This paper is a review of scientific studies on demulsification of emulsions under microwave radiation.Microwave radiation is an effective means of demulsification of emulsions.Comparing with gravity sedimentation,chemical heating demulsification,microwave radiation can increase the demulsification rate and enhance demulsification efficiency for the emulsions containing the dense oil,the naturally occurring surfactants,the inorganic salts, the solid particles,the components of the enhanced oil recovery system.The light transmittances of the water separated from the emulsions under microwave radiation are higher than those under conventional heating.There is an enhanced salt-assisted effect for demulsification under microwave radiation.The demulsification may reach 100 % after the addition of a very small amount of NaCl,MgCl_(2),CaCl_(2) or KCl in 120 ~ 150 s under microwave radiation.An attractive alternative method of demulsification has been successfully tested in field operation and laboratory tests.This new technology is microwave demulsification of oil and water emulsion.


Althoughmany patients are reported to feel better after hysterectomy, there are several reports on sexual dysfunction. A large number of papers are published on comparison between routes and techniques, however; there is a paucity of literature to compare the outcome of Total Abdominal Hysterectomy (TAH) between two different countries. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the results of TAH on sexual markers in respondents from Bangladesh (group 1) and Pakistan (group 2). A total of 60 women, thirty (each from the two groups) were evaluated by a questionnaire, which included important markers of sexual function in women. The response to question on erectile dysfunction and/or premature ejaculation in men of the respondents in both the groups showed lack of any positive influence, which removed any bias due to this defect. The others were the markers on obstacles (vaginal bulge, negative emotional feelings) in sexual activity. A certain proportion of respondents in both the groups tend to avoid sex due to these markers. The overall results suggest that the urge to sex is not affected in both the groups, while in some, the desire might be related to intake of hormones (group 2), while in group 1, three showed no desire to sex at all. Dyspareunia, intensity of orgasms and frequency of intercourse were affected in both the groups. Difficulty to reach orgasm was felt by about 1/3 respondents. Taken together, theresultsof this study suggest an obvious impact of hysterectomy, which is not significantly gruesome. The intergroup differences were statistically insignificant. Our results indicate oneness in the findings of global literature on hysterectomy-related sexual dysfunction.


The purpose of this article is to develop a series of formulations surrounding concepts from social constructivism which we consider valuable resources for examining and interpreting the processes of construction of school knowledge. First, as point of departure, we present a definition of social constructivism in the framework of the developmental and educational psychology. Second, we develop a series of social constructivist concepts which we understand as relevant and pertinent for application in an educational context. Third, we reflect on the fundamentally interactive nature of processes of construction of knowledge in the classroom and on the different intervening factors. We conclude by discussing the integrating nature of social constructivism, as a perspective which agglutinates a broad spectrum of notions which contribute to the design of different pedagogic strategies, although all based on the same central assumption: social cognitive interaction as the necessary foundation for the process of knowledge construction.


Objective To investigate the clinical diagnostic and therapeutic meaning of the 2 type diabetes through the relativity research of glucose tolerance test with insulin release test.Methods From June 2004 to December 2004,248 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in our hospital were divided into four groups according to fasting insulin levels, group A was fasting low value,group B was fasting low value with peak,group C was fasting middle value,group D was fasting high value,and group E was 40 healthy subjects.Fasting blood sugar and glucose tolerance at 1 h,2 h,3 h were detected by Backman LX20 hexokinase method,and insulin levels were detected by Backman Asscey chemistry photogenic apparatus.Results Insulin levels in group A,B,C,D were significantly different from those of group E (P0.05).The blood sugar levels of group A,B,C,E were positively related with insulin levels,however,group D was no not.Conclusions The glucose tolerance test and insulin release test before treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus has important clinical significance for its diagnosis,treatment and prognosis.


In this paper, we focus on collaborative learning in 3D virtual campuses, i.e. virtual worlds representing real educational institutions that use the metaphor of a university and provide users with a range of different tools for learning. Analyzing the results of a study conducted across two virtual campuses in Second Life, we discuss how formal and informal learning can be supported in such virtual worlds and how they should be designed to improve student experience. As a result, we provide implications for conducting both formal and informal educational activities in 3D virtual campuses.


The nineteenth-century division of archaic Greek lyric into "choral lyric" and "monody" implies a number of problems that have been debated since Wilamowitz suggested that Pindar's Olympians I and II might have been composed for solo performance. I review some of the evidence on which the problem rests and conclude that it would be artificial to do away with term "choral lyric".


An experiment was conducted during 2014 various plant growth regulators at different concentrations namely, NAA (40, 50, 60 ppm) and GA (40, 50, 60 ppm) on fruit set and yield of pomegranate cv. Bhagwa. The results indicated that NAA 40 ppm was found effective in increasing number of fruits per tree (62.44), fruit length (8.66 cm), fruit diameter (8.71 cm), fruit weight (262.23 g), fruit (15.58 %), reducing sugars (13.83 %), non


The utility model discloses a movable flanging insert structure comprising a lower mould flanging insert (1), a lower mould body (2), a first bolt (3), an upper mould flanging insert (5), an upper mould body (6), a pressing core (7), a spring (8), a workpiece positioning pin (9), a third bolt (11) and a positioning pin (12), wherein the lower mould flanging insert (1) is fixedly connected with the lower mould body (2) through the third bolt (11) and the positioning pin (12); the lower mould flanging insert (1) and the upper mould flanging insert (5) are respectively provided with a sliding groove (13). By adopting the technical scheme, the utility model regulates the flanging distances of products by regulating the thickness of a spacer positioned between the mould bodies and the flanging insert, thereby achieving multi-time regulation, decreasing the welding and polish times, meeting different flanging requirements on the products and conveniently regulating the flanging distances of the products; and in addition, the utility model is easy to operate and enhances the work efficiency.


Background The larger study, Teaching Men, proposes that histories of masculinity are encapsulated within fictional and literary texts and these directly influence masculine practices both within and beyond the classroom. Teaching Men is an exploration of how teachers and institutions are vulnerable to the masculine constructions that fictional narratives help design, promote and sustain. In fieldwork I investigate how male teachers appropriate fictional narratives and specifically how this impacts on forms of masculinity practiced within an educational environment. Proposal As part of the larger study this paper explores the development of a robust narrative research methodology. Ricoeur's reading of Freud reclassifies 'desire' as a pursuit for identity and sublimation, I will argue that this economy of desire is a primary motivator at critical points in the development of a person's narrative. This new methodology will focus on answering an enduring difficulty of using narrative analysis in a research setting, namely; how do we assess the motivations behind an individual's emplotment of their narrative? Ricoeur developed four stages of mimesis, namely: pre-figuration, figuration, configuration and re-configuration. Between figuration and configuration, or the experiencing of an action and the emplotment of that action, desire has a significant organizational role. Desire is also influential as it occurs between configuration and re-configuration; that is the telling of a narrative and the receiving and interpretation of that narrative. We can use Ricoeur's 'semantics of desire' to assist in our comprehension and insight of narrative research data at both of these critical sites. This paper will explore the questions arising from this assertion as well as illustrate the process through a brief presentation of current research data. Relevance This paper relates to five of the stated criteria of the conference, namely: reality and fantasy, the teacher/student relationship, the relationship between school and society, positioning of blame for underachievement and finally education and learning as a transitional space.


Since system conditions can be indicated by a group of machine signal features but not any individual index, multiple indices trend analysis has foundational importance in system monitoring and diagnosis for factory automation. The author proposes to employ self-organizing neural network method to perform trend analysis in multi-dimensional space as an original exploration. However, experiments show that Kohonen's learning algorithm and constrained topological mapping algorithm may yield nonfunctional maps in such a prediction analysis. An improvement on them by unequal scaling the training data can protect the topological order of netted neurons from being violated. This new approach achieves more accurate results than the widely used single-variable trend analysis method, and is suitable for interpolation for a large number of data and extrapolation in few data cases. The proposed approach is actually a general algorithm which can be widely used in high-dimensional line function regression.<<ETX>>


Diblock copolymers of styrene and gelable acryloxy propyl triethoxysilane (APTES) were successfully prepared through Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization (NMP). Their micellar behaviour in dioxane–methanol solutions was investigated by Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) and Neutron Scattering (SANS) measurements. The micelles were found to be spherical whatever the copolymer composition with a PS core size varying from 13.5 nm to 37.8 nm depending on the PS chain length and the swelling ratio. The thickness of the PAPTES corona increased from 6.0 nm to 10.8 nm when increasing the PAPTES polymerization degree from 91 to 336. Two micellar structural regimes were identified, depending on the chain length of the PAPTES soluble block. For PAPTES polymerization degrees higher than 100, the PS core radius in dried state RDC can be consistently described by a scaling relationship RDC α (NPS0.34NPAPTES−0.069) and the aggregation number Nagg obeys the relationship Nagg α (NPS0.021NPAPTES−0.21), consistent with previous studies. For polymerization degrees of the soluble block lower than 100, it was shown that RDC and Nagg do not follow the expected scaling relationships with higher values of Nagg, possibly due to complete chain incorporation in the micelle core. After the cross-linking process, a decrease of the hydrodynamic diameter of 1.6 to 4.7 nm was observed. This is mainly due to the corona shrinkage, the aggregation number and the core radius being directly dependent of the parent non-crosslinked micelles.


