Applications of a commercial nuclear polyhedrosis virus were made to sorghum at 100% flowering (at which stage most eggs of a natural infestation of Heliothis armiger [Hubner] had hatched), or at 2 or 4 days thereafter. The treated larva populations were characterized in terms of instar and size (length), density, and estimated susceptibility to the virus. The dosage-mortality responses were similar on all three occasions despite differences in rated susceptibility based on mean larva sizes. This was explained by laboratory data on relationships between larva susceptibility to the virus and daily food consumption (= virus acquisition). We concluded that the larvae of instars one through three had a nearly equal probability of becoming infected because the increase in tolerance to the virus with larva age wascounteracted by an associated increase in virus acquisition (larva feeding). Therefore, timing of application is not critical as long as early instars are treated. The relative incidence of the virus disease and parasitism by a Microplitis sp. parasitoid suggested that prior parasitism suppressed infection of H. armiger by the virus. Conversely, the level of parasitism was significantly lower in sprayed larvae than in unsprayed larvae when the timing of the virus application coincided with the highest rate of parasitization.


Safety • Do not use household/school electrical outlets (use only nonrechargeable D batteries). • Use the specified materials only. Shor t circuits produced using a rechargeable nickel-cadmium cell will cause instant burns. Electricity is an abstract phenomenon that students interact with every day. Interestingly enough, many eighth-grade students do not fully understand the requirements for a complete circuit. I developed this circuits unit in a 5 Es instructional model (Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, Evaluate) of inquiry to help students build on their prior ideas with new experiences and understanding (see Table 1). I find these easy-to-do activities emphasize a number of National Science Education Standards (NSES) (see box below right). The misconceptions addressed by this lesson are nothing new, and have been targeted by curriculum materials dating back to 1966. The Batteries and Bulbs unit produced by the Elementary Science Study, which began producing curriculum materials in 1960, provides activities similar to this one, and targets the same misconceptions. The primary goal for this lesson is to address the misconception that no matter where the battery and bulb are connected, a complete circuit is made (Stepans 1996) (see Figures 1–4). For example, all four setups (see Figures 1–3) represent a setup that will not light the bulb. Setups one and two (Figure 1) are not closed circuits. Although setups three (Figure 2) and four (Figure 3) appear to be closed circuits, the contact points inside the bulb are not in circuit, therefore the current does not travel through the bulb. Only in the case where the rivet and screw threads are touching will the bulb light (see Figure 4). This misconception can be addressed in either two 50-minute class periods or one 90–100 minute class period. Students work in groups of three. Students need to know the following science content to understand open and closed circuits:


Advances in application of chemical and biological chiral catalysis in synthesis of chiral medicines, pesticides, perfume and food additives were reviewed.


Objective: This paper examines the extent to which Unemployment Insurance (UI) recipients are actively searching for work, and how benefit generosity influences search effort. Critics of the UI program focus on the disincentive of providing income support to the jobless. However, many unemployed people become discouraged, give up on the job search, and drop out of the labor market altogether. From this perspective, UI may help sustain search effort in the face of repeated rejection. Method: Drawing on 378,000 administrative audits of UI recipients' actual work search records, I test the effect of benefit generosity on the probability of actively searching for work. Results: The results show that 1) the great majority of UI recipients maintain an active work search; 2) higher UI benefits incentivize job search, producing a greater likelihood of active search; 3) search activity declines over time, consistent with discouragement; 4) there is no observed spike in search at benefit exhaustion; and 5) the positive effect of UI benefits on search activity is strongest among low-wage workers. Conclusion: UI appears to support and encourage active job search among people who would otherwise drop out of the labor force.


Method and device for controlling an internal combustion engine of a vehicle. According to the invention, from a desired torque value and taking into account the ignition angle to be set, the composition of the mixture and / or the number of inactive cylinders, forming a set value filling; value that influence the air supply of the internal combustion engine to change the actual torque and bring the desired torque.


Thousands of Neolithic and Bronze Age open-air rock art panels exist across the countryside in northern England. However, desecration, pollution, and other factors are threatening the survival of these iconic stone monuments. Evidence suggest that rates of panel deterioration may be increasing, although it is not clear whether this is due to local factors or wider environmental influences accelerated by environmental change. To examine this question, 18 rock art panels with varied art motifs were studied at two major panel locations at Lordenshaw and Weetwood Moor in Northumberland. A condition assessment tool was used to first quantify the level of deterioration of each panel (called "staging"). Stage estimates then were compared statistically with 27 geochemical and physical descriptors of local environments, such as soil moisture, salinity, pH, lichen coverage, soil anions and cation levels, and panel orientation, slope, and standing height. In parallel, climate modelling was performed using UKCP09 to assess how projected climatic conditions (to 2099) might affect the environmental descriptors most correlated with elevated stone deterioration. Only two descriptors significantly correlated ( P < 0.05) with increased stage: the standing height of the panel and the exchangeable cation content of the local soils, although moisture conditions also were potentially influential at some panels. Climate modelling predicts warming temperatures, more seasonally variable precipitation, and increased wind speeds, which hint stone deterioration could accelerate in the future due to increased physiochemical weathering. We recommend key panels be targeted for immediate management intervention, focusing on reducing wind exposures, improving site drainage, and potentially immobilizing soil salts.


Objective
To explore whether perioperative bright light therapy could inhibit the occurrence of postoperative delirium in tumor patients undergoing open hepatobiliary surgery.

Methods
Totally120 elderly tumor patients scheduled for open hepatobiliary surgery and postoperative ICU treatment were recruited and randomized into bright light and control group with 60 cases per group in accordance with the random number table. Bright light was delivered to the patients at an intensity of 10 000 lux from 2 days before surgery to postoperative day 7. Each intervention began at 7 am and lasted for 2 hours. Delirium was screened using the Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) during the first 7 days after surgery. The differences in the incidence of postoperative delirium, the duration of delirium and the length of ICU as well as postoperative hospital stay were compared.

Results
Demographic characteristics and surgical outcomes were similar between groups. The incidence of postoperative delirium were 46.67% (28/60) and 23.33% (14/60) for control group and bright light group respectively with a significant difference (χ2=7.179,P=0.007). The difference was seen on postoperative days 3 (χ2=5.187, P = 0.023) and 4 (χ2=8.749,P = 0.003). The incidences of delirium on postoperative days 3 for bright light and control group were 5.08% (3/59) and 18.64% (11/59) respectively. On postoperative day 4, the incidences of delirium for bright light and control group were 0 (0/58) and 14.04% (8/57) respectively. There was no difference in the duration of delirium (χ2=1.248, P=0.264), the length of ICU stay(χ2=0.036, P=0.849) or the hospital stay (χ2=1.706, P=0.192).

Conclusion
Bright light is useful in preventing postoperative delirium in elderly tumor patients undergoing open hepatobiliary surgery.

Key words:
Intensive care units; Bright light; Postoperative delirium; Confusion Assessment Method


The prediction of nonlinear behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) structures under seismic loading is generally complex because of the strength and stiffness degradation associated with pinching at the higher drift levels. The performance of a RC flexural member is largely controlled by the crushing of compression concrete, tensile cracking, bond failure, and tension stiffening characteristics. The energy dissipation and drift distribution over the height of a RC frame under seismic excitations not only depend on the characteristics of individual components (i.e., beams and column), but also on the load transferring mechanism of the beam-column joints. Very often, several approximations are made in the seismic analysis of RC frames. It is, hence, important to model the nonlinear behaviour of all the components of a RC frame in order to predict its cyclic performance accurately. In this study, two geometrically-identical single-bay singlestory RC frame, representing 0.4-scale model of a prototype frame, were tested under a gradually-increasing cyclic displacements and a constant gravity loading. The frames were casted using plain concrete and steel fiber reinforced concrete. The test frames are modelled in OpenSees simulation platform to predict their cyclic response and to compare with the experimental results. All members are modelled as nonlinear BeamColumn elements using fiber sections in the OpenSees platform. The compression crushing and pinching behaviour of concrete is considered by using Concrete02 and Pinching4 properties in addition to the tension-stiffening characteristics of the RC members. Cyclic pushover analysis is conducted to evaluate the energy dissipation, lateral strength, stiffness and failure mechanism of the RC frame. The analytical predictions matched very well with the experiment results.


According to the equation of the equal potential lines,the distribution of electric field between two confocal elliptic cylindrical plates is calculated by using nature of analytical function.


