New europium complexes(C8H15O2)x(C12H23O2)yEu,which is soluble in MMA monomer,were synthesized with caprytlic acid(C8H15O2) and lauric acid(C12H23O2) as the first ligand by saponification method.Photoluminescent PMMA containing rare earth complexes AxByEu/PMMA(A=—C8H15O2,B=—C12H23O2,x,y was their mol ratio)were prepared by bulk polymerization.The effects of different second ligands(carbazole,dmbp,phen,HTTA) on the flourescent properties of the polymers were studied.Then AxByEu/HTTA/PMMA was prepared with ligand HTTA.The structures and fluorescence properties of the complexes and polymers containing europium were investigated by IR,UV and Fluorescence spectra.Results indicate that the polymers obtained emit strong characteristic luminescence of Eu3+ ions.Notably even if the mass fraction of HTTA was 0.02%,it could enhance the characteristic red luminescence of(C8H15O2)3Eu/HTTA/PMMA greatly,while the transparency of the polymer was not affected.


The Queensland College of Teachers (QCT) initiated this report as an investigation of the practices associated with Standard 5 of the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers (AITSL, 2011). Related to professional practice, Standard 5 refers to "assess, provide feedback and report on student learning." This Standard incorporates school executive and teacher understandings of how to collect, analyse, interpret and use systemic and classroom data to support and improve students' learning. It is argued that the development of teachers' knowledge and skills in these areas will assist with informing and generating improved student outcomes. Simultaneously the acquisition of such knowledge and skills will empower teachers as they become inquiry-minded and data-literate.


Dr. Karen Heins editorial "Getting Real about HIV in Adolescents" was right on target. Hein maps out a compelling 6-step approach for combatting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in adolescents. One of these steps is the joining of on-site condom availability with HIV education programs in school and youth-serving agencies. The Center for Population Options established a Condom Availability Campaign and Clearinghouse in 1991 to help schools and community-based organizations do just that. Through this effort we have tracked school condom-availability programs around the country; offered technical assistance at all levels of program design implementation and evaluation; and produced a manual on this issue Condom Availability in Schools: A Guide for Programs. The Center for Population Options strongly advocates and supports school condom-availability programs particularly as Hein suggests as part of a broader HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention and education strategy directed towards teens. This comprehensive approach fosters the integration of life-saving information and communication and negotiation skills with unimpeded inexpensive confidential access to condoms--all the components needed to help motivate sexually active young people to practice safer sex. (full text)


Objective:To investigate some of the clinical features and the features seen by fibrobronchoscope of central lung cancer patients found in coal mining area.Methods:Both of the clinical data and the information ac-quired by fibrobronchoscopy of central lung cancer patients,who sought medical advice at our department from Jul.1987to Jun.2003were evaluated with retropective analysis.The total16years were divided into two stages taking8years as a line,so as to be easy to carry a synthetical and a phase study.Results:The features seen by fibrobron-choscope:The most frequent region that the central lung cancer developed was at the upper lobar bronchi,and the next frequent region were left and right major bronchi.Squamous cell carcinoma of endobrochial proliferative lesion is as major appearance took first place all along,and yet adenocarcinoma is more likely to present with bronchial wall infiltrating lesion.All of those characteristics of the disease showed no significant difference between the two8years stages.The clinical features:Both peak age and sub-peak age of these lung cancer developing were delayed10years during the later8years.The incidence of lung cancer was significantly increased among smokers and COPD patients compared to other people,and squamous cell carcinoma has been documented as main pathological type in those patients.Conclusions:The peak age of lung cancer developing is delayed in recent years.The occur-ring of lung cancer is associated with smoking and COPD in some extent.The correlation between occupational fac-tor of coal mining workers and lung cancer need to be further explored.


Abstract. Theoretical models of government formation in political science usually assume that the head of state is non-strategic. In this paper, we analyze the power of an agenda setter who chooses the order in which players are recognized to form coalitions in simple games. We characterize those sets of players which can be imposed in the equilibrium coalition and show that the only decisive structures where the agenda setter can impose the presence of any minimal winning coalition are apex games, where a large player forms a winning coalition with any of the small players. Keywords: Government Formation, Agenda Control, Coalitional Bargaining, Finite Bargaining Rules.


We demonstrate sympathetic sideband cooling of a 40CaH+ molecular ion co-trapped with a 40Ca+ atomic ion in a linear Paul trap. Both axial modes of the two-ion chain are simultaneously cooled to near the ground state of motion. The center of mass mode is cooled to an average quanta of harmonic motion n ¯ COM = 0.13 ± 0.03 ?> , corresponding to a temperature of 12.47 ± 0.03 &mgr; K ?> . The breathing mode is cooled to n ¯ BM = 0.05 ± 0.02 ?> , corresponding to a temperature of 15.36 ± 0.01 &mgr; K ?> .


Fast Data Projection Method(FDPM) is a fast subspace tracking algorithm,which requires fewer arithmetic operations and bears numerical stability under finite precision arithmetic.In this paper,we extend FDPM to a complex arithmetic version named as Complex Fast Data Projection Method(CFDPM).The noise subspace tracking is simulated under GNSS interference mitigation situation. By Comparison this subspace with the subspace derived from MUSIC,it can be concluded that CFDPM is feasible and can be used for GNSS jamming suppress.


Grasslands and savannas exist across a wide range of climates. Mesic savannas, with highly variable tree densities, are particularly misunderstood and understudied in comparison to arid and semi‐arid savannas. North America contains historically extensive mesic savannas dominated by longleaf pine. Longleaf pine savannas may have once been the largest savanna type on North America, yet these ecosystems have been overlooked in global syntheses. Excluding these "Forgotten Ecosystems" from global syntheses biases our understanding of savanna biogeography and distribution.We assessed the evolutionary history and biogeography of longleaf pine savannas. We then harmonize plot data from longleaf savannas with plot data from valuable existing global synthesis of savannas on other continents. We show that longleaf pine savannas occur in a strikingly distinct climate space compared to savannas on Africa, Australia, and South America, and are unique in having wide ranging tree basal areas.Grass‐dominated ecosystems are increasingly recognized as being ancient and biologically diverse, yet threatened and undervalued. A new synthesis of savanna ecosystems considering their full range of distributions is needed to understand their ecology and conservation status. Interestingly, the closest analogues to North American savannas and their relatives in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean may be Asian savannas, which also contain mesic fire‐driven pine savannas and have been similarly neglected in existing global syntheses.


Luo Rufang,a well-known philosopher of Ming Dynasty enjoyed a close friendship with his student,great playwright Tang Xianzu.The latter was profoundly influenced by Luo Rufang on his views of life,politics,literature and his creative literary writing.Luo Rufang's thoughts of virtues of benevolence and innocence became a guiding principle in Tang Xianzu's political career and won him great love and respect from the people.It is also this principle that enabled him to focus on "love",a major theme in his masterpiece The Peony Pavilion.


BACKGROUND
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) during pregnancy prevents vertical transmission, but many antiretrovirals cross the placenta and several can affect mitochondria. Exposure to maternal HIV and/or cART could have long-term effects on children HIV-exposed uninfected (CHEU). Our objective was to compare blood mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content in CHEU and children HIV-unexposed uninfected (CHUU), at birth and in early life.

METHODS
Birth and early life (0-3y) whole blood mtDNA content was compared cross-sectionally between CHEU and CHUU children. Longitudinal changes in CHEU mtDNA content was also evaluated.

RESULTS
At birth, CHEU status and lower gestational age were associated with higher mtDNA content. These remained independently associated with mtDNA content in multivariable analyses, whether considering all infants, or only those born at term. Longitudinally, CHEU mtDNA levels remained unchanged during the first six months of life, and gradually declined thereafter. A separate age and sex-matched cross-sectional analysis (n=214CHEU:214CHUU) illustrates that the difference in mtDNA between the groups remains detectable throughout the first 3 years of life.

CONCLUSION
The persistently elevated blood mtDNA content observed among CHEU represents a long-term effect, possibly resulting from in utero stresses related to maternal HIV and/or cART. The clinical impact of altered mtDNA levels is unclear.


Gas quenching seems to have a lot of advantages compared to liquid quenching media. Mentioned are among others: At gas quenching the Leidenfrost phenomena does not occur. This leads to a better reproducibility of hardness results and reduces scatter in dimensional and shape alterations. Reduced dimensional and shape alterations through a batch adapted quenching rate and therewith reduced post heat treatment machining work. Parts do not need to be cleaned after gas quenching. No oil soiled wastes are generated. Gas quenching can be done in different ways. This paper compares the different quenching methods, showing advantages, limitations - resulting not only from gas quenching itself, but from furnace construction and periphery - and own experimental results.


Abstract The literature concerning the properties of menisci is briefly reviewed and it is shown that numerical analysis using computers has led to the solution of a whole range of meniscus problems. Menisci are classified and their properties defined according to the nature and number of the supporting solid surfaces and of certain shape characteristics. The sizes and shapes of different types of menisci are then obtained by integrating the Laplace–Young equation numerically. The free energy of the whole meniscus system is derived in terms of the surface area and the potential energy in the gravitational field and the equilibrium and stability given in terms of the first and second differential of the free energy with respect to perturbation. Axisymmetric perturbations only are considered as they are those of lowest energy and hence most damaging and the energy profiles of such perturbed menisci have been obtained by numerical analysis. It is shown that when critical stability is reached the size and shape of a given meniscus become unique theoretically determined properties. These critical properties have been extracted from the tables of shape and size. Finally it is shown that a further set of unique properties, but at stable equilibrium, may also be extracted from the table. These unique properties form an excellent set of conditions by which surface tension is measured with great precision.


