Although big data has emerged as a crucial data source in urban studies, urban park-related studies still rarely use data such as that from card transactions. This study fills the gap between big data and park studies by using card transaction data within 400 m of the Gyeongui Line Forest Park in terms of economic benefits on local business. The authors divided the linear park into five sections according to each section's design strategy to examine the relationship between the design features and card transaction behaviors. With the data, the authors analyzed the average ages of card users to understand average users' age in each section. Results show the average ages increased from 2015 to 2017 in Sections 3–5 by years. Sections 1 and 2 describe decreasing of user ages by year, which means young generations visited Sections 1 and 2 For Section 1, amounts of average card transaction also increased from 2015 to 2017 continuously. Compared to other sections, only Section 1, as an open space within a commercialized area, contributed to local business positively. Other sections, such as 2–5, represented the negative impacts on local business from 2016 to 2017.


ABSTRACT:  Young red-spotted grouper Epinephelus akaara with an average total length of 3.4 cm were divided into five groups in floating net-cages, and reared under satiated conditions with different feeding frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 times per day) for 40 days. Total food intake increased with feeding frequency. Feeding four times per day resulted in the highest growth and food conversion efficiency. Total lipid accumulation in the muscle, liver and intraperitoneal fat body (IPF) increased with feeding frequency. Red-spotted grouper were found to contain a high proportion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the muscle. Fish fed 0.5 times per day were characterized as having a high proportion of DHA in triglycerides (TG) in muscle (80%), liver (69%) and IPF (18%). Increasing saturated fatty acids and a relative reduction of DHA were observed in the muscle TG as the feeding frequency increased. Frequent feeding accelerated the accumulation of eicosapentaenoic acid and saturated acids in the liver and IPF. Low saturated acids and a subsidiary proportional increase in DHA were the result of the low lipid reserves. A possible role for DHA and saturated acids are discussed with regard to lipid reserves.


Whether the first daily disposable soft
contact lens to enter the market in 1994 was
the Premier lens (Award Technology, Scotland,
UK; subsequently purchased by Bausch
& Lomb, Rochester New York, USA) or the
1-Day Acuvue lens (Johnson and Johnson
Vision Care, Jacksonville, Florida, USA) has
long been a matter of bitter dispute1 but
whatever the answer, this year marks the 20th
anniversary of the launch of this modality of
lens wear...


Introduction: Snake venoms comprise a mixture of bioactive components involved in envenomation pathophysiology. Amongst the factors that can contribute to the composition of snake venoms are diet, ontogeny, gender, season, and geographical distribution. The National Institute of Quality Control in Health in Brazil (INCQS) established the national Bothropic Reference Venom (BRV) in 1987. This venom is composed exclusively of the first extraction of Bothrops jararaca snakes received by Instituto Butantan (Sao Paulo, Brazil) from the nature. The use of reference venoms for biological and biochemical assays allows measuring the quality of antibothropic serum produced in Brazil. Objective: Thus, this work aims to compare the BRV and the venom of captive born snakes in Herpetology Laboratory of the Instituto Butantan, in order to verify the possibility of incorporating the latter in the composition of the BRV. Material and methods: Protein quantification was performed by A280 nm. Protein profile was obtained by SDS-PAGE. Commercial Bothropic antivenim recognition was analysed by Western blotting. Minimum coagulant dose (MCD) was determined following Theakston and Reid (1983). Venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity was carried out as described by Holzer & Mackessy (1996). Discussion and results: Among the biochemical and enzymatic parameters evaluated, protein quantification, SDS-PAGE, western blotting, MCD and PLA2 activity showed no significant differences between these two venoms. In contrast, the median lethal dose of BRF was lower than that of venoms from snakes born in captivity (35 μg/animal and 46 μg/animal, respectively). Nevertheless, it is important to consider that in vivo tests may be subject to large variations in the results. Conclusion: Most results obtained until now indicate that the venom of captive born Bothrops jararaca snake may be included in the BRV. The following steps are to analyse these venoms by HPLC and mass spectrometry in order to better elucidate and compare the composition of these venoms.


This case highlights the biomechanical influence of toe amputation on contralateral limb force elevation, possibly through reduced ipsilateral plantar flexor torque production. These findings provide insight into toe amputation‐related compensatory gait mechanics with greater inter‐limb asymmetry, which may increase the risk of musculoskeletal comorbidities, including osteoarthritis in contralateral limb.


A METHOD TO LOCATE AN OBJECT AND DETERMINING ORIENTATION IN SPACE AND DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTATION. ON MUNIT SUBJECT TO IDENTIFY ONE OR MORE DIPOLES MAGNETIC 12, 14. The USING MEASUREMENT SETS E, E, EACH MADE BY directional magnetometers M, M, M; M, M, M, ON MEASURE THE MAGNETIC FIELD AND IT CONCLUDES THE POSITION OF ORIGIN OF SOLIDARITY AND PURPOSE OF VECTOR DIRECTION OF THE VECTOR. APPLICATION TO REALIZATION OF INPUT DEVICES WRITE OR CONTOUR AND cHARACTERIZATION OF MOVEMENT OF MODELS OF ELEMENTS CONSTITUTING DIGUES MARITIME.


Email: firstname.lastname@example.com A group of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) was historically classified as a nonpathogenic bacteria. Over the last few decades, nosocomial infections caused by CoNS as opportunistic pathogens have increased and become one of the major nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between the use of an antibiotic agent for CoNS in Bali's regional public hospital and the development of antibiotic resistance during 3 years period. This study was a retrospective ecological study of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic consumption secondary data collected prospectively. The study was conducted using three years of inpatient data. Susceptibility of CoNS to antibiotics was obtained from the hospital antibiogram of all isolates from 2017 to 2019. Sensitivity results in the antibiogram were based on the standards provided by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) with the disk diffusion method. Antibiotic consumption in DDDs/100 bed-days was calculated. The relationships between DDDs/100 bed-days of each antibiotic and rates of antibiotic resistance of each resistant strain of CoNS were tested using Spearman correlation and logistic regression. There was no significant correlation between antibiotic consumption (DDD) and the percentage of antibiotic resistance among the three CoNS species (p>0.05). However, this study found there was an inverse relationship between DDD and antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus hominis species (OR = 0.063; CI [0.004-0.915]; p=0.043). We conclude that no significant correlation between antibiotic consumption and resistance to the 3 CoNS species. There needs to be further research to identify antibiotic consumption, antibiotic resistance, and other factors affecting antibiotic resistance.


SUBTITLE: LINKING THE SUPPLY CHAIN ELEMENTS IS ESSENTIAL, BUT NOW YOU CAN CALL ON ABLE PARTNERS THAT CAN HELP YOU.


This paper presents a new method to express the main flux saturation in synchronous machines. In the new method, the saturation is expressed by auxiliary currents and unsaturated magnetizing inductances instead of the saturated inductances. The new model using the currents contains only constant coefficients defined in terms of the unsaturated magnetizing inductances. >


"Dr. Jeffrey Satinover has written what may be the most influential and informative book on homosexuality (Homosexuality and the Politics of Truth, Baker Books, Grand Rapids 1998). 'Neither Scientific nor Democratic ' is the first chapter of that book which describes the political machinations and intrigue which went into the decision by the American Psychiatric Association to delete homosexuality from the list of mental illnesses (DSM). As Dr. Satinover points out, this was a decision based entirely on political reasoning and in no way derivative of any scientific evidence, old or new. Nevertheless, the redefining of homosexuality has had widespread impact throughout the mental health community (both the American Psychological Association and The National Association of Social Workers changed their policies based on the APA action). There is also evidence that Catholic clergy and spiritual advisers have also been inappropriately influenced in their counseling activities. "Recently Dr. Satinover, along with Dr. Joseph Nicolosi, Father John Harvey, the founder of Courage, and Father Benedict Ashley participated in a symposium on the campus of the University of Notre Dame challenging the legitimacy of the belief that homosexuality was genetic, innate, immutable and impervious to therapeutic change. Both Campus Ministry and the Student Counseling Center took out ads in the student newspaper advising students to stay away from the symposium and not even to admit that there was a legitimate body of scientific knowledge supporting the fact that homosexuality was a treatable mental disorder (as well as intrinsically disordered morally). The fact that this self-designated


Periodontitis is "an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by specific microorganisms or groups of specific microorganisms, resulting in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone with pocket formation, recession, or both." Untreated periodontitis results in progressive attachment loss that may eventually lead to early tooth loss. The aim of our study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of subgingival application of chlorhexidine varnish and chlorhexidine gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planning in the treatment of mild to moderate(4-6mm) periodontal pockets. Thirty subjects having mild-moderate chronic periodontitis (pockets 4-6 mm) were selected for the study and were divided into 2 groups using a split mouth design. In Group I pockets were treated by SRP followed by chlorhexidine gel application. In Group II pockets were treated by SRP followed by chlorhexidine varnish application. The plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth were recorded at baseline and subsequently at 1 week and 4 weeks. The results revealed that both Chlorhexidine gel and chlorhexidine varnish demonstrated statistically significant improvement in all clinical parameters in mild to moderate chronic periodontitis. Although both the groups showed effective results, on intergroup comparison group II showed better results than group I. It can be concluded that chlorhexidine varnish can be considered as the effective method in the treatment of mild to moderate periodontitis.


The absorption and electroabsorption (EA) spectra of 1-methyl-1′-octadecyl-2,2′-cyanine perchlorate (S120) Langmuir-Blodgett films were measured. From these results, dispersion of the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ(3)(-ω; 0,0,ω) in the range of 1.8 to 2.7 eV was determined. In addition, the linear-polarizability difference Δα and the permanent dipole-moment difference Δµ between excited and ground states were evaluated. Upon comparison with the results of measurement of the S120 monomer film, it was found that the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility of the S120 LB film is strongly enhanced by a factor of 1000. It was concluded that this strong enhancement is attributed to the fact that S120 molecules with a short methyne chain that tightly binds two quinoline rings form a rigid J-aggregate with a one-dimensional structure that hardly twists, so as to yield a sharp absorption band with a large transition moment. Finally, we evaluated the average aggregation number of the S120 LB film to be 3–4.


