AUTHOR Hesse, Kathy; And Others TITLE The Comprehension and Producation of Interrogatives in the Language of Normal and Retarded Children: A Review and Analysis, Occasional Paper No. 32. INSTITUTION Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis. Research, Development, and Demonstration Center in Education of Handicapped Children. SPONS AGENCY Bureau of Education for the Handicapped (DHEW/OE), Washington, D.C. REPORT NO 332189 PUB DATE Feb 75 GRANm OEG-09-332189-4533(032) NOTE 88p.


While depressed conditions have adversely affected newsroom conditions over the past few years, in 2013 an enormous amount, about R70-million, was invested in training journalists.And, in some cases, even more will be invested in 2014. But many trainers observe that newsrooms are under-staffed and under-resourced, the lack of formal mentorships these days is a worrying trend, and there are no 'train the trainer' programmes anymore.


We prove with a general-relativistic model that the Dark Matter can be substituted by a gravitational-rotational force. To be determinate, we have considered the instance of theMilky Way.


In the peasant war towards the late Yuan Dynasty,scholar-officials fell into unprecedented crisis and dilemma.On the one hand,they endured war-threatening life crisis and cultural crisis,and they felt helpless,resentment and sad in the war.On the other hand,the war also caused the splitting personality and psychological alienation of literary intelligentsias,made them not know what to do next.They hovered between the official career and retirement,loyalty and rebellion.Moreover,they began to doubt the Confucian ethics and morals.Thus,complicated value choices and idea courses were presented among them.


In this section we discuss the application of different theoretical models to two types of prototypical fuel cell reactions. On the one hand, we discuss the electrocatalysis of the electrooxidation C1 (CO, HCOOH and CH3OH) molecules. On the other hand, we consider theoretical aspects of the oxygen reduction reaction, with special emphasis in the most recent developments in the theoretical field.

Keywords:

Adsorption of intermediates in electrochemical reactions;
electrocatalysis;
bifunctional catalysts;
under-potential deposited layers;
reaction mechanisms for oxygen electrode


ABSTRACTIn this article, the thesis that the id is conscious [Solms, (2013a) The conscious id. Neuropsychoanalysis, 15(1), 5–19] is scrutinized by carving out a crucial implicit assumption on which...


In [1], J. Eells and L. Lemaire introduced the notion of a k-harmonic map. In this paper we study the case k = 2, derive the first and second variational formulas of the 2-harmonic maps, give nontrivial examples of 2-harmonic maps and give proofs of nonexistence theorems of stable 2-harmonic maps.


Background
Tobacco smoking is the largest preventable risk factor for morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. Due to the fact that a great number of people have difficulties to stop completely, reduced smoking could be a good alternative. The term used in this context is harm reduction. On the assumption that the harm to health can be restricted by the reduction of cigarette consumption, complete abstinence is not the only acceptable result. The effects of harm reduction are still unclear.
Aim
This study examines the feasibility of harm reduction. It examines if it is possible to reduce the cigarette consumption within three weeks and tries to find out which strategies help to reduce smoking. Further, this study examines which aspects explain the reduction and if the intention to stop can be enhanced by reduction.

Methods
Explorative-experimental research is done by students who smoke. Within three weeks seventeen participants try to reduce their cigarette consumption by fifty percent. As aid they are given several reduction strategies. Data about background information, daily cigarette consumption, use of strategies and situational factors is received by an intake questionnaire, by CO-measures and a semi-structured exit-interview. For the analysis of the results both qualitative and quantitative analysis is done.

Results
Five participants reduce 50% or more, six participants reduce between 20% and 39% and four participants have a reduction rate of less than 10%. The most effective strategies are 'be conscious about your smoking behaviour', 'leave out cigarettes of your smoking habit', 'don't smoke on the bike or in the car' and 'delay smoking'. Intention to stop smoking in the future, motivation to reduce smoking, high self-efficacy, low start level, positive feedback by the environment, having a rigid smoking habit and having tried to stop smoking earlier seem to influence the chance to reduce smoking positively. However, difficult life circumstances and a positive attitude about smoking seem to have negative influence on the possibility to reduce smoking.

Conclusion and discussion
It is possible to reduce the smoking consumption substantially within three weeks. Harm reduction seems to have a positive effect on the motivation. Both the CO-measures and the reduction strategies seem to have helped reducing cigarettes. Further research should be done to analyse the effects on health by reduced smoking, as well as for the long-term feasibility of harm reduction and the effects of harm reduction on the intention to stop smoking. Also, further research should be done to generalize the results.


or assigned a &dquo;naughty&dquo; role (too strict, as in depressed and compulsive patients) or blamed for not functioning '(as in the psychopath and delinquent patients). It is surprising that more attention is not given to the superego in the literature. Today seems to be the age of ego-psychology replacing, in many quarters, concern formerly given to id psychology. Perhaps the next phase of attention will be focused on superego psychology. In the present author's judgment, the superego has as prominant a place in psychotherapy as the id and the ego. This


We present a protocol to encode and decode arbitrary quantum states in the parity architecture with constant circuit depth using measurements, local nearest-neighbor and single-qubit operations only. While this procedure typically requires a quadratic overhead of simultaneous qubit measurements, it allows for a simple and low-depth implementation of logical multi-qubit gates in the parity encoding via code deformation. We discuss how such encoding and decoding schemes can be used to flexibly change the size and shape of the underlying code to enable a more efficient implementation of quantum gates or algorithms. We apply the new findings to the QAOA which leads to a constant depth implementation using local gates at the same optimization performance as the standard, potentially non-local, QAOA approach without the parity encoding. Furthermore, we show that our method can reduce the depth of implementing the quantum Fourier transform by a factor of two when allowing measurements.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to indicate the limitations of the studies that address the impact of climate change on groundwater resources and to suggest an improved approach.Design/methodology/approach – A general review, both from a groundwater hydrological and a climatological viewpoint, is given, oriented on the impact of climate change on groundwater resources.Findings – The impact of climate change on groundwater resources is not the subject of many studies in the scientific literature. Only rarely sophisticated downscaling techniques are applied to downscale estimated global circulation model (GCM) future precipitation series for a point or region of interest. Often it is not taken into account that different climate models calculate considerably different precipitation amounts (conceptual uncertainty). The joint downscaling of the meteorological variables that govern potential evapotranspiration (ET) is never done in the context of a study that assessed the impact of climate change on gr...


Although research on synaesthesia has blossomed in the last decades, few things are known about inherited sound-colour synaesthesia and processes underlying synaesthetic perception. In this study we investigated how the auditory pitch, the frequency range, the complexity, as well as the structure of the sound affected the synaesthetic visual attributes of chroma, colour brightness, colour plurality and density. A distinct mapping was observed between sound features and visual characteristics, which suggests that visual stimulation requires sensory auditory processing. We propose that congenital synaesthetic perception involves two stages of processing: initially the sensory auditory information is processed by the primary auditory cortex, and then it is distributed to the secondary and extrastriate visual brain areas, generating visual stimulation. This process does not necessarily involve the participation of brain areas responsible for associative thinking.


