This news article describes water supply conditions in developing countries that impact on child and human health. Stories tell about situations where hygiene poor quality water and poor sanitation pose risks to health. Mothers report that drinking unboiled water occurs when children are thirsty and time for boiling and the expense of firewood are obstacles to preventive practices. Open sewage contaminates water supplies and causes diarrhea a primary killer of children. Child malnourishment from diarrhea and other causes is another constraint on health. Families living in slums are particularly affected by lack of toilets and clean water supplies. One story focuses on a malnourished child from a poor family that could not afford the prescribed cans of milk. The mother stretched the supply of milk by mixing unsterilized pond water with some milk in an unsterilized bottle. The leftover milk was unrefrigerated at tropical temperatures. Other unhygienic conditions that impact on health include human excrement left on open ground nonuse of toilet paper and lack of washing of hands with soap and clean water. Hospitals may be ill-equipped and lack electricity toilets piped water food and medicines. Common water related disorders include intestinal helminth worms trypanosomiasis (a parasitic infection causing sleeping sickness) schistosomiasis (a parasitic infection causing internal bleeding) and diarrhea that causes 3.1 million deaths. Accessing clean water may involve a large loss of labor and time. Education is a proven solution to high fertility and poor health practices.


The synthesis of photoinitiat BAPO was performed by reduction dichlorophenyphosphine with naphthalene sodium,then reaction with 2,4,6-trimethylbenzolybenzoly chloride,and finally oxidation with hydrogen peroxide.The total yield is 62%.The structure of the target product was confirmed by melting point and 1H NMR.


In recent years, the darknet has become the key location for the distribution of malware and exploits. We have seen scenarios where software vulnerabilities have been disclosed by vendors and shortly after, operational exploits are available on darknet forums and marketplaces. Many marketplace vendors offer zero-day exploits that have not yet been discovered or disclosed. This trend has led to security companies offering darknet analysis services to detect new exploits and malware, providing proactive threat intelligence. This paper presents information on the scale of malware distribution, the trends of malware types offered, the methods for discovering new exploits and the effectiveness of darknet analysis in detecting malware at the earliest possible stage.


In this paper, we study, on a very simple kinetic model, the flow structure induced by a discontinuity of the boundary data. The model considered is a stationary one-speed transport equation posed in a half-plane; for simplicity, the boundary data consist of the number density of incoming particles. The propagation of singularities is studied with the velocity averaging method.11


This paper reports the morphological descriptions,population structure,breeding and feeding of Triplophysa (Hedinichthgs) yarkandensis (Day) in Akesu River.Composition standard,body length and weight are:L=3 0~15 0cm, W=1~33g.Relationship between body weight and standard length is:W=0 039748L 2 63049, r=0 989.The mean values of the male and female ponderal index are respectively 1 54(♀) and 1 46(♂).The mean value of fecundity is 11543 individuals,the diameter of maturity egg is 0 59mm.The spawning season of T.(H.) yarkandensis (Day) starts from the last of May to the mid June in Akesu River.The fish feed on benthos,larva of aquatic insect and other fishes.


Reversible data hiding (RDH) is a technique where secret Information is embedded into a cover image in a reverse way. In general RDH spatial-domain images are encrypted. The proposed system encrypts the JPEG bit stream into a properly organized structure. Then it embeds private message into the encrypted bit stream by lightly changing the JPEG stream. Useful bits suitable for data hiding are then identified. This helps to accurately code the encrypted bit stream carrying secret data. To have a perfect data extraction and image recovery, error correction codes are used in encoding the secret message. Encryption and embedding keys are used in encryption and embedding processes. The secret message bits are encoded with RC4 and embedded into the encrypted bit stream by modifying the appended bits. By using the encryption and embedding keys, the receiver can extract the embedded data and perfectly restore the original image. When the embedding key is absent, the original image can be approximately recovered with satisfactory quality without extracting the hidden data.


In our Knowledge-based economy age,amount of information is needed in all kinds of mar- kets.Some libraries of universities have not enough funds to maintain book-collecting quality and continuity and completion of books.This article expounds the necessity and urgency in short of funds.Moreover,it puts forward directly the efficient and feasible methods from making full use of the funds what we have and the value of back numbers of journals and foreign books,providing paid-service for society and enterprises,calling on the people to contribute books and realizing material-sharing.


ABSTRACT The aims of this research was to study Gonad Maturity Level (GML), Index Gonado Somatik (IGS), absolute fekundity and egg diameter of Channa striata injected with the Human Chorionic Gonadotropin hormone. The research was conducted in 26 th of December 2013 until 26th of January 2014 at the Fish Hatchery Unit (FHU) Batanghari Sembilan, North Indralaya District, Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra. Channa striata which as used had weights 85-105 gram per fish. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), (P0) No injection of HCG, (P1) 200 IU per kg fish, (P2) 250 IU per kg fish, (P3) 300 IU per kg fish. Parameters observed Gonad Maturity Level (GML), Index Gonado Somatik (IGS), absolute fekundity and egg diameter. From the four treatment experiment, P3 treatment produced the highest GML V whose the percentage was 20%, while P0 treatment did not reach GML IV and V, most of the P0 treatment (80%) only reached GML II. Based on further test of Duncan Signipicant Differences with 95% credibility level, the IGS data of Channa striata was significantly different and influential among treatments, the smallest IGS was produced from P0 treatment that is 0.43% while the largest IGS was produced from P3 treatment that is 5.91%. The smallest absolute fecundity was on the P0 treatment which was 582 eggs while the largest was on P3 treatment that is 5,775 eggs. The smallest egg diameter was on the P0 treatment which was 0.35 mm while the largest was on P3 treatment that is 0.93 mm. Hormone HCG injections of 300 IU per kg weight of the fish proved to be finalizing a Channa striata gonad.   Keywords : Channa striata, HCG hormone, GML, IGS, egg diameter


A randomized version of the recently developed barycenter method for derivative-free optimization has desirable properties of a gradient search. We develop a complex version to avoid evaluations at high-gradient points. The method, applicable to non-smooth functions, is parallelizable in a natural way and shown to be robust under noisy measurements.


The hazards associated with icing encounters with supercooled large drops (SLD) have been well documented. Both supercooled drizzle and rain aloft can cause ice to form beyond the protected parts of an aircraft. Such ice can have non-conformal shapes and has been shown to result in increased drag, decreased lift and even loss of control (e.g. Sand et al. 1984; Marwitz et al. 1997; Bernstein et al. 1999). Climatologies of surface observations suggest that most SLD develop via the collision-coalescence process (Bernstein 2000; Cortinas et al. 2004). Maritime air masses have been shown to be particularly conducive to this process, presumably because their clean nature is favorable to the formation of clouds with low drop concentrations. Continental air masses typically contain larger concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), so there is a tendency toward clouds that are dominated by small drops (Rasmussen et al. 2002). However, non-classical SLD are commonly observed in continental regimes, both at the surface (as freezing drizzle; Bernstein 2000) and aloft (e.g. Cober et al. 2001). For SLD to form in such an environment, it is suggested that either the liquid water content (LWC) must be large enough or the cloud drop concentration must be small enough so that a collision coalescence process can be effective. As part of several field programs, NCAR meteorologists have directed the NASA Glenn Research Center's Twin Otter research aircraft into a wide variety of icing situations, many of which included SLD. Through this experience, other field programs, case studies and climatological research, patterns that associate SLD formation with characteristic LWC and drop spectra have begun to emerge. The interplay of some synopticand mesoscale forcing, and clouds with certain temperatures, moisture contents, and thermodynamic structures appears to be important to the amount of water and the drop size ranges produced. In this paper, Twin Otter observations of icing clouds with different combinations of LWC and drop concentration will be related to surface and upper air patterns, as well as to local thermodynamic structure, to assess the mechanisms associated with SLD and non-SLD icing scenarios.


The room temperature ballistic impact behaviour of four unidirectionally fibre reinforced titanium MMCs has been studied together with corresponding monolithic Ti alloys. Monolithic Timetal 834 exhibits a lower ballistic limit, and more brittle failure modes, than monolithic Ti-6-4, perhaps due to a limited ductility resulting from silicide precipitates. The MMCs exhibit ballistic limits significantly lower than the monolithic alloys, as a result of preferential crack growth along fibre/matrix interfaces. This crack growth results in targets splitting longitudinally at and above the ballistic limit. Ti-6-4 / Sigma SM1140+ MMC exhibits the best ballistic limit due to crack meandering and bifurcation. The ballistic limit in the Sigma SM1240 fibre reinforced MMCs is reduced compared to Ti-6-4 / SM1140+ because of the deleterious effect of cracks at the SM1240 fibre/matrix interface which grow into the matrix. Timetal 834 / SM1140+ MMC has a poor ballistic limit due to a weak fibre/matrix bond and an embrittled matrix.


Physical address logic searches the memory address of the particular method of large scale integrated circuit memory cells, a reference on the integrated circuit corresponding to the memory cell array structure of a plurality of electrically reconfigurable test result output portion of memory operated as large scale integrated circuit analysis, processing or observation. Further, between endpoints, a storage unit, a configuration of the memory cell array comprising reference memory cells continuously monitored position coordinate area portion, counted, calculated values from each other, and the physical address of the existing storage units according to a change number of brightness or luminosity the same portion of the selected portion of the logical address.


∗This paper reports the outcome of an investigation into the factors responsible for the process of conducting the research project by students at a vocational college in Vietnam. Student, supervisor and institution factors were the focus of the study. The participants of the study included 215 graduates who have completed their graduation research project at the studied institution. Using a structured questionnaire designed on a five-point Likert-type scale, the researcher collected the students' perceptions of the factors related to the above three stakeholders affecting their conducting the research project. The results show that many or the respondents have difficulty concerning research method, the time allocation for the project, supervisor problem and their lack of motivation to complete the research. The study concluded with some recommendations on how the institution should do to improve the graduation research project course.


