The toxicities of established and new members of the neonicotinoid insecticide class were assessed against the glassy-winged sharpshooter in topical application bioassays. All compounds were highly toxic to the insect. Clothianidin elicited its toxic response more rapidly than thiamethoxam and was 3-fold more toxic overall at the LD50 level. Clothianidin has been proposed as an active derivative of thiamethoxam, so it is important to establish the fate of these chemicals within plant systems that are likely to be treated for GWSS control. INTRODUCTION The primary means of controlling the spread of Pierce's disease (PD) in California vineyards is through the elimination of its vector using insecticides. The glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS) Homalodisca coagulata feeds directly from the plant xylem system and, therefore, systemic insecticides are currently being evaluated on both citrus and grapes. Of the various classes of insecticide under consideration, the neonicotinoids, especially imidacloprid, have proven to be the most effective at suppressing GWSS populations. Imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-N-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-amine) is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist that combines high potency with low mammalian toxicity and favorable persistence. As a systemic, seed, soil or foliar treatment, it has proved to be especially effective against a wide range of homopterous insect pests, including the GWSS. The success of imidacloprid in controlling GWSS is due largely to its excellent systemic properties. Systemic applications exploit the xylophagous feeding behavior of the insect, and thereby disrupt the transmission of PD and other X. fastidiosa-related diseases. This project is an extension of a one-year project that was funded by the UC Pierce's Disease Research Grant Program. It will focus on the fate of imidacloprid and other neonicotinoid insecticides in citrus and grapevines, and the impact of these chemicals on GWSS. In a previous study, imidacloprid and two of its derivatives were shown to be highly toxic to GWSS adults (Byrne and Toscano, 2003). The aims of this study are to determine the extent to which metabolites of neonicotinoids are formed in citrus trees and grapevines, and to determine their toxicological significance towards GWSS. The presence of insecticidal metabolites in xylem sap could contribute to the excellent persistence of imidacloprid treatments against sharpshooters. As well as maintaining the toxic pressure of the initial application, the metabolism of neonicotinoids to yield equally or more toxic metabolites may also account for the stability of this chemical class to resistance. Of particular interest to us are thiamethoxam and clothianidin, which are being evaluated for use against citrus and grape pests. During the past year, it has been established that thiamethoxam is converted into clothianidin by insects and cotton plants (Nauen et al., 2003). This is an important finding, as it could have ramifications for the use of these products on grapes and citrus. When several products from the same class become available for pest management, it is important that their use be carefully monitored in order to circumvent potential resistance problems. The possibility that thiamethoxam is converted into clothianidin is, therefore, of concern when formulating management strategies based around the neonicotinoids. Receptor binding studies have suggested that thiamethoxam does not bind to the same receptor site as imidacloprid and so it has been proposed as a suitable product for alternation with imidacloprid because of the reduced resistance risk (Weisner and Kayser, 2000). Now that thiamethoxam has been shown to be a potential pro-insecticide, and clothianidin has been shown to bind to the same receptors as imidacloprid, new issues are raised about its suitability as a product for rotation with other neonicotinoids. This is an important reason for determining the fate of thiamethoxam in citrus and grapes. OBJECTIVES 1. Determine the metabolic fate of neonicotinoids within citrus trees and grapevines. 2. Determine the relative toxicities of neonicotinoids and their metabolites to the adult and egg stages of the GWSS. RESULTS The toxicity of four neonicotinoid insecticides has been assessed for GWSS adults using a topical application bioassay (Table 1). Thiamethoxam, clothianidin and acetamiprid were all more toxic than imidacloprid. Clothianidin was


The invention relates to a double gas source protective portfire, which can solve the problem that one fuel gas heater needs two fuel gases, but there is not right protective portfire. It comprises a mounting support (1), while said mounting support (1) is mounted with a thermal coupler (2), a discharge electrode (3), a high thermal valve fuel gas ignite jet (4), and a low thermal valve fuel gas ignite jet (5). Wherein, the thermal coupler (5) is mounted between the high thermal valve fuel gas ignite jet (4) and the low thermal valve fuel gas ignite jet (5). It has simple structure and high reliability.


To meet the needs of electronic ignition system in engine,a high-energy direct-fire system for a six-cylinder engine is designed,in which MC9S12DP256 microcontroller is taken as the core.Combined with peripheral hardware device,the high-energy direct ignition system in a six-cylinder engine and ignition control program are designed through analyzing the ignition timing control method.The research result indicates that,based on the logic computing and timing control functions of the MC9S12DP256 microcontroller,the high-energy ignition system of a six-cylinder engine has accurate and reliable performances of the ignition timing control.Therefore,the engine's electronic ignition system achieved further development.


Introduction I Images of Youth 2 Early Lives: Separations and Work 3 The Mobility of Rural Youth 4 Urban Apprentices: Travel and Adjustments 5 Urban Apprentices: Skills and Initiatives 6 Young Women: The Autonomous Phase 7 The Widening Circle: The Social Ties of Youths 8 Spirituality, Leisure, Sexuality: Was There a Youth Culture? 9 "Rites of Passage": Transitions to Adult Life Conclusion.


Introduction: the Ob-Ugric and Permian traditions have preserved elements of the ancient mythological consciousness, the study of which together with the available data of related sciences would shed light on the history of the formation of these ethnic cultures traditionally. The solution to such a complex problem is possible on the basis of a comparative analysis of the individual aspects of the perception of the worldview, including its basic values. The authors do not pretend to be unambiguous in their interpretation of limiting themselves for a start to the definition of a single worldview field with the existing of uniqueness, originality and individuality of the cultures of the communities under consideration. Objective: to examine the complexity of the general and specific ideas of the Khanty, Mansi and Udmurts about the components of the human spiritual essence (souls), its characteristic and exceptional properties, including reincarnation, family relations/ties and patronage of descendants under the perception of their traditional worldview of human life and its basic values. Research materials: the research materials are based on (a) the proceedings of the field study materials during interaction with the communities specified which are considered as the primary resources of the study undertaken by the researchers, (b) secondary materials are taken from the scientific articles, book chapters and literature etc. published so far, (c) similar research findings by the scholars in this area of study, and (d) archival resources of the nineteenth and twentieth century. Results and novelty of the research: the study of the ideas about the human soul among the examined ethnicities of the selected communities in this study have their own historical context; nevertheless, a comparative analysis of the findings lead to the novel reflections and conclusions those reveal both universal concepts for the ethnic groups and distinctive/specific characteristics peculiar to the Udmurts or the Ob-Ugrians. The Ugric and Permian people have a clear concept of the presence of two components in a human defined as two souls which are the necessary condition for a life. On the basis of this idea, certain judgments, norms of behavior, and ritual actions have been developed traditionally. The common ideas of these people are also based on the concepts about the role of the 'mother goddess' and the influence of the departed on the creation of the life and their ability to endow a newborn with a soul. A distinctive feature of the worldview of the Ob-Ugrians is the presence of a system of ideas about the reincarnation of the souls of the ancestors in descendants and about the connection between the soul and the flower(s) in the worldview of the Udmurts.


The prevalence of emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children is relatively high. One factor influencing children's emotional development is the mother's age during pregnancy. This study aimed to determine the relationship between maternal pregnancy at a young age and the emotional development of children aged 3-5 years. This study used a cross-sectional survey approach. The research subjects were all pregnant women and comprised 64 respondents, taken by simple random sampling. The independent variable is the emotional development of children aged 3-5 years as measured using the SDQ questionnaire. The dependent variable, namely the mother's age, was measured using a questionnaire. Data collection included coding, editing, data entry, and tabulation, then analyzed using a computer with chi-square. Of the 64 respondents studied, 54 respondents (84.4%) were pregnant women aged <20 years and experienced abnormal child emotional development, and 52 respondents (81.3%). The correlation test results between the mother's age during pregnancy and the child's emotional development obtained a coefficient of 0.565 with a significance value of 0.001. It can be concluded that a relationship exists between maternal pregnancy at a young age and the emotional development of children aged 3-5 years. Suggestions for adolescents, families, and health workers not to get married before the age of 20 so that there are no disturbances in the emotional development of children aged 3-5 years.


A second-order moment two-phase turbulence model is derived for simulating liqui d-bubble two-phase turbulent fluctuations and their interaction in liquid-bubble flows.To reduce the computer memory storage and computation time,algebraic exp ressions of Reynolds stresses and two-phase velocity correlations are used,inst ead of their transport equations.The proposed model is used to simulate liquid a nd bubble velocities,gas volume fraction,liquid and gas Reynolds stresses and turbulent kinetic energy in a 2-D rectangular bubble column.The simulation resul ts are in good agreement with the PIV measurement results.The studies indicate t he liquid recirculation and bubble up-rising flow patterns,and anisotropic liqu id and bubble normal Reynolds stresses.Bubble fluctuation is observed to be stro nger than liquid fluctuation.Moreover,both liquid velocity gradient and bubble- liquid interaction are important for the generation of liquid turbulence.


Analyzing the history,status quo and main problems of management system reform in Jiangsu coastal harbors in running,this paper proposes the mode of management system reform on the basis of learning from foreign experiences in harbor construction.It holds that we should be freed from the fetters of administrative divisions and set up Jiangsu Coastal Harbor Group,a special organ devoted exclusively to the reform.Besides,we should resort to legislation and make clear the duties of managing organs at different levels,and the running of harbors can adopt the "landlord-port" model for trial.


