(57) Abstract: apparatus for generating a pattern on a photomask, a beam generator for generating a sequence of light beams spaced, at least one light beam downstream of the shut-off element from the beam generator in the path of , and comprises downstream a light beam from a light beam at least one shut-off at the same time aligning closer than one another, for leaving the space of the expanded beam, downstream of the refractive element from the blocking element. The apparatus for determining clearly the pattern generated on the photomask includes a downstream modulator from the refractive element, using a precision mirrors that require accurate alignment with respect to each other with be produced are expensive it not, to generate a sequence of light beams spaced at intervals of the beam is expanded between the two central beams.


Based on the records of regional digital seismic networks,we relocated precisely the MS4.6 Ruichang-Yangxin earthquake sequence of Sep.10,2011 with the HYPODD method,and obtained the focal depth and focal mechanism of the MS4.6 main-shock with the "Cut and Paste"(CAP) method.In order to determine the focal depth,we combined with local depth phases like sPg,PmP,and sPmP to research it,and further discussed the rupture characteristics of the event and the strong earthquake risk in the region.Our result shows that the focal depth of the MS4.6 Ruichang-Yangxin earthquake is 15±2 km and the best double couple solution is 30°,86°,and-169° for strike,dip,and slip angles respectively with the other nodal plane of 299°,79° and-4°.Combining with the rupture characteristics and the geologic settings in the region,we infer that the event is caused by the Ruichang-Wuxue fault which is the Tangcheng-Lujiang fault buried in the seismic zone.The Ruichang-Yangxin earthquake occurred in the east of the middle and lower Yangtze River fault-block,the MS≥5.5 earthquakes in the region show the obvious features of seismic grouping activity,and the recent significant earthquakes mostly occurred on the Tangcheng-Lujiang fault or its adjacent fault,which shows the tendency of accelerating energy release.So we should pay more attention to the risk of about M6 earthquake in the region in the future years.


Images are corrupted by various means during its acquisition, processing, compression, transmission and reproduction. A host of techniques are available which have explored ways and means to improve the quality of restoration. This paper presents an image restoration approach performed by de-noising an image using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The process assists in recovering the degraded image first by adapting a dynamic DWT and secondly by ANN to minimize the error to an extent which help in achieving satisfactory quality suitable for applications. The results obtained from both the process are compared. Both offer certain advantages and disadvantages and can be combined together to formulate a reliable image restoration technique. In this paper a set of experiments are performed using a range of images. The individual results obtained through both dynamic DWT and ANN shows a significant increase in percentage gain of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) reducing the effect of added noise in the image. The PSNR values calculated through ANN approach shows the better results than the dynamic DWT. The ANN based approach provides 6 to 26% improvement for a range of images considered.


Anti‐Gya was identified in the serum of a 71‐year‐old untransfused man of German descent. The anti‐Gya was reactive in the antiglobulin test phase and was of the IgG1 subclass. The patient's red cells typed as Gy(a‐). A survival study using 10 ml of ABO compatible Gy(a+) 51Cr labelled red blood cells indicated normal survival up to six days. The anti‐Gya diminished in reaction strength, and three months after the patient's initial hospitalization the antibody was no longer demonstrable by standard manual techniques. We conclude that intravascular hemolysis would have been unlikely if this patient were transfused with Gy(a+) cells. However, due to the possibility of a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction, Gy(a+) cells would have been given only if Gy(a‐) cells were not available and the patient's red blood cell deficit were life‐threatening.


Review(s) of: Amongst stone age people in the Queensland wilderness (bland Stenaldersmanniskor I Queenslands wildmarker [sic vildmarker]), by Eric Mjoberg, Translated by S. M. Fryer, edited by Asa Ferrier and Rod Ritchie, 421 pp., Hesperian Press, Carlisle, WA, 2015, [First published in 1918 by Albert Bonniers Forlag, Stockholm], ISBN 9780859055932 (hbk), $110.00.


This paper proposes an approach to the critical and cinematographic contributions made by the writers of the second generation of the Spanish exile in Mexico. The main goal of the article is to show the concordance between the ideas that we find in their film reviews and in their literary criticisms: aesthetic concerns and reflections on the audience and the spectator, the role of the critics, cinema as creation and the figure of the author-director, the existential concern, the critical independence and the dialogism  related to the institutional footprint of their background and to the theories of the  cinema of the  sixties. A critical and creative praxis that transformed the critical and cinematographic panorama of Mexico during the sixties and seventies. Particular attention is paid to Grupo Nuevo Cine and its magazine, as well as to the making of the film En el Balcon Vacio.


As the process of moving vehicles tracking based on Kalman filter is complicated,the improved region matching moving vehicle tracking method is introduced and the vehicle position prediction is proposed according to the two adjacent vehicle regional area overlap rate.The method firstly extracted the minimum enclosing rectangle frame features of two frames before and after of all the vehicles.Secondly,the vehicle rectangle frame of the largest area overlap rate is the best prediction of the front frame of vehicle which is relevant to the front vehicle rectangle frame.And then,according to the extracted vehicle matching features,the vehicle tracking is completed.Testing results demonstrate that the method is better.


Optical fiber communications is the pillar of modern communications.Optical fiber is one of the most important components in optical fiber communications.In this paper,basing on the theory of electromagnetic wave,transmission mode and specific property of light in optical fiber are explored and analysed,and the problem of numerical value solution for intrinsic equation in computer is discussed.A simple and convenient method to measure the cut off wavelength of a two degree mode is also developed.


Purpose: This study attempts to develop the basic data of Constipation reduction program for institutionalized elderly by surveying the constipation and the ADL (Activities of Daily Living) of them. Method: Data are collected by nurses caring for four hundreds five institutionalized elderly during May through July in 2004. Questionnaire contains a bowel assessment, constipation control intervention, and ADL. Result: The constipation rate was found to be 43%. The 82.5% of the study sample was treated with laxatives, and a 59.9% of the sample was practicing enema. The average score of the ADL was 38.32(range: 0 - 100). According to surveying on the ADL in relation to the function of the constipation, ADL is found to be higher in the non-constipation group than the constipation group (t=-2.786, p=.006). Conclusions: The institutionalized elderly tended to have a high rate of constipation. The elderly having constipation was almost dependent on laxatives and enema for relaxing constipation. The high rate of constipation was related to the low performance of the ADL.


The kinetics of the heterogeneous oxidation of hydrazine by barium chromate in aqueous suspensions has been studied. The results obtained on changing the concentration of hydrazine and the mass of barium chromate show that the reaction proceeds through a fast chemisorption equilibrium in which a complex is formed between chromium atoms on the surface of the particles and hydrazine. A Langmuir-type analysis of the data gave an adsorption equilibrium constant of 1.14 × 102 dm3 mol–1 and a rate constant k for the decomposition of the adsorption complex of 1.1 × 10–2 s–1. A comparison between this heterogeneous reaction and the corresponding homogeneous reaction shows that the presence of the interface leads to acceleration by a factor of ca. 106. It is shown that this acceleration is due in part to the increased concentration of the complex at the interface ([adsorption complex]/[complex]hom= 104) and to an increase in its reactivity (khet/khom= 102). A possible explanation for this enhanced reactivity is given.


Faraday rotation has been measured at 10.59 and 9.66 μm in n‐type InSb at ∼6 K having a carrier concentration of ∼2×1014 cm−3, using magnetic fields up to 50 kG. In addition to the interband and free‐carrier plasma contributions to the Faraday rotation, an appreciable contribution from the conduction electron spins has been observed. The latter contribution is proportional to the spin alignment that saturates at magnetic fields exceeding ∼5 kG. Its saturation value of −17±1°/cm at 10.59 μm is in good agreement with the value calculated from published theoretical results. A value of −1.8±0.1°/kG cm has been deduced for the interband contribution at 10.59 μm, in disagreement with the previously published value of −3.8°/kG cm. Design for a 10 μm Faraday isolator is proposed for operation at ∼5 kG, a field well within the range of permanent magnets.


Power semiconductor modules with IGBTs (insulated gate bipolar transistor) in a range from 600 V - 6500 V and up to 200 A per chip are connected with heavy wires of up to 500micrometer in diameter. The interconnection between Aluminum wires and semiconductor surfaces plays an important role for reliability. Due to the high thermo-mechanical stress the lifetime is limited by wire material and bonding quality. To reach a good connection and a good yield it is important to optimize the bond process and the layout. In this paper a technique is described, which allows to detect time and location of destruction during wire bonding.


Online merchants face difficulties in using existing card fraud detection algorithms, so in this paper we propose a novel proactive fraud detection model using what we call invariant diversity to reveal patterns among attributes of the devices (computers or smartphones) that are used in conducting the transactions. The model generates a regression function from a diversity index of various attribute combinations, and use it to detect anomalies inherent in certain fraudulent transactions. This approach allows for proactive fraud detection using a relatively small number of unsupervised transactions and is resistant to fraudsters' device obfuscation attempt. We tested our system successfully on real online merchant transactions and it managed to find several instances of previously undetected fraudulent transactions.


This paper presents a new design of a multiband antenna for multiband applications. To enhance the bandwidth and return loss characteristics, three Square split ring resonators (SSRRs) and two inverted U-slots on a partial ground were applied in this design. The antenna has a size of $40 \times 41 \times 1.6$ mm3, printed on FR-4 dielectric material with height (h) of 1.6 mm, loss tangent () of 0.02 and dielectric constant () of 4.4. Antenna parameters such as return loss (), gain, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), radiation pattern were simulated and analyzed. The antenna has two frequency bands. The first band (2.74GHz - 7.48GHz) in which the antenna resonates at frequencies, 3.37 GHz, 5.15 GHz, 6.64 GHz, 7.4 GHz and the second band (8.23 GHz - 9.8 GHz) with a center frequency at 9 GHz. Fractional bandwidths (< -10 dB) of 140%, 91.8%, 71.7% and 63.9% in the first band and 15.9% in the second band were achieved respectively. Furthermore, 3.3 dBi, 3.5 dBi, 3.244 dBi, 3.437 dBi and 3.937 dBi were provided at the resonant frequencies respectively. The simulation and numerical analysis were carried out using HFSS software.