Corporate investment is an important component of GDP. Because of its volatile nature, it has a big impact on the variability of real GDP growth. Capital is a production factor so investment influences potential output and its growth rate. There is a feeling that investment has been weak in recent years, but this partly reflects the subdued recovery of GDP following the Great Recession. Empirical research shows that a range of factors drives capital formation: expected sales versus available productive capacity, funding considerations and financial frictions, confidence versus uncertainty.


This paper reviews the color image processing techniques used in the printing industry for the color space transformation. Generally, the techniques can be classified as the color mixing models, multiple regression, 3D lookup table (LUT) with interpolation, neural network, and fuzzy logic. The following techniques are briefly discussed. (1) Color mixing models such as the Neugebauer equations, Yule-Nielsen model, Clapper-Yule model, Beer-Bouguer law, and Kubelka-Munk theory. (2) Multiple regression. (3) 3D LUT with four geometric interpolations - trilinear, prism, pyramid, and tetrahedral. (4) Artificial neural networks of the multilayer feed-forward and cascade correlation nets. (5) Fuzzy logic. These techniques are compared, whenever possible, with respect to the accuracy, memory requirement, speed, and computational cost.


Understanding and controlling crystallite formation and orientation in thin semiconducting polymer films is paramount to building more efficient organic electronic devices for renewable energies. I ...


It is known that random multiple access protocols, such as CSMA, CSMA/CD, etc, present instability problems. Several mechanisms may be used to overcome this difficulty. For example, in Ethernet, the most well-known implementation of the CSMA/CD protocol, a control scheme is imposed on the retransmission mechanism (exponential backoff). In this paper we consider ap approach that provides for stability and is of an adaptive nature. The basic idea is to alternate CSMA(/CD) and Reservation TDMA periods. The operation of the CSMA(/CD) protocol is interrupted once in a while so that a Reservation TDMA epoch will start. Several criteria which may be used in order to define switching rules from CSMA(/CD) periods to Reservation TDMA periods can be proposed. In this paper analytical models for the description of the Restricted Backlog Protocols in which the size of busy user population is the switching criterion are developed. Their performance is compared with that of the pure CSMA(/CD), the Reservation TDMA and other similar adaptive protocols (Hybrid and Restricted Collision Protocols) and it is shown that the Restricted Backlog Protocols exhibit the best throughput-delay characteristics for both low and high channel utilization.


The steel bridge popularly known as "Ponte da Usina", is 54 meters long and is composed of 18 modules of 3 meters. Heavy rains that occurred on the night of 5 February 2013 at the top of the Serra do Cipó, caused an increase of the river level "Parauninha" of approximately 15 meters, causing destruction along its banks and the structural collapse of the bridge "Ponte da Usina". This work describes the general bridge history and damages that have affected the structure in the past, the circumstances and the impacts of the collapse as well as the proposed alternatives for reconstruction of the collapsed bridge.


Remediation of hazardous material contaminated sites requires analysis of levels of dioxin-like chemicals that are potentially important contaminants of these areas. Traditionally highresolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HRGC/MS) has been used to detect the presence of dioxin-like chemicals. This is a complex, expensive and time consuming method based on measuring the concentrations of 17 individual chlorinated dioxin and furan congeners that are considered toxic. To estimate a Toxic Equivalency (TEQ), the individual concentrations of each toxic congener is multiplied by a Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEF) and these determinations summed to produce a TEQ Determination. This TEQ determination provides an estimate of the potential toxicity of the sample for risk assessment purposes. A rapid, less expensive and more easily performed method of estimating TEQ determinations would aid in remediation efforts of hazardous waste sites.


We describe a 22‐year‐old male with a pigmentary disorder that first appeared when he was 5 years of age. Examination revealed that these lesions were distributed in a segmental pattern on the left side of his trunk. Five shades of colors – white, tan, medium brown, dark brown, and black – were present. The patient told us there had been no preceding inflammation in the affected areas. A biopsy specimen from the inguinal region showed a complete absence of melanocytes, whereas most of the hyperpigmented areas were characterized by increased amounts of epidermal pigment and numbers of melanocytes. Based on the clinical appearance, pentachrome vitiligo in a segmental type was diagnosed.


The invention discloses a polyethylene cable material. The polyethylene cable material is characterized by comprising the following components: 20 to 80 parts of linear low-density polyethylene, 20 to 80 parts of low density polyethylene, 1 to 5 parts of a catalyst--a dibutyl tin laurate compound, 1 to 3 parts of an anti-oxidant 300, 0.4 to 2 parts of a silicane cross-linking agent--vinyltrimethoxy silane, 0.01 to 0.04 part of an initiator--dicumyl peroxide and 1 to 4 parts of a water supplying agent. A preparation method for the polyethylene cable material comprises the following steps: preparing a catalyst master batch by extruding linear low density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, the anti-oxidant and the catalyst with a single screw; and putting linear low density polyethylene, low density polyethylene and the catalyst master batch in an enclosed mixer, carrying out vacuum-pumping and drying under a heating condition, then allowing the silicane cross-linking agent and the DCP initiator to penetrate into polyethylene through gasification, controlling the rotating speed and time of the enclosed mixer and carrying out discharging and vacuum packaging so as to obtain the one-step silicane cross-linked polyethylene cable material.


Normally, scientifi c discoveries are funnelled into the development of engineered products that benefi t humanity. But recently, a strange turnabout in the fl ow of practical information has occurred. Concepts from the fi eld of engineering have been found extremely useful in areas of science. From the very large aspects of the universe (i.e., big bang cosmology and galactic and stellar evolution) to the very small (i.e., the fi tness of the chemical elements and the coding of DNA for life), the cosmos is so readily and profi tably reverse engineered by its human inhabitants as to suggest that the whole shebang was engineered from the beginning. The linking of extraordinarily complex, but stable and functional structures with the production of value provides the strong impression of a calculating intentionality, which is apparently able to operate in a transcendent fashion. The most coherent view of the universe is that of a system of interdependent subsystems that effi ciently interact to prepare for, develop, and support advanced life, subject to various physical constraints. The quest for understanding our universe as a whole benefi ts from the integration of knowledge from all areas of study, including those that consider questions of purpose, such as design engineering. The synthesis of this knowledge that provides the most satisfying answers regarding human experience is one that admits the recognition of purpose and the existence of an (as yet, not-well-understood) engineering infl uence.


Abstract: Mesozoic volcanic rocks in southeastern Jilin Province are an important component of the huge Mesozoic volcanic belt in the northeastern area. Study of the age of their formation is of great significance to recognize Mesozoic volcanic rule in northeastern China. Along with the research of rare Mesozoic biota and extensive Mesozoic mineralization in western Liaoning, a number of researchers have focused on Mesozoic volcanic events. The authors studied the ages of the Cretaceous volcanic rocks in southeastern Jilin Province using single Zircon U‐Pb. The result shows that the Sankeyushu Formation volcanic rocks in the Tonghua area are 119.2 Ma in age, the Yingcheng Formation in the Jiutai area 113.4±3.1 Ma, the Jinjiatun Formation in Pinggang Town of Liaoyuan City and the Wufeng volcanic rocks in the Yanji area 103.2±4.7 Ma and 103.6±1 Ma, respectively. Combined with the data of recent publication on volcanic rocks ages; the Cretaceous volcanic events in southeastern Jilin Province can be tentatively subdivided into three eruption periods: 119 Ma, 113 Ma and 103 Ma. The result not only provides important chronology data for subdividing Mesozoic strata in southeastern Jilin Province, establishing Mesozoic volcanic event sequence, discussing geological tectonic background, and surveying the relation between noble metals to the Cretaceous volcanic rocks, but also offers important information of Mesozoic volcanism in northeastern China.


In this report, we demonstrate photodetection and gas sensing using thin (scaled) effective oxide thickness (EOT) bottom gate molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) field-effect transistors (FETs). The thin EOT enables low voltage operation while the bottom gate architecture eliminates parasitic top gate optical absorption losses during photodetection and provides open top surface area for gas sensing. Electrical characterization of the MoS2 FETs shows an on-state mobility of 35 cm2/Vs for an operating voltage range of 1 V with excellent electrostatic control. The bottom gate MoS2 FETs were employed for photodetection and gas sensing with a low operating voltage range of 0.5 V. High responsivity of 2 A/W, and a photo-amplification ratio of 103 were obtained for 532 nm illumination. Sensitivity value of nearly 32% was obtained for N2 gas exposure.


Computer modelling of non-destructive testing methods has come a long way from the beginnings in the mid 90s to today. In this article we review radiographic modelling from the perspective of two important application domains with very different requirements, nuclear and aerospace. Radiographic modelling for components with higher wall thicknesses, as they are typical for nuclear applications, must include precise predictions of scattered radiation and its impact in terms of contrast reduction. Dedicated or general purpose Monte Carlo methods with the ability to calculate higher order scattering events are the state of the art for these applications. The challenge here is to obtain the simulation results in reasonable computation time, and a number of acceleration schemes have been devised to that end. Aerospace applications, on the other hand, have stronger requirements on the modelling code's capabilities to import complex CAD geometries, and can benefit from faster analytical scatter models, limited to first or second order scattering events. Similar distinctions can be made for the various approaches proposed to accurately model geometrical and film unsharpness, film granularity, film responses, film/foil cartridges and photon noise. With the advent of digital radiography, computer modelling faces new challenges to take physical effects into account which could be neglected with traditional silver films.


The validity of the Fokker—Planck equation is discussed within the framework of Kirkwood's time smoothing formalism. It is shown that the equation is equivalent to the Boltzmann equation for a dilute homogeneous system in which grazing binary collisions predominate. Using this as a mathematical prescription, the Rice—Allnatt equation is modified by replacing the Boltzmann collision integral by a Fokker—Planck operator, but leaving the excluded volume term unchanged. The kinetic and collisional transport coefficients derived from the modified equation are compared with those derived from the Chapman—Enskog equation, the Rice—Allnatt equation, and the Fokker—Planck equation. It is concluded that the role of hard core collisions in the theory is to emphasize the importance of large angle deflections, which are not important in a dilute gas.


