Resource availability follows seasonal cycles in environmental conditions. To align physiology and behavior with prevailing environmental conditions, seasonal animals integrate cues from the environment with their internal state. One of the systems animals use to integrate those cues is the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its primary effector, glucocorticoid hormones. The HPA axis has wide-ranging effects on physiology and behavior and, in the context of a glucocorticoid stress response, is known to mediate tradeoffs between immediate survival and future fitness. The HPA axis also plays an important role in facilitating predictable life-history events. Variation in HPA axis activity has been reported in all vertebrates, often coordinating seasonal reproduction and possibly also transitions between life-history stages. My dissertation research used red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) to examine the role of the HPA axis in regulating seasonal life-history transitions, especially in females In Chapter 2, I hypothesized that seasonal plasticity in stress responses is regulated, in part, by changes in the responsiveness of the adrenal glands to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). I found that glucocorticoid responses to ACTH challenge were smaller in males than in females during the spring, suggesting that reports of reduced stress responsiveness in males may reflect lower adrenal responsiveness to ACTH. The sex difference in mating season duration and consequently also in the timing of migration led me to hypothesize that sex differences in HPA axis activity could explain sex differences in the timing of migration. Furthermore, adrenal responsiveness to ACTH also varied seasonally in males, but not females, suggesting that female stress ii responses, which have not been studied, may not vary seasonally. In Chapter 3, I addressed this gap in our knowledge and investigated potential seasonal variation in female stress responses. In males, baseline glucocorticoids decrease over the course of the mating season resulting in significantly lower baseline levels in males that have begun to migrate. I hypothesized that a change in HPA axis activity occurs during spring and fall migration. Peak stress-induced glucocorticoid concentration occurred at an earlier sampling time in females during the spring compared to the fall. Peak stress-induced glucocorticoid concentrations also occurred at a later sampling time in migrating females than in pre-migratory females during the spring, suggesting that negative feedback regulation of the HPA axis changes as soon as females begin to migrate during the spring. Female red-sided garter snake populations found in Manitoba are biennial breeders that give birth approximately every other year implying that a female's recent reproductive history can influence whether or not she will reproduce in a given year. Body condition can be used as a proxy for recent reproductive history and can be related to baseline and stress-induced glucocorticoid concentrations. In Chapter 4, I hypothesized that hormonal and behavioral stress responses vary with body condition. Baseline glucocorticoids did not vary with body condition, but females in low body condition showed a significantly larger increase in plasma glucocorticoids in response to capture stress. Body condition, but not capture stress, influenced latency to copulate, suggesting that females are resistant to the behavioral effects of capture stress during the spring mating season. Only females in low body condition increased latency to copulate in iii response to injection of a physiological (15 μg) dose of exogenous CORT, while all females responded to a pharmacological (60 μg) dose, indicating that behavioral responses to exogenous glucocorticoids vary with female body condition. These data suggest that variation in body condition may be associated with differences in HPA axis sensitivity and/or glucocorticoid receptor (GR) density in the brain. I directly tested if there is a relationship among body condition, reproductive history and HPA axis activity in Chapter 5. I found that glucocorticoid stress responses and mating behavior did not vary with body condition, nor was body condition related to brain GR or reproductive condition (parturient vs post-parturient females). Only unreceptive females showed a significant stress-induced increase in glucocorticoids, suggesting that reduced stress responsiveness is associated with receptivity. Parturient females mated faster (were more proceptive) than post-parturient females. These data suggest that HPA axis activity influences reproductive "decisions" by modulating receptivity, while proceptivity is related primarily to recent reproductive history. Together, these chapters help characterize how HPA axis activity varies with season, sex, reproductive history and migration status. By systematically probing the HPA axis in a single, tractable system, I have gained insight into how changes in the HPA axis support and modulate transitions between life-history stages. These results highlight the HPA axis' important function in mediating the critical trade-offs all animals must navigate to be successful in a changing world.


An experiment was conducted to study the effect of strychnine sulfate on the exploratory behavior of male, Wistar rats in an open field. The number of times S reared in a stimulus square and the number of stimuli to which a S reared were recorded for both experimental and control Ss. Analyses of covariance performed on both measures of exploratory behavior showed that exploratory behavior was significantly increased by strychnine sulfate.


World "\\1 ar II caused great changes in thc social and economic life of our globp, followed by a rapid, though extremely unpvcn growth of the population. The change in professional conditions, the concentration of rural population in towns resulted in the sudden growth of town population followed by an increasing trend to agglonwration. 1 U1'banization invoh'es conside1'able urban deyelopment: new towns are built, the existing ones reconstructed. The most important problem is housing with the connected and rapidly increasing inYestment of communal building, traffic and public utilities. The character and success of urban development is, of course, a true mirror of the economic possibilities, the resources and the social and political platform of a country, hence its diyersity. It is a general problem, hO'weyer, that the increasing concentration of industry and population has led to the pollution of environment, especially in cities, and has reached a critical point. That is the reason why the number of realistic and unrealistic theories, experiments and research dealing with the accommodation of the population, the establishment of settlements, their structure and aesthetic a ppearance has increased to a considerable extent. Many essays haye been published, especially in the recent decades, trying to outline the future trend of social life and its setting: the future system and structure of the settlements. As for the futuristic w01'ks, essays based on the analysis of future de"elopment are taking the place of the earlie1' publications of journalistic 01' science-fiction chaTacter. The wOTks of FRITZ BAADE. A. CLARKE, B. WARD and othe1's contain a lot of valuable observations, important statcmcnts.2


AIM
In the present study, we investigated the hypothesis whether exposure to wood smoke increases the risk of cervical cancer (CC) in North-Indian women who inherit different polymorphic forms of chemical metabolizing genes (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 and CYP1A1).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
One hundred fifty histologically confirmed CC patients and equal number of cancer-free age and ethnicity matched controls were genotyped for genetic polymorphism in chemical metabolizing genes by using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The association of the different genotypes and exposure to wood smoke with the risk of CC in North-Indian women was estimated by doing statistical analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Science.

RESULTS
It was observed that the variant genotypes of GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 and CYP1A1 did not significantly increase the risk of CC. However, statistically significant increased risk (odds ratio 3.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.34-9.78; p = 0.008) was observed for women who used wood for cooking and had GSTM1 (null) genotype.

CONCLUSIONS
The present study suggests that genetic differences in the metabolism of wood smoke carcinogens, particularly by GSTM1, may increase the risk of CC.


Shockwaves driven by supernovae both destroy dust and reprocess the surviving grains, greatly affecting the resulting dust properties of the interstellar medium (ISM). While these processes have been extensively studied theoretically, observational constraints are limited. We use physically-motivated models of dust emission to fit the infrared (IR) spectral energy distributions of seven Galactic supernova remnants, allowing us to determine the distribution of dust mass between diffuse and dense gas phases, and between large and small grain sizes. We find that the dense ($\sim 10^3 \,{\rm cm}^{-3}$), relatively cool ($\sim 10^3 \, {\rm K}$) gas phase contains $>90\%$ of the dust mass, making the warm dust located in the X-ray emitting plasma ($\sim 1 \,{\rm cm}^{-3}$/$10^6 \, {\rm K}$) a negligible fraction of the total, despite dominating the mid-IR emission. The ratio of small ($\lesssim 10 \, {\rm nm}$) to large ($\gtrsim 0.1 \, {\rm \mu m}$) grains in the cold component is consistent with that in the ISM, and possibly even higher, whereas the hot phase is almost entirely devoid of small grains. This suggests that grain shattering, which processes large grains into smaller ones, is ineffective in the low-density gas, contrary to model predictions. Single-phase models of dust destruction in the ISM, which do not account for the existence of the cold swept-up material containing most of the dust mass, are likely to greatly overestimate the rate of dust destruction by supernovae.


Behind the arguments between Seoul and Washington over the proper strategy for dealing with North Korea lies a nascent but growing gap in the long-term interests of the United States and South Korea. While both countries want to prevent North Korea from obtaining weapons of mass destruction or launching a war, their larger strategic goals are no longer fully allied. While South Korea seeks reconciliation and eventual reunification to enhance its long-term security and economic prospects, the United States, particularly since President George W. Bush came to power, is concerned with maintaining its global military dominance. These differences not only complicate joint efforts to solve the DPRK problem, but in the long run could also signal difficulties for the continuation of America's strategic role in Northeast Asia. Given that a military response is not realistic, the only options for dealing with North Korea are either containment or engagement. Should the U.S. pursue the former while South Korea chooses the latter, the U.S. ability to direct events will be seriously challenged.


The unitary Clifford algebras are described here for the first time, and arise from the intersection of the orthogonal and common symplectic (Weyl) Clifford algebras of the complexification of the canonical phase space. The convergence of the exponential map is possible in available topologies in our constructions, but it does not converge without additional assumptions in general. Continuous dynamics exists only in semigroups. A well defined spin geometry exists for the unitary Clifford algebras in the appropriate Witt basis, which also affords us both bosonic and fermionic representations through alternative topological completions of the same structure, and physically represent the stable states of the system. Unitary Clifford algebras can be used to define dynamical gauge bundles for arbitrary numbers of correlated (unified) fields. The generic dynamical gauge group for four pairs of canonical variables (four fields) is shown to be isomorphic to $U(4)\times U(4)$, with the spectrum effectively determined by $S[U(4)\times U(3) \times U(1)]$ due to the constraint of geodesic transport of the generators of the dynamical group. This includes prediction of the existence of chimeric bosons, whose quantum numbers are not covariant so they may appear to have a different identity to different observers.


