(ProQuest-CSA LLC: ... denotes formulae omitted.) INTRODUCTION In 2001, the Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences (CBMS) published The Mathematical Education of Teachers (MET) outlining detailed recommendations for the instruction of future mathematics teachers. This document was the culmination of numerous discussions between mathematicians and mathematics educators about the mathematics needed to teach effectively and the best ways to help preservice teachers develop that knowledge. One focus of MET is that teachers need a thorough understanding of the mathematics covered at the level at which they are planning to teach. For the high school level, MET provides a detailed list of topics that mathematicians and educators agree should be central to the college experience of prospective teachers. While course variety is essential to helping someone become a well prepared teacher, it is often the case that the more mathematics courses a prospective teacher takes the "wider the gap between the courses taken and the courses the teacher will teach" [5, p. 101]. The degree program needs to include educational experiences to help preservice teachers bridge that gap. To that end, MET endorses the creation of a capstone course (or courses) to allow future teachers to "look deeply at fundamental ideas, to connect topics that often seem unrelated, and to further develop the habits of mind that define mathematical approaches to problems" [2, p. 46]. Since technology is becoming increasingly important in our society, another recommendation in MET is that prospective teachers be exposed to a variety of mathematical experiences requiring the use of technology. The purpose is not to expose future teachers to every technological innovation they will encounter in the classroom, but rather to allow future teachers to build "a framework that will aid them in teaching with technology throughout their careers" [2, p. 47]. In light of the MET recommendations, this article describes a course that meets two important needs of middle and high school prospective teachers - exposure to technology and capstone experiences related to topics they will teach. A capstone course is taken near the end of a student's undergraduate career. The course ties together the concepts and skills learned in prior courses through the investigation of real world applications. Often a course of this nature also gives students the opportunity to develop their communication skills by writing papers and giving oral presentations. The course outlined below has these characteristics, and all course activities are connected to the content of middle and high school mathematics curricula and require the use of technology. BACKGROUND The School of Education at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) obtained a Standards-Based Teacher Education Program (STEP) grant to evaluate and change the degree program, if necessary, for prospective secondary mathematics and English teachers. With the help of the Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, the result of the analysis prompted several significant changes to be made to the degree program for prospective high school mathematics teachers. A track has been added to our mathematics major which includes courses that cover all mathematics topics required by the state of Virginia for certification plus other courses important for prospective teachers including a course that focuses on mathematical modeling and another that features the study of algebraic structures from an advanced perspective. One course in this new track, Using Technology in the Teaching of Mathematics (Math 554), was designed with capstone and technology MET recommendations in mind. A specialized program for prospective middle school mathematics teachers is also offered at VCU and Math 554 is required for students in that program as well. COURSE DESIGN AND GOALS The course was originally designed to meet three goals: (1) to use technology to reinforce significant mathematical concepts for prospective middle and high school teachers that had been previously addressed in prior classes; (2) to help prospective teachers become proficient in using the graphing calculator; (3) to expose them to different technologies to enable them to incorporate these technologies in their teaching experiences. …


ZHOU Yang's On the creation of ZHAO Shu-li has long been used as the classic interpretation of Speech at the Forum on Literature and Art in Yan'an.The relationship between the two is close because their intrinsic value is the same.They wanted to find a creative way in the view of literature for political.However,due to the complexity of the subject of criticism,especially the variability of the political situation and strategy of literature policy,the two also have many differences.


Design research or experiment is a relatively new research methodology in education and other areas. A design for professional learning for elementary teachers to recognise and use cultural mathematics in schools has been developed and will be tested through three phases. In addition, a design for technology delivery has also been developed and will be assessed. Evaluation at each phase will lead to improvements in the designs. The design takes account of three ecological areas of Papua New Guin ...


(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)The harmful use of alcohol was identified as one of the major contributing factor to mortality globally (WHO 2011). Alcohol consumption caused a considerable disease burden in Europe: 6,1% of all the deaths could be attributed to this factor, with most of the burden in Eastern European region (Anderson & Baumberg, 2006; Moskalewicz, Razvodovsky, & Wieczorek, 2009). Its contribution is especially striking in Russia, where alcohol may be responsible for more than 30% of all deaths (Nemtsov, 2002), while a case-control study in Izhevsk suggests that 43% of all deaths of male in the 25-54 years age range were attributed to hazardous drinking (Leon, Saburova, Tomkins, Andreev, Kiryanov, McKee, & Shkolnikov, 2007). A more recent study in the Siberian city of Barnaul based on proxy information on alcohol consumption and other lifestyle factors from families of adults who died in 1990-2001 showed that alcohol was responsible for 59% of all male and 33% of all female deaths at ages 15-54 years (Zaridze, Maximovitch, Lazarev, Igitov, Boroda, Boreham, Boyle, Peto, & Boffetta, 2008). Collectively, this research evidence suggests that alcohol is a major contributor to premature deaths toll in Russia. Alcohol is also increasingly implicated in the massive fluctuations in Russian mortality over the past several decades, but the nature of this phenomenon is still poorly understood by a research community.The most important cause of the health burden in Europe is alcohol dependence (alcoholism), accounting for more than 70% of the overall alcohol-attributable net mortality before age 65 (Anderson & Baumberg, 2006). Alcohol dependence is a maladaptive pattern of alcohol misuse, defined as a cluster of physiological, behavioral, and cognitive phenomena in which the use of alcohol takes on a much higher priority for a given individual than other behaviors that once had greater value, is one of the most severe consequences of problem drinking (ICD-10).Russia has the highest prevalence of alcoholism in Europe, which may be explained by high overall population drinking and prevalence of irregular heavy drinking episodes (binge drinking) (Nemtsov & Razvodovsky, 2008; Stickley, et al., 2007).Overall, in 2005 close to 11 million people in Russia suffered from alcohol dependence (Anderson & Baumberg, 2006). This is a good reason to expect positive association between alcohol consumption and alcoholism mortality at the aggregate level in Russia. In present study we will test the hypothesis of the close aggregate level link between alcohol and alcoholism mortality in Russia using data on overall alcohol consumption and sex-specific alcoholism mortality rate between 1970 and 2005.METHODSDataThe data on age-adjusted sex-specific alcoholism mortality rates per 1000.000 of the population are taken from the Russian State Statistical Committee (Rosstat). The Rosstat's cause of death classification has undergone several changes in recent decades. Until 1988 the cause of death classification was based upon the Soviet nomenclature which had a limited number of causes of death in comparison with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) system. From 1989-1998 Rosstat used a coding scheme that was based on ICD-9. From 1999 a new coding system based on ICD-10 was introduced. Rosstat issued a table of correspondence between its classification system and ICD-9 and ICD-10 and it has been claimed that the Russian system of coding is compatible with ICD codes.Realizing the difficulties associated with measuring alcohol consumption at the population level in Russia, we employed an alternative measure of overall alcohol consumption relative to Nemtsov's estimates (Nemtsov, 2000). Estimation of alcohol consumption per capita was based on a set of indicator of alcohol-related harm which was adjusted for the effect of recorded alcohol consumption employing ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average) model (Razvodovsky, 2013b). …


Starting from the hydrodynamic description of the positive column in a neon glow discharge, a numerical approach is used in order to study the nonlinear properties of ionization waves. Within the instability region of the homogeneous equilibrium state, a secondary instability of the Eckhaus type is found. Compared to the classical results, the plasma system shows some peculiarities, e.g., an asymmetric stability band and strong selection of periodic patterns. The dependency of the shape and the width of this band on the discharge parameters is investigated. The spatiotemporal dynamics connected with the transitions from the stability band to the instability region have been studied showing different behavior on the upper and lower border of the stability region. Normally a subcritical Eckhaus instability has been revealed. Moreover, at selected sets of plasma parameters the phenomenon of spatiotemporal intermittency is found.


We present a novel semantic context prior-based venue recommendation system that uses only the title and the abstract of a paper. Based on the intuition that the text in the title and abstract have both semantic and syntactic components, we demonstrate that a joint training of a semantic feature extractor and syntactic feature extractor collaboratively leverages meaningful information that helps to provide venues for papers. The proposed methodology that we call DeSCoVeR at first elicits these semantic and syntactic features using a Neural Topic Model and text classifier respectively. The model then executes a transfer learning optimization procedure to perform a contextual transfer between the feature distributions of the Neural Topic Model and the text classifier during the training phase. DeSCoVeR also mitigates the document-level label bias using a Causal back-door path criterion and a sentence-level keyword bias removal technique. Experiments on the DBLP dataset show that DeSCoVeR outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.


Absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra of indile, 5‐methoxyindole, 1‐methyl indole, and 2,3‐dimethyloudole are reported. The mean nonradiative decay rates were deduced from the measured lifelime and quantum yield.(AIP)


Recently, steel dampers and friction dampers have been produced by two of the most widely energy dissipating equipment that is used in structures. Adding Damping and Adding Stiffness damper (ADAS) Xia and Hanson i [1], Resistant buckling braces Park et al. [2] and Slit dampers Chan and Albermani [3] are examples of the energy dissipation devices. Hu evaluated the effect of slit dampers on shape memory alloy [4]. Kim et al. estimated the effect of Rotational


Since Chinas joining in WTO, with the rushing-in of foreign cultural products, Shanghais culture markets have faced many problems. Shanghai should strengthen its cultural construction by law, probe into the operation of culture markets, perfect the legal safeguard system of cultural industrys developments and turn the governments building culture by power into ruling culture by law. It is also crucial for training high-level cultural managerial staff who both understand law and obey law.


Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a management approach that places customers in a process and implementation of the company's marketing strategy. The focus of CRM is Medan City library customers. What is needed by library customers, how to get used to them, and how a library can maintain good relations with library users, all collected in a CRM that provides satisfaction for users and in the end everything is able to tailor and maintain a users' library. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach that is descriptive in nature, the data sources of this research are secondary and primary. The data collection technique used is interview, the data analysis technique is descriptive analysis, namely a method that describes research results by examining data obtained from companies and then compared with various theories that support research problems. Based on the results of the research conducted, the conclusion is that the form of CRM (Customer Relationship Management) implementation in increasing and retaining library customers is in accordance with the theory put forward by Lukas (2001) that there are three dimensions, namely the dimensions of people, processes and technology that have been implemented properly. well then the two fundamental elements of customer loyalty have also been implemented and run well by the Medan Regional Library.


Objective To discuss the diagnosis and treatment of recurrence of Cushing′s diseases. Methods Twenty-six recurrence of Cushing′s diseases were investigated in this retrospective study. Nine patients were male and 17 female. Their ages were from 8 to 56 years old, mean 26 4 year. Mean history was 23 4 months. Cushing's diseases were diagnosed with clinic symptom, endocrinol examination and CT or MRI. Transsphenoidal surgery were performed on all patients. Adrenocorticotropic hormone secreating pituitary adenomas were confirmed by pathological examination in 18 cases, pituitary corticotrope hyperplasia in 5 cases, and neither adenoma nor hyperplasia in 3 cases. All patients suffered from recurrence of Cushing′s syndrome after operation. Serum and urinary free cortisol (UFC) increased. Repeated transsphenoidal surgery were performed on 16 patients. Results The follow up was 1-12 years. Cortisol decreased to normal in 19 patients and decreased below normal in 4 patients need cortisone, and high secretion of cortisol still existed in other 3 patients. Conclusions Repeat transsphenoidal surgery should be selected for recurrence of adrenocorticotropic hormone secreating pituitary adenomas ahead. In order to patients whose pathological examination were pituitary corticotrope hyperplasia or negative pathological result, when Cushing′s syndrome recurred and pituitary tumor were showed on MRI, repeat transsphenoidal operation could be performed on these patients. Pituitary irradiaton and adrenalectomy were assistant treatment for patients who still had high secretion of cortisol after repeat transsphenoidal surgery failure.


The rare earth conversion film with Ce(NO\-3)\-3 as the main salt, environmental friendly coating technique for aluminum alloys, was obtained by orthogonal experiments to substitute chromate treatment. The corrosion resistance of cerium\|rich conversion coating was slightly higher than that by chromate treatment and about 20 times as high as natural oxide film of aluminum alloy. Several cerium\|rich conversion coating technique were compared for industrial application according to the film homogeneity, solution stability and polarization resistance Rp in the solution of 0.1 mol/L NaCl. The results showed that the choice of oxidizer and its stability in solution played an important role in the properties of coating.


Metastatic brain tumors cause significant morbidity and mortality and often have a poor prognosis. Currently, there are limited epidemiology data on metastatic brain tumors in Indonesia. This study aimed to identify demographic, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of patients with brain metastases in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia.

 Demographic and clinicopathological data were collected from medical records of brain tumor patients admitted to six major hospitals in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia, for five years (2015–2019).

 In total, 395 patients were included. Most patients were females (254, 64.3%). The mean age of the patients was 51.6±15.0 years old. Headache was the most common presenting symptom (53.2%), followed by a motoric deficit (48.4%), cognitive impairment (24.3%), loss of consciousness (21.3%), and a seizure (20.8%). The most common primary tumors that metastasize to the brain were lung (36.6%) and breast cancer (32.7%). The median overall survival of patients with brain metastases was 11±2.36 months.

 Lung and breast cancers are the most common source of brain metastases in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Overall survival of patients with brain metastases in this area is still relatively short.


An energy-delay-constraint adaptive routing(EDCA) is proposed for intermittently connected mobile wireless sensor networks(MWSN),which includes initialization-phase,transfer-judging-phase,flooding-transfer phase and waiting phase,and in which sensor nodes judging whether to transfer message copy or wait to meet the destination node according to target delay and judging which one to transfer message copy according to remain energy.Simulation results show that EDCA is an efficient delay bounded and network load bounded routing scheme,and can adjust the number of message copy adaptively according to target delay when network environment changes,and can balance the energy consumption of sensor nodes and prolong the network lifetime.


Objective To measure the catalytic activity of BAP in neonate blood and to make a rapid screening and accessory diagnosis of hypocalcification due to calcium deficiency or metaboilc bone disease caused by other factors.Methods Immunoconcentration and whole dry chemistry were used.Results NBAP activity was determined in 380 infants aged 0 to 5.Rickets accounted for 18.1%,and clinical rickets 9.2%.Conclusion This method is simple,quick,specific and sensitive,it may help early prevention and treatment.


Mango is one of the popular Asian fruits. The export performance and competitiveness of fresh mango and mango pulp in India have been examined using secondary data from 1987-88 to 1999-00 as period I and 2000-01 to 2011-12 as period II. The growth in export of fresh mango for period II was lower than period I which implies that there was no standard in quality. For mango pulp growth in export remained no change in two periods but export value and unit price was lowered during period II which implies demand was low in international market. Instability was worked for the export for periods I and II. The instability was observed high for export for fresh mango, but there were less fluctuations in export of mango pulp. For the assessment of direction of trade, the Markov chain model was used. The data regarding country-wise export of fresh mango for two periods indicated export retention share. UAE (72.73%) in period I and UK (48%), minor importing countries pooled under others category (59.62%) in period II. In case of mango pulp: Yemen Republic (86.06%) and others category (64.43%) in period I and Netherlands (58.02%), US (44.52%) in period II. For fresh mangoes; UK, Nepal in period I and Saudi Arabia, Bahrain in period II were not a stable importers. Netherlands in period I and Yemen Republic, UK in period II were not the stable importers. The study advocates that strategies for export may be oriented towards these countries for stabilizing the export of fresh mango as well as mango pulp.


The rising concern about gender inequality among the economies in South, South-East, and Eastern Asia motivates us to study the context of gender development in terms of bridging gender disparity. To show the impact, the data has been extracted from various authentic sources- Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), World Bank Development Indicators database, Sustainable Development Index, The Observatory of Economic Complexity and Human Development Reports of the 24 South, South-East, and East Asian economies from period 2000–2020. This research was carried out empirically using various techniques such as the Ordinary Least Squared Method (OLS), Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM), and Generalised Quantile Regression. The findings of the research show a significant impact of FDI and Economic Complexity in the reduction of gender inequality. Along with this, access to justice and electoral democracy will be providing more representation to women by reducing the gender gaps. Several policy implications have been proposed following the results of the study.


Getting in the right mood for athletic competition is seen by many athletes and coaches as an important part of the process of mental preparation, and the success or failure to do so is often presented by athletes as an attribution to explain performance outcomes. This workshop will address the what, why and how of mood assessment and mood regulation for athletes, especially those preparing for
international competition. The assessment of pre-competition mood, referred to as mood profiling, has a long history in the world of sport psychology. Mood profiling can assist processes such as acclimatisation, determining optimal training load, tapering, monitoring injured athletes, problem identification and also act as a
catalyst for discussion. The mood regulation process involves assessment and interpretation of mood responses, followed by prescription of evidence-based interventions that, ideally, have been pre-learnt and practised. In particular, this workshop will explain how to administer, score, and interpret the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS:
Terry, Lane, Lane, & Keohane, 1999; Terry, Lane, & Fogarty, 2003), a 24-item measure that assesses six dimensions of mood – anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, vigour – that have been shown to be predictive of sport performance (Beedie, Terry, & Lane, 2000). The workshop will include examples of mood
regulation strategies that have been shown to be effective among athletes (Terry, Dinsdale, Karageorghis, & Lane, 2006), many of which are very easy to implement. Workshop participants will be provided with a BRUMS User Guide.


Large-scale gene expression analysis provides significance to the differentially expressed genes regulated in disease processes such as Atherosclerosis. Many targeting the promise of medical informatics by developing individualized diagnostic and therapeutic techniques for Atherosclerosis plaque will provide a detailed understanding about the genes and its variants that played an imperative role to this disease vulnerable and progression. A computational approach that accounts for genetic network, incorporates non- transcriptionally regulated genes, and accommodate foreseeing offers many advantages. We performed a comprehensive gene level estimation of performed prediction analysis for early and advanced condition of atherosclerosis plaque among 29 Atherosclerosis patients. Predictive signature profiles could be developed from normal tissues in humans and this is ambiguous and interchangeably sometimes it predicts as Diagnostic signature and in this it, reveals from advanced atherosclerosis plaque condition compares with early one. And after implicative analysis of microarrays to reveal gene ontology analyses and relative gene expression profiles. Our studies revealed that immune responsive genes is more up regulated in advance atherosclerosis patients as compared to early atherosclerosis patients and these gene expression is the elementary expression signature of disease progression in atherosclerosis plaque formation. Furthermore, we provide vision to the mutual genes interaction network of many clusters of genes associated with Atherosclerosis, revealing an overflow of immune and inflammatory signaling genes. We present a novel approach to future Pathway circuit designing based on connectivity approach. In doing this, we identify 1151genes of total genes are differentially expressing rest of many genes shows no variation in expression in early and advanced stages of Atherosclerosis that are preprocessing candidates for therapeutic targeting to future relevance. This study also provide significant insights over for systems-based approach to analyzing complex disease and also to evaluate global gene expression patterns in the common iliac arteries of monkeys with a diverse expansion of atherosclerosis vulnerabilities which is the basis of new medical informatics approaches in terms of their further drug development.