The paperless manufacturing control platform realization method of robotic friction stir spot welding equipment has been aimed at and studied.By using geometrical information of STEP neutral file as a design basis,and according to movement analysis of the spot welding robot,the OCC was used to build a friction stir spot welding robot platform for paperless processing.Also the Extensible Markup Language(XML)file was used as the Computer Numerical Control(CNC)machining process monitoring and control data carrier.The single process control method of robotic friction stir spot welding equipment was illustrated.At the same time,by applying the method of service-oriented network control framework,the remote control and monitor of friction stir spot welding robotic group was also studied and designed.It has made even simple of the design and control process of welding by the friction stir spot welding robot.


The purpose of the study was to determine the main directions in the activity of a medical assistant for early detection of breast cancer based on the analysis of the organization of the disease diagnosis at the present stage.
Results. It was found that structuring the diagnostic process taking into account risk factors will allow the medical assistant to independently organize early detection of pathology, which will reduce the number of advanced forms of breast cancer and save the lives of patients.
Conclusion. At the stage of training a mid-level specialist in the specialty 31.02.01 Medical Care, it is necessary to form professional competence to detect precancerous diseases and malignant neoplasms, determine visual and palpatory localization and refer patients with suspected malignancy and precancerous diseases to the primary oncological office of a medical organization in accordance with the procedure for providing medical care to the population in the "Oncology" profile.


A very important testimony concerning the planetary week in the second century A.D. is that of Vettius Valens, a noted astrologer of Antioch, who was active during the reigns of Antoninus Pius (138-161) and Marcus Aurelius (161-180). His Anthology, an astrological treatise written in Greek, has been a valuable subject of study by scholars because of the astronomical and chronological data it contains. 0 t to Neugebauer, noted expert in the mathematics of ancient astronomy, has worked out, with the collaboration of Henry B. Van Hoesen, the horoscopes recorded by that astrologer. In their book presenting their findings they say :


Abstract: Waste tyres are more and more widely used for geotechnical applications as backfill material that is either a substitute for natural soils or combined with them. Beyond the economical and environ-mental concern, these materials can help solving problems with low shear strength soils. This study aims at investigating a mechanical behaviour of tyre chip–sand mixtures thanks to a triaxial tests campaign. Two factors were studied: (i) the tyre chip content, from 0 to 100% by mass and (ii) the orientation of the pieces of tyre, with four varying orientation conditions. This paper focuses on the stress–strain behaviour of the different mixtures and their volumetric variation during the tests. The angle of friction and cohesion for each mixture are presented. The optimum percentage mass and optimum unit weight, which gives the maximum shear strength, are also determined. The influence of the different parameters is discussed. 1. INTRODUCTION Tyre disposal is a huge challenge faced by waste management engineers, particu-larly in more economically developed countries where there exist stockpiles of tyres in alarming volumes. Their disposal proves to be a serious problem as tyres do not de-compose. Waste tyres pose a threat to public health and to the environment in terms of current methods of their disposal due to the following three reasons: (i) they occupy large volumes in already overcrowded landfills, (ii) waste tyre storage can be a dangerous fire risk, (iii) waste tyre dumps provide the breeding ground for vermin, including rats and mosquitoes.


tradition from the confines of patriarchy by a hermeneutic of suspicion that becomes subversion and aims at healing, wholeness, joy, and well-being. Randall Bailey examines male-female relationships in the Hebrew canon, finding in them models of how not to relate to each other today as men and women. Jacquelyn Grant argues for a "wornanist Jesus" as co-sufferer. equalizer, and liberator. Robin Scroggs shows a feminist Paul who consistently recognized women's leadership and equal participation in the apostolic church. Part II contains essays on theology, ecclesiology, and worship. In her creative essay "What Sins Should Women Confess?" Valerie Saiving clarifies women's sinfulness as springing from a woman's "dependence on others for one's own self-definition" (59). Barbara Brown Zikmund in "Ordination from the Women's Perspective" and Joy Bussert in 'The Mind-Body Split" encourage readers to support the church in transition which facilitiates women's re-entry into equal discipleship. Vienna Cobb Anderson in "Worship That Welcomes" advocates the design of spaces for worship that are flexible for celebrating different intimate moments of the human reality and the use of a new and inclusive language at prayer. Contributors in Part III examine the justice aspect of the solidarity relationship, arguing that women are catalysts for justice, and that the relations between the church and women should go beyond co-optation. Women are to be allowed to leave the margins of the church, says a statement of the United Methodist Church. Una Kroll writes about 'The Justice Agenda from the Inside Out," and Aruna Gnanadason invokes the Holy Spirit as the source of the power and energy that liberates and unites. Finally, essays in Part IV look at the original promise that we, women and men, are created in the image of God, and the diverse images of God that can thus be evoked. In Ours the Journey, Barbara HornerBook Reviews 363


In less than two years since the publication of Professor Anthony C. Yu's first volume of a projected four-volume complete translation of the traditional Chinese novel Hsi-yu chi [The Journey to the West], the University of Chicago scholar of Chinese literature and religious thought has already been widely acclaimed as a superb translator. He is commended and congratulated for his painstaking effort to render a large number of difficult verses into readable English, for his expertise in deciphering cryptic Buddhist and Taoist terms, and for his faithfulness to the original text. The critics are particularly pleased with the liveliness of style that enables Yu to capture the entertaining quality of the novel: the permeation of an irrepressible comic and satiric tone throughout the work. An obviously successful attempt to introduce or reintroduce a recognized Chinese masterpiece to the English-speaking world is, of course, a notable sinological event. The Hsi-yu chi, ranked as one of the four great "classical" Chinese novels, is unquestionably a literary milestone. Since its first appearance in the sixteenth century, it has become one of the most beloved stories of the Chinese reading public. Through numerous metamorphoses, the story of the sixteen-year pilgrimage of the monk Hsiian-tsang (596-664) who journeyed to India to bring back Buddhist scripture has evolved into a seemingly inexhaustible reservoir of religious allegory, romance, fantasy, humor, and


The study will be carried out in adults over 18 years of age, hospitalized in the Hospital Belen of Trujillo from November 2015 to October 2017.
OBJECTIVE: To determine if they are risk factors for stroke: Obesity, Hypercholesterolemia, Smoking, Alcoholism.
METHOD: Study of cases and controls. The cases will be 392 adults over 18 years of age, with diagnosis of Stroke with an imaging study that confirms the stroke subtype (ischemic or hemorrhagic) and controls 392 adults over 18 years, with different diagnosis of stroke, which will be matched according to sex and Age group: 18-29 years; 30-59 years; ≥ 60 years.


Most traditional surveillance systems use decision-or feature-level fusion approaches to integrate heterogeneous sensor data, which are sub-optimal with information loss. In this paper, we continue our previous work on joint-sparse data-level fusion (JSDLF) to integrate heterogeneous sensor data. Since heterogeneous sensor data originate from the same targets of interest, whose states can be determined by only a few parameters, it is reasonable to assume that the sensor measurement domain has a low intrinsic dimensionality. The proposed JSDLF approach is based on the joint sparse signal recovery techniques by discretizing the target state space. The JSDLF approach can fuse signals from multiple distributed passive radio frequency (RF) sensors and video sensor data for joint target detection, state estimation, and high level information fusion situation awareness. The JSDLF approach is data-driven and requires minimum prior information, since there is no need to know the time-varying RF signal amplitudes, or the image intensity of the targets. It can handle non-linearity in the sensor data due to state space discretization and the use of frequency/pixel selection matrices to reduce user involvement. In our previous work, the JSDLF approach was developed for a single-target case. In this paper, we extend the JSDLF approach to detect and estimate multiple targets. For a multi-target case with J targets, the JSDLF approach only requires discretization in a single-target state space, instead of discretization in a J-target state space, as in the case of the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) or the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate that the proposed JSDLF approach achieves excellent performance with accurate target position and velocity estimates to support situation awareness.


A device aimed at restoring the sensory feedback in amputees is presented. Biphasic current pulses can be generated and delivered to the Peripheral Neural System (PNS) through neural electrodes. The current pulses can be controlled in terms of amplitude, width and frequency. Moreover, the system can be configured to generate customized waveforms. The device is based on an IC implemented on a 0.35um HV process and includes a voltage booster and a programmable current DAC, allowing to deliver the programmed current even in case of high impedance contact at the electrode-tissue interface. The system has been implemented and successfully tested by means of in-vivo experiments with rats.


Estrogens have been used in hormone replacement therapy for a long time. Because of different side-effects, alternative substances like phytoecdysteroids become increasingly more important. Especially the main substitute 20-Hydroxyecdysone (Ecd) has shown different positive effects. So far there has been a lack of results with regard to colon epithelium of postmenopausal women. For this reason the effect of Ecd and estradiol (E2) should be demonstrated by feeding the substances to sprague-dawley-rats and using histological and immunohistochemical methods. In refer to this, mucosa-thickness, the number of pcna-positive cells as well as different serum lipids (cholesterol, hdl, ldl, triglycerides, leptin) were determined. The results were compared to a control-group of ovarectomized rats treated with soja-free food. No group showed significant effects on colon mucosa thickness. In reference to the proliferation of the colon epithelium, only one Ecd-group demonstrated effects like estradiol. In addition, the existing favorable fat lowering effects of estradiol for serum lipids could be confirmed. In conclusion, there is a possibility for a protective effect of Ecd. Because of a loss of significant differences in single groups of the experiment, a need of scientific argumentation for Ecd effects in colon furthermore exists.