Numerous home country governments have launched official programmes dedicated to mobilizing their diasporas abroad for development purposes. These governmental programmes take different forms but face a common challenge: to be recognized as legitimate by diasporas. Diaspora initiatives have usually been in place prior to these governmental programmes and diaspora groups have often acted as pressure groups, which explains the reluctance of some diaspora individuals or organizations to get involved in common activities with the government. Building real partnerships with diasporas and engaging in productive dialogue and cooperation can be a lengthy and complex process. To do so, governments create specific institutions in charge of working with diasporas, design websites to reach out to expatriates and introduce specific incentives to attract their contributions to the home country.


ABSTRACT The δ-ferrite to γ-austenite phase transformation in duplex stainless steels was observed using ultra high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscope, and the orientation relationship between the γ phase, and precipitate is discussed. Owing to mutual promotion action, the γ phase was observed at δ/δ grain boundary at the beginning of δ-ferrite→γ-austenite transformation, followed by two-dimensional γ-phase growth at the same speed (0.625 µm s−1) along the grain boundary and into the δ grain matrix. The γ-phase growth rate decreases to 0.244 µm s−1 when precipitate stops growing. In the process of grain growth at high temperature, the precipitated pinning grain boundary will slow the movement speed of the grain boundary. The mutual promotion action leads to preferential nucleation of the γ phase, and the nucleation and growth of the austenite also promoting the growth of MnS the growth. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Abstract The results of comparative studies on f2 replicase and f2 poly(G) polymerase activities are described. Replicase activity, measured in the presence of f2 minus strand template, is stimulated by NaCl and (NH4)2SO4 at ionic strengths up to 0.1; poly(G) polymerase activity is inhibited by salt. Both activities are unstable (T½ = 5 to 10 min at 30°), require a divalent cation, and have template saturation values of 1 µg of RNA/20 µg of protein. Neither activity is inhibited by Escherichia coli rRNA or Qβ plus strand RNA; both are inhibited by poly(U). Poly(C) inhibits replicase activity if added at the beginning of incubation, but not if added after the first 5 min. Apparent Km values in the 0.01 to 0.02 mm range have been obtained in substrate saturation studies for ATP, CTP, and UTP. Complex substrate saturation kinetics are observed for GTP in both replicase and poly(G) polymerase reactions. Double reciprocal plots are relatively linear at high substrate concentrations, but markedly non-linear at low substrate concentrations. Apparent Km values in the 0.1 to 1.0 mm range have been estimated for GTP.


Danish and Swedish are mutually intelligible to a c ertain extent, but it has been shown that adult Danes confronted with spoken Swedish recognise more items than adult Swedes who are confronted with spoken Danish. However, this asymmetry was not confirmed for illiterate Danish and Swedish preschoolers, which suggests that the factors that wer e controlled for in the study with preschoolers, na mely literacy, previous exposure and attitude, cause the asymmetry in mutual intelligibility in adults. In this paper, we investigate what attitudes adults and pre -schoolers hold towards the neighbouring language, and whether there is a relationship between attitud es held towards the neighbouring language and abilities to decode it. Attitude elicitation from 4 5 Danish-speaking and 39 Swedish-speaking participants revealed that attitudes change with age, but indivi dual reaction time measurements towards 50 auditorily presented cognate nouns in a multiple-choice pictur e-pointing task showed no significant correlation w ith individual attitudes.


In the fundamental (l=2) mode, the frequency spectrum of a magnetically levitated inviscid droplet exhibits three distinct peaks. If the modes that correspond to each of these peaks is known, the surface tension of the droplet may be calculated. In experiments that make use of this principle, there is no unambiguous method of assigning mode numbers to these peaks. The dynamics of the oscillating droplet depend on the magnetic pressure on the droplet surface. Consequently, the order of the peaks in the l=2 mode oscillations is determined by the magnetic pressure distribution. In this paper, the magnetic pressure distribution on the surface of the droplet is calculated as a function of the parameters that govern the external magnetic field. The frequencies of the droplet oscillation and its static shape deformation are also expressed in terms of these same parameters. The frequencies of oscillation are used to determine the surface tension of the liquid droplet. Finally, the magnetic pressure distribution o...


The purpose of this study was to investigate stepping over gait characteristics according to obstacle height in Parkinson's patients. The obstacle gait of 2 older Parkinson disease was examined during a 5.0 m approach to, and while stepping over, obstacles of 0, 25, 52, and 152㎜. The results of this study were as follows; 1. The more obstacle height is high, the more approaching speed is decreased in Older Parkinson diseases. 2. The more obstacle height is high, the more foot clearance from the obstacle is increased in Older Parkinson diseases. 3. The more obstacle height is high, the more step width is increased in Older Parkinson diseases. 4. The more obstacle height is high, the more ankle and knee joint angle is decreased in Older Parkinson diseases. 5. The results showed no significant differences between obstacle height and: crossing speed (CS), toe distance (TD), and heel distance (HD). This strategy tends to reduce the risk of toe contact with the obstacle. In conclusion, Parkinson's patients were stepping over the obstacle slowly, stably and inefficiently.


Design for remanufacturing (DfR{eman}) can be a viable opportunity to maximise the utility of products and value to businesses and consumers while also maximising the amount of waste that can be diverted from landfills. Products that incorporate DfR{eman} principles from their conception can display greater economic, environmental and social benefits to manufacturers and society than products that incorporate remanufacturing strategies as an afterthought to product design. This paper summarises the opportunities DfR{eman} can offer product designers and manufacturers as a tool to enhance a product's sustainability.


Summary Using converted wave, a new method called "S-Zero Stack" ha s been designed to capture the density contrast reliably at the interfaces without going to inversion.


Drawing on 34 semi-structured interviews, this study investigates the temporality of family practices taking place in the hot spot. It does so by looking at how breakfast is inserted in the economy of family time in Italy. Our data show that breakfast, contrary to other meals, allows the adoption of more individualised and asynchronous practices, hinged on the consumption of convenience products. These time-saving strategies are normalised as part of doing family. Although the existing literature suggests that convenience and care are in opposition, and consumers of convenience products can experience anxiety and a lack of personal integrity, such features were not a dominant feature of our participants' accounts. These findings suggest that the dichotomies of hot/cold spots and care/convenience are not always experienced in opposition when embedded within family practices. Hence, this study furthers understandings of family meals, temporality and the distinction between hot and cold spots.


Query-based search is commonly used by many businesses to help consumers find information/products on their websites. Examples include search engines (Google, Bing), online retailers (Amazon, Macy's), and entertainment sites (Hulu, YouTube). Nevertheless, a significant portion of search sessions are unsuccessful, i.e., do not provide information that the user was looking for. We present a machine learning framework that improves the quality of search results through automated personalization based on a user's search history. Our framework consists of three modules -- (a) Feature generation, (b) NDCG-based LambdaMART algorithm, and (c) Feature selection wrapper. We estimate our framework on large-scale data from a leading search engine using Amazon EC2 servers. We show that our framework offers a significant improvement in search quality compared to non-personalized results. We also show that the returns to personalization are monotonically, but concavely increasing with the length of user history. Next, we find that personalization based on short-term history or "within-session" behavior is less valuable than long-term or "across-session" personalization. We also derive the value of different feature sets -- user-specific features contribute over 50% of the improvement and click-specific over 28%. Finally, we demonstrate scalability to big data and derive the set of optimal features that maximize accuracy while minimizing computing speed.


The work was performed based on the data collected in Joao de Deus rural settlement in Silvânia, Goias State. It searches to describe and analyse the settlement implementation process, once the land ownership profiles present land plots with significant variations, from 5 to 64 hectares per family. The lots distribution procedure did not follow coherent rationality of site geophysical and agroecological specification and settled population, specially about family composition. In the process of project implementation INCRA protectionism is identified in relation, mainly, to large land owners and politicians in the region. It was analysed the implications to production, as the avoidance of improved varieties, land rent contracts, land partnership, outside pasture rentals and accentuated rural evasion by family members, who become limited about the production expansion modes. KEY-WORDS: Agrarian reform; agrarian structure.


The thesis work exposed before you in the present writing, has information about the Stirling motors and in special of the motor Stirling Gamma, of which it has been made three aspects very important to be able to have one better compression of which they are and of its multiple utilities.

In these investigation the design of the motor Stirling Gamma was made to know which are the parameters that jeopardize of greater way their work and yield.

It also understands what is the mathematical modeling, useful and very important to know which are the equations that govern their behavior.

The construction of a motor Stirling Gamma was made to know one better form the complexity and joint of its mechanisms and he because of its design, to the equal one to know its advantages and disadvantages from the point of view the constructive part.


Standard Mandarin is a basic course offered by normal colleges and also a course with the strong applied tool.The Practical Standard Mandarin Course restructures the teaching strategy of Standard Mandarin from teaching principle,course content,teaching organizational form and teaching key link,which is helpful in improving the teaching effect of Standard Mandarin.


In Internet addiction—caught in the web Nerys Williams briefly explores the occupational health aspects of internet use, and the lack of attention given to 'internet addiction' in the UK health and safety and medical fields.


OBJECTIVE
Depressive episodes can begin abruptly or start very slowly (over weeks). This relevant clinical feature of affective disorders has not been systematically investigated so far. The aim of this study was to analyze speed of onset of depressive episodes in patients with unipolar depression (UD) and bipolar affective disorders (BD).

METHODS
158 adult patients with UD (N = 108) and BD (N = 50) were examined using the structured "Onset-of-Depression Inventory". Only patients without acute critical life events preceding the onset were included in the study.