This is the Mathematica file (or as close to the Mathematica file as TeX would allow) that computed the covering polynomials reported in the paper [2], No Type II Code Has Parameters [72, 36, 16] submitted to Designs, Codes and Cryptography on Sept. 22, 2022. We compute enough covering polynomials to show that no Type II binary code has parameters [72, 36, 16] or [96, 48, 20]. See [1] for definitions and the recursion formula. Let C be a doubly-even, self-dual code with parameters [72, 36, 16]. We compute the covering polynomials for C and vectors u up to wt(u) = 11. We will assume u is covered by some codeword of weight 16. We then get impossible coefficients (namely negative coefficients) in g[11, z, x]. Since covering polynomials have non-negative integer coefficients, this conflict proves the code does not exist; that is No Type II Binary Code Has Parameters [72, 36, 16]. The same conclusion is reached for the parameters [96, 48, 20] with a covering polynomial for a weight 13 vector. The weight enumerator for the codeC ∼ [72, 36, 16] is well-known and denoted here as g[0, z, x], the covering polynomial for C and the 0 vector. Since C holds 5-designs, the covering polynomials g[i, z, x] for 1 ≤ i ≤ 5 for a vector of weight i are uniquely determined by weight and computed using derivatives of the weight enumerator [1]. Mathematica requires that the variables z and x should be written with an underscore to show other values may be substituted in their place. But the underscore has a different meaning in TeX so we try to force the underscore as z , x in most cases. The non-zero weights of C are d[i] defined as


The paper presents the results of the latest research carried out on calc–
silicate rocks from Novo Selo – Kriva Lakavica, Eastern Macedonia. One hun-
dred samples were collected for research. Chemical, optical and X-ray analyses
were performed. The results show that the dominant material in these rocks
is calcite. The following minerals were also present: diopside-hedenbergite,
augite, actinolite, pargasite, K-feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, titanite, vesuvian-
ite, clinozoisite, andradite–grossular, scapolite and prehnite. These mineral
associations and the regional distribution of calc–silicate rocks from Novo Selo
– Kriva Lakavica indicate regional metamorphic conditions of origin. Such min-
eral associations have been described in many regional metamorphic complexes.


This paper demonstrates the importance of fine fluctuations quantitatively by measuring the detection thresholds of fine fluctuations in singing-voice F0s, in which voice quality is particularly important. We analyzed the fine fluctuations left by subtracting the melody and vibrato components from estimated F0s, focusing on the modulation frequency (MF) and modulation amplitude (MA). To test a hypothesis that the fine fluctuations in the F0 of singing voices affect the perception of quality and that the magnitude of this effect depends on the MF and MA, we performed four psychoacoustic experiments using synthesized stimuli. The experimental results indicate that our hypothesis was correct, and suggest that, to produce high-quality synthesized speech, one should extract F0s containing fine fluctuations with an MF of over 7 Hz in the analysis and add not only melody and vibrato but also fine fluctuation components to the F0 contours in the synthesis.


The study of changes in temperature and infrared spectrum of the surface of the animals and humans skin before, during and after subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection to prepare of drugs solutions. Revealed that the injection of drug solutions with indicators osmotic activity of more than 500 mOsm / l of water-irritating to the living tissues, accompanied by the emergence of local hyperthermia and change in the spectrum of infrared radiation in the area of injection. Elimination solutions hyperosmolality deprives them of irritant properties.


I examine how activists and lay members of the group have adopted different meanings to interpret and redefine "Okinawan" identities, first to counter the predominant ethnic prejudice and empower the underprivileged children of Okinawan immigrants in Osaka, and later to forge a distinctive Okinawan identity within those of the following generations, when the majority of participants found themselves in better economic and social conditions, but were also assimilated to a greater degree with the majority of the Japanese population. Since the collapse of the Japanese Empire and the loss of its colonies, Japan has been dominated by a hegemonic ideology of ethnic, cultural, and social homogeneity (Befu 2001), denying and silencing existing ethnic, social, and cultural diversity. The main mechanism by which the Japanese government and mainstream society have dealt with social and ethnic minority groups has been the denial of their existence and the assimilation of differences, rather than outright oppression. Despite the struggles of different minority groups for social recognition and equal treatment which have gone on for decades or centuries, in postwar Japan, the main mechanism used to maintain the hierarchy between the Japanese majority and the minority groups has been to render social and cultural difference invisible, thereby constructing the entire society and nation as a homogeneous entity (Befu 2001; Oguma 2002; Yoshino 1992). The performance of Okinawan music and dance as a form of cultural activism started occurring in the mid-1970s by diasporic Okinawans as a means to contest the dominant ideology of Japanese homogeneity, assert Okinawan difference, and build communality through collective participation in music and dance as both performers and audience members. In this paper, I examine the Taisho Okinawa Children's Club (hereafter TOCC), a children's club formed in an Okinawan community in Osaka. 2) The TOCC was set up in 1978, when the discrimination against Okinawans was still at its height in Japanese society, and aimed at the restoration of ethnic identity and promotion of self-esteem of the offspring


Multi- frame signal accumulation is often used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and detection probability of infrared- op- tic image detection and track system. Existing theories and algorithms of energy accumulation are under the hypothesis of target posi- tions in multi- frame are corresponsive to each other. But the hypothesis is usually not tenable when the target is point target. The purpose of this paper is to research the effect of multi-frame signal accumulation on signal-to-noise ratio and detection probability. A simplified random accumulation model taking jitter into account is setup in the paper. By analysising the effect on detection per-formance with respect to jitter, the relation between detection performance and jitter or accumulation number is clarified. The conclu- sions are significant to design the detection system of point target.


Fifty-one psychoneurotic outpatients participated in a study in which the effects of four drugs were compared. The main symptoms were anxiety, tension, and mild depression, in the absence of detectable organic disease. Complete data were obtained from 28 patients who took all four drugs in random order. The drugs were given each four times a day for two weeks in the following doses: amobarbital sodium, 30 mg.; meprobamate, 400 mg.; prochlorperazine, 5 mg.; and placebo. Precautions were taken to eliminate bias arising from personal interactions, from the order in which the drugs were taken, or from the fact that 23 patients dropped out before completing the study. The three active drugs and the placebo all influenced the patients significantly during the first two weeks, but thereafter only the three active drugs gave significantly better results. Therapy with meprobamate always produced the most marked change toward improvement and most often showed a significant difference between drug and placebo in the dosages used.


AbstractBaTiO_3/LaSrMnO_3 (BTO/LSMO) structures with a ferroelectric layer thickness of 10 nm have been formed on r -cut sapphire substrate by means of high-frequency magnetron sputtering. Investigations of the sample structure showed the presence of a crystalline phase, while measurements of electrical properties revealed piezoelectric response of the BTO films. The study of local current–voltage characteristics showed dependence of the sample resistance on the prehistory of voltage application as determined by ferroelectric hysteresis of the BTO layer.


New Economic Geography (NEG), a new branch of Spatial Economics that was developed at the beginning of the 90s, supports that "peripheral" European Union's economies (like Portugal, Greece, Ireland or even Spain) are predestined to diverge from the developed European "centers" like France or Germany. This new field of Economics seems to be supporting the incapacity of European structural policies to battle against this divergence trend, and ultimately an inevitable catastrophe of the Single European Currency, and thus, of the European integration project as a whole. The recent evolution of the main EU's peripheral economies(e.g. Greece, Portugal and Ireland) confirming their divergence trend from the developed core EU's countries, seems to support these NEG forecasts. However, in our paper we support that, taking into consideration some identified pitfalls of NEG's principles, and on the other hand, considering the potentialities that may arise from the capacity of enterprises to put in place effective Corporate Strategies (which its related with the need to develop their strategic capabilities), peripheral countries/regions may be able to overcome this apparent fatalness. Thus, more important than just funding is the aptitude of these peripheral economies – through their economic agents' capabilities – to use these funding and profit from them adequately. This will lead us to support, not just the continuation of the European structural funds' policies, with the positive impacts arising from the inherent redistribution effects, but also to conclude on the urgent need to develop strategic capabilities of main economic agents of these regions. Using an empirical survey, performed during the transition period of the introduction of the Euro (1999-2001), to companies operating in Portugal, we conclude by demonstrating that the lack of corporate strategic capabilities may well be an important explanation for the present difficult economic situation, explaining most of the existing problems of Portugal and that, only through a real change in the prevailing paradigm, regarding the action of these companies, we may be able in a near future to sustainably overcome the present difficulties.


ABSTRACT Effect of acidification on advanced oxidation performance of ozone-electrolysis was explored by experimental and theoretical approaches. A series of experiments revealed that ozone-electrolysis had a synergistic effect on 1,4-dioxane removal. Two radical production pathways, namely ozone self-decomposition and one-electron reduction of ozone, are involved in ozone-electrolysis. A series of discussions based on the contribution of HO˙ produced through ozone self-decomposition, chemical equilibrium of HO3˙/O3˙−, and equilibrium electrode potentials elucidated that acidification inhibited the one-electron reduction of ozone at the cathode through the enhancement of competitive two-electrons reduction of ozone by a change in the corresponding equilibrium electrode potential.


Variability is inherent in health processes and the diversity of implementation cases implies the need to control the modeling and management of those processes as well as their adaptation to highly dynamic environments. Research conducted within the AP-HM fits into this problematic. It is applied to the medication circuit and has led to the proposal of the V-BPMI approach for the description, management and adaptation of business processes. This paper treats the adaptation and presents a solution for dynamic adaptation. Starting from a database of process lines and process variants, a new process is dynamically constructed and deployed in a specific environment. Intentional and contextual descriptions of processes are the key point of the approach. MOTS-CLES : Processus metier, processus de sante, variabilite des processus, ligne de processus, variante de processus, adaptation dynamique.