307  Clinical Isolation and Molecular Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis by using KDNA Gene PCR at some Baghdad Hospitals Nada Noori*,Amina N.AL-Thwani*,Basaad Akrab AL.Aboody** *Institute of genetic engineering and biotechnologyUniversity of Baghdad **The College of Science\ University of Dhi Qar Abstract. This study was aimed to find out the most effective clinical samples and diagnosis methods in chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CCL). Smear, aspiration fluid, and filter paper, samples were taken from 44 skin lesions of suspected cases with CCL in some Baghdad hospitals, and they were compared using microscopic examination, culture, and molecular methods.Samples from the clinical patients were examid which showed throug PCR 95.45%(42/44) ,Microscopic examination 72.7%(32/44), culture 27%(12/44).During the study ,products in KDNA –PCR, L.tropica and L. major the observation of expected bands 780 and 650bp,and the filter paper most effective clinical samples from lesion.In conclusion the PCR –based assays tested on our increased the speed and sensitivity of the diagnosis DNA –PCR very important to the species identification ( L. tropica and L. major).


With the increasing shortage of water resources, the current management of saline–alkali lands in semi-arid and arid areas has gradually transformed from "flooding irrigation with drainage" in the past to the combination of controlling regional water and salt balance, phytoremediation, and comprehensive utilization of halophyte resources. However, soil salinization caused by natural and anthropogenic factors has still been a major global environmental problem, which changes the chemical and physical properties of soil, deteriorates the quality of underground water, and decreases biodiversity, contributing to the loss of soil productivity and the succession of the halotolerant species. Euhalophytes, as the materials for phytoremediation, have been confirmed to be effective species in improving saline–alkali soils. They can redistribute salts in soil profile through the interaction of their desalinization potential and irrigation water leaching, thereby preventing secondary salinization and improving soil productivity for long-term reclamation of saline soil. In this review, the adaptation mechanisms of euhalophytes to saline soils are generalized from the views of morphological, physiological, and molecular aspects and evaluated for their potential to remediate saline soil through salt removal and promoting leaching. Euhalophytes can not only sequestrate salts inside the central vacuole of cells to tolerate higher salt stress by means of organ succulence, ion compartmentalization, and osmotic adjustment but facilitate water infiltration and salts leaching through root–soil interaction. The root system's mechanical penetration increases soil porosity, decreases soil density, as well as stabilizes soil aggregates. Moreover, the suitability of phytoremediation in arid situations with low precipitation and non-irrigation and some agricultural practices need to be taken into account to avoid salts returning to the soil as forms of litter and deep tillage altering salt distribution. Hence, euhalophytes planting in semi-arid and arid areas should be evaluated from their adaptation, desalinization, and prospective commercial values, such as foods, biofuels, and medical development to alleviate soil secondary salinization crisis and enhance the productivity of arable agricultural land.


This paper discusses preliminary work investigating the application of Machine Translation (MT) metrics toward the evaluation of translations written by human novice (student) translators. We describe a study in which we apply the metric TERp (Translation Edit Rate Plus) to a corpus of student-written translations from Spanish to English and compare the judgments of TERp against assessments provided by a translation instructor.


The present invention can emit light composite unit (1), and the light source 3 and a light division for dividing a return light of a unit of a plurality of light base member 4 and a return polarization to increase or decrease the amount of transmitted light according to the polarization state It is formed in the portion 5, and a light receiving portion (6) comprising a polarization unit (5) a plurality of light detection unit (6_1) to (6_4) for detecting the light passed through, integrated structure from the package. As an external optical system (ET) for the unit (1), reflected by the grating (RG) the test unit (被 檢 部), a unit (1) reflection type diffraction grating (RG), the light emitted from the containing toward the reflecting member (R1a) polarization member for changing the polarization state receives the diffracted light by the (R1b) and a reflective diffraction grating (RG) (WP1a) (WP1b) for reflecting, the light having passed through the respective polarization member reflected by placing a reflective member (R2a) (R2b) for returning in the opposite direction, and constitutes the displacement detection apparatus of the grating interference type.


Learning the formation of the hysteresis loop can help students to understand the ferromagnetic properties of materials. Also, studying the hysteresis loop gives a brief idea about the relationship between the magnetic flux density B, magnetic field strength H and magnetization M. In the present study, a model experiment is presented which was prepared for learning the fundamentals of the hysteresis loop. The results of this easy and instructive experiment are substantially compatible with theoretical knowledge.


s: Highly (100) oriented Pb(Zr 0.53 ,Ti 0.47 )O 3(PZT)ferroelectric films were prepared by sol gel method on Pt/Ti/SiO 2/Si substrate. Through X ray diffraction analysis, it was found that the introduction of 15 minute baking at 600 ℃ into heat treatment of each layer promotes the crystallization of pervoskite phase, avoids crack formation during heat treatment and increases the critical thickness of PZT films. After annealing at 600 ℃ for 4 hours, the as deposited PZT film exhibited only the perovskite phase and strongly oriented in pervoskite (100). Atomic force microscopy observation showed that the film exhibited dense microstructure and uniform grain size distribution of about 100 nm. The relative dielectric constant of the film, as high as 1 150, was measured. The film also exhibited excellent remanent polarization and coercive fields of 26 μc/cm 2 and 49 kV/cm, respectively.


The invention discloses a substitution method and device of a data block in a Cache, and belongs to the technical field of storage. The substitution method comprises the following steps: selecting an available way from the available ways of a first mode at set intervals to serve as a to-be-substituted way of the first mode, wherein the probabilities of all available ways of the first mode to serve as the to-be-substituted way of the first mode are equal, the first mode is one of a plurality of modes, and the available ways of the first mode are configured as ways used by the first mode; receiving a first data access request, wherein the first data access request comprises an identifier of the first mode; and when the data block requested by the first data access request is not stored in the Cache, storing the data block requested by the first data access request in the to-be-substituted way of the first mode. According to the invention, the probabilities of all available ways of the first mode to be used for data block substitution of the first mode are equal.


This essay chose Singapore as the case to research the rail transportation and new town development in the metropolitan areas.We analyzed the features of multi-center and high-density spatial system development,and summarized the characteristics of city spatial organization under the guidance of rail transportation and the fundamental means of maximizing the role of rail transportation to solve the problem of urban space development.Finally we offered suggestions to the rail transportation guided spatial integration of metropolitan areas and new town development.