Ideal plastic deformations (ideal flows) have been defined as solenoidal smooth deformations in which an eigenvector field associated everywhere with the greatest (major) principal rate of deformation is fixed in the material. In the case of plane strain deformation of rigid perfectly plastic material obeying an arbitrary isotropic yield criterion and its associated flow rule, it is always possible to find an equilibrium stress field which is compatible with an ideal deformation. It is shown in the present paper that an ideal deformation is possible for functionally graded sheets in the process of plane strain bending under tension. In contrast to the general process, the tensile force and bending moment cannot be prescribed arbitrary but should be found from the solution.


Objective: To study the effects of different prosthetic wear particles on osteogenesis at the bone-implant interface. Methods: The model of bone-implant interface using modified BHC implanted at the metaphysis of rabbit tibia was established. Ten μl particles suspension of Ti alloy, CoCr alloy and UHMWPE (1.5 mg/ml, W/V) was added into BHC separatively. Tissue samples in the BHC were got four weeks later. The condition of osteogenesis, particle distribution and tissue reaction around particles were observed histologically. The ratio of bone area to total tissue area (BA/TTA) in each microscopic field was determined by computerized image processing. Results: Osteogenesis in BHC could be obviously inhibited by particulate UHMWPE and CoCr alloy with macrophage infiltration and fibroblast proliferation. The histological feature was similar to the interface membrane around aseptically loosened prostheses in human body. The effect of Ti alloy particles on osteogenesis was relatively small. BA/TTA of each particle group was significantly smaller than that of the control (P0.01) , and the effect of BA/TTA of UHMWPE and CoCr alloy groups was the smallest (P0.01) . There was no significant difference between the later two (P0.05) . Conclusions: Wear particles can not only activate macrophage osteolysis, but also inhibit osteogenesis. Thus, disturbance of bone reconstruction at the bone-implant interface caused by wear particles of prosthesis may be the result of both bone resorption and reduction of osteogenesis.


Objective
To explore the recyclability and safety of Celect retrievable filter placement in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT).

Methods
The data of 120 DVT patients with Celect retrievable filter were collected from the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from August 2015 to March 2017 and analyzed retrospectively. The Celect filter was placed in the inferior vena cava (IVC) at the inferior margin of the renal vein for 1 to 2 cm by puncturing the contralateral femoral vein or right internal jugular vein. The filter retrieve risk was assessed within 8 weeks after being implanted. The filters would be recovered through the right jugular vein when meeting the recovery standard, and the retrieve methods included conventional method, removing the guide wire into a loop trap method and guiding wire into a loop combined with balloon assisted method. The perforation of the vena cava was observed and the tilt angle of the filter was measured. The success rate of Celect filter retrieve was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results
Celect filters were successfully implanted in 120 patients with DVT. The IVC filters were implanted through femoral vein in 111 patients and 2 cases via right internal jugular vein. No complications, asymptomatic pulmonary embolism and related death was found in all patients. Twenty four patients did not reach the standard of filter retrieve, and were follow-uped. Ninety six cases were treated with Celect retrievable filter, among which, 93 cases were successfully recovered with the filter indwelling time ranging from 7 to 144 days and the median being 50 days. The failure of the filter retrieve occurred in 3 cases because of the serious tilt of the filter or the encapsulation of filter by inferior vena cava thrombus. Perforation of vena cava with no clinical symptoms occurred in 21 cases. Filter tilt was found in 35 cases, among which, 15 cases had inclined angle>15 degrees or the recovery hook closed to the IVC wall. Thirteen cases with filter tip or recovery hook attached to the wall were successfully removed by using the guide wire into a loop or trap guide wire into a loop combined with balloon assisted method instead of routine removal method. The retrieve rate was 100% when the retention time of Celect filter in the body was within 106 days.

Conclusion
Celect retrievable filter can be implanted in DVT patients with long retrieve time window and high retrieve rate, but the filter inclination rate and vena cava perforation rate are high.

Key words:
Veinous thrombosis; Pulmonary embolism; Inferior vena cava filter


Developing sustainable products and processes is growing in importance due to increasing regulation, consumer interest, access to information, and competitive forces. In order to adequately evaluate the sustainability of products and processes, there is a need to consider the impacts from all three pillars of sustainability – society, environment, and economics. There are substantial challenges to identifying and understanding the social impacts associated with manufacturing activities. This paper provides a framework for characterizing the social impacts of manufacturing throughout the life cycle of a product ustainable supply chains


The invention relates to a method for enhancing SMS (Short Message Service) function, belonging to the field of communication technology. The method relates to mobile phones, and is characterized by comprising the steps that: firstly, a sender sets SMS content sent on a mobile phone through software, then conducts password setting and finally selects and sends out the number of a receiver, the receiver can input and check the SMS after receiving the SMS, and simultaneously a user can also conduct encryption setting on the SMS inbox, and SMS can be looked up only by inputting correct passwords. After the invention is adopted, the mobile phone user can set password protection to the SMS content, thus not only being capable of improving the safety of important SMS, but also being capable of effectively preventing the leakage of privacy. The method has substantial technique characteristics and obvious technique progress, thus being very wide in application prospects.


Educational Institution and Profession Development of Indonesia (LP3I) Business College, Medan, assumes that Marketing Mix Services is important thing for LP3I Business College Management. The Marketing Mix Services from Higher Education Institution as main factor in influencing the students decisions to choose their study place. Therefore, LP3I Business College Medan should act professionally in its daily activities. The formulation problem in this research is to find out how the influence of marketing mix services strategy consisting of products, prices, promotions, place, people, processes, and services, toward the students decisions to determine LP3I Business College Medan as their study place. The research objectivity is to find out which factor of the marketing mix services variables is dominant towards the students decisions. The theory applied is the marketing management services and consumers purchasing behaviour related to their decision to do purchasing. Technic of collecting data is through interviews, questionaires, and documentation study. The number of research samples is 205 students, meanwhile data collected based on proportionate stratified random sampling and used questionaires from 205 respondent in five study programs. Then, the research instruments used is a likert scale. Type of this research is quantitative descriptive. The objectives of this research is to obtain the description of a conditions and problems then interpreted them. Result of these statistical analysis showed that have the F calculated was 3.142 is bigger than the F-table which was 2.64, showing that the products, prices, promotions, place, people, processes, and services factors has a significant influence on students decisions is to choose their study place at LP3I Business College Medan. Then partially, significant value was 0,551 is smaller than (α = 0.05), explaining that price variabel has no strong influence toward students decision to choose their study place at LP3I Business College Medan, it means that the price is as variable of marketing mix strategy at LP3I Business College Medan has no influence toward students decision. The research conducted, it is concluced that marketing mix consisting products, prices, promotions, place, people, processes and services have a very significant influence toward the students decisions to choose their study places at LP3I Business College Medan is acceptable.


An object of the present invention is to provide a stamper for transferring fine pattern and a method for manufacturing the stamper, the stamper has a fine structure layer to improve a continuous transferring property of the resinous stamper, and Correspondence Address: ANTONELLI, TERRY, STOUT & KRAUS, LLP 1300 NORTH SEVENTEENTH STREET, SUITE 18OO to allow accurate and continuous transferring. In order to ARLINGTON, VA 22209-3873 (US) achieve the above object, the present invention provides a stamper for transferring fine pattern, including: a fine struc (21) Appl. No.: 12/635,730 ture layer on a Supporting Substrate, in which the fine struc ture layer is a polymer of a resinous compound whose prin cipal component is silsesquioxane derivative having a (22) Filed: Dec. 11, 2009 plurality of polymerizable functional groups.


Continuous-time filters are widely used in signal processing but require a tuning system to align their frequency response. Several tuning techniques have been proposed in the literature, which can be grouped in two basic schemes: master-slave and self-calibration arrangements. Here we propose a novel tuning approach which can be applied to both tuning schemes. The tuning algorithm is based on the application of pseudo-random input test pattern signal and on the evaluation of a few samples of the input-output cross-correlation function. The key advantages of the proposed technique are basically the use of a pseudo-random pattern signal which can be generated by a very simple circuit in a small die area and the simple circuitry required to sample the filter output and to perform the cross-correlation operation. Some experimental results of the application of the proposed tuning technique to a benchmark filter are given in order to assess its effectiveness.


List of illustrations Preface Ch. 1: Origins and essences Ch. 2: Beats, beatniks, bohemians, and all that jazz Ch. 3: The writers and the books Ch. 4: The Beats and popular culture Ch. 5: The Beat legacy References Further reading Index


The present invention relates to a process for pattern formation of the conductive polymer surface, and said process comprises the steps of forming a surface of a conducting polymer on a substrate; And applying a mask on the surface; Irradiating (irradiation) so as to form a conductive polymer areas that are not exposed and the exposed conducting polymer and regions; And removing the mask; And a step of gently removing the conductive polymer region to the exposed chemically reactive means-ratio. Thereby, the invention is simple and inexpensive to form finely pattern the conducting polymer offers an environmentally friendly manner, and is applicable to any type of substrate on which the rigid or elastic. Furthermore, even though there is no limit board size.


The Gold Hill fault zone is a first-order structure within the peri-Gondwanan Carolina zone that separates Neoproterozoic metavolcanic rocks of the Charlotte and Carolina terranes. Previous work suggests that a north-south trending ductile shear zone, the Davis Branch shear zone, merges with the Gold Hill fault zone (s.s.) in the vicinity of Waxhaw, North Carolina. This region of the Carolina zone was chosen to investigate the relationship between the Davis Branch shear zone and the Gold Hill fault zone, and to delineate the structural relationship between the Gold Hill fault zone and surrounding volcaniclastic terranes. The results of this study may shed new light on the tectonic history of the southern Appalachian Carolina zone.