Warda and Strohmayer from Thuringia were among the first German physicians who developed an interest in Freuds theory and therapeutic method around 1900. Their contributions reflect the influence of Otto Binswanger, professor of psychiatry in Jena, a representative of the "psychological direction" in psychiatry which in the beginning was relatively receptive to Freud. The paper discusses their rapprochement to, and detachment from, the Freudian school, including also the work of a third young physician: Ludwig Binswanger, Otto's nephew, who was active in Jena at the same time. It points to certain factors contributing to the increasing rejection Freud met in academic circles which have been underrated to date: (1) the transformation of psychoanalysis into an art of interpretation; (2) the introduction of transference. Both factors which were elaborated by Freud as essentials of his theoretical and practical approach around 1900 and published in 1904/05, undermined the claim of academic medicine to objectivity. The paper describes how psychoanalysis officially abandoned the scientific standards of contemporary medicine at the Weimar congress in 1911, at the same time as Warda and Strohmayer left the Freudian group.


In this paper, a novel miniaturized triple-band planar monopole antenna combing single-cell metamaterial structure and defected ground plane is proposed. The miniaturization and triple-band characteristic of the antenna are achieved by loading the designed multiresonant metamaterial unit cell. Furthermore, a compact annular defected ground structure is proposed and used to improve the bandwidth of the antenna effectively. The presented metamaterial inspired triple-band antenna has a compact size and a simple structure. To verify the performances of the antenna, a prototype is manufactured and measured. The experimental results indicate that the presented antenna has enough operating bandwidth of the 2.38–2.48, 3.37–3.79, and 4.36–6.06 GHz to cover all the desired WLAN and WiMAX operations. And the tested results also demonstrate that this antenna has good omnidirectional radiation patterns and reliable gains in three required bands. Thus, the presented antenna has broad prospects in many wireless communication applications.


Epoxy dry-type transformer plays a key role in the offshore oil platform power system. The normal operation of dry-type transformers faces many challenges, mainly due to the long maintenance period, high reliability requirements and complex offshore power requirements. At the same time, the offshore power system has formed a big data environment. In this context of power system, big data analysis methods are urgently needed. Based on the high-dimensional random matrix theory, this paper firstly considers various factors which have influence on the state of dry-type transformers to construct a condition evaluation matrix, and then analyzes the eigenvalue distribution of the condition evaluation matrix which was formed by time series data. In order to reflect changes in eigenvalue distribution, the mean spectral radius (MSR) was introduced. Through it, we can find the trend of key performance changes, and detect abnormalities in key performance of equipment in time. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by an example.


For the majority of African countries dismantling of the colonial system in the middle of the Twentieth century resulted mostly in political independence with weak economical foundations. This reality paved their way from colonial to neocolonial dependence. Colonialism, in the modern sense, is not only the conquest and exploration of new territories, it is a way of thinking and interacting, a system of discursive operation of power. Neocolonialism, while pursuing the same goals as the classical colonial regime, was in many ways more complicated and sophisticated, affecting the fields of ideology, culture, science, education and information. In the 1970s, the thesis was put forward that cultural expansion was a kind of imperialism i.e. cultural imperialism. Since the late 1980s the term "cultural imperialism" has disappeared from the social sciences, while the phenomenon of indirect control of former colonies has remained. The question of the independence of the cultural and information sphere in Africa has not been resolved to these days. The countries of the African continent throughout the twentieth century were not equal participants in information interactions, acting either as objects of consideration and study or as consumers of information. Although in the first decade of the twenty-first century Africa experienced a boom in mobile communication and social networking, and the widespread diffusion of information technology inspired optimism and hope for a fair exchange of information, at that time there was talk of imperialism again, but this time of informational or digital imperialism. Although the term is not yet universally accepted, it represents a form of neo-colonialism aimed at the continued exploitation of African peoples.


MARGARET GILLETT & ANN BEER (EDITORS). Our Own Agendas: Autobiographical essays by women associated with McGill University. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995. 291 pp. $22.95. ISBN 0-7735-1340-x.


The market welcomes new technologies a revolution of new media. Consequently, producers of news content (newspapers and magazines, mainly), try to find the most suitable software for presentation. The question is whether the wording of that content must also adapt to the new continents. A positive response could indicate that we are not faced with new ditigal format, but to the birth of new media, as once happened with web pages in relation to printed newspaper.


A young man, aged 16 years, presented to the emergency department after intentionally swallowing a needle. The needle was wrapped in cottonwool to facilitate ingestion. He was known to have schizophrenia and had previously ingested similar harmful items. A chest radiograph confirmed that the needle was within the stomach (Fig. 1). At upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, the needle was embedded in the lesser curve of the gastric antrum, just distal to the incisura angularis. The needle was from a sewing machine and the 'Singer' trademark was plainly visible along the thick base of the needle (Fig. 2). In order to remove the needle safely, a plastic variceal banding guard (with bands removed) was attached to the endoscope. A snare was then fastened tightly around the broad base of the needle and the needle was removed from the gastric wall. It was then oriented parallel to the endoscope and removed safely beneath the plastic guard. No significant trauma was seen at repeat endoscopy. The patient remained stable and was transferred for further psychiatric care. The intentional or unintentional swallowing of sharp objects such as needles, pins and toothpicks is a relatively common problem for gastroenterologists. Surprisingly, the majority of these objects pass spontaneously through the gastrointestinal tract. Complications have been reported in 15% to 35% of patients and include perforation, abscess formation, fistulae and appendicitis. Complication rates appear to be higher for longer needles than for pins as the latter are short and usually pass with the blunt end pointing distally. Endoscopic extraction can be challenging. One issue is the ability to firmly grasp the foreign body. This can usually be achieved with polypectomy snares or specialized retrieval forceps but not with routine biopsy forceps. The second issue is the avoidance of damage to the upper gastrointestinal tract during endoscopic extraction. Techniques to minimize mucosal injury include use of an esophageal overtube and use of a protector hood that covers the foreign body as it passes through the cardioesophageal junction. In the case describe above, protection was provided by an esophageal banding guard.


As environmental issues are emerging, bio-plastic suppliers in leading countries have been foreseeing the strong needs for environment-friendly materials such as eco-packing materials due to increased attention and regulation on recycle. To catch up with the demand, various types of bio-plastics based on natural feedstocks were developed and released on a market. These bio-plastic products drew the great attention even in domestic industries. At present, international oil price fluctuation and heavy charge on waste raise the unit cost of production and disposal expense of conventional plastic materials. These conditions make bio-plastic an alternative, because it is not restrained by oil prices and problem in the disposal. It is also expected that bio-plastic will be applied to various types of products including containers, industrial supplies, disposables, and medical supplies. However, the bio-plastic is still in its infancy, thus more research and understanding should be followed to put it to application. Bio-plastic is considered as environment-friendly material with high potential which has the advantages of production and disposal.


A traveling internal conduit support having at least one carriage movable through the conduit passage, and conduit wall engaging means such as rollers about the carriage for engaging and internally supporting the conduit wall as the carriage travels forwardly through the conduit. The carriage has couplings at its ends for pivotally connecting two or more similar carriages in end to end tandem relation to provide a traveling articulated conduit support of any desired length capable of passing through a curved conduit. The conduit support may be pivotally coupled to the rear end of a traveling cementitious conduit extruding machine for internally supporting the extruded conduit wall until the wall sets sufficiently to be self-supporting. The support may also be used to internally support a plastic or metal conduit laid within a trench during back filling of the trench.


Establishing an effective constitution is a crucial task for the constitutional democracy experiment implemented by the government in the early years of the Republic of China.Consequently,it brought in fierce debates among different parties.Ma Xiangbo,representative of the original Constitutionalists,senior political consultant of the president office,and member of the constitution committee,joined the study and discussion.According to the historical,national and theoretical conditions,Ma put forward his suggestions on the establishment of the constitution.For the state structure,he suggested the unitary system.For the central-local relationship,he suggested strengthening the centralization of authority and giving autonomy to local governments.For the government form,he suggested a presidential system which would expend administration's force and help to set up an authority government.Besides,he was strongly against Confucianism as a state religion.His ideas might not entirely subordinate to the constitutionalists,but to some extent reflected their positions on the task.Finally these idealized ideas were made use of by Yuan Shikai for his tyranny later even without Ma's own realization.Therefore,Ma Xiangbo's political experience provide a significant perspective for in-depth study of the argument on the constitution at that time and reflected its effect on the politic development.


Lima, Ohio, Feb. 1, 1899. To the Editor: —In theJournalof Nov. 26, 1898, is found the following from the pen of Dr. T. D. Crothers: "It is a startling fact that all the theories current of the food, tonic, stimulant and medicinal powers of alcohol have no support from modern research " (italics mine). This proposition is found near the close of a communication bristling with authorities, all of repute, who have, in detail and specifically, as regards the action of this drug on the nerve-cells, its effects on metabolism, its deteriorating influence on the leucocytes, seemingly established a basis on which Dr. Crothers may plausibly found his argument. The writer of this will not allow precedence to any one in his appreciation of the service that Dr. Crothers has rendered to his kind by correctly diagnosing and successfully treating that perennial plague, inebriety. No individual has done more,


and (ii) develop a qualitative picture for the folding landscape. These results are compared and contrasted to the results of a nearly identical RNA construct with a 2 nt substitutionmutation associated with the genetic disorder dyskeratosis congentia (DKC). As expected, the WT RNA construct (DG WT = 4.2 5 0.2 kcal/mol) is substantially more stable than the DKC construct (DG DKC = 0.265 0.05 kcal/mol]. The kinetic origin of this differential stability is the result of a substantially increased folding rate constant (~400 times faster) for the WT and a subtle reduction of the unfolding rate constant (~5 times slower).