To the Editor: The first cases of eosinophil peroxidase deficiency were recognized by cytochemical staining, both Sudan black B and stains for myeloperoxidase being negative (1). More recently the abnormality has usually been an incidental finding when blood counts have been performed on automated blood cell counters which incorporate a cytochemical stain for peroxidase activity (2). The anomaly is usually recognized because of an automated eosinophil count of close to zero together with an abnormal cluster of cells which appears either in the monocyte area (when the peroxidase activity is weak) or in the area designated large unstained cells (LUC) (when there is no detectable peroxidase activity) (3). Attention may be attracted to the abnormality by an increase in the monocyte or LUC count. I would like to point out that cases also occur in which there is


An encryption and decryption processing method of achieving SMS4 cryptographic algorithm and a system thereof are disclosed. Firstly, the method prepares constant arrays, inputs the external data into a data registering unit and deals with the first data conversion; secondly, deals with the second data conversion; thirdly, repeats the second data conversion, until completing all the prescribed data conversion, and then achieving the results of repeating encryption and decryption processing.


Detailed chemical kinetic modeling has been used to study the reduction of nitrogen oxides at gas turbine (CT) combustor conditions. A gas from gasification of wood with air has been used as the fuel. An air-staged combustion technique has been adopted. In our previous study a simple plug flow model was used to study the effects of pressure and temperature among others process variables. The air-fuel mixing was assumed perfect and instantaneous. Results showed the NOx reduction mainly affected by both pressure and temperature. The aim of the present work is to establish the effect of air-fuel mixing delay on NOx predictions and to extrapolate indications options for GT. To model the mixing delay, a varying number of air sub-streams are mixed with the fuel gas during different time periods. Alternatively, a combination of a perfectly mixed zone followed by a plug flow zone is illustrated. Results by any air-fuel mixing model show similar affect of process variables on NOx reduction. When a mixing delay is assumed instead of the instantaneous mixing the NOx reduction is enhanced, and only with delayed mixing NOx are affected by CE1 4 . Lower temperature and higher pressure in the GT-combustor can enhance the NOx reduction. Also air staging is an effective option: a 3 stages combustor designed for low mixing speed appear competitive compared to more complicate combustors. The fewer hydrocarbons in the gasification gas the high NOx reduction. INTRODUCTION Advanced designs for combustion systems are nowadays under development in order to increase the electricity production efficiency of energy conversion plants. Combined cycle with Gas Turbine (CT) appear one of the most promising technologies. The integration of a gasification process add fuel flexibility to the cycle allowing the use of biomasses (SYDKRAFT, 1998) and (Brushwood et al., 1998), peat, coals, and organic wastes. Proper approaches to solve the problems related to this new technology are under development. Many research programs are looking for solutions to cope the legislated limits on NOx emission. A dedicated reactor for the Selective Catalytic Oxidation (SCO) of the fuel gases can reduce NOx emissions from an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) plant (Leppalahti et at, 1997). Another option consists in an improvement of one or more of the plant devices, e.g., the gasifier and the GT. Encouraging results had been obtained elsewhere, e.g. adopting an air-staged technique for the CT-combustor. Investigators had been focusing on systems burning natural gas, sometimes on low Btu fuel gases. Problems related to combustion of low 13m gases in CT had been analyzed by several authors, but only for coal gasification gas: Sato et at (1989). Kelsall et at (1991), and Bevan et at (1994). The gasification gas is a complex mixture featuring among other species CO, H2, hydrocarbons, and N-compounds in concentrations characteristic for each primitive solid fuel (Salo et al., 1998). The Nbehavior during combustion of gases derived by various solids is expected to differ. The concentration of highly reactive H2 and hydrocarbons affect the radicals involved in the N-chemistry. A recent work by Kilpinen et at (1998) was intended to overlap the lack of information on OT-combustor buming an air-blown biomass gasification gas. Relevant operating and process parameters were tested on NOx emission providing valuable guidelines for future experiments at laboratory and demonstration scale. A plug flow model was adopted, thus the mixing of staged air with fuel gas was perfect and instantaneous. No validation was possible, especially for the simplistic mixing assumption. The literature supports the need for proper mixing delay model in many reactive systems: Danckwens (1957) and Zwietering (1959). Kilpinen et al. Presented at the International Gas Turbine & Aeroengine Congress & Exhthition Indianapolis, Indiana — June 7-June 10, 1999 D ow naded rom http://flungineering.asm edigitallection.asm erg/G T/prodings-pdf/G T1999/78590/V002T08331/v002t01a008-99-gt-294.pdf by gest on 16 D ecem er 2021 (1992) and Alzueta et al. (1998) had recently shown the role of mixing delay on NOx reduction by rebuming technique. In the present study the effects of the air-fuel mixing assumption have been investigated for a GT-combustor. The fuel gas, design and operational conditions have been assumed as by ICilpinen et al. (1998). Two different models including a mixing delay have been tested and the predictions have been compared with those obtained by the instantaneous mixing model. The aim of this work is to establish if the mixing delay affects the NOx prediction as already experienced in others combustion techniques. The effects of the operative variables as predicted by each model will be also compared. Since no dedicated experiments are recorded, the validation of the present work is not possible. The calculated trends will be compared with experimental ones, selected between several combustion techniques and fuels. The relevance of such comparisons will be shortly discussed. Indications on design options for low emission GT-combustor will be extrapolated when reasonable. BACKGROUND In a previous work (Kilpinen et al., 1998), a 1dimensional model was used for studying the nitrogen chemistry behavior in a typical Gas Turbine (GT) combustor. The operational conditions for the CT were deduced from the specifications of several commercial gas turbines, from the work of Perry and Green (1997), and from the paper of Chomiak et al. (1989). The reference fuel was an air-blown biomass gasification gas. The gas composition assumed for the base case is reported in Table I (Leppalahti et al., 1997). The fuel nitrogen is completely bonded in NH3, so that nitrogen conversion is here intended as oxidation. During gasification the fuel-N is mainly converted to NH 3. In the Selective Catalytic Oxidation (SCO) the NH3 is mainly converted to N2, and in lesser extent to NO and NO 2. Depending on the process conditions, HCN and N20 may be also formed. All the above mentioned N-compounds were investigated as components of the syngas, and will be here referred as "syngas nitrogen dopants". The combustion in the CT was performed by means of staged air. For some 110 cases isobaric and isothermal conditions were imposed and the 15 ms of total residence time were equally shared by each stage. The conditions in the base case were 10 bar pressure, 1000 degC temperature, 3 stages with an air-to-fuel ratio of respectively 0.8, 1.0 and 2.0. One Plug How Reactor (PFR) pour each stage simulated the CTcombustor, with the consequence of instantaneous mixing of the staged air with the main gas stream. The calculations of the homogeneous gas phase chemical kinetics were performed via the code SENKIN (Lutz et al., 1993) of the commercial package CHEMICIN-II (Kee et al., 1993) by means of the mechanism as well as the postprocessors developed within that work. The reaction mechanism included detailed N-chemistry and was taken from Kilpinen et al. (1997). It is originally based on the mechanism by Glarborg et al. (1993a), (1995), and by Miller and Glarborg (1996). Many versions have been validated against experimental data for several combustion technologies, i.e. Rota et al. (1997). The version adopted by Kilpinen et al. (1998) allows simulations at high pressure. Since the validation at pressurized conditions was not completed, the authors checked some cases at atmospheric pressure. The results always showed that the nitrogen chemistry was more active along the first stage, in sub-stoichiometric conditions. There, the nitrogen compounds were converted to N2 and NO. A minor Table 1. Composition of the Syncias for the Base Case species co 112 CO. NI 02 1520 CO2 Nt12 Mole-V. 13 12 1 50.9 0 10 13 0.1 Mass-V. 14.09 0.94 0.62 55.17 0 6.97 22.14 0.07 formation of NO was predicted along the second stage, in stoichiometric conditions. The NO itself was partially reduced to N2. The third stage, in over-stoichiometric conditions, dealt just with conversions NO/NO2. In the cases that will refer in this paper, the N20 compound was never predicted in considerable amount. The variables that mainly affected the predictions were pressure and temperature. At lower pressure and higher temperature the oxidation of NH3 to NO was enhanced along the firsts two stages, as well as the reduction of the above mentioned NO to N2 along the second stage. Considering the pressure range from 1 to 10 bar and the temperature range from 1000 to 1300 degC, the best fixed nitrogen decrease, i.e. conversion of NH 3 to N2, at the gas turbine outlet was calculated at higher pressure and lower temperature. Quite similar fixed nitrogen reduction was achieved when the syngas dopant was either NH3, NO or NO2. A worst result was predicted when HCN dopant and a remarkably higher nitrogen reduction was calculated in case of N20. Intermediate results were obtained when two of the above mentioned species were simultaneously in the syngas. NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS Two models have been developed in order to simulate better the real delay of time characterizing the gas mixing. Such models will be referred respectively "Sub-Streamed Model" and "Combined Model" and together will be referred as "Delayed Models", counter-posed to the "Instantaneous Model". Both models provide a more realistic representation of the reality, still allowing the use of simple simulative tools such ideal reactors. The codes SENKIN (Lutz et al., 1993) and PSR (Glarborg et al., 1993) of the package CHEMKIN-II (Kee et al., 1993) have been adopted for this purpose. A dimensionless "Index of N-Reduction" (Fig. 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9) has been defined as unity decreased by the ratio of harmful nitrogencompounds at the outlet and those at the inlet of the Gas Turbine (CT) combustor. Therefore the "Index of N-reduction" provides the degree of success on the conversion to N2 along the CT-combustor. The Sub-Streame


Objective: To study the efficacy and safety of large dose Actovegin in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy(DPN). Methods:Sixty patients of DPN were divided into three groups randomly:Large dose group(Actovegin 2 000 mg/day),Routine dose group(Actovegin 800 mg/day).Control group,Lipo PGE_(1) 10 μg/day.Symptoms and nerve conduct velocity were observed. Results: The rate of symptoms improvement and nerve conduct velocity improvement are higher in large dose group than those in other two groups. Conclusion: Large dose Actovegin can improve peripheral nerve conduct velocity significantly and is safe for use.