Geologic mapping identified low-grade volcanic sequences on each side of the Gold Hill fault zone. Northwest of the Gold Hill fault zone lies the Marvin sequence, which is composed of dacitic quartz tuffs, porphyries, and minor amounts of mafic-derived sedimentary rock and schist. Southeast of the Gold Hill fault zone lies the Twelve Mile sequence, which consists of a suite of rhyolitic volcaniclastic lapilli and lithic tuffs and an overlying sedimentary package of fine-grained siliciclastic sediments and minor conglomerate. Deformed rocks in the Twelve Mile sequence make up the bulk of the Gold Hill fault zone. Intruding the Twelve Mile sequence is granitic Waxhaw pluton that has thermally metamorphosed portions of the volcanic sequence.

Both the Marvin and Twelve Mile sequences exhibit geologic features that are similar to the other volcaniclastic sequences in the Carolina terrane. These observations question early interpretations that the Gold Hill fault zone represents a terrane boundary between the Carolina and Charlotte terranes. Moreover, detailed geologic mapping and strain analysis also indicate the Davis Branch shear zone, originally reported as a north-south trending ductile shear zone, is not present within the Waxhaw, NC study area.

Structural analysis of the Gold Hill fault zone suggests it is a steeply dipping zone of dextral wrench-dominated transpression defined by a wide footwall damage zone in the Twelve Mile sequence and narrow hanging wall damage zone in the Marvin sequence. Structures within the Gold Hill fault zone are attributed to deformation along the Gold Hill fault, which is a right lateral reverse fault with southeast vergence that thrusts the Marvin sequence over the Twelve Mile sequence. Strata in both volcanic sequences are folded into upright, northeast-plunging, folds imprinted by a steeply dipping axial planar cleavage that strikes sub-parallel to the trace of the Gold Hill fault zone. Metamorphic and microtextural data suggests that the Waxhaw granite, which intrudes the Twelve Mile seqeucne, is synkinematic to deformation within the fault zone, and support the interpretation that Gold Hill fault thrusts the Marvin sequence over the Twelve Mile sequence.


The intestinal parasitoids is all over the world and represent a serious public health, and lettuce, (Lactuca sativa) consume may be the most important carrier of parasitism, by most often find out eggs or maggot of parasites aggregates on that vegetable. The objective of this job is to verify the contamination about lettuce (Lactuca sativa), described on literature, determining the most predominant parasites on con-tamination. A bibliographic research it was made through identification of secondary saucers, indexed on data base Scientific Library Online (SCIELO) and data available in the literature. The results obtain expose a significant incidence of lettuce contamination, by parasites in its different forms, contradicting theelaborated data by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). It is necessary realization of new rese-arches by scientific community, to alert the population about the problem up, as well as exhibition of this job for disclosure the results obtained in research, mobilizing the consumers as adoption of prophylactic measu-res.


The activities in the capital market have given an important influence on economic conditions in Indonesia. The capital market is one of the rapidly growing business areas. This resulted in the various crimes in the capital market which come up with diverse strategies. This happened in the case of embezzlement committed by the company in Indonesia. One of which is the embezzlement committed by directors and commissioners of Sarijaya Permana Sekuritas Company. The offense is not spesific regulated in The Act Number. 8 of 1995 about the Capital Market. This condition causes the confusion in the settlement of the case, that there is a rechtsvacuum. The author wants to analyse about how is the juridical analysis of rechtsvacuum in the embezzlement case of customers funds by Sarijaya Permana Sekuritas Company, and how is the law that should be used in the settlement of the case. This research is conducted with the study of documentation, namely collecting and researching of legal materials through a search of legal literatures by analyzing a legal decision from the court about the crime in the capital market, based on the Act and the related rules. In addition, the authors conclude that there is a rechtsvacuum in the case. In the consideration of the judgement, the judges stated that the defendant is proved guilty based on the judgement of the criminal case, but this case is a specific offence in the capital market and should be applied the Act of Capital Market. In Fact, In the Act of Capital Market has not the article about the embezzlement, with the result that in this case should be used the Criminal Code. Depending on these conditions, the regulations of capital market need to be revisited because there are some offenses are unregulated. Furthermore, the supervision by authority is important and needs to be tightened.


To clarify the genetic mechanism and hydrocarbon reservoir forming characteristics of Buried hills at middle fault depression belt in Hailer Tamtsag Basin,allocation relations between fault and buried hill were studied through the analysis of fault system.Oil accumulation in buried hill which is controlled by fault systems was summarized.According to the genetic mechanism,buried hill of Hailer Tamtsag Basin can be classified into three categories including eight subclasses whose structural form is mainly affected by three kinds of fault systems control,namely the type Ⅰ(early extensional fault system),type Ⅰ-Ⅱ(early extensional-middle tense-shear fault system),type Ⅰ-Ⅱ-Ⅲ(early extensional-middle tense-shear late reverse fault system).TypeⅠfault system is formed by one time early break to promote the development of the buried hill reservoir,and as the block boundary which is conducive to hydrocarbon accumulation in buried hill hydrocarbon.It also forms two kinds of source rocks for hydrocarbon mode: unidirectional and bidirectional.Therefore,I type fault system in the control of buried hill is the favorable exploration target;typeⅠ-Ⅱ-and Ⅰ-Ⅱ-Ⅲ fault systems are the fracture of the long-term activities.Though the control the formation and the evolution of the buried hill make it easier to form cracks dense zone,faults of activities damage the reservoir and are not conducive to "hydrocarbon-supplying window" formation.As a result,fault controlled reservoir and hydrocarbon are inconsistent,which destroy the buried hill oil reservoir mainly.


In the United States, the opioid analgesic overdose death rate increased from 1.4 to 5.4 per 100000 adults from 1999 to 2011 (1). Efforts to manage this increase in mortality have focused on modifying the prescribing practices of providers (2). Mandated urine testing, pain agreements, and inspections of prescription drug monitoring program data have become standard practice, yet few data support a link between such interventions and reduced opioid-related morbidity or mortality. In fact, whereas opioid analgesic deaths have recently plateaued, heroin use and overdose deaths have skyrocketed, suggesting possible unintended consequences of opioid stewardship initiatives (3, 4). Many communities have used the targeted distribution of naloxone, the short-acting opioid antagonist, to address opioid-related mortality (5). Provision of naloxone to those likely to witness or experience an opioid overdose, principally illicit drug users, has been associated with substantial reductions in community-level opioid overdose mortality relative to communities that did not implement naloxone distribution (6). Other observational and ecologic analyses have demonstrated marked reductions in opioid overdose mortality in communities that distributed naloxone, including Chicago, Illinois (7); New York City (8); and Scotland (9). A meta-analysis demonstrated a higher likelihood of survival in overdose situations when naloxone was administered by laypersons (10). Naloxone distribution to heroin users is remarkably cost-effective (11). In San Francisco, California, implementation and expansion of a targeted naloxone distribution program were temporally associated with a decline in heroin overdose deaths from as high as 180 per year to as few as 10 through 2012. The number of deaths attributed to opioid analgesics, however, exceeded 100 annually from 2010 to 2012 (12). Most of these decedents had received primary care in safety-net clinics, and most had received long-term opioid therapy for pain. However, literature to support naloxone prescribing to this population is limited to early descriptive analyses (13) and anecdotal reports (14). At U.S. Army Fort Bragg, overdoses seen in the emergency department (ED) declined from 8 per month to 0 after naloxone coprescription was started (14, 15); this finding suggests that naloxone prescription may have affected the overdose event rate by influencing patient and/or provider behavior, rather than simply being available as a reversal agent. These results are consistent with some data indicating that heroin users who receive naloxone reduce heroin use (16). In response to these data, we developed and coordinated a standardized naloxone coprescribing program at primary care clinics in a safety-net system in San Francisco. To inform the larger-scale implementation of naloxone prescribing for patients prescribed opioid medications, we assessed the feasibility of introducing and scaling up naloxone coprescribing in these primary care clinics and conducted analyses to assess the association of naloxone coprescribing with ED use and prescribed opioid dose. Methods Naloxone for Opioid Safety Evaluation (NOSE) staff coordinated the clinical program and conducted the evaluation. The study was approved by the Committee on Human Research of the University of California, San Francisco (CHR#13-11168). Clinical Program The clinical program was implemented in a rolling fashion from February 2013 to April 2014 at 6 clinics where patients had died of opioid overdose from 2010 to 2012. All clinics accepted only publicly insured or uninsured patients, and 2 were resident training sites. Onsite leaders were selected, and a consistent protocol was implemented across sites, beginning with training in naloxone prescribing for providers (physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants) and staff (see Appendix and Appendix Table 1, for implementation plan and process outcomes). Training covered rationale and indications for prescribing naloxone (anyone who uses opioids long term or is otherwise at risk for witnessing or experiencing an opioid overdose), language to approach patients (for example, use such phrases as bad reaction instead of overdose), naloxone formulations, and pharmacy/payer coverage. Additionally, providers and staff were trained on how to educate patients on naloxone use, how to assemble the intranasal device (the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has since approved a device requiring no assembly [17]), and ensuring that caretakers know how and when to administer naloxone (Appendix Figure 1). Appendix Figure 1. Checklist for clinic staff to train patients receiving naloxone. CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Appendix Table 1. Implementation Plan and Process Outcomes for Naloxone Coprescribing at Safety-Net Clinics Initial training was provided to all sites approximately 30 days preceding initiation of naloxone coprescription; after initiation, additional training was provided and at least 1 reminder e-mail was sent to providers (Appendix Figure 2). Because most providers opted to prescribe the intranasal formulation of naloxone and the mucosal atomization device was not readily available from pharmacies, clinics could order the device and patient brochures (Appendix Figure 3) in zipper-seal plastic bags from the clinic system's central pharmacy. NOSE staff assisted with any logistic problems, and a clinical pharmacist educated any pharmacies that encountered problems ordering, dispensing, or billing for naloxone (Appendix Figure 4). Appendix Figure 2. E-mail template to remind providers about naloxone prescribing. ECW = eClinicalWorks; LCR = lifetime clinical record. Appendix Figure 3. Naloxone for opioid safety patient brochure. Appendix Figure 3. Continued. Appendix Figure 4. Informational sheet for pharmacists on ordering, dispensing, counseling, and billing for naloxone. Data Sources and Data Abstraction Feasibility was assessed through chart reviews of all patients receiving long-term opioid therapy by prescription. Patients receiving sufficient opioids to take at least 1 pill daily for more than 3 months were added to a pain management registry (PMR) by staff at each clinic. This list was downloaded every 3 months during the intervention period, and a merged list of 3138 patients with demographic data was generated in March 2015. A manual chart review was conducted to determine whether patients were valid PMR entrantCs during the study period and to collect the following data: 1) opioid type, dose, quantity per 30 days, and date prescribed at 2 clinic visits (the visit closest to the baseline date [start of naloxone coprescribing at the given clinic or the date the patient was added to the PMR, whichever was later] and the last visit at the clinic before chart review [that is, follow-up date]); 2) the date of initial naloxone prescription; and 3) dates of all ED visits at the county hospital and opioid-relatedness. The ED visits were coded as opioid-related in accordance with documentation for establishing drug-relatedness of ED visits from the Drug Abuse Warning Network (18). Visits were opioid-related if the documenting physician considered them to be primarily due to an adverse event from an opioid or to opioid-seeking behavior; a subset of visits was coded as oversedation if the assessment was an opioid poisoning or other complication attributed by the documenting physician to opioid-induced sedation. Staff reviewing charts included a physician who trained other staff and reviewed uncertain cases; 62.5% of charts were independently assessed by at least 2 reviewers (see Appendix for details). Death information was extracted from the California Electronic Death Record System on 14 July 2015. Feasibility Analysis We assessed bivariate relationships between all demographic and clinical characteristics presented in Table 1 and the receipt of naloxone during the study period using chi-square, Fisher exact (for comparisons with cell sizes <5), and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Morphine equivalent daily dose in milligrams (MEQ) was calculated for each patient at baseline and subsequent follow-up dates by using standard conversion ratios from the literature (19, 20). Table 1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of PMR Patients, by Receipt of Naloxone Prescription We fit a normal-logistic regression model, with random effects for providers, to assess both patient- and provider-level predictors of naloxone prescription. All baseline patient characteristics assessed in bivariate analyses were included in the model, except for opioid type; the latter was excluded because relevant elements of formulations (such as presence of acetaminophen or duration of action) do not necessarily correspond to opioid type. Only baseline history of any opioid-related ED visit was included in the model because this category of visit was hypothesized to be most relevant to naloxone prescribing. The model also included provider type (attending physician or fellow, resident physician, or other provider) and the size of each provider's panel of PMR patients, while controlling for time in days from 1 February 2013 (the earliest program initiation date) to patient baseline date, as well as time between the baseline and follow-up visit dates. To characterize residual differences among providers in naloxone prescription rates, we calculated the odds ratio for the difference between the 25th and 75th percentile values of the random provider effect. A descriptive summary of the PMR panel size, number of patients prescribed naloxone, and percentage of patients prescribed naloxone per provider is presented in Appendix Table 2. Appendix Table 2. Provider-Level Data on Total Number of Patients, Number of Patients Prescribed Naloxone, and Percentage of Patients Prescribed Naloxone Analysis of ED Use In our prespecified plan to assess the association of naloxone receipt with opioid-related ED visits, numbers of opioid-rela