Growth-associated protein GAP-43 is a protein which is abundantly localized in allneural growth cones and developmental zones. Therefore, it can be a marker for nervegrowth, regeneration, synapses formation or remodelling. Although the levels of theGAP-43 and GAP-43 mRNA drop considerably after CNS has matured, amounts of themRNAs and proteins continue to be expressed in certain parts of the adult rat CNS, Where


Linux is a comparatively safe operating system. This paper makes a research about the security policy for Linux, analyzing the principle and design idea of its identification and authentication mechanism, access control mechanism, Capability mechanism and security audit system. In this paper, the disadvantages of Linux system are pointed out and an improvement program is indicated so that the security performance of this system can be more effectively strengthened.


The purpose of this paper is to explore the root cause of terrorism in Swat. It is a case study and qualitative research project. People of Swat suffered heavy human and material losses due to terrorism. The Taliban led by a local cleric; Maulana Fazlullah destroyed educational institutions, banned girls' education, and watching television besides slaughtering innocent people. One of the causes of this phenomenon, was a constitutional crisis which prevailed in the region since the merger of Swat in 1969. Successive governments failed to integrate it in the national mainstream. On the contrary, authorities have used it as a laboratory for constitutional experiments-promoting discontent and denial of justice.


A Subclass of Multivalent Uniformly Convex Functions Associated with Dziok-Srivastava Linear Operator Mousa S. Marouf Department of Mathematics, Alazhar University-Gaza P.O. Box 1277, Gaza, Palestine firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract In this paper a new subclass of Multivalent uniformly convex functions with negative coefficients defined by Dziok-Srivastava Linear operator is introduced. Characterization properties associated with certain fractional derivative operators of functions and the result of modified Hadmard product are discussed for this class. Extreme points and other interesting properties for this class are also indicated. Mathematics Subject Classification: 30C45, 26A33


A fundational claim of Anscombre and Ducrot's Argumentation Theory is that the deep structure of utterances - as elements of discours, rather than sentences in use - comprises certain types of constraints on sequencing, which correspond to the argumentative content. This content not only appears alongside the informational (or objective) content, but is prior to it. In other words, language, as construed by Argumentation Theory may be described as inherently ideological, a characteristic, which, on Ducrot's own view, makes it unsuitable for providintg objective representations of reality. Although Ducrot takes this to be a fact about language and appears to be in favour of a solution consisting in rethinking the function of semantic theories, Argumentation Theory remains vulnerable to the charge that its conception of language is misconstrued and that it wrongly predicts that the latter cannot be used as an objective medium of representation.


A mercury-ion clock now at the breadboard stage of development (see figure) has a stability comparable to that of a hydrogen-maser clock: In tests, the clock exhibited an Allan deviation of between 2 x 10(exp -13) and 3 x 10(exp -13) at a measurement time of 1 second, averaging to about 10(exp -15) at 1 day. However, the clock occupies a volume of only about 2 liters . about a hundredth of the volume of a hydrogen-maser clock. The ion-handling parts of the apparatus are housed in a sealed vacuum tube, wherein only a getter pump is used to maintain the vacuum. Hence, this apparatus is a prototype of a generation of small, potentially portable high-precision clocks for diverse ground- and space-based navigation and radio science applications. Furthermore, this new ion-clock technology is about 100 times more stable and precise than the rubidium atomic clocks currently in use in the NAV STAR GPS Earth-orbiting satellites. In this clock, mercury ions are shuttled between a quadrupole and a 16-pole linear radio-frequency trap. In the quadrupole trap, the ions are tightly confined and optical state selection from a Hg-202 radio-frequency-discharge ultraviolet lamp is carried out. In the 16-pole trap, the ions are more loosely confined and atomic transitions resonant at frequency of about 40.507 GHz are interrogated by use of a microwave beam at that frequency. The trapping of ions effectively eliminates the frequency pulling caused by wall collisions inherent to gas-cell clocks. The shuttling of the ions between the two traps enables separation of the state-selection process from the clock microwave- resonance process, so that each of these processes can be optimized independently of the other. The basic ion-shuttling, two-trap scheme as described thus far is not new: it has been the basis of designs of prior larger clocks. The novelty of the present development lies in major redesigns of its physics package (the ion traps and the vacuum and optical subsystems) to effect the desired reduction of size to a volume of no more than a couple of liters. The redesign effort has included selection of materials for the vacuum tube, ion trap, and ultraviolet windows that withstand bakeout at a temperature of approx.450 C in preparation for sealing the tube to contain the vacuum. This part of the redesign effort follows the approach taken in the development of such other vacuum-tube electronic components as flight traveling- wave-tube amplifiers having operational and shelf lives as long as 15 years. The redesign effort has also included a thorough study of residual-gas-induced shifts of the ion-clock frequency and a study of alternative gases as candidates for use as a buffer gas within the sealed tube. It has been found that neon is more suitable than is helium, which has been traditionally used for this purpose, in that the pressure-induced frequency pulling by neon is between a third and a half of that of helium. In addition, because neon diffuses through solids much more slowly than does helium, the loss of neon by diffusion over the operational lifetime is expected to be negligible.


Short-term traffic flow forecasting is not only a core element of intelligent transportation system but also plays an important role in traffic information service and traffic guidance.Short-term traffic flow forecasting is highlighted and has become reality in the light of the fact that the feasibility of data collection and travelers' expectation of high travel quality.A short-term traffic flow forecasting model of multiple road cross-sections in a road network based on chaotic time series analysis is proposed in this paper considering the chaotic and relative character of traffic state.The parameters of the forecasting model are compared with single road cross-sections based on the chaotic time series analysis and can be obtained by particle swarm optimization algorithm.Meanwhile,the proposed forecasting models and methods of multiple road cross-sections in a road network were tested by real-time traffic flow data from urban expressway and the results were satisfying.


Utilizing artificial immunity mechanism to solve intrusion detection and computer virus defense become a front subject in the computer security research.This paper at first has a detail analysis of network security technology,such as hacker attack course,unusually intrusion detection,data encryption and so on,especially has a summary of the security technology in broadband network and wireless network which are extensively used at present.


Historically, Aboriginal people have been dramatically affected by epidemics of infectious disease. Today, levels of morbidity and mortality from such illnesses are much higher than in the broader Canadian population. This paper presents an anthropological investigation into the factors which put Aboriginal people and their communities at risk for the AIDS epidemic, and explores some of the many approaches Aboriginal people have chosen to respond to this crisis.


The utility model relates to a heat exchanger for an air conditioner, which comprises a U-shaped pipe, fins and sideboards. The fins are in expanded joint with the outside of the U-shaped pipe, and the fins and the sideboards are respectively provided with a connection slot for inserting the U-shaped pipe. The U-shaped pipe comprises a main body with a cavity, the inner circumferential face of the main body of the U-shaped pipe is provided with a plurality of toothed ribs extending along the axial direction of the main body, and a channel is formed between adjacent toothed ribs. The heat exchanger is capable effectively increasing effective heat exchanging area of the pipe inner wall, and increasing turbulence degree and capillary action of liquid inside the pipe, thereby having ideal heat exchanging capability, further the heat exchanging efficiency is equal to that of a copper tube with same outer diameter while coolant charging rate is less than that of the external copper tube, and consumption of aluminum pipes can be reduced along with increasing of the heat exchanging performance, thereby minimizing the heat exchanger and reducing cost.


Isolation perfusion of the extremities employing chemotherapy was introduced by Creech et a f . in 1957.' Our experience using perfusion for treatment of melanoma of the extremities began later that year. In 1967, largely at the suggestion of our laboratory director, Dr. Beppino C. Giovanella, we added heat to the perfusion system.* In 1975, we presented results of 7 years' experience with 185 hyperthermic perfusions in 165 patients3 In the present paper, we shall review the important points of the 1975 report and bring up to date our results after 11 years. Although we have perfused many patients since 1975, we shall limit the present report to the original 165 patients to make comparisons more valuable. The selective lethal effect of supranormal temperatures upon cultured cancer cells of rodent origin has been demonstrated in our labora t~ry .~ These studies were extended to normal and neoplastic human cells of the same embryologic origin. Malignant cells were cultured in vitro from surgical specimens of human melanomas. All cell lines identified as melanoma lines produced melanin and developed into invasive metastasizing tumors when innoculated into athymic nude mice.5 Normal melanin-producing cells were obtained by culturing the uveas of human embryos. When exposed to temperatures of 43.0°C (109.4OF), the human cultured malignant melanoma cells were killed much more readily than were the normal noncancerous melanocytes. The difference in heat sensitivity was statistically significant (ptO.01). We also found that, contrary to widespread opinion, no correlation existed between growth rates and thermosensitivity. Tumor cells are more sensitive to heat than are normal cells, but not because they divide at a more rapid rate.' For many years we have used the classification of melanomas shown in TABLE 1. The staging of the 165 patients in this study who were treated with hyperthermic perfusion is also indicated in that table.


This paper argues for the existence of the topos of oroskopia in Greek and Latin literature. Gods and mortals are positioned on mountains to watch events or landscapes below. The view from above symbolises power (in the case of the gods) or an attempt at control or desire for power (in the case of mortals). It may also suggest an agreeable and relaxed spectatorship with no active involvement in the events watched, which may metaphorically morph into a historian's objectivity or a philosopher's emotional tranquillity. The elevated position may also have a temporal aspect, gods looking into the future or mortals looking back on their life.


In this work, the effects of the addition of a plant gum, named Astragalus (AS), grown commonly in Central and East Anatolia, Iran, Turkmenistan, and Transkafkasia, on the stability and flow characteristics of asphalt concrete were studied. This material was mixed with asphalt cement in various proportions up to 5%. The relevant measurements were undertaken on the Marshall samples prepared using this mixture and aggregate. It was found that by mixing AS by 2%, a 59% increase in stability could be achieved in comparison with the bitumen without this additive, while considerable increases in the flow values of the asphalt concrete samples, which were still between the acceptable standard limits, were observed with this amount of AS.