During the last year, we have developed two versions of the solid state device model BURN2D. This is a two-dimensional, solid state device model for operational studies at high power levels. These studies include calculation of device operation until the device fails due to electrically induced heating. These calculations are the two-dimensional extensions of the work being done with the one-dimensional code BURN. The first version of the code uses explicit finite differences to advance the densities of the charge carriers and the external circuit, it then uses a fast Poisson solver to calculate the potential distribution. The second version of the code uses implicit finite differences for all of the equations, in the same manner as the operation of the one-dimensioal code.


Objective To investigate the pelvic floor muscle strength of the puerperaes and to explore the effect of different delivery modes on pelvic floor function of puerperaes.Methods From April to June in 2012,358 women after delivered were selected.The women were divided into two groups according to different delivery methods,one was vaginal delivery group(147 cases),and the other was caesarean section delivery group(211 cases). Three hundred and fifty-eight women were investigated face-to-face by the questionnaire method. Vaginal pressure instrument was used to evaluate pelvic floor muscle sthength.Results There was the relationship between the pelvic floor muscle strength and the pregnancies(r=-0.114,P0.05).The scores of floor muscle strength testing in caesarean section group was better than in vaginal delivery group.There was significant different between the two groups(P0.05).Conclusion Pregnancy and delivery can damage the pelvic floor muscle strength.Caesarean section plays a certain protective role in puerperaes. Caesarean section has obvious protective effect which can significantly reduce the occurrence of the early postpartum.


SUMMARY Background: Benign strictures occur in up to 22% of patients following anterior resection, most of them presenting no symptoms and less than 5% needing some correcting procedure. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of dilation using Savary-Gilliard bougies. Patients and method: From 1997 to 2004,


The invention relates to a low energy consumption unipolar electronic switching circuit and an indicator light micro energy consumption brightening circuit. The low energy consumption unipolar electronic switching circuit comprises a micro power consumption AC-DC switching power converter E, an electronic switching circuit F and an indicator light micro power consumption brightening circuit 10, wherein the micro power consumption AC-DC switching power converter E consists of a first rectifying circuit 1, a voltage-reducing and current-limiting circuit 2, a switching power oscillation control circuit 3, a high-frequency transformer 4, and a second rectifying circuit 5; the electronic switching circuit F consists of an electronic switch, a power circuit 8, a relay electricity-saving circuit 7 and a relay switching circuit 6 and a third rectifying circuit 9; the indicator light brightening circuit 10 consists of a capacitor and a resistor; the micro power consumption AC-DC switching power converter E is connected in parallel with the AC power input end and the DC power output end of the electronic switching circuit F; the voltage-reducing and current-limiting circuit 2 is connected between the DC output end of the rectifying circuit 1 and power supplying ends of the switching power control circuit 3 and the high-frequency transformer 4; and the brightening circuit 10 is connected between an anode of an LED and an induction voltage signal source.


Hidrogenionic potential (pH) of the baits plays a fundamental role in attracting fruit flies. So, the purposes of this study were to study the effect of pH-level on the ability of protein-based bai...


The slope of the relationship between ventilation rate (VE) and rate of carbon dioxide production (VCO2) is known as ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2 slope). As VE is closely matched with VCO2, 1 abnormalities in the VE and VCO2 relationship are associated with chronic disease and also with mortality in heart failure patients. The American Heart Association recently suggested that the VE/VCO2 slope may also have prognostic utility in apparently healthy adults by indicating the presence of subclinical cardiovascular disease before the manifestation of symptoms. However, there is no consensus regarding the calculation of the VE/VCO2 slope, specifically regarding data averaging. Differences between averaging methods have been observed within a clinical population and could influence the establishment of normative values or risk category thresholds. Therefore, we examined the influence of different averaging methods on the calculation of the VE/VCO2 slope in an apparently healthy population. A de-identified sample of 2320 participants (1347 men, 973 women) with an average ( SD) age of 43.8 18.5 years, body mass index of 27.7 6.0 kg/m, and VO2peak of 33.1 12.4ml/kg/min was obtained from the Ball State Adult Fitness Longitudinal Lifestyle Study (BALL ST). Analysis included only data from cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPX) performed on a treadmill during which participants achieved a respiratory exchange ratio of 1.0 or greater. 'Apparently healthy' was defined as no known heart failure or pulmonary disease. The study was reviewed by the Ball State University institutional review board. Respiratory measurements were collected with a TrueOne 2400 indirect calorimetry system (Parvo Medics, Sandy, UT, USA). Using the TrueOne 2400 software, the VE/VCO2 slope was calculated from data averaged every four breaths, 10 s, 15 s, 20 s, 30 s and 60 s. As recommended, data from the entire CPX were included for calculating the slope. With R version 3.5.3 (R Core Team, Vienna, Austria), differences between methods were examined using Pearson correlations and a linear mixed model with Dunnett's multiple comparison post hoc tests. Twenty-second data averaging was used as the criterion measure. All data averaging methods used to calculate the VE/VCO2 slope were correlated to the 20 s averaging criterion (r 0.98; P< 0.001; Table 1). Compared to 20 s averaging (28.9 4.6), only the calculation of the VE/VCO2 slope using four-breath averaging was different (29.6 4.9; effect size –0.15; P< 0.001). The average VE/VCO2 slope was within the normal range 10 regardless of whether 20 s averages or four-breath averages were used to calculate the slope, and highlights the limited influence of different data averaging methods. These findings are in agreement with those from a clinical population in which differences between methods were observed but were interpreted as having no significant impact on prognostic utility. Furthermore, the limited differences between methods suggests data from laboratories that average data over varying durations can still be compared and used to examine the potential prognostic utility of the VE/VCO2 slope in apparently healthy populations. Standardized methods will still improve the ability to investigate this CPX-derived variable within a healthy population. For example, an individual with a VE/VCO2 slope value near the threshold between two categories could be classified differently depending on the data averaging method and could influence the creation of risk thresholds. Of note, comparisons between populations may be problematic as less data averaging


Dry etching techniques employing ion beam induced surface reaction and the possibility of highly charged ion beam in dry etching are described, and the preliminary work on dry etching of GaAs using highly charged ion (HCI) is also presented. In usual dry etching, total etch rate is a summation of the physical sputtering rate, the chemical etching rate, and the ion-induced chemical etching rate. When Ar/Cl2/GaAs system is used, the ion-induced chemical etching yield which is the key issue in dry etching to obtain the good controllability is enhanced by the charge state of HCI as well as the physical sputtering yield. Application of HCI to materials processing is also discussed briefly.


It is well known that a wide range of Special Function Theory can be realized by considering unitary representations of certain topological groups. In this approach it is very important to determine all irreducible continuous unitary representations of the group in question. For the group of movements this problem was initiated by Vilenkin [6]. Rather restrictive conditions were imposed in this paper and while he returned to the problem in [7], it was still not solved in full generality (among other things the representation space was assumed separable). The first complete solution appears to have been given by Thoma [5]. Here, the method was to show each irreducible continuous unitary representation equivalent to a particular representation in a space of square integrable functions.


Objective To establish a type 1 diabetes model in transgenic mice expressing human TCRα gene for investigation of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.Methods Twenty TCR transgenic mice(male:female = 1:1) were randomly divided into two groups.The experimental group was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotiocin(100 mg / kg / time),and the control group was injected with the same amount of saline.Both groups were injected twice with an interval of 48 h.The blood glucose level and body weight were measured weekly.The mice were killed when they had significant clinic symptoms or 8 weeks after STZ injection,followed by pathological examination and serum insulin and cytokine assays.Results The incidence of diabetes in the experimental group was 10 /10 whereas that of control group was 0/10.The level of CD3+,CD4+,CD8+,and the relation between CD4+and CD8+T-cells were significantly changed between the experimental and control groups.The contents of insulin,IFN-γ and TFN-β were changed significantly between the experimental and control groups.The level of IL-2 of the experimental group was higher than that in the control group,but not significantly increased.Conclusion Stable type 1 diabetes model can be successfully established in transgenic mice expressing human TCRα gene within 2~8 week after i.p.injection of streptozotocin.


The achievement of the goals of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Future Air Navigation System (FANS) is essential for the continued development of the airline industry. A recently completed movement study for the North Atlantic Track area forecast that the previously anticipated aircraft movements for 2010 would now be achieved by 1999. Peak time capacity growth for the region is now reliant on the introduction of Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM) scheduled for January 1997. Similarly, Europe had an all-too-evident capacity problem though some alleviation should follow from the introduction of precision area navigation (PRNAV) routeings in early 1998. However, despite the introduction of these developments, the restrictions on flow rates imposed by capacity variations in adjacent areas will remain. Quite obviously, an enhanced and fully capable Air Traffic Management (ATM) environment is required to solve many of the problems that commonly exist today. Nevertheless, more could be achieved through the application and exploitation of advanced navigation equipment such as the aircraft Flight Management Computer System (FMS) that is in widespread use today – a theme that will be returned to later in the paper.


The communication between Chinese art and French art can be traced back to the era of Rococo in 18th century.The emergence of Rococo had drect relationship with the popular adoration to the Chinese art at that time.


Agomelatine is an anti-depressent drug. A new simple stability indicating reverse phase liquid chromatographic method has been established for the determination of Agomelatine in presence of an internal standard. Agomelatine is used for the treatment of prostate cancer. The proposed work has been performed on Shimadzu Model CBM-20A/20 Alite with Phenomenex C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size) using 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile mixture as the mobile phase with flow rate 0.6 ml/min (UV detection at 205 nm). The method was validated as per ICH guidelines and the regression equation was found to be y = 0.2084x - 0.0475. Agomelatine was subjected to acidic, alkaline, oxidation, UV and thermal stress degradations and the method was reported to be robust and specific and can be applied for the assay of pharmaceutical formulations.