Carbon dioxide (CO2) was monitored during the suberization phase of storage at one storage with both manually and computer-controlled bins and at another storage with a computer controlled bin. While maintaining the same average carbon dioxide level, the total fan run-times for the manually controlled bins were about five times longer than those for the computer-controlled bins. A 5 m/s (11 mph) wind blowing into the bin intake damper affected carbon dioxide patterns and concentrations.


[Objective]To research the biomechanical influence of posteriomedial fractures on proximal femur.[Method]Three dimensional finite element models of intact and osteotomied proximal femurs were established from computerized tomographic(CT)scanning images,and finite element analysis was undertaken.[Result]The maximum equivalent stress was located at the anteriomedial of the defection of the proximal femur.The stress of femoral neck,as well as the medial and lateral femoral cortex was not significantly changed after isolated lesser trochanteric fracture.However,with half of the medial cortex involved,the stress of the medial and lateral femur increased by 47% and 12%,respectively.If the entire medial cortex was involved,the stress of medial and lateral femur increased by 247% and 66%,respectively.[Conclusion]Different types of posteriomedial fragments have different effects on the stress distribution and quantity of proximal femur.When treating intertrochanteric fractures using dynamical hip screw,the fragments should be differently treated based on its types considering for biomechanical effects.


In this research, we conducted impact fatigue tests in which the magnitude of the impact stress and the duration time of the stress were varied on the smooth specimens of JIS SS400 by using a repeated impact tensile loading machine. To investigate the difference between the behavior of impact fatigue and that of standard fatigue up to about 50 000 times at room temperature, two types fatigue testing machine were used. To continuously obtain the true strain of the specimen during the impact fatigue test, the minimum diameter of the specimen was measured using a two dimensional displacement measurement system. The relationship between the ratio of number of cycles and true strain was investigated. It became apparent that the fracture mode transition from the ductile type to the crack type when the number of cycles to failure was around 10 000 times. It was also found that impact fatigue was lower in fatigue life than standard fatigue when the number of cycles to failure exceeded 10 000 times. As a result of observation of the fractography by SEM, dimples patterns were observed in the cross-sectional of ductile type fracture specimen, and striations patterns were observed in the cross-sectional of crack type fracture specimen.


Abstract : A FORTRAN language computer program was written to permit selective information retrieval from listings of reports, articles, and presentations maintained as a computer card master file and on magnetic tape as a working file. The program features a simple, routine method for updating both files, and completely flexible, automatic extraction of specific listings according to such criteria as type, origin, date, date of entry to the file, and subject category.


The cooperation zone of"Two Corridors and One Ring"is economically backward,and the economic cooperation in the zone is hard to be started.However,there are rich natural and human tourism resources which are highly complementary and qualified with favorable conditions for the development of cooperative tourism.Besides,tourism cooperation can achieve quick results and considerable cooperative prospects with a small investment.The principles of "Two Corridors and One Ring"cooperative tourism exploration should be based on shared interests,common market and resource integration.To reinforce the cooperative tourism coordination of laws,regulations and personnel,build a multi-level dialogue mechanism and coordination organizations,construct a transnational barrier-free tourist area,and strengthen the construction of Binhai transnational tourism growth pole around the Northern Gulf Areas,besides,both sides of China and Vietnam should pay attention to the issues of tourism safety management.


Purpose: Description of some of the topical legal rulings of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation concerning the interpretation and application of rules that govern the disposition of community property. Methodology: The formal legal method was used. Results: The author considers some of the important issues relating to interpretation and application of the rules concerning disposition of community property contained in Article 35 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation. Special attention is given to the existing rulings of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the criticism of such rulings. The questions regarding the competition of one of the former spouses' interests on one hand, and the good faith acquirer's interests on the other, are examined. Novelty/originality/value: The author thoroughly describes the stated rulings and the criticism of these rulings. Special attention is given to the shortcomings of current law.


In this study, copper foam was used as a porous medium in place of traditional aluminum fins. A comparison between the two heat exchangers—one with fins and the other with copper foam—was conducted under various conditions. The air inlet velocity ranged from 0.9 to 9.3 m/s, and the water inlet temperature ranged from 10°C to 18°C. Different water flow rates were tested. A comparison was made between the performance of copper foam and aluminum fins by calculating several parameters, including thermal resistance, heat exchanger effectiveness, Colburn factor, Nusselt number, friction factor, and area goodness factor (AG). The experimental results showed that at low air velocities, the heat transfer coefficient for both types of heat exchangers was almost equal. However, at high air velocities, the copper foam exhibited a higher heat transfer coefficient. The Colburn factor was higher for the heat exchanger with copper foam than in the conventional fins, where it was equal to 0.1959 for the copper foam and 0.1186 for the fins. On the other hand, the AG was higher in the case of fins than in the heat exchanger with copper foam.


Characterisations of 'the Chinese learner' in education and applied linguistics have frequently taken a 'large culture' approach, which involves describing the values, attitudes and learning practices of individuals in terms of fixed, homogeneous, reified national cultures. A shared Confucian cultural heritage is offered by way of explanation for supposedly consistent Chinese behaviours in Western classrooms. This paper examines some features of the deficit model of Chinese learner discourse attributed to Confucian cultural heritage (passive, lacking critical thinking, reliant on simplistic rote memorisation strategies resulting in surface learning, unwilling to participate in classroom talk), and refers to research findings which propose alternative characterisations and alternative explanations rooted in social and contextual factors. An alternative approach based on post-structuralist, critical pedagogy and cultural studies perspectives is considered which focuses on 'small culture' explanations for the behaviours of Chinese learners abroad. Situated identity is a key concept in this approach; the influence of national culture on individual values and behaviour through socialisation in shared educational practices is moderated or disrupted as the individual learner is transplanted into a different context. Agency is recognised as learners attempt to negotiate new identities for themselves in a more or less alien environment.