ABSTRACT The genus Bolbapium Boucomont 1910 comprises 22 species distributed throughout the Neotropical region. Here we present a taxonomic revision of Bolbapium with redescription of the following species: B. baeri (Boucomont, 1902), B. borgmeieri Martínez, 1976, B. caesum (Klug, 1843), B. howdeni Martínez, 1976, B. lucidulum (Klug, 1843), B. minutum (Luederwaldt, 1931), B. modestum (Castelnau, 1840), B. paralucidulum Ide and Martínez, 1993, B. parcepunctatum (Arrow, 1913), B. quadrispinosum (Luederwaldt, 1931), B. quinquestriatum (Boucomont, 1932), B. striatopunctatum (Castelnau, 1840), and B. sulcifrons Ide and Martínez, 1993. We also transferred Bolboceras modestum to Bolbapium and removed the name Bolbapium sculpturatum (Mannerheim 1829) from the genus; and we present nine new species: B. boillyi Carvalho and Vaz-de-Mello sp. nov., B. dutraorum Carvalho and Vaz-de-Mello sp. nov., B. furtadoi Carvalho and Vaz-de-Mello sp. nov., B. limeirai Carvalho and Vaz-de-Mello sp. nov., B. luederwaldti Carvalho and Vaz-de-Mello sp. nov., B. matheusi Carvalho and Vaz-de-Mello sp. nov., B. sampaioorum Carvalho and Vaz-de-Mello sp. nov., B. santanaorum Carvalho and Vaz-de-Mello sp. nov. and B. sergioidei Carvalho and Vaz-de-Mello sp. nov. Illustrations, distribution maps and designation of type material are given. A new synonymy is here confirmed and proposed: Bolbapium minutum Luederwaldt, 1931 = Bolbapium bigibbosum syn. nov. Luederwaldt, 1931. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:48823CC7-9532-483E-B3DA-C3C94C791B13


Cotton was planted on 15 May in a Marlboro sandy loam soil in Laurinburg, NC. Recommended agronomic practices for fertility and weed control were followed and 0.6 lb (AI)/acre Temik used at planting for thrips. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates and 6-row (40 inch centers) x 45 ft plots with 10 ft alleys were utilized. Treatments were applied with a backpack CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.0 gal/acre total volume at 50 psi with one TX-8 Spraying Systems® nozzle per row. Applications were made on 28 Jul, 4 and 7 Aug and 6 Sep. One hundred squares and bolls per treatment (25/plot) were inspected for damage and live ECB and BW larvae 72 h after the 2nd and 3rd applications. European corn borer main stem tunnels were counted on 100 plants per treatment (25/plot) on 31 Aug. A final 100-boll sample was taken on 22 Sep and inspected for ECB and BW damage. Yield were harvested from the middle 2 rows with a 1-row John Deere mechanical harvester.


{Over the last few years, the use of fibre optic sensors has been constantly growing in many industrial applications. In the aerospace and automotive field, for instance, optical fibres seems to be very promising for sensing composite components. Fibre sensors reduced dimensions, in fact, makes them suitable to be embedded in composite materials during the manufacturing process. Once embedded, optical fibres can be used as in-situ sensors, for example, for monitoring components rather difficult to access with other sensing systems. In this study, 2 optical fibres carrying a total of 12 fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are used to perform dynamic strain measurements in a composite car component. The component is a carbon fibre reinforced control car arm manufactured via a Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM) technique. During the embedding of the fibres, the gratings are positioned in order to be able to individually measure strain components induced by both bending and torsion. The composite component is successively tested by applying an external excitation through a shaker and by measuring the dynamic structural response via the FBG sensors. For sake of comparison, reference measurements are done by means of a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV). The natural frequencies estimated from the FBG measurements are in good agreement with those obtained with the LDV. In addition, the FBG sensors are able to better show the coupling between bending and torsion.}


In view of the electric power disturbances,wavelet frames and wavelet frames algorithm are proposed,and wavelet frames and the traditional wavelet analysis method are compared,and a lot of experiments are conducted.The experiment results show that the algorithm based on wavelet frames has lost some real-time features,but in the meantime,the disturbance positioning of the accuracy has greatly improved.


Let R = F q 2 + u F q 2 + · · · + u r − 1 F q 2 be a finite non-chain ring, where q is a prime power, u r = 1 and r | ( q + 1 ) . In this paper, we study u -constacyclic codes over the ring R . Using the matrix of Fourier transform, a Gray map from R to F rq 2 is given. Under the special Gray map, we show that the image of Gray map of u -constacyclic codes over R are cyclic codes over F q 2 , and some new quantum codes are obtained via the Gray map and Hermitian construction from Hermitian dual-containing u -constacyclic codes.


The article considers the combat training of employees of militia and the ways of developing active-practical competences, integrating in themselves theoretical knowledge and practical skills of applying physical strength, special means and service weapons in professional activities. The author suggests approaches to the organization and carrying out of complex training and practical drill with cadets of high schools of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.


When it comes to health risks, sugar in the form of fructose is clearly the bad guy. This is because a majority of fructose consumed ends up in the liver. When there is too much fructose, the liver produces uric acid and fat in the form of triglycerides, which increase the risk of fatty liver, heart disease and gout. But lead investigator Kimber Stanhope, a researcher with the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, says the new data shows that we shouldn't let glucose off the hook.


To perform real-time detection of specific genes,a new complex probe has been designed and synthesized.Based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer(FRET),this complex probe is composed of a long-fluorescent re-porter probe and a short-quenching probe.The5' end of the fluorescent probe is connected to a fluorescein molecule,and its3' end is linked to an extending blocking molecule.The3' end of the quenching probe is con-nected to a quenching molecule p-methyl red(Dabcyl).The quenching probe is complementary to the5' end of the fluorescent probe.When there is no template,the two probes combine to form a complex probe and therefore no flu-orescence is produced;when there are templates,the fluorescent probe hybridizes with the templates first,and the fluorescence is not quenched.The fluorescence intensity produced is in direct proportion to the template quantity.In accordance with the principles of reaction of the complex probe,we have studied the probe's FRET nature and the factors that affect it,including the quenching probe and amplified fragment length,the proper proportion of the flu-orescent probe to the quenching probe,and the magnesium ion concentration.Experimental results showed that the quenching probe and its amplified fragment length had an obvious impact on the function of the complex probe.The quenching probe used in the present experiment is up to21nucleotides long,with an amplified fragment of127bp.The most preferable reaction system is obtained when the proportion of the fluorescent probe to the quenching probe is1∶1,and the concentration of magnesium ions is3mmol/L.The complex probe is easy to synthesize.The quench-ing is thorough with good accuracy and specificity.The sensitivity reaches10 2 copies with a very large dynamic quantitation range.Accurate quantitation can be achieved with samples detected within10 2 ~10 9 copies.The complex probe method can be used to detect virus infection levels,transgenic copy quantities,single nucleotide polymor-phisms ,etc.