It is shown that when the amplifier is driven near saturation, its inherent nonlinearity causes significant bit-pattern-dependent pulse distortion, particularly in the bit-rate range between about 2 and 32 GB/s. Without proper countermeasures, this distortion can degrade system performance appreciably due to two basic mechanisms. The first, which can result in a system power penalty of as much as 10 dB, occurs in a standard decision circuit that automatically sets the threshold voltage to the average signal level, rather than in the middle of the eye opening. The second mechanism, which occurs even with the threshold set properly, is due to the nonlinear enhancement of the simple linear intersymbol interference (ISI) within the receiver filter. For example, computations of system performance at 8 Gb/s using an RC filter that gives a quite acceptable 10% of eye closure under linear conditions show that when the amplifier is driven to its saturation output power level, this mechanism causes a system power penalty of about 1 dB, which increases to about 4.5 dB when the power is doubled. Interestingly, with the proper threshold setting, an ideal integrate-and-dump receiver, which introduces no ISI, is shown to suffer no power penalty due to amplifier nonlinearity. >


This research aims to identify price determinants for sharing economy-based accommodation services and to further use the identified price determinants to predict accommodation prices. A dataset drawn from Airbnb.com, was collected for analysis. We identify price determinants from five categories. The top five price determinants are identified as room type, city, distance to tourist attractions, number of pictures posted, and number of amenities provided. More importantly, we find that interaction effects between variables can also significantly influence price. Finally, a series of price prediction models are built based on the identified price determinants.


Dropouts often happen in open learning,especially at the primary stage,so the learning support for beginners is much more important. How well the beginners fit in with the open learning depends on their self-directed learning readiness to a certain extent. The survey in an Open University shows that beginners' self-directed learning readiness is not bad,however some findings are worthy of note as follows: 1) orientation on self-directed learning of male beginners is slightly higher than females,and this orientation of married beginners is significantly higher than the unmarried; 2) age and working years are not significantly correlated to the self-directed learning readiness; 3) degree level is significantly associated with beginners' orientation of active learning and efficient learning,and it's worth mentioning that orientation on self-directed learning of beginners from regular HEIs is significantly lower than those from adult HEIs. This paper suggests that,at the primary stage of open learning,institutions need to give more humanistic concern to women because of the multiple roles and stress they take,and help unmarried beginners promote the sense of duty on learning and get fulfillment from open learning,and assist beginners from regular HEIs in adaptation to open learning more actively in order to promote the self-efficiency.


The embodiment of the invention relates to a query expression conversion apparatus and a query expression conversion method. The query expression conversion apparatus includes a first generating unit, a first storage unit, an input unit, a conversion unit, and an output unit. The first generating unit periodically acquires structured data from a data set, analyzes the acquired structured data, and generates structural information of the data set. The first storage unit stores the structural information generated by the first generating unit so as to be associated with the unique address of the data set. The input unit inputs the unique address of the data set to be queried and the query expression having the structure of data as a condition. The conversion unit converts the query expression input from the input unit so as to be suitable for the structural information corresponding to the unique address of the data set input from the input unit. The output unit outputs a converted query expression converted by the conversion unit.


Taking Ludong University as an example,the paper mainly discusses the application of the ORS system in university library as well as the development plan of the cooperation of ORS with other universities of Jiaodong.


A three-particle wave function arising out of a Schrodinger equation with two-body potentials is considered. For simplicity in analysis, the potentiais are taken to be of the nonlocal separable type. It is found that at boundstate energies of a three-particle system, the phase of the three-particle amplitude is not equal to that of a pair of its members whose relative energy allows them to be in a physical scattering state. This result disagrees with the prediction of a multiplicative three-particle structure suggested by Blankenbecler, according to which these two phases are necessarily equal. (auth)


The thermodynamic properties for the interaction of sodium p toluenesulfonate with dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide micelles were studied by spec trophotometric and calorimetric techniques to compare these two methods with each other as a means for the study of such an interaction. Thermodynamic parameters of K = (2.5 ±0.7) x 103 M"\ JG° =-4.6+0.4 kcal mol"1, JH°=-2.1±0.2 kcal mol"1 and JS° = 8.4 ±0.7 cal deg"1 mol"1 were obtained by the spectrophotometric meth od at 25 TC. Calorimetric method gave K=(2.0 ± 1.5) x 103 M"1, JG°=-4.5±1.O kcal moF1, JH° =-1.40 ±0.09 kcal mol"1 and JS° =10 ± 3 kcal mol"1 at the same tem perature. The results suggest that the spectrophotometric method is recommended for the determination of equilibrium constant and standard free energy change and calorimetric method for the measurement of standard enthalpy change. Entropy change had better be evaluated by the combination of two methods. Though the cal orimetric method produced larger errors in the present study because of the small heat of the interaction, it would be useful for the study of the interactions of the systems which evolve the appreciable heat and to which the spectrophotometric method is not applicable. Introduction Recently there has developed an increasing interest in surfactant micellar solu tions as media for the chemical and photochemical reactions owing to the similarity of the micelles to biological membranes. In order to obtain better understanding of reactions in micellar solutions, the knowledges of the interactions between sub strates and micelles are important. A — R^ Such interactions have been investigated mainly by the spectrophotometric and 9— 12) fluorimetric techniques. However, the spectrophotometric technique requires that the solute molecule has an appropriate chromophor and its molar absorption coef ficient varies with going from water to micelles. Applications of the fluorimetric method also suffers from the same kind of restrictions such as that the solute must be fluorescent and the spectra should be different in two phases or the fluorescence * Dept. of Chemistry, College of Science, Univ. of the Ryukyus 102 UCfflHARA-NAKASONE-ARAKAKI-KINJO: Interaction of STS with DTAB Micelles has to be quenched selectively in aqueous phase with quencher molecules. And fur ther, some uncertainties seem inevitable when these methods are employed to deter mine the enthalpy and entropy change, since the methods require the values of equilibrium constant at various different temperatures which may affect micelles. There have been a few calorimetric studies of the interactions of the molecules with micelles ' , in which calorimetry was used only to determine transfer en thalpy from aqueous to micellar phase. It seems that the calorimetric method have not been employed to determine the equilibrium constant for the interactions de scribed. If the method could be used for the study of such interactions, it would be versatile since it does not suffer from the restrictions mentioned above. In the present study the thermodynamic parameters such as K, JG°, JH° and JS° for the interaction of sodium p -toluenesulfonate (STS) with dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) micelles were determined by both spectrbphotometric and calorimetric methods to compare these two methods with each other as a means for the study of such an interaction. Sodium p toluenesulfonate was employed as the probe molecule for the reason that the molecule was easily soluble in two phases and was known to suit for the spectrophotometric experiment. Experimental Materials. The reagent grade DTAB of Tokyo Kasei kogyo Co. was recrystallized twice from acetone containing small amount of ethanol and dried in vacuo for 10 hours at room temperature. Gravimetric analysis of DTAB in the form of sil ver bromide using silver nitrate gave 99.7 % purity. The extra pure STS also from Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Co. was purified by three times recrystallization from water-ethanol (1:3) and dried in vacuo for 1 hour at 80-90TCThe purity of STS was deter mined to be 99.0% by ion exchange and acid-base titration using Amberlite IR120B (H) cation exchange resin. Deionized water was distilled from alkaline per manganate and subsequently twice from a pyrex glass still. Apparatus and procedures. Absorption spectra were recorded on a Hitachi EPS 3T recording spectrophotometer using 10 mm quartz cells. Calorimetric experiments were carried out with a twin conduction type microcalorimeter CM-204S2of Leska Co. connected to a Rikadenki recorder CR-101 through a nanovolt meter/amplifier TR-8513B of Takeda Riken Kogyo Co.. A typical calorimetric procedure was con ducted in the following way. Twin calorimeter cells of stainless steel were each fill ed with 50 ml DTAB solutions, delivered by volumetric pipet. 2 ml of STS solu tions was sealed in a pyrex glass ampoule. Another ampoule containing 2 ml of water was used as reference. Both ampoules were soaked in DTAB solutions of twin cells, respectively. After the cells and ampoules were allowed overnight to equilibrate thermally at 25 TC, the ampoules were broken and two solutions were mixed. The heat evolved then was recorded as a function of time. From the area under the curve, the heat for the interaction between STS and DTAB micelles was Bull. College of Science, Univ. of the Ryukyus, No. 34, 1982. 103 calculated by comparing with the area obtained when the known amount of heat was electrically generated. The calorimeter was calibrated against the literature val ue of molar heat of solution of KC1, 4.115 kcal/mol 16) Results and Discussion Spectrophotometric study. A series of solutions of STS at 2.50 x 10"3 M were prepared with varying the concentration of DTAB from 0 to 0.1 M. The absorbance of the solutions at the wavelength of 261 nm were then measured at several differ ent temperatures. The results at 25 TC were plotted as a function of the concentration of DTAB in Fig. 1. The data at other temperatures are tabulated in Table 1.


Founded in 1866, the PeabodyMuseum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is one of the oldest and largest archaeological and ethnographic institutions in the world. Its website serves as a clearinghouse for a variety of information including outreach, research, exhibitions, and publications, and as a gateway to its extensive collections. These collections span the globe with strong regional holdings in North, Central, and South America; Asia, Africa, Oceania, and Europe; and archival, osteological, and painting and drawing collections. Through its website, the Peabody Museum makes portions of these collections widely available in ways unimaginable prior to the advent of the World Wide Web, greater connection speeds, and the input of the massive resources needed for the digitization and maintenance of digital collections. Currently the Peabody's Collections Online (Figure 1) provides access to approximately 600,000 database records and over 300,000 associated digital photographs out of a collection of over 1.2 million objects. As art historians and others involved in the investigation of visual culture come to make ever-increasing use of online visual archives, in some cases to such a degree that it is nearly impossible to imagine our practice without these resources, it is essential to establish systems of review and forums of discussion for these critical resources. For this reason, I am pleased to have the opportunity to review the Peabody Museum's website and its digital assets in a venue usually reserved for books. I approach this task not only as a user of digital archives including those of the Peabody Museum, but also as a creator of a website about the Classic Maya site of Palenque Figure 1 Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Peabody Museum Collections Online landing page detail (http://pmem.unix.fas.harvard.edu:8080/peabody/).