Fresh water availability along coastal India is a critical issue pertaining to and affected by population explosion, rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. The coastal livelihood and infrastructure in India have subsequently grown post-independence without any substantial scientific planning for infrastructural developments such as public water distribution systems and wastewater drainage. Due to the predominant inconsistency in meeting the regular water consumption demands as against water availability, uncontrolled water distribution systems became critically responsible for harnessing our freshwater resources (surface water and groundwater). There is an ever-demanding need for strategic planning for Indian coastal cities with inclusive technological interventions to effectively utilise the available resources for achieving water sustainability. This paper reviews on the contemporary challenges and possible strategies for planning and implementing innovations in community water supply sector for coastal cities in India. Considering the pros and cons while strategic planning in the diverse geo-marine environment, we realise that ultimately the choice of water conservation mechanism must be unique for a given region, but consistent with the sustainable goals considering the overall well-being of the ultimate beneficiaries.


In this paper, we propose a formant frequency estimation method in the presence of noise. Usually the autocorrelation function of a noisy speech signal is employed in linear predictive analysis. The autocorrelation function itself, however, concentrates the noise components in the part of lower lags and suppresses the effect of noise in the other part. This property motivates the use of only a higher lag autocorrelation function sequence for the linear predictive analysis. However, it can not give a sufficient performance with the pre-emphasis involved in linear predictive analysis. In the proposed method, a windowless autocorrelation function is used and the pre-emphasis is modified according to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). By experiments on natural vowels in the presence of white and pink noise, it is shown that the performance of the proposed method is better than that of the conventional method at low SNR.


Objectives: A prospective observational study to analyze whether optimal weight gain in pregnancy with respect to pregestational body mass index (BMI) can influence pregnancy outcome.
Materials and Methods: The study was done in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology at Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital, Muzaffarpur, Bihar over a period of one year. Two hundred early booked (before 10 weeks) singleton pregnant women were involved. According to pregestational BMI, and total antenatal weight gain all women were categorized into groups and the pregnancy outcome was compared in different groups. All the data were statistically analyzed using Chi-square test for categorical variables and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test for continuous variables using the SPSS version16.
Results: Analysis shows antenatal weight gain has a statistically significant (P < 0.001) relation with pregestational BMI with a significant increase in antenatal complications and caesarean section associated with obesity but not with the total antenatal weight gain. However the birth weight of the baby has a significant relation with total antenatal weight gain.
Conclusion: Our study concluded that most of the Indian women do not have weight gain as per Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendation, with increased risk of medical and surgical complications in obese group of women.


A high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric(HPLC-MS/MS) method was established to analyse tiadinil residues in foodstuffs of animal origin.Samples were extracted with ethyl acetate using homogenate extraction technology.The supernatant was cleaned up by freezing lipid filtration and gel permeation chromatography(GPC),respectively.Then the extract was further cleaned up on a NH2(aminopropyl) solid phase extraction(SPE) cartridge,condensed to nearly dryness at 45 ℃ water bath,and redissolved with methanol and deionized water.The identification of tiadinil were carried out by MS/MS equipped with electrospray ionization(ESI) in negative scan and multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) mode.The quantification of tiadinil was performed by external standard method.The result indicated that limit of quantification(LOQ) was 10 μg/kg,and a good linearity between the peak area and concentration was obtained in the range of 10.0-100.0 μg/L.The recoveries of tiadinil from chicken,tilapia,beef and sheep liver sample at three spiked concentration levels of 10,20,50 μg/kg were in the range of 68%-110% with RSDs of 3.2%-15.2%.The method could meet the requirement for determination of tiadinil residues in foodstuffs of animal origin.


The precision of machine vision calibration is affected by those factors such as the loss of depth information, distortion of camera lens, and errors caused by image processing. In this paper machine vision system is developed by means of BP neural network with self- learning. There are 4 inputs, which are the image coordinates of a match point in left and right camera, and 3 outputs in the network. The sum square of errors between the outputs of the network and actual coordinates in world system is taken as performance index. The network weights are tuned in the light of gradient descend method and can be achieved stable value while the given sum square of errors is reached. Thus each projection matrix of two cameras of machine vision system can be replaced by the weights and the activation function of the neural network, and calibration of system is finished. Finally, the precision analysis is carried out for the system.


Equirephcate variance-balanced block designs possess many desirable properties and include several important subclasses of designs, such as balanced incomplete block designs. However, while attention has been paid to the derivation of properties and the construction of these designs, methods of analyzing experiments using these designs have not been developed completely. Thus, we consider models appropriate to these designs, construct test statistics for basic hypotheses and derive the distributions for these statistics. Four additive models that include all of the possible combinations of fixed and random effects are examined. The analyses are generalizations of the analyses for balanced incomplete block designs, and include the intra-block, intra-treatment and inter-block analyses, Estimators of fixed treatment effects and their distributions also are given.


Airway epithelium presents a key role in asthma pathogenesis. A complex signaling involving suppressor of cytokine signaling protein family (SOCS), janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) modulates asthma. Aerobic exercise (AE) reduces airway inflammation, but the role of SOCS-JAK-STAT mediating anti-inflammatory effects of exercise is unknown. Thus, 40 C57Bl/6 male mice were distributed in Control (Co), Exercise (Ex), Asthma (As) and Asthma+Exercise (As+Ex) groups. House dust mite (HDM - Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus; 100ug/mouse) was orotracheally administered once a week on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42. Low intensity treadmill aerobic training (1h/session, 5x/week, 4 weeks) was performed, beginning after the establishment of airway inflammation (day 17). Animals were euthanized on day 45. The results demonstrated that AE reduced HDM-increased total leukocytes (p


This paper proposes a force-reactive walking control framework for humanoid robots, which consists of ankle and stepping strategies for stabilization during physical human-robot interaction (pHRI). Contact forces measured by robotic skin are explicitly considered in the proposed framework. The ankle strategy aims to keep the footstep location and duration within a nominal range, and this strategy is used to generate physical cues to inform the human partner about the robot's walking intentions. Thereafter, only when the ankle strategy cannot keep the walking balance, the stepping strategy adjusts the footstep location, the duration of single support phase, and the timing to start the next step to follow the partner's intention, which is derived via the contact interaction. By exploiting these two strategies, pHRI can be achieved where intentions of the partner and the robot are mutually exchanged. In a real experiment with a full-sized humanoid robot, where the partner teaches the footstep to the robot, our proposed framework succeeded in adjusting the footstep according to multiple contact forces related to the partner's intention, while basically trying to keep its own nominal footstep.


IE Journalist Sue Osborne attended a recent TeachMeet at the Australian Catholic University, Sydney, to find out why these events are causing a buzz in education circles.


Sediment grain size,organic carbon content(TOC),carbonate content and stable carbon and oxygen isotopes of carbonates in the Dishaogouwan section on the south edge of the Mu Us desert in Inner Mongolia were sludied in this paper.Age data were used to establish an age model for this section.All the sedimentary and geochemical paleoenvironmental proxies were used to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental changes since 11 000 aBP,to 4 380 aBP,early to mid Holocene in this area.During the period from 11 000 aBP to 9 950 aBP,the study area was cool and dry.Precipitation in the south north part of Shanxi Loess Plateau and the water from melted Dishaogouwan frozen stratum were the main replenishment water for the Salawusu cathment.During the period of 9 950~9 100 aBP of early Holocene,temperature and precipitation increased with a high effective humidity,and the Dishaogouwan lake came into being.From 9 100 aBP to 5 850 aBP,temperature and precipitation continued to increase but effective humidity was a little lower,while the lake developed to its maximum and lasted for a long time.From 5 850 aBP to 5 100 aBP,temperature and precipitation started decreasing and the lake shrank at the same time.From 5 100 aBP to 4 700 aBP,palaeodune formed in this area under dry climate.There was a short period of temperature and rainfall rising during 4 500~4 380 aBP,and a small lake formed over a carbonate impermeable layer.Desertification has prevailed under the dry condition since 4 380 aBP up to present.


The ubiquitous generalist predator Andrallus spinidens (F.) is found in North Iran, which is dominantly cultivated with rice plants. Live and frozen larvae of Galleria mellonella L. and Ephestia kuehniella Zeller were offered to A. spinidens in order to assess their effects on reproductive performance. Predators consuming either live or frozen larvae of G. mellonella developed and weighed similarly, but those fed on live or frozen larvae of E. kuehniella had significantly different developmental times and body weights. Predators feeding on live larvae of E. kuehniella weighed more than those fed on corresponding frozen prey. The fecundity and longevity of the predator were affected neither by prey species nor by prey freezing; nevertheless, egg hatchability was mainly affected by prey freezing. Generally, the use of frozen larvae can be recommended when live prey are scarce.


A stable, high-intensity resonance lamp operated by a 2450 Mc/sec microwave power source has been developed which is of sufficient intensity and stability to be useful for the kinetic study of photochemical reactions. This light source has maintained a constant output (approximately 2 × 1017 quanta/sec for krypton) for times ranging from 80 h to 120 h. The optimum pressure of krypton in the lamp is 0.28 torr.


The article examines administrative workarounds in the context of university research administration. The empirical results from 116 semi-structured interviews with academic researchers with active National Science Foundation awards are framed by a "Rules Response" model positing relationships among rules compliance requests, administrative burden, red tape, and response choices, including compliance, appeal, rule bending, rule breaking, and workaround behaviors. Propositions are presented and reviewed in light of empirical results. The article concludes with implications of empirical results for improving the Rules Response model and a more general discussion of research needed to improve the understanding of both rules compliance and workarounds.


