, near the set of non-zero equilibria, which are obtained by a Lorentz transform of the space-independent solution. As a matter of fact, the main part of this paper is to study similar objects in higher dimensions. More precisely, near that set of equilibria, we show that solutions are either non-global, or go to zero, or converge to some explicit equilibrium. We also show that the first case cannot occur in the characteristic case, and that only the third possibility occurs in the non-characteristic case, thanks to the non-degeneracy of the blow-up limit, another new result in our paper. As a by-product of our techniques, we obtain the stability of the zero solution.


Bambara groundnut, see Vigna sublerranea Barley A study of root and shoot interactions between cereals and peas in mixtures (Tofinga et al.), 13 Persistence of herbage treatment effects in barley and consequences for subsequent crop experimentation (Fairey and Lefkovitch), 25 Performance of conventional and alternative cropping systems in cryoboreal subhumid central Alberta (Izaurralde el al.), 33 Differences in barley grain yields as a result of soil variability (Finke and Goense), 171 Effects of nitrogen timing and frequency of fungicide applications on grain yields of winter barley in Ireland (Conry and Dunne), 181 Brassica crops The influence of spring nitrogen on yield, yield components and glucosinolate content of autumn-sown oilseed rape (Brassica napus) (Bilsborrow et al.), 219


In order to survive in a turbulent economy and to survive the economic crisis, enterprises should be able to adapt quickly to the continuous changes that occur in the increasingly dynamic business environment. This paper identifies the limits of the traditional design methods used to develop the information systems. It is intended to solve this problem by working on the main cause which generates this situation – analysis and design methods. Previous literature and empirical studies related to information systems design was reviewed. Based on these reviews was introduced the succession of a product's stages that have to be covered in order to design the information systems by using the Value Analysis. By using the Value Analysis in Software Engineering, the unification of the recent research accomplished in this field with those carried out in software architecture is intended. Another modality for increasing the competitiveness of the Romanian economy is by developing a safe and dynamic e-Business environment, by increasing the number and exploitation degree of the e-Business opportunities by the Small and Medium Size Enterprises. By means of this paper, the author will investigate the manner in which are stimulated in Romania, through the development policies and their application instruments, the development of local economies, the creation of a new inter-relational culture between enterprises, the adoption of innovative e-business type solutions and the creation of local development plans and their integration in the regional strategy.


A study of teacher metacognition within the context of the professional learning community (PLC) was conducted to understand how teachers describe their metacognition, what they describe as the catalysts to their metacognition, and how metacognition influences their work. Although the PLC was used as a context for the study, the findings include that the PLC was an environment in which teacher metacognition could be nurtured, and that the PLC leaders' recognition of their own metacognition impacted the type of work that they led in the PLC, thus potentially impacting the learning of others.


This paper summarizes our preliminary experiences with implementing some of the ideas lying behind the concept of creative environment. Research group at the National Institute of Telecommunications has developed a prototype framework for collaborative knowledge acquisition and sharing, called PrOnto. At the moment the artifacts we organize and share are typical sources of scientific knowledge, namely journal papers and web pages. In PrOnto we introduce two interrelated explicit levels of knowledge representation: keywords and ontological concepts. Each user of the framework maintains his own ontological profile, consisting of concepts and each concept is, in turn, by subjective user's decision, related to a set of weighted keywords that define its meaning. Furthermore, dedicated indexing engine is responsible for objectively establishing correspondence between documents and keywords, or in other words, the measure of representativeness of the keyword to document's content. Developing an appropriate knowledge model is a preliminary step to share it efficiently. We believe that higher level representation facilitates exploration of other people's areas of interest. PrOnto gives an opportunity to browse knowledge artifacts from the conceptual point of view of any user registered in the system. The paper presents the ideas behind the PrOnto framework, gives an outline of its components and finalizes with a number of conclusions and proposals for future