There are many explanations about why Europe and the Atlantic system as a whole have once again slipped into a condition of hostility, rhetorical violence, and military confrontation.1 By the end of the 1980s, all sides were proclaiming a new era of peace and reconciliation in Europe, but three decades later the continent is once again divided and no sustainable peace order has been established. The cause of the breakdown has been sought in the structural properties of the international system and the attempt of the hegemonic power to maintain its status.2 Others focus on power transition theories, suggesting that…


Conception of giftedness is a key one for Academic lyceum. It is necessary to make a creative field for development of talent where a personality will have possibility to express and claim themselves. A foreign language has a lot of advantages to get it. The author shows that language activity should be divided into several stages. The author offers an integrated language teaching methodology which favors the development of giftedness. Teaching research skills begin with project methods. Different students can have the same knowledge but their cognitive success is different according to their skills to operate with this knowledge. Application of research methods in the language teaching process enables thinking, drawing conclusions and making a decision.


The radical species trapped in irradiated poly (vinylidene fluoride)(PVdF) were assigned by electron spin resonance(ESR). The films of PVdF were drawn by 400% at 45 C. The samples thus obtained had a crystal structure of the zigzag chain conformation, where the chains were aligned parallel to the drawing direction (Fig.2). The samples, which were sealed in ESR sample tube and evacuated, were irradiated with g -rays from Co-60 at 77 K. The ESR spectra were recorded at 77 K and room temperature. The ESR spectra obtained at 77 K after irradiation showed broad an, d diffuse pattern with several shoulders (Fig.10). After annealing the sample at room temperature for an hour, a resoluble pattern (Fig.3 and 4) consisting of a double sextet appeared. The radical responsible for the double sextet was assigned to the alkyl-type radical, -CH2-CF-CH2-, and the conformation was presumed (Fig.6). Upon annealing at 195 K after irradiation, the chain scission radical, -CH2CF2, was observed as a small portion of the trapped radicals.When the sample irradiated at 77 K was stored for a long time at room temperature or annealed for a short time at high temperature in vacuo, the siglet spectrum remained (Fig.9). The singlet was stable in vacuo and was assigned to polyenyl radicals, -(CF=CH)-CH-.The alkyl-type radicals and polyenyl radical easily reacted with oxygen to form peroxy radicals. Oxygen, molecules diffused into the crystalline regions and reacted with the trapped radicals. Therefore, when irradiation was performed in air at low does rate, these radicals were converted into peroxy radicals, which hindered the crossliaking reaction. The stability of the alkyl-type radicals and the reactivity with oxygen had relations to crosslinking and degradation.


The invention provides a PWM (pulse-width modulation) output control method. According to the method, when a system is enabled to be in an activated state through setting a control register, PWM is operated under a system clock state, and when the system is in a sleep state, PWM is operated under a sleep clock state; and simultaneously, the operating frequency of PWM is changed through setting the control register, and then the turn-on time and turn-off time of PWM are changed through setting a data register. The method provided by the invention comprises the following steps: 1, starting a program; 2, initializing the control register and the data register; 3, setting the value of the control register and selecting the operating state and operating frequency of PWM; 3, judging whether a PWM output requirement exists; 5, if no output requirement exists, executing other operation, and if the output requirement exists, setting the value of the data register according to the requirement; 6, reading the set value of the control register and the set value of the data register; 7, judging whether the system is interrupted; and 8, if the system is interrupted, executing the step 6, otherwise outputting PWM. By utilizing the method provided by the invention, the PWM output is ensured not to be influenced by the system interrupt, and simultaneously, the PWM output under the system clockstate and the sleep clock state can be supported.


Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),is a chronic non-specific inflammatory disorder with unknown etiology,including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease(CD).With the development of immunological and biological studies,more and more biological agents have been studied and used for the treatment of IBD,Consequently,the clinical outcome of IBD is unsatisfying.A variety of new biological therapies have being developed in recent years.These therapies are shown to be helpful in inducing remssion,preventing complication,inproving life quality of the patients,and reducing hospitalization rates and surgical rates.which is a direction for future development of agent therapy.This review summarized the curret status and prospects of biological agent therapy for IBD.


Thank you very much for reading sexology in culture labelling bodies and desires. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look numerous times for their favorite novels like this sexology in culture labelling bodies and desires, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some harmful virus inside their computer.


A various number of factors, which, in turn, also vary greatly, determines the process of water consumption. These are meteorological indicators, yield, crop properties and soil conditions. The values of the water consumption of irrigated crops (in the operational regime of irrigation in the calculation of the water balance) are recommended to be determined counting on: the indicators of heat supply of the territories, that is, the radiation balance; air humidity deficit and bioclimatic factors of water consumption, taking into account the type and phase of plants development, the physical condition and the soil moistening. The empirical method for determining the vertical moisture exchange takes into account the biological characteristics of crops, the conditions for the heat and moisture availability of the calculation periods, the power and humidity of the soil layer under study, the water-physical properties of the ground, and the depth of the groundwater. It gives reliable results and can be used in calculations of the water regime in designing and exploitation of the reclamation systems. The groundwater affects the formation of the soil water regime in the aeration zone. At shallow occurrence, they increase the humidity in the root layer, which makes it possible to reduce the irrigation rates and the number of irrigation events. This article considers the problem of reducing errors and improving existing methods of calculating water consumption by crops and vertical soil moisture exchange. The methods of (Shebeko et al., 1980), Rogotskiy (1981) and Pylenok (1985) were taken as the basis of the research. According to them and empirical formulas developed by Mazaiski (2002), the calculations of vertical moisture exchange were made. The empirical method for determining the vertical moisture exchange takes into account the biological characteristics of crops, the conditions for the heat and moisture availability of the calculation periods, the power and humidity of the soil layer under study, the water-physical properties of the ground, and the depth of the groundwater. It gives reliable results and can be used in calculations of the water regime in designing and exploitation the reclamation systems.


The technologies of deep grinding of gas turbine engine parts are analyzed. The features of a grinding tool made of traditional abrasives and superhard materials are revealed. Ways to improve the effectiveness of this treatment using highly porous cubic boron nitride wheels are proposed.

Keywords; deep-feed grinding, gas turbine engine, multi-coordinate grinding center, nickel heat-resistant alloy, highly porous cubic boron nitride wheel. firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com


The invention relates to a hydraulic fluoride varnish material, which includes a film-forming material, a fluoride and a volatile solvent, and also includes an adhesion promoter and a suspending aid. The fluoride is superfine inorganic fluoride powder with good water solubility and its adding amount in a coating material is 1-7mg/ml; the particle size of the inorganic fluoride powder is 0.1-10.0 micrometers; and the content of the film-forming material in the coating material is 20%-90%. The hydraulic fluoride varnish material provided in the invention is a premixed single-component fluoride particle suspending magma and contains 5% of fluoride. During application, the hydraulic fluoride varnish material is directly daubed on a tooth surface, needs no blow drying, and gradually hardens into a film after encountering saliva in the oral cavity. The hardened varnish has a porous microstructure, and has good hydrophilicity, can fully release fluorine ions, and bring tooth fluorination and caries prevention functions into play.


Seed germination of four Crotalaria species were evaluated after physical, chemical and mechanical treatments to overcome impermeability of seed coat. The most efficient methods to break dormancy were: for C. retusa mechanical seed scarfication followed by seed imbibition in boiling water for five minutes; for C. spectabilis seed imbibing in destilated water at room temperature and seed chemical scarification in H2SO4 ; and rinsed in tap water for C. mucronata mechanical seed scarification; for C. grantiana none tested treatments improved dormancy break. The dormancy break efficiency was measured based on percentage of normal seedling.


A method for rapidly and simply determining trace ammonia indoor air was developed by using color development reaction of Nessler reagent with ammonia. The optimizing conditions of test tube were obtained, which were that inner diameter of glass tube was 2.2 mm, absorbent carrier was admixture of active silica gel of 80~100 mesh and tartarus(molar ratio 3∶1); the sampling volume was 0.2 L at a speed of 0.02 L/min; color development time was 3 min. The experimental results showed that the color intensity of test tubes had linear relation with concentration of ammonia gas; the lowest concentration is 0.2 mg/m~3; variation coefficient for five times is 12.8% with the lowest concentration(15%);the saverage relative error is 8.8%(15%);the maximum relative error is 19.5%(25%). All of these were in range of GB 7230-87. Organic amine, H_2S and HCHO had disturbance. The service life of the test tube was 6 mouths.