LEN FINDLAY'S "ALWAYS INDIGENIZE" IS AN INSPIRING CALL to Open up the academy in Canada to the indigenous people and to indigenous scholarship. Findlay's critique of the Canadian academy for its tacit colonial practices is committed to local politics, and as clearly stated in the title of the essay, attends to the vision and possibility of "The Radical Humanities in the Postcolonial Canadian University" (italics mine). Although Findlay's essay carefully remembers that its politics are contingent on the context n which they are taken up, the maxim "always indigenize" itself makes a broad generalising claim. Clearly, there is an element of universal nation in the "always" of always indigenize. Findlay reminds us of Chandler's caveat that Jameson's "always historicize," on which Findlay models his "always indigenize is "unclear and general" and lends itself to be "divergently interpreted" by literary scholars, his proposition, nevertheless, imagines universal model (Findlay 308). This rhetoric of universalization becomes problematic, because Findlay's critique and anti-hegemonic strategies specifically speak to invader/settler-colonies. My interest here is to assess what the call to indigenize means in non-settler colonies, specifically in India, where the colonial matrix is different than in a settler colony such as Canada. I write specifically with the more than 67.8 million (1991 census "tribal" peoples of India in mind, who form about 8% of the Indian population, and the largest "tribal" population in any single nation-state. (1) I am not a tribal myself, and I do not speak "for" tribal peoples in India (a very large and heterogeneous group in itself): what follows are my considerations as a scholar of Indian writing and as someone familiar with the politics and particularities of the Indian situation. It seems to me that Findlay's strategies, which are so enabling in the Canadian context, taken up in its universalistic formulation, whatever else good they do, do not allow a liberating politics to the tribal peoples in India. And it also seems to me that if it were possible to translate it to an Indian context, the politics of Findlay's essay would want to include the "fourth-world" "tribal" peoples, and not eclipse their cause. I am in deepest political sympathy with Findlay's ideals, but because my concern lies in a non-settler colony, I must tease out his strategy to "always indigenize" from its unspoken and universalising settler-colony context. Findlay grounds his arguments on the hypotheses that "in the (human) beginning was the indigene" and "all communities live as, or in relation to, the indigene" (Findlay 308). In this context, he explains how he wants the call to indigenize to be heard: "as a strategically indeterminate provocation to thought and action on the grounds that there is no hors-indigene, no geo-political and psychic setting, no real or imagined terra nullis free from the satisfactions and unsettlements of Indigenous pre-occupation" (309). Further, the twin strategies of "visibility and conspiracy," which he explores in Section II of his essay, work very well when the indigenous is a racial minority, visibly identifiable or otherwise. Moreover, the discussion in the last section of a more inclusive English department, committed equally to "Englishes and Others," becomes possible in Canada because English is the majority-spoken language. In spite of its colonial and hegemonic beginnings, Findlay can hope that English can "become a source of good instrumentality" which will allow "new alliances between English literary Studies and Indigenous Studies" (322,308). The historio-geography Findlay describes in all these assumptions suggests that that the kind of colonisation he has in mind, and hence his strategies of indigenization, attend to the power structures in the settler-colonies. It is not possible, however, to generalise these parameters to a non-settler colony. In sharp contrast to the situation in settler colonies such as Canada, in non-settler colonies the entire colonised population were, and relationally still are, "the native" as opposed to the "outsider" colonisers. …


Manganese (Mn) is an abundant redox-active metal with well-characterized mitochondrial accumulation and neurotoxicity due to excessive exposures. Mn is also an essential co-factor for the mitochondrial antioxidant protein, superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2), and the range for adequate intake established by the Institute of Medicine Food and Nutrition Board is 20% of the interim guidance value for toxicity by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, leaving little margin for safety. To study toxic mechanisms over this critical dose range, we treated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells with a series of MnCl2 concentrations (from 0 to 100 &mgr;M) and measured cellular content to compare to human brain Mn content. Concentrations ⩽10 &mgr;M gave cellular concentrations comparable to literature values for normal human brain, whereas concentrations ≥50 &mgr;M resulted in values comparable to brains from individuals with toxic Mn exposures. Cellular oxygen consumption rate increased as a function of Mn up to 10 &mgr;M and decreased with Mn dose ≥50 &mgr;M. Over this range, Mn had no effect on superoxide production as measured by aconitase activity or MitoSOX but increased H2O2 production as measured by MitoPY1. Consistent with increased production of H2O2, SOD2 activity, and steady-state oxidation of total thiol increased with increasing Mn. These findings have important implications for Mn toxicity by re-directing attention from superoxide anion radical to H2O2-dependent mechanisms and to investigation over the entire physiologic range to toxicologic range. Additionally, the results show that controlled Mn exposure provides a useful cell manipulation for toxicological studies of mitochondrial H2O2 signaling.


At the 102nd annual meeting of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) in Salt Lake City, Utah, members of the Genome Consortium for Active Teaching (GCAT; http://www.bio.davidson.edu/GCAT/) and faculty from around the world gathered to discuss educational genomics (http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/macampbell/ASM/ASM.html). The focus of the gathering was a series of presentations by faculty who have successfully incorporated genomics and bioinformatics into their teaching of undergraduates. The presentations described genomics in both laboratory courses and student independent research projects.


Submitted for the MAR05 Meeting of The American Physical Society Stability of Core-Shell-Cylinder Structure of Poly(styrene-b-1,3cyclohexadiene) Diblock Copolymers ASHOUTOSH PANDAY, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, SAMUEL GIDO, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, KUNLUN HONG, JIMMY MAYS, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 — A new free energy model for rod-coil block copolymer systems is proposed in which the distortion splay energy of continuum elasticity theory is incorporated into the rod domain energies. The model is applied to explain the stability of a core-shell-cylinder morphology which was observed by Gido and coworkers for diblock copolymers of polystyrene (PS) and poly-(1,3-cyclohexadiene) (PCHD). Based on its Kuhn length, the PCHD block can be treated as a rod. The model suggests that the core-shell-cylinder structure is energetically favorable for this system compared to a solid cylinder structure. Samuel Gido Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 Date submitted: 03 Dec 2004 Electronic form version 1.4


Using time series data from 1980 to 2014, this study examines the relationship between trade, investment and economic growth in India and China. The present study attempts to assess the contributions of not only foreign direct investment and exports as done by the previous studies but also incorporates domestic direct investment and imports. The study uses more comprehensive and recent autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound testing approach to examine the existence of short-run and long-run relationships. The main advantage of this approach is that it can be used regardless of the stationarity properties of the variables in the sample. The study gives different results for both countries. In case of China, exports, FDI  and domestic investment have positive impact on economic growth whereas for India only the variable of domestic investment has been found to be significant. China is a world leader in merchandise exports and its services exports have complemented its goods exports. The main weakness of Indian economy is the poor performance of manufacturing sector as a result of which India's merchandise exports are concentrated around a few categories. Though India is a leader in IT related services exports but these exports are unable to compensate for poor performance of merchandise exports.


An increasingly majoritic garnet with increasing pressure leads to ferrous iron disproportionation starting between 6-9 GPa according to 3 FeO (silicates) = Fe 2 O 3 (garnet) + Fe 0 (reduced component). The oxygen fugacity at the depth of ferrous iron disproportionation is close to the iron-wüstite (IW) oxygen buffer and further decreases with increasing pressure. Hence, at pressures > 6-9 GPa the mantle is reducing enough to stabilize a Fe-Ni dominated metal phase with a mode of approximately 0.1-0.2 wt.% at the base of the upper mantle (670 km). Light elements such as S, C, N and potentially P and other silicate-incompatible or siderophile elements alloy into the reduced phase. Depending on bulk composition and pressure, Fe-Ni-rich alloy, sulfide liquid, Fe-rich carbides and diamond could occur with mantle silicates. In mantle upwellings, the reduced phase oxidizes and yields CO 2 , which triggers initial silicate melting in the mantle. We target the reduced Fe-Ni-S-C(-P) component and equilibrate it with natural olivine, opx, cpx and garnet in single-crystal San Carlos olivine capsules at ≥ 6 GPa using a multi anvil press. The Fe-Ni-S-C(-P) starting composition was calculated from theoretical and pressure-dependent modes of Fe-Ni metal and Bulk Silicate Earth values for S, C and P, yet the phase proportion of this calculated metallic phase composition was increased to approximately 20 vol.%


The composites opal–Zn2SiO4:Mn and opal–GaN–ZnS:Mn were synthesized by chemical bath deposition. These materials are perfect three-dimensional photonic crystals which produce effective fluorescence at room temperature when excited by an alternating current electric field. The electroluminescence spectrum is considerably modified by the photonic band gap to become anisotropic in accordance with the photonic band gap angular dispersion.


This paper systematically analyzed the data of earthquake cases in Beijing and its adjacent area accumulated for many years,and point out that fluid anomaly can be divided by medium-term anomaly,medium-short term anomaly,short-term anomaly and short-imminent anomaly.Using "identity" idea and anomaly criterion of slave function,remain-curve and original-curve deviation etc,a set of medium-term,short-term and imminent-term anomaly of the moderately strong earthquakes,especially those with intensity ≥Ⅴ,above magnitude 5 earthquakes are extracted.Through statistics and analysis of fluid anomaly characteristics,this paper obtained the time distribution characteristics of fluid anomaly of the moderately strong earthquakes,especially those with intensity ≥Ⅴ,earthquakes in Beijing and its adjacent area,and summarized the leading time of each phases anomaly before the earthquakes,which can be regarded as index of occurrence time of earthquakes.It can provide reference for earthquake monitoring in this area.


