Water distribution network (WDN) design of hydraulic model Gurthali, NARWANA-JIND, HARYANA and objective of this paper to detecting the leakage in it.In current research work to find out the Hl through normal valve and leak valve control setting with randomly value.To detect the Head Loss to usedDarcy Weisbach methodwhich calculate the major and minor loss with friction in pipes links. EPANET tool is used to create enlarge hydraulic model and simulate the data. All the pipes to be analysis unit head loss and nodes analysis head loss foe every houses. For leak detection, four normal valve include to compute head loss or pressure drop on nodes, pipes and leak detection valves. Also find out the pressure and head loss on the all nodes and pipes.MS Excel used for leak detection data, at the various head loss values in valves, nodes, pipes links. Plot the various graphs with head loss on valves which generated that HL reduces drastically


Nan Dynasty's poetry had a great impact on the production of poetry by means of the process in its communication. It not only brought about present-response poems and five-word-and-eight-sentence verses, but also influenced the language, rhyme, structure, aesthetic attitude of these poems.


An experimental setup for investigations of electronsurface interaction and electron cloud behaviour is under commissioning at BINP. The proposed method provides direct measurements of secondary emission yield and electron clouds lifetime in the presence of strong magnetic field. In principle, the experiments can be performed at cryogenic temperatures. The experimental data will help to figure out the process of reflection of low energy electrons from a metal surface and can be useful for improvement of computer codes developed for simulation of electron clouds behaviour in a cold beam pipe of particle accelerators. The structure and performance capabilities of the setup are described, first experimental results are presented.


With the development of the vehicular network, BusNet based service is of great interest to both bus companies and public users. But in this mode, due to the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle, how to effectively communicate has become a problem. In addition, considering the problem of jumping out of the local optimum, a new route optimization algorithm CSPSO (chaotic serial particle swarm optimization), is proposed. The comprehensive simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can not only adapt to the dynamic changes of network topology, but also greatly reduce the possibility of falling into local optimum, and improve the communication performance significantly.


Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness. It often happens to people who suffer from diabetes and seldom has early warning signs. Automatically DR detection and severity grading are helpful for clinicians by providing a second opinion. An automatic classification system classifies fundus images into 5 degrees of severity. In this paper, we propose a DR grading model based on lesion correlation graph using Graph Convolution Network (GCN) and Convolution Neural Network (CNN). We extract the irregular lesion region by calculating SURF descriptors in the fundus image. We then clusters descriptors into a number of cluster centroids which is regarded as node representation. With the assistance of GCN, we learn lesion correlation. After fusing correlation information and fundus image feature, which is derived from CNN model, we obtain the final classification result. Furthermore, we provide two evaluation measures: accuracy and Cohen's Kappa value for comparison on different experiments. So far, our model achieves good result in several DR datasets. Contribution- We introduce the idea of utilizing correlations among lesions learned by GCN to improve the grading result.


The almost complete judicial silence concerning the application of the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 ('The 1945 Act') to breaches of contract has been broken in the last few years by a handful of cases. Whilst an attempt has been made at a systematic breakdown of the types of breach to which the 1945 Act should apply, it seems that it has not been completely accepted, and it is a pity that in the two most recent Court of Appeal cases on the subject Forsikringsaktiselskapet Vesta v Butcher' and Tennant Radiant Heat v Warrington District Council2 the House of Lords has not been called upon to consider the matter. There can be no doubt that the 1945 Act should apply in a contractual context at least to some extent, and that it does so. Given that the received view is that there is no common law defence of contributory negligence to a breach of contract,3 its application is necessary to avoid the iniquitous situation whereby a negligent plaintiff can avoid his partial liability by electing to sue in contract rather than in tort, reminiscent of Mrs Letang's attempt to circumvent the Limitation Act by suing in trespass rather than in negligence.4 On the other hand, the language of the 1945 Act does not lend itself to the view that the defence of contributory negligence is open to all breaches of contract; it calls for 'fault' on both sides,5 and so is unsuitable for non-negligent breaches of contract. Thus, two different situations arise, each calling for different applications of the 1945 Act: when the contract is breached in such a way as to render it tortious, it should be treated as such for the purposes of the 1945 Act; where, however, the breach has occurred without fault by the defendant, he cannot plead that the damages should be reduced by the plaintiff under the 1945 Act. This leads to the illogical situation whereby the greater the culpability of the contract-breaker, the less he may have to pay the party injured (albeit partly through this own fault): innocent breaches may cost the defendant dear, notwithstanding the plaintiff's own negligence. However, this is the only means of reconciling the wording of the 1945 Act with the situation, although a solution may be forthcoming from other branches of the rules as to damages.6 Hobhouse J, sitting at first instance in Vesta v Butcher,7 was the first English judge to lay down categories of case for the purpose of applying the 1945 Act to breaches of contract:8


In order to find the solution to the university graduates,employment difficulty,the article deeply analysis the factors that have caused this problem.By making surveys,calculating and summarizing the related data,we found it very limited for the supply-demand relation and effective measures taken by university or college,and the graduates commonly have exorbitance expectations for their employment.Combining with the current social situation,we suggest that the graduates should raise their self-consciousness,meanwhile the colleges should enhance their enployment guidance and introduce more support from public opinion.


Ritual Abuse is a combinaf ion of severe physical, psychological, sexual and spiritual abuse used systematically with symbols, ceremonies andlor group activities that have a religious, magical or supernatural connotation. The abuse is repeated over time with the intent to terrorize victims, this ensuring their co-operation, silence and indoctrination into the antisocial, life-destructive beliefs and practices of the cult. Ritual Abuse Awareness Network Society, 1990.


Aim To observe the drug sensitizing effect and related mechanisms of Fas gene transduction on human drugresistant gastric cancer cell SGC7901/VCR. Methods The cell cycle alteration, the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to several antitumor drugs and expression of Pgp and Topo II in gastric cancer cells were detected by FCM, MTT assay and immunocytochemical staining,respectively. Results By comparing with SGC7901 and pBKSGC7901/VCR,FasSGC7901/VCR cells decrease in the G2 stage and increase in the S stage, and obviously apoptotic peak arisen. Increased sensitivity of FasSGC7901/VCR to DDP, MMC and 5Fu;Topo II expression among SGC7901, pBKSGC7901/VCR and FasSGC7901/VCR had no obvious differences;Pgp expression level in pBKSGC7901/VCR was lower than that in SGC7901. Conclusion Fas gene transduction could reverse the multidrug resistance(MDR)of human drugresistant gastric cancer cell SGC7901/VCR, for which the higher sensitivity to apoptosis and decreased expression of Pgp may be responsible.


In this paper the effects of saliency and cross-coupling in a cylindrical wound-rotor synchronous motor are evaluated within the operating region of the direct-axis, quadrature-axis and field excitations. In the calculation of the wound-rotor synchronous motor parameters, a finite element based approach (principle of frozen permeability) is followed to evaluate the inductances and flux linkages of the motor while incorporating the effect of saliency and cross-coupling. The classical two-axis machine model is adapted in order to take the effects of saliency and cross-coupling on the direct- and quadrature-axis inductances and flux linkages into account. The calculated inductances and flux linkages of the adapted two-axis machine model using the frozen permeability method show a great effect of saliency and cross-coupling. The contribution of saliency inductance and mutual cross-coupling inductance to the torque of the wound-rotor synchronous motor is also investigated using the frozen permeability approach. It is shown that the mutual cross-coupling torque component is severe in the wound-rotor synchronous motor, which can increase or reduce the resultant torque of the motor depending on the direct and quadrature axis load-current condition.


Boost-rotation symmetric spacetimes are the only axially symmetric vacuum spacetimes with an additional symmetry that are radiative and admit global null infinity1,2. They are the only radiative asymptotically flat exact solutions representing the gravitational field of moving objects – uniformly accelerated "particles" of various kinds3. The general theory of boost-rotation symmetric spacetimes was first developed for nonspinning sources4 (i.e. for hypersurface orthogonal Killing vectors) and later partially generalized for spinning sources5. The C-metric3 and the spinning C-metric6,7,8 belonging to this class were analyzed. With appropriately chosen parameters they represent the gravitational field of uniformly accelerated Schwarzschild and Kerr black or white holes. Stability of geodesics describing co-accelerated particles was also studied using an effective potential9 and a Lyapunov function8.


This paper proposes a new approach to reduce the effort of building formal models representative of the structure and behaviour of Graphical User Interfaces (GUI). The main goal is to automatically extract the GUI model with a dynamic reverse engineering process, consisting in an exploration phase, that extracts information by interacting with the GUI, and in a model generation phase that, making use of machine learning techniques, uses the extracted information of the first step to generate a state-machine model of the GUI, including guard conditions to remove ambiguity in transitions.


Objective To introduce and analyze 10 main overseas websites of open-access journal. Methods To select 10 medicine usable websites of open-access journal (PubMed Central;Free Medical Journals Site;BioMed Central;BioLine International;High Wire Press;Directory of Open Access Journals;Open J-Gate;FreeFullText;Scientific Electronic Library Online;日本免费期刊全 文). It has made the demonstration and analysis of the search channels for 4 main websites (High Wire Press; PubMed Central; BioMed Central; BioLine International). Results It introduced the including scope and the subject contents to those websites.And basically demonstrated the retrieving methods of subject channel,journal channel, and the channel of journals in alphabetical order. Conclusion Users can get full of the information what they want only by holding the retrieving methods of those websites.


AbstractThis data paper reviews the experimental research on fully restrained beam-to-column connections for steel moment-resisting frames (MRFs) over the last 50  years worldwide and presents an e...