The ECOMSED model output and the simplification of the Reynolds equation are employed in this paper to study the characteristics of the dynamic balance of the Modaomen Estuary of the Pearl River.The study shows that the longitudinal component of the pressure force is mainly balanced by the vertical eddy frictional term and the lateral component of the pressure force is mainly balanced by the Coriolis force.The barotropic force is the dominant dynamic factor in the Modaomen estuary,but the baroclinic force is also important during the dry season.The most important impact of the human activities on the estuarine dynamics of the Modaomen estuary lies in altering the barotropic force,which decreases generally in recent decades.


This study aims to determine the efficiency levels of cigarettes industry in Indonesia. The analysis tools used in this study is the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) method of analysis. Expecially for the "Go Public" firms those are PT BAT Indonesia, PT Bentoel, PT Gudang Garam, PT HM Sampoerna. The research, used secondary data, from the Indonesian Capital Market Directory year 2006 - 2008. Variables used in the study consist of four input variables and two output variables. Its input variables consist of labor, Debt, Capital, and Total Asset, whiles its output variable consist of Net Sales and Gross Profit. The research results show that there only two companies that consistent to maintained the level of efficiency of 100% during the study, namely PT BAT Indonesia and PT HM Sampoerna. Meanwhile, two other companies show their performance levels efficiency have not stabillized during the study, namely PT Bentoel and PT Gudang Garam.


This article focuses on the use of a binomial model to calculate the required subsidy, which would encourage investors to optimally immediately use the Americanstyle option laid down at the launch stage of Chinese renewable energy investment projects. In addition, this article also aims to contrast the binomial model with the more timeconsuming Monte Carlo simulation previously used to estimate the appropriate subsidy. Using the same data, but using a different method, and reducing the number of uncertain factors to one, it is assumed that these two methods have similar results, but the binomial method requires significantly less calculations and is more understandable.


Oral drug delivery remains the most preferred route of administration of various therapeutic agents. Over a decade the demand for development of rapid melts has enormously increased as it has significant impact on the patient compliance. Rapid melts are solid unit dosage forms which dissolve or disintegrate in mouth without water or chewing. Prescription rapid melts are initially developed to overcome the difficulty in swallowing conventional tablets with water among pediatric, geriatric and psychiatric patients with dysphasia. Technologies used for manufacturing of rapid melts are either conventional or patented technologies. Important ingredients that are used in the formulation of rapid melts should allow quick release of drug, resulting in faster dissolution.


Background:  The aim of the study was to investigate: (i) familial scleroderma (FS) risk factors, (ii) subtype concordance and (iii) relationship between dates (DSO) and ages (ASO) at scleroderma onset.


Relates to a process for producing porous hydrogels with a gelation step in situ (in situ) - The present invention is of a polymer solution containing a blowing agent. A production method (A) side chain according to the present invention (meth) polysaccharide compound derivatives having an acrylic functional group and (B) thiol (thiol), polysaccharide compound derivatives having a thiol functional group in the polyethylene oxide derivative or a side chain having a functional group at the terminal (C) in the presence of a blowing agent (Porogen) - a step, and obtaining a porous hydrogel by foaming the foaming agent contained in the hydrogel to form a cross-linked by reaction in situ Chemistry hydrogel. Porosity to be produced in accordance with the present invention, the hydrogel is not only to control the release and biodegradability of the drug, it can provide a favorable environment for tissue regeneration, such as adhesion and proliferation induction of cell to be used as tissue support and a drug delivery system for can. Porous hydrogels, in situ, a polysaccharide, polyethylene oxide, blowing agents, tissue regeneration


Equations describing three-wave resonant interactions in adiabatic gas dynamics in one Cartesian space dimension derived by Majda and Rosales are expressed in terms of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian variational principles. The equations consist of two coupled integro-differential Burgers equations for the backward and forward sound waves that are coupled by integral terms that describe the resonant reflection of a sound wave off an entropy wave disturbance to produce a reverse sound wave. Similarity solutions and conservation laws for the equations are derived using symmetry group methods for the special case where the entropy disturbance consists of a periodic saw-tooth profile. The solutions are used to illustrate the interplay between the nonlinearity represented by the Burgers self-wave interaction terms and wave dispersion represented by the three-wave resonant interaction terms. Hamiltonian equations in Fourier (p,t) space are also obtained where p is the Fourier space variable corresponding to the fast phase variable of the waves. The latter equations are transformed to normal form in order to isolate the normal modes of the system.


The grapevine aphid, Aphis illinoisensis Shimer, is recorded for the first time outside of America in Hatay (Southern Turkey). The species is a potential threat to viticulture in Mediterranean countries.


For most birds, nest predation is the main cause of reproductive failure. Many species reduce predation by hiding their nests in vegetation. However, it is unclear whether they maximize cover around nests. Individuals may benefit also by keeping potential predators, food, and conspecifics in view, and selection of nest site may be a trade-off between concealment and visibility. We examined this idea in the Song Thrush Turdus philomelos, which builds cup-shaped nests in trees. For artificial nests, the risk of predation decreased when nests were more concealed within individual trees. However, Song Thrushes did not maximize concealment of nests within trees but selected intermediate concealment from the range of concealment available. The proportion of destroyed natural nests was not related to degree of nest concealment. Song Thrushes also selected patches of intermediate tree density, but tree density did not influence predation rate of artificial nests. These results are consistent with the trade-off hypothesis, which deserves more attention in future studies of nest site selection.


A technique to separate images of non-stationary from stationary components in a TV-frame sequence of a real world scene had previously been reported [1]. Using an approach related to fuzzy set theory, this technique has been significantly improved. Analyzing TV-frames representing a downtown street intersection for one second, bitmasks corresponding to images of a car and a pedestrian as well as their trajectories have been extracted from this sequence - without using scene specific knowledge about the moving objects or the stationary scene components. Similar results have been obtained for other TV-frame sequences. This approach may contribute to an algorithmic solution for the "peripheral vision" problem, i.e. to detect a moving object in the field of view, and for the "attention focussing" problem, i.e. to decide which part of the images in a sequence to investigate in detail.


Reservoir management is a methodology which seeks to maximize the value of a hydrocarbon asset. However, different companies and authors have differing approaches to reservoir management, and no generally accepted definition of this activity exists within the industry. This paper reviews some of the origins of reservoir management techniques, and addresses some individual areas within the overall spectrum of reservoir management activities to provide an overview of this subject. Generally, reservoir management is directed towards maximizing the value of a hydrocarbon asset. However, the value of any reservoir is defined differently for different people at different times. In order to optimally develop a reservoir to maximize its value, the exact meaning of value must be clearly understood. Also, there is always uncertainty associated with the parameters which determine the value of a reservoir. These uncertainties, and their impact upon the value of the reservoir (however defined) must also be clearly understood in order to optimize its value. Different reservoir management approaches covering different time frames are typically used to optimize the development of a field. These activities fall into two main categories an overall reservoir management strategy for a field, which dictates the development of the field over an extended period of time ; and, shorter more problem focused reservoir management studies which address specific challenges or opportunities in reservoir development. However, in order to be successful, both reservoir management activities must have clearly defined, measurable, and achievable objectives. The focus and organization of both short and long term reservoir management activities are reviewed, along with overall strategies for study and strategy implementation.


Objective To investigate the role of CT three-dimensional reconstruction (3D-CT) in the diagnosis of bronchial foreign body.Methods Thirty-seven suspected pediatric cases of bronchial foreign bodies underwent CT scanning and 3D-CT reconstruction,whose accuracy was defined by bronchoscopical or surgical findings.Results For all the 37 cases,chest X-ray showed 8 cases (group A) had bronchial foreign body,while 29 cases(group B) were negative.In group A,CT findings suggested lung infection in 5 cases,congenital pulmonary dysplasia-lung lobe absence in 2 cases and tracheo-esophageal fistula in 1 case.In group B (29 patients),25 cases with bronchial foreign bodies were suspected by CT scanning and further bronchoscopical examination confirmed the existence of 24 cases of vegetable foreign body,one case of the tracheal tumor.For the four cases with negative result of bronchial foreign bodies after CT scanning,lung infection and laryngitis were confirmed in two cases respectively.Among the 24 surgically-confirmed cases of vegetable foreign bodies,CT scanning showed tracheobronchial foreign body in fourteen positive results,irregular tracheal stenosis in six cases and obstructive atelectasis,emphysema,pneumonia in seven each.Tracheobronchial foreign body and irregular tracheal stenosis were direct signs,accounting for 74%(20/27).Obstructive atelectasis,emphysema and pneumonia were indirect signs,accounting for 26%(7/27).Conclusion 3D-CT plays an important role in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of bronchial foreign body.

Key words:
Foreign body in trachea; Three diamensional CT; Diagnosis


A class of graphs admits an adjacency labeling scheme of size $f(n)$, if the vertices of any $n$-vertex graph $G$ in the class can be assigned binary strings (aka labels) of length $f(n)$ so that the adjacency between each pair of vertices in $G$ can be determined only from their labels. The Implicit Graph Conjecture (IGC) claimed that any graph class which is hereditary (i.e. closed under taking induced subgraphs) and factorial (i.e. containing $2^{\Theta(n \log n)}$ graphs on $n$ vertices) admits an adjacency labeling scheme of order optimal size $O(\log n)$. After thirty years open, the IGC was recently disproved [Hatami and Hatami, FOCS 2022]. In this work we show that the IGC does not hold even for monotone graph classes, i.e. classes closed under taking subgraphs. More specifically, we show that there are monotone factorial graph classes for which the size of any adjacency labeling scheme is $\Omega(\log^2 n)$. Moreover, this is best possible, as any monotone factorial class admits an adjacency labeling scheme of size $O(\log^2 n)$. This is a consequence of our general result that establishes tight bounds on the size of adjacency labeling schemes for monotone graph classes: for any function $f: \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0}$ with $\log x \leq f(x) \leq x^{1-\delta}$ for some constant $\delta>0$, that satisfies some natural conditions, there exist monotone graph classes, in which the number of $n$-vertex graphs grows as $2^{O(nf(n))}$ and that do not admit adjacency labels of size at most $f(n) \log n$. On the other hand any such class admits adjacency labels of size $O(f(n)\log n)$, which is a factor of $\log n$ away from the order optimal bound $O(f(n))$. This is the first example of tight bounds on adjacency labels for graph classes that do not admit order optimal adjacency labeling schemes.