Bacterial infections are primarily treated with antibiotics. However, bacteria develop mechanisms enabling them to thrive in the presence of therapeutic doses of antibiotics, leading to antibiotic resistance, and to broad antibiotic resistance when a bacterium is not susceptible to more than one class of antibiotics.


of High-Temperature Superconductivity (FPS-04) was held in Moscow on October 18 ± 22, 2004. More than 250 participants gave 82 talks reflecting the broad spectrum of theoretical, experimental, and applied studies in the field of superconductor physics. The Russian language, as an official language of the conference, united the physicists who continue working in Russia and those of our compatriots who left their historical fatherland in different periods and for distinct reasons. Holding a representative conference on fundamental problems of high-temperature superconductivity (HTSC) in Russia can be regarded as tribute paid to the outstanding achievements of our fellow countrymen in precisely this area of physics. Suffice it to recall the pioneering experimental studies of superconducting alloys conducted by L V Shubnikov, and the creation of the phenomenological theory by V L Ginzburg and L D Landau, which outlined many promising trends in the physics of condensed state. The Landau theory of a normal Fermi liquid, the formalism of the microscopic theory of superconductivity constructed by N N Bogolyubov, the equations due to G M Eliashberg that allow examination of superconductivity in the conditions of a realistic electron ± phonon interaction (EPI), the theory of type II superconductivity formulated by A A Abrikosov on the basis of Ginzburg ±Landau equations, L P Gorkov's equations in the theory of superconductivity which allowed, in particular, the derivation of Ginzburg ±Landau equations from the microscopic theory, the pioneering works of A F Andreev and A I Larkin, and many other contributions of our compatriots have become the common property of the world science. Ideas concerning the possibility of raising the superconducting transition temperature in systems with a lowered dimension [2, 3] and with a mechanism of electron pairing presumably other than EPI had been suggested long before the discovery of HTSC in cuprates [1]. At the same time, a group of theoreticians at P N Lebedev Physics Institute of the USSRAcademy of Sciences pioneered a purposeful investigation of the problem of raising the critical temperature in spite of the manifest pessimism expressed at that time by several leading specialists in this field [4]. The main results of the studies performed by this group are published in the well-known book [5], and after a few decades many of them appeared to be in great demand in connection with the problem of superconductivity of cuprates and other recently discovered superconductors. It was established that for the values of crystal parameters necessary to attain a high critical temperature, the crystal lattice stability, which was subjected to question, proved to remain unbroken. Specific features of EPI were considered in both quasi-isotropic and strongly anisotropic systems. The competition and coexistence of insulating and superconducting (SC) phases were thoroughly studied; this question has become particularly topical in recent years because the SC state in cuprates appears to be close in energy to the insulating antiferromagnetic (AF) state and the system, when doped, readily changes from one state to the other. Spin antiferromagnetism inherent in quasi-two-dimensional (2D) layered systems, comprising cuprate compounds, can, upon doping, alternate with orbital antiferromagnetism (the `toroidal' state of matter [6]) and give rise, instead of a spin density wave (SDW), to a density wave of orbital currents possessing, in particular, the d-wave symmetry (DDW), which may result in a special SC state that preserves the memory of its AF origin. As distinct from conventional superconductors in which the SC state occurs as a result of instability of a normal Fermi liquid under formation of Cooper pairs, the phase diagram of cuprates (in doping ± temperature coordinates) turns out to be rather complicated: along withAF and SC ordered states it allows the coexistence of other phases close in energy. The choice between these phases can be made on the basis of the analysis of the microscopic models reflecting the basic properties of cuprate compounds as correlated 2D systems in which the singlet SC state originates from doping of the parent AF insulator. The Hubbard model and related models (for instance, tÿJ ) are well suited to describe strong one-site electron correlations. However, the one-site correlation energy in cuprates appears to be of the same order as the bandwidth, and therefore the band description can be used for a qualitative study of moderate electron correlations. So that the Hubbard model and the band model can be regarded as complementary approaches to the description of electron states in cuprates from the side of extremely strong and weak correlations, respectively. The unprecedented activity in the experimental and theoretical investigations of high-temperature superconductivity, observed in the past two decades, has made it possible V I Belyavski|̄ Voronezh State Pedagogical University, ul. Lenina 86, 394043 Voronezh, Russian Federation Tel. (7-0732) 55 47 22 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Yu V Kopaev P N Lebedev Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninski|̄ prosp. 53, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation Tel./Fax (7-095) 135 74 41 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


Objective To compare 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional color power angiography (3 D CPA) in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant ovarian tumor.Methods Fifty three complex adnexal masses in women were evaluated by 2D and 3D CPA for differentiating benign from malignant masses.All masses were resected surgically to obtain the definitive diagnosis.The sensitivity,specificity, positive predictive value,negative predictive value,and accuracy for the two techniques were calculated.Results Thirty-two tumors were proved to be malignant,and 21 tumors were benign.The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value,and accuracy for 2D-CPA were 93.8%,85.7%,90.9%,90% and 90.5% respectively.The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value,and accuracy for 3D-CPA were 96.9%o,76.2%,86.1%,94.1% and 88.7% respectively.There were no statistical differences in diagnostic performance of CPA and 3D-CPA (x~2 = 0.44,P 0.05).Conclusion 3D-CPA did not have a better diagnostic performance than 2D-CPA for the discrimination of benign from malignant complex adnexal masses.


Introduction. One of the most promising information and communication technologies in the digital economy is blockchain, which significantly changes the accounting and control of electronic transactions in business. Block-chain structuring of data is radically different from traditional methods of processing and storing accounting information, which determines the relevance of scientific research and practical developments in the field of using blockchain technology.The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of the implementation of electronic transactions in the conditions of using blockchain technology and the directions of transformation of accounting and control.Methods. Systemic, innovative, functional approaches and methods of generalization, bibliographic and comparative analysis were used in the process of realizing the established goal of scientific research.Results. The expediency of the transformation of the methodology and organization of accounting and control of electronic transactions under the influence of the use of blockchain technology is substantiated. The functional advantages of the blockchain network are defined: instant execution of electronic transactions, confidentiality of participants in electronic transactions, reliability of data storage, minimization of costs for the organization of information processing, significant variability of assets participating in electronic transactions, stability of functioning due to the impossibility of damaging or deleting databases, etc. The principles of blockchain technology, which are relevant for accounting and control of electronic transactions, have been formed: decentralization, transparency, accessibility, trust, cyber security, irreversibility, consensus, confidentiality. Eight main directions of transformation of accounting and control of electronic transactions in the blockchain network have been identified (positioning, variability, digitization, decentralization, protection and cyber security, monetary settlements, control, transformation of powers and regulations), the result of practical implementation of which is: automatic execution of accounting and control processes, prevention of accidental errors, prevention and elimination of cyber threats and fraudulent actions, minimization of enterprise costs; reduction of time for accounting and control procedures for operational management of enterprises, openness and publicity of accounting information about electronic business.Prospects. It is advisable to carry out further scientific research in the direction of: improving the legal regulation of electronic transactions; transformation of the organizational structure of the enterprise and the accounting and control unit; clarification of personnel job instructions and accounting policy of the enterprise.


We present a Maple11+GRTensorII based symbolic calculator for instanton metrics using Newman-Penrose formalism. Gravitational instantons are exact solutions of Einstein's vacuum field equations with Euclidean signature. The Newman-Penrose formalism, which supplies a toolbox for studying the exact solutions of Einstein's field equations, was adopted to the instanton case and our code translates it for the computational use.


This research is an institutional ethnography that documents a case for planning from the middle and planning from below. It looks at the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) in Jordan between 1950 and 1957. UNRWA started its operations in 1950 with plans for economic development. By 1957 there had been a clear shift in the agency's mandate to human development. There are many possible reasons for this shift, one of which is the refugees' involvement in the planning process, which was carried out by thousands of refugees working with the agency and performing simultaneously the role of the planner and that of the beneficiary. Refugee staff members included top administration staff as well as street-level bureaucrats. Other refugees participated also in the planning process through spontaneous uprisings, forming local action groups, networking, and building alliances. Thesis Supervisor: Balakrishnan Rajagopal Ford International Associate Professor of Law and Development Thesis Reader: Diane Davis Professor of Political Sociology


PURPOSE: The paper aims to investigate the contribution of intellectual capital to banks' competitive and financial performance. METHODOLOGY: The paper uses data retrieved from a research survey. The questionnaire on IC contribution to banks' competitive performance was applied to executive managers of retail banks operating in the Polish banking market. The data collected for the assessment of financial performance were retrieved from banks' annual reports and referred to each year from 2012 to 2019. The data were analyzed by Principal Axis Factor Analysis (PAF) and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). FINDINGS: The results revealed that banks' competitive and financial performance depends on both the intellectual capital and environmental factors. The relation between financial performance and intellectual capital is positively mediated by competitive performance, and environmental factors can affect the strength of this relationship. The findings show that applying the resource-based theory might not be sufficient to gain a competitive advantage and sustainable market position in the case of banks. IMPLICATIONS: The results develop IC knowledge and prove the necessity to conduct systematic research on their importance for creating value for customers and gaining competitive advantage. They also provide direction for banks' decision-makers concerning factors that should be taken into account to create competitive advantage, market performance, and efficiency. The Polish banking market has transformed from undeveloped and non-competitive into a developed and competitive one during the last few decades. Thus, the results also have implications for other companies operating in transition markets as their competitiveness depends on understanding which factors should be the foundation for their market strategy


An image analysis method has been developed for Sandvik to determine phasecompositions and characteristic length of the binding phase in cubic Boron Nitride(cBN)-composites with low contents of cBN ...