Manipulation of predators and parasites against vertebrate pests had not generally been effective. The literature recorded only one clear cut success, the myxomatosis disease of rabbits. Among possible reasons were that natural enemies were insufficiently density dependent to control populations, that vertebrates had complex and adaptable physiology, that they could rapidly reproduce to meet continuous losses or restore numbers after decimation, and relatively small numbers (compared with insects for example) could still do serious harm. Predators might only remove surplus animals above an "environment support level", but sometimes there was evidence that they established lower equilibrium levels. Most predators had a non-specific diet and could have severe side-effects in new localities, especially if there were no effective native predators -e.g. island ecosystems. The few recorded importations involved small carnivores against introduced rats and rabbits, e.g. the Indian mongoose to Caribbean and Pacific Islands, and mustelids to Australia and New Zealand. All attacked native animals and poultry, but had little effect on the target species. Predator numbers appeared more affected by prey than vice versa, e.g. if rats were controlled by baiting in Malaysian oil palms, snakes tend to disappear. Generalist predators with alternative prey sometimes appeared capable of restraining increase of one particular prey species. It might be possible to "buffer" predator numbers by supporting them, or altering the environment, e.g. cats on farms by feeding, or owls in oil palms by giving nesting sites. Parasites (diseases) might carry risks for non-target species, including man. Naturally-occurring forms might flare up when vertebrate host populations built up. Evidence of their effect was usually equivocal, although myxomatosis had greatly reduced rabbit numbers. Baits employing acute pathogens had success against rats. In Malaysia, the coccidian Sarcocystissingaporensis, which required phythons as an intermediate host, was lethal to rats. Also, rats in the field might be heavily infected by helminths. However, no dramatic achievement in biological control of vertebrates could be expected but possibilities for rats, Malaysia's most serious vertebrate pests, were worth pursuing, especially in the context of recent reports of warfarin resistance. There was a need of more concerted effort which could be part of a greater national focus biologica


The article describes the development history of students' self-governing, its goals, main principles and forms of students' participation in the arrangement of an academic process as well as social and public activities at the University. The role of Students' National Unions in the development of students' self-governing at the Medical Faculty for International Students is underlined. The article provides examples of the structure of the Unions, their governing bodies and forms of activity.


A 50-year-old Asian man with no significant past medical history fell while working on a ladder and was brought to the emergency room with weakness of all four extremities. The lower extremities were weaker than the upper extremities, with minimal sensory deficits. The reflexes were brisk in all four limbs. Figures 1-3 are images performed after admission.


Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized as a chronic disease, in which the patient must maintain the metabolic and pathological balance through care, including an adequate diet, to maintain quality of life. The aim of this article is to identify scientific productions on the influence of food on the healing of diabetic wounds and injuries. It is an integrative literature review, the search was carried out in the databases: LILACS, SCIELO and BDENF, via VHL. 19 articles were found that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. It was found that nursing guidance in relation to food has significantly contributed to the self-care of diabetic patients and has reduced limb amputations and the evolution of diabetes-related ulcers, in addition to being essential for the treatment and / or control of diabetes mellitus and for improving the patient's glycemic control. It is important to search for new knowledge on the part of health professionals to provide the patient with adequate guidance and involve the family's participation in the treatment of the disease, in the balance of diet, exercise practices, taking a more critical and humanized view of care with injuries to avoid possible amputations.


A hyper chaos based encryption algorithm for data of network risk assessment is designed in this paper. The size of plain group is variable and determined by the encryption rounds in the algorithm. In encryption procedure of the algorithm, the plaintext is first divided into groups of size k × 2n byte, then the plaintext is encryption group by group. For every plaintext group of k × 2n bytes, it is divided into 2n blocks of k bytes, after n rounds encryption transformation and one round permutation, the ciphertext group of k × 2n bytes is obtained. To improve the security of the algorithm, Chen's system is iterated for several times before the encryption of every plaintext group. It's from experiments and analysis that the algorithm is secure and valid.


The oscillator utilized a linear (F-P) cavity in which the halfwave plates and polarization splitters were placed to introduce polarization rotation. Combining the self-starting of semiconductor saturable absorber mirror, the passive mode-locked operation was achieved. The grating pair, providing negative group velocity dispersion, compensated the positive dispersion of fiber to compress the pulse. The stable mode-locked was operated with a pump power of 300 mW and the distance between the grating pair was 10 cm. The mode-locked output power was 28 mW while the pulse repetition was 20 MHz and the output spectrum width was 15 nm. The pulse width was less than 100 fs calculated by the formula that time bandwidth product equal to 0.315.


Study of a method of inhibition of ovulation using a sequential regimen of ethinyl estradiol 3-methyl ether(mestranol) .1 mg and 17-acetexypregesteone 100 mg in 143 women for a total of 1274 cycles is presented. Women with palpable uterine myomata and obviously obese women were excluded from the study. No pregnancies occurred during the period of treatment. Side effects were minimal. In cases in which the endometrium was examined shortly before withdrawal bleeding occurred the usual histological picture was that of an early secretory endometrium.


The Cuban poet José Lezama-Lima suggests that every object aspires to a colossal dimension that, rather than having to do with size, is imaginal, where it can "reach its figuration, triumph over formlessness." "A superior mode of excess, a new creative configuration of men and gods." This could be said to be the aim of Pantheatre's "object-metaphor" work: to realize the colossal figuration of the object-world, to bring Pan back to life in the rocks, bushes and objects that moaned and mourned the announcement of the god's death, and their reduction to "dead matter." Through this "colossal" and "panic" work, both actor and spectator work on object-related, "objective" emotion.


Summary form only given. We have prepared and characterised a series of polypyrrole-copolymer latex composites by separately chemically polymerising pyrrole in the presence of i) a low Tg (film forming) sulfonated acrylic copolymer latex and ii) a high Tg (non-film forming) sulfonated polystyrene latex. The synthesis and characterisation of the sulfonated polystyrene-polypyrrole composites is in part a re-examinaton of earlier work described by Yasser et al. The mass loading of polypyrrole in the resulting macroscopic precipitates can be easily controlled by varying the initial reactant concentrations. We have compared the results of the two types of conducting polymer-latex composites over a range of polypyrrole mass loadings. These composites have been characterised by a wide range of techniques including elemental microanalyses and FTIR spectroscopy, d.c. conductivity, thermogravimetric analyses, and scanning electron microscopy in order to assess their chemical composition, electroactivity, thermal stability, and morphology respectively.


The PTA plant oxidation unit dryer rotary valve BP306 electric current suyddenly rising and tipping out occured frequently.According to the structure characteristics of rotary value,the various reasons for the often tripping out such as the abnormal side cover hermetic seal system,the dry friction caused by the expansion unevenness of shell and rotor,the mass material between rotor and shell were analysed.The specific countermeasures were put forward to guaranteed the normal running of rotary value.


While there is now significant literature in law, politics, economics, and other disciplines that examines tax havens, there is little information on what tax haven intermediaries — so-called offshore service providers such as trust, finance and other financial service providers — actually do to facilitate offshore tax evasion and other global financial crimes. To provide insight into this secret world of tax havens, this article relies on the author's study of the first major tax haven data leak obtained by the International Consortium for Investigative Journalists. A hypothetical involving Breaking Bad's Walter White is used to explain how offshore service providers help non-resident investors engage in offshore tax evasion.


Some of the highlights of an experiment designed to study coastal atmospheric phenomena along the California coast (Coastal Waves 1996 experiment) are described. This study was designed to address ...


The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP) provides a large sample of protoplanetary disks with substructures that could be induced by young forming planets. To explore the properties of planets that may be responsible for these substructures, we systematically carry out a grid of 2D hydrodynamical simulations, including both gas and dust components. We present the resulting gas structures, including the relationship between the planet mass, as well as (1) the gaseous gap depth/width and (2) the sub/super-Keplerian motion across the gap. We then compute dust continuum intensity maps at the frequency of the DSHARP observations. We provide the relationship between the planet mass, as well as (1) the depth/width of the gaps at millimeter intensity maps, (2) the gap edge ellipticity and asymmetry, and (3) the position of secondary gaps induced by the planet. With these relationships, we lay out the procedure to constrain the planet mass using gap properties, and study the potential planets in the DSHARP disks. We highlight the excellent agreement between observations and simulations for AS 209 and the detectability of the young solar system analog. Finally, under the assumption that the detected gaps are induced by young planets, we characterize the young planet population in the planet mass–semimajor axis diagram. We find that the occurrence rate for >5 MJ planets beyond 5–10 au is consistent with direct imaging constraints. Disk substructures allow us to probe a wide-orbit planet population (Neptune to Jupiter mass planets beyond 10 au) that is not accessible to other planet searching techniques.


Background: Metabolic syndrome has been suggested to be an intermediate pathway between depression and CVD wherein, chronic stress due to prolonged exposure to work stress, repeated stress over a period of time damages the HPA axis resulting in a maladaptive process as well as inflammatory factors like CRP which causes depression and poor health habits, leading to development of metabolic syndrome. The risk factors causing stress among the school teachers is very high as compared to other professional groups which not only affects their health but also adversely affects the students and their learning environment. The interventions have been mainly to reduce the level of work related stress and improve their performance in teaching, but have neglected a holistic approach to improve their overall health conditions. Methods: Cross sectional study was done in Mysore city among 320 Secondary school teachers aged 20 years and above, with at least one year of teaching experience. A self-administered, pretested and structured questionnaire based on the WHO steps approach for NCD, Gurmeet Singh's Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale (PSLES) for stress, PHQ 9 for depression and GHQ28 for general mental health status. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 115 (38.3%). 30.6% had mild to moderate depression and only 2.3% had severe depression. 141 (47.0%) had moderate stress and only 42 (14%) had severe stress. The prevalence of minor psychiatric disorders (MPD) was 66 (22%). The mental health status did not have any statistically significant effect on the occurrence of MS or its risk factors. Conclusions: The poor mental health status was significantly associated with high fasting blood glucose levels, moderate to severe depression was significantly high among females and stress was associated with diastolic blood pressure, TGs and dyslipidemia.


Introduction. Patients suffering from neuropsychiatric disorders such as substance-related and addictive disorders have impairments in decision-making, which may be associated with their behavioral abnormalities. However, the neuronal mechanisms underlying such impairments are largely unknown. To address this issue, we developed a gambling test for rodents using an 8-arm radial arm maze, and tested the effect of chronic methamphetamine (METH) treatment on decision-making in rats.