Background : Takokak fruit (Solanum torvum) is a type of eggplant containing solasodin, solamargin, solasonin and other phytochemicals components with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of takokak ethanol extract on TNF-α, IL6, and SOD levels. Methods: Experimental factorial study design, with the effect of takokak extract concentration factor (0, 400 and 800 mg/kgBW), takokak extract administration time factor including preventive (weeks 1-7) and curative (weeks 6-12) administration, and necropsy factor (necropsy in weeks 12 and 16). The data obtained included rats body weight, TNF-α, IL-6 and SOD levels. Results: The result showed that the interaction between takokak concentration and handling has significant effect on the increase of TNF-α levels (p=0.003) and the decrease of IL-6 levels (p=0.000). Interaction between takokak concentration, handling and necropsy has significant effect on the increase of SOD levels (p=0.010). Conclusion: Takokak ethanol extract has significant effect on the increase of TNF-α, and SOD levels, and the decrease of IL-6 levels.


The biocognitive theory presented in this paper offers an alternative to the attribution of cause perpetuated by the life sciences in our western culture. Historically, biology has based its epistemology on physics to understand life, whereas cognitive science has grounded its ontology in a convergence of biology, physics, and philosophy to provide models of self that range from a passive acceptance of an outside world to the active creation of an inner world. While Newtonian physics has served us well in the physical sciences, the life sciences continue to embrace the limitations of its reductionism without advancing to the more inclusive concepts offered by complexity and quantum theories. As long as the biological and cognitive sciences remain married to Newtonian physics and Cartesian philosophy, mind will be relegated to an epiphenomenon of biology that will continue to separate cognitive processes from biological functions. Rather than choosing between upward causality that explains cause from the simplest level of the organism and downward causality that explains it from the most complex to the simplest, biocognitive theory offers contextual coemergence where the simultaneous resonance between fields of bioinformation is the genesis of cause. In this model of coemergent causality, cognition, biology, and cultural history are viewed as biocognitions that communicate within a bioinformational field that has both linear processes in Euclidian geometry and non-linear processes in fractal geometry. Because of the simultaneous and reciprocal nature of mind and body communication, it is argued that biology creates thought and thought creates biology. Just as mind and body cannot be separated, to attempt a separation of mind and world would create an artificial split between observer and observation that assumes we can "step out" of the world we are attempting to observe.


The traditional three-Level soft-switching DC/DC converter is analyzed All kinds of improved circuit topologies and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed and summarized It is pointed the soft-switching can't solve all the problems. and it is an aspect that resonant converters replace soil-switching technique in the future. In addition, control method of three-level needs to be improved.


Introduction: With the increasing tendency in Israel to replace the old Ottoman civil law, thefamiliar question of the reception of Jewish (talmudic) law has once again become the subject of lively discussion. In his policy speech in the Knesset the then new Minister of Justice, Mr. Y. S. Shapiro, declared as his objective the gradual severance of Israel law from the present pervasive influence of the English legal system. He was too cautious to take a definite stand on the question of the reception of Jewish law (or any other specific system) to replace the present law, but aspirations towards this goal have recently been expressed on various occasions by representatives of different parties. The forceful demand "to base the laws of the State on the Halacha" comes especially from die religious parties. But representatives of the non-religious parties also recommend the reception of Jewish law in those areas of private law where no decisions on ideological grounds need to be made. In point of fact, the unanimity with regard to the reception of Jewish law is based on two outlooks differing in origin. Non-religious circles view Jewish law as a cultural creation of national significance, comparable to the revival of the Hebrew language. The firm establishment of Israel law on Jewish legal principles is advocated as an expression of spiritual independence, stressing the historical continuity of the people residing in Zion.


Objective: Cinnamon is extracted from the inner bark of Cinnamomum trees. Recent studies have indicated that cinnamon is a safe and cost-effective treatment for improving body weight, lipid profiles, insulin resistance, and blood pressure. This systematic review aimed to summarize the effect of cinnamon supplementation on adipokines and appetite-regulating hormones . Materials and Methods: This comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science


This article discusses recent debates on 'activating' labour market policies in light of German reforms since 2003. Beckian and Giddensian theories of modernity, political economy, and the governmentality school all argue within a common paradigm of individualisation, assuming the 'responsibilised' and isolated individual to be the focal point of activation policies. This paradigm is questioned, as the exclusive focus on the individual obscures something else, namely that 'activation' policies can also be seen as contributing to a dynamic of dividualisation, i.e. of making the subject of labour power fundamentally divisible. It is demonstrated that in the recent German reforms, dividualisation provides an organising logic pervading the instruments of activating labour market policies and the ways in which they are articulated in a policy programme. It is concluded that dividualisation, particularly evident in the German case, may provide a useful frame for analysing labour market reforms in other advanced capitalist economies.


We have developed a new concept in passive radio frequency identification (RFID) sensors for selective vapor detection and demonstrated roll-to-roll manufacturing of these sensors on a flexible polymeric substrate on the pilot scale. Selectivity of sensors was tested using model analyte vapors and is provided by measurements of the resonance impedance spectra, multivariate analysis of spectral features, and correlation of these spectral features to the concentrations of vapors. This RFID sensing concept features 16-bit resolution provided by the sensor reader, granting a highly desired independence from costly proprietary RFID memory chips with an analog input.


1. Introduction
For many students reading is the most important of the four skills in a foreign language. If we consider the study of English as a second or foreign language around the world and the situation in which most English learners find themselves, we recognize that reading is one of the main reasons why students learn the language (Richards & Renandya, 2002).Researchers believe that there are some common factors which influence L2 reading comprehension.One of them is individual factors which include "L1 knowledge, language proficiency, the use of strategy, knowledge of different text types and pragmatics, metalinguistic knowledge, background knowledge, and motivation"(Alderson, 2000, p.60 as cited in Orbea & Villabeitia, 2010).However, according to Dornyei (2005), the effect of individual differences (ID) is produced in interaction with the environment, including classroom instruction and interaction with teachers and classmates. Therefore, the present study is designed to shed light on the effect and interaction of Iranian EFL learners' level of motivation (as one of the factors of individual differences) with the type of instruction based on receiving reciprocal teaching and cooperative grouping intervention program. The results showed that the intervention changed motivation for reading efficacy, reading challenge, reading curiosity, competition in reading, recognition for reading, reading for grades, social reasons for reading and compliance.

2. Methodology
This study was based on a quasi-experimental, pretest/posttest design. The participants were not randomly assigned to groups but rather belonged to whole classes.There were four groups of participants. The control groups received the typical reading instruction and the experimental groups received the intervention.The study took 14 sessions of 90 minutes during a semester. Meanwhile, in order to control the effect of the text type on reading comprehension, the textbook of all groups was the same.

3. Discussion
The results of the study show that the type of intervention is effective on reading comprehension ability of Iranian English learners. Therefore, the significant feature of the intervention which includes interaction between the teacher and the students could be considered as a key point in the process of instruction. Meanwhile, the results highlight the great influence of scaffolding as the fundamental element of the intervention. Scaffolding in the process of instruction provides opportunities for learners to improve their language knowledge and to become autonomous (Ellis, 2003).In this regard, Walqui (2006) suggests six main types of instructional scaffolding. One of them is modeling which is used in reciprocal teaching and cooperative grouping intervention program.
In addition, the study reminds us of the significant role of motivation. The intervention changes motivation for reading efficacy, reading challenge, reading curiosity, competition in reading, recognition for reading, reading for grades, social reasons for reading and compliance. Therefore, as Guthrie, Cox, Knowles, Buehl, Mazzoni, & Fasculo (2000) mentions, language learners with high intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy as well as competition and challenge are moderately active readers and high achievers in the process of reading comprehension.

4. Conclusion
This study highlights the significant role of interaction and cooperation .The related literature in educational field shows that there is a significant relationship between applying reading strategies(through reciprocal teaching and cooperative grouping intervention program) and improvement in reading comprehension ability of language learners(Topping, Thurston, Tomlie, Christie, Murray, & Karagiannidou, 2011).The results would be highly beneficial for instructors and course designers since they could form authentic and real-life contexts in which the learners would be more involved in problem solving tasks and critical thinking activities. This area of attempt needs special attention in Iran since educators do not focus on the importance of interaction and negotiation; therefore, we face reluctant readers who prefer to work individually. The practice of reciprocal teaching and cooperative intervention program would facilitate the relation between teacher and students and between students themselves.
On the other hand, learners with different features learn in different ways and give different feedback to the instruction. Therefore, instructors should prepare the learning contexts by considering learners' individual differences in a way that the environment would satisfy each learner's needs. Each learner with his/her own unique characteristic would like to know the course objectives and the instructor's plan during the course. Therefore, preparing a concise lesson plan with all the explanations and details improve learners' level of motivation and enable them to complete their tasks including reading ones in the process of instruction. Meanwhile, lack of motivation and interest towards the reading activities in the classrooms would be the result of the instructional techniques which are employed. Therefore, instruction should include a selection of appealing activities .Also, the content should be related to the learners' educational backgrounds and level of motivation so that they could become more motivated and encouraged in the process of learning (Tomlinson, 2003).