Implied Base Correlations of Single-tranche CDOs on standardized Credit Indices such as the iTraxx Europe have been used in the credit derivatives market for price communication. During the financial crisis, implied correlations have been quite volatile indicating the growing fraction of systematic credit risk of STCDOs. This paper analyses the determinants of tranche implied base correlations for the period September 2006 until April 2009. It will be shown that realized asset correlations between iTraxx Europe corporates are not able to explain the extreme movements of tranche implied correlations during the financial crisis. Additionally, it will be seen that the worsening creditworthiness of market participants in the interbank market as well as growing pressure on their refinancing conditions correlated significantly with the development of implied base correlations of iTraxx tranches.


ABSTRACT 2015 marked the 20th anniversary of the National Languages conference of the AFMLTA. The conference was held in Melbourne with a welcome reception at the Melbourne Immigration Museum and conference dinner in the iconic Eureka Tower. Almost 300 delegates attended the conference from around Australia, as well as a contingent from New Zealand and a handful of participants from the US and Indonesia. The conference continues to receive highly positive feedback from delegates across a range of areas. In this paper, we explore the evaluation data from the 2015 conference in relation to the two previous conferences held in Darwin in 2011 and Canberra in 2013. We also highlight and discuss topical issues raised by respondents to the online evaluation survey, which contribute to ongoing professional learning planning and research on the professional learning needs of languages educators. KEY WORDS professional association conferences, registration, languages teachers, educator professional learning [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Introduction The Australian Federation of Modern Language Teachers Associations (AFMLTA) has conducted online evaluations of its last three biennial conferences, held in Darwin in 2011, Canberra in 2013 and Melbourne in 2015. Discussions of the conference evaluations for the 2011 and 2013 conferences have appeared in previous issues of Babel (Absalom & Morgan, 2012; Morgan, Absalom & Scrimgeour, 2014). Data collected from the evaluations have been useful for planning ongoing professional learning for the AFMLTA membership, some 3500 teachers of languages across the nation, and for reflection on changing trends in languages teacher needs, contextualised in relation to national and international literature, events and responses to languages teaching and learning. In both previous papers, the evaluation data have been considered in light of issues affecting the profession and Its members at the times of writing (2012-13 and 2014-15). Such issues included: * the professionalisation of teaching and a shift to accreditation against accountability standards (see Clarke & Moore, 2013, for a nuanced discussion) * consideration of the literature on the most effective and valuable professional learning for teachers and how conferences specifically meet language teacher learning needs * content, orientation and focus of conferences for best outcomes at a national scale, and * the delicate balancing act of providing what our languages teachers want when some come for teaching ideas, others for the latest theoretical and research findings, and all for opportunities to network with peers in challenging and sometimes isolated workforce conditions. With data from three conferences, we are in a position to take a more reflexive perspective on the professional learning needs of teachers of languages, and on trends in the evaluations that give rise to issues of moment for broader discussion. This paper considers these issues, identified through evaluation of the data from the most recent conference, compared with previous data, and in light of contexts of teaching languages today, across the years of learning from preschoolers to tertiary students; and, indeed, as lifelong practice before, during and after formal schooling. In particular, we address the issues of comparison of the AFMLTA conference with like conferences in other disciplines; expectations of content in 'by the profession, for the profession' conference programs; the needs of early career teachers, and whether they are missing out on the fun of conferences that could assist with teacher self-efficacy, satisfaction and retention; and the most prevalent consistencies in evaluation responses, and what these mean in relation to the issues identified and for ongoing planning. The conclusions drawn relate not only to ways forward in maintaining the relevance and value of AFMLTA conferences, but also to contributing to the political agenda and advocacy for the languages profession, using conferences to drive the national agenda, rather than merely responding to it. …


This paper explores the possibility of increasing ad aptability in low- and medium- cost residential buildings in South Africa. The suitability of the co ncept to this particular context will be tackled in terms of existing industries, the need for sustaina ble and labour intensive technologies, participatio n and changing ideas regarding professionalism. The urban design principles of phasing, privacy, var iety and integration in the creation of dynamic urban contexts are emphasised. It is also attempted to challenge the perception that limited funds mea n poor quality or that low cost means that a flexible , enabling, inclusive, accessible environment cater ing for the needs of all sectors of the target populati on cannot be addressed through creative design. At the core of this argument is the understanding t hat housing is not just the individual living unit but encompasses all aspects in the macro- and micro- en vironment. Within these urban structures, the house is seen as a flexible/adaptable product rathe r than a fixed final product. The idea of urban desi gn as an inseparable component of housing is reinforce d as well as the acknowledgment of the various levels of the environment differing in the degree o f permanence and changeability thus allowing for more involvement and affordability. This allows for an understanding of informal economies, settlements and structures and our role as professi onals in interacting with these alternative systems and "ways of doing/living". Modular coordination may facilitate quicker constru ction and save costs. A rudimentary form of modularisation is already being used in the townshi ps of South Africa and in this paper collaboration between academics and these simple construction industries is proposed, using local technologies to adapt open building to the South African context. P artnering with existing industries could possibly increase the chances of acceptance and affordabilit y. Some examples of local industry from the area of Mamelodi, a historically-designated black township near Pretoria, are investigated. A plan for meaning ful partnerships and intervention is proposed. The value of this approach is that local technology and "what exists on the ground" is taken as a point of


Objective:To study the expression and relationship of telomerase activity and PCNA in30esophageal cancer patients using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry,and its value of diagnosis,treatment,and prognostic evaluation.Methods:Telomerase activity was detected using in situ hybridization mRNA of telomerase,and PCNA was detected with immunohistochemitry.Results:The positive rate of telomˉerase activity in esophageal cancer tissues was93.3%,and significantly higher than that in adjacent cancer tisˉsue(13.3%)and normal tissue(0%)(P0.001).There was a significant correlation between telomerase activity level and the grade and stage of cancer(P0.05).2.The rate of PCNA expression was93.3%.PCNA expresˉsion and level had a significant correlation with tumor grade and stage(P0.05).3.A significant positive relaˉtionship was observed between telomerase and PCNA.Conclusion:The expression and level of telomerase acˉtivity and PCNA might be a good sign and helpful in diagnosis,treatment,and prognostic evaluation of esophageal cancer.There is a good correlation between telomerase activity and PCNA expression.


This paper gives an improved single-layer potential formula for extracting the parasitic capacitance of multiple conductors, embedded in the infinite or finite dielectrics, based on the MultiPole Accelerated (MPA) method. In fact, many capacitors should be considered to be bounded by a finite region. This indicates that the improvement is necessary to raise extraction accuracy. The nonuniform cube subdivision is used in the simulator. The reason for this is that it is an important base of further implementing the real adaptive calculation, for example h-version of the MPA. Also, it can save a lot of memory for ignoring most empty cubes. Only two lists of the cubes are used, thus simplifying the classification of five cube types. The simplified cell classification scheme eases book keeping in the parallel implementation. In developing a parallel MPA algorithm on the transputer network, a parallel machine of the MIMD type, we pay great attention to balancing workload and reducing communication for general nonuniform distribution of the particles. The results show that the total balance can be well achieved by balancing workload in every level of cubes. The pipeline communication mode shows higher efficiency if the processor number P used can well match problem size.


Blunder detection is a topic of great interest to surveyors and mappers because undetected blunders significantly distort the solution. Therefore, a robust testing procedure has been developed for the detection and identification of multiple blunders in survey data. In the method, the theories of robust estimation and statistical hypothesis testing are successfully integrated to provide a reliable and unified testing process. The method can be applied to the case of multiple blunders and can greatly improve the detection and isolation of blunders as compared to the statistical testing of estimated residuals from a conventional least‐squares process. The conventional least‐squares procedure tends to smooth the blunder into good observations, whereas the proposed method does not. Two numerical examples are given to test and illustrate the performance of the proposed method for cases of single and multiple blunders.


To reduce the proliferation of bacteria inside a food plant, cleaning and disinfection are performed every day. These operations are followed by drying which has to be as quick as possible. This study shows the influence of a dehumidifier on the water mass evolutions on the surfaces such as floor, wall and equipment during the drying of a food plant. The temperature, relative humidity and water mass evolution during drying period were monitored in a food plant running under two conditions: with and without dehumidifier. The results comparison shows that drying rate is about 1.5 times higher with dehumidifier.


[1] Accurately quantifying deep-sea calcite dissolution is crucial for understanding the role of the marine carbonate system in regulating atmospheric pCO2 over millennia. We compare a foraminifer-fragmentation-based calcite dissolution proxy (Globorotalia menardii fragmentation index (MFI)) to Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, and Mg/Sr in several species of deep dwelling planktonic foraminifers. We conducted microfossil and geochemical analyses on the same core top samples taken at different depths on the Ontong Java Plateau to maximize the dissolution signal and minimize the temperature overprint on our data. We also compare elemental ratios from planktonic foraminifer tests to modern bottom water CO3= undersaturation and model-derived estimates of percent calcite dissolved in deep-sea sediments. We find clear linear decreases in Mg/Ca or Mg/Sr in G. menardii and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata with increasing (1) bottom water CO3= undersaturation, (2) percent calcite dissolved in sediments calculated with biogeochemical modeling, (3) MFI, and (4) percent calcite dissolved derived from MFI. These findings lend further support to MFI as a calcite dissolution proxy for deep-sea sediments. In contrast, we find no significant correlation between Sr/Ca and independent dissolution indicators. Our results suggest that Mg/Ca and Mg/Sr from deep dwelling foraminifers could potentially be used as calcite dissolution proxies in combination with independent water temperature estimates. Likewise, establishing the relationship between MFI and dissolution-induced changes in the Mg/Ca of surface-dwelling foraminifers could provide a tool to correct Mg/Ca–derived sea surface temperature reconstructions for calcite dissolution.