The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) was used as a client-centred outcome measure on a neurological rehabilitation unit. Seventeen clients with a variety of neurological disorders (eight with physical deficits and nine with physical and cognitive deficits) were assessed using the COPM on admission, and their occupational therapy incorporated activities that they identified as important to improve. Forty-six per cent of the chosen activities were related to productivity and leisure and 54% were related to self-care. The COPM was repeated on discharge. The results showed a statistically significant increase in client ratings of performance and satisfaction. The increase in ratings between initial and final assessments was higher for satisfaction than for performance in clients with only physical problems, compared with clients with both physical and cognitive problems where the increases were less marked. Further study of a group with only cognitive problems would confirm whether the differences were due to difficulty in self-rating of performance or to a lack of awareness of cognitive deficits. The effective use of the COPM as an outcome measure of occupational therapy in a rehabilitation setting is shown. Further studies in the hospital and community settings are suggested.


The development and change characteristics of yak spermatogenic cells and leydig cells of yak in different ages were studied by morphological observation and morphometric analysis.The results showed as follows:The seminiferous tubules were slender in 3-month-old yak,there were spermatogonia and supporting cells only and no obvious sparse in lumen and the leydig cells were present single or aggregates.The seminiferous tubules became dense and leydig cells were present 3-4group in 1-year-old yak.The seminiferous tubules became dense with their outer diameter and the number of their cell layers increasing,also there was numbers of active spermatogenesis and leydig cells in 3-year-old yak.The seminiferous tubules became sparse and the epithelial layer decreased considerably in 9-year-old yak.In 3-month-old yak,there was no sperm within the seminiferous tubules and spermatogenic abilities until 1-year-old,although there were large amounts of leydig cells,the peaks of spermatogenic abilities and the best reproductive capabilities appeared in puberal yak(3-year-old)while spermatogenic abilities gradually decreased in gerontic yak(9-year-old).


In contrast to road traffic, where the driver of the individual vehicle has the responsibility for guiding his car, rail traffic is externally controlled. This is true for the lateral guidance where the train has to follow the track forced by the rim or the wheels, and the longitudinal movement, where signals impose stopping points on the driver. A signalling system has to be used, as reaction on time is not possible when a driver sees an obstacle. In rail systems, braking distances are too long to rely on driver's vigilance. The very first task of railway signalling therefore was to install a signalling system, which gave the driver instruction if he could proceed or if he had to stop. With the driver obeying the instructions given by the signals, collisions of trains could be avoided. (44 pages)


Treating an averaged EFs (evoked-fields) or ERPs (eventrelated potentials) data is a main approach in recent topics on applying ICA to neurobiological signal processing. By taking the average, the signal-noise ratio (SNR) is increased but some important information such as the strength of an evoked response and its dynamics will be lost. The singletrial data analysis, on the other hand, can avoid this problem but the poor SNR arises. In this paper, we present a robust approach for decomposing and localizing unaveraged single-trial MEG data. Our approach has two procedures. In the first step, a PCA-like pre-whitening with the high-level noise reduction and an optimal dimensionality reduction techniques are presented. In the second step, a robust nonlinear function derived by the parameterized t-distribution model is applied to separate the mixtures of sub-Gaussian and super-Gaussian source components. The results on unaveraged AEFs single-trial data analysis illustrate that not only the behavior and location but also the activity strength (amplitude) and dynamics of the individual evoked response can be visualized by using the proposed method.


In a method of chemical tempering of a cylindrical glass preform, in particular a glass tube, or a glass container for the formation of primary packaging for pharmaceutical purposes by ion exchange, the glass semi-finished product or the glass container in a salt bath, in particular in a Kaliumsalzbad, introduced and a field-assisted ion exchange is effected under the influence of an electric field, wherein the electric field in the salt bath (3) by means of an inner electrode (52) within the glass preform or glass container (30) and an outer electrode (60) outside the glass -Halbzeugs or glass container (30) is applied. According to the invention the geometry and the arrangement of the inner and outer electrode can be tuned in a simple manner on the geometry and the dimensions of the glass preform or glass container. Characterized according to the invention optimized inter-diffusion profiles in the glass inside and hence increased strength in all relevant parts of the glass products can be achieved, particularly in the region of narrowed or broadened portions or edges or bottoms of the containers. During the field-assisted ion exchange flow in the salt bath may predominate designed to counteract an accumulation of ions, particularly sodium ions, to the near-surface portions of the glass semi-finished or glass container due to the flow.


Purpose: We describe factors influencing the career choices of students enrolled in Canadian dietetics programs. Methods: A survey was administered, in class or online, to core first- and fourth-year classes in seven dietetics programs in various provinces (n=397). Data were analyzed with the use of descriptive statistics. Chi-square testing for independence established significant relationships. Results: Students ranked personal satisfaction, job security, and a professional career as important general career outcomes. These factors were also perceived to be attainable through a dietetics career. The majority of students chose dietetics while they were enrolled in a post-secondary degree program (44%), were primarily influenced by family members (54%), and based their choice on information acquired through the media (50%). Motivations for choosing dietetics included an interest in nutrition (91%) and health (90%), and a desire to help others (82%). Younger students placed more importance on economic rewa...


Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between effusion and disc displacement that were detected in MRIs of temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) patients
Material and Methods: MRIs of 60 patients who had pain and/or dysfunction in the TMJ region were evaluated for the presence of effusion. TMC disc positions of 60 MRI results were divided into three groups: normal disc position (control group, n: 20), disc displacement with reduction (R group, n: 20) and disc displacement without reduction (NR group, n: 20). When evaluating the presence of effusion, hyperintense thin lines or absence of effusion was evaluated as no effusion; while signal intensity of more than 2 mm at the anterior-posterior length or superior-inferior height at the joint space was evaluated as the presence of effusion.
Results: According to MRI findings, effusion was observed in 2 of the 20 joints (10%) in the control group, 8 of the 20 joints (40%) in the R group and 17 of the 20 joints (85%) in the NR group. When the groups were compared with each other, there was a statistically significant difference between the groups (p


Recently, Wireless Local Area Network (W-LAN) market has been continuously growing in many filed and it become mature market. Therefore, a number of companies are researching and developing the W-LAN technology. Normally, W-LAN application is wildly used in the desktop computer, laptop computer, portable device, mobile phone, and so on. These application demands compact, small, low power consumption, slim, and many function in a module. These demands issue that a lot of components are integrated in a module. Low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) continues to be attracted in wireless applications because it can implement a small, compact, and integrated module which embedding passive components by taking advantage of three-dimensional architecture. LTCC has high dielectric constant and low loss tangent that it has some benefits over other material substrates. The size of LTCC is shrunk after process of co-fired which makes some issues in design and implementation of LTCC. In spite of these disadvantages, many researches and companies have been researching and developing many passive components, RF modules, and front-end modules (FEM) by using the LTCC technology. IEEE 802.11 a/b/g as W-LAN standard has been allocated two frequency bands for 2.4 GHz 2.5 GHz (IEEE 802.11 b/g) and 5.15 GHz 5.85 GHz (IEEE 802.11 a). The frequency band of IEEE 802.11 b/g and of IEEE 802.11 a are called as low-band and high-band, respectively. The implemented W-LAN FEM coves low-band and high-band. It is composed of two matching circuits for low-band and high-band, two Tx low pass filters (LPFs) in order to reject 2nd harmonic frequency of a power amplifier module (PAM), two Rx band pass filters (BPFs) in order to reject interferers as blocker, a Rx diplexer to separate low-band from highband, a Tx diplexer, a single-pole-double-throw (SPDT) switch for sharing the antenna between the RX and TX paths , and a PAM for low-band and high-band as shown in fig.1. Two Tx LPFs, two matching circuits, Tx diplexer, two Rx BPFs, and Rx diplexer are embedded in LTCC substrate. A DPDT IC and PAM IC are mounted on LTCC substrate. Embedded components are very sensitive to tolerance of LTCC and mutual coupling. A control of process LTCC and a layout of embedded components are important facts and are focused on being considered in design of a FEM. The design and layout are mainly discussed in this book. 14


Dear Editor, To our knowledge for the first time, we characterized bisphenol A ([2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane], BPA), a highly produced chemicals for producing plastics and epoxy resins, induced testicular injury in mice via singlecell RNA sequencing (ScRNA-seq). Our high-resolution cellular atlas not only provides novel insight into the underlying mechanisms and pathways of BPA-associated testicular injury but also present a valuable resource and foundation for additional discoveries and modifying environmental endocrine disruptors such as BPA-induced male reproduction toxicity. BPA is widely employed in multiple consumer products including bottle tops, eyewear, water supply pipes, certain dental sealants and can be found in multiple body fluids including blood, urine of virtually all humans.1,2 Due to the potential health effect, the wide environmental exposure BPA has been a great concern. Among all the adverse effects, its potentially harmful effect in the male reproductive system has drawn increasing attention with not fully understood mechanisms though several mechanisms such as impact male germ cells through disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis, and promoting Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage.1,2 The increased male reproductive associated disease such as testicular dysgenesis syndrome is associated with increased incidence for exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors such as BPA.3 Pre-puberty is a key stage for male reproductive system development. Adverse pre-puberty stage injuries/damages caused by exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors including BPA may persist for a long time and even for later adult life.4 Notably, accumulating evidence has shown that children are exposed to increasing amounts of BPA,5 increasing the great potential reproductive health risk for male children. Thus, an in-depth examination of the effect of prepubertal BPA exposure by using advanced technologies such as ScRNA-seq6 is important and necessary. Here, we aimed to understand this question in mice.