The fault location methods based on natural frequency of traveling wave for transmission line can accurately determine the fault position without identifying the wavefront of traveling wave and detecting the arrival time of traveling wave,so these methods possess a certain advantage.When fault occurs in power grid,fault traveling waves transmit along different paths and the natural frequency components reflecting different transmission paths are included in the frequency spectrums.Moreover,there is a certain relationship between the value of natural frequency and the length of the transmission path.Upon this foundation,a single-terminal fault location method based on transmission path of traveling wave and its natural frequency is presented in this paper.Firstly,the faulty line is judged by identifying the value of natural frequencies of the fault-traveling wave.And then according to the value of the natural frequency component reflecting the certain transmission path of fault-traveling wave,in which the fault point is included,the fault distance can be calculated accurately.A lot of simulation results show that the faulty line can be judged precisely and the fault distance can be estimated accurately base on the presented method,and the result of the fault location is not affected by fault positions,fault types,fault resistances and inception angles.Thus the presented method possesses better adaptability.


The proposed method takes advantage of spectral information content in the hyperspectral images, EO-1 hyperion, to find road candidates. The assumption of this approach assumes that each pixel in the hyperspectral images is composed of a linear mixing of the reflectance from various components of the Earth's surface. The algorithm derived from the statistical and linear model is used to highlight the targets - road features and to suppress the background features of a scene. After road detection, all potential road candidates have been presented in the detected image. The objective is to avoid predicting uncertain road points and setting complex criteria to form the road network. Finally, the detected road segments will be traced and connected to generate skeletonized results. This proposed approach could be used to detect other linear features, such as a drainage network, from the hyperspectral imagery as well. In this way, the vectorized image could be produced to provide additional thematic layers for further spatial analysis in GIS applications.


Obesity is usually associated with the risk of getting many disease such hypertension, high serum cholesterol; coronary heart disease; stroke; type 2 diabetes; gallstones; sleep apnea; arthritis; and some cancers.3 Body mass index (BMI) scale is used as an indicator for the overweight and obesity. The person passes in various stages of obesity when his BMI is 30 and over. Obesity can be classified into three classes as follows.4


The employability paradox occurs as a result of employees' development that can improve employability for a promising career and cause employee turnover. The study examined whether movement capital will affect perceived internal and external employability. Besides, we also examine the effect of employability on employees' turnover intention. This study was conducted in Indonesia by using survey questionnaires in order to gather the data. Our participants were 330 employees from both private and state-owned enterprises. We employed SmartPLS 3.0 in order to test our hypotheses. All of the hypotheses were supported, or in other words, our study supports the existence of the employability paradox.


The present study was designed to identify the level of Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) with reference to various risk factors. This was a case-control study thatwas used to develop a predictive model for the risk of IHD in various conditions. Complete information of 980 males and females was taken at the Punjab Institute of Cardiology Lahore. 480 patients and 480 healthy individuals were taken as experimental and control group respectively. Data was examined through SPSS version 17. The age of the patient was shown in the manner of Mean ± Standard Error. To estimate the chances of Ischemic Heart Disease, Step-by-step Logistic Regression Framework was utilized. An average age was recorded as 49.73 ± 0.47 among all the individuals. There were 63.5 percent of males and 36.5 percent of females were included in this study. In present investigation, age, obesity, blood glucose level, way of living, perspiration, cough, dizziness and high blood pressure were found to promote the development of IHD. This study showed IHD model has more prediction power with age and lower economic condition. Certain conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and chest pains greatly exacerbate the condition. Men were at greater risk of IHD as compared to women.


Electrostatic interactions in bio-molecular systems are important not only in the living cell but also in more technical applications. Using molecular simulation as well as approximate theories the properties of a number of aqueous protein solutions have been studied. This includes interactions with other proteins, protons, charged membranes as well as flexible polyelectrolytes. The focus is on electrostatic interactions and special attention is put on charge regulation. I.e. how the protonation state of a biomolecule is influenced by nearby charged species. We show that this gives an important contribution to the free energy and that the mechanism can be accounted for by a simple statistical mechanical model. In particular we introduce the concept of protein capacitance that is the key intrinsic property for quantifying the charge regulation.


Background:  In this experimental study we researched the effects of sodium benzoate on the complications of 1.5% glycine solution using with two different intravesical pressures during bladder irrigation.