T he inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), consisting of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, affect approximately 0.6% of North Americans. A systematic review of population-based studies on the incidence of IBD suggests that IBD has become a global disease. The systematic review also demonstrated that since 1980s, the incidence of IBD significantly decreased in only 6% of ulcerative colitis studies and in none of the Crohn's disease studies. Thus, the literature suggests that the incidence of IBD has predominantly been rising or stable in regions throughout the world. In this issue of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 2 articles evaluated the incidence of IBD in 2 provinces of Canada. In the first article, Bitton et al used administrative health databases from Quebec (hereafter called the Quebec IBD Cohort) to demonstrate that the incidence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis decreased significantly from 2001 to 2008. In contrast, Benchimol et al used administrative health databases from Ontario (hereafter called the Ontario IBD Cohort) to demonstrate that the incidence of IBD increased in children and adults younger than 64 years from 1999 to 2008. The divergent results may be explained by fundamental differences between Ontario and Quebec patients with IBD including differences in: genetic susceptibility; environmental exposures such as diet and smoking; socioeconomic factors; and practice patterns of health care providers and health care delivery. Alternatively, methodological differences between the study designs may explain these opposing results. At the surface, the methodology used by both of these studies seems relatively similar. Both studies used linked administrative health databases, overlapping time periods and follow-up, previously validated definitions of IBD, and washout periods to define an inception cohort. However, a deeper evaluation of the methodological approaches highlights intrinsic differences in study design that likely explain the differential findings in incidence overtime. This editorial will explore the advantages and disadvantages of using administrative health databases for IBD epidemiology research, identify differences in study designs between these 2 articles, and recommend standardized reporting of IBD epidemiology studies using administrative databases. ADVANTAGES OF ADMINISTRATIVE DATABASES IN STUDYING IBD Administrative databases are timeand cost-efficient resources that have been widely used to study IBD, e.g., evaluating incidence, health care resource utilization, surgical outcomes, environmental risk factors, and pharmacoepidemiology. Administrative databases, like the ones used in Ontario and Quebec, allow linkage across databases and thus, patients with IBD can be followed seamlessly between outpatient and inpatient management. Furthermore, many of these databases have existed for decades, which allow researchers to track large cohorts of patients with IBD throughout long follow-up periods. These data sets allow for the evaluation of uncommon outcomes (e.g., mortality), time-specific outcomes (e.g., cumulative risk of surgery), and time-evolving outcomes (e.g., change in the incidence overtime). The data are recorded independently, which minimize selection biases and maximize external validity. Despite these advantages, administrative databases have inherent challenges that can bias the interpretation of findings.


We demonstrate that the effective nonlinear susceptibility of a graphene nanoribbon metasurface can be enhanced by 4 orders of magnitude as compared to that of a graphene sheet via a double-resonant plasmon excitation mechanism.


Integrated circuit design automation tools are essential for the feasibility of complex designs with millions of transistors. One of the steps performed within the process is the routing of interconnections between components of a circuit. This problem, which also aims to optimize the utilization of connection resources, has been shown to be NP-Complete and requires heuristic algorithms to look for the best achievable solutions. In this work, we present a definition of this problem in context with a brief review of existing solutions in the literature. Then, we propose a methodology for the development of an original algorithm, which aims to differentiate itself, in certain domains, from the solutions already proposed.


Significance Early life acoustic experience shapes the organization and function of the primary auditory cortex (A1), but molecular mechanisms underlying these critical periods for auditory plasticity are poorly understood. In this study, we use single-nucleus transcriptomics to characterize the multicellular gene expression program in developing A1 and its regulation by tone exposure. We then functionally validated candidate plasticity triggers and brakes to reveal that strengthening of inhibition initiates tonotopic plasticity, while the downstream maturation of myelin-related signaling is associated with critical period closure. These results both confirm conserved mechanisms and identify targets for the regulation of cortical plasticity. Auditory experience drives neural circuit refinement during windows of heightened brain plasticity, but little is known about the genetic regulation of this developmental process. The primary auditory cortex (A1) of mice exhibits a critical period for thalamocortical connectivity between postnatal days P12 and P15, during which tone exposure alters the tonotopic topography of A1. We hypothesized that a coordinated, multicellular transcriptional program governs this window for patterning of the auditory cortex. To generate a robust multicellular map of gene expression, we performed droplet-based, single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) of A1 across three developmental time points (P10, P15, and P20) spanning the tonotopic critical period. We also tone-reared mice (7 kHz pips) during the 3-d critical period and collected A1 at P15 and P20. We identified and profiled both neuronal (glutamatergic and GABAergic) and nonneuronal (oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, and endothelial) cell types. By comparing normal- and tone-reared mice, we found hundreds of genes across cell types showing altered expression as a result of sensory manipulation during the critical period. Functional voltage-sensitive dye imaging confirmed GABA circuit function determines critical period onset, while Nogo receptor signaling is required for its closure. We further uncovered previously unknown effects of developmental tone exposure on trajectories of gene expression in interneurons, as well as candidate genes that might execute tonotopic plasticity. Our single-nucleus transcriptomic resource of developing auditory cortex is thus a powerful discovery platform with which to identify mediators of tonotopic plasticity.


We propose an alternate scenario for the relation between ferromagnetism (FM) and superconductivity (SC) in UCoGe at ambient pressure. On the basis of neutron polarimetry measurement performed in strictly zero field on a single-crystal at ambient pressure, we claim that the SC phase does exist in spite of lack of long-range FM order. Moreover, the SC regime dominates to the paramagnetic (PM) state in small external magnetic fields. Above the critical SC temperature, TSC = 0.64 K, the zero-field state is characterized by a regime with strong FM spin fluctuations, suggesting the proximity of the FM quantum critical point. We present an ambient-pressure phase diagram of UCoGe based on our resistivity, magnetization and neutron polarimetry results.


Background: Lesions of urinary bladder range from inflammatory conditions, infections, metaplastic lesions, to benign and malignant tumors & metastatitc lesions which cause significant morbidity and mortality. Objective: To evaluate histopathological features of various urinary bladder lesions and classify urinary bladder neoplasms as per WHO/ISUP 2016 Histological Classification. To study their age and gender distribution and correlation with cystoscopic & clinical findings. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done which included 75 cases of bladder lesions received in Department of Pathology, NSCB Medical College, Jabalpur. Patient particulars and cystoscopic details were noted. According to CAP protocol, representative sections were given, H&E stained slides were prepared & reporting was done. IHC was done in required cases. Results: Among 75 cases, the age range was 20-85 years, majority were reported in 51-60years (21 cases). There was male preponderance with Male : Female ratio 5.8 : 1. Hematuria


Several desirable characteristics of concrete, such as strength, slump, durability and low CO2 emission, cannot always be obtained by current conventional mix proportion design methods for recycled...


Ecological civilization is the succeeding civilization pattern after agricultural civilization and industrial civilization; it is the direction for future social development. It is of essential for the rural areas' or even for the whole society's ecological civilization construction to appropriately resolve the challenges that agriculture,rural areas and farmers confronting with,so as to embark on the road of civilized development with developed production,affluent life and a sound ecological environment. The current paper discussed the function and importance of farmers' specialized cooperatives,which are co- operative economic organizations that based on household contract system in facilitating the ecological civilization construction of rural areas.


Given p E [1, oo), examples of sequences {nk }kCN such that for any ergodic dynamical system (X, f, m, T) the averages I N ANf(x) = N Z f(Tnkx) k=l converge almost everywhere in all Lq (X), q > p, but fail to have a finite limit for some function in LP(X) are shown. Also, sequences such that for all ergodic dynamical systems the averages ANf(x) do not converge for some function f e LP(X) for all 1 p. The question of whether it is possible to produce sequences that are bad in L1 but good in all LP for p > 1 and sequences which are bad in all LP for all p 1, but its behavior in L1 remains unknown to us at the moment. Emerson's tool can further be used to produce such examples. The existence of three types of squences are proved: (1) for any p, 1 p; (2) there are sequences {nk}kCN which are universally bad in LP for all 1 p, so that limkO,co nk+1 nk= 00 . Received by the editors July 30, 1991 and, in revised form, June 30, 1992; presented at the Ergodic Theory Conference at SUNY-Albany, New York, on October 5, 1991. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 28Dxx, 47A35. ? 1994 American Mathematical Society


We provide a method for the selective surface patterning of microfluidic chips with hydrophobic fluoropolymers which is demonstrated by the fabrication of hydrophobic valves via dispensing. It enables efficient optical quality control for the surface patterning thus permitting the low-cost production of highly reproducible hydrophobic valves. Specifically, different dyes for fluoropolymers enabling visual quality control (QC) are investigated, and two fluoropolymer-solvent-dye solutions based on fluorescent quantum dots (QD) and carbon black (CB) are presented in detail. The latter creates superhydrophobic surfaces on arbitrary substrates, e.g. chips made from cyclic olefin copolymer (COC, water contact angle = 157.9°), provides good visibility for the visual QC in polymer labs-on-a-chip and increases the burst pressures of the hydrophobic valves. Finally, an application is presented which aims at the on-chip amplification of mRNA based on defined flow control by hydrophobic valves is presented. Here, the optimization based on QC in combination with the Teflon-CB coating improves the burst pressure reproducibility from 14.5% down to 6.1% compared to Teflon-coated valves.


Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries have been identified as a viable option for grid energy storage. However, their practical application is limited by the poor performances at a high use rate of zinc. A suitable strategy to improve the cycling stability at a high depth of discharge (DOD) is by realizing the (002)‐textured Zn plating to suppress dendrite growth and side reactions. Herein, a novel electrolyte additive sodium 3‐mercapto‐1‐propanesulfonate (MPS) is introduced to regulate the zinc/electrolyte interfacial structure. The MPS anions can form an adsorption layer on the anode surface, which induces Zn deposition in the (002) direction as indicated by first‐principles calculations. Additionally, the adsorption layer can facilitate the reduction of the energy barrier associated with zinc deposition. This modified interface effectively inhibits dendrite and side reactions, resulting in a remarkable cycling lifespan for Zn||Zn symmetric cells, exceeding 800 h at a high DOD of 50%, and over 4500 h at 1.0 mA cm−2/1.0 mAh cm−2. Moreover, the capacity stability of the full cells with V2O5·H2O or polyaniline cathodes is substantially improved. A pouch‐type Zn||V2O5·H2O full cell reveals a high capacity of 42 mAh and good capacity retention of 86.6% after 250 cycles, highlighting significant potential for practical applications.


Using the inconsistencies of tampered JPEG images' blocking artifacts,this paper presents a method to detect tampered area of JPEG images based on the distribution of blocking artifacts values.The algorithm improved a method to estimate the quantization table based on the power spectrum histogram of DCT coefficients,and obtained blocking artifacts of each 8×8 block using the quantization table.Then tampered area can be detected according to the distribution of blocking artifacts values.Experiments show that this algorithm has wide applications and a certain practical significance.