Method. The c-fos staining was applied to determine the brain areas activated by the gambling test. Depolarization-evoked GABA release was measured by in vivo dialysis.

Results. METH-dependent rats choose a high-risk/high-reward option more frequently, and assign higher subjective value to high returns, than control rats, suggesting that decision-making is impaired in the METH-dependent animals. Immunohistochemical analysis of c-fos following the gambling test revealed aberrant activation of the insular cortex (INS) and nucleus accumbens in METH-dependent animals. Pharmacological studies together with in vivo microdialysis showed that GABAergic neurotransmission in INS played a crucial role in decision-making.

Conclusion. Our findings suggest that INS is a critical region involved in decision-making, and that insular GABAergic dysfunction in METH-dependent rats results in risk-taking behaviors associated with poor decision-making.


s International, 60 (10A), 3621. Autrey, K. R. (1998). Using mathematical modeling for the prediction of success in developmental math. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. Bader, C. H., & Hardin, C. J. (2002). History of developmental studies in Tennessee. In Lundell, D. B., & Higbee, J. L. (Eds.), Histories of Developmental Education (pp. 35-45). Minneapolis, MN: Center for Research on Developmental Education and Urban Literacy. Blansett, W. (1988). Relationship of achievement in entry-level college mathematics courses to selected math scores and variables. (Doctoral


Epicenters of local earthquakes in southern California and South Korea, occurring in 2007 are located without the use of a seismic velocity model. A scheme to determine the epicenter for a local seismic network uses empirical relations of epicentral distances versus traveltimes of the first arrival P phase. For a fast convergence of the method, two steps of the location scheme are used. A preliminary location is obtained by a graphical method and the final epicentral location by a grid search algorithm. Especially for the case of 351 local earthquakes in southern California, the located epicenters in this study are so close to those from the bulletin that the average misfit is only about 2.5 km. In both regions, the location misfits are especially small for earthquakes occurring within seismic networks.


This article reports on a study which was conducted to assess the possibility of determining the maximum residual stress on the rolling surface of the rail head, in the web, and in the central portion of the base from data obtained by examining the contraction of a longitudinal gap-cut in a rail web. The results obtained by measuring stress parameters in 119 specimens that were heat treated and straightened using different techniques were statistically processed to determine the residual stresses by gap-cut and strain-gage methods. Schematic diagrams are provided which show the machining of the specimens and the location of sensors. Scatter-field and regression-line curves are used to plot the data for residual stress in rail profile elements and gap widenings.


The abnormal deposition of the amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in the brain appears crucial to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies have suggested that highly amyloidogenic Aβ1–42 is a cause of neuronal damage leading to AD pathogenesis and that monomeric Aβ1–40 has less neurotoxicity than Aβ1–42. We found that mouse and human brain homogenates exhibit an enzyme activity converting Aβ1–42 to Aβ1–40 and that the major part of this converting activity is mediated by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Purified human ACE converts Aβ1–42 to Aβ1–40 as well as decreases Aβ1–42/Aβ1–40 ratio and degrades Aβ1–42 and Aβ1–40. Importantly, the treatment of Tg2576 mice with an ACE inhibitor, captopril, promotes predominant Aβ1–42 deposition in the brain, suggesting that ACE regulates Aβ1–42/Aβ1–40 ratio in vivo by converting secreted Aβ1–42 to Aβ1–40 and degrading Aβs. The upregulation of ACE activity can be a novel therapeutic strategy for AD.


Abstract There was no single relationship between mean temperature and the variability of temperature in the years 1876–1975 in Europe and North America, nor did the variability of precipitation in North America necessarily increase when the temperature decreased


The influence of the synthesis method on the luminescence efficiency of the orthoborate YBO
 3
:Eu
 3+
 was studied by comparing the optical performances of samples prepared by three routes: solid state reaction (SR), wet process (WP) and sol-gel processing (SG). On the basis of X-ray powder diffraction, SEM micrographs and photoluminescence measurements, SG appears to be the most efficient method to prepare high quality compounds for practical applications. Such a conclusion is reinforced by the existence of an important gain in the luminescence efficiency using this procedure.


Copyright: As of 1 July 2000 the copyright of all articles submitted to British Journal of Nutrition are retained by the authors or their institutions. For articles prior to this date permission for reproduction of any part of the journal (text, figures, tables or other matter) in any form (on paper, microfiche or electronically) should be sought directly from the Society, at: The Publications Office, The Nutrition Society, 10 Cambridge Court, 210 Shepherds Bush Road, Hammersmith, London W6 7NJ, UK.


This thesis represents a field and paleontological study of Devonian s trata exposed in the Ram River Area west of Nordegg, Alberta, and is intended to present i nformation which will supplement d ata obtained from exploration drilling of the Great P lains basin. Certain s tructural p henomena are discussed in relation to tile problems of tile lgoeky Mountain o verthrust belt. It is concluded that o verfolding in many cases preceded thrust f ault development, that modification of Lawson's equation may be necessary in the consideration of low-angle thrust faults, and that the Eastern I-Ranges may h ave suffered less displacement t han those of the Western Rockies. The principles of regional and interregional c orrelation are discussed with a view to evaluation of the criteria and limitations of biostratigraphic correlation. Previous stratigraphie w ork is reviewed, and detailed descriptions of the Flmne, Perdrix, and Cheviot Formations are submitted. The P erdrix F ormation is recognized as being divisable into t wo new members, the Blackface a nd W hitegoat Members. Faunal description, revision, and illustration of five species of corals and thirty species of brachiopods constitute the main p art of the work. Revision shows that Leiorh,yncha~s alberte.~se Warren is referable to Ca lvi~mria, and that Belleropho~ neZeu..m. Hall and Whitfield is referable to Aglcleogl~ypta. One variety, Calvbmria albertense vat. plicatcl, is recognized as new. A SEDIMENTATION S TUDY O F T HE S LOCAN S ERIES,


Small birch plants were grown for up to 80 d in a climate chamber at varied relative addition rates of nitrogen in culture solution, and at ambient (350 μmol mol-1) or elevated (700 μmol mol-1) concentrations of CO2. The relative addition rate of nitrogen controlled relative growth rate accurately and independently of CO2 concentration at sub-optimum levels. During free access to nutrients, relative growth rate was higher at elevated CO2. Higher values of relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were associated with higher values of plant N-concentration. At all N-supply rates, elevated CO2 resulted in higher values of net assimilation rate, whereas leaf weight ratio was independent of CO2. Specific leaf area (and leaf area ratio) was less at higher CO2 and at lower rates of N-supply. Lower values of specific leaf area were partly because of starch accumulation. Nitrogen productivity (growth rate per unit plant nitrogen) was higher at elevated CO2. At sub-optimal N-supply, the higher net assimilation rate at elevated CO2 was offset by a lower leaf area ratio. Carbon dioxide did not affect root/shoot ratio, but a higher fraction of plant dry weight was found in roots at lower N-supply. In the treatment with lowest N-supply, five times as much root length was produced per amount of plant nitrogen in comparison with optimum plants. The specific fine root length at all N-supplies was greater at elevated CO2. These responses of the root system to lower N-supply and elevated CO2 may have a considerable bearing on the acquisition of nutrients in depleted soils at elevated CO2. The advantage of maintaining steady-state nutrition in small plants while investigating the effects of elevated CO2 on growth is emphasized.


In Power System the Distribution network has the maximal no. of losses, basically these losses occurs in distribution system due to high concentration of inductive loads and demand .The placement of distributed generation resources and shunt compensation capacitors are used to one of the method for reducing losses in power system. But in this paper Distribution System, Distributed Generators are frequently used to provide active and reactive power for reducing active power losses and improves voltage profile So, proper installation of Distributed generators are necessary with optimal size and site. For DG installation in distribution system used some parameter like: DG location, DG size, Capacity and Numbers of DG units, type of system connection, DG technology etc. The power imparts from DG units located near to load centre provide an opportunity for system power loss reduction ,improvement in voltage stability and voltage profile , environmental friendliness and increasing reliability. In this paper presents Elephant Herding Optimization Techniques for finding Optimal Size and Site of DG in Radial distribution system .The main Objectives of this technique is Reduction in active power losses ,better voltage profile and Improvement in voltage stability index with operating security constraints in radial distribution network and performed in MATLAB R2015a Software . The proposed EHO techniques implemented for 33bus and 69-bus standard test radial distribution system.


The development objectives of Metro Colombo Urban Development Project for Sri Lanka are to : (a) reduce flooding in the catchment of the Colombo Water Basin; and (b) support local authorities in the Colombo Metropolitan Area to rehabilitate, improve and manage local infrastructures and services. Some of the negative impacts and mitigation measures include: (i) total cessation of dumping in the site will be implemented prior to any works; (ii) the site and surrounding area should be cleaned prior to commencing earthworks so that any waste piles or piles of residual waste material and windblown waste material are consolidated and placed in the waste mound for final covering; (iii) parking, repairing vehicles, machinery and equipment shall be done stationed only at the work site and/or in any other designated areas by the engineer; (iv) due to safety and public health issues prevalent at the site, no labor camps may be established on site; (v) peak hours in roads with moderate to high traffic should be avoided; (vi) mud patches caused by material transporting vehicles in the access road should be immediately cleaned; (vii) it is not acceptable to dump any of these materials outside of the dumpsite property; (viii) during site preparation and application of cover layers, soil or silt interceptors must be provided at the base of the waste mound to in order to avoid or address the problem of soil erosion; (ix) it is recommended not to seek material from quarries that have ongoing disputes with community; (x) care should be maintained, especially when working on the slopes to ensure further failures do not occur due to the height of the mound; (xi) maintenance of vehicles, equipment and machinery shall be regular and up to the satisfaction of the Engineer to keep noise levels at the minimum; (xii) prevention of accidents involving human beings or vehicles or accidents during construction period should be done via adequate training and guidance to all workers; (xiii) the sewage system for the offsite labor camp, if newly established, are designed, built and operated in such a fashion that no health hazards occurs and no pollution to the air, ground water or adjacent water courses take place; and (xiv) easily flammable materials should not be stored in construction site; they must be transported out of project site.