This paper analyzes the material and information flow on the final product of the construction project throughout the construction process from the two lines of material and spiritual products.The whole construction product supply chain is drawn in construction period.Based on the product supply chain,taking a project in Shanghai,system dynamics method is used to simulate the models of construction to draw the advantages and disadvantages of CM model.The paper provides a theoretical basis and decision supports for pre-decision-makings of construction project.


The next generation of digital terrestrial television (DVB-T2) standard requires to improve performance of the current DVB-T standard. Commercial and technical reasons suggest that orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) could still be adopted. As multiple-input multiple-output antennas techniques are not backward compatible with current constellations, new modulation methods suitable for OFDM in the presence of Rayleigh fading channels could be developed in order to provide diversity gain without spectral or power inefficiencies. In this paper we compare three modulation methods, namely, (1) re-mapped repetition, (2) rotational multi-carrier and (3) multidimensional rotated QAM, in a low-density parity-check (LDPC) block code scenario. As most of the modulation methods were introduced for an uncoded scenario, indeed it is seen that in the presence of coding, the bit error rate deeply differs from that in an uncoded scenario.


Embodiments concern methods and compositions for treating or preventing a bacterial infection, particularly infection by a Staphylococcus bacterium. Aspects include methods and compositions for providing a passive immune response against the bacteria. In certain embodiments, the methods and compositions involve an antibody that binds Staphylococcal protein A (SpA).


The earlier presented surface albedo parameterization is simplified by assuming that the reflectance of direct solar radiation is a simple function of solar zenith angle. The function chosen contains three parameters that vary with vegetation type, greenness, and leaf area index. Tables of parameter values are presented. Using these tables, SiB's (Simple Biosphere model) absorbances of direct solar radiation can be reproduced with an average relative error of less than 0.5 percent. Finally, the direct reflectance function is integrated over zenith angle to produce an equation for the surface reflectance of diffuse radiation.


tissue and clefts. The connective tissues tend to break up and interrupt the muscle bundles giving the impression of inefficiency in muscular contraction of the tumour as a whole, while the clefts are lined with endothelium covering sparse elastic tissue which is similar to the structure of the normal endocardium. The individual muscle fibres appear to be mature and there is no suggestion of malignancy; they vary considerably in thickness, but in any particular bundle the fibres are of the same thickness and show sufficient nuclei to indicate that the fibres have been cut centrally and that the appearance of variation in thickness is not due to a chance tangential section. A considerable amount of fibrosis is seen. The familial incidence of the condition in 16 cases was recognized by the death of a girl of 21 and her brother of 16 within six months of each other and subsequently the death of a girl of 21 and of her brother aged 31 years, twelve years later. While this remains a rare condition 16 cases have been seen by the author in fourteen years; Braunwald et al. (1962) have described 27 cases and Pare et al. (1961) report on a family of 77, of whom 20 show signs or symptoms of a condition which the authors call 'hereditary cardiovascular dysplasia' and another 10 have died of this condition.


The development of the computer module of the KDAM program for determining the kinematic and dynamic parameters of the input link of the mechanisms of light industry machines allows to determine the coordinates, projections of speeds and accelerations of the center of mass of the crank and the point of attachment of the links of the Asura groups. During the dynamic analysis of the operation of the input link, the projections of the full reaction in the hinge of the input link are determined. The obtained results are used in the program to assess the intensity of technological processes of the light and textile industry when determining the change in the relative tension of the thread in the filling zones on the technological equipment. Lever mechanisms are widely used in light and textile industry machines. The working bodies of the lever mechanisms come into contact with the threads during operation. Depending on the trajectory of the movement, the angle of coverage of the working bodies of the mechanisms of the light and textile industry machines changes. A change in the value of the angle of coverage leads to a change in the tension of the threads. When the coverage angle increases to critical values, the thread may break and the technological equipment may stop. The tension of the thread increases when moving through the refueling zones of the thread feeding system on the technological equipment. This increase is due to the interaction of the thread with the guides and tension devices. The maximum tension value will be in front of the working area. A sharp increase in tension leads to a violation of the normal course of the technological process of thread processing. The development of new schemes of the thread feeding system requires an operational assessment of the value of the tension in front of the working zone. The development of special computer programs for determining the tension in the working area makes it possible to determine the necessary technological parameters. The objective function in the tasks of optimization of technological processes is the minimum necessary tension. The variable parameter in the objective function is the sum of the angles of coverage of the working bodies by the thread. The use of a computer program allows you to determine the tension and change in relative tension in the filling zones of technological machines, which allows you to optimize the shape of the thread supply line even at the stage of designing the technological process. Computer determination of kinematic and dynamic parameters of flat mechanisms allows to determine the parameters used in determining the intensity of technological processes. The study of the influence of the design of the thread tension device on the conditions of its interaction with the thread, taking into account its unevenness in the diameter of the cross section, is important in determining the thread tension. The tension of the thread increases when moving through the refueling zones of the thread feeding system on the technological equipment.


This is a discussion on the second-order accuracy difference schemes for approximate solution of the integral-type time-nonlocal parabolic problems. The theorems on the stability of r-modified Crank-Nicolson difference schemes and second-order accuracy implicit difference scheme for approximate solution of the integral-type time-nonlocal parabolic problems in a Hilbert space with self-adjoint positive definite operator are established. In practice, stability estimates for the solutions of the second-order accuracy in t difference schemes for the one and multidimensional time-nonlocal parabolic problems are obtained. Numerical results are given.


The last torque in Equation [11] is small in magnitude and has no net value over a cycle of the motion. This torque may be neglected in an approximate solution of the motion. Aside from the foregoing three torques, Equations [10] and [11] are of the same form as Equations [7] and [8] of the paper. Thus the solutions given in the paper may be used with due considerations of the change in constants and damping. Parameters of a typical gyro can be used to examine the magnitude of the damping, the magnitude of the average rate of the inner gimbal, and the change in the constants. The following parameters will be used:


To turn to another facet of the Hunterian heritage -we all probably accept the truth of Lawrence's aphorism, " Thus we find at last the difference between physic and surgery is a distinction not in science but in practice." Mr. Victor Bonney in his eloquent oration of 1942 made out a strong case for some integration of the many specialties into which medicine of to-day is breaking up. Beyond this there is the need for some corporate body to direct and in some degree associate the multiple activities of medical minds of to-day. If some such joint association is not made effective there is a risk of the all-embracing State machine taking too great a part in controlling our activities. The need for some such organization was envisaged as long ago as 1905 by Sir Clifford Allbutt in his lecture, "The Historical Relations of Medicine and Surgery"; in that he formulated a plea for the foundation of an Academy of Medicine and proposed for it the Wriothesley motto of " Ung par tout et tout par ung." His ideas, I think, in some degree helped to advance the establishment of the Royal Society of Medicine; but this great foundation, successful as it is, does not supply the basis for that spiritual integration in an organized manner which is desirable if we are to present an undivided mind in face of State control and prevent the fragmentation of medicine into progressively smaller groups. Duke-Elder in 1942 wrote, " British medicine in its present uncoordinated state, lacking central stimulation, guided by unrelated and often competing professional bodies and administered by a dozen Ministries, is in no position to assert itself in an integrated manner to confer the benefits it might upon the population, or to implement the opportunities of the immediate future in reconstruction, research, and international influence." This may exaggerate the incoherence of our present state, but, even if we reduce his dozen Ministries to one or two, it is not so far off the truth. In 1945 Duke-Elder again returned to the subject.% He doubted the power of the Royal Colleges to fulfil their proper function if they remained separate and in some degree isolated, and he put the question: "If the practice of medicine becomes more and more an affair of the State, is the profession provided with a body powerful enough to preserve the soul of medicine in its personal and creative aspects without which it cannot live ? " Many members of this and the other Royal Colleges have, I know, felt the need of some such linking of the existing traditional organizations. Practical propositions were launched some years ago with great hopes, but unfortunately they foundered on the shoals of finance and divided counsels. One cannot but feel that the spirit and heritage of Hunter, his great museum and our library, do constitute a focal point towards which a renewed effort might be directed to bring our forces together before we are utterly fragmented. Conclusion In accordance with the Orator's traditional privilege, I have strayed from my main subject, but I wished to show that the inspiration of Hunter was for the whole body of medicine, that the harvest he sowed matured slowly and has been but gradually garnered. If we look back on Hunter's work I think we may agree that he conformed to Francesco de Sanctis's definition of the man of science: " He is the highest and most virile type who needs no cult, for he carries the sentiment within him; he has no need for external stimuli for medals and titles, rewards or punishments . . . because he feels more powerful stimuli within him, and his conscience is stronger than any flag or banner."