This contribution is concerned with cellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol) blends, and it concentrates on the influence of miscibility and the presence of water on relaxations. The blends were characterized by small and wide angle X-ray scattering as well as by dielectric and dynamic mechanical spectroscopy. They display no residual crystallinity and are characterized by a molecular mixing of the components with microheterogeneities on a nanometer scale. The water is bonded yet mobile. A temperature increase leads to an enhanced mobility of the water as well as to the onset of main-chain rearrangements and of decomposition. A secondary relaxation occurs in all blends:  the relaxation behavior is similar for the blends and the pure cellulose. A major result is that the presence of water influences the relaxation in the blends more strongly than the presence of the blend component poly(vinyl alcohol).


Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Report Combinatorial Synthesis and Modification of Functional Porphyrin Libraries: Identification of New, Amphipathic Motifs for Biomolecule Binding Charles Michael Drain, Xianchang Gong, Vanessa Ruta, Clifford E. Soll, and Philippe F. Chicoineau J. Comb. Chem., 1999, 1 (4), 286-290• DOI: 10.1021/cc990011s • Publication Date (Web): 08 June 1999 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on March 23, 2009


Measurement of various specific proteins in body fluids can be a key component of continuous health monitoring. The gold-standard technique for protein quantification is ELISA, which typically relies on labeling and optical fluorescence. Impedance sensors provide a promising alternative due to ease of miniaturization, rapid readout and label-free operation; yet lag their fluorescent counterparts in terms of sensitivity. We present a flexible micromachined needle-shaped impedance sensor for label-free in-situ detection of cytokines and other biomarkers. The sensor utilizes a micro-well array configuration at the needle tip to enable label-free detection while simultaneously maintaining the capability of high sensitivity detection, despite the high salt concentration of complex biological fluids. Real-time label-free detection is achieved in an in vitro skin phantom by monitoring the impedance change of the sensor electrodes as specific binding of target proteins to antibodies on the sensor surface occurs.


The invention relates to a device (10) for handling value documents which comprises an input and output unit (16), a control unit (20), at least one cash box (22 to 28), a reject box (30) and a transport unit for transporting the value documents. There is furthermore an inventory counter (52 to 58) which indicates the current inventory of value documents in the cash box (22 to 28). Upon the occurrence of a failed withdrawal after the removal of at least one value document from the cash box (22 to 28), the value documents of said failed withdrawal are transported to the reject box (30). A reject counter (62 to 68) is allocated to the cash box (22 to 28) which indicates the total count of value documents removed from said cash box (22 to 28) and supplied to the reject box (30), wherein the value of said reject counter (62 to 68) is increased upon the occurrence of a failed withdrawal by the value of the value documents transported to the reject box (30) due to the failed withdrawal. A virtual auxiliary box is created in the software of the control unit (20) wherein the value of an inventory counter (72) of the virtual auxiliary box (70) is increased upon removal of the cash box (22 to 28) from the device (10) by the value of the reject counter (62 to 68) of the removed cash box (22 to 28).


Multiply ionized atoms of a single charge state can be captured at low energy in a compact Penning trap, allowing the measurement of the radiative lifetime of an atomic state that decays via weakly allowed transitions. Such a measurement is reported here for the radiative decay lifetime of the metastable P1/2 state in fluorinelike Ar9+, wherein the n = 2 shell has only one vacancy (hole) in a 2p orbital. Highly ionized atoms are extracted from an electron beam ion trap and guided into the ion capture apparatus. Upon capturing the Ar9+ ions, light from the magnetic-dipole transition is detected with a photomultiplier tube and counted with a multichannel scaler. Using this technique, the radiative lifetime of the metastable P1/2 state in Ar9+ 1s2 2s2 2p5 is measured to be τ = 9.31 ± 0.08 ms, consistent with a previous intra-EBIT measurement.


This study examines a novel written by John Steinbeck and correspondingly its translation into Persian by Valiallah Ebrahimi (1990). Gideon Toury's Acceptability, Adequacy and Cultural Norms (1995) have been applied in this study. The researcher gathered some information about Toury and his theory of ―cultural norms‖, and also the two types of translation, namely ―adequate‖ and ―acceptable‖ defined by the same scholar. The translated text was analyzed against the original work to determine if it is source-oriented (adequate) or receptor-oriented (acceptable). The impact of the ideology of the translator on adequacy and acceptability in translation has also been considered as the most important case in the study. The findings of the study revealed that Ebrahimi's translation was acceptable. © 2016 Elixir All rights reserved. Elixir Literature 94 (2016) 40005-40012 Literature Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Reza Fatemi/ Elixir Literature 94 (2016) 40005-40012 40006 Toury considers a translation to be either source-oriented ―adequate‖ or receptor-oriented ―acceptable.‖ The main problem examined in this research is whether the translation of John Steinbeck's novel by Valiallah Ebrahimi is adequate or acceptable. 1.2.Research Significance This study is one of the rare researches which have been conducted on the cross-cultural overlap and gaps in English and Persian influencing translation in the literary work. It can help translators, interpreters, translation students,....know more about the acceptability and adequacy of translation. This is also a topic which is excessively worthy of research and investigation. Concerning acceptability and adequacy as somehow problematic cases affecting various aspects of translation including: quality, assessment, translators' views, translation policy and.... should be more discussed and investigated. Moreover, this research tries to enlarge the horizon for English Department students who wish for more understanding of the area. It is expected that this study offers some effective aids to the translators when doing the translation of cultural norms and assist them to overcome the misunderstandings and barriers during the cross-cultural communication. 1.3.Research Questions 1. Considering acceptability and adequacy in translation, to what extent is the translation of ―Of mice and men‖ compatible with Gideon Toury's model? 2. What strategies have been employed by the translator in rendering the samples from English into Persian in the novel "Of Mice and Men"? 3. What effects do the translated cultural norms have on the meaning of the novel? 1.4.Research Limitations In the wide and expanding world of translation studies, there exists a large number of names, each with numerous theories and concepts. Roman Jakobson, Eugene Nida, Catford, Venuti, John Dryden, and many other names are only some of the scholars working in the field of translation studies. It is possible to analyze the selected translation on the basis of theories belonging to each of these figures. However, spatial and temporal limitations do not allow the researcher to apply more than one theory. One book may be translated into one language by different translators, and indeed, it is possible for one source text to have a number of target texts. This can be true for the selected novel. However, once again, spatial and temporal restriction does not allow the researcher to investigate all translations of the novel. A translator might be affected by numerous factors and phenomena and they can influence on the quality of his or her work. Such factors as age, sex, social class, educational background, economical status, etc., all may be influential in translator's performance. Investigation of all these factors and phenomena is beyond the scope of this study. Because of the factors mentioned above, this study has failed to address all linguistic aspects and mention all translational ways. Thus, some of the conclusions drawn from the findings may be rather subjective and the issues mentioned are still somewhat general.


Objective To study the causes and management of postoperative complications in patients with biliary tract exploration an T-tube drainage.Methods Clinical data of 36 patients who have underwent biliary tract exploration and T-tube drainage between 1986 and 2002 were studied retrospectively.Result Bilary fistula or bile peritonitis occureed in 20 cases,bile duct hemorrhage in 3 and ascariasis in 2,gastroduodenal incomplete obstraction in 1,the remnants of T-tube in 1,abnormity of bile drainage quantity in 2,jaundice exacerbation in 1,acute pancreatitis in 2,T-tube could not be closed in 3 and lithogenesis in 1.21 patients underwent conservative therapy(58%),15 reoperation(42%).complications were cured in 34 cases,one who suffering from acute necrotic pancreatitis dies,the other was voluntary discharged from hospital resulted from hypotonic dehydration and malnutrition.iously lower in expermental group than .Conclusion Some complications were related to the operative handle and the expertise,others were related to the disease and patient's condition.Suitable operative handle,postoperative rational therapy and every measures improving the patient's general condition were important in preventing the complications.


PDGF and TGF-p contribute to the natural course of human Ig-A glomerulonephritis. PDGF and TGF-13 are known mediators of mesangial cell proliferation and matrix expansion. The presence of these regulatory factors was examined in 30 renal biopsies from patients with IgA glomerulonephritis (IgA-GN) at the mRNA and protein level. Normal renal tissue served as control. The mRNA expression of PDGF A/B chains, PDGF-13R and TGF-J31 was evaluated by means of RT/PCR with subsequent Southern blot hybridization and/or non-radiactive in situ hybridization. In addition, PDGF-AB/BB, PDGF-13R, TGF-j3 isoforms ((31, (31+2, (32+3), the small TGF-131 latency associated peptide (TGF-131 LAP) and the extracellular matrix proteins tenascin and decorin were analyzed by immunocytochemistry. The expression of growth factors was correlated with light microscopic and clinical features. Compared to normal control kidneys, an increased expression of PDGF-BB/PDGF-j3R mRNAs and the corresponding proteins was observed in all biopsies with IgA-GN. Up-regulation was related to the degree of glomerular proliferation and the extent of fibrosing interstitial lesions. In contrast, there was a discordance between TGF-/31 mRNA and protein expression (evaluated by immunocytochemistry). In all biopsies, irrespective of the stage of the disease, abundant TGF-131 transcripts were detected, whereas TGF-131 immunoreactivity was expressed to a lesser degree and disclosed a more variable staining pattern. In patients with significant proliferative glomerular lesions and minor tubulointerstitial alterations, TGF-f31 positivity was confined to areas of glomerular proliferation, whereas in cases with more severe histology including sclerosing lesions TGF-31 immunoreactivity was less prominent. The distribution and the intensity of TGF-131 LAP staining commonly exceeded the positivity noted for TGF-p1, indicating only limited TGF-131 activation. A decreased reactivity for tenascin accompanied the morphological features of glomerular sclerosis. The staining patterns and the fact that only very few inflammatory cells, particularly CD68 positive monocytes/macrophages, were detected in glomeruli confirm that predominantly resident glomerular cells (mesangial and endothelial cells) are the major source of up-regulated growth factor production in IgA-GN. Since the expression of PDGF-AB/BB paralleled the severity of proliferative glomerular changes, PDGF seems to represent a potential indicator of activity in this condition. It is suggested that an imbalance between PDGF and TGF-J3 (by restricted translation and/or activation) production contribute to the progressive nature of IgA-GN.


Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising approach to the local destruction of malignant tumours. This method is based on the partially selective retension in tumor tissue of the photosensitizers which have photodynamic effect. It is important for PDT to determine the photosentizer concentration in tumor and in normal tissue. We quantitatively analysed the concentration of the metallic phthalocyanines, a class of photosensitizers now recognized as "second generation" PDT drugs and studied its action in different time by PIXE technique. The paper shows also the correlation between trace elements and cancer.


About five years ago, a joint development was started of a flow simulation system for engine-airframe integration studies on propeller as well as jet aircraft. The initial system was based on the Euler equations and made operational for industrial aerodynamic design work. The system consists of three major components: a domain modeller, for the graphical interactive subdivision of flow domains into an unstructured collection of blocks; a grid generator, for the graphical interactive computation of structured grids in blocks; and a flow solver, for the computation of flows on multi-block grids. The industrial partners of the collaboration and NLR have demonstrated that the domain modeller, grid generator and flow solver can be applied to simulate Euler flows around complete aircraft, including propulsion system simulation. Extension to Navier-Stokes flows is in progress. Delft Hydraulics has shown that both the domain modeller and grid generator can also be applied successfully for hydrodynamic configurations. An overview is given about the main aspects of both domain modelling and grid generation.


This development research aims to find out: (1) feasibility, (2) functioning, and (3) the effectiveness of the arduino-assisted microcontroller assisted devices with the arduino simulator Xevro version 1.5 as a learning media for the material programming of microcontroller programming skills in Mechatronics Engineering at the Vocational High School. The subjects of this study were the XI grade students of the Mechatronics Engineering expertise program at vocational high schools N 1 Bawang Banjarnegara and Leonardo Klaten Vocational High School. The results of this study are an Arduino-assisted microcontroller simulation for microcontroller programming material. The results of the feasibility assessment of the Arduino-assisted microcontroller simulation according to the validator are 83.33 so that it is categorized as "Very Worthy" and according to students is 70.98 of a scale of 100 so that it is categorized as "Eligible". The results of the assessment of the function of Arduino-assisted microcontroller simulations according to the validator are 82.92 so that it is categorized as "Very Worthy" and according to students is 71.55 of a scale of 100 so it is categorized as "Eligible". This Arduino-assisted microcontroller simulation has an effective impact, because the significance value when tested using the t test is t count = 11.075> t table = 1.983 and Asymp. Sig (2-tailed) <0.05. The level of effectiveness can be seen from the magnitude of the gain value.


Canonic realizations of a digital transfer function using the continued fraction expansion techniques are derived. Realizability conditions of each realization are provided along with illustrative examples.


Bathylychnops exilis is an unusual north-eastern Pacific mesopelagic fish of which adults have previously been undescribed and the biology is poorly known. Its sensory and digestive systems are highly modified. Sensory modifications include the equivalent of four functional eyes, well developed nasal rosettes, and lateral line canals up to 4 mm in diameter. Digestive adaptations include a peculiar mouth, large tongue, crumenal organ, and a large caecal stomach. Bathylychnops exilis apparently lacks an anal light organ. Ontogenetic changes occur in the morphology of the head, eyes, body, and coloration. Bathylychnops exilis eats crustaceans and may be medusae and microscopic organisms. Reproduction probably occurs in late summer. Adults occur most commonly at about 500 m depth, possibly in groups, and may be diurnal vertical migrators.


A field experiment was carried out during kharif, 2019 at different experimental farms (Anand, Sansoli and Godhra) of Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat to evaluate the efficacy of different insecticides against fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) infesting maize. Spinetoram 11.7 SC, 0.117 %, emamectin benzoate 5 SG, 0.0025 %, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 EC, 0.006 % and thiodicarb 75 WP, 0.11 % were found more effective in checking the larval population, plant and cob damage in maize which also reflected on grain and fodder yield as well.


For mission-driven organizations with limited resources to invest in employee salary and development, retaining top talent is a critical challenge. The monetary toll of turnover is particularly harmful to small organizations, which make up 66.3 percent of the nonprofit sector. To keep staff satisfied and incentivized to stay, nonprofits need to innovate creative new strategies to retain employees. The nonprofit sabbatical, a period of rest and renewal given to reward years of service, is one possible solution to reduce burnout and reward longevity. This exploratory study investigated the benefits and challenges of nonprofit sabbaticals in relation to theories of job satisfaction. To gather perspectives on the sabbatical experience, the researcher conducted cross-industry interviews with prior sabbatical recipients, nonprofit human resource practitioners, and direct service nonprofit staff. The research goal was to deepen general understanding of the sabbatical experience, including conditions for and barriers to success. This study reports the findings, compiles recommendations for the best ways to implement sabbaticals in nonprofit organizations, and examines the implications of sabbatical for various stakeholders. It is the hope of the researcher that this study will help nonprofits to consider how the sabbatical reward might motivate overall job satisfaction for employees in mission-driven roles. PERSPECTIVES ON SABBATICALS 3 Perspectives on sabbaticals and job satisfaction in nonprofit organizations In a national economy primarily geared toward profit-generation, nonprofits are distinguished for their ability to keep human and community interest at the center of their work. To maintain the personal touch of the voluntary sector, nonprofits rely on dedicated employees to serve their missions. While nonprofit workers are often willing to sacrifice pay for purpose, they also face a unique set of challenges: "years of tight budgets, increased [scrutiny], demoralized staff members, and disappearing volunteers add up in the hidden costs of burnout and turnover" (Segal, 2011). There can also be an emotional toll to service-driven work that influences personal health and well-being. To remain viable vehicles for service delivery despite limited budgets to invest in employees, nonprofits need to seek out productive new ways to transform their workplace environments and creatively support, grow, and compensate staff. In 2009, a report released by Third Sector New England and CompassPoint proposed an innovative solution to combat these challenges: nonprofit sabbaticals. By definition, sabbatical leave is a period of rest and renewal provided to employees to reward accrued years of service (McArthur & Adamson, 2007, p. 1). The report framed sabbaticals as one of the most effective ways to prevent the "emotional, creative, and even physical burnout all too common among nonprofit executives" (Linnell and Wolfred, 2009, p. 1). By offering time away, sabbaticals can allow mid-level leaders to step into new roles, developing leadership capacity while providing others a much-needed respite from the daily grind of high-pressure work (Linnell and Wolfred, 2009, p. 1). Yet, nonprofit organizations commonly assume that sabbaticals are out of reach. The daily stresses and demands of limited budgets and staffing make it difficult to envision the possibility of a break, leading to a common refrain: "I could never go to my board with this..." (Linell & Wolfred, 2009, p. 1). As a result, nonprofit trend reports continue to tell a similar story. PERSPECTIVES ON SABBATICALS 4 The National Council of Nonprofits warns that staff are stretched too thin, leading to a shortage of good leaders (2014); nonprofits lack succession plans to prepare for executive turnover (2015); and nonprofits lag behind in talent development, creating a need to invest in employee growth and support ("Hot Topics," 2017). Most recently, these reports recommend that nonprofit wellness and sustainability needs to expand to people, not just money ("Trends," 2018). According to recent research, 81 percent of nonprofit organizations currently operate without formal retention programs and "76 percent of nonprofits do not plan to create a formal retention strategy in the next year...reflecting a lack of intention to invest in retention" (Nimishakavi, 2017; "Nonprofit Employment Practices," 2016, p. 12). While nonprofit organizations often struggle to justify the human capital investment of supporting people over programs – especially to external stakeholders with clear expectations for the use of donated funds – failure to retain employees can ultimately cost more than finding creative ways to entice top talent to stay. According to Sujansky and Ferri-Reed (2009), "turnover costs can easily range from 50 to 150 percent of an employee's salary" (p. 4). This fiscal strain of rehiring and retraining can be particularly harmful to smaller organizations operating on limited budgets, which comprise 66.3 percent of the nonprofit sector (Frailey, 2017). The monetary toll of attrition also compounds the situation of changing demographics within the nonprofit landscape. As baby boomers approach retirement, nonprofit scholars advocate for the birth of new leadership focused on the millennial generation (Notter & Grant, 2015, p. 25). Unfortunately, mission-driven organizations struggle to attract younger generations to nonprofit careers, in part due to the reputation of "flat organizational hierarchies and scarce financial resources [to put toward] extrinsic rewards such as salary, benefits, and promotion" (Knapp, Smith & Sprinkle, 2017, p. 653). It is important to acknowledge that flat hierarchy is PERSPECTIVES ON SABBATICALS 5 perhaps the greater hurdle to attracting millennial talent than a lack of competitive salary. In a Journal of Business and Psychology survey conducted by Ng, Schweitzer, and Lyons (2010), "millennials rated opportunities for advancement ... as the most desirable work-related attribute [followed by] good training and developing new skills ... indicating a strong desire for professional growth" (p. 286). However, millennials are not exclusively self-serving. In research literature, one will find equal reference to this age group as both "Generation Me" and "Generation We" – for millennials, the opportunity for public service is also appealing (Ertas, 2015). Indeed, nonprofit employees of all ages are often attracted to the sector for the intrinsic value of meaningful, service-driven work – not for the extrinsic satisfaction of a paycheck. While this remains true for the newest generation of nonprofit leaders, the expected trade-off is a return in leadership development. Thus, to counteract the siphoning of new talent into arenas with arguably more established career ladders, the nonprofit sector must innovate cost-effective strategies to foster intrinsic motivations of service while accommodating the growth and development desires of mission-driven staff. Studies further reveal that "higher [public service mentality] leads to higher job satisfaction and, in turn, lower turnover intentions" (Ertas, 2015). Problem solving requires both consistency and time. If nonprofits are able to develop leaders in a way that keeps top talent for longer, the ultimate benefit is not just to the employee – it is a gain for the population served, as well. Proposed Solution Building upon the studies initiated by Third Sector New England and CompassPoint (2009), one of the more compelling solutions available to address to these complexities is also one of the least researched and most overlooked: the use of sabbatical leave as a human resources strategy to reduce turnover, boost job satisfaction, and increase leadership PERSPECTIVES ON SABBATICALS 6 development. While sabbaticals are most commonly associated with academia (extended absence from teaching to allow time for research), formal leave programs for corporate and nonprofit professionals also exist in limited scope beyond the educational subsector. In 2007, "Fortune magazine noted that 25 of the 'Fortune 100 Best Companies to Work For' have a sabbatical plan (McArthur & Adamson, 2007). In the nonprofit sector, a number of foundations offer grants for executive-level staff to conduct both learning leaves and traditional time away (Linnell and Wolfred, 2009, p. 2). Research shows that "sending nonprofit leaders on sabbaticals can help them return to their jobs refreshed while at the same time help organizations develop leadership skills among other staff in the executive director's absence" (Bartczak, 2014, para. 7). Supporters of the sabbatical model advocate for its positive impact on recruitment, cross-training, leadership development, capacity building, and work-life balance, all of which help to counteract burnout (Linnell and Wolfred, 2009). Further, the intervention is much more inexpensive than it might sound. According to Tyler (2011), "[human resource] professionals at companies that offer the benefit say it does not cost any extra money; other employees pick up the slack, so the cost is neutral." In nonprofit settings, unpaid sabbaticals can even save organizations money they might normally spend on the recipient's salary; there is also the added possibility of securing external grant funding to support sabbatical experiences, which can generate new income for the organization. So, why do sabbaticals remain so underutilized in the nonprofit world? While existing studies have proven the extensive benefits of sabbatical to recipients, there is a need for increased education around the sabbatical concept, including its possible structures and practical applications. There is limited research into organizational preparation for sabbatical leave, or reintegration practices of sabbatical recipients upon completion of time away. On a greater scale, current studies seem elusive when it comes to identifying the core trai