The paper discusses the role of regional public goods vs. global goods in influencing postcommunist transition in Central and Eastern Europe and former USSR with special attention given to three particular factors: (i) external anchoring of national reform process; (ii) international trade arrangements and (iii) international financial stability. Our main finding is that that the EU, through the Eastern enlargement process, acted as the very effective regional public (club) good provider, whose influence across time and countries was correlated with better transition outcomes. In particular, the consolidation phase in democratization, institution building and structural transformation was successful in countries reforming under EU accession conditionality, but not under other forms of conditionality provided, for example, by the Bretton Woods institutions. In the area of trade, gains from WTO accession were dwarfed by the impact of the opening of the EU trading block for accession countries. Finally, countries participating in EU integration showed more discipline in maintaining macroeconomic stability, while IMF programs were less effective in inducing stability in the absence of the European factor. This the main reason why CIS countries which got neither the EU accession perspective, nor even trade liberalization offer on the EU lag behind Central European, Baltic and Balkan countries in terms of democratization, rule of law, institutional stability and market-oriented economic reforms. However, due to observed 'enlargement fatigue' in the incumbent EU, the future attractiveness of the EU integration perspective and strength of the accession associated incentive system (in respect to countries of Western Balkans, CIS and Turkey) comes under question. There is also unclear whether European experience in providing regional public goods can be easily repeated in other geographic regions and to which extended can be used by the providers of global public goods.


The root of any successful Geographic Information system is an effective Spatial Data System that allows the decision makers' access to information with a minimum of effort. This is the focus Alberta Transportation and Utilities is taking as it investigates and refines the orderly flow of Spatial Data for use with Geographic Information Systems. Existing GIS applications are discussed as they apply to current activities and future applications.


The Organo-Clay was prepared by alkyl phosphonium ions treating of Na-montmorillonite.The X-ray diffraction(XRD) patterns of Na-Clay and Organo-Clay shows that the position of the(001) plane diffraction peak of the Na-Clay appears around 5.94°,corresponding to the interlayer distance(d) of 1.48 nm calculated from the Bragg law,and the position of the(001) plane diffraction peak of the Org-Clay appears around 4.99°,d = 1.78 nm.The result proves that the alkyl phosphonium are intercalated into the galleries of the clay layers.The polypropylene(PP)/Org-Clay nanocomposites were prepared by melt intercalation and XRD and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) both indicated that PP chains could be intercalated into the interlayer of the Org-Clay.The nanocomposites possess exfoliation structure and intercalation structure.The process of melting for PP/Org-Clay nanocomposites were studied with differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),and the result indicted that the addition of the Org-Clay had hardly effect on the degree of crystallization for PP.XRD results shows the position of the γ-PP(130) plane diffraction peak of the PP/Org-Clay nanocomposites appears around 19.8°and DSC heating cuvers of PP /Org-Clay nanocomposites at speed of 5 K/min revealed that the γ-PP melt peak of the PP/Org-Clay nanocomposites appearing around 149℃.It can inferred that the Org-Clay may promote the formation of γ-phase PP crystallites in the PP /Org-clay.When adding 5 wt% Org-Clay,the mass fraction of γ-phase PP is about 12%.


Observations of atmospheric potential-gradient have been made at divers places over the Earth's surface during the last half century at least. These observations are obtained by measuring the potential at some atmospheric point by means of a collector. Various types of collectors have been used such as jets of water or flame, and radio-active material. The potentials of the collectors are determined by means of electroscopes or electrometers either by eye readings or by some form of continuously recording apparatus.


TABLE OF CONTENTS ON BACK PAGE USAID has awarded an important environment project in Madagascar, that includes a vetiver grass technology component, to Chemonics International. The project which aims at protecting Madagascar's biodiversity particularly in and around diminishing tropical forests, and improving stability and productivity of its agricultural lands will continue to promote the use of vetiver grass technology. Vetiver grass technology is used by Chemonics in its present Commercial Agricultural Promotion project as a major technical innovation in expanding sustainable agricultural practices and infrastructure rehabilitation.


Morphological and ultrastructural peculiarities of interalveolar septa in endemic arctic animals (reindeer, polar fox, lemming) are compared with laboratory animals (rat,dog).


The principal program and policy implications are presented from a survey and research project that investigated the phenomena of infants nutrition health and survival in Peninsular Malaysia. The Malaysian setting particularly postwar trends in infant mortality and breastfeeding are described. The data are from the Malaysian Family Life Survey (MFLS) which contained 3 rounds was fielded in 1976-1977 and included a sample of 1262 households. The female respondents in these households reported over 5500 live births. These infants are the observations on which the analyses reported here are based. The following are among the study findings: 1) infants born to very young mothers (les than 19 years old) are much more likely to die in infancy; 2) infants born to mothers older than 40 are also more likely to die; 3) infants born soon after a previous birth tend to have lower birth weight and higher infant mortality particularly in low income families; 4) inadequate nutrition of teenage girls reduces the birth weights of the infants of these girls; 5) the presence of relatives in the household (apart from members of the nuclear family) is associated with a higher tendency to begin breastfeeding; 6) availability of family planning clinics is associated with the practice of breastfeeding; 7) infants in households with piped water are less likely to die in infancy; 8) infants in houses without modern toilet sanitation tended to have higher mortality; 9) breastfeeding reduces infant mortality less than previous estimates indicate; 10) mothers who earn high wages breastfeed less; and 11) the average birth weight of Indian babies in the sample has been declining since the mid 1960s but their infant mortality has been rising. The following are among the program and policy initiatives recommended: water and sanitation improvements will have their greatest impact on public health if focused on areas where mothers breastfeed little or not at all or where the mothers appear to be at risk of reducing their breastfeeding in the near future and family planning activities should be integrated with maternal and child health services in order to encourage breastfeeding.


IKEA is a company that implements a marketing strategy through the concept of green marketing. Now, IKEA Indonesia continues to expand by opening its newest branch, namely in West Java which is located in Kota Baru Parahyangan, this indicates that the public's interest and enthusiasm for what IKEA wants to offer with a green marketing strategy approach. This study aims to determine the effect of green marketing, product quality on buying interest through green brand image as an intervening variable. The method used quantitative with descriptive and causal research as well as SEM-PLS analysis method. The sampling technique used non-probability sampling technique with a total sample of 384 consumers IKEA Kota Baru Parahyangan. The results of descriptive analysis on green marketing, product quality, green brand image and buying interest are in good category and the results can be concluded that Green marketing has a positive effect on buying interest through green brand image as an intervening variable at IKEA Kota Baru Parahyangan. Product quality has a positive effect on buying interest through green brand image as an intervening variable at IKEA Kota Baru Parahyangan.


This paper deals with the cutting mechanism based on cutting tests by 2-tooth end mills with different helix angles. The results are as follows. ( 1 ) There was a chip area decrease by a low helix angle edge and increase by a high helix angle edge, in the cutting process with no transition period in the end milling. ( 2 ) Behavior of the cutting force is coincident to that of chip area. However, in the cutting process except the transition period, the change in the cutting force is larger than that in the chip area. ( 3 ) Under the cutting conditions, the machined surface from the bottom to 5 or 7 mm is generated by a 41°helix edge due to smaller normal force, and the other part is generated by a 38°helix edge in the same manner. ( 4 ) Light and heavy chips are obtained by the 2-tooth end mill, but the chip weight is lighter for the former and heavier for the latter than each ideal value. ( 5 ) On the assumption that a high helix angle edge cuts a workpiece overmuch in the feed direction based on the results of cutting tests, calculated values of chip weight and cutting force agree with experimental values, respectively.


Land surface models are important in providing lower boundary fluxes and moisture for atmospheric models. Despite the increase in complexity and detailed representation of vegetation and root zone, LSMs remain for the most part one-dimensional column models which ignore lateral water flow at the land surface and within the top soil layers. In order to include processes effecting soil moisture variations such as shallow groundwater, runoff, overland flow, and subsurface lateral flow, a number of simulation platforms with varying complexity which couple groundwater, land surface, and atmospheric models have emerged. In this study, we compare two different integrated soil-vegetation-atmosphere modelling platforms: the ParFlow-CLM-COSMO model, developed within the Transregional Collaborative Research Centre (TR32), and the HIRHAM-MIKE SHE model, developed within the HOBE Centre for Hydrology and the HYdrological Modelling for Assessing Climate Change Impacts at differeNT Scales (HYACINTS) project. Both modelling platforms contain distributed, physically based, state-of-the-art components. ParFlow-CLM-COSMO consists of the variably saturated groundwater model ParFlow, the Community Land Model (CLM), and the regional climate and weather forecast model COSMO (German Weather Service, DWD). The HIRHAM-MIKE SHE model consists of the HIRHAM regional climate model (Danish Meteorological Institute), the SWET (Shuttleworth and Wallace Evapotranspiration) land-surface model, and the integrated hydrological model MIKE SHE (DHI). There are differences however between the two platforms in the handling of specific processes


The dynamically developing global IT infrastructure and the increasing importance of modern information technologies represent a huge challenge in the process of socialization and education of children and young people. Undoubtedly, it is extremely important to prepare current and future generations for a skillful use of modern technologies. Therefore, it is essential to implement new technologies in the teaching process at all levels of education as well as during preventive and therapeutic activities. This study analyzes the functioning of three institutions that use modern information technology within educational, preventive and therapeutic interventions. These institutions have been selected to be environmentally diverse, show the international context and demonstrate a different potential for ICT use. The main objective of the research was to identify innovative ways of using modern technologies in supporting educational and compensatory activities undertaken by selected institutions.