Abstract We evaluated the mortality risk among 306 male alcoholics living in Osaka, Japan, at the time of initial diagnosis between 1972 and 1983, with regard to the cause of death, length of time from diagnosis, and participation in an alcohol abstinence self‐help group. By the closing date on 1 March 1992, 110 of the 306 alcoholics had died, yielding an observed‐to‐expected (O/E) ratio of 4.5 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.7–5.4]. The alcoholics had significantly elevated mortality risks from all malignant neoplasms (O/E = 2.1, 95%CI = 1.2–3.3), esophageal cancer (O/E = 8.4, 95%CI = 1.7–24.5), diseases of the circulatory system (O/E = 4.4, 95%CI = 3.0–6.2), liver cirrhosis (O/E = 15.9, 95%CI = 10.2–23.6), diseases of the genitourinary system (O/E = 6.3, 95%CI = 1.3–18.5), and external death (O/E = 10.3, 95%CI = 6.3–15.8). The mortality risk from all causes still remained significantly high beyond the tenth year following initial diagnosis (O/E = 2.6, 95%CI = 1.0–6.2). The mortality risks from liver cirrhosis and external death (such as suicide) were highest within the first year following diagnosis, and were still high beyond the tenth year. A significantly high mortality risk from diseases of the circulatory system was observed between the first and ninth years, and the mortality risk from all malignant neoplasms was significantly elevated beyond 10 years following diagnosis. Alcoholics who did not join a self‐help group soon after the initial institutional treatment had different cause‐specific and time‐specific mortality risks from those who did join a self‐help group. These findings show the importance of long‐term clinical follow‐up of male alcoholics, taking into consideration the cause‐specific mortality.


The article argues for a need to overcome a conventional notion of product design. In this regard, the article offers an integrative and systemic approach to sustainable design. Instead of focussing on objects, a user-centred perspective is adopted. A sustainable design of products and services requires the integration of production-orientated (efficiency and consistency) and consumption-orientated (sufficiency) strategies. The article introduces the concept of an indicator that is capable of comprehending a lifecycle-wide analysis of products and that favours the integration of existing sustainability strategies. The goal is not to design sustainable products but rather to design systems that manage to foster sustainable lifestyles. The article illustrates the usability of the introduced concept by showing examples of strategic integrative thinking in sustainable design from the Sustainable Summer Schools.1


The paper deals with the design of an agent which modifies and enhances the various alert systems in the smartphones. The actions of the agent includes sorting the notifications abiding to human thinking, helping the user to have a safe conversation, assisting in tracking back the reach-ability status of the caller when needed, conveying the user about the notifications in times of situations like drained battery and smartly alerting the user in situations like sleeping. The agent uses the information gathered from a survey, to modify the existing methods of alerts and produce alerts which abide by the human cognitive responses.


The curing conditions determine the rheological changes in the resin during the lamination of prepregs into multilayered circuit boards. In order to specify the optimum curing conditions during lamination, it is necessary to understand the rheology of the resin as it cures. In this study, the chemorheological behavior of two commercial epoxy resins and one cyanate-based resin was characterized using an engineering model for the resin viscosity. A linear regression technique was used to evaluate the model parameters from the conditions at the minimum viscosity obtained during resin cures at constant heating rates. The technique was extended to predict the minimum viscosities reached by the resins when subjected to temperature conditions commonly encountered during lamination. The utility of the technique for specifying the curing conditions necessary to have a desired resin flow during lamination and for selecting resin systems for lamination based upon chemorheology has been demonstrated.


*. When a biharmonic singularity s(x) is given on a boundary neighborhood A of a Riemannian manifold R, there arises a rather natural question about the biharmonic extendability of this singularity to p(x) which is biharmonic on all of R. For harmonic singularities s(x)^H(A), the question was answered by L. Sario (1952), who showed that although s(x) may not be harmonically extendable, nevertheless, in terms of the regular singularity L(f), s+L(f) is so extendable. Here, L: C(dA)-+H(A) is a bounded linear operator resembling the Dirichlet operator and is called normal. normal operator biharmonic singularity biharmonic biharmonic L


Phototoxic and photoallergic reactions represent skin reactions to the sun, in the presence of photoactive chemicals applied on the skin or taken systemically. They have a highly polymorphic clinical presentation - photo contact urticaria, eczema on sun-exposed areas sometimes with erythema multiforme, exaggerated sunburn, linear phytophotodermatitis, pseudoporphyria, photoonycholysis, dyschromia, and lupus erythematosus. Also, skin cancers are increasingly associated with exposure to photoactive chemicals. There is a geographical and timely variation in the responsible agents, but they are mostly furocumarins from plants, UV filters in sunscreens and cosmetics, and drugs (NSAIDs, antimicrobials, phenothiazines, amiodarone, etc.) Three drugs like Chloramphenicol, Norflox, and Kucil(Fluorouracil) were tested for Phototoxic effect procured from local market and check the ph and absorption spectra and note and solubility of test drug was tried out through different solvents viz. DW (Distill water), petroleum ether, ethanol, DMSO. The Phototoxic activity was studied against the bacterial culture Escherichia coli (DH5 α).The Results of this study revealed that these drugs seem to be phototoxic effect on Microbial culture.


ArcIMS is a GIS based on the Internet,and it provides a large range of GIS maps,data and application for the inner users or users on the Internet.How to configure the running environment is the key of using and redeveloping the ArcIMS.This paper studied the environment configuration methods of ArcIMS in Windows 2000 and Windows XP,and discussed the main problems should be noticed in the environment configuration,in order to provide some reference for future research.


The use of nitinol stents in the superficial femoral artery (SFA) is becoming commonplace. The SFA is a tortuous biomechanical environment that has challenged the durability of these devices. A thorough understanding of the biomechanical loading environment is necessary to design and evaluate new stents. This paper reports recent methods for use of bench testing as a tool to predict fatigue fracture of stents for complex multimode duty cycles.


Waferbonded MOS capacitors wereinvestigated inorder tostudy theelectrical properties of bondedsilicon dioxide layers. FromCV measurementswe estimated theamountofcharge located atthebondedSIO2-SIO2 interface tobeless thanaboutIO11 elementary charges per cm2. We alsofound thattheformation ofa bondedSIO2-SIO2 interface didnotaffect the thermally grownSLSIO2 interface. Pronounced negative charging atorclose tothebonded SIO2-SIO2 interface was observed during Fowler-Nordheim charge injection. Reference samples, without bondedinterfaces, didnotexhibit the samemagnitude ofoxidecharging.