RESULTS
There was a significant positive correlation between speed of onset of the present and that of the preceding depressive episode (rho = 0.66; p < 0.001). The association between speed of onset and speed of decay of depressive episodes failed to be significant (rho = 0.20; p = 0.09). Patients with bipolar disorder were found to develop depressive episodes significantly faster than patients with major depression (p < 0.001): Whereas depressive episodes started in 58% of patients with bipolar disorder within one week, this was only the case in 7.4% of patients with major depression.

CONCLUSIONS
Within subjects, the speed of onset of depression is similar across different episodes. In the absence of acute critical life events, rapid onset of depressive episodes (within one week) is typical for bipolar depression, but not for unipolar depression. A rapid onset of depressive episodes might point to BD in patients with solely depressive episodes in the past and to subgroups with different neurobiological pathogenetic mechanisms.


Cyanobacteria are photo-autotrophic organisms which can regulate their buoyancy. Cyclic exposure of solar radiation affects photo-chemical processes within the cell and this, in turn, changes the physical parameters of the organisms. The loss of the spatial stability of the mature cyanobacterial population, due to the influence of environmental changes cause surface scum in fresnwater reservoirs. Sets of equations are used to describe physical, biological and chemical properties of the dynamical behaviour of a population of cyanobacteria in an eutrophical lake. Introduction Light driven buoyancy determines the success of cyanobacteria in competition with other organisms in their habitat, Van Liere & Walsby^. Species like Anabaena flos-aquae, Microcystis aeruginosa, Aphanizomenon or Oscillatoria form large algal communities in the epilimnon of the eutrophical freshwaters, Reynolds & Walsby^. Cyclic exposure of the Sun's radiation affects photo-chemical processes within cell's organism and in turn, change physical parameters of the buoyant cyanobacteria. Vertical inhomogenity of the algal distribution in a water column cause light shielding and hence the strong feedback in a light-driven buoyant algal Transactions on Ecology and the Environment vol 7, © 1995 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541


Anti-angiogenic therapy inhibits the creation of new blood vessels by tumors. These drugs reduce the permeability of tumor blood vessels. We propose an optical method for quantifying changes in vessel permeability to evaluate anti-angiogenic agents.


Objective To investigate the targeting injury of ultrasound combined with pigment epithelium derived factor(PEDF)-immunoliposome to choroidal neovascular endothelial cells in vitro.Methods PEDF immunoliposome which could specific binding with choroidal neovascular endothelial cells was made.Immunoliposome was added to cultured choroid-retinal endothelial cells(RF/6A)in rhesus monkey to observe its ability of binding with RF/6A cells.Cellular internalization of immunoliposome was observed under laser confocal microscopy.After being treated with liposome without PEDF,free PEDF,PEDF loaded liposome,PEDF loaded immunoliposome and ultrasound combined with PEDF loaded immunoliposome,their inhibitory effects on RF/6A were observed by MTT assay,apoptosis was observed with flow cytometry,and compared with control group,which was only treated with PBS.Results PEDF immunoliposome could closely bind with RF/6A cells.The inhibitory rates of free PEDF,PEDF loaded liposome,PEDF loaded immunoliposome and ultrasound combined with PEDF loaded immunoliposome(final concentration of PEDF was 80 mg·L-1)on RF/6A cells were(32.79±3.62)%,(48.71±3.84)%,(57.45±4.02)% and(90.83%±5.61%),the apoptosis ratios were(25.05±4.06)%,(30.21±3.13)%,(36.85±4.12)% and(43.13±4.37)%,respectively,which indicated that inhibitory effect and apoptotic effect of PEDF immunoliposome and PEDF liposome on RF/6A cells were stronger than those of free PEDF(both P0.05),while PEDF immunoliposome had the strongest inhibitory effect and apoptotic effect(all P0.05).Ultrasound could significantly increase the cellular internalization of PEDF immunoliposome and enhance its inhibitory effect and apoptotic effect.Conclusion The PEDF immunoliposome combined with ultrasound can targeting injury choroidal neovascular endothelial cells in vitro.


Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel for the years 2000 to 2006 we analyze the determinants and wage effects of educational dropout. In addition to classical variables like family background and occupation, we examine noncognitive skills and computer use as potential factors influencing educational dropout and the wages of educational dropouts. Noncognitive skills reduce the probability of educational dropout. The wage gap between dropouts and those with completed school and professional education vanishes for males once we control for additional characteristics such as occupations, computer use and noncognitive skills. Based on individual data from the SOEP, we have found the following main results: Higher noncognitive skills have positive effects on school attainment as well as on individuals' earnings. A five-point increase in the Rotter index reduces the probability of dropout by 2.5 % and increases wages by 2 %, on average. Second, given observed cognitive skills, the Rotter index and the family background, young adults who engage in sports and music and as student presidents are less likely to become educational dropouts. Meanwhile a significant effect of computer usage on dropout probabilities is not detected. Controlling for age and education only, male educational dropouts earn 7 % less than those with completed lower secondary and professional education. For females, the earnings are 12 % lower. Adding further controls including PC usage and the Rotter index reduces the wage gap to an insignificant value for men and to 4 % for women. Contact: Johannes Gernandt ZEW L7,1 68161 Mannheim firstname.lastname@example.com phone: 0621 – 1235 288


In this paper, realization of ideal filter characteristics via genetic algorithm has been studied. The filter is defined as a lossless two-port terminated normalized source and load resistances, and the coefficients of its describing scattering polynomials have been calculated via genetic algorithm. An element value table has been given for a low-pass normalized prototype filter containing only one element to ten elements.


The laminar distribution and structure of the supragranular cells projecting from primary auditory cortex (AI) to the second auditory cortex (AII) in the cat were studied with horseradish peroxidase. Injections in AII retrogradely labeled somata in ipsilateral cortical layers I‐VI of AI. A bimodal laminar disposition was found, with approximately 40% of the labeled cells in layer III, 25% in layer V, and 10–15% each in layers II, IV, and VI; only a few cells were found in layer I. The labeled cells were scattered in small aggregates between which unlabeled neurons were interspersed. There was some, though not a strict, topographical distribution of the labeled cells according to the locus of the injection in AII. Injections in the caudal part of AII labeled cells in more rostral AI, while rostral AII injections labeled cells in more caudal AI. Ventral All injections labeled more ventrally located AI cells, while more dorsal AII injections labeled more dorsally situated AI cells. AII injections also labeled cells in other auditory cortex subdivisions, including the posterior ectosylvian, ventroposterior, temporal, and dorsal auditory zone/suprasylvian fringe cortical areas, and in some non‐auditory cortical areas.


Received: 3 January 2017 Accepted: 6 February 2018 In the present article, an investigation on the impact of Soret effect on unsteady magnetohydrodynamic natural convection flow of a viscous, electrically conducting and incompressible nanofluid over a vertical plate through a medium filled with porous materials with the consideration of a second order chemical reaction, has been investigated. Three kinds of water-based nanofluids, comprising of aluminum oxide (Al2O3 ), titanium oxide (TiO2) and silver (Ag) as nanoparticles, are chosen for this analysis. Governing equations accompanied by the boundary and initial conditions are changed into non-dimensional form and then they are solved by Crank-Nicolson type finite difference scheme. The impact of relevant flow parameters on nanofluid velocity, nanofluid temperature and species concentration are depicted graphically with comprehensive discussions whereas numerical findings for coefficient of skin friction, wall temperature gradient i.e. Nusselt number and wall concentration gradient are depicted in tabular form. It has been observed that Soret effect has the ability to enhance the species concentration. The investigation we have performed here, has various scientific and industrial applications.


Rationale: HIV/AIDS funding has increased greatly over the last few years, both inside and outside South Africa. Nevertheless, there are signs that health systems are not able to benefit from these funds due to insufficient absorptive capacity. Absorptive capacity within the health financing context is referred to as the ability of the Department of Health to maximise the utilisation of the available funding, both domestic and international. It is argued that health systems in Africa with limited resources are already weak and overwhelmed and lack the capacity to introduce new programs without compromising existing ones. This is particularly the case with complex interventions such as antiretroviral treatment.

Objectives: This research seeks to advance the existing body of knowledge of HIV/AIDS financing policies in relation to the absorptive capacity in the context of South Africa. The main aim is to identify specific bottlenecks experienced by the flow of public HIV/AIDS funding and clarify options to unblock them. The ultimate purpose is to provide strategic choices for the efficient allocation of HIV/AIDS funding.

Methodology: The study constructs a conceptual framework for the study of absorptive capacity and bottlenecks encountered in the context of HIV/AIDS financing. The framework follows the flow of HIV/AIDS funding going from the National Department of Health, through the Provincial Departments of Health, to the final implementation of programs. It identifies five major areas where bottlenecks may arise: financial, human, physical and institutional (at the health system level) and structural (outside the health system). The study combines (a) quantitative budget analysis looking at expenditure and spending patterns, with (b) qualitative in-depth interviews exploring causes and consequences. The study applies the framework in two South African provinces: Western Cape and Free State.

Results: The contributions are two-fold:
(i) Conceptual: definition, construction of a conceptual framework, and approximation to a set of indicators of absorptive capacity and bottlenecks;
(ii) South African case: assessment of absorptive capacity and major bottlenecks encountered nationally, and particularly in Western Cape and Free State.

Disclosure: This study is part of the PhD of the author at the University of Cape Town. It is partly funded by the Spanish foundation Fundacion Carolina.


This conference contribution discusses Holocaust looted art, in particular the limits of court-effected restitution. It was presented at a research seminar at the University of Stirling, October, 2009.


This study characterizes the world's system powers, explains his evolution, describes the factors that determinate the relative position of States in international hierarchy and shows the position, role and notability of Brazil in the context of present international relations. We conclude that Brazil can be considered a big potency, with capacity to influence more and more the behaviour of other international actors and, consequently, the world conjuncture evolution. To achieve this conclusion, the study refers to the application of systemic analysis to the international community, to the evolution of world's system powers, to the characteristics of contemporaneous multipolar system and the Brazil in the actual context of world's system powers.