The globalization promotes the internationalization of enterprises in many countries. In a fully-opened China's market our logistics enterprises must study and adopt the development model of the advanced international enterprises to accelerate the process of internationalization and develop the ability to compete and survive. First this paper describes the characteristics of the internationalization of logistics industry and points our goals in the process. Then it analyses the difficulties in the process of internationalization of China's logistics industry and gives some feasible advice.


Colon is being extensively investigated as a drug delivery site. Colon targeted drug delivery system (CTDDS) has been developed by means of one or more controlled released mechanisms. It is convenient for treating localized colonic diseases, i.e. Ulcerative colitis, Crohn's diseases and constipation etc. During the in-vitro drug release study, on exposure to the dissolution fluid, the micropellets slows down further seeping-in of dissolution fluids towards the interior of the pellets. Once the gel layer is formed the drug release takes place mainly by diffusion from the inner region. On reaching the colonic environment the polymeric layer would soluble at colonic pH and release the major amount of drug in the region of colon. In the in-vitro drug release study, the drug release from the micropellets required a longer time in experimental conditions. But in actual use in living systems these limitations for pH environment and it will never be felt. Therefore the micropellets will be take place completely and rapidly in the colon region. While analyzing the drug release pattern of the drug from the micropellets, it was found that the drug release started in the early hours of study. This was due to change in pH.Out of the nine formulations, it appears that F7 has the maximum potential in providing colon targeted drug delivery.


Graves' disease is a a rare autoimmune thyroid disease that characterized by hyperthyroidism, diffuse goiter, infiltrative ophthalmopathy, infiltrative dermopathy and thyroid akropachy. It usually affects both lobes of the thyroid, unilateral involvement have been reported rarely. In our clinic we diagnosed unilateral graves disease wich has single-sided involvement (in other thyroid lobe and isthmus agenesis-hemiagenesis) in cintigraphy. Thus we presented a rare unilateral graves case with current literature.


Charcoal analysis as a tool for assessing firewood gathering strategies during the Mesolithic: the example of the Clos de Poujol (Aveyron, France).


Data from 824 ground-water samples collected from about 350 wells in three Miocene basaltic units of the Columbia Plateau regional aquifer system indicate that ground waters generally are of good quality and are suitable for most uses. The chemical composition of water in the shallowest units is predominantly calcium-magnesium bicarbonate type and evolves toward sodium bicarbonate type in the deepest unit. Calcium-magnesium sulfate-chloride type waters occur less commonly and are associated with water in shallow wells, areas with thin overburden cover, and areas under agricultural land use. Dissolved-solids concentrations generally are less than 500 milligrams per liter (mg/L). The Saddle Mountains unit is the shallowest and least extensive unit in the regional geohydrologic system. Calcium-magnesium bicarbonate type waters are most abundant and reflect a less geochemically evolved water type. Sodium bicarbonate type waters are usually found in downgradient locations and in the deepest wells sampled. Calcium-magnesium sulfate-chloride waters generally occur where dissolved-oxygen concentrations are greater than 5 mg/L, where the overburden is less than 100 feet thick, and where surface-water irrigation occurs. The mean dissolved-solids concentration for 131 samples is 340 mg/L. Dissolved-nitrogen species, and to a lesser extent sulfate, concentrations also are influenced by overburden thickness and land use. The distribution of water types in the Wanapum unit, which underlies the Saddle Mountains unit, appears to be affected by the same factors as that of the Saddle Mountains. The mean dissolved-solids concentration (410 samples) is 270 mg/L. Elevated nitrogen concentrations occur mostly in the central part of the plateau, and are associated with wells that have depths less than 300 feet and that are in areas with a thin or no overburden. The Grande Ronde unit, which is below the Wanapum, has water that is dominantly calcium-magnesium bicarbonate in type and has sodium bicarbonate water in downgradient areas and in the central plateau near the Columbia River. Based on 283 samples, the waters from this unit have the lowest mean dissolvedsolids concentrations, 234 mg/L, and most nitrogen concentrations are less than 2 mg/L.


A traditional communication system uses separate training sequence for the estimation of channel state information (CSI) at the receiver. This channel estimation will then be used as a base for error correction through channel codes. In applications that channel estimation at the receiver is either of infeasibly high complexity or statistically impossible, noncoherent system design apparently becomes the due selection. At this background, we study the coding scheme that can be applied in an environment that the channel coefficients are completely unknown to both the transmitters and receivers. We subsequently investigate efficient decoding algorithms for our proposed codes. In fact, the coding technique that combines channel estimation and error correction has received attention recently, and has been regarded as a promising approach to counter the effects of multi-path fading. It has been shown by simulation that a proper code design that jointly considers channel estimation can improve the system performance subject to a fixed code rate as compared to a conventional system which performs channel estimation and error correction separately. Nevertheless, the major obstacle that prevents the practice of such iii coding technique is that the existing codes are mostly searched by computers, and subsequently exhibit no apparent structure for efficient decoding. Hence, the operation-intensive exhaustive search becomes the only decoding option, and the decoding complexity increases dramatically with codeword length. In this dissertation, a systematic construction is derived for a class of structured codes that support joint channel estimation and error correction. The extension designs that take into consideration the varying characteristic of channels and multiple-input multiple-output channels are also discussed. Simulations show that our codes have comparable performance to the best simulated-annealing-based computer-searched codes. Moreover, the systematically constructed codes can now be maximum-likelihoodly decoded with respect to the unknown-channel criterion in terms of a newly derived recursive metric for use by the priority-first search decoding algorithm. Thus, the decoding complexity is significantly reduced as compared with that of an exhaustive decoder.


TWO P I S T O L S FOUND IN NORR IS CHURCH FORT WORTH, Ju ly 27.— Officers who were summoned to the First Baptist Church here after the fatal shooting of D. E. Chipps by Rev. J . Frank Norris ten days ago found I two pistols, a revolver, and an auto matic, on the scene, it was divulged ' by police today. It was said that iChipps was unarmed. However, it was not explained where the pistols had been found in the church, whether on some occu pant there at the time or in drawers of the furniture. No other inform a tion was given out by officials. Nine witnesses were called before the grand jury during the morning ses sion. CENTRALI ZED Real Cake Instead of Mud Pie Filled Box Sent to Texan


The present work addresses the causes of faults due to the effects of harmonics, that domestic and industrial loads are increasingly electronic circuits that are fed by current that is not pure sinusoidal, where the main objective is an operational context to minimize the damage That presents the harmonics in the induction motors. Thus, for example, the motors use more and more the regulation of the frequency, which requires a passage of alternating current to direct current (rectifiers, inverters, etc.) and even to perform CC-CA transformations. The methodology applied in this work corresponds to the descriptive by studying the harmonics, and the techniques and techniques for the solution of them, the field method and the analytical method in regard to the lifting of information in rotating machines of a typical industry, it is possible to determine causes or failures to locate the non-linear loads in a single-line plane, to plant solutions such as placing ballasts, screened cables and that the motors consist of their corresponding ceramic bearings, which have the consequence of harmonics in the engines and prolonging the useful life of the rotary machines.


The aim of this article is to emphasize strategic business process reengineering perspective to better understand the sources of value creation in acquisitions. Moreover, an integrated approach embraces conceptual viewpoint with resource based view, relational approach, and Porter's five forces are employed as a guideline for managers to formulate value-creation models aligned with strategic e-business process reengineering projects when pursuing M & A strategies. A qualitative research is employed to explore the business scenarios which involved the inference of an integrated strategy theory derived from a detailed M&A case study. The approach of this paper is to state a comprehensive strategy formulation process guided by three sections: a case study to show the importance of value creation via operation fit between acquiring firm and acquired firm, business process reengineering initiative, and integrated application of the strategic business reengineering to create value in pursuing M&A strategies. Finally, the leading company outperforms among the competitors in terms of market share and global brand creation. To develop sustainable competitive advantage, executives must understand the true nature and mechanisms which drive the organization fit process, value creation through M&As and the consequent reengineering projects (such as e-projects to facilitate the knowledge sharing) for enhancing the post-merger performance and sustaining the company's competitive advantage. The originality of this study is to propose an integrated strategic approach for corporate mergers and acquisitions. Managers need to understand the sources of value creation in acquisitions derived from strategic points-of-view and what they mean for B2B (Business-to-Business) management performance. This justifies the need for better guidelines for operation fit through examination organizational value creation in M&A (Mergers & Acquisitions) context in response to a complex business environment in mature industries, as well as the key strategic elements when formulating business and technical BPR (Business Process Re-engineering) aligning with strategic fit. The discussion also raises awareness regarding the importance of strategic logic, correct interpretation of integrated strategic concepts and guidelines to business practice.


A computer code was developed which calculates airborne concentration of an aerosol as a function of time. Particle generation, coagulation, and settling are the mechanisms included. The simplicity is achieved largely by use of a postulated steady-state size distribution function. Calculated and observed concentration versus time are shown to agree quite well. A series of calculations of concentration versus time are presented to show the effects of various parameters.


In the communication systems that use a linear modulation scheme for transmission, the fractionally-spaced (FS) samples of the received signal constitute a wide-sense cyclostationary time series. Hence, the standard Fourier transform techniques cannot be used to study the spectral characteristics of the received FS samples or to derive the transfer function (TF) of the corresponding digital minimum mean-square error (MMSE) receiver. In this paper, an analytical expression for the TF of the FS MMSE equalizer is derived, which includes the effects of the continuous-time to discrete-time (C/D) converter used at the receiver front end. Using this TF, the sources of instability of the FS least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm and the effects of the equalizer length and sampling phase on convergence of the LMS algorithm are explained. For stabilization of the FS LMS algorithm, conditions on the front-end C/D converter are provided, such that, when satisfied the LMS algorithm becomes more stable and the learning characteristics of the modified receiver are better than the leaky-FS LMS algorithm. Theoretical results are corroborated by simulations.