Abstract Background There are a variety of criteria for defining successful treatment after two-stage exchange arthroplasty for prosthetic joint infection (PJI). To accurately assess current practices and improve techniques, it is important to first establish reliable, clinically relevant, reproducible criteria for defining persistent infection and "successful" outcomes. Question/purpose Is the proportion of patients considered to have successful management of PJI after two-stage resection arthroplasty smaller using 2019 Musculoskeletal Infection Society Outcome Reporting Tool (MSIS ORT) criteria than when using a Delphi-based criterion? Methods Patients were retrospectively identified by Current Procedural Technology codes for resection arthroplasty with placement of an antibiotic spacer for infected THA or TKA between April 1, 2011 and January 1, 2018 at a tertiary academic institution. The initial review identified 180 procedures during this time period. Nine patients had documented transition of care outside the system, 16 did not meet the MSIS criteria for chronic PJI, and 34 patients were excluded for lack of documented 2-year follow-up. The mean follow-up duration of the final cohort of 121 procedures in 120 patients was approximately 3.7 ± 1.7 years. Forty percent (49 of 121) of the procedures were performed on the hip and 60% (72 of 121) were performed on the knee. The mean time from primary THA or TKA to explantation was 4.6 years. The mean age of the patients at the time of explantation was 66 years. The mean time from spacer placement to replantation was 119 days. The final 121 patient records were reviewed by a single reviewer and outcomes were subsequently assigned to "successful" and "unsuccessful" outcomes based on the MSIS ORT and Delphi-based consensus criterion, two previously published and validated multidimensional definition schemes. Chi-squared and t-test analyses were performed to identify differences between "successful" and "unsuccessful" outcomes with respect to patient baseline characteristics using each outcome-reporting criterion. Results Overall, the MSIS ORT classified a smaller proportion of patients as having a "successful" treatment outcome after two-stage exchange arthroplasty for PJI than the Delphi-based consensus method did (MSIS: 55% [63 of 114], Delphi: 70% [71 of 102]; relative risk 0.79 [0.65-0.98]; p = 0.03). However, there were no differences when stratified by hips (MSIS: 55% [26 of 47], Delphi: 74% [29 of 39]; relative risk 0.74 [0.54-1.02]; p = 0.07) and knees (MSIS: 55% [37 of 67], Delphi: 67% [42 of 63]; relative risk 0.83 [0.63-1.09]; p = 0.19). Notably, the disease of 16% of the patients (19 of 121) was not classifiable per the Delphi method because these patients never underwent reimplantation. Conclusion The present study demonstrated that the MSIS criteria detect fewer instances of "successful" infection management after two-stage resection arthroplasty for PJI than the Delphi method in this cohort. Based on these findings, researchers and surgeons should aim for standardized reporting after intervention for PJI to allow for a better comparison of outcomes across different studies and ultimately allow for improved techniques and approaches to the treatment of PJI. Level of Evidence Level III, diagnostic study.


A dangerously simplistic reductionistic movement, with a stress on the teacher as a technician, operating increasingly in a mechanistic way, is evolving in teacher preparation programs. This paper is constructed in light of the distorted consciousness likely to be acquired by prospective teachers as a result of this constraining movement. It has three purposes: (1) to stipulate clear definitions of "education", "liberal education", and "educology" as they are employed in this paper; (2) to identify two examples of conceptual thought derived from the philosophy of education which are clear examples of conceptual substance appropriate to liberal education; and (3) to argue that "educology" be employed as an additional category name, along with "pedagogy," within the component of teacher preparation traditionally referred to as professional education. This category would consist of those areas of study traditionally associated with the foundations, areas which would stress those intellectual and moral characteristics of a liberally educated person. (JD) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******A****************************k*********************************** FOUNDATIONAL STUDIES AS A NEW LIBERAL ART : EDUCOLO6Y


Introduction The sun and the light that it emits are many times taken for granted, however light more precisely sunlight powers all life on earth, either directly or indirectly. Plants must have sunlight [or full-spectrum artificial light] to manufacture their food by photosynthesis. Plants, in turn, pass on their energy to the animals that consume them. Light is also essential for the survival of most animal species; even nocturnal animals require low-level light. Animals that have evolved in total darkness such as troglobites[cave dwellers] or deepsea animals are often colourless, blind and cannot survive outside their natural environment. For all diurnal species (species that are active during the day), including humans, light is important for many reasons. Obviously, it is required for vision. For many species of animals, full-spectrum light is required for the conversion of cholesterol to vitamin D. Light and its changing cycles – photoperiodicity; is used by animals to synchronize their biological clocks. Light is indeed important for the psychological well being of animals. However the effect of light on humans is much more complex than we think. It influences us in ways we many times do not expect or understand. At least one study has suggested a direct correlation between higher rates of breast cancer in women and the night time brightness of their neighbourhoods.1 It is in fact postulated that this is at least partly due to a dramatic alteration in the lighted environment from a sun-based system to an electricity-based system. Increasingly, the natural dark period at night is being seriously eroded for the bulk of humanity.2 Based on the fact that light during the night can suppress melatonin, and also disrupt the circadian rhythm, it is proposed that increasing use of electricity to light the night accounts in part for the rising risk of breast cancer globally.3 Light is nowadays being even considered as a public health issue.4


244 Introduction: 731 Discussion: 1226 Abbreviations: CYP, cytochrome P450; AP-1, activator protein 1; SP600125, 1,9pyrazoloanthrone; PD98059, 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; tBHQ, tert-butylhydroquinone; CAR, constitutive androstane receptor; PXR, pregnane X receptor; ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay; EMSA; electrophoretic mobility shift assay; 3C, chromosome conformation capture; Nrf2, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2; qPCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13 acetate; TRE, TPA response element; MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinases; ERK, extracellular signal regulated kinase; JNK, Jun N-terminal kinase; ANOVA, analysis of variance. This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. Molecular Pharmacology Fast Forward. Published on May 15, 2014 as DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.092585 at A PE T Jornals on Sptem er 7, 2023 m oharm .aspeurnals.org D ow nladed from


Introduction In a key passage of her Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), Mary Wollstonecraft declares that 'It is time to effect a revolution in female manners—time to restore to [women] their lost dignity—and make them, as a part of the human species, labour by reforming themselves to reform the world' (Wollstonecraft 2008, 113). The restoration of women's dignity, in her view, amounts to women being treated equally with men as members of the same species. She contends that women should be accorded the high rank or elevated status that comes with being human rather than part of 'the brute creation' (71–2, 76, 78–9, 98). More than this, for Wollstonecraft the restoration of dignity amounts to the recognition that women are not 'bent beneath the iron hand of destiny,' but have been granted free will for the purpose of reforming themselves through their own efforts (113). Dignity is, in an important respect, connected with women's capacity for self-perfection through the free exercise of their will.


The Beijing Spectrometer (BES) experiment has observed purely leptonic decays of the D, meson in the reaction e+e D, +D, at a c. m. energy of 4. 03 GeV. Three events are observed in which one D, decays hadronically to $7r, K K, or K IC, and the other decays leptonically to p, v"or 7. v, With the. assumption of tj"runiversality, va-lues of the branching fraction, B(D, ~ ILv~) = (1. 5+— 0'6 o2)%, and the D, pseudoscalar decay constant, fo, = (4. 3+& 3+O4) X 102 MeV, are obtained. 2 2


Open steel cord with a structure of n×1 has a high elongation at break being not less than 4%, open steel cord has a lay length being more than 10 mm, the steel filaments in open steel cord are helically preformed, and the ratio of the preforming height of steel filament and the diameter of steel filament is not less than 5.0. Open steel cord has high elongation at break, high elongation under low load and full rubber penetration. The open steel cord is used as reinforcing element in a rubber product.