Yumi Kirapim Senis – Community Actions against Violence is a six part film series that captures the extraordinary work of individuals and organisations and their challenges in addressing gender-based violence (GBV) across Papua New Guinea. Innovative case studies were selected from 147 organisations in Papua New Guinea, to share the way they had developed solutions to GBV within their own communities. As a film series the stories supported the development of a PNG national GBV strategy. They are used as key advocacy materials highlighting the various experiences and complexities around the issue of GBV and how it can be addressed.


The extent to which drag can be used to enhance retrieval and servicing of platforms in the Space Staion environment is investigated for the case when separations on the order of several hundred or even thousands of kilometers occur over extended, but predefined, periods of time. The nature of the problem is formulated, the analytical tools used are described, and the mathematical foundation of the analysis is presented. Results are reported for the cases of formation flying cycles without ballistic coefficient control, formation flying with controlled relative decay, and the effects of varying solar activity.


This paper introduces the basic principle to correct the photometric linearity with optical superposition method,and its measuring method;Error equation of linearity correction is given;we also analyze the method of reducing by half multi serial high accuracy linearity correction and the interdependence of quantitative computation.


The automatic transfer of juveniles charged with serious crimes to adult court has become an increasingly common alternative to juvenile court handling in a number of states in the past two decades. Deterrence is one of the major arguments underlying this growth in the use of legislative waiver. This research evaluated the deterrent effect of the 1981 Idaho legislative waiver statute. Analyses of arrest data using a time series design indicated that this law did not reduce violent juvenile crime.


Research on the personality of addicts has generally dealt with psychopathological classification and been based on male samples. In this study, Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire comparisons were made between 1,735 male and 348 female addicts. The results indicate that (a) males are more guarded and females more anxious, (b) there is no indication of severe deviance for either sample, and (c) ethnicity by sex interactions may be important considerations in identifying personality differences. The discussion centers around the implications of this type of research for treatment strategies and modalities, and the need to avoid generalizations from one client population to another.


Objective To disscuss detation of the compose of antinuclear antibody(ANA):ANA,anti-ENA antibody,anti-dsDNA antibody in diagnosis of autoimmune diseases.Methods immunofluorescence was avvlied to detect ANA.Anti-ENA antibody was tested by immunoblotting technique.anti-dsDNA antibody was examined by dot-immunobinding technique.Results The positive rate of ANA in SLE,RA,AIH,ATP,SS,GN,PSS was 92.6 %,33.3 %,62.5 %,50.0 %,80.0 %,20.0 %,75.0 %.It is obvious higher than 4.0 % of normal.The positive rate of anti-dsDNA antibodies in SLE was 74.0 %,the specificity is 95.0 %.It was important for anti-ENA antibodies to detect which disease.And the specificity of anti-Sm for SLE,anti-Scl-70 for PSS was 100.0 %.Conclusion ANA is a important antibodies for self-immumological disease.Itcould use for firstly filtrate index.Anti-ENA antibodies could be use for detect which disease.Anti-ds DNA antibodies could be use for cure and survey index for SLE.


Laboring in the Fields of the Lord: Spanish Missions and Southeastern Indians. JERALD T. MILANICH. University Press of Rorida, Gainesville, 2006. xi + 210 pp., illus., biblio., index. $24.95 (paper). ISBN 0-8130-2966-X. Reviewed by Chris Cameron Behind the unassuming exterior of this book lies a journey through the history of Rorida's Spanish missions that both the lay reader and professional will find interesting. From the earliest conquistadors in the beginning of the 1500s to the end of the La Florida colony in 1762, Milanich aims to bring to light the history of the missions and their impact on the development of early Rorida under Spanish rule. A healthy sprinkling of maps ensures the reader is as aware as possible of the locations being mentioned, which could otherwise prove confusing due to some missions being moved to multiple sites by the Spanish in later years. The first chapter is largely an overview of the La Rorida colonial period and aims to tell the reader why this segment of the American past should be of importance to them. Short rundowns of mission activity in current-day Georgia and Florida and the nature of the Spanish military government's interactions with the Rorida Indian tribes are followed by an excellent case study of why textual evidence cannot be taken at face value in archaeological rediscovery of the past. In this particular instance, a bishop's report on the locations of missions assigned to the Timucuan Indians was incorrect for part of the La Rorida colony's existence due to the movement of various missions. The remainder of the first chapter is consumed by somewhat tedious, but necessary, site-by-site analysis of several mission locations (Santa Catalina de Guale in two incarnations and San Luis de Talimali) that are known from excavations. The second chapter takes the reader through the cultural patchwork of tribes that were in northern Rorida and the Georgian coastline at the time of contact with Europeans. Milanich is strikingly able not only to quickly and simply articulate major differences between tribes, such as whether they were agriculturalists, but also to explain to the reader some of the importance of differences in hierarchy and social organization. Continuing in chronological order, the author manages to relate the adventures of the entire list of Spanish conquistadors and would-be early settlers as they all entered and eventually left the La Rorida colony. Despite the large number of non-Anglo names of the people and some of the places involved, the reader is still able to easily follow the sequence of events as we know them, thanks largely to the copious numbers of illustrations and maps detailing the course of the expeditions. The fourth chapter details the failure of Jesuit missionaries to penetrate the native tribes of La Rorida, as well as the mixed success of the military government's endeavors once St. Augustine was established. The attitudes of the Spanish of this period are also probed with a number of translated portions of correspondence by the Jesuit missionaries who would eventually the in La Florida, either making no converts or being forced to leave for Spain and other colonies. Next Milanich enters the period of Franciscan missionization. This time period provides us with the few missions archaeologically known. Conversion of native chiefs and co-opting local hierarchical structures on behalf of the Spanish crown finally begins to appear, and Milanich is careful to catalogue both the long-term success of that approach and the immediate confrontations that also resulted. The author again thankfully provides maps with locations of the various missions in the different Indian territories, as all missions were named by the feast day they opened on, making for some confusing lists of saints and occasionally duplicate names in different regions of the colony. …


The death and resurrection of Jesus are not only the heart of the Christian profession of faith but are also the main themes of the Church's preaching. This is witnessed by the apostle Paul in his First Letter to the Corinthians (ca. 55 A.D.) which contains in 1 Cor 15:1-11 what seems to be the oldest Christian profession of faith. This passage, including 1 Cor 15:3b-5, is presented by Paul as the kernel of the Gospel which he himself received and which he in turn preached to others. In this way, Paul demonstrates that Christian preaching is essentially the "transmission of the Gospel!" Transmitted in this fashion, the Gospel centers on four realities concerning Christ: his death, burial, resurrection and subsequent apparitions as the Risen Christ (15:3b-8). It is important that the authenticity of the Gospel preached in his fashion can be testified to by eye-witnesses, well-known personalities and holders of responsible positions in the early Church (15:5-7). Paul is able to count himself among these witnesses (15:8). Holding firmly to the message of the Gospel, proclaimed by Paul and the early Church (15:11), brings salvation to every human being.


Abstract Background: As the use of e-cigarettes has increased globally, so has the debate about their safety and how they should be regulated. A primary source of information available to the public about the health effects of vaping are media articles, but it is unknown how the public might interpret and use media messaging to form or justify their positions on the regulation of vaping. This study analysed public comments on online media articles to investigate how contested claims about the health effects of e-cigarettes might influence the way people conceptualise the risks and benefits of vaping products, and their opinions on how they should be regulated. Methods: Thematic analysis of 424 online comments on two New York Times articles about vaping. Results: When responding to media articles about the health effects of e-cigarettes, there was significant public debate about what constituted "adequate" evidence on harms. Concerns about the health risks of vaping often centred on pre-existing beliefs about the addictiveness and toxicity of nicotine and "chemicals", as opposed to scientific information presented in the media article. Claims about conflicts of interests among stakeholders referenced in the media articles were very common. Conclusions: Mixed messages in health communications about e-cigarettes are reflected in public debates. Consistent and accurate messaging about the health effects of nicotine, and the continuum of harm of nicotine products, is needed for people to make informed choices about nicotine products.


Two recent judgments of the Spanish Supreme Court's Civil Chamber have established a new judicial doctrine on the assessment of damages arising from road accidents injuries. Both judgments have held that "injuries (...) are assessed according to the legal regime in force at the moment in which they were caused, but in order to establish the final award they should be monetarily assessed at the moment of the hospital discharge". Thus, the Supreme Court puts and end to the diversity of criteria among the Courts of Appeals, in particular, the date-of-the-judgment and the date-of-the accident rules.


In a number of investigations, one can find the data on the He(γ,p)T and He(γ,n)He reaction cross sections in the collinear geometry, which are due to spin S=1 transitions of the final-state particles. The ratio of the differential cross section in the collinear geometry to the differential reaction cross section at the nucleon emission angle θN=90 ◦, and specified by the S=0 electric dipole transition at photon energies in the range 20≤ Eγ ≤100MeV, is independent of the photon energy, within the experimental error. In the meantime, experiments were made to measure the asymmetry of the cross section Σ(θN ), for the mentioned reactions with linearly polarized photons. It has been found that in the energy range between 20 and 90MeV, the Σ(θN ) value is also independent of the photon energy, within the experimental error. These data are in agreement with the assumption that transitions with spin S=1 can be due to the contribution of 3P0 states of the He nucleus, and are inconsistent with the assumption that the spin-flip of the particle system occurred during the reaction as a result of the meson exchange current contribution. The available measured data on the collinear geometry reaction cross sections and the ones on the cross-section asymmetry of the reaction with linearly polarized photons do not agree between themselves. The above mentioned reactions seem to be more convenient for measuring the degree of photon beams linear polarization than the deuteron photodisintegration reactions.