Earth system and environmental models present the scientist/programmer with multiple challenges in software design, development, and maintenance, overall system integration, and performance. We describe how work in the industrial sector of software engineering—namely component-based software engineering—can be brought to bear to address issues of software complexity. We explain how commercially developed component solutions are inadequate to address the performance needs of the Earth system modeling community. We describe a component-based approach called the Common Component Architecture that has as its goal the creation of a component paradigm that is compatible with the requirements of high-performance computing applications. We outline the relationship and ongoing collaboration between CCA and major Climate/Weather/Ocean community software projects. We present examples of work in progress that uses CCA, and discuss long-term plans for the CCA-climate/weather/ocean collaboration.


The production of K/sub s/ /sup 0/, ..lambda../sup 0/, and Lambda-bar/sup 0/ has been measured in deep-inelastic muon scattering at 225 GeV; decays into two charged hadrons were detected. Momentum distributions are compared to the inclusive charged-hadron distributions measured in the same experiment. The range of virtual-photon parameters covered is 0.4


Xenotransplantation is not yet a clinical procedure, such that one can just work into a clinic and demand for it to be carried on him/her. However, considering the energy and enthusiasm with which researches on xenotransplantation are carried out, it is reasonable to think that in the near future, it will become a clinical success. There are already series of debate as to the potential benefits of xenotransplantation – would it introduce a world plague to humans or would it provide a better life for them. This is a heated debate. This paper joins in this debate and avers that xenotransplantation should be halted, for it is better to halt actions when one is in doubt. Since the safety of xenotransplantation is in doubt, research on it need to be suspended, until we are certain that it is risk free.


Recent work has shown that labour market returns to schooling are biased when estimates do not consider direct measures of skill, such as literacy and numeracy. This has important ramifications not only for estimates of the return on human capital investments, but also for understanding the lifecycle earnings of migrant workers in host countries. One important aspect of lifecycle earnings for migrants is assimilation—that is, whether or not migrant workers "catch up" to native-born workers in the host country over time. Previous research in the U.S. suggests a wage penalty associated with being foreign-born which is countered by increasing returns to the number of years since migration. These estimates, however, do not consider direct measures of skill. Using data from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) Survey of Adult Skills, we investigate the role of literacy and numeracy skills in the earnings trajectories of migrant workers in 36 host countries. We ask two main research questions. First, what are the estimated lifecycle earnings profiles for migrant workers across countries? Second, how does the time it takes migrant earnings to "catch up" to native earnings depend on literacy and numeracy skill endowments? Our contribution to the literature is twofold. First, our study is the first to estimate models of migrant assimilation in the labour market for 36 separate OECD countries. Second, our focus on how literacy and numeracy skill endowments affect the speed of assimilation is novel in the literature. We find statistically significant returns to literacy and numeracy in the earnings function. Estimates vary widely across countries, ranging from a 15 (Sweden) – 45 (Singapore) percent increase in wages for a one standard deviation increase in literacy or numeracy. The estimated time it takes migrant workers in the U.S. to catch up to their native-born counterparts is estimated to be approximately 12.5 years. Estimates for the U.K and Canada are 9 and 20 years, respectively. Results suggest that after controlling for schooling, work experience, gender, and marital status, the returns to literacy and numeracy skills are similar across foreign-born and native-born workers in the host country. International PIAAC Research Conference 2022 https://www.gesis.org/en/piaac/conference 2. The part-time wage gap along the distribution: The role of cognitive and computer skills and job characteristics. Authors Britta Gauly (GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Germany) & Bernd Fitzenberger (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Germany) Presenter Britta Gauly (GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Germany) Abstract For several decades, the share of part-time employed women in Germany has increased and is at an all-time high. Still, part-time employed women earn lower hourly wages compared to women working full-time. The existing literature has identified selection based on human capital as a prominent explanation for the part-time wage gap. However, differences in human capital may not fully be captured by education or experience used in previous studies. The present paper complements the existing evidence by analyzing how typically unobserved skills relate to the part-time wage gap along the entire wage distribution. Also, we exploit how job characteristics and occupational choices are related to wage differences. In particular, we test whether routine or computer-intensive tasks may increase women's substitutability without adjustment costs and lead to a smaller part-time wage gap. In our empirical analysis, we use the German PIAAC 2012 sample and focus on prime-age employed women. We apply linear quantile regressions to measure wage differencesFor several decades, the share of part-time employed women in Germany has increased and is at an all-time high. Still, part-time employed women earn lower hourly wages compared to women working full-time. The existing literature has identified selection based on human capital as a prominent explanation for the part-time wage gap. However, differences in human capital may not fully be captured by education or experience used in previous studies. The present paper complements the existing evidence by analyzing how typically unobserved skills relate to the part-time wage gap along the entire wage distribution. Also, we exploit how job characteristics and occupational choices are related to wage differences. In particular, we test whether routine or computer-intensive tasks may increase women's substitutability without adjustment costs and lead to a smaller part-time wage gap. In our empirical analysis, we use the German PIAAC 2012 sample and focus on prime-age employed women. We apply linear quantile regressions to measure wage differences associated with part-time, conditional on individual and job characteristics. Moreover, we perform decomposition methods along the entire wage distribution to disentangle which part of the wage gap is due to differences in observable characteristics or differences in returns to those characteristics. Our results reveal a raw part-time wage gap that is humpshaped, i.e., smaller in the lower and upper end of the distribution. Applying decomposition methods, we show that skills and workplace tasks largely explain the gap in the tails of the distribution. For example, in the low-wage sector, the small wage gap can be explained by a large share of easily dividable routine tasks. Moreover, we find that the wage gap is larger for women with higher skills, which may reflect lower career development for high-skilled part-time women compared to their full-time counterparts. Using two-wave panel data from the German PIAAC-L study, we also show that mobility from full-time to part-time entails a much smaller wage gap than the cross-sectional estimates. This corroborates that a large part of the wage gap is due to the sorting of women with different productivityrelated characteristics into full-time versus part-time employment. International PIAAC Research Conference 2022 https://www.gesis.org/en/piaac/conference 3. Skills use and their effect on employment income over time: Evidence from the longitudinal and international study of adults. Author (Presenter) Alexander El-Hajj (Statistics Canada, Canada) Abstract This research aims to assess the changes in employment income over time among survey respondents who reported various skill use on the Longitudinal International Survey of Adults (LISA). The objective of this research is to reveal whether certain skills, used by respondents in Wave 1 (2012), correspond to a larger increase in employment income over a six-year period (ending 2018). To carry out this research and analysis, the four currently released waves of LISA are used in conjunction with T4 administrative tax data and PIAAC data, which is a data set that was incorporated into Wave 1 of LISA. PIAAC skills data is divided into two categories – an index score above 3, representing a high degree of skill use, and an index score below or equal to 3, representing a low degree of skill use. Analysis of thirteen skills showed that those who used information and communications technology (ICT) skills at home (44.3%), ICT skills at work (40.0%), numeracy skills at home (49.7%), numeracy skills at work (35.1%), reading skills at home (31.5%), and reading skills at work (36.0%) to a high degree had the largest percentage increase in employment income over the six years assessed. Respondents who used ICT skills at work to a high degree gained the most in employment income over the six years ($32,935). Task discretion used to a highThis research aims to assess the changes in employment income over time among survey respondents who reported various skill use on the Longitudinal International Survey of Adults (LISA). The objective of this research is to reveal whether certain skills, used by respondents in Wave 1 (2012), correspond to a larger increase in employment income over a six-year period (ending 2018). To carry out this research and analysis, the four currently released waves of LISA are used in conjunction with T4 administrative tax data and PIAAC data, which is a data set that was incorporated into Wave 1 of LISA. PIAAC skills data is divided into two categories – an index score above 3, representing a high degree of skill use, and an index score below or equal to 3, representing a low degree of skill use. Analysis of thirteen skills showed that those who used information and communications technology (ICT) skills at home (44.3%), ICT skills at work (40.0%), numeracy skills at home (49.7%), numeracy skills at work (35.1%), reading skills at home (31.5%), and reading skills at work (36.0%) to a high degree had the largest percentage increase in employment income over the six years assessed. Respondents who used ICT skills at work to a high degree gained the most in employment income over the six years ($32,935). Task discretion used to a high degree was the skill that displayed the smallest increase over the six years (8.2% and $5,648). There is a clear relationship revealed by this research pertaining to the types of skills respondents use and their associated gain in income over a specified period. Interestingly, these results can be used both by policymakers and by those seeking new directions on which skills would better advance their wealth and career. One limitation of this research involves the inability to assess the change in skills use over time, as PIAAC data is only included in Wave 1 of LISA. Addressing this limitation with longitudinal studies could help improve our understanding of how skills use changes over time and how that impacts employment income. International PIAAC Research Conference 2022 https://www.gesis.org/en/piaac/conference 4. Selection corrected wage gaps within occupations in Germany. Authors Caroline Neuber-Pohl (Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Tr


Conventional sparse coding fails to learn a robust subspace when the data is corrupted by noises or outliers. To remedy this problem, matrix completion is considered into sparse coding to recover the corrupted data by the normal data and the robust sparse representations can be learned from the recovered data and the normal data. Therefore, a robust sparse coding method, called RSC, is proposed to learn a low-dimensional subspace from the corrupted data. Experiments are carried out on the image dataset which is contaminated by noises or outliers. It is demonstrated that our proposed RSC is more effective and robust in subspace learning and image clustering than other dimensionality reduction methods.


While rejoicing in the publication of the OSIRIS trial of surfactant therapy for RDS, the largest randomised trial in neonatology so far, we were sorry to see echoed in the results an apparent reluctance to use a cheap and effective intervention designed to prevent the problem in the first place. The results accord with our finding after review of the data obtained in the course of a collaborative trial in the UK Northern Region Health Authority. We refer to the sad fact that only 15-20% of babies had been offered the protective effect of antenatal steroids despite the fact that it is 20 years since the publication of the first trial to show the effectiveness of this treatment.1


In this work, the design analysis of older and modified exhaust pipe of a four stroke diesel engine are presented and compared. The exhaust gases produced inside a combustion chamber of the engine should be discharge quickly to the atmosphere through exhaust pipe. The flow of exhaust gases mainly depends on back pressure and velocity. During this process, there is a possibility of increase in back pressure due to pipe bends and elbows which hinders the power output of the engine. The measurable outcomes from this research work is to reduce the back pressure to a fair amount which helps in overcoming the power losses. This ultimately will helps in saving the fuel consumption's. The study aims to modify the design of exhaust pipe by reducing the number of exhaust pipe bends. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) investigation is carried out by modeling the actual geometry of the exhaust pipe. The reduction in the number of bends is correlated with back pressure and frictional losses. The modified design of the exhaust pipe is found to be effective in reducing the pressure drop to around 11.6%.