Laos, a small country with a small population, has important natural resources and land suitable for grape production. This situation allowed Laos to ensure continuity by adapting and transforming its economic structures towards a market economy at the end of the 1980s. As a landlocked country situated between China, Thailand and Vietnam, Laos is induced to pursue multiple and simultaneous strategies including bilateral, regional and multilateral relations. To that extent, it is an actual model for a strategy aiming at preserving sovereignty as well as orchestrating a regional integration.


Contents: History of U.S. drug policy and world wide hegemony - Evolution of antiprohibitionist and harm-reducing alternatives in Europe - Outcomes and problems of harm reduction approaches.


DC-segmented power systems consist of ac subsystems connected to each other only by dc lines. DC-segmentation improves the transient stability and transmission capacity of power systems. Centralized control of large power systems entails burdensome communication requirements which are expensive and introduce delays. Decentralized control circumvents these problems, but finding decentralized controllers is intractable for general systems. Poset-causal systems are a special class for which the optimal neighbor-to-neighbor decentralized controller is easy to obtain. In this paper, we show that dc-segmented systems are poset-causal. We observe in numerical examples that the optimal decentralized controller attains almost the same performance as the optimal centralized controller.


The Whittle estimator (Whittle (1962)) is widely used in time series analysis. Although it is asymptotically Gaussian and efficient, this estimator suf- fers from large bias, especially when the underlying process has nearly unit roots. In this paper, we apply the jackknife technique to the Whittle likelihood in the fre- quency domain, and we derive the asymptotic properties of the jackknifed Whittle estimator. In particular, the second-order bias of the jackknifed estimator is shown to vanish for non-Gaussian stationary processes when the unknown parameter is innovation-free. The effectiveness of the jackknife technique for reducing the bias of the Whittle estimator is demonstrated in numerical studies. Since the Whittle estimator is applicable in many fields, including the natural sciences, signal pro- cessing, and econometrics, the bias-reduced jackknifed Whittle estimator can have widespread use.


Book file PDF easily for everyone and every device. You can download and read online Why Are Professors Liberal and Why Do Conservatives Care? file PDF Book only if you are registered here. And also you can download or read online all Book PDF file that related with Why Are Professors Liberal and Why Do Conservatives Care? book. Happy reading Why Are Professors Liberal and Why Do Conservatives Care? Bookeveryone. Download file Free Book PDF Why Are Professors Liberal and Why Do Conservatives Care? at Complete PDF Library. This Book have some digital formats such us :paperbook, ebook, kindle, epub, fb2 and another formats. Here is The Complete PDF Book Library. It's free to register here to get Book file PDF Why Are Professors Liberal and Why Do Conservatives Care?.


Objective To compare advantages and disadvantages of two different titanium mesh repair surgeries,under temporal muscle and outside temporal muscle,for skull defects in frontotemporal area.Methods A total of 144 patients with skull defects were assigned to receive either surgical repair under temporal muscle(under temporal muscle group,n=75) or surgical repair outside temporal muscle(outside temporal muscle group,n=69) according to admission time.Postoperative recovery and complications were observed in all patients.Results Among the 144 patients,141 patients presented stageⅠwound healing with satisfactory skull shape and no patients had wound infection.Black incision margins were found in 3 patients who were healed by intermittent stitches and dressing change.The incidence of temporal muscle atrophy,cerebrospinal fluid leakage,epidural and intracerebral hematoma,cerebral contusion and other complications in outside temporal muscle group was significantly lower than that in under temporal muscle group(P0.05).Conclusion Titanium mesh repair surgery outside temporal muscle is a simple procedure for treatment of skull defects,and it is more conducive to recovery and has fewer complications than the surgery outside temporal muscle.


Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, self‐isolation at home was adopted to control the spread of COVID‐19 in China for 3 months from 29 January 2020. The psychological status of cancer survivors is affected by their social environment. In this study, we investigated the psychological status and psychological symptoms of Chinese cancer survivors.


Abstract : The Single Pass Fit Program (SPFP) is designed for use on the CDC 6400 or 6600 machine as the principal computational tool for preliminary orbit determination and processing of single arcs of raw tracking data. By an iterative differential correction procedure, it solves for a set of trajectory parameters, namely, initial position and velocity (and drag coefficient if desired) of the vehicle, which minimize the differences between measured and computed observation measurements. A comprehensive description of the mathematical model implemented in the SPFP is presented with emphasis placed on key characteristics, such as reference systems and equations, data processing and self-initializing techniques, residual editing, and differential correction. In addition, a basic usage guide is given complete instructions for input data preparation and program operation.


This paper discusses research conducted to explore student perceptions of problem based learning (PBL) as used in a concurrent degree programme of primary teacher education in Scotland. The research sought to understand the extent to which problem-based learning supported students to make links between educational theory and professional practice. This was of particular interest given that a theory-practice divide is attested to in the literature on initial teacher education. The study concludes that the majority of the students who took part in the research perceive that PBL enables them to make links between theory and practice. However the construction of the PBL scenarios is important in supporting them to do this, as is the reflexive aspect of the PBL approach.


Speech therapy as a science aims to study and to enable the communication of the subject with his/her social groups, including the family. The participation of speech pathologists is essential in the therapy team that works with visual impairment. Thus, an integrated work between health professionals and family can lead to a great theoretical and practical relevance for the rehabilitation. The objective of the research was to conduct a group intervention with family members to promote their knowledge on visual impairment, as well as to enable and to qualify their conduct in the inclusion process. The study was conducted at a university rehabilitation service. The approval from the Ethics Committee was obtained and the participants signed an informed consent form. Data collection occurred through the initial and the final interview, along with group intervention with family, and focus groups with teenagers. The initial interview led to the selection of topics for group meetings. This paper reports the case of a family member who implemented changes in his home, taking the information received in intervention groups to the whole family. Our results show the importance of working with family for it to support its children in order to promote their school development and effective inclusion. We highlight here that the importance of speech therapy as a mediator in this process, since it enhances communication and family involvement in the education and the rehabilitation of persons with visual impairments. Therefore, group intervention may enable and describe family members' conduct toward noticing changes in their perception and attitudes with regard to the real needs and possibilities of the child with visual impairment.


We used laser particle size analysis (LPSA) to quantitatively analyze grainsize characteristics from distal Mississippi submarine fan deposits (Gulf of Mexico) and relate them to established depositional models along the spectrum of sediment gravity flows. One hundred and seventy-nine (179) sediment samples from 22 beds were obtained from cores of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 96 Sites 614, 615, and 621. The sediment from Sites 614 and 615 was deposited in lobes ~500 km downstream from the Mississippi canyon head. Most samples were described as sand from visual inspection of cores, containing >75% volume of sand grains, with clay content <5% based on LPSA. A muddy sand definition was given to sands comprising >20% silt and finer grains, with generally higher clay content (3%–16%). However, LPSA data show that facies assignments from visual core description overestimated the proportion of sand grains: 15% of samples initially interpreted as sand contain <75% sand grains; 40% of muddy sand samples have <50% sand. Samples from lobes at Sites 614 and 615 were compared to samples from Site 621, where beds are sandier with a relatively narrow distribution of grain sizes deposited in a more proximal channel setting, <250  km from the canyon head. We interpret the large proportion of silt and finer grains in the distal lobes to reflect diminished turbulence within sediment gravity flows as they expand from confined to unconfined settings downstream of channel conduits. Entrainment of finer-grained sediment at the channel-to-lobe transition could have also contributed to larger proportions of silt and finer grains in distal lobes.


Synthesis 2002, No. 8, 04 06 2002. Article Identifier: 1437-210X,E;2002,0,08,1037,1042,ftx,en;M05901SS.pdf. © Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York ISSN 0039-7881 Abstract: A convenient method to obtain a series of 3-alkyl-2-aryl4-trifluoromethylbenzo[h]quinolines derivatives 3a–l, where alkyl = H, Me; aryl = Ph, 4-MeC6H4, 4-FC6H4, 4-ClC6H4, 4BrC6H4, 4-OMeC6H4 and 4-NO2C6H4, by intramolecular cyclization of the readily available intermediates N-(2-alkyl-1-aryl-3-oxo4,4,4-trifluorobut-1-en-1-yl)-1-naphthylamines 2a–l using polyphosphoric acid, is reported. Compounds 2 are obtained from the reaction of 3-alkyl-4-aryl-1,1,1-trifluoro-4-alkoxybut-3-en-2-ones la–l with 1-naphthylamine under reflux in chloroform.


Taking diode clamp type three-level inverter as the research object, the principle of SVPWM algorithm is introduced, and the relationship between SVPWM algorithm and two-level algorithm is described. On this basis, the simulation principle of two-level SVPWM algorithm is used for reference, and the three-level space vector algorithm is simulated according to MATLAB/Simulink simulation environment. Finally, the simulation results under three-level and two-level modulation show that the three-level inverter SVPWM algorithm can reduce harmonics, and the simulation experiment verifies the correctness and feasibility of the control method.


The transformation to extents gives variables that dependon a single rate process !easier to detect a faultassociated with that rateThis allows isolation of faults without knowledge ofkineticsThe method requires a proper statistical framework -Generalized Likelihood Ratio (GLR) testsGLR also helps detect sensor faultsThank you for your attention!


DP‐coloring is a relatively new coloring concept by Dvořák and Postle and was introduced as an extension of list‐colorings of (undirected) graphs. It transforms the problem of finding a list‐coloring of a given graph G with a list‐assignment L to finding an independent transversal in an auxiliary graph with vertex set {(v,c)|v∈V(G),c∈L(v)} . In this paper, we extend the definition of DP‐colorings to digraphs using the approach from Neumann‐Lara where a coloring of a digraph is a coloring of the vertices such that the digraph does not contain any monochromatic directed cycle. Furthermore, we prove a Brooks' type theorem regarding the DP‐chromatic number, which extends various results on the (list‐)chromatic number of digraphs.