The study examines the self-conception of fashion photographers between commercial popular culture and high art in the 20th and beginning 21st centuries. The subject-matter of self-portraits is of high relevance in this context because the integration of self-exposures in fashion photographs today results from the acceptance of fashion photography as an autonomous art form.The survey begins with the analysis of the actual, mutual function-transfer of the two genres of self-portrait and fashion photography which were strictly separated in former times. It discusses the expanded public space and the dichotomy of commercial commissioned work and the autonomy of art. Hence the dissertation makes a contribution to the actual debate on the definition of art. Futhermore it reveals the shifting of the self-conception from applied photographer towards artist by means of the self-portraits by fashion-photographers which deal particularly with the photographic media. The analysis of the photographic reference is based on the semiotic object relation by C. S. Peirce. Self-exposures by Erwin Blumenfeld, Helmut Newton and the recent generation with Wolfgang Tillmans were analysed exemplarily. The dissertation delineates a history of development of the self-portrait over the last one hundred years from a critical self-reflection to a commercialisation.


SYNOPSIS. The unusual patterns of infraciliary kinetosomes on the body and in the large anterior depression of the trophont stage of this difficult-to-classify ciliate have been examined by use of the Chatton-Lwoff silver impregnation technique. In our material there are nine rows of somatic cilia, arranged more or less concentrically around the oral cavity at the anterior end of the pyriform-shaped body; in the cavity itself there are eight quite separate rows of "vestibular" ciliature. Erratically distributed on posterior areas of the body are argentophilic "granules" which may be non-cilia-bearing kinetosomes. A contractile vacuole pore, described for the first time, is located on the ventral surface in the posterior third of the body to the right of the midline.

Still more information is needed to be able to establish the most appropriate taxonomic allocation for Cyathodinium. It is suggested that a combination of fine structural (electron microscopical) and morphogenetic (fission, stomatogenesis, reorganization) studies is required to elucidate both the form and the function of the several unique features of Cyathodinium and that a new understanding of these will permit resolution of the problem of the systematic status of the ciliate.


Neurotoxicity (NT) testing for regulatory purposes is based on in vivo animal testing. There is general consensus, however, about the need for the development of alternative methodologies to allow researchers to more rapidly and cost effectively screen large numbers of chemicals for their potential to cause NT, or to investigate their mode of action. In vitro assays are considered an important source of information for making regulatory decisions, and human cell–based systems are recommended as one of the most relevant models in toxicity testing, to reduce uncertainty in the extrapolation of results from animal‐based models. Human neuronal models range from various neuroblastoma cell lines to stem cell–derived systems, including those derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSC). hMSCs exhibit numerous advantages, including the fact that they can be obtained in high yield from healthy human adult tissues, can be cultured with a minimal laboratory setup and without genetic manipulations, are able of continuous and repeated self‐renewal, are nontumorigenic, and can form large populations of stably differentiated cells representative of different tissues, including neuronal cells. hMSCs derived from human umbilical cord (hUC) in particular possess several prominent advantages, including a painless, non‐invasive, and ethically acceptable collection procedure, simple and convenient preparation, and high proliferation capacity. In addition, hMSCs can be efficiently differentiated into neuron‐like cells (hNLCs), which can then be used for the assessment of neuronal toxicity of potential neurotoxic compounds in humans. Here, we describe a step‐by‐step procedure to use hMSCs from the umbilical cord for in vitro neurotoxicity testing. First, we describe how to isolate, amplify, and store hMSCs derived from the umbilical cord. We then outline the steps to transdifferentiate these cells into hNLCs, and then use the hNLCs for neurotoxicity testing by employing multiple common cytotoxicity assays after treatment with test compounds. The approach follows the most updated guidance on using human cell–based systems. These protocols will allow investigators to implement an alternative system for obtaining primary NLCs of human origin, and support advancement in neurotoxicity research. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.


Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. From law to DiaLaw. 3. DiaLaw. Framework and general rules. 4. DiaLaw. Special rules for communication. 5. DiaLaw in action. 6. Dialogical models of argumentation. 7. What is an argument? Properties of procedural models of argumentation. 8. In conclusion. Appendix- Prolog code of DiaLaw. References. Index of names. Index of subjects.


In the X-ray structures of the 1 : 1 adduct of [Ph3PNPPh3]2[PtCl4] with 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (1·FIB) and the salt [Ph3PCH2I]2[PtCl4] (2), the tetrachloroplatinate(II) anion behaves as a halogen bond (XB)-accepting tecton toward σ-hole-donating organohalogen species to form either C–I⋯Cl–PtCl2–Cl⋯I–C or C–I⋯Cl–PtCl3 moieties, respectively. All XB contacts are clearly observed on the Hirshfeld surfaces; in addition, intermolecular contacts are visualized using noncovalent interactions (NCI) analysis. The steric factor and the number of XB donor centers play important roles in the supramolecular organization of compounds 1·FIB and 2: the bifunctional FIB with two σ-hole donor centers forms an extended structure, including the bridging [PtCl4]2−, whereas the [Ph3PCH2I]+ cation with a σ-hole donor center in a sterically encumbered environment forms only one terminal XB with [PtCl4]2−. The results of DFT calculations followed by topological analysis of the electron density distribution within the framework of the QTAIM method at the ωB97XD/DZP-DKH level of theory reveal that the energies of the attractive intermolecular noncovalent interactions are 6.3–6.4 kcal mol−1 for compound 1·FIB and 2.6–2.9 kcal mol−1 for compound 2.


The rate of economic evolution is untenable unless we save or stops misusing the fossil fuels like coal, crude oil or fossil fuels. So we are in need of start count on the alternate or renewable energy sources. In this experimental analysis an attempt has been made to investigate the conversion of municipal plastic wastes like milk covers and water bottles are selected as feed stocks to get oil using pyrolysis method, the performance analysis on CRDI diesel engine and to assess emission characteristics like HC, CO, NOX and smoke by using blends of Diesel-Plastic liquid fuels. The plastic fuel is done with the pH test using pH meter after the purification process and brought to the normal by adding KOH and NaOH. Blends of 0 to 100% plastic liquid fuel-diesel mixture have been tested for performance and emission aspect as well. The experimental results shows the efficiently convert weight of municipal waste plastics into 65% of useful liquid hydrocarbon fuels without emitting much pollutants.


In this paper, a Stackelberg differential game based approach is proposed to solve the bandwidth allocation problems in satellite communication network. All the satellites are divided into two groups, one has high download requirements, and the other one has low download requirements. Each satellites group has its own controller for bandwidth allocation, and can get payments from the satellites for the allocated resources. The relationships between the controllers and satellites are formed as a Stackelberg game. In our model, differential equation is introduced to describe the bandwidth dynamics for the whole satellite communication network. Combine the differential equation and Stackelberg game together, we can formulate the bandwidth allocation problems in satellite communication network as a Stackelber differential game. The solutions to the proposed game is solved based the Bellman dynamic equations. Numerical simulations are given to prove the effeteness and correctness of the proposed approach.