Archdiocese of Chicago has maintained the largest parochial school enrolment in the United States, and is today exceeded by only five or six public systems. Catholic schools presently account for 30 per cent of the elementary-school pupils in Chicago itself and 27 per cent of those in the city's suburbs of Cook and Lake counties. The following analysis explores the development of this system by studying trends over the past forty years in relation to public school enrolments, socioeconomic variables, ethnic diversity, and racial change. It attempts to lay the groundwork for a better understanding of the role played by non-public schools, not only in Chicago but in urban U.S.A., since in every large metropolitan area of the East and Midwest non-public school enrolments range from a fifth to a third of the total. The basic facts are these: Between


The African red mite (Eutetranychus africanus [Tucker]) is an important pest species of some economic plants. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nanoemulsions consisting of citronella grass, lemongrass, clove, and cinnamon essential oils and their main chemical compounds against the African red mite; their toxicity, egg-laying inhibition, and repellent effect on the mite were determined. Essential oil nanoemulsions (nEOs) were prepared by mixing the essential oils with different surfactants and co-surfactants. Approximately 10 to 15 female mites were transferred to treated leaves placed on soaked cotton and kept in a Petri dish. Mite mortality and number of eggs laid were checked after 24 h. As for the repellency test, the selected test consisted of dipping a half leaf into the nEOs, while the other half leaf was dipped in a control (water). The repellency rate was evaluated after 24 h. Results revealed that citronella grass nEOs exhibited a highly toxic effect on the mite and only a 0.6% concentration caused 100% mite mortality. Geraniol, one of the main chemical compounds of citronella grass, represented the highest egg-laying inhibition at a 0.2% concentration with a mean of 0.1 egg compared with 4.7 eggs in the control. Furthermore, nEOs from citronella grass at a 0.1% concentration were extremely repellent against the mite with 95% repellency after 24 h. Therefore, the citronella grass essential oil nanoemulsion is appropriate for use to effectively control the African red mite.


This study aims to explain competitiveness of OECD countries through developing institutional and mixed models. In these models, the data of 2007 are used to avoid the global crisis effects of 2008. As a result of predictions, instituional models developed with the indicators formed to show the institutional, political and socio-cultural structures of the countries by some organizations are found functional in explaining competetiveness of OECD. It is found that factors thought to have been defining the national competitiveness depending on institutional models explain WEF measures of OECD's competitiveness along 47 % – 56 %, IMD meausures of OECDS's competitiveness along 74% -84 %. Mixed models developed by including theoretical variables into instituional models are found explaining OECD's competitivess around 63%-90%.


The expression of tripartite multi-drug efflux pumps such as MexA-MexB-OprM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa contributes to intrinsic resistance to a wide variety of antimicrobials, including (3-lactams, chloramphenicol, macrolides, quinolones, and tetracycline. MexX-MexY are the only linker and pump efflux system components in P. aeruginosa that have been shown to confer intrinsic resistance to aminoglycosides. While a number of studies suggest that OprM, the main efflux outer membrane protein (OMP), forms a functional channel with the MexX-MexY proteins, other data suggests that another OMP is the native channel for the MexX-MexY efflux system. Fifteen functionally uncharacterized OprM-homologues identified in the recentlysequenced genome of P. aeruginosa were possible candidates for the role of the native outer membrane channel for MexX-MexY. Insertional inactivation of OpmG resulted in an 8-fold decrease in MIC to streptomycin, kanamycin, and gentamicin, while inactivation of OpmH resulted in 4to 8-fold decreases in MIC to kanamycin and streptomycin. When reintroduced into P. aeruginosa on multicopy plasmids, both OpmG and OpmH were able to complement the susceptibility of their respective mutants. Changes in MIC due to pseudo-reversion through compensatory mutations were not a factor, as demonstrated by mini-microarray hybridization analysis of the OprMhomologues. This study demonstrates that the two novel outer membrane proteins OpmG and Opmh play a role in aminoglycoside resistance, and that OpmG is likely the main aminoglycoside efflux channel.


The present work is devoted to theoretical study and numerical modeling of processes in film flow of fluid on inclined surface with local heat source. Experimental researches carried out at the Institute of Thermophysics SB RAS [1] show that the effect of thermocapillarity under certain conditions can significantly influence the regime of film flow. Forming of "roller" of fluid is observed in the experiments in the area with high gradient of film surface temperature. If the temperature (or surface tension σ) gradient exceeds certain critical level then 2-D flow regime becomes unstable and periodical 3-D flow structure appears. The main quantity of fluid is gathered in periodical rivulets. Between them the thickness of film decreases significantly. The author's previous theoretical results described 2-D regime of locally heated film flow in long-wave approximation [2]. Those results allow us to state the following hypothesis: 2-D flow structure becomes unstable and 3-D perturbations grow as the local arrest of liquid is achieved due to thermocapillary effect. The results of linear stability analysis and numerical modelling are presented.


The purpose of the manuscript is limited exclusively to assessing the role and legal nature of the international contract for the avoidance of double taxation. The subject of the analysis of this paper is the avoidance of the phenomenon of double international taxation through the conclusion and ratification of specific international contracts. These contracts, especially for countries claiming EU membership, should be established through the harmonization of tax legislation and recognized practices of EU member states. Based on the reports of the Western Balkan countries, there is an intensification of energies and strategies for EU membership. Kosovo and other countries in this area have signed a Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA). This fact has increased the turnover of people and businesses in Western Europe. Challenges in the future are the problems in the field of numerous techniques and methodologies related to the drafting of contracts because countries outside the EU are applying non-unified standards regarding the avoidance of double taxation. Nowadays, this topic has aroused interest in the tax system of Kosovo, having in consideration its commitment to full membership in international integration.


Binary polynomials representation of Aunu permutation patterns has been used to perform arithmetic operations on words and sub-words of the polynomials using addition, multiplication, and division modulo two. The polynomials were also found to form some mathematical structures such as group, ring, and field. This paper presents the extension of our earlier work as it reports the Aunu binary polynomials of cardinality eleven and how to find their greatest common divisor (gcd) using the extended Euclidean algorithm. The polynomials are pairly permuted and the results found showed that one polynomial is a factor of the other polynomial or one polynomial is relatively prime to the other and some gave different results. This important feature is of combinatorial significance and can be investigated further to formulate some theoretic axioms for this class of Aunu permutation pattern. Binary polynomials have important applications in coding theory, circuit design, and the construction of cryptographic primitives.


A college mathematic toolbox was developed with MATLAB to solve the problems in present mathematic software such as difficulty in remembering commands and inconvenience in operation.By operation of windows,menus and controls,the toolbox is a humanized design with a WYSIWYG function,making the project operation and data analysis to be very easy.A good teaching result has achieved with this toolbox.It also provides the new mathematic teaching with platform and interface.


The article reveals in detail the understanding of raising children in the context of two pseudo-epigraphic letters of Pythagorean wonan thinkers – Theano and Myia of Crotone. Based on these letters, it was found that pedagogical issues were important in general for the whole Pythagorean tradition. In fact, we can say that this early Greek philosophical school was the first to systematically and comprehensively approach the problem of upbringing and education in ancient society. It is hypothesized that this topic is not accidentally in the center of attention of these philosophers, because their authority was the greatest among all other representatives of this philosophical school. The author's position is proved that Theano of Crotone letter to Eubule focuses on moderation in education, which is aimed at avoiding luxury, fulfilling all children's whims, comfort. This is the purpose of hardening in difficult circumstances in order to withstand with dignity all the potential difficulties of adult life. Accordingly, if you do not raise a child in certain restrictions, then, according to Theano, it may well be unprepared for certain trials that may occur. The thesis is substantiated that the key task of upbringing and education, according to Myia of Crotone letter, is moderation, prudence and balance, which is based on both archaic elements and Hellenistic plots, which testifies to the skill of writing this letter. It is revealed that the Pythagorean principles of education, according to both philosophers, have no gender difference. This is because both girls and boys, if they grow up in luxury, comfort and do not know the limitations, can potentially become dangerous both for themselves and for society as a whole. It is emphasized that according to the style of writing, these letters are not so much moral and ethical as paraenetic epistolary genre, ie they act as advice on the upbringing and education of the younger generation. Because of this, these letters are such sources of ancient culture, which are one of the few that are devoted to the philosophical understanding of upbringing and education.


It is the right of every worker to work in a safe and healthy environment. Every worker must protect his or her own health and safety by working in compliance with the Occupational Health and Safety Act and applicable Regulations and safe work practices and procedures established by his company, its clients, and the general contractor(s). It is the responsibility of every worker to assist in maintaining a safe work environment. In this project focus is on the responsibility of every worker to assist in maintaining a safe work environment during Pune metro Construction and to study and analyse main factor behind accident at sites and measure to prevent them. The use of various new technologies and deployment of project management strategies has made it possible to undertake projects of mega scale. Main aim of this project is to study highly mechanized tunnelling methods like Tunnel Boring Machines, which are commonly used in construction of Pune. In this project our main aim is to find out PimpriChinchwad Crane accident analyses along with mathematical calculations. So this paper shows some main factor behind accident at sites and measure to prevent them. The TBM has been proved to be a cost effective and faster alternative to conventional Drilling and Blast method (DBM) and found suitable for any type of rock with varying degree of ease. One of the most positive factors in favour of TBM is faster and smooth tunnelling without much disturbance to surrounding rock mass. Pune Metro construction sites were selected for a safety education program targeting worker safety related to material handling equipment. Keywords


The future of collider physics is under investigation. With the High Luminosity LHC program lasting until the late 2030s, the next machine in the energy frontier is envisioned to appear in 30--40 years, which may be too far into the future to sustain the field. In this paper we explore the physics potential of an Upgraded Superconducting Super Collider (USSC). The Original Superconducting Super Collider (OSSC) was planned to operate at 20TeV beam energy, and with improved magnet technology and/or longer tunnel, one may envision that it can be extended to 25--30TeV beam energy. Given that the decision on the OSSC construction took place in Autumn 1988 and it was planned to start operation in the 1996-1999 period, an USSC can be constructed 10--15 years from decision and fill the gap between the end of HL--LHC and the future envisioned machines. While the main mission of the USSC will be to test the Standard Model and its electroweak and strongly interacting sectors, as a specific example we illustrate the invariant mass distribution at NNLO in QCD for a 5 TeV $Z^\prime$ in the string derived $Z^\prime$ model.