Abstract Fruit firmness is an important, but highly variable quality characteristic of strawberry (Fragaria xananassa Duch.) fruit. Both genetic background, growing conditions and fruit constitution at the time of testing (degree of ripeness, size, post-harvest handling, internal temperature, etc.) affect fruit firmness. Fruit firmness data is also influenced by the methods used, and there is no common standardized method for fruit firmness testing in strawberry. Many instruments and techniques are reported in the literature. Most of these methods measure the force needed to puncture, penetrate or deform the fruit. Despite of this, the physical differences in instrumentation, in the textural components they measure, or in fruit handling techniques associated with them, lead to variable results. Often, low correlations between results from different methods are found. In the present paper, the equipment and techniques for strawberry fruit firmness testing and their overall suitability for adoption as a standard method are reviewed and discussed. Considering cost, time efficiency, accuracy and reproducibility, methods using the Bareiss HHp-2001-Fff, a handheld electronic instrument, appear to be efficient for measuring the firmness of single berries. When measuring multi-fruited samples for firmness, the Eisenhuth method seems to be very useful. The Instron and the Texture Analyzer are advanced instruments, giving reliable results, but they are expensive and time-consuming. In many cases, two methods should be combined to obtain reliable results. In all cases, the sample size should be at least 25 fruits.


Save Our Neighborhoods Act of 2012 - Authorizes a mortgagor of a property subject to a federally related mortgage loan to file a motion before a court in the jurisdiction in which the property is located for an order to: (1) stay any foreclosure proceedings brought against the property; (2) remain in effect for up to three years; (3) prohibit the assessment or collection of any late fees regarding payments on such loan; (4) toll the statute of limitations for any other applicable laws pertaining to such loan; (5) require the mortgagor to make payments in an appropriate amount to the mortgagee at appropriate times; and (6) require the mortgagee to apply such payments first to any taxes owed on the property, and then to property insurance obligations, interest due, and the mortgage principal due. Requires the court, if an order terminates before the mortgagor and mortgagee have submitted an agreement to the court, to enter an order: (1) ordering an appraisal by an approved licensed appraiser to determine the property's fair market value; (2) adjusting the principal amount to the property's fair market value if that value is less than the principal remaining on the mortgage loan; (3) ordering reasonable interest on the principal so adjusted, based on the average prime offer rate for mortgages; and (4) ordering payments set at a reasonable interest rate on the principal remaining on the mortgage loan, based on the average prime offer rate for mortgages on that date, if the fair market value is greater than the remaining principal. Requires: (1) the court, on the date such motion is filed, to stay any foreclosure proceedings that have been brought against the property; (2) the mortgagor and mortgagee to meet after the mortgagor files the motion; and (3) the mortgagee to provide the mortgagor with a list of approved local housing counseling agencies. Requires the foreclosure stay order to terminate if the mortgagor and mortgagee execute a consensually modified mortgage agreement within 60 d


See related article, pages 3222–3230.

Since the introduction of noninvasive imaging tools roughly 30 years ago, vascular malformations of the brain have attracted increasing interest. Among them, cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) appear to be the most frequently diagnosed entity with current prevalence estimates ranging from 100 to 500 cases per 100000 in the general population.1 They may come to clinical attention after epileptic seizures, progressive neurological syndromes, or symptomatic hemorrhage, but overall, asymptomatic lesions seem to be most frequently encountered since the introduction of highly sensitive gradient echo (T2*) weighted sequences in routine MR imaging protocols.2

Despite increasing detection rates and growing insight into underlying molecular and genetic mechanisms, many practical issues remain as yet unsolved, particularly when it comes to actual patient care and counseling:

First, no standardized imaging protocols exist. Brain MRI with the aforementioned T2*-weighted images are now considered the diagnostic standard, but the absence of contrast-enhanced T1 sequences may miss an associated developmental venous anomaly and vice versa, which may for example impact on the strategy of any neurosurgical intervention (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Brain MRI study of a 37-year-old woman presenting with left internuclear ophtalmoplegia, ataxia, and a dissociated sensory deficit attributable to a left posterior pontine hematoma on FLAIR-weighted images (left plane). Three-month follow-up …


Abstract Three milliliters of arsenous acid were effective in causing walleye to regurgitate their stomach contents into the throat. Determinations using fluorescent dye in the arsenous acid indicated that 80% of the solution was expelled during the first 5 minutes. Residual arsenic in the fish flesh was well below recommended safe levels. Three milliliters of tartar emetic caused projectile vomiting in largemouth bass. In identical situations, tartar emetic would be more effective than arsenous acid. Apomorphine was not as effective as tartar emetic or arsenous acid.


Japan is facing a reality in which the peaceful safeguards of Article 9 of the constitution has become an obstacle for the Government of Japan to ensure the safety and security of its people. Under ...


This paper studies the differences in the R&D and innovation behaviour of high-growth firms for 16 EU countries. The results confirm that R&D and innovation are important characteristics for high-growth firms in countries close to the technological frontier, but not for high-growth firms in countries further away from the technological frontier.


C 9 H 9 Cl 3 , triclinic P1 with Z=2, M r =223.53, crystal data at 150K [297]: a=7.646(3) [7.738(6)], b = 8.789 (6) [8.842 (4)], c = 8.827 (3) A [8.880 (3)], α = 59.78 (4) [59.74 (3)], β=66.03(3) [66.51(5)], γ = 72.69 (4)° [73.06 (4)], V = 465.1 A 3 [478.1], D x = 1.593 g cm 3 [1.553], Mo Kα, λ = 0.71073 A, μ = 9.278 cm -1 [9.025], F(000) = 228, R = 0.0349 [0.0378], wR=0.0472 [0.0506] for 1222 [1074] reflections with I≥3σ(I). The thermal motion of 1,3,5-trichloro-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene (or TCM) is rather high; no disorder can be detected in the range 150-297 K and X-rays provide information on H atoms. The quantum chemistry program AM1 gives a molecular conformation in reasonable accordance with the experimental results. Using atom-atom interactions of Buckingham-type, we were able to calculate phonon frequencies in accordance with spectroscopic results. From the calculus of the variations of the crystalline potential energy when one molecule is rotated in its plane and from protonic magnetic resonance results, we can understand why, above 150K, TCM molecules undergo fast 2π/3 reorientations while keeping an ordered structure. Furthermore, we were able to explain why each of the three methyls in one molecule has a specific tunneling splitting.


Since their advent, various 3D printing technologies have been developed, out of which the Fused Filament Fabrication, FFF has completely revolutionized the industry in the last years. Classical FFF printers are using a thermoplastic filament, which is heated to its melting point and then extruded layer by layer to materialize a three dimensional part. One of the most important subassemblies of the 3D printer which is the most representative is the extrusion sub-assembly system and the thermal demands to which is subjected. In this article, one original constructive variant of the extruding sub-assembly system has been conceived and thermal analyses of the variant was performed by using the finite element method so as to be used not only for printing parts made of plastic materials in filament form, but also plastic materials in the powder state form at the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania.


A model is presented for the electrostatic component of solvatochromic shifts in vertical electronic excitation energies. The model, which makes use of the mean-field approximation, combines quantum mechanics (QM) in the description of the solute molecule and molecular mechanics (MM) in the description of the solvent. The method is implemented at the multiconfigurational self-consistent field level. We present illustrative applications to the (n→π*)1 transitions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone in liquid water. The solvent shifts obtained compare well with other ab initio QM/MM calculations and when the electron correlation components are included with the experimental solvent shift, but differ from the results obtained with semiempirical QM/MM and continuum models.


Magnetic solid superacids SO42-- /ZrO2 was prepared by chemical modificating on solid superacids. It was used as catalyst in the esterification reaction. The yield of esterification achieved 93.7%with isoamyl alcohol 0. 4mol, acetic acid 0. 2mol, magnetic solid superacids 1. 2g and reaction times 2. Oh. The catalyst could be isolated from other matters by its magnetism. And the recycle percentage was 84.3 % .


For companies producing related products, a Software Product Line (SPL) is a software reuse method that improves time-to-market and software quality, achieving substantial cost reductions.These benefits do not come for free. It often takes years to re-architect and re-engineer a codebase to support SPL and, once adopted, it must be maintained. Current SPL practice relies on a collection of tools, tailored for different reengineering phases, whose output developers must coordinate and integrate. We present Foundry, a general automated approach for leveraging software transplantation to speed conversion to and maintenance of SPL. Foundry facilitates feature extraction and migration. It can efficiently, repeatedly, transplant a sequence of features, implemented in multiple files. We used Foundry to create two valid product lines that integrate features from three real-world systems in an automated way. Moreover, we conducted an experiment comparing Foundry's feature migration with manual effort. We show that Foundry automatically migrated features across codebases 4.8 times faster, on average, than the average time a group of SPL experts took to accomplish the task.