A group of improper logarithmic integrals was evaluated using the complex inversion formula and other rules of the Laplace transformation. In the special case a = 0, the integrals are related to the integral representation of the Volterra function v(t) and the Gregory numbers.


Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are a big
problem in the current digital landscape. Many research is conducted on various sub parts of DDoS. However, little is known about the infrastructure behind the attacks. It can be of interest to know how attacker choose their infrastructure. It is possible that they choose their attacking nodes very specific based on some characteristics. This paper aims to characterize the infrastructure of a DDoS attack to gain more insights in the infrastructures and how attackers choose their attacking nodes. The paper will focus on seven different attack types and will analyze their infrastructure. We will show that DNS recursion is still enabled on a lot of DNS resolvers, that the non-RFC-compliant implementation of Chargen in Windows is widely misused and that small ISPs are the most common in DDoS attacks attacking nodes.


Bilingual dictionaries could be more effective in helping learners if they contained more grammar: more grammar on the source language side could facilitate the learner's disambiguation task, more grammar on the target language side could prevent many ungrammatical or unidiomatic translations. Unlike traditional bilingual dictionaries the Contrastive Verb Valency Dictionary currently being developed by the CONTRAGRAM research team will aspire to exhaustivity on the grammatical level, and should become a tool that could both complement existing dictionaries and inform compilers of future dictionaries so that they become less selective. The paper illustrates the difference between the treatment of verbs in bilingual dictionaries and the CVVD by comparing the entry for the verb LOOK in four leading English-French dictionaries with its treatment in the CWD.


This research wanted to see whether financial factors such as profitability, leverage, liquidity, market share and cash flow affects the company in paying taxes. This study uses all non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange listing in 2012. From this research resulted that profitability, leverage and liquidity factors affect the level of corporate tax payments. However, shareholder and cash flow factors whose expectations are influential, have no effect. Tax payment strategies that still rely on tax shield to reduce tax payments, making many companies more borrowed to get the funds. Keywords: efective tax rate, profitability, leverage, liquidity, cash flow, Indonesia stock exchange.


A preliminary study of the use of three industrial aluminium bronze alloys and one silicon bronze alloy for dental castings is reported. The results indicate that satisfactory marginal fit was achieved for full crown castings, and further investigation in the use of these alloys is warranted.


ii26 NEURO-ONCOLOGY ADVANCES • December 2019 specificity of 75% each (cut-off value = 1.6) (p = 0.0226, AUC = 0.76172). Conversely, the T/N ratio had no association with IDH mutation (p = 0.6). The ROC curve revealed no reliable prediction of IDH mutation using the T/N ratio (p  =  0.606, AUC  =  0.60577). CONCLUSION: 11C-methionine PET parameters can predict MGMT promoter methylation but not IDH mutation status. 11C-methionine uptake may have limited potential to reflect DNA methylation processes in grade II and III gliomas.


The formation of nitrosoamino acids from both sarcosine (Sar) and proline (Pro) and nitrous acid is very strongly accelerated by thiourea (TU) and tetramethylthiourea (TMTU), and to a lesser extent by thiocyanate ion. The effects of TU and TMTU are very similar and are greater than that of SCN– by a factor of 17 for Sar and 30 for Pro. Thus these amino acids behave like amines and not like amides (where there is no nucleophilic catalysis). The second-order rate constants (k2) for XNO [ONSCN or ONSC(NR2)2] attack were obtained (a) from the variation of the observed rate constant (ko) with [X–] or [X] and (b) from the variation with [substrate]. The agreement is excellent. This analysis assumes that reaction occurs as N-nitrosation of the free –NH– function. The variation of ko with acidity, however, shows that there is another (small) component to the reaction, and the results are consistent with an earlier idea involving initial O-nitrosation at the –CO2– function. The k2 values are discussed with reference to the reaction of other substrates with these (and other) nitrosating reagents, particularly with reference to encounter-controlled processes. The extent of the alternative pathway for ONSC(NH2)2 decomposition is assessed in relation to the ability of this species to act as a nitrosating agent.


This paper presents a novel method for the kinematic optimization of Stewart-Gough platform. A proper motion domain should satisfy three kinds of requirements: realization of direct motion target, singularity-free kinematics and uniqueness of direct kinematics solution. The rationality of these requirements is proved then. After present a group of combined constraints for motion domain optimization, an engineering optimization method is used finally on a Stewart mechanism to obtain a proper motion domain for the actuators.


THERE is a paucity of reports on the occurrence of polycystic disease and pregnancy, and opinions on the management of such cases are divided. Crabtree (1942) collected 11 cases from the literature and added 1 further case that had been the only one found among the studied urological cases at the Boston Lying-in Hospital for 20 years. Further single cases have been reported by Branham (1947), Brugsch and Brodie (1948), Findley (1947), and Callaghan (1950). Morris (1952) described 4 cases. Five cases have been diagnosed in the Royal Maternity Hospital, Glasgow, over the last 20 years. Polycystic disease is slightly more common in women than in men. Almost invariably the condition is bilateral and in approximately 20 per cent of cases a cystic condition of other organs is present, particularly the liver, pancreas, and lungs. In 1 of the 5 patients in the present series the liver was also grossly enlarged due to polycystic disease. In a few cases the disease has been regarded as unilateral, but removal of the obviously affected kidney has been followed many years later by the finding that the remaining kidney has become grossly enlarged owing to polycystic disease. There is a strong hereditary tendency exhibited by the disease and its occurrence in 4 successive generations has been recorded (Crawford, 1933). Cannon (1947) showed that 2 women in one family with polycystic kidneys transmitted the disease to 5 out of 9 children. In the foetus the grossly enlarged kidneys may cause dystocia (Bourland, 1946), and about a third of the babies born with the condition are stillborn or die in early childhood from anaemia. Among those whose renal condition is not demonstrable in childhood, growth of the cysts and loss of renal function are usually slow and symptoms are delayed until the fourth or fifth decade, when death occures from uraemia. In younger women, the occurrence of a pregnancy with renal complications or hypertension may throw light on a disease hitherto remaining " latent ". Rall and Ode1 (1949), in a review of 207 cases of polycystic disease occurring in both sexes, found that hypertension was present in over 75 per cent. The degree of hypertension depends on the amount of kidney destruction. The pressure of the cysts leads to atrophic changes in the compressed renal parenchyma and the larger and more cystic the kidneys are, the more marked is the interstitial nephritis. The clinical features of the 5 cases occurring in the Royal Maternity Hospital are summarized below :


THE SLOPE MOVEMENT PHENOMENA WHICH WERE ENOUCNTERED IN A ROAD IMPROVEMENT PROJECT IN RIO GRANDE DO SOL, BRAZIL, ARE BRIEFLY DESCRIBED WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON FALLS IN BASALT RESIDUAL SOIL SLOPES, A ROCK COMMONLY FOUND AT THE SITE. DETAILS ARE GIVEN OF THE SOLUTION ADOPTED FOR RETRAINING ROCKS BY MEANS OF AN "IMPACT ABSORBER FENCE".


Objective The objective of the study was to assess the quality of life (QoL) in patients with androgenetic alopecia (AGA). A secondary aim was to determine the correlation between dermatology life quality index and willingness-to-pay (WTP) among subjects of different disease duration, severity, and socioeconomic factors. Patients and methods A self-administered multiple-choice questionnaire distributed to subjects diagnosed with AGA attending the dermatology clinic at three specialized hospitals in Riyadh from June 2016 to March 2017. Results Of the 233 subjects, 207 (88%) completed the questionnaires. The dermatology life quality index scores ranged from 0 to 29, with a mean score of 7.8±5.8 indicating a moderate effect on QoL. In 28.5% of subjects, QoL was affected very large to extremely large by AGA. Women showed a significantly higher WTP than men (P<0.001). Conclusion The present study suggests a moderate effect of AGA on the QoL. AGA impact women more than in men and women show more WTP than mem. More studies should pay more attention on the psychological status of patients with AGA.


When first I adopted the method of treatment which I pursue, as lately laid before the medical public, I used carbolic oil 1 in 10. For twenty-five years, however, I have used pure eucalyptus oil. During the first four days in a scarlet-fever case, commencing at the earliest possible moment, I have pure eucalyptus oil gently rubbed in, mnorning and evening, all over the body, from the crown of the head to the soles of the feet. Afterwards this is repeated once a day until the tenth day of the disease. The tonsils I always swab with 1 in 10 carbolic oil every two hours for the first twenty-four hours, very rarely longer. (In swabbing I place a firm mop of cotton wool, the size of the last joint of the thumb, on the end of a pair of forceps. I thoroughly soak the wool in the carbolic oil, and then swab the tonsils and the pharynx as far up and down as possible.)


We deal with an initial-boundary value problem describing the perpendicular vibrations of a viscoelastic K arm an-Donnell shell with a rigid inner obstacle. A weak formulation of a problem is in a form of a hyperbolic variational inequality. We solve this problem using the penalization method


Site‐directed mutations involving selected amino acids of Escherichia coli single‐stranded DNA‐binding protein (SSB) were tested for their in vivo functionality when introduced into a chromosomal ssb deletion strain on a plasmid. All mutants complemented the ssb deletion for viability when present on a pSC101 derivative. The generation time with ssbW54S doubled in comparison to the ssb* control, and both the ssbW54S‐ and ssbH55K‐containing strains exhibited temperature sensitivity. ssbH55K, ssbW54S, ssbW88T, and ssbH55Y (ssb‐1) strains displayed reduced survival to ultraviolet irradiation, while ssbW40T and ssbF60L strains were comparable to the ssb+ control strain. This study represents the first investigation of the in vivo properties of ssb mutations constructed for in vitro analysis of DNA binding by SSB.