Summary Nazifi, S., M. Ansari-Lari, M. R. Tabandeh, K. Badiei, N. Ghafari, I. Karachi, A. Nowroozi-Asl & S. M. Razavi, 2010. Clinical relevance of serum sialic acids evaluation and correla-tion with haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in diseased cattle. Bulg. J. Vet. Med. , 13 , No 1, 45 −54. The present study was conducted to evaluate the concentrations of sialic acids and their correlation with acute phase proteins (haptoglobin and serum amyloid A) in various inflammatory disorders in cattle. Data were obtained from six dairy farms in Fars province, southern Iran. Forty cows with vari-ous inflammatory diseases were examined: acute local traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) (6 cases), theileriosis due to Theileria annulata (11 cases), acute metritis (6 cases), colisepticaemia (6 cases), ephemeral fever (5 cases) and pneumonia (6 cases). Ten clinically healthy adult cattle were selected as control group. Serum haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA), total sialic acid (TSA), lipid bound sialic acid (LBSA) and protein bound sialic acid (PBSA) were measured by validated standard methods. All studied variables were statistically significantly higher in diseased animals compared to healthy ones (P≤0.001); but the magnitude of increase was considerably different among various dise-ases. TSA, PBSA and LBSA showed relatively consistent changes in all diseases, however serum amyloid A and haptoglobin were more prominently increased in TRP and metritis. Results showed significant correlations between TSA and PBSA in healthy cattle, TRP and pneumonia groups. Sig-nificant correlations were also present between TSA and LBSA in TRP, pneumonia and metritis. No significant correlation was observed between haptoglobin and serum amyloid A as well as between either of these acute phase proteins and any other parameter.


The foundation of characteristic agriculture development in Fuping County was elaborated from aspects of climate resource,nature resource,land resource,water resource,location. The development achievements of characteristic agriculture in Fuping County were introduced.The problems in development of characteristic agriculture in Fuping County were analyzed: backward of development concept,weak agricultural infrastructure,low degree of industrialization management,imperfect of social service system. Several corresponding countermeasures were put forward: transform concept,improve cognition on developing characteristic agriculture; perfect agricultural infrastructure,improve comprehensive productivity; construct standardization production base of characteristic agricultural products; advance industrialization operation; strengthen scientific innovation,construct scientific support system; culture circulation subject,speed up market system construction.


Introduces some popular test technology used to test and inspect PCB assemblers' defects and fault, and simply discusses its developing trend.


A dual rotating apparatus for a rotating shaft of a scissors is provided to increase the convenience of use by preventing separation of cutting material through increase in an opening angle of scissors and to enable the cutting material having thick thickness to be cut. A dual rotating apparatus for a rotating shaft of a scissors(1) comprises a rotating body(10) and a support body(20). The rotating body has a cutting blade(11) at the front end thereof and a knob(12) at the rear end thereof. The support body has a support blade(21) and a knob(22) corresponding to the cutting blade and the knob of the rotating body, respectively. A pair of first and second rotating shafts(30,30݆) are mounted at a crossing part of the support body at regular distance apart from each other. A pair of first and second guide holes(40,40݆) are formed at a crossing part of the rotating body at regular distance apart from each other. The rotating shafts are inserted into the guide holes to perform reciprocating motion, respectively. A connection member(50) is closely installed at an outer wall of the rotating body while being hinged to ends of the rotating shafts.


This paper reports the results of an in-depth study which investigated two algorithms for line simplification and caricatural generalization (namely, those developed by Douglas and Peucker, and Visvalingam, respectively) in the context of a wider program of research on scale-free mapping. The use of large-scale data for man-designed objects, such as roads, has led to a better understanding of the properties of these algorithms and of their value within the spectrum of scale-free mapping. The Douglas-Peucker algorithm is better at minimal simplification. The large-scale data for roads makes it apparent that Visvalingam's technique is not only capable of removing entire scale-related features, but that it does so in a manner which preserves the shape of retained features. This technique offers some prospects for the construction of scale-free databases since it offers some scope for achieving balanced generalizations of an entire map, consisting of several complex lines. The results also suggest that it may...


(Received 11 April 2011; accepted 28 July 2011; published online 16 September 2011) We report on the optical characterization of Yb3þ doped BaMgF4 nonlinear fluoride crystal grown by the Czochralski technique. Low temperature absorption spectroscopy reveals that Yb3þ incorporates into the matrix at four well differentiated centers. High resolution site selective experiments have been performed to determine the energy level schemes associated with the major Yb3þ centers detected in the system. The fluorescence decay times recorded at 10 K under selective excitation are analyzed for each Yb3þ center. The spectroscopic behavior of the codoped Yb:Na:BaMgF4 system has been also investigated. Codoping with Na þ eliminates two Yb3þ centers present in the singly doped Yb:BaMgF4 crystal. The charge compensation mechanisms and site location for Yb3þ in the fluoride matrix are discussed. VC 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3638040]


A question that has been fought over for at least 80 years is whether memory traces decay with time or interfere with one another (McGeoch, 1932). This question is central to interpretations of forgetting and memory capacity and to understanding the design of the human cognitive architecture. There are two camps, which take turns declaring victory (e.g., there is "no temporal decay in verbal short-term memory," proclaim Lewandowsky, Oberauer, & Brown, 2009; "time causes forgetting from working memory," respond Barrouillet, De Paepe, & Langerock, 2012). Often lost in the fog of battle is evidence that decay and interference are both at work, with decay more subtle than interference but no less common. Berman, Jonides, and Lewis (2009) made this point when they went "in search of decay in verbal working memory" and ultimately found it when they pooled data across experiments (Berman et. al., Fig. 7). Small but robust decay effects can be measured by controlling interference across conditions (Altmann & Gray, 2002) rather than trying to eliminate it (Reitman, 1974). There is also the theoretical argument that decay plays a functional role in cleaning up episodic detritus (Altmann & Gray, 2008), which suggests that decay effects should be pervasive. In the study reported here, we asked whether this perspective—that large interference effects and small decay effects pervasively coexist—could bring new clarity to the results of a classic study that helped shape and still influences the debate. Waugh and Norman (1965) used a probe-digit procedure, in which a list of digits was presented for study, and memory was tested with a probe that indicated which digit to recall. The last digit of the study list was the second occurrence of the probe, and the target for recall was the digit that followed the first occurrence of the probe. Interference was indexed by the number of items between the target and the end of the list. Decay was indexed by presentation rate. Waugh and Norman's (1965) data appear in Figure 1. There was a large effect of number of interfering items but no effect of presentation rate (1 item/s vs. 4 items/s). The authors did not test the interaction of these factors—and although the interaction invited comment initially (Broadbent, 1971; Massaro, 1970; Shallice, 1967, as cited in Craik, 1971), it then slipped beneath the waves. Meanwhile, the large interference effect evolved into textbook evidence for an interference-only perspective (e.g., Ashcraft & Radvansky, 2010; Galotti, 2008). And yet, the interaction (see Fig. 1)—which is highly significant—is exactly what one would expect if interference and decay interacted to influence recall. Early items benefit if presentation is fast because memory for them is less decayed at test, and late items benefit if presentation is slow because memory for early items is more decayed at test and thus generates less proactive interference. To demonstrate this point, we developed a simple formal model based on existing memory theory (Anderson, Bothell, Lebiere, & Matessa, 1998). Decay is represented by the following equation:


The aim of this study was to determine the nexus between frontline employee competence development and responsiveness of QSRs, using training, coaching and mentoring as dimensions of competence development. Responsiveness was treated unidimensionally. The study adopted an explanatory research design and used a questionnaire to collect primary data; while the Spearman's rank order correlation served as the test statistic, relying on SPSS version 20.0. The study observed that frontline employee competence development associates strongly with responsiveness of QSRs as all the dimensions of competence development posted strong, positive and statistically significant relationship with responsiveness. The study concludes that frontline employee competence development informs responsiveness of QSRs, or that responsiveness of QSRs depends on mentoring, training and coaching of frontline employees. The study recommends that QSRs that seek to be responsive to changes in their operating environments must continually update the competencies of their frontline employees through mentoring, training and coaching.  Article visualizations:


In our previous study, we proposed the multi-Rayleigh model as an amplitude distribution model of fibrotic liver, and succeeded in the quantitative evaluation of liver fibrosis in the region of interest. In this paper, to evaluate liver fibrosis more accurately, the amplitude of each pixel in a clinical echo image was converted to hypoechoic and fibrotic probabilities using the multi-Rayleigh model. Clinical echo images of liver fibrosis were analyzed and the relationship between these probabilities and the stage of liver fibrosis were discussed. We also showed that the information on fibrotic tissue can be extracted more accurately using the fibrotic probability than using the conventional method based on the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) processing. We conclude that the proposed method is valid for the quantitative diagnosis of liver fibrosis.