Objective To detect the therapeutic effect of Deanxit in treatment of ulcerative colitis patients accompanied with anxious-depression. Methods 108 cases of ulcerative colitis accompanied with depressive symptom and/or anxious symptom were divided into 2 groups, with 59 cases in each group. The control group received the conventional therapy, while the Deanxit group received the Deanxit teartment on the basis of conventional therapy. The curative effects of the two groups were observed and compared after 3 months of treatment. Results The Deanxit group was superior to the control group in the improvement of clinical symptom, depressive and anxious symptom and the ulcer healing rare(all P 0.05). Conclusions Deanxit combined with conventional therapy is safe and effective in the treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis accompanied with anxious-depression, which is worthy of clinical promotion.


We have developed a multichannel atomic absorption measurement system for real‐time simultaneous monitoring of Al, Ga, and In molecular beam fluxes. In our configuration, distinct atomic emission lines from three hollow cathode lamps are combined into one beam, thus requiring only one pair of through view ports for the optical probe beam. Based on the dual beam optical configuration, the reference arm compensates for intensity drift of the light sources. In this work, we demonstrate the use of reflection high energy electron diffraction oscillations for calibrating the absorption signal.


The dynamic fragilities of six polymeric materials have been compared for isobaric (constant pressure) and isochoric (constant volume) conditions. Data were taken from the published literature for dynamic experiments performed at elevated pressures. Published pressure–volume–temperature (PVT) data were then used to determine the dynamic response as a function of temperature for both the isochoric and isobaric conditions. It is found that the pressure and volume dependences of the dynamic fragility vary greatly among the polymers for which data were available. For poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA), the dynamic fragility is independent of the pressure and specific volume and the isochoric and isobaric fragilities are almost the same. On the other hand for poly(vinylchloride) (PVC), polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA), the dynamic fragility is sensitive to changes of pressure and volume and the isobaric behavior is more fragile than the isochoric behavior when referenced ...


552Sovereign immunity — Foreign State and central bank — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Requirements for jurisdiction — Distinction between questions of subject matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction — Commercial activity — Acts having direct effect in the United States — Judicial role under United States Constitution — Service of process upon foreign State — Statutory requirements for personal jurisdiction — Constitutional due process requirements — Minimum jurisdictional contacts — The law of the United States


By following Coleridge's deployment of writerly personae or "alter‐egos" over the span of his career and across the modes of epistolary writing, poetry, translation and periodical publication, this article illuminates a Coleridge whose cross‐pollination of the aforementioned fields is symptomatic of a holistic meditation on the politics of literary identity, as well as upon the history of his own politics. Paying particular attention to the 1808–9 Friend and to Coleridge's tempestuous yet fruitful relationship with Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, the article examines the ways in which Coleridge's alter‐egos serve as narrators and navigators of the various detours, roundabouts, and landing‐places that constitute literary identity. By bringing his characteristic maneuvers of interruption, desynonymization, and translation‐as‐(self)reflection to bear on the ubiquitous issue of life‐writing – both with regard to his own life and to its development within the period as a whole – Coleridge articulates a balance between the totalizing impulse of the Romantic "I" and the diversity or multiplicity of which this "I" is, after all, constituted.


Brazil was discovered and occupied under the aegis of Christianity, reinforced by the movement of the Catholic Counter-Reformation. Promoted by the Roman Catholic Church, opposed the Protestant Reformation, reaffirmed the use of images and dictated a series of rules to be followed by the faithful, expressed in the Constitutions of the First Archbishopric of Bahia, 1707. The Counter Reformation emphasized the importance of the public manifestations of faith, greater participation of the population in the things of the Church. The processions were a typical example of these manifestations, promoted especially by the Brotherhoods and/or Confraternities. In processions or public scenarios of faith, the Baroque images of holy figures and parties had a major role. Among them, we rescued a medieval use of puppets - plus the dramaticity taken from the opera house - transformed into roca and dressing mages. These consisted mainly in the eighteenth century, efficient tools to awaken the faith of lay and religious. The streets and squares - in the old historic center of Salvador - formed the big stage set, in which most of the processions passed. Stood out processions of the Mysteries of the Passion, Corpus Christi or related scenes, in fixed or variable dates, next to the proliferation of representations of the Holy Trinity, especially the cross or the Crucified Christ.


As an important part of the railway system, the qualified quality of steel rail is an important guarantee for the safety of railway running, and efficient and accurate rail parameter measurement and detection methods are widely studied. Based on the analysis of the existing methods of rail profile detection in China, the laser triangulation method is used to realize the dynamic measurement of the rail profile size; A method based on the minimum distance method is proposed to extract the coordinate points of the contour coincidence area to realize the accurate splicing of the rail contours. The measurement method of the important characteristic parameters of the rail profile is proposed and the measurement principle diagram is designed; The static test and dynamic test of the rail sample are carried out respectively by using the rail profile on-line detection system, and the obtained static repeat measurement accuracy and dynamic measurement error are consistent Industry norms and standards have verified the accuracy and repeatability of the system.


Three medium‐size optically active molecules have been studied to make a guess at candidates suitable for chiral discrimination in an isotropic medium via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The criterion for experimental detection is given by the magnitude of the isotropic part of nuclear magnetic shielding polarisability tensors, related to a pseudoscalar of opposite sign for the two enantiomers. The pseudoscalar shielding polarisability at the 17O nucleus in N‐methyloxaziridine, calculated at the Hartree‐Fock level, is ≈7.8 ×10−17 mV−1. To obtain an experimentally observable magnetic field induced at the 17O nucleus in N‐methyloxaziridine, electric fields as large as ≈107–108 Vm−1 should be applied to the probe. The molecular electric dipole moment induced by precession of the magnetic dipole of the 17O nucleus in a magnetic field of 10 T is, in absolute value, ≈8.8 × 10−42 Cm. The estimated rf‐voltage at a resonance circuit is ≈10 nV. Smaller values have been estimated for N, C, and H nuclei in 1,3‐dimethylallene and 2‐methyloxirane. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2007


BACKGROUND AND AIM: To evaluate the expression of cell proliferation and apoptosis in congenital pulmonary cyst and investigate their effects in the development of congenital pulmonary cyst. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemical method was used to measure the expressions of Ki-67、Bcl-2 and Bax in normal lung tissue from 5 children(control group 1),relative normal lung tissue around the cyst from 5 patients with congenital pulmonary cyst(control group 2)and abnormal lung tissue from 30 with congenital pulmonary cyst. RESULTS: The expressions of Ki-67,Bax and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in congenital pulmonary cyst were significantly higher than those in the two control groups(P0.05)while the expression of Bcl-2 was markedly lower(P0.01).In those with congenital pulmonary cyst, the expressions of Bax and Bcl-2 in ciliated epithelial cells(CEC) were much lower than that in non-ciliated epithelial cells (P0.01) while the ratios of Bax/Bcl-2 was much higher (P0.01). CONCLUSION: Cell proliferation and apoptosis in congenital pulmonary cyst were significantly higher than those in control groups. This indicated that the imbalance of both could play important roles in the development of congenital pulmonary cyst.


Let Mn be a closed smooth manifold and T:Z2×Mn→ Mn denote a smooth action of the integral additive group Z2 on Mn which is called involution.The fixed point set F of T is the disjoint union of closed manifold Mn,which are finite in number.If each componentof F is of constant dimension n-k,we say that F is of constant codimension k.Let Rn be the group of unoriented bordism class of n-dimensional smooth manifolds and let Jkn be its subset consisting of the classes which are represented by manifolds admitting smooth involutions with fixed point set of constant codimension k.It is easy to see that Jkn is a subgroup of Rn and that Jk*=∑∞n=kJkn is an ideal of the unoriented bordism ring R*=∑nRn.The case k=10 by means of constructing the generators of R* is discussed.


A model has been developed for Erbium luminescence in Silicon Rich Oxide (SRO) through sensitization of silicon nanoclusters (si-nc). Energy transfer routes to and from Er atoms in the neighbourhood of nanoclusters are analyzed. The fraction of Er atoms in excited state has been calculated by equating all possible energy transfer mechanisms. Sensitization effect of ncs is found to be efficient at lower incident photon fluxes, whereas higher excitation fluxes were found to result in saturation effects. Significance of nc density and different coefficients of energy coupling has been aanlyzed. Good agreement with published experimental results has been observed.


In recent years, handwritten document recognition is the most challenging research area in the field of digital image processing and pattern recognition. Handwritten character recognition goes through numerous phases include, Preprocessing, feature extraction and classification. Since preprocessing is intended to control the suitability of results for successive stages, this is considered to be the most significant stage prior to feature extraction. The main objective of this preprocessing stage is to remove various noises from handwritten document. In this paper present a survey on how various filters can be used for removing various noises in the handwritten document. From the experimental results it is seen that median, average and wiener filters perform better compared to Laplacian.


In this short paper we summarise our work [5] on training first-order recurrent neural networks (RNNs) on the abc language prediction task. We highlight the differences between incremental and non-incremental learning – with respect to success rate, generalisation performance, and characteristics of hidden unit activation.