Principles of various erbium-doped fibre amplifier (EDFA) concepts based on specific applications are introduced. The individual optical components used for the EDFAs are compared in terms of performance according to different technologies involved. System experiments at various bit rates will demonstrate effectively the high potential of erbium doped fibre amplifiers in present and future optical transmission systems.<<ETX>>


Part 1: Overview 1. Economic transition and institutional change in Central Asia Joachim Ahrens and Herman W. Hoen Part 2: Country-specific investigations 2. Transition strategies in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan since independence: paradoxes and prospects Herman W. Hoen and Farrukh Irnazarov 3. Social capital and the formation of a market economy: the case of Uzbekistan Manuela Troschke 4. Turkmenistan after Turkmenbashi Richard Pomfret 5. Poverty, governance, and participation in Central Asia: The example of Tajikistan Frank Bliss 6. The political economy of Kazakh foreign policy Andrea Schmitz 7. The institutional persistence of patrimonialism in the Kyrgyz Republic: Testing a path dependency (1991-2010) Ruben Ruiz Ramas Part 3: Governance and institutions 8. The political economy of governance reform in Central Asia Joern Gravingholt 9. Informal integration and decentralization in Central Asia Alexander Libman 10. Analyzing bottlenecks for institutional development in Central Asia: Is it oil, aid, or geography? Inna Melnykovska and Rainer Schweickert Part 4: External actors and international structures 11. Will Russia regain its dominant role in Central Asia? Martin C. Spechler and Dina R. Spechler 12. Central Asia and Russia: Two alternative perspectives Alexander Libman 13. The European Union and Central Asia: A case of policy transfer Nienke de Deugd 14. The USA and Central Asia: Intermittent allies Dina R. Spechler and martin C. Spechler 15. Central Asian countries: Forms of international integration and the impact of the crisis of 2008 Martin Myant and Jan Drahokoupil


on topics related to rotating machinery. breath the dynamics of rotating machinery pumps and other fluid machinery, multi- phase flows, cavitation, rotor-dynamics, heat transfer, aero-acoustics, CFD, and experimental techniques applied to turbomachines.Allthepapers to advanced and multiphysics CFD, cavitation and multiphase flows, heat transfer, compressors and fans, liquid rocket engines, steam and gas turbines, pumping machinery, fluid-structure inter-action, marine energy, hydraulic machines, turbocharging


The use of designer drugs, especially non-regulated bath salts, has become increasingly popular and increasingly dangerous. Problems with designer drugs are numerous on a number of legal, societal, and clinical levels. The effects that may be observed include peripheral nervous system effects on the heart and peripheral vasculature as well as central nervous system effects and psychotic effects. This article presents a case exemplar and reviews the diagnosis and clinical management of acute stimulant toxicity from the use of naphyrone, an unregulated bath salt.


Developing economy is very important to fix some of the problems. Each region wants to achieve sustainable economic development. Yet, with the difference of human development index, the open unemployment rate and the districts/ cities minimum wage will form a problem, namely inequality. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the human development index (HDI), the open unemployment rate (TPT) and districts/ cities minimum wage (UMK) had an effect on the income inequality of 38 districts/ cities in East Java in 2012-2015. The methods used in this study is panel data (time series and cross section) of 38 districts/ cities East Java 2012-2015. The model chosen in this study is REM (random effect model) model. The result shows that there is only one significant variable causing income inequality, that is HDI. This means that the high and low of HDI influences the high and low to the income inequality. Meanwhile, two other variables, namely open unemployment rate (TPT) and minimum wage of districts / cities (UMK) have no significant influence to income inequality. In other words, the high-low of TPT and UMK have no influence to the high and low of the income inequality in East Java during the study period.


Noble estates constitute a significant historical and cultural heritage and can be used for the development of domestic and inbound tourism. Abroad this type of tourism is very popular and brings consistently high profits to its owners. In Russia, it has just begun its development and there are significant examples of the successful using of noble estates for tourist purposes. Today, the following Russian estates - Arkhangelskoe, Abramtsevo, Kuskovo, Ostankino, Serednikovo are the most popular with tourists, including foreign tourists. Manor tourism, as a subspecies of cultural and educational tourism, has the potential for development in the Russian Federation and contributes to the preservation and restoration of old Russian estates. The Penza region has a great potential for the development of manor tourism. There are about 30 noble estates in varying state of preservation in the region. The best preserved of them are used for tourist showing, such as: Tarkhany, Belinskiy and Radischev estates. But most of the estates of the Penza region, was destroyed and now they are not used. The first examples of the transferring of estates into private hands appeared in the region. So, in 2014, on the basis of an auction, the estate of A. B. Kurakin departed to a private investor. At present time, the question of transferring some of the estate complexes to private hands is being considered. Modern state financing does not allow solving the issue of preserving the estate heritage, therefore, the prospects for solving this problem in the Penza region may be hidden in the framework of government projects and private-public partnerships. The various practical experience of the multi-profile using of estate ensembles in Russia and abroad proves that for the successful development of manor tourism, an integrated approach to the operation of estate monuments is necessary, primarily in the context of creating tourist and recreational complexes. The best option can be the jrgfnization of several separate tourist facilities showing a full tourist complex with all the necessary infrastructure, providing clients with a wide range of tourist services.


Approximation fractionally rational formula was get for calculating of characteristic time of thermal process. It has a sufficiently small error. Canonical solids: plain, cylinder and sphere are shown.


Knowing that a technology invented almost hundred years ago (PID controller) is still dominating industrial process control, a historical review was done to understand how the control field evolved. Model dependency and high level of mathematics appear as the main reasons that prevent other technologies from penetrating the engineering practice. A relatively novel methodology introduced by J. Han in 1998 called Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) came with characteristics that matches process control needs and restrictions on model dependency. This study will present a transformative solution for process control based on that. The control algorithm is designed and discretized for digital implementation in PLC or DSC. The tuning process is explained in a logical and intuitive way based on time and frequency domain characteristics. The idea was to use the language familiar to industry practitioners. To show its applicability, a case study was done for server's temperature control; and the results show energy savings of 30% when compared to PID controllers. This solution is not yet optimal, since it is generally applicable for a wide range of processes, but it aims to be a step further in process control.


Why has democracy in Colombia and Venezuela evolved in very different directions? In "Precarious Democracies," Ana Maria Bejarano provides a comparative historical analysis of how the democratic regimes in these two countries have diverged, following similar transitions from authoritarian rule to democracy in the late 1950s.Rather than focusing on resource-driven explanations, such as the role of oil in Venezuela and coffee in Colombia, or on short-term elite choices and calculations, Bejarano argues that democratic development in Colombia and Venezuela is best understood from a vantage point that privileges political history, especially the history of institutional evolution. The book makes the case that a comparative historical institutional framework--focused both on institutional legacies from the distant past (such as the state and political parties) and on those from more recent critical junctures (the foundational pacts)--provides the best lens to account for the divergent trajectories followed by democratic regimes in Colombia and Venezuela in the second half of the twentieth century.""Precarious Democracies: Understanding Regime Stability and Change in Colombia and Venezuela" is not only an original contribution to the study of comparative politics in Latin America, but also fills a gap in understanding the complex political process of two neighboring countries that have not received sufficient academic attention. Ana Maria Bejarano's study pioneers a rigorous balance of state and party formation, types and patterns of interparty conflict, and cooperation, before moving into a detailed explanation of divergent outcomes of what Scott Mainwaring labels democratic 'transitions through extrication.' " --Gabriel Murillo Castano, University of the Andes-Bogota"This book provides the first sustained, theoretically-guided comparison and explanation of the evolution of these two increasingly troubled democracies in South America. The strength of the book lies in its careful deployment of analysis in an historical-institutionalist tradition." --Jonathan Hartlyn, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill


In this paper, we create an algorithm to predict which students are eventually going to drop out of US high school using information available in 9th grade. We show that using a naive model - as implemented in many schools - leads to poor predictions. In addition to this, we explain how schools can obtain more precise predictions by exploiting the big data available to them, as well as more sophisticated quantitative techniques. We also compare the performances of econometric techniques like Logistic Regression with Machine Learning tools such as Support Vector Machine, Boosting and LASSO. We offer practical advice on how to apply the new Machine Learning codes available in Stata to the high dimensional datasets available in education. Model parameters are calibrated by taking into account policy goals and budget constraints.


In [1], the authors have discovered the following errors in the follow-up times. In the abstract line 11, in the introduction last line, and discussion line 4, the number 8 should be replaced with the number 6, as the follow-up time is 6 years, not 8 years. In the results section 3.4, line 1 and 2 should read: Mean follow-up time was 6.4 years in the combination treatment arm and 6 years in the chemotherapy arm (overall estimate: 6.2 years). These errors do not affect the conclusions of the original paper. The authors sincerely apologize for the inconvenience, and for any confusion this may have caused. REFERENCE 1. von der Lippe GH, Lien T, Tekpli X, et al. Immune phenotype of tumor microenvironment predicts response to bevacizumab in neoadjuvant treatment of ER-positive breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 2020 Nov 1;147(9):2515-2525. doi:10.1002/ijc.33108 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33979


Highway Monitoring System is an important part of The Intelligent Highway. And the basic highway monitoring system consists of fisheye camera and gun camera as the data acquisition side. Since the gun camera has a limited viewing angle, the fisheye camera is used as a supplement. To eliminate these blind areas in the monitoring system, we propose a system that merge the fisheye image and the two guns images to obtain a global view under the monitor pole. At the same time, it provides video cutting and video annotation functions to meet the practical needs of users in use. Our experimental results show that the system provides high convenience in terms of performance and functionality.