This paper bases on a dynamic CSIT model which utilizes the statistical information of the channel.Firstly,aiming to minimize the average codeword error probability,a performance criterion is derived.Then,by variable substitution and standard convex optimization algorithm,the best linear precoder is deduced.Upon these,the paper proposes a transmission scheme combining the orthogonal space-time block codes and the optimal linear precoder.Simulation results demonstrate significant gains and strong robustness.


The Donovan Scholars Program (DSP) at the University of Kentucky allows persons over the age of 65 to take, without payment of fee, any regular course offered by the University. It also allows individuals 60 and older to register without charge for a range of classes specifically designed for older adults. The program was the nation's first to offer tuition waivers to older adults and it has served as a model for similar programs throughout the country. The basic premise of such programs is that institutions of higher education are in a unique position to enrich the lives of the nation's older citizens and have a social responsibility to do so. There are now over 1000 colleges and universities offering tuition waivers and other special services for older adults (Chelsvig & Timmer‐man, 1982; Moyer & Logo, 1987). Despite the large number of higher education programs for older adults, there have been surprisingly few studies of their impact or effectiveness. Previous work has primarily focused on description...


Type of funding sources: None.

 Atrial and ventricular functional tricuspid regurgitation (A-FTR and V-FTR) have recently emerged as different phenotypes of FTR. Given the difference in mechanisms that are postulated to be underlying these 2 entities, a different remodeling of tricuspid valve (TV) apparatus can occur and therefore also a specific quantitative approach could be deemed.

 Aim of this study was to investigate the TV apparatus remodeling in the two different phenotypes of FTR: ventricular (V-FTR) and atrial (A-FTR) and the role of echocardiographic parameters of TV remodeling and TR severity to predict clinical outcomes.

 The present retrospective study included consecutive patients with moderate to severe functional tricuspid regurgitation (FTR) referred for echocardiography in two Italian centers. The composite endpoint of death for any cause and heart failure (HF) hospitalization was used as primary outcome of this analysis. According to more recent guidelines, patients were considered having A-FTR if having history of long- standing atrial fibrillation, without history of pulmonary hypertension and left side heart disease.
 Results. A total of 180 patients were included. Despite the right atrial volume (RAV) was not different in the 2 groups, in A-FTR tethering height was significantly lower (11.7 ±4.8 mm vs 15.0 ± 5.5 in V-FTR. p <0.01) and the 3D-derived tricuspid annulus (TA) diameters were larger both in end-diastolic and mid-systolic phase (3D-TA-End diastolic- major axis: 45.2 ± 6.2 mm in A-FTR vs 42.8 ± 5.4 in V-FTR. p= 0.04; 3D-TA mid systolic major axis: 41,7 ± 6,4mm in A-FTR vs 37,9 ± 5,1 in V-FTR, P <0,01). 3D-TA-End diastolic- minor axis: 39.7 ± 6.8 vs 37.1 ± 5.2. p= 0.03). Regarding the parameters of severity of FTR. patients with V-FTR had larger vena contracta (VC). either when 2D estimated or 3D (2D-VC-average: 5.3 ± 2.8 mm in A-FTR vs  6.6  ± 3.7 in V-FTR. P= 0.02; 3D-VCA: 0.9 ± 0.4 cm2 vs 1.3 ± 1.1 cm2 p= 0.02); conversely the value of 2D-ERO and regurgitant volume estimated with 2D-PISA method did not show significant difference between the 2 groups (table 1).  After a median follow-up of 24 months (IQR: 2-48) 72 patients (40%) reached the primary end-point and 64 (36%) hospitalized for HF.  Different predictors of combined end point were found in the 2 groups: tenting height. 2D-VC. 3D-VCA and regurgitant fraction were prognostic correlates in V-FTR; TA dimensions as well as all the parameters of severe TR. including EROA with PISA method were related to the prognosis in A-FTR (table 2).

 Prognostic role of quantitative parameters of FTR in A-FTR and V-FTR is different, thus reaffirming the difference in underlying pathogenic mechanisms and  the needing for a more specific diagnostic approach and prognostic stratification in these two FTR phenotypes


Abstract A series of two‐coordinate AuI and CuI complexes (3 a, 3 b and 5 a, 5 b) are reported as new organometallic thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters, which are based on the carbene–metal–carbazole model with a pyridine‐fused 1,2,3‐triazolylidene (PyTz) ligand. PyTz features low steric hindrance and a low‐energy LUMO (LUMO=−1.47 eV) located over the π* orbitals of the whole ligand, which facilitates intermolecular charge transfer between a donor (carbazole) and an accepter (PyTz). These compounds exhibit efficient TADF with microsecond lifetimes. Temperature‐dependent photoluminescence kinetics of 3 a supports a rather small energy gap between S1 and T1 (ΔE S1-T1 =60 meV). Further experiments reveal that there are dual‐emission properties from a monomer–dimer equilibrium in solution, exhibiting single‐component multicolor emission from blue to orange, including white‐light emission.


This volume contains several bonuses, not the least of which is a superbly crafted interweaving of three histories: an historical trinity comprising Portugal, the Portuguese in Asia, and the Indian Ocean region between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries. While its principal thrust obviously concerns the second, interwoven with this central focus are fascinating and rewarding insights into the history of Portugal in Europe and of the larger world of the Indian Ocean. Subrahmanyam has undertaken several tasks. At one level he critiques an impressive array of sources culled from Portuguese and European archives; letters and memorabilia of European merchants and travellers; and indigenous records. In addition, he provides a state-of-theart historiographical survey of the Portuguese in Asia and assumes the formidable task of testing their underlying assumptions and conclusions. Not content with this, he also sketches the Asian and African background to Portuguese expansion, jousting at ingrained assumptions and attitudes that have coloured the approaches of generations of historians to the histories of Asia and European imperialism. Subrahmanyam's objectives are formidable and the resulting book presents a daunting challenge to any reviewer. It encompasses a world that stretches from London to the Abrolhos and from Brazil to Japan and challenges three hundred years of historiography. So, where to start? From my perspective as an historian of the Indian Ocean, this book's fascination lies in its willingness to evaluate a whole series of deeply ingrained myths concerning the nature of Portuguese enterprise in Asia and of the indigenous world around the Indian Ocean, which encompassed both Africa and Asia. Subrahmanyam is concerned to


Background; Edentulous state of a patient can lead directly to impairment, functional limitation, physical, psychological, and social disability. Edentulism was found to have a significant effect on residual ridge resorption, which leads to a reduction in the height of alveolar bone and the size of the denture bearing area. Tooth supported over denture is a concept which improve the retention and stability of the final prosthesis significantly, and also maintain the proprioception. Bone is a dynamic tissue. The extraction of teeth results in the initiation of the bone resorption pattern. Here we are reporting a case with advantages of exploiting few remaining teeth to minimize alveolar ridge resorption and improvement of retention and support through using complete over denture which overcomes many problems encountered by conventional complete denture and removable partial denture patients.


Abstract In the last decade, there was a strong decline in the fertilizer consumption in Hungary. The low fertilizer use has led to negative nutrient balances. The objective of this work was to study the direct and residual effect of P and K fertilization on soil P and K content after many years of intensive fertilization, using ammonium‐lactate (AL) extraction and hot water percolation (HWP) methods, and to investigate grain yield response of winter wheat to nutrients. Long‐term P and K fertilization experiments were set up on a chromic cambisol at Keszthely (Hungary) in 1963. The treatments included increasing P and K rates. The trials were done on plots of 96 m2 in six replications. After 10 yr, the plots were split, and the number of replications was reduced to three. From 1974 on, one part of the plots no longer received P and K fertilizer, whereas the other part of the plots was fertilized with increasing P and K rates. Investigations were performed in 2000 and included 20 different fertilization treatments. After 27 yr, no residual effect of long‐term intensive P and K fertilization on soil P and K or grain P and K contents could be detected even in the highest P and K rate plots (1968 kg P2O5 and 2160 kg K2O ha−1 10 yr−1, respectively). There were statistically validated linear correlations between HWP and AL methods in the soil P and K contents (r=0.83 and 0.82, respectively). However, regression analysis revealed closer correlation between AL‐extractable soil and plant P contents than with soil HWP and plant P contents. Under the given site conditions, a regular P supply is of greater importance than K fertilization, and up to a soil AL‐P2O5 level of 100 mg kg−1, yearly P fertilization can not be neglected.


There is limited published evidence regarding the efficacy of total skin electron beam radiation for patients with the diffuse erythrodermic form of mycosis fungoides.


This study explores how savings banks as powerful stakeholders of SMEs in Germany assess turnaround performance. It tests the impact of the support provided by German savings banks and distressed SMEs' actions with survey data from corporate advisors. The results show that structural and continuing support foster turnaround performance. This support is conducive in the initial stage of turnaround but negligible in the recovery stage. Contributing to stakeholder theory and turnaround management, the findings shed light on the factors that motivate a selected stakeholder's involvement and SMEs' ability to engage in actions fostering this stakeholder's support for a turnaround.