The aim of this article is to review current knowledge about the positive relation sometimes established between oppressor-captor and victim from the evolutionary theory viewpoint. As primates share with human beings a high level of social organization, we focus mainly in them. We conclude that submission-appeasement is often seen in domestic and child abuse but reconciliation can sometimes be observed too – true positive feelings of victim towards aggressor- which appear in Stockholm syndrome and occasionally in domestic and child abuse. Finally we interpret submission as a more ancient mechanism linked to the paleomammalian brain and reconciliation as a mechanism associated with the greater complexity of the social network and linked to the neo –mammalian brain.


Inspired by Lehner's results on exchangeability systems, we define 'weak conditional freeness' and 'conditional freeness' for stationary processes in an operator algebraic framework of noncommutative probability. We show that these two properties are equivalent, and thus the process embeds into a von Neumann algebraic amalgamated free product over the fixed point algebra of the stationary process.


Translation is a degree of freedom used in the analysis of random media scattering. An analytical method is presented for rotational degree of freedom in such problems. Vector addition theorem for rotation of a vector spherical wave with zero divergence has been proved through the use of a vector rotation operator. The relation between T-matrices for an object in two different concentric coordinate systems is formulated by applying the addition theorem. The relationship between the two coordinate systems is also shown by Euler angles.


Helicobacter pylori infection is usually diagnosed by histopathology, a rapid urease test, a urea breath test, or some combination thereof. Recently, fecal antigen tests have been developed. Initially, these used polyclonal antibodies to detect H. pylori antigens, which led to test variability. However, three new tests that use monoclonal antibodies are now available. Two are chromatographic …


We propose a new OAM-EDFA based on a circular microstructure fiber with single ring uniform doping and the fundamental mode pumping. The gain covering C-band larger than 22dB and the DMG is less than 0.10dB.


The application of factorial designs and response surface modelling afforded specific conditions for the oxidation sulfide-sulfoxide using calcium hypochlorite and sodium chlorite. The usefulness of these methods in synthetic chemistry is emphasized.


This paper aims at setting the keystone of a prospective theoretical study on the role of non-monotone interactions in biological regulation networks. Focusing on discrete models of these networks, namely, Boolean automata networks, we propose to analyse the contribution of non-monotony to the diversity and complexity in their dynamical behaviours. More precisely, in this paper, we start by detailing some motivations, both mathematical and biological, for our interest in non-monotony, and we discuss how it may account for phenomena that cannot be produced by monotony only. Then, to build some understanding in this direction, we propose some preliminary results on the dynamical behaviour of some specific non-monotone Boolean automata networks called XOR circulant networks.


Nigeria, aside from religious terrorist violence, faces a serious threat to its economic security: the unenviable international record of unprecedented volumes of crude oil theft arising from the incessant vandalism of the 6000 kilometres of pipelines in the country. With the conspiratorial roles of the governing and non-governing elites, this high-tech illegal business has been internationalised and poses a huge threat to the national revenue and the development index of the country. The oil-rich Niger Delta region, worsened by environmental degradation arising from excessive spillage of petroleum resources, is under siege from the predatory elite, arising from the embarrassing lack of political will by government and security agencies to protect the nation's commonwealth. This paper attempts to put into perspective the critical issues of international crude oil theft in Nigeria, and suggests strategic measures to curtail the elite predatory tendencies driven by corruption, and to protect the nation's economy. The imperatives of Nigeria's development and growth are strongly linked to the strategic economic importance of the petroleum resources of the maritime environment in the Niger Delta area and the Gulf of Guinea. The location has an armada of 5700 oil wells, 112 flow stations, 16 gas plants, 126 production platforms, 6 Floating Production Storage Offloading (FPSO) platforms and 13 oil terminals, while a key FPSO is the BONGA, a deep offshore production platform with a production capacity of about 200,000 barrels per day, currently valued at over US$4 billion (Ezeoba 2013). About 99% of Nigeria's import and export activities rely on the sea, with crude oil being a key part of the maritime activities, in a world where 80% of global trade is sea based with over 46,000 large vessels berthing in about 4000 seaports worldwide annually (Odiogor 2013). The character of the political economy of the Nigerian state hinges largely on the rentier economy of Africa's most populous country. Nigeria, in the past four decades, has operated as a state structured on an economic process in which its dominant revenue base is derived from rent from its petroleum exploratory or mining activities (Mkandawire 1987). The management of the abundant petroleum resources of the country has defined the attitude of the ruling class as a country with a monocultural accumulation base. The political class, driven by corrupt tendencies arising from petrol dollars, prefers the proclivity towards primitive accumulation than exhibition of patriotic values. The situation makes it an anathema for the political elite to improve the nation's industrial base for real productive activities in the economy with salutary effects on the citizens' welfare (Abutudu 2010). Nigeria, therefore, is a classic case of a third world country with the contradiction of increasing national revenue and growing indices of poverty. With the frittering away of national


Addition of L = carbon monoxide or aryl isocyanides to the Grubbs second-generation carbene complexes Ru(H(2)IMes)(CHR)(PCy(3))Cl(2) (H(2)IMes = 1,3-dimesityl-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene; R = Ph, Me, H, CH=CMe(2)) triggers carbene insertion into an aromatic ring of the N-heterocyclic carbene supporting ligand, forming Ru{1-mesityl-3-(-7'-R-2',4',6'-trimethylcycloheptatrienyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene}L(2)(PCy(3))Cl(2). Insertions are also promoted for other PR(3) substituted complexes by carbon monoxide and aryl isocyanides, and for the phosphine-free Hoveyda-Blechert complex Ru(H(2)IMes)(CH(i-PrOC(6)H(4)))Cl(2) by aryl isocyanides and small phosphites but only after initial displacement of the coordinated ether. Heteroatom substituted carbenes do not undergo CO-promoted insertion unless poorer electron donor phosphine (PPh(3)) and carbene (CH(OC(6)H(4)-p-NO(2)) ligands are both present. Insertion depends on the added ligand, the carbene substituent, and to a lesser degree on the PR(3) ligand trans to the N-heterocyclic carbene.


Summary form only given. We investigate numerically the effects of charge exchange in a Penning ion source for neutron generators. We use particle-in-cell modeling with Monte Carlo collision to simulate the electron and ion dynamics, including charge exchange, for parameters typical of DC sources in use today (device size of a few cm, bias voltage of 2 kV, extraction voltage of 100 kV, deuterium gas pressure of 5 mT). We compare results for with and without charge exchange, looking specifically at the effect on transverse velocity spread and neutron generation rate.


The Kurdistan region of Iraq achieved autonomy in 1991 which resulted in Indo-European and Kurdish people developing a positive attitude towards using and teaching the English language. Especially in the education system, some reforms were put in place including setting new policies in education, setting new curricula and establishing new schools. To enhance the knowledge of the Kurdish EFL student's communicative language teaching an English program called Sunrise was started. The researcher focused on investigating on use of local language in teaching English as a key cause of student's failure. The researcher feels that in the study area the English Sunrise program does not meet the need of the students due some factors such as poor infrastructure, lack of enough English teacher training, poor communicative activities. With good command of English the students will be capable of passing and pursuing best courses such as medicine and engineering among others. Having professionals and academic materials available in the Kurdish language has highly caused a problem for students learning English their second language. The Kurdish learners don't care about speaking skills since the examinations are multiple choices. Another fact is that English is spoken by very few people in the study area thus making many students have less interest in studying this language. The teachers are not successful English speakers, and also majority have a bachelor's degree.