Nicotine activates serotonin [5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT)] neurons innervating the forebrain, and this is thought to reduce anxiety. Nicotine withdrawal has also been associated with an activation of 5‐HT neurotransmission, although withdrawal increases anxiety. In each case, 5‐HT1A receptors have been implicated in the response. To determine whether there are different subgroups of 5‐HT cells activated during nicotine administration and withdrawal, we mapped the appearance of Fos, a marker of neuronal activation, in 5‐HT cells of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) and median raphe nucleus (MR). To understand the role of 5‐HT1A receptor feedback inhibitory pathways in 5‐HT cell activity during these conditions, we administered a selective 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist and measured novel disinhibited Fos expression within 5‐HT cells. Using these approaches, we found evidence that acute nicotine exposure activates 5‐HT neurons rostrally and in the lateral wings of the DR, whereas there is 5‐HT1A receptor‐dependent inhibition of cells located ventrally at both the rostral level and mid‐level. Previous chronic nicotine exposure did not modify the pattern of activation produced by acute nicotine exposure, but increased 5‐HT1A receptor‐dependent inhibition of 5‐HT cells in the caudal DR. This pattern was nearly reversed during nicotine withdrawal, when there was evidence for caudal activation and mid‐level and rostral 5‐HT1A receptor‐dependent inhibition. These results suggest that the distinct behavioral states produced by nicotine exposure and withdrawal correlate with reciprocal rostral–caudal patterns of activation and 5‐HT1A receptor‐mediated inhibition of DR 5‐HT neurons. The complementary patterns of activation and inhibition suggest that 5‐HT1A receptors may help to shape distinct topographic patterns of activation within the DR.


Appearing as a photograph caption in a 1950 Eastman Kodak manual entitled How to Make Good Movies, the exchange above between a husband and wife maneuvers through multiple discourses of the 1950s like a Rototiller in a suburban garden. These discourses include a notion that moviemaking was a family activity, an idea that filmmaking goals involved attainment of correct and sanctioned aesthetic norms, and an ideology that the rewards of leisure demanded both control and skill over the family and creativity. These fragmented discourses in movie how-to manuals, photography and parenting magazines, and advertising articulated a highly codified social and aesthetic position for hobbyists to occupy, one that posed as seamless, monolithic, and immovable in the photographic enthusiasm of the popular press. However, we should remember that actual home-movie practice during the 1950s (and even now, with home video) crashes through this discursive stability: home movies ignored aesthetic prerogatives when documenting a child's birthday in favor of recording an event, many avant-garde filmmakers used amateur 16mm film equipment for visual experimentation, and marginal social groups created their own visual cultures with inexpensive equipment.2 While this article concentrates on the more mainstream articulations of amateur film discourse, accessible media technology poses a dialectical formation: on the one hand, the unlimited possibilities of resistance to dominant cultural practices and the enfranchising of groups with a public media voice; on the other hand, the movement of the market and consumer ideology to inscribe it as a commodity. The surface simplicity and nostalgic quaintness of directions that admonished home-movie enthusiasts against shooting movie film as they would randomly water their lawns applies a glossy, even veneer to the more complex social and aesthetic construction of amateur film in the 1950s in the United States. Although home-movie technology and marketing expanded dramatically during this period, the history of amateur film equipment and filmmaking reaches as far back as the origins of cinema in 1897. Indeed, the definition of amateur film, and the social construction of the term "home movies," changes and transforms during


The polycrystalline nickel-based superalloys are typically used in components that work at elevated temperature in aggressive media. The key feature of these alloys is that they are able to keep their mechanical properties at relatively high temperatures. This makes them ideal candidates to manufacture aircraft engine components such as casings, diffusers or blades. The operating temperatures of turbine casings generally range from 400 ◦C to 800 ◦C. Increase of working temperature leads to the reduction of deformation resistance. The aim of this paper is to present experimental investigation and numerical simulation of laser-assisted bending of Inconel 718 alloy. The research is directed towards applications of hybrid thermal-mechanical forming in manufacturing of thin-walled components of aircraft engines [1], [2]. A good understanding of deformation behavior of Inconel 718 sheet metal within wide range of temperatures is a prerequisite for reliable numerical simulation of laserassisted bending process and for processing parameters optimization.


The Pd-catalysed alkynylation of alkynylboronic esters (generated in situ) with various aryl chlorides in the presence of Pd2(dba)3, the sterically hindered dihydroimidazolium salt 4 as the precatalyst and CsF is reported. Under these conditions, electron-poor and electron-rich aryl chlorides undergo efficient cross-coupling reactions. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)


De Smet, M. J. R., Brand-Gruwel, S., Broekkamp, H., & Kirschner, P. A. (2011, August). Effects of electronic outlining on the organization of text ideas. Presentation at the annual meeting of the Junior Researchers of the European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction, Exeter, UK.


A UHV(ultra-high vacuum) system, which used as deposition equipment with the assistance of high and low vacuum measuring instruments and other accessories, was designed in this paper. A CMP (composite molecular pump) in parallel with TSP (titanium sublimation pump) as the main pump and a rotary-vane pump as the backing pump were designed in this system. After a CMP with displacement 2300l/s was chosen as the one of the main pumps, the total flow conductance between the outlet of vacuum chamber and the CMP was 1344l/s. The rough pump-down time was approximate 5 min by using a rotary-vane pump with pumping speeds 15l/s. In order to ensure the normal operation of the main pumps, a water chilling unit was designed in the system, which can achieve limiting vacuum of 5×10-6Pa in the vacuum chamber of 0.2 m3.


Ocean fronts with accumulated biomass and organic matter may be significant sites of enhanced microbial activity. We sampled a frontal region (the A-Front) separating oligotrophic and mesotrophic water masses within the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) to assess the influence of frontal hydrography on several microbial parameters. Samples for heterotrophic bacterial, viral and flagellate abundance, dissolved and particulate carbon and nitrogen, transparent particles and bacterial carbon production were collected at 6 depths from the surface to 100 m with 5‐9 conductivity/temperature/depth casts along a 26-km northerly transect across the front. Relative to adjacent oligotrophic and mesotrophic waters, the frontal transition displayed peaks in the mean estimates of cell-specific bacterial carbon and bulk bacterial production, particulate organic carbon and particulate organic nitrogen concentrations, and the abundance and size of transparent particles. Bacterial carbon production increased 5-fold northward from oligotrophic waters to the frontal zone, in agreement with an increase in the frequency of dividing cells, but bacterial abundance was lower than at adjacent stations. This may be partially explained by high chlorophyll, elevated virus:bacteria ratios and low nanoflagellate grazer abundance at the front. Our data suggest that CCE fronts can facilitate intense biological transformation and physical transport of organic matter, in sharp contrast to adjacent low productivity waters, and harbor dynamic microbial populations that influence nutrient cycling.


For gravel pack carrier fluids, less viscosity is needed downhole than for suspending and pumping high gravel loadings on the surface. To achieve this dual viscosity need, breakers are added to degrade the viscosifying polymers. Unfortunately, viscosity breakback criteria are not well defined. In addition to the type and concentration of breaker and temperature, the apparent viscosity breakback time of a polymer solution also depends on the shear rate at which the viscosity is measured. As a result, industry breakback data generally disagree because of the variety of instruments and shear rates used to measure viscosity. This paper discusses two new viscosity breakback criteria for gravel packing carrier fluids: The time for the apparent viscosity at 0.03 sec/sup -1/ to decrease to 1000 cp, and start of compaction of the settled gravel bed. These criteria correlate well with fluid performance and apply to slurries with different initial viscosities (including crosslinked gels), brine densities, and gravel sizes. Data useful for formulating gravel pack carrier fluids are also presented. Although this paper does not define optimum downhole carrier fluid properties, the new criteria reflect downhole conditions better than most previous criteria. They should give better correlation with model studies and field experience, more » and, in turn, lead to a better understanding of the requirements for optimum downhole performance. « less


Higher Filing Thresholds for HSR Act Premerger Notifications Effective February 24, 2014* 1. Higher Thresholds For HSR Filings Higher thresholds for premerger filings under the…


Abstract : The specification provides precise requirements for the development and control of the necessary programming information associated with computer software production. Each documentation device has been carefully designed to meet a specific need, and to have a specific relationship to the other documentation devices. Quality control requirements have been established and will be adhered to. By use of these documentation techniques and by careful attention to technical accuracy and consistency, satisfactory computer program documentation will result.


The paper firstly summarizes some typical network management agreement, then emphatically expounds TMN of comprehensive network protocol.On the basis of TMN aplication of A city communications network platform is designed,the main content is disscussed in details and A detailed analysis is made.


For the past decade or so, integration of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) services has received widespread support by international and national health development agencies. The Glion Call to Action of May 20041 outlined the need for linkage between family planning and prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) services. This resulted in a call by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) for increased linkages between SRH and HIV services to improve access to contraceptive methods and prevent HIV infection in women and children. Since 2014, there has been an international policy shift in support of integrating SRH and HIV services, and several sub-Saharan countries, including Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe prioritized integration in their national HIV strategic plans. In Zimbabwe, the Ministry of Health and Child Care (MoHCC) commissioned a Rapid Assessment which resulted in the government launching national integrated SRH and HIV service delivery guidelines in 2010. The national guidelines outlined the minimum package of services to be provided at all levels of the health system. The guidelines were based on the need to: (1) offer comprehensive (integrated) SRH and HIV services with clear facilitated referral pathways (intra-provider, intra-facility, and inter-facility); and (2) thereby maximizing collective outcomes.


Methodological principles of the basis of the concept of risks in innovations and technologies are the subject of this article. This is about distinguishing the objectivist and subjectivist approaches. The conceptualization of innovation risks is being considered. Methodological possibilities of different approaches in contemporary scientific discourse are being determined.


William Bulloch, Emeritus Professor of Bacteriology in the University of London and Consulting Bacteriologist to the London Hospital since his retirement in 1934, died on n February 1941, in his old hospital, following a small operation for which he had been admitted three days before. By his death a quite unique personality is lost to medicine, and to bacteriology an exponent whose work throughout the past fifty years in many fields, but particularly in the history of his subject, has gained for him wide repute. Bulloch was born on 19 August 1868 in Aberdeen, being the younger son of John Bulloch (1837-1913) and his wife Mary Malcolm (1835-1899) in a family of two sons and two daughters. His brother, John Malcolm Bulloch, M.A., LL.D. (1867-1938), was a well-known journalist and literary critic in London, whose love for his adopted city and its hurry and scurry was equalled only by his passionate devotion to the city of his birth and its ancient university. On the family gravestone he is described as Critic, Poet, Historian, and indeed he was all three, for the main interest of his life outside his profession of literary critic was antiquarian, genealogical and historical research, while in his earlier days he was a facile and clever fashioner of verse and one of the founders of the ever popular Scottish Students' Song Book.