Microfinance programmes generally involve granting of small loans to the poor, particularly women, with the aim of increasing their income levels. Results of most microfinance impact evaluations (Al-hassan, 2011 and Egyir, 2008) have revealed that small loan schemes have impacted positively on the lives of micro entrepreneurs (improved incomes, savings, health, education) and have ensured financial sustainability. It is well known that small loan beneficiaries highly depend on the environment to run their microenterprises leading to overutilization and sometimes depletion of natural resources and degrading the environment. Unfortunately, the relationship between microfinance activities and sustainable land management, agricultural development and natural resource protection has received little attention in most impact evaluations suggesting that microcredit impact evaluations over estimate the gains from such schemes. Again, positivists argue that microfinance institutions have played significant role in influencing environmental policy through advocacy and empowerment of rural micro entrepreneurs but the extent to which local people, particularly women entrepreneurs participate in environmental protection has received little empirical evidence. This paper analyses the practices adapted by women agro-processors to protect the environment using the sustainable livelihoods (SL) approach. Key words: Environment, gender, Agro-processing, microfinance The research is funded by African Economic Research Consortium (AERC), Nairobi, Kenya.


BEautiful and surreal best describes this resort city, which alive in the evenings when thounsands of its coloured ligths are swicthed on.


Purpose To investigate the expression of PPM1D in papillary carcinoma of thyroid(PTC) and its relationship with clinicopathologic features and p53.Methods The expression of PPM1D protein was detected in 55 cases of PTC tissues compared with normal tumor-adjacent thyroid tissues by immunohistochemistry.The data was analyzed statistically to evaluate the relationship between the expression of PPM1D,p53 and the clinicopathologic features.Results The expression of PPM1D was much higher in PTC(74.5%,41/55) than that in normal tumor-adjacent thyroid tissues(10.9%,6/55).The difference was statistically significant(P0.05).PPM1D was found high-expressed in PTC with interstitial cirrhosis(P0.05).PPM1D also showed negative correlation with p53(r=-0.339,P0.05) in PTC.Conclusions Increased expression of PPM1D is associated with thyroid papillary carcinoma and the potential coordination between PPM1D and p53 may play an important role in the process of tumor genesis and development.


The paper provides a review of recent results on me soscale ocean dynamics derived from satellite altimetry. Since 1992, we have had an unp recedented 15 year high-resolution monitoring of the ocean mesoscale field. Altimetry is often used in mesoscale studies in synergy with other remote sensing techniques and in -situ data. This global, high-resolution data set has allowed oceanographers to quantify the previously unknown seasonal and interannual variations in eddy kinetic energy and e d y heat and salt transports, and investigate their causes. Eddy tracking techniques have allowed us to monitor their propagation pathways, to bring to light the meridional divergen c of cyclones and anticyclones, and to question the role of Rossby waves versus non-linear eddies in the mid to high latitude bands. Altimetry has also revealed the presence of zonal f ronts and jets everywhere in the ocean, and brought to light how mesoscale eddies can impact ba k onto the atmospheric circulation. Finally, altimetry, in synergy with other observati ons and high-resolution numerical models, has helped reveal the complexity of the sub-mesosca le fe tures, associated with stirring and mixing around the mesoscale eddies, of great import ance for the vertical exchange of oceanic tracers. Altimetry has revealed the complexity of t he mesoscale system ... the scientific community is now working to understand the interpla y between these mesoscale eddies, the ocean interior and its impact on the overlying atmo sphere.


Interference effects related to electron detachment from negative ions of alkali metals upon bichromatic irradiation with a frequency ratio of 1: 2 are studied. The effects are manifested by the angle asymmetry of outgoing photoelectrons and phase modulation of the probability of the process. The polarization of the atom is taken into account. The significance of this parameter is determined by the large value of polarizability of alkali atoms. Within the framework of a plane-wave approximation for the wave functions of a continuous spectrum, the formulas for the probability of one- and two-photon detachment in the presence of a monochromatic field are derived with allowance for the polarization effect. Previous results obtained using the model of a zero-radius potential are generalized by the formula deduced. The relationships between the parameters (frequency, outgoing electron angle, and the ratio of the intensities of monochromatic components) that allow the most clear observation of the interference effects are established.


Through a brief account of and an analysis to the characteristics of OA journals,this article points out the influence of OA journals on the construction of library journal resources and the principles of the construction of journal resources by using OA journals,and puts forward the concrete implementation method about strengthening the construction of journal resources by using OA journals,namely,the popular existing OA journals home and abroad,the organization and utilization of the OA journals,the adjustment of the subscription of journals in library.


The present invention relates to a method of identifying the traction power supply system harmonic resonance frequency. The method comprising: collecting traction power supply system or the traction pressure and the train network all four quadrant converter AC side voltage braking operation of the train; pre-processing of the post-acquisition data is calculated net pressure and all four-quadrant converter using the FFT method AC-side voltage and the amplitude of each harmonic component; odd harmonic for harmonic gain coefficient calculation, and pulls harmonic resonance frequency of the supply system in accordance with the gain coefficient curve identification harmonic frequency relation. The method of the present invention can be used to guide the selection of existing railway train into new, highly hazardous to avoid the occurrence of resonance; also be used to test for detection of new train railway harmonic resonance frequency is identified.


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This paper examines the optimality of environmental standards that are often observed to be imposed by the importing North on exporting South. In the context of goods differentiated in terms of environmental quality and the degree of consumption pollution they generate, consumers' willingness-to-pay varying with such quality and being different across income groups, we show that : (1) competitive environmental qualities are sub-optimal; (2) environmental-quality dependent consumption tax is the first best policy; and (3) when South has a cost advantage in dirty varities, the second-best policy for North is to lower minimum environmental standard from the autarchic level of minimum standard.


This article will try to clarify two interesting dilemmas related to the up-to-date topic of e-learning: Are traditional methods of teaching in danger of becoming old- fashioned? And are students' needs better served by using Information and Communications Technology (ICT) tools? We will answer these questions, as we discuss the case of foreign language and business communication teaching at the Bucharest University of Economic Studies. Our research is based on a critical analysis of a twofold survey conducted both among undergraduate students and among foreign language teachers from this institution. We will bring into prominence the advantages and disadvantages of e-learning from both students' and trainers' perspectives, thus trying to offer a complex approach to e-learning in this specific field. Our initial assumption was that learners' and trainers' attitudes towards e-learning differ significantly. We expected that the first tend to emphasize the innovative character of e-learning, while the latter are more aware of its pitfalls compared to traditional teaching methods. However, our research findings have proved that these differences are not as many as expected. This study will show that in the field of foreign language and business communication teaching, the role of a blended approach (mixing traditional and innovative teaching methods) becomes a prerequisite for the education of the future.


UDC 517.9
Multiplicity results for a perturbed fourth-order problem on the real line with a perturbed nonlinear term depending on one real parameter is investigated. Our approach is based on variational methods and critical point theory which are obtained in [G. Bonanno, A critical point theorem via the Ekeland variational principle, Nonlinear Anal., 75, 2992-3007 (2012)].


The binocular operating microscope has been an indispensable tool in routine otologic surgery for almost two decades. The advantages are magnification, stereoscopic view and ideal illumination. Exact visualization and clear resolution lead to more precise dissection, isolation and mobilization of tissues than heretofore possible, permitting a finer execution of many delicate neurosurgical procedures. Although the possibilities of and need for these delicate microsurgical procedures in neurosurgery are obvious, the microtechnique is still not in common use. Up to now the operating microscope has proved particularly useful when an avascular or poorly vascularized organ, such as the middle ear, the cornea or the lens, is to be approached surgically. A proper microvascular surgical technique was needed for intervention on highly vascularized areas or organs such as the brain or medulla; we have now developed such a technique at the Kantonsspital, Zurich, and have named it 'microtechnique'. This term covers the use not only of the binocular microscope, but also of the head holder, automatic brain retractor, dissection technique, microinstruments, microdrill, combined irrigation and suction technique, meticulous bipolar coagulation technique, microvascular clips and applicators, and microsutures and suture technique. Complete familiarity with these procedures enables the neurosurgeon to obtain benefits from atraumatic microtechnique. The skill should be gained in the laboratory because it can be acquired only by practice on animals; with the manual dexterity required for these difficult manipulations, one gains the confidence and ability necessary to carry out similar procedures in operating on humans. The microtechnique permits the improvement of classical neurosurgical procedures, and new approaches (transsphenoidal, transpetrosal, translabyrinthine and transclival) to the basal intracranial structures. Furthermore, the microtechnique has opened up new surgical approaches in patients with occlusive cerebrovascular diseases.