Exposure to adverse climatic conditions is an occupational hazard in the Royal Navy. Wind-Chill, effective or corrected effective temperatures and Wet-Bulb Globe-Thermometer (WBGT) Values are commonly used to evaluate climatic stress and their application in preventing thermal injury is discussed. Recent developments in protective clothing, for use in hot and cold environments, and thermometric instrumentation are briefly described.


ABSTRACT Freshwater Canthocamptidae from a wide range of samples from Israel and the Sinai Peninsula are analysed. From the total of eight species found, two new species are described: Elaphoidella pani n.sp. and Atheyella (Mrazekiella) naphtalica n.sp. Atheyella (Mrazekiella) osmana (Kiefer) is raised to species rank. An analysis of the distributional picture of these species is given.


Groups of broiler chicks of one day and three weeks of age were given feeds containing 0, 400, 800 and 1000 mg furazolidone (Fz)/kg for three weeks. The age of the birds and the dose and duration of Fz treatment significantly (P < or = 0.05) influenced the parameters studied. Clinical signs of Fz toxicosis included ascites, leg weakness and nervous derangement like convulsions and torticollis. The body weight also decreased. Ascites and nervous derangement was not observed in birds fed 400 mg Fz from one day of age. Fz-fed birds developed anaemia and had lower plasma total protein and albumin levels than those fed no Fz. The decrease in body weight was related to reduced feed intake. Decreases found in the haematological parameters and plasma proteins showed no correlation with the chicks' age but were related to the dose and duration of Fz treatment.


We describe the synthesis and characterization of four dumbbell-shaped fullerene molecules bridged by isosorbide \ isomannide moieties. Their electrochemical behaviour and complexation with [10]cycloparaphenylene ([10]CPP) were also investigated. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of fullerene dumbbells showed high electron affinity, highlighting their ability to interact well with electron-donating counterparts such as carbon nanorings, which are charge and shape complementary. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of complexation were studied by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and additional information about binding stoichiometries was obtained by NMR titration experiments. Two different approaches were used, resulting in bridged cyclopropane- and furan-based structures. Regardless of the type of linker, all derivatives formed conventional 2:1 complexes [10]CPP2⊃C60 derivative. However, the methano-dumbbell molecules showed different binding behaviour as mono-, bis-pseudorotaxanes as well as oligomers (polymers) were detected. The formation of linear polymers could be of great importance for solar energy conversion processes.


The aim of this study is to determine the adsorption behavior of borax sludge for removal of copper from industrial wastewater. The borax sludge was generated during borax production and used for treatment of wastewater of metal coating process. The parameters of pH, concentration and contact time were investigated in batch experiments to determine the efficiency of adsorption. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) was used to calculate the reduced amount of Cu (II). The results were applied to various kinetic models and adsorption isotherms. The pseudo second order model was successful to fit the adsorption process in the kinetic study because the regression coefficient values (R 2 ) were changed between 0.9995 and 0.9978. Langmuir (R 2 =0.9985) and Temkin (R 2 =0.9985) isotherms models were the best to explain the process.


Southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula has slowly gained importance as a major pest in greengram. Conventional insecticides used in pulses ecosystem were tested against N. viridula under laboratory and field conditions. Under in vitro condition, out of three methods of insecticidal applications, the adult dip and feeding method was found to be more effective. At 1 Hour After Treatment (HAT), triazophos 40 EC (1.5 mL.L-1) and dimethoate 30 EC (2.0 mL.L-1) were highly effective against the adults of N. viridula with earliest (100%) mortality than other treatments. Under the field condition also, triazophos 40 EC (1.5 mL.L-1) and dimethoate 30 EC (2.0 mL.L-1) had 100 per cent population reduction over control and were found to be more effective than other insecticides viz., chlorantraniliprole, thiamethoxam, neemazal and imidacloprid. Results of toxicity tests concluded that triazophos 40 EC @ 1.5 mL.L-1 and dimethoate 30 EC @ 2.0 mL.L-1 were highly effective against the adults of N. viridula with high mortality than other treatments under both laboratory and field conditions.


(57) Abstract: Method for producing polymers from olefins are selectively produced from catalytic cracking or thermal cracking naphtha stream is disclosed herein. Naphtha stream, reaction zone, stripping zone, is introduced into the reactor comprising the catalyst regeneration zone, and the rectification zone. Naphtha feed stream, in the reaction zone, the catalyst comprising 10 to 50 wt% crystalline zeolite having an average pore diameter of less than about 0.7 nm, a temperature in the range of about 500 ° C. to 650 ° C., 10 to the 40psia It is contacted with reaction conditions including a hydrocarbon partial pressure. Vapor product is taken overhead, the catalyst particles are sent to a stripping zone on the way to the catalyst regeneration zone. Volatiles are stripped with a stream in the stripping zone, catalyst particles are sent to the catalyst regeneration zone where coke is burned from the catalyst, the catalyst is recycled therefrom into the reaction zone. Overhead products from the reaction zone is sent to the rectification zone in which the flow of C Olefins may be further processed, polymerized to form a variety of polymeric materials.


The 1995 South African Labour Relations Act introduced a system of Workplace Forums, a form of works council. Currently, Forums are only operational in a small minority of workplaces. This article explores the reasons underlying the apparent failure of this new system.


Comprehensive modeling studies of the processes induced in all geospheres by the passage and explosion of the meteoroid near the city of Lipetsk (Russia) on June 21, 2018, have been performed. Thermodynamic and plasma effects and the effects of the plume and turbulence accompanying the passage of the Lipetsk meteoroid have been estimated. It has been shown that the passage of the celestial body led to the formation of a gas–dust plume. The heated trail of the meteoroid cooled for several hours. Four stages of meteoroid-trail cooling are considered in detail. The first of these persisted for approximately 0.01 s, and the temperature of the trail decreased by a factor of two due to emissions. During the second stage (~1 s), the trail cooled due to emissions and expansion, and its temperature decreased by 15%. In the course of the third stage, which took approximately 3 s, the products of the explosion and the heated gas (thermal) with an acceleration of 100–200 m/s2, attained an ascent rate of 200 m/s, and the temperature decreased by 10%. The fourth stage persisted for 100 s, during which the thermal absorbed the cool air at an intensive rate, gradually cooled off, and decelerated. The maximum altitude of rise of the thermal reached 15–20 km. The products of the explosion (dust particles and aerosols) contained in the thermal further participated in the following three processes: a slow precipitation to the surface of the Earth, turbulent mixing with the ambient air, and transport by the predominant winds around the globe. The effect of turbulence in the trail has been shown to be well pronounced, while the effect of magnetic turbulence has been weakly displayed. The following basic parameters of the plasma in the trail have been estimated: the altitude dependences of the electron densities per unit length and per unit volume, their relaxation times, the particle collision frequencies, the plasma conductivities, and the electron temperature relaxation time. At the initial time point, the linear and volume electron densities in the trail have been shown to be equal to approximately (2–40) × 1023 m–1 and (1–4) × 1021 m–3, respectively, and the plasma conductivity to be equal to ~103 Ohm–1 m–1. The role of the dusty plasma component is discussed.


The aim of this paper is to provide a consistent and reliable collection of solar cell performance data for interplanetary missions, by presenting the results of an extensive test campaign carried out in the frame of the qualification of the 10LiTHI-ETA®3-ID solar cells for the Rosetta mission. The 10LiTHI-ETA®3-ID silicon cells have been developed with specific features to reduce loss currents and to eliminate the fill factor degradation in low intensity & low temperature (LILT) conditions. Rosetta, the ESA mission for the rendezvous and in-situ measurements of the comet P/Wirtanen, will experience a very large variation of sun distance, during its almost 11 years life time (0.9 AU to 5.25 AU), which generated a very challenging set of requirements for the qualification of the solar cells, in terms of sun intensities, temperatures and radiation. The qualification was successful and, under several test conditions, the cells performed better than predicted.


The Heilongjian complex is consist of greeschist rocks and tectonic mylonites, and has been believed making up of Precambrian basement with the Mashan complex together in northeastern China. This conclusion, however, lacks of evidences of isotopic age and paleontology. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of the greeschist from the Hunanying Formation of the Heilongjian complex is carried out in order to determine the age and to discuss geotectonic background and metamorphic events the Heilongjian complex has experienced. Results show that zircons from analyzed sample present available Th/U ratio between 0.27~1.27 , and show well defined two group ages, i. e. weighted average ~(206)Pb/ ~(238)U ages are 511±10Ma ( n = 13 , MSWD = 1.6) and 274.7±3.6Ma (n =9, MSWD =0.91 ). The oldest ages from 969~747Ma imply the origination of Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic. These ages along with metamorphic age of ~511 Ma display that the Heilongjian complex, contains detrital zircons, which are possibly derived from the spatially intimately associated Mashan complex. The group age ~275Ma obtained subsequently suggest another orogenic event, probably representing the closure of the Paleo-Asia oceanic plate during the Late Paleozoic.


There are two classical class and stratum theories and methods in the western sociology——Marx's class theory and Weber's. The new social class is the builder of socialism with Chinese characteristics,and it will be the important factor to keep China's social structure stable. Seeing from the Historical Materialism,this article analyses the social attibute and function of the new social class in our country with Marxist class method,through being compared with the western middle class.