This study explores the scholarly impact of law faculties, ranking the top third of ABA-accredited law schools. Refined by Professor Brian Leiter, the "Scholarly Impact Score" for a law faculty is calculated from the mean and the median of total law journal citations over the past five years to the work of tenured members of that law faculty. In addition to a school-by-school ranking, we report the mean, median, and weighted score, along with a listing of the tenured law faculty members at each ranked law school with the ten highest individual citation counts.The law faculties at Yale, Harvard, Chicago, New York University, and Stanford rank in the top five for scholarly Impact, with New York University moving into fourth position in the 2015 ranking. The other schools in the top ten are the University of California-Irvine, Columbia, Duke, Vanderbilt, and the University of California-Berkeley.Several law faculties achieve Scholarly Impact Scores well above the rankings reported by U.S. News: Within the top 10 for Scholarly Impact (at #6), the University of California-Irvine shows the greatest incongruity with the 2016 U.S. News ranking (at #30). Vanderbilt (at #9) is again within the top 10 for Scholarly Impact but falls outside the top ten for U.S. News (at #17).In the Scholarly Impact top 25, George Mason ranks again at #21, but remains under-valued in U.S. News at #42. Case Western rises to #25 in the Scholarly Impact Ranking, while falling just outside the first quartile (at #59) in U.S. News.The most dramatically under-valued law school is the University of St. Thomas, which ranks inside the top 40 (at #39) for Scholarly Impact, while being relegated by U.S. News outside the top 100 (at #135) — a difference of 96 ordinal levels. Other schools that have made a scholarly impact at least 20 ordinal positions higher than in U.S. News are Cardozo, Brooklyn, San Diego, Hofstra, Pittsburgh, Chicago-Kent, Toledo, DePaul, Rutgers-Camden, and San Francisco.


BACKGROUND
Pregnancy induces bone mineral mobilization, which may be further compromised if diet and physical activity are sub-optimal.

OBJECTIVES
We aimed to determine the effects of a Nutrition + Exercise intervention during pregnancy on maternal calciotropic and bone biomarker profiles throughout pregnancy and the postpartum.

DESIGN
In the Be Healthy in Pregnancy (BHIP) RCT, 203/225 participants who consented to the bone health sub-study were randomized (12-17 weeks gestation) and received either usual care (control) or a structured and monitored Nutrition + Exercise plan (intervention) providing individualized high dairy protein diet and a walking program throughout pregnancy. Maternal serum total procollagen type 1N-terminal propeptide (P1NP; bone formation), C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX; bone resorption), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were measured by ELISA, and vitamin D metabolites by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry at early and late pregnancy,  six months postpartum, and in cord blood.

RESULTS
In 187 participants completing all measures, significantly higher intakes were observed in the intervention versus control group for total protein (P < 0.0001), protein intake from dairy foods (P < 0.0001) and calcium (P < 0.0001) while vitamin D intake was similar between treatment groups in both the second and third trimesters.The intervention group had significantly lower serum CTX at end of pregnancy (mean (SD): 0.78 (0.31); n = 91 versus 0.89 (0.33) ng/mL; n = 96, P = 0.034) and in cord serum (0.58 (0.13); n = 31 versus 0.69 (0.18) ng/mL; n = 22, P < 0.025).  Serum concentrations of P1NP rose significantly (P < 0.02) from early pregnancy to 6 months postpartum for the intervention group only. Serum 25(OH)D status was > 50 nmol/L for 97% of all participants.

CONCLUSION
Higher maternal dietary protein and calcium intakes compared to usual care in concert with normal vitamin D status minimized bone resorption and maintained bone formation and may protect bone health during pregnancy. Clinical Trial Registry: NCT01689961 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01689961?cond=NCT01689961&rank=1) Registered on 21 September 2012.


1 Oxyfedrine (001–1·0 μg/ml), inhibited spontaneous myogenic activity in rat isolated portal vein and carbachol‐induced contractions of rat isolated uterus, and relaxed the rabbit duodenum and the guinea‐pig tracheal chain preparation. These actions were prevented by the β‐adrenoceptor blocking drug alprenolol. Oxyfedrine was a relatively weak β‐adrenoceptor stimulant (10–100 times less active than isoprenaline) but its actions were more prolonged. 2 In the same concentrations, oxyfedrine reduced or prevented the inhibition of myogenic activity of the rat portal vein induced by isoprenaline and by repeated doses of oxyfedrine itself, acting as a partial agonist at β‐adrenoceptor sites. 3 Oxyfedrine, 1–12 μg/ml increased myogenic activity in the rat portal vein. This effect was not due to direct or indirect stimulation of α‐adrenoceptors (because it was unaffected by phentolamine) or to potentiation of acetylcholine or 5‐hydroxytryptamine. 4 Oxyfedrine (>20 μg/ml) inhibited spontaneous myogenic activity in the portal vein and relaxed the saphenous vein contracted with noradrenaline. This spasmolytic effect of the drug was not due to β‐adrenoceptor stimulation or to inhibition of phosphodiesterase since it was unaffected by alprenolol and by concentrations of imidazole which antagonized the effects of the active phosphodiesterase inhibitor, papaverine. In the portal vein this effect of oxyfedrine was similar to that of the calcium inhibitor iproveratril; some of the effects of oxyfedrine on venous smooth muscle may be mediated through effects on calcium transport.


Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) fibre and seeds are widely used to produce healthy and environmentally friendly products. It is known that the main factors that influence flax fibre' and seeds' yield are genotype and growing conditions. The main task of the Latvian flax breeding program is to develop flax genotypes that are highly productive (both fibre and seeds) and well adaptable to changing environmental conditions. Goal of this study is to identify high yielding genotypes with good adaptation to local variable agro-ecological conditions. The agronomically important traits, such as yield of stem and seeds, total and technical plant height and fibre content were evaluated for 13 Latvian origin flax lines and standard variety 'Vega 2'. The field trials have been carried out over the period from 2012 to 2015 at the Agricultural Scientific Centre of Latgale. The regression, correlation, coefficient of variation and cluster analysis between yield and yield provided components were used for identification of high yielding genotypes with good adaptation. On the basis of cluster analysis the genotypes were classified in two groups by lower and higher yield of stem, fibre content, total plant height and technical plant height. The line 'I18-1' was identifying as genotype with the highest average yield of stem (751.25 g m-2) as well as highest yield against other genotypes in moisture and drought years. Most valuable by the average technical plant height was line 'L26-1' (73.05 cm).


Automobile driving is an indispensable activity of daily life. Driving in the United States equates to independence, freedom, and, in most cases, economic livelihood. Yet vehicular crashes injure millions of people in the United States each year at a cost of more than $250 billion, resulting in 40,000 annual deaths.1 Many medical, neurologic, and psychiatric disorders can impair the ability to drive. In particular, conditions such as Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), illicit drug use, multiple sclerosis (MS), cerebrovascular disease, sleep disorders, and epilepsy may impair an individual to the point of affecting the safe operation of a motor vehicle. Therefore, the issue of driving is significant for patients, physicians, and the public. Two common questions regarding driving typically arise during a neurologic consultation: When should driving be curtailed? When should a physician report an individual to a public driving authority to terminate their driving privileges? Driving is both a personal and public health issue mired in regulatory and legal language; therefore, it is essential to understand the variables that have an impact on driving.

Driving is a deceptively complex task. To effectively drive an automobile, a number of neurologic systems must be intact. These include higher cognitive functioning, vision, motor control, intact coordination, and an ability to maintain attention. Any functional impairment in any of these domains can potentially lead to unsafe driving. Table 1 summarizes examples of common neurologic impairment and paroxysmal conditions that can affect safe driving. Any patient with a neurologic condition containing an impairment listed in table 1 should alert the neurologist that driving should be addressed with the patient during the consultation. The presence of either a neurologic deficit or paroxysmal condition does not automatically exclude driving. It is the degree of deficit, frequency, and type of events that determines fitness for …


Methods and apparatus for the uplink MIMO transmission in a wireless communication system is provided. Specifically, the primary stream 610 may be utilized to convey the primary data channel E-DPDCH (624), the secondary stream 612 will be utilized to transfer the secondary data channel SE-DPDCH (620) can. Further, the primary stream 610 is first pre-can be pre-coded by utilizing the coding vector, the secondary stream 612 is the second pre-coding having a coefficient perpendicular to the coefficients of the first pre-coding vector there may be a pre-coding to use. The primary stream may include a primary data channel E-DPDCH (624) and a secondary data channel SE-DPDCH (620) enhanced control channel E-DPCCH (614) adapted to convey the control information associated with both.