ON THE FIBRE HOMOTOPY TYPE OF NORMAL BUNDLES Morris W. Hirsch 1 . INTRODUCTION It was proved by Atiyah [1] that the fibre homotopy type of the stable normal sphere bundle of a manifold M is an invariant of the homotopy type of M. Theorem A below (discovered before I learned of Atiyah's proof) gives an elementary proof of this fact, and also applies to nonstable cases. (See [5], for example. One purpose of the present work is to supply item 6 in the bibliography of [5].) The situation con- sidered is a homotopy—commutative diagram 1' M0 '—'"M1 8o\ /31 U1 with f a homotopy equivalence, gi: Mi —g V embeddings (i = 0, 1), and U1 a closed tubular neighborhood of g1(M1). Theorem A implies that the normal sphere bundles of go and g1 are fibre-homotopically equivalent. Theorem B applies Theorem A to the problem of choosing go (given f and g) so that it will have as many independent normal vector fields as g1 . The proof of Theorem A in the case dim V 2 dim M + 3 depends on Lemma 2, due to Milnor, which states that if U0 is a closed tubular neighborhood of g0(M 0) inside int U1 , then U1 — int U0 is an h-cobordism between the boundaries bU1 and bU0 . This Lemma is no longer universally true if dim V = dim M + 2; Theorem C (which is independent from Theorems A and B) exhibits a special case where it is true. An immediate corollary is that if M0 X R1' is diffeomorphic to M1 gl Rk, then M0 gl Sk-1 is h— cobordant to M1 X Sk'1 . (The interesting case is k = 2.) All manifolds, immersions, and embeddings are smooth. Throughout the paper, Mo and M1 are compact unbounded manifolds of dimen- sion m, and V is a Riemannian manifold of dimension v. 2. FIBRE HOMOTOPY TYPE If at and B are bundles, then oz ~ 3 indicates that a and /3 are isomorphic, while 0: g 3 means that oz and B have the same fibre homotopy type. For this con- cept, the reader is referred to Dold Let f: M -g V be an immersion. If V is the normal vector space bundle of f, then 13' will denote the normal sphere bundle of f, and conversely. THEOREM A. Let gi: Mi —g V be embeddings (i = O, 1). Let U1 C V be a closed tubular neighborhood of g1(M1) such that g0(M0) C U1 . Let f: MO —g MI be a homotopy equivalence making a homotopy—commutative diagram Received July 31, 1964. 225


Provided are an electronic device, an electronic device system, an information processing method and an information prompting method. The electronic device can communicate with the other device. The electronic device comprises an input device, a detection device and a sending device, wherein the input device is configured to receive an input of a user operation body, the detection device is configured to detect physiological and physical sign information of a user on the basis of the input of the user, and the sending device is configured to send a detection result to the other device so as to prompt detection result data to the other device. By means of the electronic device, the electronic device system, the information processing method and the information prompting method, the user can conveniently know the health condition of his/her own in daily life, use of the user is convenient, and the user experience is enhanced.


The embodiment of the invention discloses an MBMS (multimedia broadcast multicast service) implementation method and equipment in a scene of a network deployment relay node. Through the technical scheme disclosed by the embodiment of the invention, a base station takes a cell served by the relay node as the cell of the relay node, sends corresponding configuration information to an MCE (multi-cell/multicast coordination entity) for registration, and triggers a corresponding MBMS service; and the base station is used as an agent of the relay node to realize scheduling and data forwarding of the MBMS service. The defect of the prior art that the relay node is not supported in the case of implementing the MBMS service is overcome, compatibility of the relay node with the MBMS service is realized, and the network expands the coverage range of the MBMS service by deploying the relay node; and meanwhile, seamless support of the entire network to the MBMS service in the scene of relay node is realized on the basis of saving hardware construction investment cost.


In this paper, we present a new algorithm to find exact and approximate analytical solutions of singular two-point boundary-value problems (BVPs) based on Bernstein operational matrix of differentiation. Different from other numerical techniques, Bernstein polynomials and their properties are employed for deriving a general procedure for forming this matrix. The proposed method can be applied to linear and nonlinear problems. The scheme is tested for some examples and the obtained results demonstrate efficiency of the proposed method.


Analysis by reflection spectrometry was performed to clarify the interfacial adsorption of protonated lipophilic tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives in a dodecane-aqueous sulfuric acid system, and to confirm the utility of partial reflection spectroscopy. Interfacial adsorption was not observed for porphyrins substituted at the 2,6 positions of meso- phenyl groups, suggesting that the substituents prevent porphyrins from forming aggregates by steric hindrance. Polymorphous J-aggregates of acid dications were produced by tetra-p-tolylporphyrin with a saturated interfacial molecular density of 1.0 x 10^-10 mol cm^-2, which could yield 48° as a mean tilting angle of the pyrrole ring plane from the interface normal. Partial-reflection spectrometry can provide sensitive detection and molecular orientation analysis of interfacial adsorbates.


The effects of heat-moist treatment (HMT) conditions such as water content, treatment temperature and time, and storage temperature and time on the formation of slowly digestible starch (SDS) were studied. The optimum HMT conditions were determined as follows: treating at 120 ℃ for 1 h with 20% water content, then cooling for 12 h at 4 ℃, finally drying at 60 ℃ for 16 h. Under the above conditions, the SDS content in dried product reached 39.75%.


We conduct this experiment to observe the effect of prudence, cognitive ability, and personality correlating with risk-averse decision. In this experiment, we make binary choices between risky lotteries that distinguish prudent from imprudent individuals. We also gave them tasks to measure their cognitive ability and neuroticism personality. We find that a more positive neuroticism personality and lower cognitive ability correlate with greater risk-averse decision making while prudence has an insignificant effect on risk-averse.


Introduction by Giovanni Maria Conti What is the design Body? If you look up the meaning of the word Corpo (Body), the Illustrated Dictionary of the Italian Language by Giacomo Devoto and Gian Carlo Oli gives the following definition: "Any quantity of matter limited by a surface or defined by one or more properties that lend it an individual identity". The authors continue with the following explanation "The physical aspect of a human (in contrast with the soul) and an animal organism". Continuing our search under the Corpo heading we come to Tullio De Mauro's definition which splits up the basic meaning into "Material object that has a shape and certain physical properties", the technical-scientific "extended mass of material", and finally "physical and material part constituting the structure of human beings and animals". Thus, when we talk about a Body we enter a complex and extended discussion which necessarily needs to be circumscribed on the basis of the intended investigation. We consider an issue implicit to Designing for the fashion world and the subject that fashion addresses, as the synthesis of its design culture: the body that wears another body. At the Faculty of Design, in the INDACO Department, we consider the theme of a Doctorate in fashion and the relation this has with Industrial Design Culture. As designers, fashion can be treated as a specific design area that deals with the body and everything that covers its surface. But what is the fashion body? What form does it take and how can we intervene in its design? Are we dealing with a real Body, made up of flesh and bones, or do we mean a virtual Body, made up of mechanical parts more or less independent of each other?


Nama Peneliti/Mahasiswa AL HARIS TAMSIN (G64104050) Judul Pengelompokan Sekuens DNA Menggunakan Algoritme Single Link dan Feature Vectors Judul ( English ) Clustering DNA Sequences Using Single Link Algorithms and Feature Vectors Pembimbing/Supervisor Wisnu Ananta Kusuma Abstrak/Ringkasan AL HARIS TAMSIN. Clustering DNA Sequences Using Single Link Algorithms and Feature Vectors. Supervised by Wisnu Ananta Kusuma. Clustering is a learning technique to find the the group automatically based on the characteristics. By separating the data into groups so the data will easy to understand. Clustering DNA sequences with feature vectors is the process of combining a group of DNA sequences with the same amount of nucleotides, the composition and distribution of nucleotide, will combine into the same group. There are 4 main stages of clustering DNA sequence: feature vectors, min max normalization, cosine similarity and single link clustering. This research consist of the 8 case and 5 experiment in each case, with the result of least average 86,7% and the best cluster found 100% in case 3 experiment 4. The most affecting for the result of DNA sequence clustering is the size and volume used in the research. Keywords : feature vectors, single link, min max normalization, sequences DNA


Traditional agricultural systems are being lost, along with their associated biodiversity and knowledge. These systems, however, could provide lessons for the development of more sustainable agricultural systems. Orchard meadows are a traditional agricultural system in central Europe that are currently undergoing precipitous decline. They are islands of biodiversity within a densely urbanized landscape and supported the food security of communities for hundreds of years. This study combines the problem-solving–oriented Root Causes Framework with the perspective of agroecology in order to examine the drivers of orchard meadow loss in the state of Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. As we found, the loss of orchard meadows and their associated biodiversity is the consequence of a variety of drivers, including government policies and cultural attitudes. Furthermore, the erosion of knowledge about managing orchard meadows has itself become a driver of decline. However, the study also identified several novel market and nonmarket approaches to reversing the decline that actively engage citizens through education and training or offer real economic incentive to growers to cultivate orchard meadows.


Relying on exponential epi-splines allows us to introduce a new methodology to estimate probability density functions. It allows us to marry hard information (observations) with soft information by which one usually means all non-data information one might have or suspect about the underlying stochastic phenomena. The article develops the theoretical foundations for this methodology: first the properties of episplines and exponential epi-splines and then goes on to obtain consistency and related asymptotics. Next, it provides a collection of examples of how soft information can be included in the formulation of the estimation problem and concludes with a number of experimental results that confirm, maybe better than the theoretical results, the potential of such an approach.


Objective: To explore the mechanism of treatment of menopausal syndrome with Chinese Herbs Prescriptions Geng Ke Ning and to provide experimental foundation for this treatment. Methods: Compared with estradiol benzoate injection, the effects of Geng Ke Ning on the weight of uterus, adrenal,thymus and spleen of ovariectomized rats were observed. Results: Geng Ke Ning can increase the weight of adrenal and spleen of ovariectomized rats. Conclusion: Geng Ke Ning can increase the edocrine immune functions of ovariectomized white rats. It is possibly one of the mechanisms of treatment of Menopausal Syndrome with the Chinese Herbs Prescriptions.