Abstract Knowledge of what outcomes are most meaningful to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) stakeholders is limited. In this qualitative study, patients and clinicians endorsed personalized physical activity, symptoms, and psychosocial well‐being as key outcomes to assess PAH treatment response, yet few are routinely measured in PAH clinical trials.


One of the concerns in developing magnesium sheet with room temperature formability, is the complex deformation behavior it exhibits compared to other structural alloys. Owing to its strong plastic anisotropy, crystallographically informed models are required for the prediction of plasticity and failure. Significant effort has been made to develop and use crystal plasticity models to predict the macroscopic stress-strain response of magnesium alloys both under simple monotonic loading paths (e.g. tension and compression along different loading directions), e.g. [1], and more complex loading paths (e.g. various biaxial loading paths), e.g. [2]. Our work in this area has relied heavily on the use of mean-field selfconsistent crystal plasticity simulations (i.e. the Los Alamos Visoplastic Self Consistent Model [3]). Recognizing, however, the microscale plastic strain heterogeneity found in magnesium alloys, however, raises questions about the limits of such mean-field assumptions.


The distribution of the mass and energy of the ejecta from the impact of gabbroic anorthosite objects at 7 .5, 15, and 30 km/sec. on a half-space of similar material is described for planetary objects having the mass and radius of the moon and Mercury. For impact flows for which the peak stresses have decayed to a few kilobars, both the resulting mass and total energy distribution per unit area, S, decrease with radius, R, more slowly than the - 3 power of the radius, and the formula of the form: /n_(10)S = A + B /n_(10)R + C(/n^(10)R)^2 always displays a negative sign for the constant, C. The value of C is more negative for ejecta distributions on Mercury versus the moon. A newly recognized feature of the ejecta cloud is the near constancy with range of the ratio of internal energy to kinetic energy of ~1.1 to ~3 for material launched within a few shock transit times of the meteorite, whereas at times corresponding to many shock transit times in the meteorite this ratio exceeds ~10 when R ≥ l0^4 cm. Calculated "stratigraphic" sections indicate characteristics such that
such units might be recognized in Apollo drill core on the basis of shock metamorphic zoning. The initial fast ejecta which arrives at great distances from the impact zone is lightly shocked, and largely represents target material which was near or at the free surface. Where resolved, this layer is overlain by a 5 to 10 times thicker, more heavily shocked ejecta layer. The latter is again overlain by a layer of lightly shocked material. The latter thickens rapidly toward the crater.


Endothelial dysfunction is an independent predictor for cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) reportedly exerts vasodilatory actions and inh...


Transistors have provided the basis of modern electronics. Being relatively intricate devices, and often exhibiting intense parameter variation, this type of electronic devices has motivated much research interest especially regarding their characterization and modeling. In this work, we apply a recently reported modeling methodology, based on the Early effect, for characterizing new old stock NPN and PNP small signal germanium junction transistors and comparing them to more modern silicon bipolar junction devices. The Early approach is special in the sense that its two parameters, namely the Early voltage $V_a$ and a proportionality parameter $s$, are fixed and independent of transistor operation. Remarkable results are obtained, including the fact that the four considered groups, namely NPN and PNP germanium and silicon devices, occupy mostly non-overlapping regions in the Early parameter space, with PNP devices presenting larger parameter variability in both cases. Surprisingly, the considered germanium devices exhibited smaller parameter variability than observed for the silicon counterparts. When mapped into the more traditional space defined by the current gain and output resistance parameters, the four transistor groups exhibited much larger overlaps and yielded a clustering structure much less organized than allowed by the Early mapping. This result suggest that the Early representation of transistors is more compatible and inherently related to the structure of amplifying devices such as those considered in this work. In addition, it was verified that the center of mass of each of the NPN-PNP pairs of germanium and silicon devices are crossed by respective $\beta$-isolines for gains of 130 and 250, respectively. Germanium devices were also characterized as having smaller output resistance and smaller magnitudes of Early voltage.


Accurate estimation of the groundwater budget requires good estimate of flux across the boundary of a region. Different methods and techniques are available to estimate recharge to groundwater however methods for estimation of flux across boundaries are not available. The present article represents a GISbased methodology to estimate the groundwater flow rate and volume of water flux across the boundary. Groundwater level data (pre-monsoon and postmonsoon) are used to derive detailed maps like flow direction, hydraulic gradient and velocity component perpendicular to the boundary. For the study area, the calculated flux through the simplified boundary average 6.63 × 10 5 m 3 for monsoon period, 13.75 × 10 5 m 3 for non-monsoon period and 20.38 × 10 5 m 3 annually. Flux of monsoon period varies from maximum of 11.41 × 10 5 m 3 in 2003 to minimum of 0.83 × 10 5 m 3 in the year 2013 and for annual period it varies from maximum 38.8 × 10 5 m 3 in 2003-04 to minimum -7.94 × 10 5 m 3 in 2012-13.


Aged tendon and connective tissue contain very little tropocollagen which may be extracted by dilute solutions of neutral salts or acetic acid (Jackson and Bentley, 1960). Collagen from these tissues is usually prepared by mechanical removal of noncollagenous materials (Neuman, 1949), or by the thermal conversion of the insoluble collagen to its derived soluble gelatin (Jackson, 1957). A recent Japanese patent (No. 9295/63, Nishihara, 1963) describes the isolation of soluble collagen from ox-hide after pre-treatment of the minced tissue with oc-amylase and extraction of the collagen in dilute hydrochloric acid. This technique seems to offer great advantages over the previous methods and it has been applied successfully to the large scale isolation of soluble collagen from connective tissue obtained from normal and rheumatoid arthritic patients. Hip joint tissue used in this work was kindly provided by Mr. J. Charnley of the Wrightington Hospital, Wigan. Knee joint tissue was provided by Mr. Jack Stevens, Western Infirmary, Glasgow.


Background: Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) for transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was developed in response to concerns about inappropriate utilization of TTE. Our aim was to prospectively study the impact of an AUC-based educational intervention on TTE ordering among housestaff on the inpatient General Internal Medicine Service at an academic medical center. Methods: We conducted a prospective, time series analysis of an educational intervention designed to reduce inappropriate TTE ordering from February-May 2012, which was compared to TTE ordering on the same general medical service during a control period (February-May 2011). The intervention consisted of: 1) a lecture to housestaff on the 2011 AUC for TTE, 2) a pocketcard that applies the AUC to common clinical scenrarios and, 3) bimonthly feedback on ordering behavior via email. The primary outcome was the proportion of inappropriate and appropriate TTEs ordered during the intervention period. Results: 98.2% of all TTEs ordered in the control and s...


The study aimed at investigating the impact of using Edmodo on improving writing skills of the middle school pupils. To fulfill the purpose of the study, the instrument was constructed (an EFL writing test). The instrument was administered before and after the experiment to measure the students' level. The validity and reliability of the study instrument was established before their use in the study. The quasi-experimental design had been adopted in the study. The participants of the study consisted of 28 pupils of eighth graders at Adwaa Alhedaya International Schools, in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where 14 pupils represented the experimental group and 14 represented the control group. Edmodo was implemented with the experimental group, whereas the control group received the regular teaching. Results of the study revealed that practicing EFL writing through Edmodo led to significant improvement in students writing skills. Therefore, it was concluded that using Edmodo as a mean of communicating and practicing the English language was highly effective in improving the participants' performance.


In this paper the interest is in testing the null hypothesis of positive quadrant dependence (PQD) between two random variables. Such a testing problem is important since prior knowledge of PQD is a qualitative restriction that should be taken into account in further statistical analysis, for example, when choosing an appropriate copula function to model the dependence structure. The key methodology of the proposed testing procedures consists of evaluating a "distance" between a nonparametric estimator of a copula and the independence copula, which serves as a reference case in the whole set of copulas having the PQD property. Choices of appropriate distances and nonparametric estimators of copula are discussed, and the proposed methods are compared with testing procedures based on bootstrap and multiplier techniques. The consistency of the testing procedures is established. In a simulation study the authors investigate the finite sample size and power performances of three types of test statistics, Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Cramér–von‐Mises, and Anderson–Darling statistics, together with several nonparametric estimators of a copula, including recently developed kernel type estimators. Finally, they apply the testing procedures on some real data. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 38: 555–581; 2010 © 2010 Statistical Society of Canada


The paper deals with power characteristics of magnetically coupled coils in resonant mode. The dependences of the consumed power from an electric power system, the power transmitted to the secondary circuit, and the efficiency of the system on the frequency are considered. In addition, electrical parameters of the coil are determined by means of computer simulation.


The reversible photochromic molecule azobenzene was encapsulated into pores of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) using a modified liquid-phase epitaxial layer-by-layer method successfully. The obtained thin film not only has an oriented, homogeneous film with effective guest encapsulation but also has an isomerization between trans- and cis-azobenzene in MOF pores under UV and visible light irradiation. Furthermore, the photoluminescent property was studied for azobenzene loaded HKUST-1 thin film with different temperature. This facile preparation strategy and optical property of photochromic guest encapsulation into porous MOF thin film will provide the development of new optical thin film materials possessing photoswitching and photoluminescent properties.


Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, which enables growth of carbon nanotubes directly onto substrates, is potentially suitable for preparing carbon nanotubes as electron sources in field emission displays. In this article, we report the growth of aligned carbon nanotubes by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and investigate the effect of various parameters on the growth. Comparison among three catalysts (Fe, Co, and Ni) revealed that Fe gives the longest carbon nanotubes, while Co gives the carbon nanotubes with the smallest diameter. The growth of the carbon nanotubes strongly depends on the treatment time in the plasma. Field emission characteristics from the carbon nanotubes grown by the microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition are also shown.


This article provides new insight into previous and new experimental data regarding behaviour of small-scale density fluctuations in T-10 ohmic and electron cyclotron resonance heated (ECRH) discharges. The experiments demonstrate the existence of certain peaked–'marginal' normalized plasma pressure profiles in both ohmic and discharges with on-axis ECRH. Strong particle confinement degradation occurred when the normalized plasma pressure gradient exceeded this marginal profile gradient (fast density decay in ohmic, 'density pump out' in ECRH). The marginal profile could be achieved either with a flat density and peaked temperature profile or vice versa. Minimal turbulence level did not depend on heating power and was observed with the 'optimal' pressure profile, which was slightly broader than the marginal profile. The density fluctuations did not significantly contribute to the heat transport but determined particle fluxes to maintain the pressure profile. The experimental density behaviour could be reasonably described with the modified model of canonical profiles, which includes particle confinement deterioration under marginal pressure profile conditions.


Coitus or artificial insemination (IS) in
 mares is always followed by an immigration of leukocytes into the endometrium and into the uterine
 lumen which is dominated by polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes
 (PMN). This physiological reaction aims at the elimination of residual
 spermatozoa and contaminating bacteria.
 After
 breeding, some mares develop a persistent endometritis, resulting in poor
 pregnancy rates. PMN are considered to play an important role in the
 pathogenesis of these breeding-induced, persistent endometritis. Rather few
 is known about the dynamics of the PMN influx into the uterus, especially
 after repeated IS, and about factors which exert an influence on this
 process. Further, less is known about the functional properties of
 intrauterine PMN. At
 first, an animal model for the simulation of a repeated IS has been
 established. The aim was to generate a methodological tool which allows for
 the quantification and characterization uterine PMN functionality after
 single or repeated IS as well as the analysis of the respective pregnancy
 rates. Initial experiments showed that intrauterine application of fresh
 semen and of the chemokine recombinant human Interleukin 8 (rhIL-8) result in
 a comparable PMN influx into the uterus. As already known from previous work
 with rhIL-8, fresh semen provoked maximal intrauterine PMN numbers six hours
 after IS, a number which is still elevated after 48 hours. Therefore, for
 simulated repeated IS, mares were infused with rhIL-8 on day 1 and 24 hours
 later inseminated with fresh semen. Mares of the control group received a
 single IS of fresh semen. To harvest uterine leukocytes, the uterus was
 flushed six hours after IS (or after infusion with rhIL-8) with phosphate
 buffered saline (PBS) – a technique similar to the embryo transfer
 technique. Flow
 cytometric methods were used to quantify immigrated uterine leukocytes as
 well as to test their viability, their morphology, their phenotype and their
 phagocytic capacity. All parameters were compared with contemporary separated
 blood PMN. Defined
 and reproducible experimental conditions were created by defining endometrium
 categories by histology and by clinical and microbiological examinations as
 well as by ovulation synchronization. All
 investigations were performed in two successive breeding seasons (two
 experiment sets). In the first experiment, the mean PMN influx was comparable
 after single and repeated IS (18-43 x 106 leukocytes/ml with
 ≥ 99% PMN). In both groups, uterine PMN showed up with altered
 expression densities of function associated surface molecules when compared
 to autologous blood PMN: MHC class I, CD44 and CD11a were always weaker
 expressed compared to blood PMN. No significant differences could be observed
 between uterine PMN which were attracted after single or (simulated) repeated
 IS. Compared to blood PMN, the phagocytosis of opsonized streptococci was
 significantly lower in uterine PMN of both animal groups. Again, no
 difference showed up between uterine PMN after single or repeated IS. In the
 second experiment, significantly elevated uterine PMN numbers (compared to
 the first experiment) could be observed after single IS (103 x 106
 vs. 35 x 106 PMN/ml). Therefore, relevant insemination components
 were tested for their chemo-attractive potential in vitro (transmigration
 chamber). Sperm cells, especially those with damaged cell membrane proved to
 be chemo-attractive for blood PMN. The used skim milk / egg yolk-extender was equally chemo-attractive. In
 contrast, seminal plasma strongly inhibited the rhIL-8- and extender-induced
 PMN transmigration. This
 indicates, that under unfavorable conditions (low sperm cell viability,
 extender choice, removal of seminal plasma) the IS can result in a too strong
 and not physiological PMN influx into the uterus. The
 established animal model provided some evidence that repeated IS does not
 lead to a significant change in quality and quantity of intrauterine PMN.
 Initial data which indicate a decreased pregnancy rate after repeated IS
 should be validated in a larger mare population. Moreover, future studies
 should focus intensively on the inflammation regulating capacity of
 inseminate components - especially of the different semen extenders - and the
 consequences of a repeated IS in susceptible mares.


Abstract Cyanobacteria are natural components of many freshwater bodies worldwide. In Russian lakes, the presence of potentially toxic cyanobacteria was also frequently observed. Our study was conducted in Sestroretskij Razliv Lake (Razliv) and Lower Suzdal Lake (Suzdal) in Saint Petersburg region, Northwestern Russia, which differ from one another in eutrophic status and composition of the phytoplankton community. In large, shallow, artificial and hypertrophic Razliv, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Microcystis spp. dominated. Fourteen microcystin variants were identified in this lake. The maximum concentration of extracellular microcystins was 41.37 μg l−1. In eutrophic and shallow Suzdal, dominated by Planktothrix agardhii, nine microcystin variants and anatoxin-a (<0.54 μg l−1) were found. The maximum total concentration of extracellular MCs in this lake was 2.89 μg l−1. Regular studies into the production of cyanotoxins in these water bodies were carried out for the first time. The analyses performed with the application of high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry revealed the presence of microcystins in 59% of the samples collected during a 3-year study. Since both lakes are used for recreational purposes, the regular monitoring program should be implemented to protect water users from a potential risk that was identified in our study.


This thesis investigates the correlation between public funding of postsecondary institutions and the enrollment of low-income students. The data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) is used to construct a sample of institutions for the years 2000, 2003, and 2007. The thesis examines financial aid characteristics, enrollment patterns, and institutional differences for each of those years to determine if the composition of enrollment is changing over time in response to public funding while controlling for differences between institutions.


To compare the costs and effectiveness of treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), including watchful waiting, pharmaceuticals (α‐blockers, 5‐α‐reductase inhibitors, combined therapy), transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT), and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).


The relationship between children's consiousness of gymnastics and the training items was analyzed based on a relevant method of fuzzy mathematics,from which the reference value of the close relation between them is found,which provides a objective basis for scientific training.


The present report deals mainly with a description of three conspicuous characters which appeared in male-sterile durum and other Emmer wheats with ovata cytoplasm, and also in ovata plants with durum cytoplasm.1) Retardation of vegetative growth occurs in all strains possessing the ovata cytoplasm and Emmer genomes. Its retardation begins at germination, and heading delays for about two weeks as compared with normal Emmer wheats. The degree of retardation is more striking in the group sown at unusual seasons than in those at the normal conditions, and varies with the different strains used as pollinators. On the other hand, ovata plants with durum cytoplasm have also shown a delayed heading over one week, in spite of having a normal pollen production.2) Male-sterile Emmer plants possess a considerably lower culm than normal plants. The difference in plant height between normal and male-sterile plants is distinguishable clearly and varies with the time of sowing, showing a greater difference in the later sowing than in the earlier sowing.3) A conspicuous chlorophyll variegation of whitish dots and stripes appears in male-sterile durum strains. Its appearance varies with the growing stages, showing a maximum symptom during the winter season. In some Emmer strains with ovata cytoplasm, no variegated leaves were observed. Reciprocally substituted plants consisting of ovata genomes and durum cytoplasm do not show any chlorophyll veriegation, having normal pollen production.


According to relative contents of personnels in the ISO/IEC17025:2005,based on the researches and practices of management mode of long-term personnel training in our laboratory,the article describes a new idea and new method on the systematization,regulation and formation of application of personnel training, and summarizes the effect of the personnel training on self-perfection and sustainable development.


R.G. Collingwood's ideas are often considered difficult to locate in the main lines of 20th century philosophy. Some have read Collingwood as anticipating the later Wittgenstein, others have concentrated exclusively on the internal coherence of his thought. As the first introductory book on this major modern philosopher, Peter Johnson examines his work through direct engagement with his arguments. The text takes the form of a conversation with Collingwood on the topics that interested him: philosophy and method; philosophy of mind; language and logic; the historical imagination; art and expression; action; and metaphysics and life.