Hypoxia and acidosis are hallmarks of tumors as well as critical determinants of response to cancer treatments. The development of tumor hypoxia has been shown to be a critical step in tumorigenesis and cancer cell metastasis. Low tumor pO2 has been correlated with poor patient survival and metastasis in several types of cancer. Specifically, cyclical hypoxia was found to be associated with significant increase in metastasis of fibrosarcoma tumors. In one study, we quantified the metabolic endproducts produced during routine carbohydrate metabolism in malignant neuroblastoma cells (N2A) under conditions of accelerated glycolysis to delineate differences between anaerobic vs. aerobic cellular metabolism. The data show acceleration of glycolysis instigates a reduction in extracellular pH. The data also show an accumulation of lactic acid, fumarate and alpha-ketoglutarate, while other metabolic organic acids remained undetected. Amino acids were also quantified and the results show production of Lalanine, L-glutamate, L-asparagine and L-aspartate during routine metabolism N2A. Analysis of acetaldehyde / aldehydes using indicate an absence of accumulated alcohol or aldehyde products. The results from this study indicate that carbohydrate metabolism in tumor cells may expand beyond glycolysis and involve peripheral carbon-nitrogen pathways central to the accumulation of diverse acidic and metabolic products. In the present study, we investigated the extent to which changes in O2/CO2 gas ratio may affect the pH and subsequently initiate cell death in malignant neuroblastoma. The data indicate that cell death occurred in either a closed chamber containing 100% oxygen or atmosphere (5% CO2) after 24hrs of exposure at 37°C. These effects were also accompanied by a rise in pH within cell culture medium. Under both conditions, toxicity was potentiated by the addition of sodium bicarbonate but prevented by neutralization with acetic acid. In contrast, cells grown in a closed chamber containing 100% pure CO2 underwent cell death tantamount to a drop in pH resulted from the buildup of carbonic acid. Under these conditions, toxicity was exacerbated by acetic acid addition and reversed by neutralization with sodium bicarbonate. These data clearly indicate that while O2 appears to be toxic to cancer cells, the rise in alkalinity is the determining factor in cell death. Moreover, the pH range to which cells thrived was 5.6 to 7.4, where a slight rise in basic pH from 7.4 to 8.0, corresponded to dose dependent cell death mediated by higher levels of O2. These findings suggest a paramount role for alkalinity rather than O2 itself in promoting immortality in cancer cells. Acknowledgment: Supported by NIH grant NCRR: RR 03020


In order to study the influence on surface deformation of shield tunnel in different construction schemes,this paper simulates the following several aspects on the basis of establishing the finite element model of shield tunnel.Which include surface settlement due to excavation under different driving thrust force and different buried depth of tunnel,surface settlement under large-area load after excavation and the influence on shield tunnel deformation of underground water level changes after the tunnel construction completed.The result shows that shield thrust force will lead to the front range of surface soil uplifted and the thrust force is larger,uplift deformation and range are bigger.Under the same thrust force,uplift deformation and range of deeply buried tunnel surface are smaller.The rise of ground water level will lead to rebound deformation of the shallow layer soil and the surface rebound value of shield tunnel beneath the ground is smaller than no shield tunnel beneath the ground.When ground water level from the arch bottom of shield tunnel increased to the central place and vault place gradually,shield tunnel structure will appear displacement and lateral displacement,and the higher the water level,the greater the displacement value.


Speech is one of the primary means of communication for humans. It can be viewed as a carrier for information on several levels as it conveys not only the meaning and intention predetermined by a speaker, but also paralinguistic and extralinguistic information about the speaker's age, gender, personality, emotional state, health state and affect. This makes it a particularly sensitive biometric, that should be protected. In this work we intent to explore how Leveled Homomorphic Encryption can be combined with a Neural Network to create a privacy-preserving machine learning framework for speech-based health-related tasks. In particular, we will apply this framework to the detection and assessment of a Cold, Depression and Parkinson's Disease. Moreover, we will show how using a Quantized Neural Network, with discretized weights, allows us to apply a Leveled Homomorphic Encryption technique called batching that can be utilized to reduce the effective computational cost of this framework.


Objective:To establish a micellar liquid chromatography method for the content determination ofnaproxen capsules.Method:Using ZORBAX Extend-C_(18)column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),water containing 20 mmol·L~(-1)Tween-80 and 25 retool·L~(-1)K_2HPO_4(pH=7.8)as mobile phase and UV detection at263 nm were adopted.The flow rote was 1.0 mL·min~(-1).Results:The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.1-1.1 mg ·mL~(-1)for naproxen.The average recover7 was 99.2%-101.0%.Conclusion:The method is simple,accurate, reproducible and environmentally benign,and can be used as a new method for the monitoring of naproxen content.


As the feature size is reduced well below 100 nm, the line edge roughness (LER) becomes a critical issue since it does not scale with feature size. For minimizing the LER, it is essential to be able to accurately estimate it. A possible method for LER estimation is to rely on simulation. However, it requires time-consuming procedures, i.e., the Monte Carlo simulation for computing the exposure distribution within resist, and a resist-development simulation. In this study, an analytic method for estimating the LER, defined as the standard deviation of edge location, is developed to overcome the drawback of simulation method. This new approach first relates the stochastic exposure to the statistics of point spread functions, i.e., mean and variance, and eventually derives the variation of edge location considering critical paths in the resist development process. The analytic method achieves good accuracy compared to a simulation method and has a good potential to be employed in practice.


The carbon Ratio Rule has excellent general or regional application in Kentucky, as is exemplified by the rarity of commercial gas fields in W. Kentucky, where the carbon ratio is relatively low, and by the relative rarity of oil fields in E. Kentucky, where the carbon ratio is higher than 60 in much of the area. The Harvey Lake gas field in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania produced from Devonian sandstones, which are presumably more affected by temperature or time than Pennsylvanian coals. If the anthracites of the neighborhood were produced by regional metamorphism, it is hard to understand this occurrence of gas. Similarly, the igneous or hydrothermal activity of the Illinois-Kentucky fluorspar district must be considered a localized but significant phenomenon; shows of oil and gas are found in mineralized localities but oil pools unaffected by this igneous or hydrothermal activity occur in adjacent counties. The extrapolation of isocarbs is potentially an important tool; but it may present a serious interpretational problem in geology rather than a simple geometric or geographical exercise. (Abstract only - original article not available from T.U.)


This paper is based on an earlier paper which I prepared as a basis for discussion for the Symposium originally planned for 1970, but the revision has given me the opportunity to take into account more recent tendencies for library networks to evolve into what may more properly be called library systems and also review what I had written in the light of work which I have recently been doing with Mr C V Penna, formerly of UNESCO and Mr D J Foskett on the planning of library and information systems. I should make it clear that any opinions expressed here are entirely my own and are not necessarily those of the Department of Education and Science in London. I propose first to consider why library networks have evolved and why there is a tendency for these in turn to evolve into library systems (which I set out to define). Before outlining the library and information system in Britain I consider what may be included in the term "library service". Finally I consider the need for and recent moves towards a more highly articulated European library system.


Reproductive health of the woman is the important condition of favorable prospects of each nation. The overcoming of married couple sterility is a question of state importance, but correct management of pregnancy and the choice of delivery method in pregnant after operative treatment of sterility is no less significant.


Heart failure (HF) frequently coexists with atrial fibrillation (AF) and each of these syndromes can promote the other. Atrial fibrillation is present in approximately 5-50% of patients with HF and its prevalence increases with poorer HF-associated functional class. The temporal evolution of HF is complex and influenced by therapeutic interventions, so that the association between the vulnerability to develop AF and electrical, structural and hemodynamic alterations at different stages of HF is difficult to establish. Such relationships are more amenable to study in a ventricular tachypacing (VTP)-induced experimental model of HF, where the severity of HF progresses with VTP duration. In this sense, Burashnikov et al. proposed an original study to determine atrial and ventricular tissue vulnerability during the progression of HF induced by VTP in dogs, a model similar to HF observed in patients. The authors used a VTP protocol (200-240 beats per minute) to study the "early" and "late" windows of HF (2-3 and 5-6 weeks, respectively) in dogs. Ejection fraction decreased over a period of 2-3 weeks VTP, though without further reduction up to 5-6 weeks. Conversely, atrial and ventricular dimensions increased over a period of 5-6 weeks VTP. These changes were accompanied by fibrosis, which was more extended in the atria. Increased heart rate, QRS and QTc prolongation and a significant increase in the P wave amplitude were associated to these structural changes in HF animals. Isolated atria from HF dogs showed spatial heterogeneity in electrophysiological parameters. Sodium channel-mediated electrophysiological parametersmaximum rate of rise of the transmembrane action potential (Vmax), diastolic threshold of excitation (DTE) and velocity of conductionwere reduced as HF progressed. In the atria of HF dogs, the effective refractory period (ERP) was determined both by changes in action potential duration (APD) as by postrepolarization refractoriness (PRR). The ERP was longer with advancing HF due to an increase in PRR. Moreover, patches of non-excitable tissue were observed in 7/9 HF animals in the first 2-3 weeks of evolution, while 8/8 animals presented these alterations at 5-6 weeks, partly due to the development of fibrosis. Pulmonary veins were more depressed than atrial preparations, both in "early" and "late" windows of HF. Thus, 5/9 pulmonary vein preparations from the "early" window and all from the "late" window showed no response to stimulation, and in those which showed activity, this was reduced. In the ventricles, APD and QT were prolonged, while Vmax, DTE, PRR and conduction velocity were significantly altered. Non-excitable areas were also found in the ventricles. In perfused right atria, prevalence of AF induced by spontaneous and programmed electrical stimulation (PES) was significantly greater in the "early" than in the "late" window. Similarly, the vulnerable period, defined as the range of diastolic intervals during which a single extra stimulus induces AF, was higher in the "early" than in the "late" window. Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) could be induced using PES in the "late" but not in the "early" window of isolated left ventricular muscle preparations. The increased vulnerability of the ventricles to develop VT/VF in the "late" window was associated to increased transmural dispersion of repolarization, slower conduction and exacerbated structural remodeling. Conversely, right ventricular preparations did not develop arrhythmias, probably because repolarization was homogenously prolonged. In conclusion, the main finding of these authors is the identification of two windows of vulnerability ("early" and "late") for the development of AF and a relatively "late" phase of vulnerability for the development of VT/VF during the progression of HF. The major risk for the development of AF during the "early" stage of HF is characterized by atrial structural and electrical remodeling. Reduction of AF vulnerability in the late stages of HF is associated to greater depression of electrical function and structural remodeling. The vulnerability of ventricular tissue to develop VT/VF appears only in late stages of HF, together with the development of ventricular structural and electrical remodeling. Thus, the present findings provide a better understanding of the mechanism for the temporal occurrence of these chamber-specific arrhythmias (atrial ventricular). The concept of a window of vulnerability for the development of AF could have clinical implications regarding the prognosis and treatment of patients with HF. martÍn donato mtsaC


AbstractIn this study, temporal and spatial variability of ice cover in the Great Lakes are investigated using historical satellite measurements from 1973 to 2010. The seasonal cycle of ice cover was constructed for all the lakes, including Lake St. Clair. A unique feature found in the seasonal cycle is that the standard deviations (i.e., variability) of ice cover are larger than the climatological means for each lake. This indicates that Great Lakes ice cover experiences large variability in response to predominant natural climate forcing and has poor predictability. Spectral analysis shows that lake ice has both quasi-decadal and interannual periodicities of ~8 and ~4 yr. There was a significant downward trend in ice coverage from 1973 to the present for all of the lakes, with Lake Ontario having the largest, and Lakes Erie and St. Clair having the smallest. The translated total loss in lake ice over the entire 38-yr record varies from 37% in Lake St. Clair (least) to 88% in Lake Ontario (most). The tot...