A few figures are enough to demonstrate the significant economic benefits that can result from even a small improvement in exploiting rainfall. In Cape Town's Wemmershoek catchment the rainfall during the reservoir's hold-over period, a three dry-year cycle, is estimated at about 60 in. The available run-off for supply however is only 25 in. Approximately 35 in. are lost by evaporation and transpiration, and possibly percolation. To obtain the 25 in. of yield, an expenditure of 8,000,000 was incurred, i.e. about 300,000 per in.


The paper compares and contrasts the performance of a root raised cosine matched filter implemented using hybrid logarithmic arithmetic with that of standard binary and floating point implementations. Hybrid logarithmic arithmetic is advantageous for FIR digital filters since it removes the necessity for the use of high speed array multipliers. These can be replaced by simple lookup table structures for conversion to and from the logarithmic domain. Matlab simulations of the hybrid logarithmic structure show that its performance is superior to that of recently published fixed point solutions, while offering a significantly reduced complexity when compared to floating point equivalents proposed for the WCDMA downlink in receiver applications. The use of hybrid logarithmic arithmetic also has the potential to reduce the power consumption, latency and hardware complexity for mobile handset applications.


ABSTRACT In four studies, the comparability of several measures of contrast sensitivity functions (CSF's) as well as their individual test‐retest reliabilities were determined with observers drawn from a college population. The relation between CSF scores obtained by different tests or by different psychophysical procedures with the same test was consistently low and frequently nonexistent. These low intertest reliabilities were found to be due to the lack of reliability of some of the individual tests. In particular, with both stationary and flickering gratings, the von Bekesy tracking procedure produced unacceptable variations in contrast estimates. Fortunately, the reliabilities of other procedures, particularly the simple adjustment method, were much higher (>0.70). CSF scores obtained from the wallchart method exhibited insufficient variability among observers in the college sample to permit similar reliability estimates to be determined. Implications of the test characteristics are discussed for users of the CSF.


Student-Identified Requirements for Persistence in a Limited Residency Ph.D. Program Steven R. Terrell Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL USA Michael Lohle University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT USA Donna H. Kennedy St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY USA The attrition rate for students in traditional doctoral programs hovers around 50%, while students in limited-residency and online programs tend to leave programs at rates 10% to 20% higher. Other than a student's intrinsic motivation, prior research with the population studied in this program has not uncovered factors that may be predictive of attrition. The goal of this study was to better understand this phenomenon from the perspective of this population. Analysis from interviews with graduates of such a program yielded a set of best practices, focused primarily on assisting students as they prepared for their dissertation. The development and application of policies, procedures and tools based on results of this research may help administrators and faculty address the additional 10% to 20% they have historically experienced. References Terrell, S.R., Lohle, M. & Kennedy, D.H. (In Press) Predictors of doctoral student success in a limitedresidency Ph.D. program. Proceedings of the International Institute for Applied Knowledge Management KM Conference 2016, Lisbon, Portugal. Problem Statement, Purpose and Research Question


The Itawis is one of the indigenous groups of Isabela, Philippines, along with the Ybanags, Yogads, and Gaddangs. In Cagayan Valley, two groups of Itawis are found: one from the Province of Cagayan and the other, from Echague, Isabela.This study was conducted to determine what is left of the traditional practices of the indigenous group "Itawis" of Echague, Isabela, Philippines that are gradually vanishing due to the modern way of living or due to acculturation. The study used the descriptive research method. The researchers, who belong to the minorities themselves, gathered the data of the study through immersion with the living cultural masters and through participation in the rituals. Other data were gathered through interview with the remaining members of the minority group. The rituals were documented, noted, and were explained by the elders. Frequency and percentages were used. The findings showed that the Itawis women still observe some practices in giving birth, in caring and feeding the baby such as "passa", "tappe-tappet", "baraga", "iyaw", "alintugurayan". The "botiso and lallay" in baptism, the "passerbi" in courtship, the "intrega" and "pamonek" in marriage and "patunak" in building a house were some of the identified rituals still practiced by the Itawis.


The Software Defined Network (SDN) is an established network paradigm, architecture and principles, that attracted significant research effort in recent years. An SDN-enabled infrastructure decouples network control from forwarding and enables direct programming. Recently, there is an increasing effort to introduce SDN support in the transport layers of the network operators WAN infrastructure, like Layer 0 (WDM & DWDM) and Layer 1 (SONET/SDH & OTN) technologies. We refer to this infrastructure as the "Software Defined Transport Network", and benefits include network management devolvement, timely connectivity provision, improved scalability, and open and flexible programmability using well-defined API. This paper outlines the main elements of Software Defined Transport Networks and highlights relevant Application-Based Network Operations (ABNO) enabling technologies. We demonstrate how this technology will benefit network operators, and provide an overview of research results and deployment examples. Finally, we identify some of the technology gaps and future research opportunities.


This article deals with the development by Agr of a specifically requested inspection system capable of detecting visual surface defects that could not be reliably detected using conventional sidewall inspection devices. The development was requested by a glass container manufacturer supplying the cosmetic and personal care products industries where the requirements for aesthetically perfect containers is probably the most demanding. The inspection device that resulted from this development is called the COSMOS System.


Summary During November 1 to April 30 (181 days), periods of alternate years, 19 cows averaged 17.6lb. of milk daily when receiving untreated well-water averaging 190 p.p.m. of total hardness, as compared to 19.9lb. when receiving water from the same source but zeolite-treated to zero-hardness. The average stages of lactation (after calving) were 169 and 132 days, respectively. When adjusted for stage of lactation by covariance analysis, the corrected yields were 18.8 and 19.0lb. for untreated and treated water, respectively. This difference is not significant. It is concluded that softening the drinking-water for dairy cows has no measurable effect on milk production. When given a choice between untreated and treated water during an entire summer, the herd showed no clearcut preference for either, although they drank more of the untreated water.


We present a new framework for controlling a robot collaborating with a human to accomplish a common mission. Knowing that we are interested in collaboration domains where there is no shared plan between the human and the robot, the constraints on the decision process are more challenging. We study the decision process of a robot agent for a specific shared mission with a human considering the effect of the human presence, the planning flexibility according to human comfortability and achieving mission. We choose to formalize this problem with Partially Observable Markov Decision Process, then we describe a new domain example that represent human-robot collaboration with no shared plan and we show some preliminary results of solving the POMDP model with standard optimal algorithms as a base work to compare with state-of-the-art and future-work approximate algorithms.


Abstract Earlier research in America and elsewhere has shown considerable bias and misinformation in media coverage of so‐called "new religions"; (sometimes referred to as 'cults'). This paper reports mostly qualitative research which raises questions about the overall objectivity and neutrality of journalists covering such groups. The paper includes discussion of specific episodes of media bias concerning new and minority religions in Australia, as well as other research from that country. A situation which involved an Australian journalist facing ethics charges in relation to a story written about a number of groups referred to as 'cults' is included, as a development with implications about how journalists treat such phenomena.


The present study attempted to examine factors related to Taiwanese adolescents' academic coping and procrastination. Three hundred and eighty-nine ninth grade Taiwanese students completed a self-reported survey assessing their perceptions of parental psychological control, satisfaction of basic psychological needs (i.e., the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness), academic coping, and procrastination. Results of hierarchical regressions suggested that in terms of predictors of academic coping, parental psychological control positively predicted disengagement coping. Autonomy and competence need satisfaction also emerged as significant predictors of academic coping. As for the determinants of academic procrastination, engagement and disengagement coping both functioned as significant predictors of students' procrastination on homework and exam preparation. Engagement coping negatively predicted academic procrastination. By contrast, disengagement coping was a positive predictor. Additionally, parental control positively predicted procrastination on exam preparation, whereas competence need satisfaction was a negative predictor. Implications for practices and future research were discussed.


The present invention discloses an apparatus and method for controlling the printing system to print. Wherein the printing apparatus control method comprising: receiving an input signal from the input device; a query input signal corresponding to the output command in the configuration information, wherein the configuration information comprises information corresponding to the input signal and the output instruction relationship; and transmitting the output command to the appropriate output device. , It can be easily, at low cost for the printing apparatus of the present invention, by expanding functions.


AbstrcatThe current research revolution on preparation and property of epoxy/clay nanocomposite is summarized,and paticular attention is focused on the research fruit of exfoliation mechanism.The exfoliation mechanism was summarized systematically and some defects were presented.


The riverine rabbit (Bunolagus monticularis) is an endangered and endemic species found within a small geographic range in semiarid southern Africa. A captive breeding program has been initiated for reintroducing rabbits into suitable but vacant habitat. DNA fingerprinting was used to identify individuals within a captive group suitable for inclusion in a larger captive breeding program. This methodology allowed the ranking of suitabilities of these individuals, and the results emphasize the need to capture wild rabbits over a wide geographic area for setting up a larger founder population. A statistical technique for inferring linkage between fingerprint probes was used. Fingerprinting methodology allowed a genetic basis for planning the captive breeding program. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.