One of the first operations in the technology of post-harvest processing of a combine heap is preliminary cleaning, which makes it possible to increase the flowability of the material and reduce the cost of drying. In the farms of the North-Western region of the Russian Federation, the grain heap coming from the fields to the processing lines of grain-cleaning and drying complexes is characterized by increased grain mass contamination (15 ... 20%) and a multicomponent composition of trash, which, along with an increase in the moisture content of the grain heap, has a negative effect on the efficiency of the pre-cleaning machines. At grain cleaning and drying points, machines of various designs are used for preliminary grain cleaning. In most cases, they are not intended for separating small weed fractions and separating feed grain, when cleaning a heap with a moisture content of 26 ... 30% or more, their productivity decreases 1.5 ... 2 times. As a result, the wellness of the grain mass is sharply reduced, which in turn reduces the efficiency of storage bins, dryers, as well as machines for primary and secondary grain cleaning. Fundamentally new approaches to the development of designs for grain pre-cleaning machines are required. They must have a high productivity for the coordinated and efficient operation of the entire technological line, as well as carry out preliminary cleaning of grain with its simultaneous separation into feed and seed fractions. Heap cleaners are needed that are capable of separating clean forage from the grain heap already at the first operation, so that it does not need to be additionally cleaned of large weeds and sand, but only needs to be dried on a separate technological line. The pre-cleaner must have a developed air-sieve system and have perfect under-sowing sieves to separate small weed seeds


In this paper we focus on the assumption of a common efficient frontier when performing an efficiency study for the banking sector. The fact that environmental factors that are not appropriately controlled may easily bias efficiency estimates. Fir s t, we es tima te a co mmo n cos t an d pr ofit f ro nt i e r. I n th i s firs t s tag e , as an i n novation to the literature, we use exogenously computed input prices rather than the normally used endogenous input prices. Second, we regress the estimated inefficiencies on a set of a bank's strategic choices, local banking market variables, and local (regional) macro variables. For the analysis, we use a unique dataset of 401 largely independent cooperative local banks in the Netherlands for the years 1998 and 1999. Our results show that the use of exogenous input prices rather than endogenous input prices is particularly important for the cost frontier as the spread in cost inefficiencies becomes larger and more plausible. Our second stage results suggest that most of the estimated inefficiency indeed is managerial (X-) inefficiency. Environmental factors do play a role, but only to a limited extent.


School is a preparation for pupils' active participation in society. According to the school curriculum (Lpf 94) every pupil should be able to influence, take responsibility and participate in the ...


Abstract Objective  The aim of this study was to determine which late-preterm (35–36 weeks' gestational age [GA]) and term neonates with early-onset hypoglycemia in the first 72 hours postnatal required a continuous glucose infusion to achieve and successfully maintain euglycemia. Study Design  This is a retrospective cohort study of late preterm and term neonates born in 2010–2014 and admitted to the Mother-Baby Unit at Parkland Hospital who had laboratory-proven blood glucose concentration < 40 mg/dL (2.2 mmol/L) during the first 72 hours of life. Among the subgroup needing intravenous (IV) glucose infusion, we analyzed which factors predicted a maximum glucose infusion rate (GIR) ≥ 10 mg/kg/min. The entire cohort was randomly divided into a derivation cohort ( n  = 1,288) and a validation cohort ( n  = 1,298). Results  In multivariate analysis, the need for IV glucose infusion was associated with small size for GA, low initial glucose concentration, early-onset infection, and other perinatal variables in both cohorts. A GIR ≥ 10 mg/kg / min was required in 14% of neonates with blood glucose value < 20 mg/dL during the first 3 hours of observation. The likelihood of a GIR ≥ 10 mg/kg/min was associated with lower initial blood glucose value and lower umbilical arterial pH. Conclusion  Need for IV glucose infusion was associated with small size for GA, low initial glucose concentration, early-onset infection, and variables associated with perinatal hypoxia–asphyxia. The likelihood of a maximum GIR ≥ 10 mg/kg/min was greater in neonates with lower blood glucose value during the first 3 hours of observation and lower umbilical arterial pH. Key Points We studied 51,973 neonates ≥ 35 weeks' GA. We established a model predicting the need for IV glucose. We also predicted the need for a high rate of IV glucose.


All-integrated modelocked Yb-fiber lasers are very attractive for a wide range of potential applications, including micromachining, spectroscopy, metrology, nonlinear imaging and several clinical applications. The adoption of these lasers beyond laboratory environments is hindered because of the sensitivity of modelocking operation against external perturbations. In non-polarization maintaining (non-PM) fibers, temperature changes, fiber bending and other mechanical perturbations, can influence the birefringence properties of the fibers which can result in degradation of device performance and eventually losing of modelocking. Since environmental instabilities in fiber lasers mainly arise from induced changes in the birefringence of non-PM fibers, the straightforward approach to make the laser robust against them is to use PM fibers with light polarized only along the slow axis [1,2]. A major challenge to develop operational and environmentally stable fiber lasers delivering high fidelity femtosecond pulses at 1 µ m wavelength is to realize good higher order dispersion compensation and to manage intracavity nonlinearities. order fiber


Boron abundances in A- and B-type stars may be a successful way to track evolutionary effects in these hot stars. The light elements -- Li, Be, and B -- are tracers of exposure to temperatures more moderate than those in which the H-burning CN-cycle operates. Thus, any exposure of surface stellar layers to deeper layers will affect these light element abundances. Li and Be are used in this role in investigations of evolutionary processes in cool stars, but are not observable in hotter stars. An investigation of boron, however, is possible through the B II 1362=C5 resonance line.
We have gathered high resolution spectra from the IUE database of A- and B-type stars near 10~M$_\odot$ for which nitrogen abundances have been determined (by Gies & Lambert, 1992, and Venn 1995). The B II 1362=C5 line is blended throughout the temperature range of this program, requiring spectrum syntheses to recover the boron abundances. For no star could we synthesize the 1362=C5 region using the meteoritic/solar boron abundance of log(B) =3D 2.88 (Anders & Grevesse 1989); a lower boron abundance was necessary which may reflect evolutionary effects (e.g., mass loss or mixing near the main-sequence), the natal composition of the star forming regions, or a systematic error in the analyses (e.g., non-LTE effects). Regardless of the initial boron abundance, and despite the possibility of non-LTE effects, it seems clear that boron is severely depleted in some stars. It may be that the nitrogen and boron abundances are anticorrelated, as would be expected from mixing between the H-burning and outer stellar layers. If, as we suspect, a residue of boron is present in the A-type supergiants, we may exclude a scenario in which mixing occurs continuously between the surface and the deep


Ubiquity's senior editor Dr. Bushra Anjum chats with Dr. Shaimaa Lazem, an associate research professor at SRTA-City Egypt. They discuss how computer science curricula should aim at increasing students' sensibilities and appreciation of the differences in the worldviews, skills, and abilities of technology users; as well as teach students how to harness and embrace these differences in technology design.


As a result of the oil-price explosion during the 1970s, there is a major emphasis on oil loss and internal accounting of plant inventory. Because inventory is generally equal to the monthly throughput of a refinery, it is essential that it be measured accurately. Following is an inventory-error analysis that addresses this important subject and: Assists users to intelligently select instruments with the appropriate performance to accomplish the desired accuracy. This approach can aid in identifying the measurements with greatest influence because 10% of measurements contribute 90% of the errors. Considers the factors that affect the accuracy limits achievable in measuring volumes of oil using tank level and temperature measurements. Gives equations estimating the magnitude of both systematic and random errors for cylindrical storage tanks. Incorporates the ''model'' in a BASIC language tank-inventory-error program that can be run on almost any computer.


The exploration and development of the shale in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Chongqing area has shown that gas production here is commercially viable. In contrast, the Longmaxi Formation shale in Hunan shows that gas production is not commercial. Why is there such a difference between the Chongqing and Hunan areas for the same formation. A mount of previous studies showed that gas is stored primarily in the organic matter (OM) pores in shale. This study has investigated the Longmaxi shale from two well locations in Chongqing and Hunan in order to understand whether differences in pore structure are the cause of the difference in commerciality in the two areas. The formation burial histories were established, analyzing samples for mineral composition, total organic carbon (TOC) content, thermal maturity (R o), and OM pore structures. The results show that the Longmaxi shale in Chongqing and Hunan has similar TOC content and R o. The average TOC content is above 3.0% for samples from both areas, and the thermal maturity was all between 2.4 and 2.9%. OM pores of the Longmaxi shale in Chongqing are abundant in number and relatively large sized, with mostly circular and oval shapes. In contrast, the number and size of the OM pores in the Longmaxi shale in Hunan are small, and the shape is irregular. OM pore structure of the Longmaxi shale in Chongqing is therefore favorable for preservation of gas. The poor pore structure of the Longmaxi shale in Hunan is not conducive to gas preservation. The OM pore structure difference of the Longmaxi shale in Chongqing and Hunan is determined by the formation burial history. The Longmaxi shale in the Chongqing area experienced rapid burial in the Early Jurassic and rapid uplift in the Late Cretaceous. The Longmaxi Formation in Hunan experienced rapid burial in the Early Triassic and rapid uplift in the Early Jurassic. The long evolution time (100 Ma) of the Longmaxi shale in Chongqing produced a large amount of gas supply and enough storage space (OM pores) for the gas occurrence, which makes the amount of gas be preserved in geological history. The short evolution time (50 Ma) of the Longmaxi shale in Hunan produced insufficient gas supply and not enough OM pores in reservoir, which leads to gas loss in geological history, resulting in low gas content. Therefore, to evaluate the potential of shale gas, the evolution time of organic matter must be considered. In other words, the time interval between rapid subsidence and uplift of formation during geological history must be considered.


This paper describes the experiences and identification of training materials, tools, musical elements, procedures, dynamic and information that enable one Active Listening level Directed and later, through the process of teaching and learning, encourage and guide students to undertake this practice alone, regardless of genre, so the objective of cultural diversity. Through repertoire selected for research in the classroom and educational criteria were performed situations and procedures though musical experiences that have enabled students passion for music, thus causing the appreciation and music education with quality. This article presents the importance of active listening to students who have musical education classes and the benefits that this provides listening through results. The same is directed not only to music education professionals, but also to those interested in the theme by providing capturing means of music teaching resources and their organization.