There are only few reports about the determination of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) by automated systems, particularly for nonfermenting gram-negative rods (NF-GNR). This study evaluated the performance of the BD Phoenix TM automated system using the NMIC-140 extended panel by comparing with disk diffusion or MIC (Etest ® ) testing. Thus, between August and December 2014 were analyzed 195 NF-GNR (113 Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 45 Acinetobacter baumannii , 25 Burkholderia cepacia complex; 12 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) isolated from cultures of specimens (respiratory, blood and urine) processed by the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital de Clinicas da Universidade de Campinas. The acceptability criteria of ≤1,5 % for very major error (VME), ≤3,0 % for major error (ME) and ≤3,0 % for minor error (mE) were applied. The categoric agreement (CA) should be >90% for the accuracy to be acceptable. The mean percentage of CA and the error rate for all the antibiotics tested among both automated system and the reference method for all NF-GNR was 97.3% and 0.95% for VME, 0.25% for ME and 1.5% for mE, respectively. Overall, these results demonstrated the acceptability of the test for all NF-GNR and for all antibiotics standardized exceptions were for P. aeruginosa for cefepime (CA=89.4%; mE =9.72%), for A. baumannii in relation to gentamicin (CA=82.3%; mE= 15.5%) and for S.maltophilia for ceftazidime in two isolated (mE=8.3% and VME=8.3%) leading the CA for this antibiotic to 83.4%. Both tests were repeated for the isolate which showed VME for ceftazidime, with identical results to the previous one. The MIC for ceftazidime was also repeated and confirmed the strain resistance for this antibiotic. Regarding the B. cepacia complex high error rate was observed for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for 4/25 isolates (VME=16%). Both tests were repeated and the MIC was evaluated and the resistance was confirmed for this antibiotic. Based on these data, the present study demonstrated the efficiency of the BD Phoenix TM automated system for AST for all NF-GNR, except for cefepime and gentamicin in P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii, respectively, due to the high mE rate for these antibiotics and to ceftazidime and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole for S. maltophilia and B. cepacia complex, respectively, because of VME results for these antibiotics.


The present invention discloses a visual graphics program topological sorting method, the sign-ascending order according to the transverse coordinate x, the same x-coordinate by ascending y coordinate longitudinal, form a preliminary sequence; closed loop design pattern network disruption of symbols, the or sET closed symbols with subsequent symbols output connected to a known point; topological sort data according to the depth and priority flow dependency, a defined topological sort rules stack; and is connected to the output point based on input data flow dependencies , followed by subsequent symbols priority is determined whether the state of the known symbol, the data symbol stream dependency branch traversed by sorting. This method reduces manual intervention process, to solve the deadlock dependent closed-loop, flow dependency data forming the branch is to improve the process efficiency.


Innovation has covered a wide spectrum including business processes, human engineering, technologies, social change measures etc. It has become a rolling agenda of the corporate world. It gets frequently re-discovered as a growth enabler. The existing management across the sectors have resources, processes and technologies to support the status quo. However, even in their quest for innovations, they repeat same mistakes they made previously, and they face the same challenge of overcoming innovation stifles as they faced earlier. It happens partly due to lack of support from literature base as the results of inconclusive, inconsistent innovation research characterized by low level of explanation and scattered innovation literature. The literature including earlier researches has been made in this paper in such a manner so as to provide a concrete and comprehensive conceptual base to help both academicians and practitioners for evolving suitable action plans for their future pursuits. INTRODUCTION In the current era of ever increasing global competition, there is no delicate matter to take in hand, nor more dangerous to conduct, nor more doubtful in its success, than to adopt and introduce successfully need-based changes in internal environment of work organizations. In order to meet such challenge, work organizations and their people need to evolve innovation-based strategies as well as to make modification in such strategies continuously. All changes are not innovations, however, all innovations in organization terms are changes; undesired or unintended changes or 'changes involving nothing new' do not constitute innovations. An innovation is the process of creative and novel idea to Put it: into some Practical use; and an innovation in a work organization implies change in status quo. In a work organization, those having a stake in the innovation may benefit while others who have a great stake in the status quo may feel hurt, Innovation promises strategies for meeting tne challenge of change in work organization. It is only by bringing about innovative change that many of human and organizational problems can be overcome. By developing a more sophisticated understanding of the process and outcome of innovations, it may be better understood how organizations can evolve to meet the challenges of change for fulfilling the expectations of internal as well as external stakeholders. PROCESS OF INNOVATION In the simplest form "innovation is the intentional generation, acceptance and implementation of new ideas, processes, products or services ultimately for the actual utilization of economic or social value. West and Farr (1990) defines innovation as the intentional introduction and application (within a role, group or organization) of ideas, processes, products or procedures which are new to the relevant unit of adoption, designed to significantly benefit the individual, the group, organization or wider society. Innovation consists of various practices such as opportunity exploration (identifying new opportunities), idea generation, championing and application (Kleysen and Street, 2001) ('Championing' is the practice of putting efforts into creative ideas and commercializing an innovative idea). Opportunity exploration and idea generation are often mentioned as relevant behaviors in the initiation stage of the innovation process, while the other practices are necessary to implement innovations (Kanter, 1988). The concept of innovation is concerned with broader processes of change, and creativity is the ideation component of innovation. Innovation is a social process in the sense that there is an interaction between those who innovate and those who are affected by the innovation; and there is a recognition that one's action will affect others and will influence that action; whereas creativity is an individual cognitive process in which events occur within the person. To create means "to bring into existence, give rise to" whereas to innovate is "bring in novelties, make changes". …


This paper proposes an auto-tuning flux-weakening control for an IPMSM drive system. A predictive controller is implemented to enhance the dynamic responses of the proposed drive system, which yields improved overall transient responses, superior load responses, and good tracking responses. In addition, an on-line, auto-tuning flux-weakening control is implemented to control the IPMSM drive system in a wide adjustable speed range, from 3 r/min up to 2700 r/min. A 32-bit digital signal processor, TMS-320F-28335, is used to execute the predictive controller and the flux-weakening control algorithm for the IPMSM drive system. Experimental results can validate the theoretical analysis.


An ultrasonic wave traversing a colloidal suspension causes distortion of the charge distributions at the sites of individual colloidal particles producing a voltage known as the ultrasonic vibration potential. We show how imaging of colloidal regions within a body can be carried out using a beam of ultrasound to produce a radio frequency vibration potential. A theory for image formation shows that Fourier transformation of vibration potential signals processed by a mixer and low pass filter gives the spatial distribution of colloid. The salient feature of the method, insofar as medical imaging is concerned, is its contrast mechanism.


In a phased array antenna, particularly with small element spacing, the mutual coupling plays an important role in the radiation pattern of the array. In this paper we briefly discuss about the Floquet analysis method for the AEP and provide expressions for the far field vector components in terms of the Floquet modal amplitudes. We then relate the Floquet modal power and the input power and prove that the active element power pattern must be symmetrical inside the "grating lobe free" region irrespective of the shape of the elements; symmetrical or asymmetrical. The grating lobe free region is defined as the scan region of an array corresponding to which no visible grating lobe exists. We illustrate this important property of AEP with respect to an array of asymmetrical multi-step horns. We show numerically that the isolated element pattern is asymmetrical; however, the AEP is perfectly symmetrical inside the grating lobe free region.


Calangos is an under development educational game based on the fauna and flora of the desert-like field of the sand dunes in the middle São Francisco River, located within the Caatinga biome in Brazil. One of the player's goals is to manage the behavior of species of lizards that inhabit this biome, with consequences to their ecology and evolution. For the development of the game, a prototype, or simulator, is proposed. This prototype will be used to simulate the natural predatorprey dynamics based on the Evolutionary Biology and Ecology literature. The objective of this paper is to introduce the simulator and present some key experimental results obtained with the simulations performed with it. The results clearly show that in a balanced environment without predators it is possible to observe a dynamic equilibrium of populations in accordance with a typical Lotka-Volterra model of population dynamics. In turn, it is also observed that in the most hostile environments containing large numbers of predators, the capability of evolution allows the lizard species to survive in the environment, which does not occur if the lizards' evolution is disabled during the simulations. In the context of the Calangos game, the results presented here serve as the initial proof of concept necessary for the modeling of the lizards to be incorporated in the game.


In his famous book "Knowing and Being" Michael Polanyi writes: ... "I shall speak of contributions made to scientific thought by acts of personal judgement which cannot be replaced by the operations of explicit reasoning. I shall try to show that such tacit operations play a decisive part not only in the discovery, but in the very holding of scientific knowledge" [Polanyi, 1969]. The concept of "tacit knowledge" should be considered as a fundamental one for scientific reasoning. In our opinion, cognitive psychology has not dedicated enough attention to it. One may assume that the Piagetian influence and the information processing approach have played a certain role in hindering the progress of systematic research in that direction. In the present paper we intend to focus on one of the main aspects of tacit cognition, namely tacit models, but before continuing a remark is necessary. In Polanyi's conception, the process of sensegiving (conferring a unitary meaning on a certain conglomerate of data) is based on an act of integration which is basically tacit. "No explicit procedure can produce this integration," writes Polanyi [1969, p. 191]. In our opinion, these tacit operations are not, as a matter of fact, inaccessible to an explicit analysis. They are accountable in principle by resorting to adequate means. This is an hypothesis of fundamental practical importance: If the tacit process of integration leads to incorrect solutions, the remedial activity has the option of identifying and analysing these, initially hidden, mechanisms and submitting them to the individual's control "Tacit" does not mean, in our view, mysterious, irrational, genuinely unaccountable. It means only a way of increasing the productivity of the intellectual process. This is, in fact, the basic task of a mental model acting as a substitute for a complex, abstract, difficultly accessible original. A mental model makes an essential contribution in the integration process, in conferring a unitary and directly accessible sense on an ensemble of data. The process is considerably simplified and any conflict is avoided if the model imposes, tacitly, its constraints on the reasoning process. Mathematical concepts and operations are basically abstract, formal constructs. Their meaning and their coherence are not guaranteed by empirical evidence but rather by axiomatic constraints.