The current fast-growing Internet traffic is demanding more and more network capacity. Photonic packet switching offers high-speed, data rate/format transparency, and configurability, which are some of the important characteristics needed in future networks supporting different forms of data. In this paper, we define that optical backbone networks for IP transport consist of optical packet core switches and optical fibers. We propose a multi-link photonic packet switch managing as single media which unifies the whole bandwidth of multiple wavelengths on the optical fiber in the WDM optical networks. The proposed switch uses optical packet memories of output link equally as well as using the WDM buffer. So it cuts down the required number of buffers and realizes of the optical packet memory economically.


Looking towards the importance of improved contamination-free of ginned cotton and a high degree of reliability and efficiency in the performance of machinery in ginning setup, rejuvenation, and automation in ginning is required. So, it turns out to be compulsory to continuously monitor the performance of the ginning machine. The main objective of the project is to monitor the performance of the machine and its troubleshooting with the help of the MIS system through PLC logic. The temperature control system plays a very important role in various fields like metallurgy, building materials, food, etc. By using this temperature control system, we can set temperatures as per our requirements. With the help of a PLC-based MIS system, we can create the time vs temperature Graph. Also, we can monitor the roll temperature hot spot with help of temperature sensor feedback. It will be very beneficial in calculating the performance of machines and hence do precautionary maintenance which will lead to an upsurge in productivity.


SUMMARY Considerable controversy exists as to what extent left atrial receptors play a role in the physiological regulation of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. We studied conscious dogs during a stable water diuresis induced by continuous infusion of hypotonic saline, in whom acute inflation of a chronically implanted pulmonary artery balloon consistently produced antidiuresis. Following balloon inflation in nine dogs, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (67 ± 8 to 70 ± 6 ml/min, P < 0.2) and osmolar clearance (CsOsm) (3.1 ± 0.2 to 3.3 + 0.2 ml/min,/> > 0.2) did not change. Despite a fall in plasma osmolality (287 ± 6 to 281 ± 5 mOsm/kg H 2O, P < 0.025) and rise in mean systemic arterial pressure (100 ± 3.6 to 110 ± 3.8 mm Hg, P < 0.01), urine osmolality rose markedly (88 ± 8 to 234 ± 45 mOsm/kg H 2O, P < 0.02), and urine flow (10.1 ± 0.8 to 6.3 ± 0.9 ml/min, P < 0.01) and renal free water clearance (C Hl0) (7.1 ± 0.8 to 2.9 ± 0.7 ml/min, P < 0.01) both fell. This acute decrease in water excretion was shown to be the consequence of a rise in plasma levels of ADH (0.72 ± 0.07 to 2.06 ± 0.20 μU/ml) which returned toward control levels following balloon deflation (1.14 ± 0.18 μU7ml). The changes in ADH levels were shown to be associated with reciprocal changes in left atrial pressure (10.7 ± 1.7 to 6.1 ± 1.5 mm Hg after balloon inflation, returning to 12.2 ± 1.8 mm Hg after deflation). We conclude that in conscious dogs the effects of a small fall in left atrial pressure can predominate over the combined effects of a rise in systemic arterial pressure, continued infusion of hypotonic saline, and a fall in plasma osmolality, to produce a rise in plasma levels of ADH and antidiuresis.


The problem of calculating distribution‐function autocorrelations of the form 〈f(x1, v1, t1) f(x2, v2, t2)〉 is treated for a dilute monatomic gas. Two‐time probability distributions of the type introduced by Rostoker for the plasma case are used. A perturbation expansion in the density is performed on the generalized BBGKY hierarchy which results. It is shown that the problem of determining the fluctuation spectra can be reduced to solving for a function which obeys the linearized kinetic equation for a dilute neutral gas with a particular choice of initial conditions, a result previously obtained by van Leeuwen and Yip, using diagrammatic perturbation theory. In the limit of infinite wavelengths and hard‐sphere interactions, this equation reduces to the linearized Boltzmann equation.


This introduction to the special issue will ground our understanding of the current state of Black boys and men in America, nearly 2 years after the killing of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri. Each of these articles represents the voices of scholars whose influences add clarity to the experiences and aftermath of traumatic events that threaten the safety and well-being of Black boys and men. Collectively, these articles showcase various research methods; address individual, family, and community issues; and demonstrate how race, gender, and class influence how the assorted levels of society interact with Black males. This special issue is an important contribution to raising awareness of and enacting social change for Black boys and men in our nation.


The suitable reduction model of chemical fertilizer and pesticide in Pearl River delta area was introduced,and its matching technologies including balance fertilization,comprehensive control on disease pest and weed,the intercrop planting and the recycling use of waste stems and leaves.The demonstration on the model and its matching technologies showed a good effect.


Description: The major purpose of this study was to examine whether, over a 9-year period, the presence of an employee involvement program known as the Labor Management Positive Change Process (LMPCP) was associated with a lower total injury incidence rate across seven underground bituminous coal mines located in a state in the southeastern U.S. Six additional variables were examined in the model to identify further relationships with injury incidence rate. These were health and safety grievances, arbitrations, productivity, noncontractual absenteeism, average number of employees, and average mine age. Seven case histories are inclued to show the unique evolution of the LMPCP for each coal mine. Additionally, tables describe basic geological, equipment, worker, and safety attributes for each mine. These may have had an effect on the LMPCP.


This study extends previous research on dividend policy and funding decisions using structural equation modeling. Previous studies have focused on dividend policy or funding decisions alone, to determine the factors that influence by using multiple linear regression. This study aims to determine the mutual influence between dividends and capital growth. The authors would like to prove that there are similarities between the factors that affect the payment of dividends and capital growth include profitability, agency cost of debt, and retained earnings. In this research, the sample used is 72 shares activitely traded and has been listing between periods 2009-2013 in Indonesia Stock Exchange. The test results demonstrate the usefulness of the model testing using indicators overall goodness of fi t to meet the criteria recomended level of fitness. By using the non-statistical measure such absolute goodness of fit and parsimony goodness of fi t value exceeds recomended levels, it has indicated a good fit between the data with the model proposed research.


Objective: To verify the professional performance of psychology in the care of critical patients through an integrative literature review, looking for evidence or profiles of works published in the indexing sources of greatest impact at the national level, in order to allow a better direction of studies related to this concept. Methods: We use Electronic Scientific Library Online (SciELO) and Electronic Psychology Journals (PePSIC) as electronic database. Inclusion requirements are: articles indexed and available in full from January 2009 to September 2019; that are in the Portuguese language; with themes that are relevant to the purpose of this review. Results: a performance of the hospital psychologist with the critical patient, using techniques and forms of application that consider the specificities in the treatment of this reference procedure for other professionals, in addition to the place where this patient can find. Performance in this context can involve the patient, a family and a multidisciplinary team. Final considerations: The investigated studies indicate that the psychologist's performance takes into account both the patient's will and the best therapeutic approach proposed by the team, in addition to the multiple ways that the family can help in the treatment when properly oriented.


This research is a similar study to Gold's (1998) study on the promotion of physical and mental health of mainstream female social workers in child welfare. Six First Nations women Child and Family Service (CFS) Social Workers (FNWCFSSW's) who work in First Nations agencies gathered with me to share individual and collective stories about our CFS experiences. First Nations women and I discussed the impacts of our work on our holistic health, how we coped with the work, and strategies to deal with the issues that we face. This study outlines the research process that we engaged in, and, essentially weaves together the challenges, resilience, innovations, and unique experiences of First Nations women CFS Social Workers in a First Nations setting under a delegated authority model. As a result of these discussions five major themes were identified. The five themes that emerged from this study include the stress of dual accountability, the stresses of unrealistic expectations and multiple roles, the emotional costs and benefits of the intensity of the relationships, the fact that meaningful work gives strength and how the women coped and maintained their holistic health. This study reveals the important need for future participatory research to be conducted with FNWCFSSW and First Nations peoples. Ultimately, this paper speaks to the importance of changing the nature of along-term colonial relationship between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples within the child welfare system and in dominant mainstream research processes.


SUMMARY The properties of the poly(C) polymerase activity associated with rabbit liver tRNA nucleotidyltransferase were examined. The anomalous activity co-pursed with tRNA nucleotidyltransferase throughout a 25,000-fold purification and was associated with both forms of the latter enzyme. Both activities also co-migrated during isoelectric focusing, and had similar, but not identical, heat inactivation profiles. The poly(C) polymerase reaction was identical with the normal CMP-incorporating activity of tRNA nucleotidyltransferase with regard to pH and temperature optima, requirements for a divalent cation and an RNA acceptor, and nonlinear double reciprocal plots with respect to varying CTP concentrations. However, the poly(C) polymerase activity also differed in several properties, including its response to divalent cations, ATP, salt, and organic solvents. Normal CMP incorporation into tRNA-C was most active with Mg2+, was stimulated by ATP and salt, and was inhibited by a variety of organic solvents. In contrast, the poly(C) polymerase reaction was most active with Mn2+, was inhibited by ATP and salt, and was stimulated by organic solvents. The poly(C) polymerase activity utilized intact tRNAC-C-A, tRNA-C-C, 5 S R$JA, and rRNA as acceptors for CMP incorporation. In the presence of Mg2+ the rate of the anomalous reaction was generally only a few per cent of CMP incorporation into the presumed normal acceptor, tRNA-C, although 5 S RNA was 15 % as active. In all cases, the poly(C) polymerase reaction was stimulated 2- to j-fold by 1 mM Mn2+ and the normal reaction was inhibited, so that under these conditions the best substrate was 5 S RNA. Extended nucleotide incorporation into tRNA-C-C-A or rRNA was found only in the presence of CTP, whereas incorporation of AMP and UMP was limited or nonexistent. which all, or part, of the 3'-terminal-C-C-A sequence has been rcmoved (see Ref. 2 for references). At low levels of enzyme, such nucleot.ide incorporation into tRNA-N,' tRNA-C or tRKA-C-C leads to formation of the normal product, tRNA-C-C-A (3). However, in an earlier paper (3) evidence was presented indicating that highly purified preparations of rabbit liver tRNA nucleotidyltransferase also contain a poly(C) polymerase activity which becomes apparent at high levels of enzyme and which leads to the addition of numerous CMP residues onto intact or degraded tRNA and rRN;A. The properties of this anomalous CMP incorporation are very similar to those of normal CMP incorporation into tRNA-N and tRNA-C, and it was suggested that the same protein probably catalyzed both activities. This conclusion was not certain, however, since mammalian cells were known to contain poly(C) polymerase act,ivity (4-6) and the possibility existed that the low levels present in the tRNX nucleotidgltransferase preparations wcrc due to small amounts of another contaminating enzyme. If, on the other hand, the poly(C) polymerase activity were an intimate part of tRNA nucleotidyltransferase, a further understanding of its properties might prove useful for elucidating the mechanism of normal nucleotide addition to tRNh. For these reasons, further studies of the poly(C) polynlerase were initiated. The results presented in this paper indicate that the poly(C) polgmerase is, in fact, associated with tRNA nucleotidyltransferase, and has many similar catalytic properties. Nevertheless, important differences between the two activities with respect to cation specificity, effects of salt, organic solvents, ATP, and rates of react.ion are also observed. In the following paper (7) evidence will be presented that tRNX nucleotidyltransferase can also catalyze the addition of a single AMP residue onto a variety of anomalous RNA substrates provided they contain cytidine at their 3' terminus. These data indicate that liver tRNA nucleotidyltransferase, like several other enzymes which synthesize phosphodiester bonds, can also act as a homopolymer polymerase. The relation of this activity to other known poly(C) polymerases and its possible mechanism of action are also discussed.