The contract trades play more and more important role with unceasing perfection and risk management of power market. In the standard and mature electricity market, spot market and contract market should exist side by side.So, it is very important to study a bidding strategy model of power producers with contract market. The authors developed a math model on bidding strategy of generator through a thorough study. Finally, theoretical analysis and numercial results show the model is feasible.


Nonwoven fabric is formed either in the form of a sheet, web, or batt structure made of textile fibers bonded mechanically, thermally, or chemically. Textile fibers and filaments are not converted ...


Objective To investigate the stability and comparability of recombinant human muscle creatine kinase isozyme(CK-MM)in different matrix,and to find out a suitable matrix as a reference material for application of CK measurement system.Methods The stability of the recombinant CK-MM was observed by measuring its catalytic activity in self-made matrix,anti-freeze additive matrix,the certified reference material(CRM)matrix and human serum matrix respectively.For understanding the commutability among different measurement system total CK catalytic activity in various concentration of human serum and the catalytic activity of recombinant CK-MM in different matrix specimen were measured with IFCC recommended reference method and routine reagent produced by Roche and Zhongsheng Diagnostic Company respectively.Results The recombinant CK-MM was stable for 25 days in the self-made matrix,23 days in CRM matrix and at least 240 days in antifreeze additive matrix stored at-20 ℃.The recombinant enzyme protein in self-made matrix and CRM matrix was commutable.Low concentrations of recombinant CK-MM in human serum and in anti-freeze additive matrix were also commutable.Conclusion The recombinant CK-MM had good stability and commutability in either self-made matrix or CRM matrix.It might be used as a candidate reference material for the determination of total creatine kinase in serum.


We present and analyze a preconditioned conjugate gradient method (PCG) for solving spatial network problems. Primarily, we consider diffusion and structural mechanics simula-tions for fiber based materials, but the methodology can be applied to a wide range of models, fulfilling a set of abstract assumptions. The proposed method builds on a classical subspace decomposition into a coarse subspace, realized as the restriction of a finite element space to the nodes of the spatial network, and localized subspaces with support on mesh stars. The main contribution of this work is the convergence analysis of the proposed method. The analysis translates results from finite element theory, including interpolation bounds, to the spatial network setting. A convergence rate of the PCG algorithm, only depending on global bounds of the operator and homogeneity, connectivity and locality constants of the network, is established. The theoretical results are confirmed by several numerical experiments.


The internal control requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) have been called the most significant change in public company auditing since the advent of the federal securities laws. But do the costs—or companies struggling to meet those requirements—outweigh the benefits of SOX? That's the motivation for important new guidance recently issued. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


A theoretical estimate is made of the natural rotation of neutron spin arising through spin–orbit interaction when a polarized neutron beam passes through an assembly of handed molecules. The rotatory power first appears in third order for fixed molecular orientation but only in fourth order for an assembly of randomly oriented molecules. For a favorable case, the magnitudes are expected to be of order 10−9 cm−1 and 10−13 cm−1 respectively.


An architecture for information assurance is proposed, where storyboarding among the stakeholders takes a fundamental role. Storyboarding helps in process capturing that leads in assessing vulnerability and threat. The proposed architecture is a variant way for addressing ISO/IEC 17799, used to practice confidentiality, integrity and availability in information technology.


We have witnessed the worst global financial crisis in a century and the repercussions are still being felt in developed and developing countries alike. A dangerous cocktail of short-term gains prevailing over long-term interests, herding, increasing pressure to deliver results, the absence of effective oversight, and blind trust that the system would regulate itself eventually exploded when Lehman Brothers imploded in September 2008. Looking at the causes of the crisis and how it unfolded, I cannot help but draw parallels with academic research. Indeed, although the scientific system will not necessarily crash, it is still in danger of seriously damaging itself if we do not fix it.


The objective of the experiment was to examine the effect of corn grain (CG) supplementation to alfalfa haylage (Medicago sativa L.) (AH) on feed ad libitum intake and in vivo digestibility in wether sheep. The study consisted of three feeding treatments incorporating AH only and AH supplemented with 5 or 10 g CG d -1 kg -1 body weight of Suffolk wethers. Inclusion of CG in the AH based ration had positive linear and positive associative effect on ad libitum intake. Also a positive linear effect was recorded for the digestibility of DM (P<0.05) and OM (P<0.05) while a negative for ADF digestibility (P<0.01).


This qualitative grounded theory study uses the voices of current and former law enforcement officers to consider the problems that can arise with police administration when there exists ineffectiv...


Safety and versatility are necessary for manipulators in human environment, which will be acquired by tendon mechanisms using nonlinear springs. The nonlinear spring used in this paper is stiffness adjustable tendon (SAT), which is light, cheap, and simple structure. Conventional tension controllers based on a spring characteristics equation, however, do not realize precise tension control due to hysteresis characteristics of SAT. In this paper, we propose a tension controller for tendon mechanisms using nonlinear springs with hysteresis characteristics, which is realized by using a disturbance observer and a reaction force observer. Experimental results show the usefulness of the proposed method.


This paper analyzes the performance of linear and nonlinear multi-user detection (MUD) for an asynchronous OFDM-CDMA uplink transmission. Specifically, we regard linear MUD techniques such as the decorrelator and the MMSE approach as well as the nonlinear parallel interference cancellation (PIC) and their combination. It is pointed out that OFDM-CDMA systems offer a great advantage over single carrier systems due to flat fading conditions on each subcarrier leading to much lower implementation costs of MUD techniques. Assuming perfectly known channel impulse responses for each user and a rough synchronization it turns out that solely linear interference cancellation is not able to reach the performance of a single user system. The nonlinear parallel interference cancellation is able to totally remove the interference even for a spectral efficiency that equals that of TDMA and FDMA systems. Furthermore, the combination of linear MMSE equalization and PIC shows excellent performance even for twice as high system loads.


With the continuous update of information technology in China, information technology has been widely used in many industries, effectively improving the efficiency of enterprise management work. Business Intelligence (BI) manages the relevant data, constructs the information processing system according to the established management decisions, according to the relevant data, and promotes the improvement of enterprise management level. In the material management enterprise, the supply of materials is directly related to the normal production process of enterprises, so the technical personnel need to adopt an advanced management mode to realize the accurate management of materials. This research deeply analyzes the specific application of Business Intelligence (BI) in enterprise material management.


A numerical model of flatfish cage is built based on the lumped mass method and the principle of rigid body kinematics.To validate the numerical model,a series of physical model tests are conducted in the wave flume.The numerical results correspond well with the data sets from physical model test.The effect of weight of bottom frame,height of fish net and net shape on motion responses of fish cage and tension force on mooring lines is then analyzed.The results indicate that the vertical displacements of float collar and bottom frame decrease with the increase in the weight of bottom frame; the maximum tension force on mooring lines increases with the increasing weight of bottom frame.The inclination angles of float collar and bottom frame decrease with the increasing net height; the maximum tension force increases obviously with the increase of net height.


Objective To discuss the application of plastically perineum protector in vaginal delivery. Methods Designing the plastically perineum protector in the term of the shape of perineum,to choose the parturient in the vaginal delivery at random. It compared the difference to the incidence of perineal laceration,neonatal asphyxia,birth injury,and so on with or without using perineum protector in head visible on vulval gapping. Results There wasn't obvious difference in two group. Parturient didn't complaint,and midwife operated conveniently. When the circulor of umbilical cord and shoulder dystocia happened,it could match the left hand with right hand preferably,to give birth to a child successfully. Conclusion In the spontaneous delivery,the plastically perineum protector can replace the right hand to protect perineum.


In this paper, we consider the problem of identifying and segmenting topically cohesive regions in the URL tree of a large website. Each page of the website is assumed to have a topic label or a distribution on topic labels generated using a standard classifier. We develop a set of cost measures characterizing the benefit accrued by introducing a segmentation of the site based on the topic labels. We propose a general framework to use these measures for describing the quality of a segmentation; we also provide an efficient algorithm to find the best segmentation in this framework. Extensive experiments on human-labeled data confirm the soundness of our framework and suggest that a judicious choice of cost measures allows the algorithm to perform surprisingly accurate topical segmentations.


The invention discloses a method for carrying out epitaxial wafer and silicon wafer bonding by indium (In). The method comprises the steps as follows: an indium (In) layer is deposited on the silicon wafer where a gold (Au) layer is evaporated, and the gold (Au) layer is evaporated on the epitaxial wafer where a reflecting mirror layer is deposited; the two wafers (the indium (In) layer in the middle) face relatively and are put into a bonding machine for bonding, so as to prepare an LED (light-emitting diode) device with the advantages of high efficiency, high brightness, low resistance and steady performance. The epitaxial wafer and silicon wafer bonding is carried out by the method, the bonding area is compact and hole-free, the bonding strength is high, and the bonding rate can reach above 98%. The bonding area of a prepared substrate slice has no pollution layer, polycrystalline layer or oxide layer, so that the performance of the prepared light-emitting diode device is greatly improved.