Purpose Patients with COPD often experience skeletal muscle dysfunction. For those who are unable or unwilling to undertake physical training, neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) may provide an alternative method of rehabilitation. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the controversial topic of whether this therapy is effective in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD. Patients and methods We pooled data from nine trials published between January 9, 2002 and January 4, 2016 across PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Google Scholar, and relevant websites for randomized controlled trials. In these trials, patients with moderate-to-severe COPD were randomly allocated to receive NMES. Primary outcomes were quadricep strength and exercise capacity. The secondary outcome was health-related quality of life. Results We extracted data from 276 patients. NMES contributed to statistically improved quadricep strength (standardized mean difference 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.64–1.59, I2=54%; P<0.00001) and exercise capacity, including longer exercise distance (weighted mean difference 51.53, 95% CI 20.13–82.93, I2=90%; P=0.001), and longer exercise endurance (standardized mean difference 1.11, 95% CI 0.14–2.08, I2=85%; P=0.02). There was no significant difference in St George's Respiratory Questionnaire scores (weighted mean difference −0.07, 95% CI −2.44 to 2.30, I2=56%; P=0.95). Conclusion NMES appears an effectual means of enhancing quadricep strength and exercise capacity in moderate-to-severe COPD patients. Further research is demanded to clarify its effect on other outcomes and determine the optimal parameters for an NMES program.


Objective
To investigate the correlation of skeletal muscle index (SMI) with obesity and osteoporosis, and to explore the changes of intestinal microflora in different SMI aged patients with sarcopenia.

Methods
Totally 103 aged patients with sarcopenia were divided into the low SMI group (38 males, 11 females) and very low SMI group (43 males, 11 females) according to the mean SMI (male: 5.1 kg / m2, female: 4.3 kg / m2). The SMI, body mass index (BMI), total body fat percentage, hip density and femoral neck density were measured, and the correlation between SMI and above indicators was analyzed by the Pearson test. Mean-while, the intestinal microflora was detected by PCR.

Results
In aged male patients, the levels of SMI[(4.4 ± 0.5) kg / m2 vs. (5.8 ± 0.5) kg / m2] and BMI [(21.6 ± 2.9) kg / m2 vs. (24.8 ± 3.1) kg / m2] in the very low SMI group were much lower than those in the low SMI group (t = 12.062, P < 0.001; t = 4.740, P < 0.001). In aged female patients, only the SMI level in the very low SMI group was much lower than that in the low SMI group [(3.8 ± 0.3) kg / m2 vs. (4.8 ± 0.8) kg / m2, t = 7.065, P < 0.001]. Meanwhile, in aged male patients, the SMI was positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.521, P < 0.001), and the contents of Faecali-bacterium prausnitzii [2.87 (0.42, 10.86) × 106 copies / g vs. 9.57 (1.33, 36.04) × 106 copies / g] and Clostridium cluster I [3.03 (0.39, 20.47) × 104 copies / g vs. 15.94 (3.57, 48.88) × 104 copies / g] in the very low SMI group were much lower than those in the low SMI group (Z = 1.987, P = 0.047; Z = 2.943, P = 0.003). In aged female patients, the SMI was negatively correlated with total body fat percentage (r = -0.447, P = 0.029), and compared with the low SMI group, the content of Enterococcus decreased [2.56 (0.20, 54.82) × 104 copies / g vs. 0.28 (0.01, 1.55) × 104 copies / g, Z = 2.068, P = 0.040], and the content of Clostridium cluster I increased significantly [1.18 (0.37, 11.73) × 104 copies / g vs. 16.88 (5.22, 66.79) × 104 copies / g, Z = 2.134, P = 0.034].

Conclusion
The SMI is related to the BMI and total body fat percentage in elderly patients with sarcopenia, and the content of intestinal microflora varies with different SMI degrees.

Key words:
Sarcopenia; Muscle, skeletal; Aged; Obesity; Osteoporosis; Intestinal microflora


329 where the vernacular actually means the diasporic and settler culture—then in her discussion of the representation of Europe's "margins" in "socalled Eastern European writers" (134). Of course, "Eastern European" should be "East European" (and "socalled" should not be at all), nor does Bucharest lie in the Balkans, no matter where Olivia Manning takes her characters. More importantly, this is the only essay in the book besides Henrietta Moore's (where so much depends upon a GoogleJihad analogy), in which specific instances of cultural practice, literature in this case, are actually examined, botched names of famous theorists and infamous dictators notwithstanding ("Frederic Jameson" [137], "Ceaucescu" [143]). In any event, a mixed bag as it may be, After Cosmopolitanism does deserve to be part of the conversation in the fastevolving field of cosmopolitan studies. Its weaknesses and disproportionate ambitions are also instructive. For, as with some of the previous works reviewed here, they too go to show how important it is that we read each other, inside and across our disciplines and languages.


The investigation of ideology in audiovisual translation (AVT) has recently attracted a lot of attention from researchers in the field. The present study aimed to shed light on the impact of ideology on audiovisual translation with regard to Persian dubbing of three Hollywood animations. First, the concept of ideology and hegemony within Hollywood products were discussed. Then, the translations of culture-specific items (CSIs) and taboos were analytically examined and finally discussed according to Venuti's (2008) theory. The results indicated that translators tried to produce highly domesticated versions of the originals. The findings showed that the status of cultures, minor or dominant, could play a key role in translators' decisions. When translators translate from a dominant to a minor culture, some form of resistance may be born. The target community cultural institutions tend to use translation as their last cultural fortress.


This paper presents a method to detect delay faults in wave-pipeline high speed arithmetic circuits that are constructed of dual-rail self-reset logic gates with input-disable. For this category of circuits we develop a fault model and show that standard test pattern generation algorithm can be used after using a 9-valued logic set. Also, we demonstrate that as soon as a delay fault occurs at any stage of the pipeline, the fault is eventually manifested at the output of the circuit as if a stuck-at fault existed in the circuit for that wave.


Use of a single-slice (2D) display for observer studies may bias results and reduce the study's clinical generalizability. Human observers perform better at the task of lesion detection with 3D-processed images than they do with 2D-processed images when the images are presented using a 2D display. However, 3D-processing techniques incorporate information from out-of-plane or adjacent slices into an image and thus provide more information to the observer than does a similar 2D-processing method. Observer performance with 2D-processing methods may improve if the adjacent-slice information is provided by way of a multi-slice (3D) display. 3D processing also introduces 3D distracters which may not be present with 2D processing. The authors investigated, with a human-observer LROC study, the impact of 2D versus 3D display on FBP and OSEM reconstruction followed by 2D and 3D filtering. Three display modes were used: single-slice, multi-slice, and multi-slice with cine. The emulated clinical task was the detection and localization of small gallium lesions in thoracic SPECT scans. Results indicate that 3D display generally improves performance over the 2D display, as measured by the area under the LROC curve and the probability of correct localization. The improvement is greater for 2D- than for 3D-filtered reconstruction leading to a reduction in the significance of the differences between them.


The purpose of this paper is to analyze the evolution and practical experiences of agricultural policy,rural land protection,rural planning and management in the UK since the World War II.Research methods included literature and policies reviews,surveys and interviews.The paper found that the British rural planning was closely integrated with its rural development policies and the protection of agricultural land.Through the "Green belt", "National Park" and "Outstanding Natural Beauty" policies,the British rural planning had effectively protected the rural environment while enhanced its rural economic development.The conclusion was that it was useful to learn the British experiences of rural development and relevant planning policies to achieve the integrated urban and rural development,the improvement of rural environment,and the increase of the living standard of local residents in China.


The image of courts as impartial and independent sources of authority is considered a prerequisite if they are to play a legitimining role. Yet many studies suggest that courts systematically support and uphold state-sponsored policies. I ask how courts can support dominant political interests and at the same time appear impartial. A solution is suggested by looking at highly plblicibdml judicial decisions by Israel's High Court of Justice in which state policies concerning the Israeli occupied territories were overruled. Such cases, while rare, nevertheless reinforce the legitimacy of courts. Consequently, decisions that counter some governmental practices allow courts to confer legitimacy on other and sometimes similar governmental policies. Finally, I place the findings in a eomparative context and outline a possible explanation for the circumstances under which landmark decisions are reached.


A vestibular schwannoma, often called an acoustic neuroma/schwannoma, is a benign primary intracranial tumor of the myelin-forming cells of the vestibulo-cochlear nerve (8 th cranial nerve). This tumor arises from the Schwann cells responsible for the myelin sheath that helps keep peripheral nerves insulated. [1] Approximately, 3000 cases are diagnosed each year in the United States with a prevalence of about 1 in 100,000 worldwide. It comprises 5-10% of all intracranial neoplasms in adults. Incidence peaks in the fifth and sixth decades and both sexes are affected equally. Studies in Denmark published in 2004 show the incidence of 17.4/million. Most acoustic neuromas are diagnosed in patients between the ages of 30 and 60, and men and women appear to be affected equally. [2] The case illustrated here is a rare one of acoustic/vestibular schwannoma a surgical conditions, treated with Lycopodium, which produced improvement on both subjective and objective parameters.


The invention discloses a teapot dates tissue culturing method. The method comprises the steps of clipping teapot dates with a bud stem tip in a large land; cleaning the teapot dates with tap water; putting the teapot dates into alcohol to sterilize; sterilizing by using mercury bichloride; cleaning the teapot dates by using sterile water; inoculating into a starting culture medium; transferring to a meristem culture medium; transferring to a successive transfer culture medium; and finally, finishing the establishment of the whole tissue culture system in a root medium so that the teapot dates tissue is subjected to sterile culture and transplantation under a manually-controlled illumination and temperature condition. In-vitro rapid propagation of the teapot dates is carried out according to the embodiment of the invention, the process from incubation to rooting needs 70 days, the teapot dates tissue can be transplanted to a seedling culture bed on the ground, the induction survival rate is up to 97 percent, the increment reaches 10 times, and the transplantation rooting rate is also up to 95 percent.