A solar pond (SP) is a remarkable growth of renewable energy technology that has stored solar energy for storage purposes and is used in many solar thermal applications. It is also utilized for many purposes, such as heating, cooling, space heating, air conditioning, and many more. The present paper shows the use of an SP to improve the yield of solar still (SS) by providing hot water through the heat energy stored in it. It also reveals the use of shallow and mini SPs with SS to improve yield. Various future research works on SS using SPs have also been included in this paper. From the current review paper, it was concluded that the SP increases the yield of the SS.


Cytoplasmic members of the heat shock protein hsp70 family have recently been implicated in the transport of proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. In addition, other hsp70 homologues have been found in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and, at least for the endoplasmic reticulum hsp70 homologue, may be involved in the proper folding and assembly of newly transported proteins. Since chloroplasts are an important site of protein transport in plant cells, we were interested in determining whether hsp70 proteins might be located in this organelle. By using immuno-. blotting techniques and two antibody preparations against hsp70 proteins, we have identified three chloroplastic proteins of approximately 70 kDa that are related to hsp70 proteins. One of these proteins was tightly associated with the outer envelope membrane and was not exposed at the outer surface of the chloroplasts. The other two were soluble proteins located in the stroma. Steady-state levels of the chloroplastic hsp70 homologues did not change after heat stress nor were any additional hsp70 homologues detected in chloroplasts isolated from heat-stressed plants. We discuss the possible functions of these hsp7O homologues in the transport of proteins into and within chloroplasts. Heat shock proteins (hsps) and their constitutively expressed homologues are predicted to perform fundamental activities in cell metabolism because of their high degree of conservation and their presence in several different cellular compartments (1). Recent evidence points to a role of at least some hsps in protein transport and assembly processes. Members of the hsp60 family, termed chaperoning, are involved in the assembly of protein complexes in bacteria (2), chloroplasts (2), and mitochondria (3, 4). GroEL, an hsp60 of Escherichia coli associates transiently with newly synthesized proteins in vitro and may facilitate protein transport into plasma membrane vesicles (5). Work from several groups implicates members of the hsp70 family in the transport of proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (6-8) and mitochondria (6, 9). It is proposed that cytoplasmic hsp70s facilitate transport by interacting with precursor proteins and maintaining them in a transport-competent conformation. In addition, an hsp70 homologue located within the ER may be involved in folding of newly transported proteins (10). An hsp70 is also found in yeast mitochondria (11) and could serve a similar function. Given the apparent involvement of hsp70s in protein transport in other systems, we were interested in determining whether members of this hsp family might also be found in chloroplasts. Transport of proteins, both into and within chloroplasts, is essential for the biogenesis and functioning of this organelle. Chloroplasts have already been shown to contain small hsps (12) as well as the hsp6o-related protein mentioned above (2). We report here the identification of three chloroplastic proteins that are antigenically related to hsp70s. These hsp70 homologues are located in the outer envelope membrane and stroma. They are present under normal growth conditions and show little change in steadystate levels during heat-stress treatment. These results extend the possible roles of hsp70s to functions that take place in this important organelle. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of Chloroplastic Protein Fractions. Pea (Pisum sativum) plants were grown at 18'C under fluorescent light (12 hr light/12 hr dark). Intact chloroplasts were prepared as in ref. 13 and fractionated using a modification of the procedure described in ref. 14. Lysed chloroplasts were centrifuged (4500 x g, 15 min) to yield a thylakoid pellet and a supernatant consisting of crude envelope membranes and soluble proteins. Thylakoids were washed once in 10 mM N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine*KOH, pH 7.6/2 mM EDTA (TE). Envelopes were sedimented 1 hr at 150,000 X g in a Beckman 45 Ti rotor. The resulting crude envelope pellet was fractionated into inner and outer membranes (14). Residual envelopes were removed from the supernatant by centrifuging 2 hr at 200,000 x g in a Beckman SW 50.1 rotor, yielding a soluble protein fraction. Whole leaf proteins were prepared as in ref. 15. Protease Treatments of Intact Chloroplasts and Chloroplastic Fractions. Intact chloroplasts [10 mg of chlorophyll in 5.0 ml of 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.6/330 mM sorbitol (IB)] were added to 5.0 ml of IB containing: no additions, thermolysin at 200 gg/ml (Calbiochem) plus 1.0 mM CaC12, or trypsin at 300 ,ug/ml (Boehringer Mannheim) plus a-chymotrypsin at 300 gg/ml (Worthington). Samples were incubated 30 min on ice (except the sample treated with trypsin plus chymotrypsin that was incubated at room temperature) with occasional gentle mixing. To terminate protease reactions, 5.0 ml of IB containing no additions, 15 mM EDTA, or 6.75 mg ofsoybean trypsin inhibitor was added and samples were incubated 5 min on ice. Intact chloroplasts were repurified by centrifuging through 40% (vol/vol) Percoll in IB containing 5 mM EDTA or 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (trypsin plus chymotrypsin-treated sample), washed once in IB, and lysed as in ref. 14. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (1 mM) was added at all subsequent steps to samples treated with trypsin plus chymotrypsin. Mixed inner and outer envelope membranes were isolated by layering crude envelopes (see above) over 1.0 M sucrose in TE and centrifuging 1 hr at 38,000 rpm in a Beckman SW 50.1 rotor. NaCl and Alkaline Washes of Outer Envelope Membranes. Purified outer envelope membranes were washed in 2.0 ml of TE, TE plus 1.0 M NaCl, or 100 mM Na2CO3 (pH 11.0) with sonication (three 10-sec bursts at 25-30 W). Washed enveAbbreviations: hsp, heat shock protein; ER, endoplasmic reticulum. §To whom reprint requests should be addressed. 374 The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87 (1990) 375 lopes were diluted to 5.0 ml with TE, TE plus 1.0 M NaCI, or 200 mM Hepes-KOH (pH 7.5) and centrifuged 1.5 hr at 38,000 rpm in a Beckman SW 50.1 rotor. Heat-Stress Treatment. Pea plants were grown on a 16 hr/8 hr, 220C/18'C day/night cycle, respectively, for 11 days and then either heat stressed for 4 hr at 380C as described (15) or not stressed. Intact chloroplasts were isolated and fractionated to yield mixed inner and outer envelope membranes as above. Antibodies and Immunoblotting. Anti-tomato hsp70 antibodies were prepared in rabbits by using tomato hsp70 purified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis as immunogen (ref. 16; antibodies were a gift of L. Nover, Halle, G.D.R.). Anti-hsp70 peptide, directed against a highly conserved region near the NH2 terminus of hsp70 (17) was prepared using an unconjugated 11-amino acid synthetic peptide, NH2-Val-Gly-Ile-Asp-Leu-Gly-Thr-Thr-Tyr-SerCys-COOH, as immunogen (ref. 11; serum was a gift from E. Craig, University of Wisconsin, Madison). Antibodies specific for hsp70 were affinity purified from these sera by adsorption onto immobilized bovine hsp70 (ref. 18; gift of V. Guerriero, University of Arizona) as described in ref. 19. The bovine hsp70 preparation consisted primarily of the major constitutive cytoplasmic forms found in muscle and was essentially free of ER forms. Antibodies against outer membrane proteins were produced in chickens using pea chloroplastic outer membranes (essentially free ofinner membranes) as immunogen and were isolated from egg yolks (20). Antibodies against mixed inner and outer envelope membrane proteins were prepared in rabbits using mixed envelope membrane proteins as immunogen. Immunoblotting was as described in ref. 19 except proteins were transferred to Immobilon-P (Millipore) in 25 mM Tris/ 192 mM glycine, pH 8.3. Proteins recognized by antibodies were detected using alkaline phosphatase-conjugated secondary antibodies and nitroblue tetrazolium/bromochloroindolyl phosphate (19).


Anxiety about life was the mental starting point of Zhuang Tzu's transcending philosophy.His source of anxiety about life mainly came from the fear of the vastness of space and time,the lamenting of the absurd human world,the identification of the plight of himself,and the resulting plight of personality choice.This anxiety prompted Zhuang Tzu to look for a path leading to the ideal situation for life.


We consider magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows in a conducting rectangular duct with a non-conducting flow channel insert (FCI) in a constant transverse magnetic field. The computations based on the fully developed flow model are performed for three FCI modifications: (i) without pressure equalization openings, (ii) with the pressure equalization slot (PES) in the FCI wall parallel and (iii) perpendicular to the applied magnetic field. The computed flow patterns and the current circuits in the duct with the FCI are analyzed. The experiments are performed with In-Ga-Sn as a work fluid flowing in an outer rectangular duct made of stainless steel with the FCI made of epoxy for two cases: FCI with the PES, and with the pressure equalization holes (PEH), both made in the FCI wall parallel to the magnetic field. The experiments have confirmed significant reduction of the MHD pressure drop due to the flow insert (larger reduction in the case of PEH) compared to the non-insulated duct, but the experimental MHD pressure drop is different (larger) than the computed one. This difference is discussed and further modifications of both the flow model and the experiment are suggested.