A GOVERNMENT guide which could mean school nurses are no longer expected to provide universal health checks has prompted concerns from the Health Visitors' Association.


FIELD: personal use articles. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to vending machines. The vending machine comprises a first dispensing unit for dispensing solid or packaged food products and a second dispensing unit for dispensing beverages, partially overlapping the first dispensing unit, and the second dispensing unit comprises a housing for installing the elements and containers with ingredients for making the beverages, the said housing is mounted with the ability of rotation to the bearing structure of the first dispensing unit, and the second dispensing unit comprises a front door provided with a hatch for taking beverages made and poured by the second dispensing unit; and a rear closing door; the said front door and the said rear door have the ability of opening to provide access to the inner elements of the said second dispensing unit. EFFECT: simplification of maintenance of the vending machine components. 10 cl, 5 dwg


The article constitutes an attempt to interpret one of the newly discovered source texts concerning mediaeval Slavdom, which is William of Malmesbury's Chronicle of English Kings. The author analyzes a passage devoted to the cult of "Fortune" among the pagan Lutici tribes which is described in a fragment of the chapter 'De Henrico Imperatore' devoted to the allies of the empire. The fragment in question concerns the Veleti – the pagan allies of emperor Henry III in the years 1045–1055. On the basis of an analysis of the description of prophesies from the horn of the statue of Fortune, the author tries to justify a hypothesis that the presently missing German source of this fragment (dating back to the middle of the 11th c.) was based on a 15th book 'Diversarum hereseon liber' by Filastrius of Brixen, an early mediaeval author of the 4th/5th century, whereas the cult described by William of Malmesbury concerned a female goddess with uranic-pluvial connotations (whose proper name had been substituted in the Roman interpretation by "Fortune") in one of the cities of the northern Veleti.


The Lord Howe Rise (LHR) is an elongate ribbon of submerged and extended continental crust that separated from Australia during the Late Cretaceous. Because the LHR is concealed beneath the Tasman Sea in water depths of 1000–3000 m, current knowledge of LHR geology based only on sparse geophysical data, few dredge samples, and sparse shallow (<600 m below-seafloor) drilling into Cenozoic and latest Cretaceous pelagic sediments (Deep Sea Drilling Project DSDP Leg 21 Sites 207 and 208). Existing data provide a broad understanding of the LHR's crustal structure, sedimentary basin architecture and resource potential. However, building more detailed knowledge of LHR geology, and understanding the geological evolution of the southwest Pacific more broadly, requires drilling into rocks that record the >100-million-year geological, tectonic and climatic history of the region. To this end, Geoscience Australia (GA) and the Japan Agency for Marine Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) are leading an international effort to drill a deep (up to 3500 m below the seafloor) stratigraphic hole through a LHR basin that will recover Mesozoic sediments and potentially basement rocks. A proposal for the drilling using the JAMSTEC drilling vessel CHIKYU was submitted to the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) in October 2015 (Proposal 871-CPP). The objectives outlined in this proposal are to: 1) define the role and importance of "continental crustal ribbons", like the LHR, in plate tectonic cycles and continental evolution; 2) recover new southern high-latitude data in the southwest Pacific to better constrain Cretaceous paleoclimate, and linked changes in ocean biogeochemistry; and 3) test fundamental evolutionary concepts for sub-seafloor microbial life over a 100-million-year timeframe. Drilling vessel Chikyu is the only platform that is capable to drill through the great depth at LHR, to accomplish this project.


We propose an efficient reachability estimation scheme for group membership services in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The periodical message exchange-based scheme, i. e., a typical reachability estimation scheme, requires message exchanges even when the reachability status does not change. It is presumed that the reachability between nodes is maintained while the nodes move around in a limited range. The proposed scheme exploits a virtual grid for the course-grained estimation. A region in the virtual grid can be used to represent the movement range which does not change the reachability. Each node calculates how long it will stay in a region, and issues the duration information only when it gets out of the current region.


The paper focuses on what two different types of Recurrent Neural Networks, namely a recurrent Long Short-Term Memory and a recurrent variant of self-organizing memories, a Temporal Self-Organizing Map, can tell us about speakers' learning and processing a set of fully inflected verb forms selected from the top-frequency paradigms of Italian and German. Both architectures, due to the re-entrant layer of temporal connectivity, can develop a strong sensitivity to sequential patterns that are highly attested in the training data. The main goal is to evaluate learning and processing dynamics of verb inflection data in the two neural networks by focusing on the effects of morphological structure on word production and word recognition, as well as on word generalization for untrained verb forms. For both models, results show that production and recognition, as well as generalization, are facilitated for verb forms in regular paradigms. However, the two models are differently influenced by structural effects, with the Temporal Self-Organizing Map more prone to adaptively find a balance between processing issues of learnability and generalization, on the one side, and discriminability on the other side.


The overall structure and working principle of scraper conveyor based on tunnel excavator was introduced here.According to the actual production and initial conditions,the scraper conveyor production capacity A,the scraper conveyer running resistance Ff and power element was designed and determined.


A problem of existential consequences of predicative statements is analyzed. The history of the problem from Aristotle to the 20th century is presented, focusing especially on Aristotle, the Lvov-Warsaw School and some other analytical philosophers. Different positions are uncovered in a historical survey: to accept or to deny non-existent objects, and ambiguity of the word "to exist". It is suggested, that the key to the adequate solution of the problem is to distinct, as essentially different, two questions: can predications about non-existent objects be true? does "A is B" entail "A exists"?; the answers are negative.


Osteoarthritis (OA), a chronic degenerative joint disorder, is characterized by joint pain. Emerging research demonstrates that a significant number of patients evidence central sensitization (CS), a hyperexcitability in nociceptive pathways, which is known to amplify and maintain clinical pain. The clinical correlates of CS in OA, however, are poorly understood. Insomnia is prevalent in older adults with OA, and recent experiments suggest associations between poor sleep and measures of CS. Catastrophizing, a potent predictor of pain outcomes, has also been associated with CS, but few studies have investigated possible interactions between catastrophizing, sleep, and CS.


In this work, the numerical solution of Hill's variational principles is presented for the estimation of upper and lower bounds to the drag coefficient correction function necessary for the determination of terminal velocity of spherical particles falling in purely viscous fluids obeying the four-parameter Allen-Uhlherr viscosity model. The calculated data of the drag coefficient correction functions are compared with the available experimental data. In the experiments, terminal falling velocities of spheres in aqueous solutions of polyalkylene glycol Emkarox HV 45 with small addition (0.06 and 0.08 % wt) ofpolyacrylamide Praestol 2935 were measured. At the same time, viscosity function measurements and oscillation dynamic tests of liquids were performed using rheometer RS 150 (Haake). It was found that due to the liquid elasticity the experimental values X exp of the drag coefficient correction function are beyond the calculated interval of upper and lower bounds and are higher than the upper bounds X u However, terminal velocities of spheres falling in fluids of the similar type as the test ones can be roughly estimated using the upper bound X u for determination of a sphere drag coefficient.


The present study aimed to analyze the process of development of quantitative reasoning in high school students. A literature review study was applied through a content analysis, performing a search in the databases a) Scopus, b) SciELO, c) Dialnet, d) Latindex and e) Google Academic, using as keywords: a) quantitative reasoning b) secondary education students, c) quantitative literacy, d) pedagogical practice, e) teaching/learning and selecting through a sampling based on the following criteria: a) original scientific articles or review, b) publications in Spanish or English, c) time period between the first and the second year of the study. 2015-2023, d) undergraduate these included in institutional repositories and e) citable documents, allowing to discriminate a total of 40 articles to be reviewed. The analysis of the texts made it possible to identify three categories of analysis a) Quantitative reasoning opening paths for the development of systematic thinking, b) Language and literature essential elements for the development of quantitative reasoning and c) The role of Information and Communication Technologies (TIC) in the development of quantitative reasoning, concluding that quantitative reasoning helps students to learn to properly use and evaluate quantitative information and build arguments.


An as-cast high-strength pearlite ductile iron with good toughness was fabricated by method of the addition of Cu,Sb alloying elements in conventional nodular cast iron.The content of pearlite in the alloy exceeds 94% and the content of cementite is under 6%.The tensile strength of this cast iron is up to 800MPa,hardness is 280~350 HBW and the elongation is 3%~5%.The morphology of pearlite in Cu,Sb pearlite as-cast ductile iron was studied by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.The results show that the lamellar spacing of cementite is different in the pearlite colony.When content of Cu is 0.5% and Sb is 0.02%,the alloying elements are enriched at the interphase boundary and the appearance of ferrite with bull's eye is impeded.


SUMMARY This paper utilizes the results of a panel survey, conducted after the General Elections of February and October 1974, to obtain the estimated voter transition probabilities for constituencies contested on each occasion by candidates representing the Conservative, Labour and Liberal parties. The panel estimates are compared with those derived by McCarthy and Ryan (1977) who used a quadratic programming method. Although the panel results underestimate the proportion of the electorate who did not vote, they provide clear evidence that the quadratic programming oversimplifies the pattern of voting change. The panel results also show clearly that the pattern of voting change between two elections is affected by the relative party strengths in the first election.