The paper present s the relationshi p between air pollution, recorde d in Veliky Novgorod, wit h maximum onetime concentrations o f phenol , dust, and nitrogen dioxide and the numbe r of appointment s made by adolescent s with bronchial asthma to see an allergist . It provides dat a on the amount of CD 3, CD4, CD8, CD3 CD16 & CD56, CD19, malondialdehyde , and diene conjugate s in their blood. During the experiments Wistar rats were expose d to diesel exhaust for two weeks. The author s studied the content o f diene conjugates and malondialdehyde i n the plasma and erythrocyte s of animal s on days 3, 6 and 9 , as wel as the dynamic s of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase , glutathione synthetase , glutathione peroxidas e in lung tissues. There was a tendenc y for increase d absolut e content o f CD3 and CD19, as compare d to healthy adolescent s (p=0.037 and p=0.039, respectively) . The relative content of CD8 and CD4 tended to decrease (p=0.029 and 0.031, respectively) . There was an increase in the content o f malondialdehyde i n the plasma of patients with bronchial asthma (1.21±0.02 μmol/ml, p˂0.001) and diene conjugates (120.56±52.31 lmh/lip p<0.005). The experimental animals had an increased amount of malondialdehyde and diene conjugates in plasma and erythrocytes on the 3rd day. The activity of glutathione reductase, glutathione synthetase, and glutathione peroxidase reduced in the lung tissues at all observation times.


The City Health Dept. of Salisbury Central Africa is contributing to the decline in the birthrate by eradicating measles. Measles contributed in the past to the death of young children and also to their appearance of malnutrition. The City Health Dept. decided to launch a campaign to eliminate measles by continuing to offer measles vaccine at all infant and child welfare clinics and to ensure that every child under 5-years-old who attended a primary care clinic was immunized. A mobile clinic toured each township to immunize children. By 1975 a cumulative total of 40000 vaccinations were given which includes 4/5 of the children under 5. At the same time there was a 60% increase in contraceptive practice between 1973-1975. The eradication of measles has been both an effort to eliminate the disease and to demonstrate concern for survival of children. Professor Carl Taylor said that the best demonstration of the need for family planning is that children shall survive.


We report on a simple method with a high spectral and spatial resolution for mapping variations in the cavity resonance of a plano-planar broad-area laser based on frequency-selective feedback.


W-type Pb-hexaferrites were prepared by standard ceramic methods. The lattice constants found by refinement were a=0.59140+or-0.00006 nm and c=3.29209+or-0.00041 nm. The X-ray density of a typical composition PbZn/sub 1.9/Fe/sub 15.3/O/sub 25.8/ was rho =5.32 g/cm/sup 3/ and the Vickers microhardness value h/sub v/=6 kN/mm/sup 2/. A plot of the saturation magnetization versus temperature is given. The extrapolated value of the saturation magnetization (H to infinity , T to 0) was sigma /sub s/=108 emu*g/sup -1/, and the Curie temperature was T/sub c/=600+or-20 K. >


DNA sequence polymorphisms in the form of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) are powerful tools for studying linkage or loss of constitutional heterozygosity (LOCH). Most have been identified by and are used in Southern blotting protocols. However, this technique is limiting owing to the requirement of reasonable amounts of high quality DNA as a starting material. In addition, the procedure is time consuming and labour intensive when handling large numbers of samples. Here, we describe a strategy for the rapid detection of new PCR based DNA polymorphisms. PCR technology is faster, more sensitive, and reduces the requirement for high quality DNA, accessing poor quality material such as DNA obtained from paraffin embedded samples. Boehringer Taq polymerase and reaction buffer was used in all PCR amplifications as the reaction buffer does not contain detergent which might interfere in subsequent reactions. In all of the examples given below, at least one frequent polymorphism was detected in the target gene, at the step indicated by following the strategy through steps 1 to 4.


While recent advances in the field of neural rendering have shown impressive 3D reconstruction performance, it is still a challenge to accurately capture the appearance and geometry of a scene by using neural rendering, especially for remote sensing scenes. This is because both rendering methods, i.e., surface rendering and volume rendering, have their own limitations. Furthermore, when neural rendering is applied to remote sensing scenes, the view sparsity and content complexity that characterize these scenes will severely hinder its performance. In this work, we aim to address these challenges and to make neural rendering techniques available for 3D reconstruction in remote sensing environments. To achieve this, we propose a novel 3D surface reconstruction method called UniRender. UniRender offers three improvements in locating an accurate 3D surface by using neural rendering: (1) unifying surface and volume rendering by employing their strengths while discarding their weaknesses, which enables accurate 3D surface position localization in a coarse-to-fine manner; (2) incorporating photometric consistency constraints during rendering, and utilizing the points reconstructed by structure from motion (SFM) or multi-view stereo (MVS), to constrain reconstructed surfaces, which significantly improves the accuracy of 3D reconstruction; (3) improving the sampling strategy by locating sampling points in the foreground regions where the surface needs to be reconstructed, thus obtaining better detail in the reconstruction results. Extensive experiments demonstrate that UniRender can reconstruct high-quality 3D surfaces in various remote sensing scenes.


In this paper the notion of a developmental system with interactions is generalized to include a finite number of (rather than one) axioms. It is shown that whereas this generalization considerably enlarges the class of languages generated, the main properties of the larger class of languages are basically the same as those of the smaller class


Abstract 5182 Background: Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a heterogeneous lymphoid neoplasm with a variable clinical course. In early stages MF often runs an indolent course. A small but significant part of these patients develop an aggressive course frequently associated with inferior survival. No consistent biological markers are predictive of survival or risk of transformation (RT). Foxp3 belongs to a novel forkhead transcription factor essential for the development and regulation of regulatory T-cells (Treg). Recent studies have shown conflicting results when expression of Foxp3 was analyzed as a prognostic factor in MF. We hypothesized that Foxp3 could be an important marker in predicting for overall survival (OS), progression-free (PFS) survival and RT in MF patients managed by uniform treatment regimens. Methods: 42 patients with newly diagnosed MF were retrieved form the record files. All patients were managed and treated at our institute. Complete follow-up and pathological material (paraffin blocks) was available for 35/42 patients. In all 35 cases the diagnostic biopsies were reviewed concurrently by an expert dermatopathologist and hematopathologist and diagnosis fully confirmed. The diagnostic biopsies were immunostained with CD3, CD4, CD7, CD8, CD30 and CD56 specific antibodies. Clonality for TCR gamma was performed for most of the cases in the study (85%). FOXP3 antibody (clone 221D/D3) that recognizes the Foxp3 in the nucleus (but does not cross react with other Foxp proteins) was utilized for studying the Foxp3 expression by the tumor cells and or peritumoral lymphocytes. 20 cases of reactive non-neoplastic dermal lesions including lichen planus, lupus and dermatitis were also immunostained for Foxp3 for comparison. Only high intensity nuclear staining was accepted as positive expression. The Foxp3 staining was further semi quantitatively estimated as no expression (0), 0–10% (1+), 10–50% (2+) and >50% (3+). Both the cell content and immuno-architectureal pattern were determined. Age, sex, clinical presentation, stage of disease was compared to Fox3 expression by chi-square and Fishers9s exact test. The Kaplan-Meyer method and log rank test were used to evaluate survival data. Results: 34 of 35 (97%) patients were alive at 8 years. Tumor stage at the time of diagnosis as defined by ISCL-EORTC, 2008 was as follows: stage 1A (57%), 1B (25%), 2A (6%), 2B (6%), 3 (6%). 19/35 (54%) were female and 16/35 (46%) were male. The median age at diagnosis was 44.0 years (range 7–80 years). The median follow-up period was 37 months (range 12– 96 months). Foxp3 expression showed predominantly intraepidermal or basal localization of tumor cells. In most of the cases the epidermotropism and the nuclear atypia was helpful in easily discerning tumor cells from reactive non-neoplastic Tregs. Reactive dermal lesions served as an excellent control in that the distribution of Tregs in these lesions was predominantly dermal and rarely basal. Overall 28/35 (80%) and 7/35 (20%) cases were positive and negative for Foxp3 respectively. There was no significant correlation between disease pattern, clinical presentation, stage, age or sex and marker expression. In the Foxp3 positive patients 17/28(61%) showed disease progression whereas 11/28 (39%) were free of disease at last follow-up (FU period 12–96 months) (p=0.05, Fisher9s exact test). 13/28 (46%) Foxp3+ patients were found to have relapse of disease after initial response compared to only 2/7 (28.5%) patients, who relapsed but lacked Foxp3 expression (p=0.242, Fisher9s exact test). Comparing disease progression and aggressiveness as evidenced by lymph node metastasis and transformation to Sezary syndrome: only Foxp3 positive cases (4 versus 0) had evidence of disease progression (3 lymph node metastasis alone and one Sezary syndrome) thus indicating increased RT. One patient who died of widespread disease showed >30% Foxp3 expression in the neoplastic lymphoid cells. Conclusions: Specific biological markers for outcome and prognosis in MF remain elusive. A regulatory T-cell (Treg) phenotype defines a subset of MF patients who might carry a different prognosis and might require more aggressive and or targeted therapy. More data on Foxp3 expression in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas and its clinical significance is needed. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


By illuminating a CdSe photoanode in an electrolyte in which it is photoelectrochemically unstable, a selective etching of the CdSe to a matte black surface occurs with formation of small pits (≈1000 A diameter). This photoelectrochemical etch was found to improve the output characteristics of the CdSe‐polysulfide photoelectrochemical cell through an increase in short‐circuit current (SCC) for single‐crystal CdSe, and an increase in fill factor and SCC for polycrystalline CdSe, where the improvement is more marked. This increase could be explained only partly through decreased reflectivity of the surface, and is probably connected with removal of (near) surface recombination centers.


The invention discloses a detection method and device. According to the method and the device, arrival of a user at a target region can be detected more accurately. The method comprises following steps of starting searching a target wireless access device in a set frequency; establishing connection with the target wireless access device after the target wireless access device is searched; and determining that the user arrives at the target region after the connection with the target wireless access device is established. According to the technical scheme provided by the invention, the target wireless access device is continuously searched, and the arrival of the user at the target region is determined after the connection with a target wireless router is established. Therefore, the target wireless access device can be searched timely, the communication connection is established, it is judged that the user arrives at the target region when the connection is successful, and the arrival of the user at the target region can be detected more accurately.