In the present investigation, dry sliding friction and wear behaviour of developed copper-based hybrid composites were studied. Tungsten carbide (WC), zirconia (ZrO2), alumina (Al2O3) of grade A6 and chromium (Cr) hybrid reinforcements were utilised to develop various copper-based hybrid composites using liquid stir-casting technique. The developed hybrid composites were characterised by X-rays diffraction (XRD), high-resolution scanning electron microscope (HR-SEM), energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX), relative density and Vickers hardness. Developed hybrid composites show improved Vickers hardness compared to its copper matrix while relative density was found lower. Dry sliding friction and wear behaviour of the developed hybrid composites were studied using pin-on-disc tribometer at variable normal load, constant sliding speed and sliding distance. Hybrid composites exhibited low wear compared to its copper matrix, particularly (WC + Al2O3 + Cr) hybrid reinforced composites revealed better wear resistance among all. Fluctuating nature of the coefficient of friction was observed in all the materials. However, developed hybrid composites revealed higher coefficient of friction compared with its matrix. The worn surfaces were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDAX and optical profilometer to discuss the friction and anti-wear mechanism involved in developed materials.


Daxi is a famous historical town of north Taiwan, because of the preservation of the historic buildings of streets. It began to build the home identity of the locals from the 1990s. By the community participation shown the ancient culture of the town successfully, it became an attractive place for the tourism in Taiwan during the recent ten years. While the industry and lifestyle in the town are changing, it has a bearing on the power of the community groups. The life in the town is not convenient and low quality. Young people were left to work outside the community, and the social relation is to harden into stone. By the time goes on, the sense of place is changing to reconstruct the "Local." While the industry changed, the culture is much different from the traditional, and the young people have a different dream of their home community. We found some alienated feeling in young people of the town from the workshop discussion of the "Dasi-field school".However, in recent three years, the eco-museum project by participating with the local people, and it stimulated some learning programs in the community. In these two years, some young people would like to stay in the community and have some creative businesses. The occurrence of educational activities facilitates the translation of local knowledge. Through this study, we tried to understand if local people's sense of place was changed, as well as young people's identity of community life.In this action research, firstly, we had data analysis about the community learning-landscape of the community. Finally, we want to discuss how learning programs make sense of the neighborhood change and flow. Based on experiential research, we came up with a learning landscape model, in an attempt to construct the interactive relation between learning and community identity. Furthermore, we presented a new partner relation between community development and the design of educational courses.


The principal problem in the measurement of the Doppler reactivity effect is separating it from the thermal reactivity effects of the expansion of the heated sample. It is shown in this proposal that the thermal effects of sample expansion can be experimentally determined by making additional measurements with porous samples having the same mass and/or volume as the primary sample. By combining these results with independent measurements of the linear temperature coefficient and the computed temperature dependence of the Doppler coefficient the magnitude of the Doppler coefficient may be extracted from the data. These addiational measurements are also useful to experimentally determine the precision of the reactivity oscillator technique used to measure the reactivity effects of the heated sample.


The seemingly infinite variety of metabolic processes and products suggests potential for a correspondingly vast array of detection methodologies, and the scope of available technology for monitoring microbial metabolic activity is increasing so rapidly that it is difficult to catalog the available methods. Soil, the rhizosphere, and the phyllosphere are populated by complex communities of organisms, including microbes (bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists) but also typically including plant and animal components. The rhizosphere and phyllosphere are defined by the presence of a plant, so it is inherently impossible to characterize microbial activity in these habitats through the study of genetically uniform microbial strains in isolation. Respirometry is increasingly being used for determination of biodegradation kinetics, and microcosm screening studies often are performed under controlled conditions to evaluate biodegradability potential and options for bioremediation. Several methods for estimating the metabolic activity levels of microbial populations involve quantification of cellular pools and rates of synthesis of specific biochemical components including RNA, DNA, ATP, and total adenine nucleotide. A number of methods for the quantification of metabolic activity and/or biomass of individuals, populations, or microbial communities involve direct microscopic observation of cells. This chapter has attempted to provide an overview of a number of these new methodologies, but it only presents a snapshot in time, as the number of new techniques and the opportunities they present for environmental microbiology continue to rapidly expand.


Adverse reactions to drugs and environmental chemicals are a serious problem with up to 30% of hospital patients experiencing such problems (Venning, 1983; Ludwig and Axelsen, 1983). There is evidence that many adverse reactions arise as a result of genetically controlled sensitivity (Resting, 1987). Large genetically determined differences in response to chemicals have also been recorded in laboratory animals. However, most toxicological screening involves a single strain and fails to detect genetically determined sensitivity. Should some animals show an adverse reaction, this is usually attributed to "biological variation". As the pedigree of such animals is not normally known at the time of use there is no way of showing whether these adverse reactions were inherited (Resting, 1975,1979). The initial aim of this project was to develop a technique for studying genetic variation in sensitivity to treatment with drugs using in vitro screening methods. The techniques should not require hazardous or expensive chemicals and equipment, should require a small number of animals and should be reliable and easy to perform. Several end-points were studied, and a protocol for detecting genetic differences which included four end-points and two cell types was developed. In the second part of the project, the aim was to study genetic variation in sensitivity to Aspirin, Ethanol and Coumarin as model compounds, using the previously developed techniques in conjunction with suitable genetically-defined strains of mice. Two cell types (macrophages and hepatocytes) were studied and several end-points were used including neutral red uptake, total protein concentration, rate of phagocytosis and LDH activity in cells and supernatant. The study involved nine strains of mice. Although statistically significant differences among inbred strains were detected, in no experiment did strain distribution pattern suggest single-locus Mendelian control. There was no evidence that response to coumarin depended on the coumarin hydroxylase {Cyp2b) locus nor that response to alcohol depended on the alcohol dehydrogenase locus. It is concluded that further development would be necessary to develop these methods as a way of identifying genes associated with their type of genetic variation. GENERAL INDEX PAGE CHAPTER I.INTRODUCTION .................................. 5 GENERAL INTRODUCTION AIMS OF THE PROJECT CHAPTER II.INBRED STRAINS .............................. 11 DEFINITION OF INBREEDING CHARACTERISTICS USE OF INBRED STRAINS IN RESEARCH AND TOXICOLOGICAL SCREENING CHAPTER III.IN VITRO STUDIES ........................... 18 INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS SELECTION OF CELL TYPES SELECTION OF END-POINTS CHAPTER IV.MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................... 26 ANIMALS USED CELL CULTURE METHODS Isolation and culture of macrophages Isolation and culture of heoatocvtes TOXICITY ASSAYS -COLOURIMETRIC METHODS Neutral red uptake Total protein determinations MTT assay Kenacid blue assay -NON-COLOURIMETRIC METHODS Number of cells (cell attachment) LDH activity Rate of Phagocytosis -CELL IDENTIFICATION METHODS Macrophage detection bv fluorescent staining CHAPTER V.CONDUCT OF EXPERIMENTS ........................ 61 PART I; DEVELOPMENT OF A TECHNIQUE FOR THE STUDY OF GENETIC VARIATION IN THE RESPONSE TO DRUGS: PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS V.I.I.INDUCTION OF MACROPHAGES USING HORSE SERUM ....... 63 INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals used Horse serum dose Experimental procedure RESULTS DISCUSSION V.I.2.COMPARISON OF WME AND DMEM MEDIA FOR CULTURING HEPATOCYTES ................................................ 72 INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals used Collection of hepatocytes Experimental procedure RESULTS DISCUSSION V.I.3. COMPARISON OF BONE MARROW AND PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES ............................................... 79 INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals used Cell collection and culture Assays Experimental design RESULTS DISCUSSION V.I.4.COMPARISONS OF COLOURIMETRIC METHODS .............. 84 INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals used Assays Experimental design RESULTS DISCUSSION V.I.5.EFFECT OF PRIOR TREATMENT WITH NEUTRAL RED ON TOTAL PROTEIN DETERMINATION ...................................... 93 INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals used Collection and culture of cells Assays Experimental design RESULTS DISCUSSION PART II: STUDY OF GENETIC VARIATION IN THE RESPONSE TO ASPIRIN ETHANOL AND COUMARIN V.II.l. GENETIC VARIATION IN THE RESPONSE TO ASPIRIN .... 100 INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS -EXPERIMENT 1 Animals used Aspirin dose Assays Experimental design -EXPERIMENT 2 Animals used Aspirin dose Assays Experimental design RESULTS DISCUSSION V.II.2.GENETIC VARIATION IN THE RESPONSE TO COUMARIN ... 112 INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals used Coumarin dose Assays Experimental design RESULTS DISCUSSION V.II.3GENETIC VARIATION IN THE RESPONSE TO ETHANOL .... 149 INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals used Ethanol dose Assays Experimental design RESULTS DISCUSSION CHAPTER VI.GENERAL DISCUSSION .......................... 174 CHAPTER VII.CONCLUSIONS ................................ 182 APPENDIX .................................................. 186 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND TABLES COMPARISONS OF COLOURIMETRIC METHODS OF MEANS OF THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS STUDY ON ASPIRIN AND TABLES OF MEANS OF THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS STUDY ON COUMARIN AND TABLES OF MEANS OF THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS STUDY ON ETHANOL AND TABLES OF MEANS OF THE REFERENCES ................................................ 217 CHAPTER I.INTRODUCTION CHAPTER


Objective To observe the antigonism effect of the various concentration of the water extract of Ficus carica against Cyclophosphamide-induced micromuclei.Methods 70mice(male and female were equal) were divided into 5 experimental groups(400mg/ml,200mg/ml,100mg/ml,50mg/ml,25mg/ml),a distilled water negative group and a Cyclophosphamide positive group,perfused the water extract of Ficus caricaingo into stomach per day for 5 days,5 experiment groups and the positivd group were ijnected Cyclophosphamide,all the mice were killed,adopt the blood samples and observe the effect micronuclei.Results The water extract of ficus carica could decrease the frequncy of micronuclei induced by CP in mice peripheral lymphocytes within the dosage 50-200mg/ml(P0.05).Conclusion The water extract of ficus carica could express the antigoniasm effect against CP-induced mictonuclei.