Yew-Kwang Ng's research is the work of an obviously sincere, intelligent, and conscientious animal advocate. But I am unable to accept his starting assumption that animal welfare is an appropriate basis for animal ethics. More specifically I argue that animal welfare as a means to animal liberation is an issue that can be debated, but animal welfare as the ultimate end or goal of animal advocacy is misguided. Joel Marks email@example.com is professor emeritus of philosophy at the University of New Haven and a Bioethics Center Scholar at Yale University. His main scholarly interest is theoretical and applied ethics. Both have come together in his thinking about animal ethics. He founded the Animal Ethics Study Group at Yale's Interdisciplinary Center for Bioethics in 2008. www.docsoc.com Ng's (2016) research is the work of an obviously sincere, intelligent, and conscientious animal advocate. But I am unable to accept his starting assumption that animal welfare is an appropriate basis for animal ethics. I will leave any critique of Ng's particular findings to professional economists and biologists; in his own terms his suggestions may make perfect sense.1 But as has been pointed out before by so many other animal advocates, a primary focus on making, say, human slaves more comfortable whilst we continue to exploit them seems misguided. This explains the gaping omission in Ng's "illustrative examples" for his proposition that "There are simple ways to reduce animal suffering substantially at a very low or zero cost – or even a net again – to humans": He does not suggest vegetarianism (not to mention, veganism)! Indeed, this omission stands out as contradictory to Ng's own assertion in the same article that "we should definitely do everything possible to reduce animal suffering where it is clearly unnecessary for either human or animal welfare...." 1 With one exception, namely, the argument that "we are likely to gain converts more easily" for farmed animal reform than for wild animal reform because "We are in more direct contact and directly responsible for [the former's] suffering." On the contrary: Many of us have zero direct contact with farmed animals, and our greater responsibility for their plight is exactly what motivates our shying away from thinking about it. Thus for example, I recently witnessed a tremendous outpouring of outrage against elephant poaching in Africa by people who for the most part were probably not and never will be vegetarians, not to mention vegans. Animal Sentience 2016.075: Marks Commentary on Ng on Animal Suffering 2 I do not want to suggest that the acceptance or rejection of welfarism is a trivial problem. When faced with untold suffering by nonhuman animals at human hands, and slim to nil prospects of "liberating" these animals in the foreseeable future, what responsible and caring animal advocate could turn away? Need animal advocacy be considered a zero sum proposition that requires our commitment to only one or the other of animal welfare versus animal liberation? It would be nice to think that there is plenty of room for both approaches. Indeed, welfarists like Robert Garner argue that their approach is the more likely to lead to ultimate liberation. But liberationists like Gary Francione defend the contrary proposition that welfarism only serves to entrench animal exploitation by making it more palatable (figuratively and perhaps even literally).2 This is a legitimate debate. But what is distinctive about the approach of welfarists — such as Ng appears to be — is that welfare is precisely not instrumental to liberation but rather to the indefinitely continued use of other animals for human (and nonhuman) purposes. Let us end this "end-state welfarism." Ng has set up the animal problem as the minimization of suffering, or, as he puts it, "eliminating all needless non-human and human animal suffering on this planet." But this goal suffers from all the well-known problems with any utilitarian justification, and in particular, licenses using some to benefit others. It also shows the ultimate futility of that "needless" or "unnecessary" qualifier that Ng and other welfarists of the end-state ilk always include in their formulations of the goal of "eliminating all needless suffering." Who will decide what is "needed" or "necessary"? Obviously we humans. Note that even using animals to benefit animals is something that we would find unconscionable in the case of human animals if there were not very stringent requirements for informed consent and special circumstances. The "need" to cure cancer would never countenance vivisecting a human being. Just so, it will never be the case that Minnie the mouse will or would give her consent to be confined for life, manipulated, handled, operated on, subjected to pain, not to mention being bred to exhibit some morbid condition, and then guillotined or gassed at an early age, even to advance veterinary care for other mice in other labs. Meanwhile, in Ng's target article I find no suggestion whatever that eliminating the eating of other animals and animal products is part of his conception of the ideal. Eating fewer, yes, he argues ... for human health and environmental purposes. But I see no evidence that he intends the elimination of even factory farms. Ng does repeatedly state that he is putting forward only an "initial" or "starting" remedy to the animal problem, but a close parsing of the text shows that even the end state in view would be exploitative. Thus, consider Ng's comprehensive statement that "While we still desperately need advances in bioscience, human and veterinary medicine and technology, it makes far more sense for the initial focus of animal welfare advocates to be on reducing the enormous gratuitous suffering in factory farming." On the one hand this introduces the necessity justification for continuing to 2 See Francione and Garner (2010) for an articulate display of this debate. Animal Sentience 2016.075: Marks Commentary on Ng on Animal Suffering 3 experiment on animals; but by no means does it suggest that the presumably lesser "need" for eating animals is temporary, since the phrase "the initial focus" does not apply to initially reducing animal suffering in factory farms with an eye to eventual liberation, but rather to initially reducing animal suffering in factory farms before reducing animal suffering in animal experimentation. So this implies that tens and hundreds of billions of sentient lives could still be cut short every year for human consumption. Interestingly, it is not even clear that animal liberationists are motivated by ultimate concern about welfare. Consider animals in the wild, as Ng also mentions. Theirs may not be happy lives. Certainly Darwin was sufficiently persuaded by his conception of evolution that no good God could have created the scheme of things he, Darwin, discerned in nature.3 Perhaps animals much prefer living in domestic conditions. But this seems beside the point to hard-core animal liberationists (like myself). This really isn't about animal welfare ... although, to be sure, there is the strong hunch that any effort by humans to ameliorate the condition of animals in the wild would just make things worse, for them and/or the ecology as a whole. It is hard to see which considerations are behind the strong intuition that it is best just to let them alone (albeit making strenuous efforts to preserve habitats).4 But whatever the source of the intuition, animal liberationists like myself who are at odds with welfarists like Ng would have no truck with, say, the speculative proposal (McMahan 2010) to eliminate predators from the wild in order to make life there more pleasant overall. The final indictment of end-state welfarism I will mention is the forever suppressed premise that death per se is not a welfare issue. The overwhelming majority of animals in labs are killed (Carbone 2004, p. 22). The overwhelming majority of animals on farms, factory or otherwise, are also killed, and in the prime of their youth (Patrick-Goudreau n.d.). Yet (or not "yet" but consistently with this) the canonic "five freedoms of animal welfare" conveniently omit the freedom to go on living (Farm Animal Welfare Council 2012). One must be supremely suspicious of any movement that so blatantly tailors language to its own purposes; and the welfarist movement does this to a degree that is beyond absurd (Marks 2015). The case for death as a welfare issue has been made by others (Simmons 2009 and Yeates 2010). If this were taken seriously, I could even imagine supporting animal welfare because it would then spell the end of the vast majority of animal use. But in the absence of that, I think the best bet for animal advocacy is to stress not animal welfare in Ng's sense of "net happiness (enjoyment minus suffering)" but instead animal rights, to a degree analogous to which we accord rights to humans, to life, liberty, and habitat. 3 "This very old argument from the existence of suffering against the existence of an intelligent first cause seems to me a strong one; whereas, as just remarked, the presence of much suffering agrees well with the view that all organic beings have been developed through variation and natural selection" (Darwin 1958, p. 90). 4 Lee Hall (2010) argues for this position, albeit making an exception for animals whom we have domesticated into dependence on us. Animal Sentience 2016.075: Marks Commentary on Ng on Animal Suffering


Based on preference and motivation of main bodies in preschool education,establish the corresponding mathematical model,and analyze the influence of different conditions on the kindergarten attendance rate of children.Use the provincial panel data of China 1998-2009 to verify the main body of cost sharing and other factors on the rate.Finally and put forward relevant policy recommendations.


Excerpt In view of the fact that patients with hemolytic streptococcal infections who are treated with sulfanilamide often continue to have a prolonged and protracted illness, it is desirable to se...


High-pressure optical and x-ray studies of H[sub 2]-H[sub 2]O mixtures have revealed the formation of the first hydrogen clathrate hydrates. A rhombohedral hydrate with a H[sub 2]O sublattice similar to ice [ital II] and a H[sub 2]:H[sub 2]O ratio of 1:6 is stable between 0.75 and 3.1 GPa (295 K). Above 2.3 GPa, a novel hydrate forms with the H[sub 2]O molecules in a cubic diamond structure and with a very high H[sub 2]:H[sub 2]O stoichiometry of 1:1. The H[sub 2] molecules occupy voids in the H[sub 2]O framework, thus improving the packing efficiency and stabilizing this hydrate to very high pressures of at least 30 GPa.


Introduction: We digitized more than 15,000 craters between 60°S-60°N on Jupiter's satellite Ganymede down to 100 m in diameter using the base maps produced by Cameron et al. [1] and high resolution Galileo Solid State Imaging (SSI) camera images [2] stitched into the base map. We show crater size frequency distributions that describe the relative age of terrains and individual geologic units. Our investigation covers a variety of sites of geologic interest on Ganymede, including several individual Sulci. Our cumulative size frequency distributions fit previous crater density measurements on Ganymede and Callisto at relevant scales [3] and are consistent with the chronology of tectonic activity implied by crosscutting relationships [1]. Method: A geologic map of Ganymede published by Cameron et al. [1, 4] included digitization of a large number of craters. We expanded and refined those digitized craters to produce a database of over 15,000 individual craters suitable for derivation of cumulative crater size frequency distributions of relatively small geologic units. We document the size and location of craters within nine high resolution Galileo SSI camera [2] images of Ganymede stitched into the basemap and sections of a map of the equatorial mosaic 60°S-60°N using ArcGIS. Each crater was digitized as a polygon and to derive a diameter we set the area returned by ArcGIS equal to π(D/2)2 to estimate crater diameter (D) for analysis of crater size frequency distributions. Plots of cumulative crater size frequency and count error are presented following the guidelines of the Crater Analysis Working Group [5]. Results: Our goal is to date the ages of sulci. To verify our methods we show that the cumulative distribution of all the the craters we digitized is in agreement with crater size frequency data published in Table 18.1 of Schenk et al. [3] on Ganymede and Callisto (Figure 1). Our average distribution also fits the crater distribution predicted by the Zahnle et al. [6] model scaled to a surface age of 4 Ga. The cumulative distribution shown in Figure 1 represents the average of the sampled sites, which include dark and light terrain; thus, relatively young features such as Gilgamesh Basin (the largest preserved impact basin on Ganymede) and Europa's surface [3] are offset from the distribution. In this abstract, we present the Nippur/Philus Sulci crater counts to demonstrate their utility in distinguishing the relative age of individual geologic units. The Nippur/Philus Sulci site presents an opportunity to explore four distinct geologic units which stretch from North to South (Figure 2). We section the site into four regions to capture the crater size frequency distributions of each unit. The relative age of the units within Nippur/ Philus Sulci is evident in the crater size frequency distributions (Figure 3). Discussion: Figure 3 shows that the southernmost Marius Regio dark terrain is consistent with stratigraphic findings that it is older than its light northern neighbors. Cameron et al. [4] identified Craters measured in this work.