Changes in lifestyle and dietary pattern of people in developing nations make them susceptible to obesity associated with greater morbidity. The prevalence of obesity has increased in both developed and developing countries. A cross sectional study was conducted in private school in Delhi India. A total of 414 school children in the age group 7-9 years were studied Weight and height of each student was measured using standard measures and Body mass index (BMI) and waist to Hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. Factors like family history of obesity, physical activity, duration of sleep etc were taken into consideration. Overweight and overall obesity was seen in 38.49% boys and 34.8% girls. Children who were overweight ad obese showed higher mean values for all the measurements, adiposity indices as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP).


It is publicly accepted, the fact that the police force in Brazil, fundamentally the Military Police is unprepared and extremely violent in its work of maintaining public order, especially when it has to deal with social movements and residents of peripheries. In this article, through a theoretical reflection, I seek to point out new possibilities for approaching the issue of violence, and contribute with studies that work, from different perspectives, on police violence in Brazil. The present study focuses on reflecting on the role of police forces, the causes of police violence and discussing possible solutions to this serious problem.


This article examines some of the problems, questions, arguments, and hypotheses discussed in the doctoral thesis Portugal and the Medieval Atlantic. Commercial Diplomacy, Merchants, and Trade, 1143-1488, presented at the University of Porto in December 2012.


SUMMARY. Three methods of mapping macrophytes on short sections of river are described and compared. All methods involve setting up a 1-m grid system over the site using permanent stakes to locate a series of temporary strings. The first method (detailed mapping), which generates a map, uses the grid system to locate accurately the position of macrophytes and substrata on the river bed. It is very time consuming and objectivity in mapping is difficult to achieve. The second method (points method) involves recording the macrophytes and substratum below each intersection of the 1-m grid system covering the study site. This method is fast, capable of giving estimates of percentage cover for the different substrata and macrophytes but does not produce a map. The third method (rectangles method) is regarded as both the most efficient and also the most objective of the three mapping procedures. The substratum or macrophyte dominating each 50 × 100 cm rectangle of river bed is recorded together with additional substrata and macrophytes present. The procedure is rapid to use in the field, provides a simplified map of the study site and is more amenable to detailed analysis than the two previous methods. All three mapping methods are best suited to rivers less than 20 m wide where safe wading and good visibility can be guaranteed.


Introduction Between 1997 and 2007, the number of US students choosing to study abroad for academic credit grew from under 100,000 to nearly 250,000 (Stroud, 2010). This growth has continued to nearly 274,000 during the 2010-2011 academic year (The Institute for International Education, 2012) and 283,332 in the 2011-2012 academic year (The Institute for International Education, 2013). Given this historical trend, the number of US students studying abroad is expected to increase. In fact, an initiative by the Institute for International Education Generation Study Abroad, launched in 2014, has a goal of 600,000 by the 201718 academic year (http://www.iie.org/Programs/GenerationStudy-Abroad).


Many studies have shown the pronounced statistical relationship between seasonal averaged 500 hPa height departures in the preceding winter/spring and rainfall anomalies over China in the following summer (June—August), which suggests a possibility that the previousperiod atmospheric circulation pattern can be employed to forecast the summer rainfall distri


In this paper, the authors present a new method of combing the technologies of ASP and ADO (ActiveX Data Objects)to build the webpages to provide database information, by which, the SQL can be performed in webpages, and thereby visitors are permitted to look up, insert, update or delete the database information saved in the web servers freely through their own browsers. Thus, webpages designers do not have to rely on the complicated CGI programs as before.


In the absence of a chance to physically interact with products in the online environment, consumers perceived risky while shopping via online. Thus, the online information plays a critical role in enabling e-commerce consumers' purchase decisions. Thus, it is crucial to understand what make consumers satisfied with online information quality in order to make a purchase decision via internet. However, despite the rapidly increasing number of consumers who use websites to gather pre-purchase product information, very little is known about how to increase consumers' satisfaction with online product information quality in different contexts in order to persuade them to buy through online. This research-in-progress study proposes a comprehensive model to investigate the impacts of perceived qualities from the sources of information quality (IQ), there are verbal information (VI), nonverbal information (NVI) and decision support tools (DS) on consumers purchase decision within e-commerce websites. Further, the researcher also plan to investigate how the relations between the independent variables that proposed in the theoretical frameworks might vary by individual factors such as gender, age, and living environment. This research adopted a survey-based methodology which will generate the quantitative data that can be used to justify the relationship between the moderating roles of information quality (IQ) with e-commerce consumers purchase decision.


The diagnostic of heart disease remains more or less the most difficult and tedious task in the medical field and it various factors and symptoms of prediction which is involved in several layered issue that could engender the negative presumptions and unpredictable effects. Wu et al proposed that the integration of clinical decision support with relation to the computer- based system of the patient record could reduce the rate of errors in medical predictions, low the unwanted practice variation, enhance safety for patients, and the improvement of patient outcome. This knowledge provides a useful environment which can help to significantly improve the quality of clinical decisions. Many of hospital information in recent days are designed to implement patient billing, patient data storing, inventory management and generation of simple statistics computation. Most of the hospitals use decision support systems but they are still in most cases bounded. The majority of doctors are predicting heart disease symptoms based on their learning and working experience. In this case, prediction system should be implemented so that to reduce the risk of Heart Disease.


This year, the Canadian government has decided to commemorate the War of 1812 bicentennial by
recognizing key battles and heroes in re-enactments and other events, restoring various heritage
sites pertinent to the war, and honouring a number of military regiments with connections to the
militias of the war era. This article looks at the history of the War and how it has been perceived
by the various parties who participated.


N -modular redundant systems are composed of paral connected entities, which vote, and of entities, which counts incoming votes. Those entities are called voting machines and voters. The present thesis deals with influences of different parameters of NMR systems. Differentiation of values of those parameters influence on the realibility and life-cycle of the particular system. Two examples are discussed, namely the first, which shows a comparison between the sequential TMR architecture and its breadth, and second, the comparisons between repairable TMR system to reverse 5-modular redundant system and 7-modular system. In the first part of research is investigated the impact the number of voters on the level of voting, and how this parameter affects the reliability of the system . In second part of the research we are interested in the impact of three parameters the intensity of failure λ, the intensity of service of failure μ and the number of voting machines N in a different NMR system. Among these three parameters, there is strong correlation, which affects the reliability of the particular NMR system, as well its life-cycle MTTF .


Let ${\mathsf F}$ be the Schur functor from the category of finite dimensional ${\mathcal H}_{\vartriangle}(r)_\mathbb C$-modules to the category of finite dimensional ${\mathcal S}_{\vartriangle}(n,r)_{\mathbb{C}}$-modules, where ${\mathcal H}_{\vartriangle}(r)_\mathbb C$ is the extended affine Hecke algebra of type $A$ over ${\mathbb C}$ and ${\mathcal S}_{\vartriangle}(n,r)_{\mathbb{C}}$ is the affine quantum Schur algebras over $\mathbb{C}$. The Drinfeld polynomials associated with ${\mathsf F}(V)$ were determined in \cite[7.6]{CP96} and \cite[4.4.2]{DDF} in the case of $n>r$, where $V$ is an irreducible ${\mathcal H}_{{\vartriangle}}(r)_\mathbb C$-module. We will generalize the result in [loc. cit.] to the case of $n\leq r$. As an application, we will classify finite dimensional irreducible ${\mathcal S}_{\vartriangle}(n,r)_{\mathbb{C}}$-modules, which has been proved in \cite[4.6.8]{DDF} using a different method. Furthermore we will use it to generalize \cite[(6.5f)]{Gr80} to the affine case.


Never look a gift horse in the mouth. What you see could horrify or terrify you. But it's all part of being a doctor.


Abstract : The purpose of this effort was to investigate the load and vibration effects of installing a Rockwell mast mounted sight (MMS) on an OH-58C helicopter and to determine the environment in which the sight would operate. The task consisted of analytical studies, tests with a dummy sight, and installation and test of an operational sight. (Author)


Background  Aetiopathogenesis of alopecia areata (AA) is not fully understood and many factors have been assumed. Oxidant/antioxidant disequilibrium has been proposed with controversies between results.


Based on analysis to definitions, placename and address are compared in their semantic structure,existing sequence, spatial form, certainty to express spatial scope, temporal form, connotative meaning. It is studied that address is a compound placename or an extension of placemane; a placename is earlier, an address is later;A placename expresses a fuzzy spatial scope, and an address expresses a material spatial point;A placename is of history, current and planning three temporal forms, where only a current address is of meaning;A placename is of connotative meaning, but an addresses is a compound of placenames, it is just used.


The problem of the null-modes existence and some particularities of their interaction with nonlinear vortex-wave-like structures is discussed. We show that the null-modes are fundamental elements of nonlinear wave fields. The conditions under which null-modes can manifest themselves are elucidated. The Rossby-Hasegawa-Mima (RHM) model is used for the illustration of features of null-modes-waves interactions.


Mummy berry (Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi) is an important disease of cultivated blueberry (Vaccinium spp.). The disease has two distinct phases: a blighting phase initiated by ascospores and a fruit infection stage initiated by conidia during bloom. In this study, we investigated, in a nursery setting, blueberry cultivar resistance to both phases of the disease and, using multiple "standards" with a range of susceptibilities, examined, over 9 to 12 years, factors affecting disease incidence in controlled inoculations. The analyses of our data show that a minimum of 8 years of testing is necessary to obtain stable rankings of cultivar susceptibility for the fruit infection phase of the disease. Insufficient years of data were available to estimate this for the blight phase. Eight years are necessary largely as a result of uncertainty arising from the large environment x genotype interaction, estimated to be more than double any other source of observed variation, other than that resulting from sampling/individual plants. For individual cultivars, temperature and the amount and frequency of precipitation in January to March (when neither plant nor pathogen were presumed active and when both were in cold frames somewhat protected from environmental conditions) were predictive of later disease incidence. For most cultivars, the same weather variables at the same time period were found to be predictive for independently modeled cultivars. Additional cultivars, with only a few years' data, were grouped with the standard with which they shared similar environmental (year) responses and possibly similar disease predictive models.