In the U.S., 40% of the energy consumption is from buildings, approximately 48% of which is consumed by heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Implementing demand driven HVAC operations is a way to reduce HVAC related energy consumption, and ultimately to achieve sustainable building operations and maintenance. This relies on the availability of occupancy information, which determines peak/off-hour modes and impacts cooling/heating loads of HVAC systems. This research proposes an occupancy monitoring system that is built on a combination of non-intrusive sensors that can detect indoor temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration, door status, light, sound and motion. The effectiveness of each sensor in occupancy estimation is evaluated. The sensor data is communicated wirelessly, and processed in real time using a back-propagation (BP) artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm. Field tests are carried out in a lab space that is shared by up to 9 people for 15 consecutive days. The test results report an overall detection rate of over 90%, which indicates the ability of the proposed system to monitor the occupancy information of multi-occupancy spaces in real time in support of demand driven HVAC operations.


Although the information age promises many things, in reality the picture is bleak for the information poor. Even though the prices of hardware and online connections keep coming down, the price of information is going up. Tagging, encryption and hashing schemes are likely to make access to information more difficult for the information poor. This paper presents a perspective on current initiatives related to the copyright, piracy, pricing and electronic dissemination of information. It covers ethical aspects of information pricing, based on a concept of 'essential information', and contrasting broadcast and narrowcast media. In conclusion, an outline ofa methodology for the dissemination of essential information that would respond to the needs of the information poor in industrialised and developing countries is proposed.


Recent results on hard diffraction at HERA and the Tevatron are presented. Charged particle multiplicities in diffraction and differences in multiplicity in quark and gluon jets measured at LEP are discussed. Spin effects in the fragmentation of leading quarks show some interesting features.


Aim. To evaluate the structure of multimorbidity, outcomes and the potential effect of dapagliflozin in patients with a combination of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes in Russian clinical practice. Material and methods. The data of 10 registries with the inclusion of 22957 people, including 4370 with type 2 diabetes in 6 regions of the Russian Federation, were analyzed. Scenarios for reducing mortality from all and cardiovascular causes and hospitalizations for CVD were simulated among groups of patients with diabetes combined with myocardial infarction (MI) and diabetes combined with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) based on data from the Federal Registry of diabetes, the RECVASA and REGION registries, relative risks associated with analyzed adverse events from the DECLARE study. Results. When analyzing the data of all 22957 patients with CVD included in the registries, it was found that the proportion of patients with comorbid diabetes was on average 19.0%. Of the various diagnoses of CVD, the combination with diabetes was most often recorded in patients that had MI – 2.0%, stroke – 22.5% and heart failure – 24.0%. In the RECVASA registry (Ryazan) for 4 years of follow-up of 699 patients with a combination of CVD and diabetes mortality from all causes was 20.9%, and from cardiovascular causes – 15.6%. The simulated number of potentially prevented cardiovascular deaths with dapagliflozin taking in patients with diabetes combined with MI for 4 years in Russia will be 39124, and 37440 cardiovascular hospitalizations. The number of potentially preventable deaths from all causes among patients with diabetes combined with HFrEF will be 4543, cardiovascular deaths in 1995, and the number of prevented cardiovascular hospitalizations will be 7072. Conclusion. According to data from the registries of CVD patients in 6 regions of the Russian Federation, it was revealed that in real clinical practice the proportion of people with comorbid diabetes averaged 19% both at the outpatient and hospital stages. These subgroups of multimorbid patients have both the highest risk of developing fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular complications, and the largest number of indications for prescribing drugs that affect the prognosis due to effects on both CVD and diabetes.


Formal organisation, usually set out in organisation charts, is an essential tool to describe tasks and main duties within a firm; it is therefore suitable for the management of stable and standardised situations, where formalisation is functional to define what to do and how to do it. On the contrary, the use of formal organisation is not appropriate when it is necessary to deal with unsettled and unpredictable situations. A dynamic firm needs a flexible and easy-fitting structure, with a self-organizing capacity in real time in order to adapt to external changes. It is therefore extremely interesting and useful to identify people who operate in a firm not only by means of their offices and professional qualities, but also by completing this information with an analysis of their characteristics and " social " skills which represent the individual resources. More in detail, informal organization is defined as the body of the relationships actually acted by the actors of an organization, and of their individual characteristics (age, firm office, professional skills, negotiating capabilities, etc.): in the social network theory, each actor relates to the others and such interactions modify their behaviours. The findings of the early experiments carried out at the Eastern Electric Company in Chicago are reported by F. J. Roethlisberger and W. J. Dickson in their work of Sociology of Management and Organization that laid the groundwork for the Human Relations Movement in organizational behaviour: " Many of the actually existing patterns of human interaction have no representation in the formal organization at all, and these are inadequately represented by the formal organization … Too often it is assumed that the organization of a company corresponds to a blueprint plan or organization chart. Actually it never does. (" Management and the Worker: 5 " , 1939, p. 559) " To summarize, a general view of the resources effectively available within a firm can be better provided through the display of the social relationships actually operating, rather than by means of organisational charts. A growing number of sociological and firm management studies define innovation as a social process through which learning from different fields can deeply interact and thus create new knowledge. The knowledge essential to innovative processes can be transferred also through " invisible " and unforeseeable paths, mainly based on interpersonal relationships and values of trust and cooperation.


Since 1921 U.S.had established and developed the system of government budget,now it has the most perfect system in the world.At present China plans to improve government budget system,it is essential to use US's experiments.This paper reviews the development and characters of US budget system and then sums up the experiments beneficial to China including strengthening legal system,ensuring budget's quality,multi-year budgeting,oversighting budget,preventing to be operated and opening budget.


Lichen planus pemphigoides is a rare immuno‐bullous disorder which usually affects adults. It is extremely uncommon in children. Previous cases have been described in a 10‐year‐old girl1 and in two 16‐year‐old adolescents.2,3 A case of lichen planus pemphigoides in an 11‐year‐old Afro‐Caribbean boy is reported and the immunopathological findings are discussed.


Abstract Most people believe a good performance by a national team in an international sports tournament can enhance the domestic interest in that sport. By examining the case of the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) in Taiwan, this paper investigates the follow-up influence of international tournaments on attendance at domestic games. It has been found that people react differently to tournaments held in and out of Taiwan and to mega and non-mega events. If the national team participates in a mega international tournament abroad, attendance at the CPBL games for the following season increases by 770 people or 24.3% per game. However, for non-mega international tournaments, the attendance effects differ based on how well the national team performs. If the national team cannot beat at least 78% of the teams in a non-mega tournament abroad or half of the teams in a tournament held in Taiwan, the average attendance may fall.


An experimental and theoretical study of the behavior of a transverse gas jet injected behind a rearward-facing step in supersonic flow is described. In-flight iodine planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging was performed to study this flowfield at NASA Dryden Flight Research Center using a flight test fixture situated under the fuselage of an F-104G aircraft. Jet structure and penetration data were obtained, in addition to limited characteristics for jet mixing and for supersonic flow over a rearward-facing step in a flow regime and for injection locations not extensively studied in the past. A model for jet behavior is described that places emphasis on the dynamics of the vortical structures observed to dominate jet cross section. The complex flowfield formed downstream of the step is represented by a combination of empirical and analytical correlations. Model predictions for jet trajectories compare reasonably well with results from the present in-flight experiments as well as with prior wind-tunnel experimental data.


The aim of the research is improving the teaching method in entrepreneurship subject. This research adopted the competency based training (CBT) into the entrepreneurship. The major task in this research is formulated and designed the entrepreneurship competency. Entrepreneurship competency indicated by Personal, Strategic and Situational and Business competence. All of entrepreneurship competences are described into sub topic of competence. After designing and formulating the game and simulation the research continuing to implement the competency based training in the real class. The time consumed to implementing the CBT one semester, starting on September 2006 to early February 2007. The lesson learnt from the implementation period, the CBT could improve the student competence in Personal, Situational Strategic and Business. The three of the competencies are important for the success entrepreneur. It is a sign of application of "Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi". There are many evidences to describe the achievement of the CBT in entrepreneurship subject. Firstly, physically achievement, that all of the student's business plan could became the real business. The evidences are presented by picture of the student's real business. Secondly theoretically achievement, that the Personal, Situational Strategic and Business competence statistically have significant relation with Business Plan even Real Business quality. The effect of the Personal, Situational Strategic and Business competence to Business Plan quality is 84.4%. and, to the Real Business quality 77.2%. The statistic's evidence suggests that the redesign of the entrepreneurship subject is the right way. The content of the entrepreneur competence (Personal, Situational and Strategic and Business competence) have impact to the student to conduct and running for own business.


Nanocellulose (NC) is an emerging natural material that offers great potential for various applications due to its unique properties and renewable character. Nowadays, as NC production technologies are advancing, it is essential to evaluate their economic feasibility, technological maturity and commercialization potential using systematic techno-economic analysis (TEA). The present study considers both technical and economic aspects of NC production and analyzes them in two ways: first, by developing a new concept based on the production of different types of NC through the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass by chemical and mechanical technologies, and second, by a comparative review of existing TEA studies in the open literature. Three specific scenarios and two case studies are evaluated by comparing specific key performance indicators (KPIs), such as the production cost (PC) and minimum product selling price (MPSP) of NC. As a result, a short though comprehensive overview of the current state of NC production is provided, highlighting the main technical and economic challenges associated with it. Key areas for future research and innovation (R&I) are also identified to optimize the production processes and reduce relevant costs, in order to make NC competitive with existing materials and realize its full potential.