- We introduce a cutting-edge streaming technology that is scalable, efficient in transmitting real-time data to Data Lake applications. We explain the key components of Confluent Kafka, the brokers, the messages, the partitions, the topics etc. We further explain the best design practices and things to consider while designing Confluent Kafka based streaming applications. We have also added details on the differences between Apache Kafka and Confluent Kafka. We have included code snippet on how to configure the jaas config file with appropriate values. Finally, we conclude how the Confluent Kafka based streaming applications are used in healthcare industry, with real-world use cases.


55 The Court analogized the case to Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc. v. Hostetter, 56 which also refused to find facially invalid a state regulation of liquor distribution. The regulation at issue in Hostetter required distributors to file price schedules with the State Liquor Authority along with an "affirmation" that prices listed were as low as prices charged anywhere else in the United States.57 That regulation, according to the Rice Court, merely required the collection of price information to "support" the most-favored-nation affirmations and, as such, did not place "irresistible economic pressure" on distributors to violate Section 1; indeed, the regulation depended upon Section 1 to prevent conspiracies to raise the prices on which the affirmations were based. But the Court did not call the schemes in Rice or Hostetter hybrid restraints. 51 Id. at 661. 52 N. Pac. R.R. v. United States, 356 U.S. 1,5 (1958). 53 See Rice, 458 U.S. at 662 ("The manner in which a distiller utilizes the designation statute and the arrangements a distiller makes with its wholesalers will be subject to Sherman Act analysis under the rule of reason."). 54 Id. at 662 n.8. The Court must have been using the term "pursuant to" in a very loose sense. If a statute authorized, though did not compel, per se illegal behavior, it would be subject to facial pre-emption. The Court apparently has in mind per se illegal conduct that is not prohibited by the statute. To say that such conduct is "pursuant to" the statute is a linguistic stretch. 55 The Court also recognized that, because the facial antitrust challenge to the statue failed, "it is not necessary for us to consider whether the statute may be saved from invalidation under the doctrine of Parker v. Brown." Id. at 662 n.9. 56 384 U.S. 35 (1966). 57 Id. at 39-40. Vol. 20:269, 2003 HeinOnline -20 Yale J. on Reg. 279 2003 State Action and Hybrid Restraints Ordinance and maintained by the Rent Stabilization Board have been unilaterally imposed by government upon landlords to the exclusion of private control." 42 The Court explained that neither a vertical nor a horizontal conspiracy arises when a governmental entity prescribes specific, uniform behavior and private competitors comply. Landlords who comply with "a restraint imposed unilaterally by govemrnment" because of the law's "coercive effect" do not form individual agreements with the government, nor do they form a "conspiracy" among themselves: "There is no meeting of the minds here. 43 But borrowing a term coined by Justice Stevens in Rice v. Norman Williams Co., the Court distinguished this sort of restraint from "hybrid" restraints, those in which "nonmarket mechanisms merely enforce private marketing decisions,, 45 so that "private actors are thus granted a degree of private regulatory power. 4 6 For example, in two prior cases-Midcal and Schwegmann-the Court had condemned state statutes that mandated compliance with resale prices set by suppliers. These restraints, according to the Fisher Court, involved a significant "degree of free participation by private economic actors ' ' 47 and were therefore "quite different from the pure regulatory scheme imposed by Berkeley's Ordinance., 48 They did satisfy the concerted action requirement of Section 1 and, thus, came into conflict with antitrust's prohibition of resale price maintenance.49 We examine some hidden complexities in this characterization more fully in the next section but shelve those questions temporarily in order to explore the history of the Court's use of the hybrid restraints concept. Because Rice was the origin of the critical term "hybrid restraint," it warrants close attention. The Court there upheld against a facial attack California's "designation" statute, which prohibited any state-licensed liquor dealer from importing a brand of liquor unless the distiller of that brand had specifically authorized the dealer to do so. The statute was enacted in response to Oklahoma's liquor laws, which were understood to prohibit a distiller from limiting its sales to selected Oklahoma wholesalers.50 As a result, a distiller's normal ability to control the distribution of its product in California was thwarted, because a California wholesaler could obtain the liquor from an Oklahoma wholesaler. The majority in Rice announced the principle that: 42 Fisher, 475 U.S. at 266. 43 Id. at 267. 44 458 U.S. 654, 665 (1982) (Stevens, J., concurring). 45 Fisher, 475 U.S. at 268. 46 Id. at 268 (citing Rice, 458 U.S. at 665 (Stevens, J., concurring)). 47 Id. at 268. 48 Id. at 269. 49 Id. 50 Rice, 458 U.S. at 657. HeinOnline -20 Yale J. on Reg. 28


Whether you walk in industry or academia (or both), the ability to interrogate data and the way it is displayed visually matters. We discuss how misleading graphics and data displays are constructed, focusing on five means of manipulating data: 1) scale, 2) sample size, 3) confounding variables, 4) data outliers, and 5) the visual selected for the story. We focus on these areas as some of the most common sources of concern in misleading or inaccurate data displays, yet the mathematics underlying these concepts is often absent from or covered only superficially in professional communication instruction. We further offer examples to both mathematics and communication instructors for helping students recognize misleading graphics and how to avoid them, encouraging interdisciplinary bridges to meet the multidisciplinary requirements of creating ethical data displays.


Laboratory and green house experiments were conducted to ascertain the effect of exudates (from the vegetative parts of the weeds soaked in water) of different ages (36hrs, 72hrs and 120hrs) from three common weed species (namely, Chromolaena odorata, Ageratum conyzoides and Cyperus esculentus) on the seed germination and seedling growth of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Tomato seeds were sown in petri-dishes on filter paper moistened with the treatments, and another set of tomato seeds were sown in soil, and treatments applied. The exudates of C. odorata had the greatest inhibitory effect on seed germination on filter paper, while those of A. conyzoides followed closely. C. esculentus had the least inhibitory effect. The weed exudates however did not have marked inhibition on seed germination and seedling growth in the soil medium; rather, they competed favorably with the Control. It was observed that the longer the soaking duration of the weeds in water, the less inhibitory their exudates were on seed germination, with water dilution. All the three weed species considered showed allelopathic effects, but especially C. odorata and A. conyzoides when in direct contact with tomato seeds


denoted by {(r,d,N): r 2 2, d 2 0 and N 2 r, all integers). Each member consists of a partition of the underlying continuum and an associated systematic scheme for measurement in terms of the class intervals forming it. The partition consists of the number {2d (r-1) + 1) of partitioning points which are functions of the given r reference levels, and d denotes the degree or exponent of the number (2d) of subdivisions between successive reference levels. A graphical illustration for the partition with r = 4, d 2 is given in Figure 8. The term 'stage' used in Figure 8 will be ex lained later. The point Q k (ij) denotes the k quartile of Li and Lj which implies, for example, that k = 2 corresponds to the median. The 13 partitioning points in Figure 8 yielding 14 intervals are shown equally spaced for convenience only, because the relative spacings of reference levels are generally unknown. The precision of the partitioning (i.e., the number s of class intervals) is 2d (r-I) + 2. Measurement is accomplished by a simple P systematic scheme which determines the rank of the true level with respect to the ranks of the partitioning points. It consists of repeated comparisons of the true level of the subjective variable with one or two reference levels at a time. The total number of comparisons used is denoted by N. It should be noted that N is not an independent parameter; rather it is determined by the parameters (r,d) so a member of the Discan family can be simply specified by (r,d) or (r,s). In practical applications, it will be convenient to denote Discan members by Discan r/s.


Introduction Chapter 1: The Decision for Munich Chapter 2: "We Just Slid Into It": Planning and Building for Munich '72 Chapter 3: On the Eve of the Games Chapter 4: Let the Games Begin Chapter 5: Invasion of the Sanctuary Chapter 6: Battlefield Furstenfeldbruck Chapter 7: The Games Go On Epilogue


To avoid the adverse effects of opioid usage, an opioid-free multimodal approach for analgesia can be applied. This study was conducted with an aim to compare the effect of opioid-free anesthesia (dexmedetomidine, lignocaine, dexamethasone and ketamine) and opioid-based anesthesia (fentanyl) on maintaining depth of anaesthesia and intraoperative hemodynamic stability in patients scheduled for Laparoscopic surgeries. We conducted a prospective randomized comparative study on ASA Grade 1 – 2 patients admitted for laparoscopic abdominal surgeries sampling by block Randomization technique with sample size of 60 (30 in each group). In opioid based group, anaesthesia was induced with Inj. Fentanyl 2 mcg/kg before induction while in opioid-free group loading dose of Inj. Dexmedetomidine 1 mcg/kg over 10 min, infusion 0.5 mcg/kg/hr, Inj. Lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg, infusion of 1.5 mg/kg/hr after loading dose, Inj. Dexamethasone 8 mg, Inj. Ketamine 0.5 mg/kg was given. Intraoperatively, the hemodynamic stability and depth of anaesthesia was assessed by measuring the heart rate, blood pressure and BIS values.In the opioid-free group we had few significant decreases in HR and increases in MAP. The depth of anaesthesia was adequate and comparable to the opioid-based group. Hemodynamically, overall heart rates did not vary much between the two groups and the MAP values were higher in the opioid-free group closer to intubation and extubationOpioid-free, multimodal approach can safely replace the single opioid-based approach of anaesthesia management in the conduct of general anaesthesia.


Lake Sonfon lies in an isolated basin in the Sula Mountains of Sierra Leone. One hundred and two animal taxa were collected from this lake in April 1976: 78 of these have been identified to species, and all but four as far as the genus. The fauna consists mainly of animals with extensive geographical distributions, indicating that they have wide dispersal capacities. Three of the rotifers have not previously been recorded in Africa, and are known only from the Americas. The lake is characterized by a low conductivity and low pH. These two factors influence the fauna. Snails are absent, rhizopods are abundant, and so are rotifers of the genus Lecane, while the genus Brachionus is poorly represented. When compared with Debundsha Lake, a low conductivity crater lake in Cameroon, which has been studied to a similar extent, Lake Sonfon has twice as many species; this can be related to the greater diversity of habitats in Lake Sonfon.