The purpose of this study was to determine the management of anthelmintic administration and the possibility of drug resistance in laying hens in Blitar and Kediri districts in Indonesia. This study consisted of two stages: first surveying 48 farmers in Blitar and 81 farmers in Kediri to find out how anthelmintic administration management included the frequency of anthelmintic administration for laying hens, types of anthelmintic, the habit of farmers using sustainably the same (> 3 yr) type of anthelmintic, determination of dosage, and use of herbal medicines in controlling worm disease. In the second stage, examine worm eggs at laying hens farms treated with worm medicine at intervals of 2 wk to 4 wk. The results showed that the majority of laying hens provide anthelmintic every 2 mo to 3 mo. In Blitar, the number of farmers who used the same worm medicine in more than 3 yr was 83.33 %. While in Kediri the number reached 97.53 %. The number of farmers who determined anthelmintic doses based on chicken body weight was 95.84 % (Blitar) and 90.12 % (Kediri). The administration of the same type of anthelmintic for more than three consecutive years and the calculation of anthelmintic doses based on the average body weight is thought to have an influence on the occurrence of drug resistance. It is seen that even though chickens were treated with anthelmintic for only 2 wk to 4 wk, worm eggs were found in fecal examination.


In this paper, in order to solve challenges in the field of energy and fuel using a fully practical approach, types of engine oils and advantages of each over the other are discussed. A suitable car engine oil and its reasons are addressed. The viscosity of the engine oil is studied. A suitable car engine oil for cold and tropical regions of Iran is introduced. The standard classification of engine and gear oils in terms of viscosity is another topic discussed in this paper. Burning oil of Iranian cars, its reasons, identification methods and reduction strategies in accordance with domestic standards are described. Finally, plant-based engine oils, their applications, advantages and disadvantages, native challenges in this field and its complementary topics of the environmental aspect are provided in the present study. Keywords— Engine oil, Viscosity, Burning oil, Plant-based oil, Lubrication _________________________________________________________________________________


The paper presented the development of free-form surface axis NC machining tool path optimization module. In the UG environment, have three-dimensional solid modeling to the surface, and then have the secondary development of free-form surfaces five-axis machining path optimization module through the UG/Open API and VC++6.0. This can realize NC processing path automatically generation and optimization after the three-dimensional modeling. Introduction


In this paper, a demand response framework is developed where a smart neighborhood focus on minimizing the variability of demand, as well as to minimize each of their own energy costs. Each of the residents focuses on their own objective to minimize their cost while the utility tries to minimize the variability by reducing peaks and filling valleys. These objectives usually are in conflict with each other thus multi-objective optimization is used to achieve a set of solutions which then the residents could use to choose from to implement an agreeable solution for all the users. The proposed solution is implemented for uninterruptible appliances such as washing machines and the results are discussed.


The experience of independent work at seminars on historical disciplines is described in the work. On the concrete examples the article presents an analysis of the following forms of students' work: creative and business games, heuristic talk, historiographical analysis, reports hearing, essay writing, reflection, etc.


As design complexity increases, functional verification becomes a crucial issue to ensure design correctness at an early design stage. Traditional methods for verifying functional designs are based on the HDL simulation, which is becoming the bottleneck of the design cycle because of the increasing design complexity. The accurate verification ability at the architectural level through a large set of the test programs and real world applications is a foundation for the next design step. In this paper, we describe how to verify a functional model on a real target system. The proposed methodology called virtual chip makes it possible not only to check the functional correctness on real systems, but also to explore design space by measuring the performance effectiveness of various architecture parameters under real applications. Experimental results show that functional models can be verified on real systems using complicated application programs. The proposed functional verification method is faster than HDL simulation and even comparable to emulation.


This paper has proposed a time domain model of a fault locator with spacial reference to fault arc nonlinearities by applying the MODELS language of the EMTP. It has been found that an impedance relay type locator is significantly influenced by the fault arc nonlinearities, while the current diversion ratio method is not influenced. This validates the advantage of the current diversion approach over the impedance approach.


In this paper, a renewable power generation system is firstly introduced. This system consists of four important subsystems: a diesel generation subsystem, a photovoltaic (PV) subsystem, a DC/AC conversion subsystem and an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) energy-storage subsystem. The corresponding control methods of these subsystems are given in this paper. Next, a new prediction model-selftuning-weight Euler-type moving average prediction (EMAP) model is proposed to operate the distributed generation system in autonomous mode. The simulation results by Matlab\Simulink and PSIM indicate that the response characteristics of this renewable generation system are good, and the required capacity of EDLC to compensate the fluctuation of both photovoltaic output and load demand are also greatly reduced.


In the curtain wall work of China Construction Optics Valley Star Project H Block Headquarters Office Building, the treasure bowl in the atrium is the bowl-shaped hyperboloidal glass curtain wall, which is composed of hyperboloidal diamond-shaped glasses. It is difficult to install the glasses of various dimensions because the installation process is very complicated, thus being a thorny problem for this project. Based on the project case, this paper makes a summary and analysis of the construction process and technical key points and discusses how BIM technology is applied for modeling and material processing of this project. Moreover, it also explains the technical control points for the major procedures such as measurement and setting-out of control points, measurement verification, fabrication of tire frame, hyperbolic base keel welding, base element lifting of steel truss, installation and locating of hyperbolic steel truss base, installation of support point clamps, installation of hyperboloidal diamond-shaped glass. Finally, by utilizing the advanced technical means and scientific construction measures, this project solves the thorny problem and guarantees the installation accuracy and quality. The BIM technology and the method for controlling the base keel deformation and absorbing the deviation of structural deform adopted in this project are of great significance as reference for similar projects.


In the deep and slightly eutrophic dam part of the Řimov reservoir (czech republic), the fish use of open water habitat was studied by means of gillnetting, hydroacoustics and diet analyses during the period from april to October 2005. The day and night acoustic surveys revealed majority of pelagic fish present in the upper 5 m of the water column. The highest gillnet catches of planktivorous fish in epipelagic waters were obtained in May and august. The lowest fish catches were recorded in april and October which resulted in significant positive correlation between the gillnet catch per unit effort and water temperature. The majority of captured fish were adults of three cyprinid species: roach Rutilus rutilus, bleak Alburnus alburnus and bream Abramis brama. In the early spring the food of the three species was diversified: bream consumed primarily cyclopoid copepods, bleak fed on terrestrial insects, and gut content of pelagic roach consisted mainly of littoral food components, algae and detritus. In the late spring and summer however, the diets of all three cyprinids were predominated by large cladocerans, thus proving the use of open water habitat abundant in this prey.


Objective To investigate the effects of rosiglitazone on the bone metabolism in female rats.Methods Forty 3-month-old female Wistar rats were randomly distributed into 4 groups,and were treated with rosiglitazone maleate at doses of 3,10,and 30mg kg-1·d-1(Ros-1,Ros-2,and Ros-3),or 0.5% carboxymethycellulose(NC) by gavage(6ml kg-1·d-1) for 12 weeks.Bone mineral density(BMD) of the right femur,serum bone metabolic markers,and related hormones and cytokines were measured after the rats were killed.Results BMD of the femur in group Ros-3 decreasad significantly compared to that in 3 other groups.The serum levels of osteocalcin decreased significantly in groups Ros-2 and Ros-3,but no change occurred in other bone metabolic markers.There was no difference in the levels of estradiol,testosterone,and leptin among the groups.The serum level of IGF-1 decreased in group Ros-3.No significant change occurred in the inflammatory factors among the groups.Conclusion Rosiglitazone at a higher dose decreases bone formation and BMD in the normal female rats.Rosiglitazone has no influence in serum levels of estradiol,testosterone,and most cytokines.


The course-participating manager uses the processes of a scientist- e.g. reflecting, comparing, and generalizing - to assign value to courses. He or she is not an empty slate for the educator to write on. The value-attachment processes have implications for course evaluation approaches and for the course-running insti tution's image.


Human T‐lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I)‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a neurological disease that results from an interaction of retroviral infection and immune activation. In this study, five doses (1 mg/kg) of humanized anti‐Tac antibody were administered to 9 HAM/TSP patients at weeks 0,2,6,10, and 14. Preliminary immunological studies on HAM/TSP patients treated with humanized anti‐Tac indicate that there is a selective down‐regulation of activated T cells and a decrease in the HTLV‐I viral load in peripheral blood lymphocytes, most likely through the selective removal of HTLV‐I–infected, activated CD4+ lymphocytes.


Multipliers are very significant part of any processor or computing device. More often than not, performance of microcontrollers and DSP processors are calculated on the basis of number of multiplications completed in unit time. Therefore better multiplier architectures are assured to increase the capability of the device. Vedic multiplier is one such auspicious solution. Its easy architecture joined with raised speed forms an unparalleled combination for serving any composite multiplication computations. Attached with these best parts, realizing this with reversible logic further decreases power dissipation. Power dissipation is alternative significant constraint in an embedded system that cannot be ignored. In this paper we introduce a Vedic multiplier known as "UrdhvaTiryakbhayam", realized by reversible logic that is the first of its kind. This multiplier may find applications in Fast Fourier Transforms, and additional applications of DSP like software defined radios, imaging,wireless communications.