The Cassini-Huygens mission that explored the Saturn system during the period 2004–2017 revolutionized our understanding of Titan, the only known moon with a dense atmosphere and the only body, besides Earth, with stable surface liquids. Its predominantly nitrogen atmosphere also contains a few percent of methane that is photolyzed on short geological timescales to form ethane and more complex organic molecules. The presence of a significant amount of methane and 40Ar, the decay product of 40K, argues for exchange processes from the interior to the surface. Here we review the information that constrains Titan's interior structure. Gravity and orbital data suggest that Titan is an ocean world, which implies differentiation into a hydrosphere and a rocky core. The mass and gravity data complemented by equations of state constrain the ocean density and composition as well as the hydrosphere thickness. We present end-member models, review the dynamics of each layer, and discuss the global evolution consistent with the Cassini-Huygens data. ▪ Titan is the only moon with a dense atmosphere where organic molecules are synthesized and have sedimented at the surface. ▪ The Cassini-Huygens mission demonstrated that Titan is an ocean world with an internal water shell and liquid hydrocarbon seas at the poles. ▪ Interactions between water, rock, and organics may have occurred during most of Titan's evolution, which has strong astrobiological implications. ▪ Data collected by the Dragonfly mission and comparison with the JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) data for Ganymede will further reveal Titan's astrobiology potential. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 49 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.


As part of the research topic "Forecasting the variability of climate-vulnerable areas in Ukraine in the coming decades" (state registration number 0118U000554) a study of spatio-temporal distribution of ice category (dangerous) and SHP (spontaneous) was conducted in Ukraine at the present stage of climate change. The purpose of this article is to study the distribution of ice deposits of large diameters, namely dangerous (DHP) and spontaneous (SHP) in Ukraine during the current stage of climate change. It was also necessary to summarize the information on the identifi ed losses and their nature from ice deposits of the spontaneous (SHP) category, registered in some regions of Ukraine during this time. Main material. Dangerous ice deposits of the category are quite common in Ukraine and are observed almost every year. They are most common in the winter months (December-February) and in late autumn in November, when they are found in at least half of the regions. During 2011-2019, they were territorially observed in most oblasts, especially in the western, central and eastern regions. In the south, such deposits were mostly observed in Odesa, Mykolaiv, Kherson oblasts and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. In April, such deposits were observed only in the Carpathian region of Transcarpathia in Playa. During October 2011-2019, dangerous ice deposits were found only in the Carpathian region (Zakarpatska and Ivano-Frankivsk regions), in some places in the center (Kirovohrad and Dnipropetrovsk regions) and in the south (Odessa, Mykolaiv, Kherson regions). Spontaneous ice deposition is observed in the territory not every month and year, but more o???? en in the cold period. The areas where they occur most o???? en are highlighted, namely in Transcarpathia at the Play weather station. However, there are places where such deposits also occurred quite often in the study period - in Lviv region (Kamyanka-Buzka, Rava-Ruska), Zhytomyr region (Olevsk, Zhytomyr), Mykolayiv region (Mykolayiv, Ochakiv), Donetsk region (Amvrosiyivka, Mariupol), Zaporizhzhia region (Zaporizhzhia, Huliaipole), the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Chornomorske, Opasne, Simferopol). Damage from ice deposits of the SHP category was observed in 4 years out of 9 studied at the facilities of the industrial complex, transport and utilities. The largest number of losses was recorded in 2014. Conclusions. It was found that the most common dangerous ice deposits during 2011-2019 were in January, February, December, where they were observed in 10 to 14 regions, and especially in March in 21 region. They were most common in the western, central and eastern regions, and in the south in Odessa, Mykolaiv, Kherson regions and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Ice deposits of a spontaneous nature were mostly observed in the Zakarpatia region in Playa, as well as at some meteorological stations in Lviv, Zhytomyr, Mykolaiv, Donetsk, and Zaporizhzhia regions.


Objective To evaluate the efficacy of catheter-directed thrombolysis(CDT) via small saphenous vein(SSV) for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of lower limb. Methods Twenty-five patients with DVT of lower limbs underwent CDT via SSV, with continuous infusion of urokinase [(168.45±82.34)×104 U]. The circumferences and the venous patency were observed before and after the thrombolysis. Results The circumferences of lower limb were significantly different [above the knee:(4.9±0.8)cm vs (1.4±0.5)cm,P0.01; below the knee: (3.8±0.6) cm vs (1.0±0.4) cm,P0.01] before and after the procedure. The venous patency score has significantly improved (7.6±1.5 vs 1.8±0.7,P0.01)without severe complications. Conclusion CDT via SSV for DVT of lower limb is safe and effective.


T HE Starling (Sturnus vzdgaris) has been the subject of much biological research and the important details of its life history in North America are known (Kessel, 1957). Nearly all of the literature on behavior of Starlings is anecdotal or fragmentary. However, Davis (1959) has named and described certain patterns used in courtship and also certain vocalizations. This report is restricted to the ethological description of agonistic behavior. The purposes were: (1) to identify and describe specific behavior patterns of male Starlings in aggressive situations, and (2) to analyze some relations of agonistic behavior to social organization.


Hypothesis: Upon disruption of the colonic epithelium, Clostridioides difficile toxins A and B (TcdAB) are thought to signal through to underlying immune cells. Amongst these are group-3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), which modulate pathogen defense and tissue repair largely through IL-22 secretion. We hypothesize that interactions between epithelial cells and ILC3s modulate effects on the colonic epithelium in response to TcdAB. Methodology: Confluent, 2-dimensional, epithelial monolayers established from mouse colonoids were treated apically with TcdAB (0.001 micrograms per millilitre (μg/mL)). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was measured over 6 hours to determine TcdAB-induced permeability changes. To assess ILC3s impact on epithelial response to TcdAB, MNK-3 cells were co-cultured underlying monolayers for 2 days before TcdAB treatment. To assess MNK-3 IL-22 production in monolayer co-cultures, IL-22 was measured by ELISA in basolateral media samples. Results: TcdAB significantly reduced monolayer TER. TER response between monocultured monolayers and those co-cultured with MNK-3 cells did not differ. Starting TER varied significantly (252-2039 Ω/cm2) thus, we hypothesized that starting TER may modulate effects of MNK-3 co-culture on TcdAB response. To test this, data were stratified by starting TER (<900 or >900 Ω/cm2) and starting TER did not influence the effect of MNK-3 co-culture on permeability. Co-culture did not affect MNK3 cell viability. IL-22 was not detected in co-cultures, suggesting that culture of MNK-3 cells in organoid media may inhibit the ability of these cells to secrete IL-22. To test this, we observed IL-22 production from MNK-3 cells cultured in monolayer media vs. MNK-3 media alone, followed by treatment with TcdAB (0.001μg/mL) or with IL-23 (50 nanograms (ng)/mL and 10ng/mL). IL-23 treatment elicited significant IL-22 production that did not differ between MNK-3 cells cultured in monolayer media and those cultured in MNK-3 media, indicating normal MNK-3 cell function. In contrast to previous reports, direct treatment of MNK-3 cells with TcdAB did not result in increased IL-22. Conclusions: TcdAB disrupts epithelial barrier integrity of mouse colon monolayers. Co-culture of primary cell monolayers with MNK-3 cells did not influence epithelial integrity in response to TcdAB. MNK-3 cells can produce IL-22 similarly in both MNK-3 and monolayer media, yet IL-22 is not detected in monolayer-MNK-3 co-cultures. Taken together, these results disprove our hypothesis that IL-22 represents a functional link between TcdAB, disrupted colonic epithelium and ILC3s in our co-culture system. Master's degree research funded by Canadian Institutes for Health Research and William H. Davies Medical Research Scholarship This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.


Noise power spectral densities (PSDs) are derived from the analysis of GEOSAT altimeter data from segments of nearly collinear repeat tracks. The difference time series, which are analyzed using autoregressive (AR) modeling techniques, contain primarily time-varying oceanographic signals and altimeter noise, since geoid content is canceled by the differencing process. An average noise PSD, obtained from eight independent repeat-track PSDs, is fitted closely by a first-order Markov model with a white-noise floor. The GEOSAT average noise PSD is compared with analogous spectra derived earlier for GEOS-3 and SEASAT. In general, the GEOSAT noise PSD is the same as the SEASAT noise spectrum at wavelengths greater than about 100 km, but has a lower noise level at shorter wavelengths.


The present invention belongs to the field of lift technology, and discloses method of increasing safety overhaul space in lift pit. The method is to set a support plane capable of being eliminated and interlinking with the cage buffer in the lift well space over the cage buffer supporting plane so as to ensure minimum vertical distance between the lift pit bottom and the cage bottom of 0.50 m. The present invention also discloses one kind of protecting system for maintenance in lift pit, and the protecting system consists of a lift pit pedestal, a buffer seat, a cage buffer and a maintenanceprotector mounted movably onto the cage buffer supporting plane. The present invention has effective utilization of the lift pit depth and saving in building cost, and can reduce the required lift pit depth and raise the maintenance safety.