Courses: Fundamentals of public speaking, basic hybrid course, introduction to communciation, introduction to journalism, introduction to advertising, and any other course that includes components of communication ethics Objective: Students will understand the fundamental elements of communication ethics


A new species of endophytic fungus, described herein as Tulasnella phuhinrongklaensis, was isolated from a root of a terrestrial orchid, Phalaenopsis pulcherrima, in Phitsanulok Province, Thailand. This species is characterized by its cream to white colonies, branched chains of spherical to ellipsoid monilioid cells and absence of sclerotia. The uniqueness of the species was confirmed by a phylogenetic analysis of combined sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit region (LSU) of ribosomal DNA, and a nucleotide divergence of the ITS sequences. The phylogenetic result showed that T. phuhinrongklaensis formed a monophyletic lineage clearly distinct from other Tulasnella and Epulorhiza species, the asexual morph of Tulasnella. The nucleotide divergence of ITS sequences in the new fungus ranged from 50.66–57.93% in genera Tulasnella and Epulorhiza. A description and illustrations of the new species are provided.


Interaction between deer and cattle took various forms. The potential for direct competition was greatest in spring. Both deer and cattle selected bluebunch wheatgrass and crested wheatgrass while Sandbergs bluegrass was most often used by deer. Evidence of indirect interaction was observed. Moderate or heavy fall grazing by cattle made the spring forage more attractive to deer by removing mature forage. Light grazing did not exert any appreciable effect on deer distribution. The spring range of mule deer in south central British Columbia is relatively restricted, usually below 775 m elevation. This range is also used by cattle in both spring and fall, providing forage at a time crucial to a viable ranching operation. Common use of the range ensures that interaction between cattle and deer will occur. The type and extent of interaction was not known but was believed to be most critical in the food niche. A project was initiated in 1972 near Kamloops, British Columbia, to study interaction between the two species of ungulates for the range resource in terms of food, time and space. The study was supported by the Agriculture Canada Research Station, the British Columbia Fish and Wildlife Branch, and the British Columbia Ministry of Forests. Some of these have been reported previously (Tucker et al. 1976; Willms et al. 1976; McLean and Willms 1977; and Tucker et al. 1977).


Silicalite membranes have been prepared by seeded liquid-phase hydrothermal synthesis on alternative supports, namely, two types of stainless steel grids with opening sizes ranging from 2 to 5 μm. The influence of the gel composition, the use of surfactants, and the synthesis time have been studied. The silicalite membranes prepared on stainless steel grids were tested in the separation of n-/i-butane mixtures, showing performances which are comparable to those of good quality membranes prepared on conventional supports.


AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of establishing a chronic atrial fibrillation model with long-term rapid atrial stimulation ( 1 000 bpm), which was performed in rabbits in vivo. METHODS: 20 rabbits were randomly divided into 2 groups: 1) control group (n=10): pacemaker was implanted but no pacing; 2) experimental group (n=10): a left intercostal thoracotomy was performed and the pericardium was opened to expose the heart and a steel-wire pacing electrode was fixed on the epicardium of the left atria in 10 rabbits. Then the rapid pulse generator was implanted subcutaneously in the left abdominal region and rapid atrial pacing ( 1 000 beats/min) was initiated and continued for 30 days. Electrocardiogram (ECG) was monitored and recorded on day 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 30. The atrial effective refractory period (AERP) was measured before pacing and at the time of fibrillation. RESULTS: On day 14, atrial fibrillation was developed in 8 rabbits (80%) and sustained at least till to day 30 (P0.01). There was no atrial fibrillation occurred in control group. The ventricular rate of atrial fibrillation was fast initially (P0.05) and decreased gradually later (P0.05). The AERP was shortened and the rate adaptation of AERP was lost when atrial fibrillation occurred. CONCLUSION: Long-term rapid left atria stimulating is an effective method in the establishment of a chronic atrial fibrillation model in rabbits.


Date: August 28 Place: Room 5334 (oral) Organizers: Gar Rothwell & Ruth Stockey Contact email address: email@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.com Purpose: This symposium focuses on important new concepts and discoveries in the areas of paleofloristics, systematics, and phylogeny over the past decade, by the current and past IOP Presidents as well as important contributors to the development of the field from around the world. The purpose is to highlight the breadth of new approaches and conceptual advancements that currently are, or recently have been developed in the field.


1. Marketing in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: An Introduction (Mike Simpson, Nick Taylor and Jo Padmore) 2. Entrepreneurship Marketing (Robert Hinson) 3. The Role and Relevance Model of Marketing in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (Mike Simpson, Nick Taylor and Jo Padmore) 4. The Marketing Concept and Market Orientation: Evolving Definitions of Marketing (Felix Mavondo) 5. The Entrepreneurship Marketing Environment (Ayantunji Gbadamosi) 6. Understanding Consumers in Entrepreneurship Marketing (Nnamdi O. Madichie) 7. Entrepreneurship Marketing Research and SMMEs (Robert Rugimbana, Richard Shambare and Maria Shambare) 8. Managing Products in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Customer-oriented Perspective (Ayantunji Gbadamosi) 9. Pricing and Pricing-Related Issues in SMEs (Paul Sergius Koku) 10. The Reality of Distribution Faced by SMEs: A Perspective from the UK (David Bamber) 11. Marketing Communications for the SME (Teck-Yong Eng and Graham Spickett-Jones) 12. Internet Marketing (Jaya Akunuri) 13. Growing Market Strengths: Management of Innovation in High Growth SMEs (Michael Lewrick, Maktoba Omar and Robert Williams) 14. Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Retailing in the UK (Ogenyi Omar) 15. Relationship Marketing and Networks in Entrepreneurship (Sue Halliday) 16. Internal Marketing and Service Excellence in SMEs (Hina Khan) 17. International Entrepreneurship and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (Kevin Ibeh and Mathew Analogbei) 18. Cross-Cultural Marketing Strategies for Small and Medium-Sized Firms (Robin Lowe, Isobel Doole and Felicity Mendoza) 19. Franchising in Entrepreneurship Marketing (Kaushik V. Pandya) 20. Competition and Competitive Advantage in SMEs (Maktoba Omar) 21. Entrepreneurship Growth at Risk (Hosein Piranfar) 22. Marketing Planning in Small Businesses (Frances Ekwulugo) 23. Contemporary Issues in Entrepreneurship Marketing: Sustainability, Ethics and Social Responsibility (Sonny Nwankwo and Darlington Richards) 24. Religion and the SME (Andrew Linbridge) 25. Managing Marketing Resources: The Consultant and the SME (Ian K. Bathgate) 26. Entrepreneurial Marketing in Informal Economies (Anayo D. Nkamnebe and Nnamdi O. Madichie) 27. Organizational Environment and SME Contemporary Marketing Practices in an Emerging Economy (Robert Hinson and Kofi Dadzie)


We examine the equivalence between the quantum field theory in the Minkowski vacuum observed from the accelerated observer arid the thermodynamics in the two dimensional space· time taking account of self-interactions in the perturbation theory. It is shown that in the case of conformally invariant theory they are equivalent in the physically observable sector.