OBJECTIVE
To describe the feasibility of home care technology for patients with cancer or serious infectious diseases.

SETTING
Utrecht.

METHODS
One hundred and thirty one patients with cancer or serious infections were treated at home with parenteral administration of fluid, cytostatics, analgetics, blood products or antimicrobial agents. A 24-hour service team was available to support patients, their families and professional care-givers. The team is responsible for the education, the development of protocols and logistic co-ordination such as the supply of materials in the home setting.

RESULTS
During a period of about 10,000 days (median 41 days per patient) the supportive team was consulted 127 times. In five cases hospitalization was necessary, no patient died of a complication. Instruction was given to 74 general practitioners; 32 of them were able to handle medical technology on their own. Time consumption due to incidents was 0.8 minute per day and 57 minutes per patient.

CONCLUSION
Under certain conditions, notably a supporting team, home care technology is feasible.


The generally assumed presence of common epitopes on the glycoproteins (G proteins) of different tospovirus species should make possible an ELISA with broad reactivity. We have isolated the native G proteins of a type isolate of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) from purified complete virus particles and used them to raise monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Purification of the G proteins was achieved by isoelectric focussing in a Rotofor apparatus after solubilization of the lipid envelope with non-ionic detergent and removal of the nucleoprotein complexes by ultracentrifugation. After isoelectric focussing, three fractions predominantly contained proteins that reacted with antisera against complete virus and with a monoclonal antibody against the G1 protein. These fractions were used to immunize rabbits and mice. The polyclonal antibodies obtained reacted well in DAS-ELISA with all TSWV and impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus (INSV) isolates tested and also reacted with groundnut bud necrosis tospovirus (GBNV). Several positively reacting hybridoma mother clones were obtained. One of these was cloned and the resulting monoclonal antibody was tested for the detection of all available tospovirus isolates using TAS-ELISA. Except for GBNV, all isolates were detected with equal efficiency, supporting the view that most tospoviruses share common epitopes in their G proteins. Seventy additional clones await intensive screening and it is hoped that at least one of these may possess even broader reactivity.


Based on the observational data of eddy correlation method,we validate some methods for estimating latent heat flux,which include Bowen-ratio method,aerodynamics method,Penman-Monteith model and Shuttleworth-Wallace model.Analysis of the performance and sensitivity of these models shows that Penman -Monteith model and Bowen -ratio method are the best in performance,while Shuttleworth-Wallace model and aerodynamics method are the worst.Penman-Monteith model is not sensitive to the uncertainty in these model parameters.The measured precision ofΔe andΔT affect the performance of Bowen -ratio method greatly,while the observation height of wind,temperature,humidity and heterogeneous surfaces affect the performance of aerodynamics method greatly.Shuttleworth-Wallace model is sensitive to surface resistances.


Four oleanane-related aromatic triterpenoids isolated from an archeological piece of oak wood have been identified by NMR studies. Their structures give clue to a novel diagenetic transformation pathway of 2,3-oxygenated higher plant triterpenoids in the environment.


Significance Freshwaters inextricably link flows of carbon between the land, oceans, and atmosphere. Resulting carbon dioxide supersaturation relative to the atmosphere in most of the world's lakes and rivers has long been assumed to come from aerobic respiration. Although carbon dioxide also comes from the oxidation of anaerobically produced methane, this has been largely ignored within freshwaters. Here, we use stable carbon isotopes of carbon dioxide and methane to show that a nontrivial proportion of the total dissolved carbon dioxide in a tropical flood pulse lake comes from methane oxidation. Seasonal pulses of flooding are common in the tropics, suggesting that coupled methane production and oxidation likely contribute more broadly to flows of carbon between the land, understudied tropical freshwaters, and atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) supersaturation in lakes and rivers worldwide is commonly attributed to terrestrial–aquatic transfers of organic and inorganic carbon (C) and subsequent, in situ aerobic respiration. Methane (CH4) production and oxidation also contribute CO2 to freshwaters, yet this remains largely unquantified. Flood pulse lakes and rivers in the tropics are hypothesized to receive large inputs of dissolved CO2 and CH4 from floodplains characterized by hypoxia and reducing conditions. We measured stable C isotopes of CO2 and CH4, aerobic respiration, and CH4 production and oxidation during two flood stages in Tonle Sap Lake (Cambodia) to determine whether dissolved CO2 in this tropical flood pulse ecosystem has a methanogenic origin. Mean CO2 supersaturation of 11,000 ± 9,000 μatm could not be explained by aerobic respiration alone. 13C depletion of dissolved CO2 relative to other sources of organic and inorganic C, together with corresponding 13C enrichment of CH4, suggested extensive CH4 oxidation. A stable isotope-mixing model shows that the oxidation of 13C depleted CH4 to CO2 contributes between 47 and 67% of dissolved CO2 in Tonle Sap Lake. 13C depletion of dissolved CO2 was correlated to independently measured rates of CH4 production and oxidation within the water column and underlying lake sediments. However, mass balance indicates that most of this CH4 production and oxidation occurs elsewhere, within inundated soils and other floodplain habitats. Seasonal inundation of floodplains is a common feature of tropical freshwaters, where high reported CO2 supersaturation and atmospheric emissions may be explained in part by coupled CH4 production and oxidation.


The utility model discloses an ultra-high temperature solar heat collecting pipe which comprises a double-layer heat collecting pipe body with an open end and a closed end, wherein a sandwich layer between the inner layer pipe body and the outer layer pipe body is vacuumized, a plurality of light-transferring rods are distributed in the sandwich layer along the circumferential direction of the pipe body, and the light rays penetrate the light-transferring rods to be focused on the outer wall of the inner layer pip body. The heat collecting pipe utilizes the focusing principle of the convex lens, the light-transferring glass rods are distributed in the sandwich layer along the circumferential direction of the pipe body and have the function of the convex lens, the light rays are focused on the outer wall of the inner layer pipe body, and a light condensing strip with the temperature of 800-1000 DEG C can be formed on the outer wall of the inner pipe, therefore, the heat collecting efficiency of the heat collecting pipe can be greatly improved.


The hemagglutinin-tagged human trace amine-associated receptor1 (TAAR1) was stably coexpressed with rat Gαs in the AV12-664 cell line, and receptor activation was measured as the stimulation of cAMP formation. After blockade of endogenously expressed α2- and β-adrenoceptors with 2-[2-(2-methoxy-1,4-benzodioxanyl)]-imidazoline hydrochloride (2-methoxyidazoxan, RX821002) and alprenolol, respectively, the resulting pharmacology was consistent with that of a unique receptor subtype. β-Phenylethylamine (β-PEA), the putative endogenous ligand, gave an EC50 of 106 ± 5 nM in the assay. For a series of β-PEA analogs used to explore the pharmacophore, small substituents at ring positions 3 and/or 4 generally resulted in compounds having lower potency than β-PEA, although several were as potent as β-PEA. However, small substituents at ring position 2 resulted in a number of compounds having potencies as good as or better than β-PEA. A number of nonselective antagonists known to share affinity for multiple monoaminergic receptors were evaluated for their ability to inhibit β-PEA stimulation of the human TAAR1. None had an IC50 <10 μM. For comparison, the rat TAAR1 receptor was expressed in the AV12-664 cell line. A number of agonist compounds had significantly different relative potencies between the rat and human TAAR1, demonstrating a significant species difference between the rat and human TAAR1. The TAAR1 receptor exhibits a pharmacologic profile uniquely different from those of classic monoaminergic receptors, consistent with the structural information that places them in a distinct family of receptors. This unique pharmacologic profile suggests the potential for development of TAAR-selective agonists and antagonists to study their physiologic roles.


When associating data from various sensors to estimate the posture of mobile robots, a crucial problem to be solved is that there may be some delayed measurements. Furthermore, the general multi-sensor data fusion algorithm is a Kalman filter. In order to handle the problem concerning delayed measurements, this paper investigates a Kalman filter modified to account for the delays. Based on the interpolating measurement, a fusion system is applied to estimate the posture of a mobile robot which fuses the data from the encoder and laser global position system using the extended Kalman filter algorithm. Finally, the posture estimation experiment of the mobile robot is given whose result verifies the feasibility and efficiency of the algorithm.


This paper provides an example of a means of linking mathematical theory, laboratory experiments, and standard empirical w ork. Theory, by necessity, abstracts from the naturally occurring world, and exp eriments designed to test theory must incorporate the same abstractions. On the other hand, empirical tests are generally performed on naturally occurring data, which may not reflect those same abstractions. Given this possible divergence, naturally occurring data should be tested for consistency with theoretical assum ptions whenever possible. On the basis of standard symmetric bidding theory, thi s paper reports on a preliminary version of such a test for offshore oil bidding data. Copyright 1986 by The editors of the Scandinavian Journal of Economics.


Based on both archival research and two and a half years of ethnographic fieldwork in an Argentine shantytown with high levels of air, water, and ground contamination, this article examines the social production of environmental uncertainty. First, we dissect residents' perceptions of contamination, finding widespread doubts and mistakes about the polluted habitat. Second, we provide a sociologically informed account of uncertainty and the erroneous perceptions that underlie it. Along with inherent ambiguity surrounding toxic contamination, the generalized confusion about sources and effects of pollution is the result of two factors: (1) the "relational anchoring" of risk perceptions and (2) the "labor of confusion" generated by powerful outside actors. We derive two implications from this ethnographic case study: (1) Cognitive psychology and organizational sociology can travel beyond the boundaries of self-bounded communities and laboratory settings to understand and explain the collective production and reproduction of ignorance, uncertainty, and error. (2) Research on inequality and marginality in general, and in Latin America in particular, should pay close attention to the contaminated spaces where the urban poor live.