Robots may represent a safer alternative to using only human peacekeepers. However, it is unclear how civilian populations will react to such robots given the cultural diversity of affected civilians and the possibility of non-lethal or lethal weapon use by robot peacekeepers. We investigated compliance rates to simulated armed peacekeeping robots by native and expatriate Americans, Chinese, and Japanese. We predicted that compliance to robot demands would vary as a function of lethal weapon availability, robot patrol orders, and cultural background of the participants. One hundred and forty participants representing seven cultural groups performed a virtual shopping task. They were randomly interrupted six times by an anthropomorphic robotic peacekeeper requesting personal items. Participants decided to "comply" or "not comply" with the robot after each interaction and indicated their trust of the robot. Results showed that participants were more likely to comply with robotic peacekeepers wielding backup lethal weapons than those armed with only a non-lethal weapon. Chinese participants residing in America complied most; Americans living in China complied least. Older participants and those with greater nonlethal weapon familiarity showed more positive attitudes towards weapons. These results suggest that lethality, culture, and familiarity may influence interactions with armed robotic peacekeepers.


This study focuses on analyzing the transformation of zakat (alms) management from the viewpoint of the capital and its institutional relation. Deep study regarding this topic has its relevance to enrich theoretical discussions in economic sociology on the types and function of the capital in an institution with its institutional relation in macro, meso, and micro contexts. Even though this study merely reveals the types and function of the capital in the Zakat Management Institution (Lembaga Amil Zakat, LAZ) in a meso level, it also attaches the macro and micro contexts in detail as its contextual level. In short, the display of discussion in macro and micro contexts is significant in order to finalize social analytics more comprehensively.


This article focuses on the increased relevance and urgency to pay explicit attention to complexity-informed perspectives on real-world issues in Dutch higher professional education. Moreover, it describes lessons learned from experiments with so-called Embedded Complexity Workshops. These workshops, comprised of activities like network visualization, yield promising results and can serve as a starting point for further development.


At transition to subject training teenagers are exposed to active influence of new factors of an environment. Studying of a way of life of Pupils of the fifth classes has shown, that the majority of them does not observe a mode of day, there is not extremely enough and not rationally time of stay for fresh air, balanced diet bases are not observed, leisure is not directed to formation and development of informative and cultural spheres of the life. For the control over a state of health and a way of the life of pupils of the 5th class it is offered to use Diaries of health which can be transformed to perspective system of health improvement.


A 57-year-old woman, formerly employed as a hairdresser but still practising in her spare time, presented to us with eczema of the hands and feet in November 2012. Previous patch testing had shown contact allergies to pphenylenediamine (PPD), nickel, chromium, cobalt, and colophonium, all of which are relevant for intolerance to hair dyes, jewellery, and shoes. In her history, she mentioned a history of severe itching on the hands and in the ears, accompanied by a 'bad taste' in the mouth, immediately following the application of Colorplix® beige nacré (L'Asco, Brussels, Belgium) to a client's scalp.


Internet has issued as one of the spiritualist for acquiring information regardless of the query submitted by search engines. There exist several commercial web search engines to capitalize the demand of such information learning task. Such programs crawl the web and retrieves twisty information in much faster way. In-spite the information gathered is voluminous, the problem of relevancy is still a major issue even today and hence the retrieved information in an ineffective in nature and leads to poor performance. Lots of research work has been carried out over the years and however there is an uphill task to retrieve relevant results capitalizing the user's task. This paper furnishes a brief survey on different cases of web mining accesses namely content mining, link mining and structure mining. Each of these approaches was looked into with relevant background study in a detailed fashion and finally the paper resolves by demonstrating a comparative survey to analyze the effective approach among the existing information recovery techniques, there by presenting the results that satisfy the web surfer.


In this paper we study a stochastic version of an inviscid shell model of turbulence with multiplicative noise. The deterministic counterpart of this model is quite general and includes inviscid GOY and Sabra shell models of turbulence. We prove global weak existence and uniqueness of solutions for any finite energy initial condition. Moreover energy dissipation of the system is proved in spite of its formal energy conservation.


OBS (Optical Back-Scattered Sensor) instrument is one of the most modern instrument used to measure the concentration of suspended sediment. The light scattering of the suspended matter in the water strongly  correlates with the concentration as well as their sizes. Therefore, the reliability of the field data also  depends strongly on the in-situ calibration. The calibrating procedures were carried out at Khe Oc creek, Can Gio mangrove forest, Ho Chi Minh city to  convert the field data from OBS instrument (FTU unit) to the suspended sediment concentration (mg/1 unit) are presented as an example for this method.


Treated sewage wastewater is a possible alternative water source for increasing the water supply to the agricultural industry of the Republic of Crimea. However, their use, according to the results of research by domestic and foreign scientists, is constrained by a combination of a number of factors that need to be taken into account and analyzed before implementing this direction. The purpose of the work is to assess the possibility of using treated wastewater for irrigation purposes in the Republic of Crimea in modern conditions. The main source of this water category is large sewage treatment plants (STP) serving the cities of Alushta, Dzhankoy, Yevpatoria, Kerch, Saki, Simferopol, Sudak, Feodosia, Yalta. They account for about 80% of the volume of wastewater, discharged into surface water bodies annually. Based on the salt composition of the treated wastewater, the most promising alternative water sources for irrigation purposes are the STP "Ukromnoye".


Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) with high theoretical capacity and large interlayer distance has triggered extensive attention as a promising alternative anode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium ion batteries (SIBs)....


Recently, some evidence has shown that the failure of iron homeostasis may occur in critically ill patients and can lead to iron overload (1, 2). Elevated ferritin levels as a body iron burden index in critically ill patients may be associated with depressed level of consciousness and greater mortality (3, 4). However, the necessity of using iron-chelating agents in clinical situation is still unknown for these cases.


Described is an apparatus for, and a method of, recovering linear butenes from a mixed feed comprising providing a first mixed feed comprising linear butenes and isobutene; contacting the first mixed feed with an oligomerization catalyst such as an MWW family zeolite in a first oligomerization reactor to produce a second mixed feed comprising the linear butenes, C8 olefins and higher oligomers, and a reduced amount of isobutene relative to the first mixed feed; and separating the second mixed feed to produce a first effluent of first purified linear butenes, and a second effluent of C8 olefins and higher oligomers. The oligomerization reactor may be a converted isobutene-to-methyl-t-butylether reactor.


FRIED, Johannes. Charlemagne. Translated by Peter Lewis. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2016. xi + 673 pp. Cloth, $39.95--Charlemagne was born in 748 on an estate somewhere between Paris and Compiegne. The son of Pepin the Short, he ruled from 768 until his death in 814. Johannes Fried is a distinguished historian and medievalist, who until his recent retirement was professor of medieval history at the University of Frankfurt am Main. The present work follows on his authoritative volume, The Middle Ages. Charlemagne is not a biography in the usual sense. Fried calls it a work of fiction, because he has amplified and interpreted what is known of Charlemagne's life. Although his profile is always warranted by data and draws upon Fried's own in-depth knowledge of the period, his narrative is not always supported by textual evidence. Although this is a book about the Frankish king, there is much in Fried's narrative of interest to philosophers. As a boy Charles enjoyed the benefit of a full religious and scholarly education. As king he desired, in his own words, "to constantly improve the state of our Church, to zealously renew the discipline of learning which through the neglect of our forefathers is now almost forgotten, and insofar as we are able, to encourage a mastery of the liberal arts." Fried adds, "To mend what was defective, to renew and to urge people to study, sums up the key task that Charles would set for himself as king." With Pepin, his father, Charles traveled extensively throughout the Europe which at the time constituted his father's empire. Years later he encountered, probably in Vienna, Alcuin of York, an eminent Anglo Saxon scholar and theologian, whom he managed to attract to his court at Aix. At Charlemagne's court, Alcuin bore the title "Master of the Palace School." The king took Alcuin as his personal tutor and continued to study under his direction. Charles, given his early education, was acquainted with the biblical sources of his faith and to some extent with the Fathers of the Church. He knew and held in esteem Augustine's De Doctrina Christiana as well as his De Civitate Dei, As his studies progressed, it became clear that Charlemagne's mother tongue, an earthy form of Frankish, was not suited for scholarly philosophical and theological study. It could not cope with dialectics, for example. Charles recognized early on in his reign that the recovery of ancient learning had to begin with Latin. Schools had to be established, and he established many. Charles himself became fluent in Latin. He could understand Greek but could not speak it. An early biographer claimed that his oratorical skills approached those of Cicero. Writing, at the time, was considered a servile art, one which the nobility did not have to acquire, and that may explain the sparsity of first-person accounts of Charles's motivation and activity. The king had an abiding interest in mathematics, astronomy, calendrical calculations, and the natural science of his day. He plagued Alciun with questions. Charlemagne wanted to know the age of the earth. He was particularly interested in the movement of the planet Mars, which had just appeared in the heavens. He wanted to know whether Mars had its own orbit, or whether its course was influenced by the sun. …


Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the world's most important and esteemed fruits of the tropical and subtropical countries. By the virtue of its wide range, delicious taste, superb flavour, very high nutritive and medicinal value as well as great religio-historical significance, it is called the "King of the fruits". Mango is affected by a number of diseases at all stages of the development right from nursery to post harvest including storage and transit. Its production is drastically affected by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is one of the most damaging pathogen cause mango anthracnose. This paper reviews the research and development of Anthracnose of mango during the precedent in relation to pathogen taxonomy, distribution, biology, disease cycle and management.