To narratively review the pathophysiological rationale of dual therapy with anti‐calcitonin gene‐related peptide monoclonal antibodies and botulinum toxin type A in treatment‐resistant chronic migraine prevention.


The surface roughness of CVD diamond thin film coated tools and cutting parameters are key factors having influence on the surface quality of workpiece. To improve the surface roughness of diamond thin film by optimazing the CVD depositing technology, a new technology of appropriately controlling the deposition pressure was proposed. The influences of using the cutting tools made by different depositing technology and different cutting parameters on precision machining surface quality were studied.


High food demand in the world is not easy to accomplish as the number of world population keeps expanding; meanwhile the number accessible lands for food production keeps decreasing and livestock activities continues to contribute environment pollution. Moreover, the level of food waste currently is relatively high and is expected to increase over time. The use of BSF (black soldier fly) as an alternative nutrient source, is expected to be one of the solutions to minimalize the negative impact on the environment from animal husbandry activities in general, while also contributing to the decomposition of food waste. In this study, the proximate content and fatty acid profile of BSF larvae will be determined, to acknowledge the nutritional content of BSF larvae. The BSF larvae observed in this study was fed and reared by using fruits and vegetables waste for three weeks. The water content, ash content, and fat content in proximate analysis of BSF larvae will be determined using gravimetric method, whereas protein content and carbohydrate content in proximate analysis of BSF larvae will be determined by using titrimetric method and by difference method respectively. The fatty acids profile analysis of BSF larvae will be determined by using gas chromatography method. Based on the result, BSF larvae has protein content, fat content, and mineral content of 31.70 ± 0.43%, 35.90 ± 0.26%, and 18.06 ± 0.08% respectively. BSF larvae has four types of essential fatty acids and 18 non-essential fatty acids. High protein content and fat content of BSF larvae promotes the incorporation of BSF larvae in feed and food processing and production.


A cytotoxic agent, having a connector polyethylene glycol (PEG) having a terminal Yde 1 active ester to 1000 monomer units of formula 2 group: ** ** Formula wherein Z is a thiol-containing cytotoxic agent, in Q is R2COO-, R2R3NCOO-, R2OCOO-, R2O-, R2CONR3-, R2R3N-, R2OCONR3-, or S-, wherein: R2 is SCR4R5R6-, R4, R5 and R6 are each H, linear alkyl , cyclic alkyl or branched alkyl and may be the same or different, R3 is H or a linear, cyclic or branched alkyl, wherein n is an integer from 0 to 999, where x is 1 or 2; yen Y is N-succinimidyl, N-sulfosuccinimidyl, N-phthalimidyl, N-sulfoftalimidilo, 2-nitrophenyl, 4-nitrophenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl, 3-sulfonyl-4-nitrophenyl or 3-carboxy-4-nitrophenyl .


The Fontan circulation poses challenges for the patient and clinician throughout the patient's lifetime. Given the unique physiology of the Fontan circulation, even the best Fontan patient will have a degree of exercise limitation and, with advancing years, the life threatening complications of the condition become more common. Key to the preservation of life and minimising the effects of these complications isprompt recognition and management. Patients with this complex condition require lifelong follow up in specialised units, where all members of the multidisciplinary team are experienced in managing the patients. The provision of this level of care requires planning, and in all healthcare systems where these patients are, care should be taken to develop a system of adult congenital heart disease units to facilitate the management of these and other complex cardiac conditions. This review summarises the anatomy and physiology of the Fontan circulation and provides guidance on the follow up of these patients and the complications they present with.


Digital seismic data acquisition is an important part in earthquake observation,and analog-digital converter technology standards largely determine the quality of the data observation,and data acquisition will produce 1/f noise characteristic to the observation accuracy in the low frequency range.This paper discussed this issue based on an algorithm theory for improving the quality of seismic signals.We proposed an improved algorithm based on the autozero technology and modulation technology for weakening 1/f noise and imitated in the process.We also analyzed the energy loss of square wave and sine wave modulation and demodulation sequence as a weighted average for proposing the algorithm and proved the correctness of the weighted average algorithm in theory.Experimental data also show that the signal to noise ratio has been improved to some extent,and are well consistent with the calculated values.


A method of managing systems associated with the landing gear of an aircraft is provided. The method involves performing undercarriage operation of the actuators and fixing operation of the undercarriages and associated trapdoors. A brake is provided with actuator for braking the wheels of the aircraft. A control unit is provided to order the operation of the undercarriages and braking. A maintenance case is provided to selectively order actuators of the system, where the aircraft is in the state extinguished at the time of maintenance actions. The actuation of the actuators connected to the maintenance case is ensured in the event of failure of the control unit.


Age-invariant face recognition is very challenging. To solve the problem that it is difficult to collect cross-age face data of the same person, this paper proposes to use generative adversarial networks to generate the same person's young and elderly age data for sample enhancement, and use these data to train age-invariant face recognition model. The proposed method is verified on public face-aging datasets: FGNET and CADA-VS. Rank-1 recognition rates reaches 85.04% on FGNET data sets and verification accuracies reaches 96.99% on CADA-VS data sets.


Attitudes of deans of American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) accredited schools/colleges of business were surveyed regarding nine areas central to the practice of collegiate level business education. These deans were then classified into three categories in a manner consistent with the new AACSB standards for accreditation. Finally, a one‐way ANOVA indicated the degree to which the attitudes of these groups of deans differed across items on the original instrument. The study suggests implications for the revised accreditation process of the AACSB.


From the equations governing the deformation of a porous medium containing three fluid phases, I derive expressions for the phase velocity of the various modes of displacement. These expressions are valid for a medium with smoothly varying heterogeneity. There is a single mode of transverse displacement, similar in nature to an elastic shear wave. The four phase velocities of the longitudinal modes of displacement are derived from the solutions of a quartic equation. The coefficients of the polynomial equation are written as linear sums of the determinants of 4 by 4 matrices. The matrices contain various combinations of the parameters from the governing equations. The three phase expressions are compared to two phase estimates for the case in which one of the fluid saturations vanishes. Also, in a numerical illustration, velocity variations of around 10% are associated with the cyclic injection of carbon dioxide and water into an oil saturated reservoir. INTRODUCTION In a number of situations of practical interest one must consider the flow of three fluids at depth. It is quite common for two immiscible liquid phases, such as oil and water, to be found within a reservoir, particularly after the onset of production. In addition, there can be an accompanying gas phase, such as air, steam, carbon dioxide, or methane, present within the reservoir pore volume. With advancements in recovery techniques and developments in environmental remediation, such instances of three phase Earth Sciences Division Berkeley Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720 USA flow will become increasingly common-place (Batzle et al. 1998). Three phase flow can be quite complicated, particularly in the presence of such factors as gravitational effects due to density variation and lateral variations in properties such as permeability. Therefore, geophysical monitoring can be important in understanding three phase flow within a reservoir (Hoversten et al. 2003). To this end, it is important to relate changes due to such flow to variations in seismic properties. Currently, the most common approach for relating seismic properties to the presence of fluids is to combine Biot's theory for a porous rock saturated with a single fluid phase (Biot 1956a,b) with an approach for computing the composite bulk modulus of a fluid saturated rock (Gassmann 1951, Smith et al. 2003). Multiple fluids are accommodated by computing effective fluid properties such as the density and bulk modulus, for a mixture (Batzle and Wang 1992). In this way, any number of fluids might be accounted for. This approach has the advantage of simplicity and uses only essential parameters. A more rigorous approach is to combine the properties of the individual constituents, along with the flow properties of the porous rock, including such features as absolute permeability, relative permeability properties, and capillary pressure properties. Such approaches are too numerous to provide a comprehensive review in this Introduction. Therefore, I simply point out some representative studies that treated single phase flow (Garg 1971, Pride et al. 1992), and two phase flow (Berryman et al. 1988, Santos 1990, Tuncay 1995, Tuncay and Corapcioglu 1996, 1997, Lo et al. 2005, 2009) for a homogeneous medium. Recently, the two phase work was extended to a medium containing smoothly-varying heterogeneity in Vasco and Minkoff (2012). These papers dealt with larger-scale, wave-induced flow, the so-called macroscopic flow. It has been pointed out that there are other scales of flow that may be important with regard to seismic wave propagation through a porous medium. There is a small-scale (microscopic) fluid migration from micro1 2 Vasco cracks, including grain contacts, referred to as squirt-flow (Biot 1962b, Mavko and Nur 1975, O'Connell and Budianski 1977, Jones 1986, Dvorkin et al. 1994). This effect has been incorporated into the Biot model (Pham et al. 2002). Also, an intermediate or mesoscopic flow, due to wave-induced flow on a scale smaller then the wavelength of the elastic wave but larger than the pore scale was first proposed by White (1975) and explored in more depth by Pride et al. (2004). Both the microscopic and the mesoscopic flow have been adopted into a single phase Biot type model (JafarGandomi and Curtis 2011). In this paper I extend the two phase work of Vasco and Minkoff (2012) to the case in which there are three fluid phases. Specifically, I consider the zeroth-order terms of an asymptotic analysis of the equations governing the coupled deformation and flow in a heterogeneous porous medium containing three fluids. The resulting linear system of equations is used to derive expressions for the slowness and hence the phase velocity of the various modes of displacement. Though for the purposes of this paper I use Biot's (1956a,b) theory of macroscopic flow to relate the coefficients of the poroelastic governing equations to the rock, fluid, and flow properties, as detailed in the Appendix A, the methods noted above can be used to account for both microscopic and mesoscopic flow. METHODOLOGY The governing equations I consider a porous medium saturated with three immiscible fluid phases That is, if Si denotes the saturation of the i-th phase then in the available pore space 3 ∑ i=1 Si = S1 + S2 + S3 = 1. (1) For a given unit volume of fluid filled porous rock, with porosity φ, I denote the fraction of the i-th fluid as αi = φSi. (2) The three phases are assumed to behave as Newtonian fluids, representing liquids and/or gases moving through the pore space of the solid matrix. The components of the solid are assumed to react elastically. Thus, the composite body acts as a poroelastic material. As shown in Tuncay and Corapcioglu (1996), under the assumptions of negligible mass exchange between the phases, small deformation, a seismic wavelength much larger then the microscopic scale, and a linearization of the density variation, the average momentum equations reduce to αsρs ∂u̇s ∂t = αs∇ · σs − 3 ∑ j=1 dj (3) and αiρi ∂u̇i ∂t = αi∇ · σi + di (4) where the solid and fluid displacements are denoted by us and ui, ρs is the density of the solid components while ρi is the density of the i-th fluid, σs and σi are the respective stress tensors, and the dots over the displacement vectors denote time derivatives. In an effort to keep the presentation compact, I represent the three equations for the fluid phases by a single indexed equation [equation 4], allowing i to take the values 1, 2, and 3 for the respective fluid phases. The vectors di are the momentum transfer vectors or interaction terms, representing drag forces due to the interaction of the fluids with the solid matrix (Pride et al. 1993). Pride et al. (1992) argue that the drag forces can be written in the specific form di = ρiαiν (1 + ν) −1 ∂ẇi ∂t , (5) where ẇi is the flow velocity of fluid i. The flow velocity of the fluid phase is measured relative to the current position of the solid, given by ẇi = u̇i − u̇s . The quantity (1 + ν) is referred to as the dynamic tortuosity by Johnson et al. (1987). The dynamic tortuosity controls how much fluid flows in response to the applied forces. The variable ν may be thought of as a convolutional operator in the time domain, or as a frequency dependent coefficient in the frequency domain, related to the interaction of the fluid and the solid (Pride et al. 1992, 1993). If I substitute the expression 5 for di, define the coefficient Di = ρiαiν (1 + ν) −1 , (6) and add and subtract αiρi∂u̇s/∂t from the left-hand-side of equation 4, then I can write equations 3 and 4 as αsρs ∂u̇s ∂t + 3 ∑ j=1 Dj ∂ẇj ∂t = αs∇ · σs (7) αiρi ∂u̇i ∂t + (αiρi − Di) ∂ẇi ∂t = αi∇ · σi. (8) Taking the Fourier transform of equations 7 and 8, defining νs = αsρsω , (9) νi = αiρiω , (10) ξi = αiρiν (1 + ν) −1 ω, (11) and Γi = αiρi [ 1 − ν (1 + ν) ] ω, (12) I can write equations 7 and 8 in the frequency domain: αs∇ · σs + νsUs + 3 ∑ j=1 ξjWj = 0 (13) αi∇ · σi + νiUs + ΓiWi = 0 (14) where the capital letters signify the Fourier transform of the respective time-domain quantities. In order to complete the formulation I need to write equations 13 and 14 solely in terms of the solid and fluid The propagation of a disturbance in a porous medium saturated with three phases 3 displacements, Us and Wi, i = 1, 2, 3. Assuming a linear poroelastic constitutive relationship relating the stress tensors to the displacements, I can write 13 and 14 as ∇ · Gm [ ∇Us + ∇(Us) − 2 3 ∇ · UsI ]