The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image with its advantages is becoming more popular than the optical image in earth observation in using the remote-sensing techniques. However, the speckle noise that occurs in the SAR image causes difficulties in image interpretation. Thus, speckle noise reduction needs prepossessing procedure prior to the use of the SAR images. This study is done by proposed fuzzy filters that utilize SAR data. From the comparison, the combination of Frost-Triangular Moving Average (TMAV) has the best performance in the ability to reduce speckle noise than other filters. This filter improved the Frost filter performance for speckle noise reduction parameter's measurement, shows that 13.41% for Equivalent Number of Looks (ENL) and 6.07% for Speckle Index (SI). While Frost-Asymmetric Triangular Moving Average (ATMAV) has a relatively good performance for preserved texture. This filter improved the texture parameters such as Standard Deviation improved 4.33% and improved Variance for 8.46%. However, for the Mean parameters, Frost-Triangular Median Center (TMED) combination has the best performance compared to other filters, which improved the mean value for 7.10%. The comparative study it has been verified that the fuzzy approach has the robustness in the reduction of speckle noise and preserving the texture when applied in SAR image.


SYNOPSIS. Dam removal has excited much interest in the United States in the last decade. Many small dams have been removed and a start on removing two large dams in Oregon is scheduled for autumn 2008. Valuable lessons relevant to England and Wales are drawn from the burgeoning scientific literature. Multi-disciplinary inspections are needed to assess dams for decommissioning and discontinuance based on aesthetic, ecological and recreational values as well as safety and utilitarian economic considerations. A case is made for a national strategy.


Pythium root rot, caused by Pythium myriotylum (Ridings and Hartman, 1976), is a very damaging disease to caladium plants (Caladium x hortulanum). Use of disease-resistant cultivars has been an effective and economically viable strategy for integrated management of major diseases in numerous crops. This strategy could be used to control pythium root rot in caladium if resistant cultivars could be identified or developed. In an evaluation of 19 major commercial cultivars, 'Candidum', 'Candidum Jr.', 'Frieda Hemple', and 'White Christmas' were found to have a moderate level of resistance to Pythium. To find more resistant cultivars, twenty-three additional commercial cultivars were screened using the same Pythium isolates, inoculation and evaluation procedures as described earlier (Deng et al. 2004). This document is ENH1008, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date September 27, 2005.
ENH1008/EP259: Screening for Resistance to Pythium Root Rot among Twenty-three Caladium Cultivars (ufl.edu)


Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is widely used now days in variety of applications. The observation file for the near realtime estimation of Integrated Precipitable Water Vapour (IPWV) received at the ground-based receiver is mixed with ambiguities. Multi-path effects affect the positional accuracy as well as range from satellite to ground based receiver of the system. The designing of the antenna suppress the effect of multi-path, cycle slips, number of observations, and signal strength and data gaps within the data streams. This paper presents the preliminary data quality control findings of the Patch antenna (LeicaX1202), 3D Choke ring antenna (LeicaAR25 GNSS) and Trimble Zephyr antenna (TRM 39105.00). The results shows that choke ring antenna have least gaps in the data, cycle slips and multi-path effects along with improvement in IPWV. The signal strength and the number of observations are more in case of 3D choke ring antenna.


Using case study method comprising multiple cases developed over three years, this
research identifies and explores factors which may have a positive impact on the standards
of speech and language of children in the first year of Key Stage 1 in one school serving an
area of high socio-economic deprivation.


Objective To observe the analgesic efficacy of continuous wound infusion of levobupivacaine after spinesurgery.Methods Fifty-four patients undergoing elective posterior thoracolumbar spine surgery were randomized into two equal groups:patients in experimental group were regional pumped with 0.25%levobupivacaine while patients in control group intravenously pumped with flurbiprofen axetil,palonosetron,and pentazocine.Visual analogue scale(VAS)pain scales and Ramsay sedation scores were recorded at 2,4,6,12,24,36,and 48hafter operation.Patientssatisfaction,wound recovery(whether inflammation and exudation was exist),and side effects were also recorded.Results There were no differences in VAS scores and Ramsay scores at postopreatively 2to 48hours between experimental group and control group.Otherwise,the incidence of nausea,vomiting,and dizziness was lower in experimental group compared with control group(P0.05). Conclusion Local analgesia protocol applied for spine surgery is similar to intravenous analgesia regimen,whereas it is associated with a lower incidence of nausea,vomiting,and dizziness.


Known for its capability to architect tailored structures for the scaling of active materials in energy storage devices that cater for future electronics having stringent requirements on areal performance, 3D printing is receiving serious attention. However, lingering challenges originating from the notorious interfacial issue and weak component interaction restrain current devices from making a breakthrough in deliverable capacity and structural flexibility. In this work, the printed electrode delivers a record‐breaking electrical double layer (EDL) areal capacitance of 27.1 F cm−2 under an extremely large loading density of 134 mg cm−2. This translates to a deliverable record‐high EDL energy density of 1.26 mWh cm−2 for device performance, which even rivals the highest value reported from highly loaded pseudocapacitors. The bespoke devices are enabled by a strategically formulated 3D printable ink that initiates efficient autonomous room‐temperature self‐healing and strong interplay between constituting ink components. These contribute to interlayer coalescing for eliminated interlayer resistance for a solid electrochemical performance and printed electrodes of great mechanical compliance. By tapping into the huge potential of 3D printing, this work lays a solid foundation on which flexible devices with customized geometry, functionality, and outstanding performance for a broad range of applications can be readily realized.


ABSTRACT:
 Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle) is an aggressive alien shrub that invades many habitat types in the eastern United States, including riparian zones. The effects of L. maackii have been well documented in terrestrial ecosystems and can range from alteration of plant and insect communities to changes in ecosystem processes; however, the effects on aquatic ecosystems are less well known. Research on other invasive species has shown that replacement of native trees with exotic species can have significant influences on decomposition rates in nearby streams. This study investigated the direct and indirect effects of L. maackii invasion and management (removal) on leaf litter decomposition in an urban stream by placing leaf litter packs of L. maackii and the native Acer saccharum (sugar maple) in stream segments invaded by or managed for L. maackii. We found that L. maackii litter decomposed two times faster than A. saccharum litter, and that A. saccharum leaf litter supported a higher abundance of macroinvertebrates than L. maackii. Functional feeding groups of macroinvertebrates were also affected by the invasive species; significantly more scrapers were associated with A. saccharum litter, and predators were positively associated with both A. saccharum and invaded sites. Indirect effects of L. maackii presence along streambanks on leaf decomposition and macroinvertebrate communities were negligible, possibly due to overriding effects of urbanization on the stream. These results have important implications for stream ecosystems that run through terrestrial areas invaded by L. maackii, as stream diversity and nutrient retention are strongly influenced by allochthonous inputs.


Gastric secretion was studied in pylorus-ligated rats after a single subcutaneous injection of glucose or saline. 50% glucose caused a marked reduction in gastric weight and a considerable inhibition of gastric acid output. This inhibition is not due to hyperglycaemia, 6% saline causing an equal. and 10% saline an even stronger, inhibition. The reduced acid output may be secondary to alterations in plasma osmolarity.


we present a method which is suitable for axisym metric wind tunnel. With this method, the flow field of axisymmetric convergent section was studied. By comparison of several contraction curves on the flow fie ld, we choose the double-3-order curve as the wind tunnel wall curve which sa tisfies the design demands and prevents the possibility of separation. The resul ts show that this method is suitable for the axisymmetric convergent section.


The accuracy of experimental procedure used to calculate the drag coefficient of an Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) in a towing tank is investigated using computational fluid dynamics. Effects of struts, used to connect the AUV model to towing carriage, on the hydrodynamics coefficient of the AUV at various relative submergence depths, at AUV speeds of 1.5 and 2.5 m/s are numerically simulated. Various numerical modeling are performed to investigate the effects of free surface with and without presence of struts on the drag coefficient of the AUV. Volume of fluid (VOF) model is used to solve the two phase flow RANS equations. The drag coefficients obtained from two phase flow simulations are compared with those obtained from single phase flow at corresponding velocities. The results obtained from experiments conducted in the towing tank of the Subsea Science and Technology centre, on a full-scale model of the AUV developed in this Centre, agreed well with those obtained by numerical simulations.


Paul A. Moore, Advisor The use of shelters by crayfish is influenced by the presence or absence of predatory cues. Crayfish are able to detect sensory cues in the environment and use the information gathered to make behavioral changes to reduce the risk of becoming a predator's next prey item. Factors such as mechanical cues or chemical cues in the water may determine the extent to which the crayfish alter not only the use of shelter, but also other behaviors, such as walking speed and exploratory behaviors. This thesis set out to address which factor elicits the strongest response in behavior alteration and use of shelter. To tease apart the mechanical and chemical cues, five sets of trials were conducted. The first set of trials acted as a control in which a baseline of behavior and shelter use could be determined. The second set of trials exposed the crayfish to the scent of a channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), but not to the mechanical cues of the predator. The third set of trials exposed the crayfish to the mechanical cues of a model channel catfish, but not the chemical cues. The fourth set of trials exposed the crayfish to the chemical cues of a channel catfish and mechanical cues of the model channel catfish simultaneously. The fifth and final set of trials exposed the crayfish to the chemical and mechanical cues of a channel catfish. By observing the behaviors under the various experimental designs, the research shows us that the mechanical cues of the model channel catfish had the greatest effects on the behaviors demonstrated by the crayfish. The results from these experiments show us that the crayfish relied more on the mechanical cues in the environment than the chemical cues when considering predator avoidance and behavior modification.