A transversely excited atmospheric TEA–CO2 laser having a helical electrode configuration is described and analyzed. This laser configuration possesses a radial gain profile which naturally favors the excitation of the lowest-order mode of the resonator. Pulses of 0.7 J, having a peak power close to 1 MW, have been obtained in the fundamental mode. However, a strong diverging lens effect caused by the transverse electric discharges in the laser cavity produces a far field beam divergence twice as small as that calculated from the geometry of the resonator. This lens effect has also been used to lase with some geometrically unstable cavities. Two independent types of measurements, performed to study this lens effect, are shown to agree with a proposed theoretical model.


A model problem on the recovery and redistribution of pressure fi elds in the stratum on reduction in the fl ow rate of wells has been solved on the basis of the law of fi ltration with a limiting gradient proposed earlier. The possibility of judging the fi ltration properties of the stratum from the form of the pressure recovery curve has been shown. It has been established that an analysis of this curve enables one to reveal a deviation of the fi ltration law from Darcy ′ s linear law in low-permeability strata.


An investigation was conducted to obtain flow properties in the wake of the Viking '75 entry vehicle at Mach numbers from 1.60 to 3.95 and at angles of attack of 0 deg and 5 deg. The wake flow properties were calculated from total and static pressures measured with a pressure rake at longitudinal stations varying from 1.0 to 8.39 body diameters and lateral stations varying from -0.42 to 3.0 body diameters. These measurements showed a a consistent trend throughout the range of Mach numbers and longitudinal distances and an increase in dynamic pressure with increasing downstream position.


Abstraction Refinement is a recently introduced technique which allows for reducing materialization of an ontology with a large ABox to materialization of a smaller (compressed) `abstraction' of this ontology.  In this paper, we show how Abstraction Refinement can be adopted for incremental ABox materialization by combining it with the well-known DRed algorithm for materialization maintenance. Such a combination is non-trivial and to preserve soundness and completeness, already Horn ALCHI requires more complex abstractions. Nevertheless, we show that significant benefits can be obtained for synthetic and real-world ontologies.


A web application was developed for determining whether or not in-service w-beam guardrail with existing damage would still function as intended. Continuing the research presented in National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 656, NCHRP Project 22-28 explored the effects of combinations of different types of damage on the performance of in-service strong-post guardrail systems and end anchorage. Free to use, this web application is a new tool available to the public for the purpose of determining if a damaged section is of high priority for repair. The web application automatically determines what components of a damaged system, if any, need to be replaced in order for the system to continue to function properly. It notifies the user on-screen at the end of the evaluation, as well as sends an email to a specified address and stores all results in a database. This software package can be used in its current online form, or the software package can be used directly on individual users' own internet site using HTML, PHP, and MySQL for user privacy. This paper is a description of what the user experiences, as well as an explanation of how the web application works.


The utility model discloses a rapid rush-repair device for a high pressure resistance pipeline, which comprises two semicircular shells capable of being butted into a tubular shape. Both sides of the butted position of each shell are respectively provided with a flange edge extending outwards. The flange edges at the same sides of the two shells are respectively provided with a mother sealing element and a son sealing element. Each son sealing element comprises a boss at the corresponding flange edge, a son groove arranged on the boss and a first sealing gasket embedded in the son groove. Each mother sealing element comprises a boss at the corresponding flange edge, a mother groove arranged on the boss and a second sealing gasket embedded in the mother groove. The width of the bosses of the son sealing elements is less than the width of the mother grooves of the corresponding mother sealing elements, so the son sealing elements can be integrally pressed into the second sealing gaskets of the corresponding mother grooves. The rush-repair device has a high sealing performance and a high high-pressure resistance performance. Rush-repair requirements on various high pressure pipelines can be met.


Contents: Introduction: The geographical and policy context, Niamh Moore and Mark Scott. Sustainable Urban Environments: Re-greening brownfields: land recycling and urban sustainability, Niamh Moore Higher density or open space: the future role of green space, Craig Bullock Suburbanising Dublin: out of an overcrowded frying pan into a fire of unsustainability, Andrew MacLaran Urban form and reducing the demand for car travel: towards an integrated policy agenda for the Belfast metropolitan area?, Malachy McEldowney, Tim Ryley, Mark Scott and Austin Smyth Improving energy efficiency in urban areas, J. Peter Clinch From barricades to back gardens: cross-border urban expansion from the city of Derry into Co. Donegal, Chris Paris Urban-generated rural housing and evidence of counterurbanisation in the Dublin city-region, Menelaos Gkartzios and Mark Scott. Sustainable communities: 'we're too busy for that kind of stuff': progress towards local sustainable development in Ireland, Geraint Ellis, Brian Motherway and William J. V. Neill Social and ethnic segregation and the urban agenda, Brendan Murtagh The state and civil society in urban regeneration: negotiating sustainable participation in Belfast and Dublin, Jenny Muir Active citizenship: resident associations, social capital and collective action, Paula Russell, Mark Scott and Declan Redmond Housing policy, homeownership and the provision of affordable housing, Declan Redmond and Gillian Kernan Conclusion: towards a sustainable future for Irish towns and cities, Niamh Moore and Mark Scott Index.


The conformational possibilities of p-methylcalix[5]arene 1 and its pentamethyl ether 2 have been assessed by means of molecular mechanics calculations using the TRIPOS and MM3 force fields. Starting from a comprehensive search of the energy hypersurface numerous low energy structures have been identified and analysed. The customary way of describing calixarene conformers by the 'up' and 'down' arrangement of the aromatic moieties relative to the reference plane through the methylene carbon atoms proved to be inappropriate to assign all computationally generated conformers. Instead, a simple algorithm for the classification of calix[5]arene conformers has been developed. The results of the molecular mechanics calculations are in reasonable agreement with the available experimental data in the case of MM3 but the TRIPOS force field fails to reproduce the stability of the cone conformation of 1. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the dynamic behaviour of 1 is characterised by the pseudorotation of the pentagon formed by the methylene carbon atoms on the one hand and by the well-known ring inversion process of calixarenes on the other.


The effects of Lewis acids, that is, rare earth metal trifluoromethanesulfonates, on the free-radical polymerization of N-methylmethacrylamide (MMAM), N-isopropylmethacrylamide (IPMAM), N-tert-butylmethacrylamide (tBMAM), N-phenylmethacrylamide (PMAM), and methacrylamide were examined under various conditions. A catalytic amount of Yb(OSO 2 CF 3 ) 3 significantly affected the stereochemistry during the radical polymerization. Polymerization solvents strongly influenced the effect of the Lewis acids. Methanol was the best solvent for increasing the isotactic specificity during the polymerization of MMAM and IPMAM, whereas tetrahydrofuran was more effective for the tBMAM and PMAM polymerizations.