Purpose: Individuals experiencing extended homelessness face multifaceted risks related to health, substance use, and continuing unemployment and may benefit from learning a problem-solving and decision-making method to assist them in dealing with everyday situations. Methods: This study used a multiple-baseline design to teach three men with extensive histories of homelessness the situation, options, disadvantages, advantages, and solution (SODAS) problem-solving and decision-making method and assessed their ability to learn it and guide another adult in the use of the method in simulated role-play problem situations. Results: All three participants demonstrated substantial increases (from approximately 10% of steps correct in baseline to 100% steps correct after intervention) in their ability to successfully guide another adult through the SODAS process when role-playing problem situations. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the SODAS problem-solving and decision-making method could be efficiently taught to adults who have histories of homelessness, and the participants found the process helpful for problems they encountered.


Since 2005, a Stockholm-based place branding network has tried to convince the world that Stockholm is the Capital of Scandinavia. Not surprisingly, the brand has been subject to massive criticism from its Scandinavian neighbours, but also internally from within the Stockholm region. Instead of listening to this critique, however, the network continues with its deceitful activities and retains its grandiose fantasies about the success of the brand. This case illustrates a brand orientation that may stimulate arrogance, inhibit learning and impair relationships. The analysis is guided by theories on organizational narcissism that can help us understand the antagonistic, aggressive and monological form of projective brand orientation displayed by this place branding network. The author instead suggests that a relational brand orientation, which emphasizes relationships, interactions and dialogues with multiple stakeholders (multilogues), is better suited for place brand management. (Less)


Ethanol formation mechanisms via CO insertion in a methyl-metal bond or in a methoxy group is discussed with regards to Takeuchi and Katzer's results concerning the isotopic repartition of /sup 13/C and /sup 18/O in ethanol formed from a mixture of /sup 13/C/sup 16/O and /sup 12/C/sup 18/O. In their analysis Takeuchi and Katzer concluded that CO was inserted into a surface carbene rather than into a surface alkyl since this last hypothesis could not yield the right isotopic distribution in the ethanol. But their results could be compatible with such a mechanism if we consider the possible exchange of /sup 16/O with /sup 18/O and vice-versa by a reversible reaction between water and adsorbed formaldehyde or acetaldehyde.


Objective : This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between comorbid obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and quality of life in stable patients with schizophrenia. Methods : We interviewed 162 symptom-stable inpatients who have been on a constant dose of antipsychotics for at least 3 months pr...


Autoimmunity has been considered to represent termination of the natural unresponsive state to self {Weigle 1977). It was originally thought that selftolerance is achieved by elimination of self-reactive lymphocyte clones early in ontogeny (Burnet 1959). However, we now know that such self-reactive clones are normally present in the intact immune system {Clagett & Weigle 1974, Cohen & Wekerle 1973, Bankhurst et al. 1973, Bankhurst & Williams 1975, Sawada et al. 1977, Wigzell 1977) and that self-recognition, based on the complementarity of interacting structures on T cells, B cells and macrophages, is the basis for immune responses {Katz 1977). The prevailing current concept is that self-recognition processes, essential to immune and possibly other physiologic systems, are normally controlled or suppressed by one or more mechanisms that counteract deleterious autoreactive consequences. A variety of events, either exogenous or endogenous, could tip the balance of such regulatory supervision, thereby upsetting its normal damping effect so that harmful autoreactivity is the outcome. Sometimes this imbalance is only transient, superceded by reestablishment of the normal damping mechanism and a return to control over the system. At other times, the defect is permanent, leading to a progressive increase in harmful autoreactivity. This sequence seems to account for the chronic autoimmune phenomena seen in some strains of mice and in certain human diseases, most notably systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the prototypic autoimmune disease.


In order to study correlation between growth characters of young tree in Xanthoceras sorbifolia,some growth character indexes of 3-year-old young tree in X.sorbifolia were determined,and correlation of the indexes was analyzed,including ground diameter(A),tree height(B),height increment of one-year-old seedling(C),one-year-old branch number(D),base diameter of two-year-old leading shoot(E),height increment of two-year-old leading shoot(F),branch quantity of two-year-old leading shoot(G),base diameter of three-year-old leading shoot(H),height increment of three-year-old leading shoot(I).The results showed that all indexes of young trees in X.sorbifolia were significantly different,indicating an obvious variation in different individual plants.There were significant positive linear correlations between the most growth character indexes.


Recently, task-oriented semantic communication has received increasing attention due to its potential to transform the communication landscape by going beyond the Shannon paradigm. While most existing researches focus on a single task, we propose a multi-task semantic communication system for text tasks, inspired by the impressive results of multitask learning and bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT). Based on BERT, the proposed system extracts semantic information from the text at the transmitter and then transmits it to the receiver, which aims to accomplish a series of different tasks. The transmitter and receiver would be trained jointly in an end-to-end manner. Compared with the traditional communication system, the proposed model is more robust to distortion caused by physical channels and exhibits better performance, especially in the low signal-to-noise ratio regime. Moreover, we investigate the relationship between the number of tasks and the required length of transmitted symbols in a multi-task setting.


This paper describes a method for simulation of viscous flows with a free surface around realistic hull forms with a transom, which has been developed based on a FINFLO RANS solver with a moving mesh. A dry‐transom model is proposed and implemented for the treatment of flows off the transom. The bulk RANS flow with the artificial compressibility is solved by a cell‐centred finite volume multigrid scheme and the free surface deformed by wave motions is tracked by satisfying the kinematic and dynamic free‐surface boundary conditions on the actual location of the surface. The effects of turbulence on flows are evaluated with the Baldwin–Lomax turbulence model without a wall function. A test case is modern container ship model with a transom, the Hamburg Test Case. The calculated results are validated and they agree well with the measured results in terms of the free‐surface waves and the total resistance coefficient. Furthermore, the numerical solutions successfully captured many important features of the complicated interaction of the free surface with viscous flows around transom stern ships. In addition, the convergence performance and the grid refinement studies are also investigated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


"Perception management is integral to the art of war. Skilful use of information warfare, psychological operations and propaganda is problematic, however. Based on Maurice Merleau-Ponty's theory of perception and the practical examples presented in this artic1e - the Finnish Winter War and the war on terrorism - it can be held that perception and its interpretation can never be certain.1f perceptions are manufactured, they can become counter-productive. The way in which perceptions arise is characterised by dynamism. According to Merleau-Ponty, there is always a middle ground between us and the enemy, a field that distorts and limits our view of the enemy. Therefore, in this artic1e we propose that we can direct propaganda only towards ourselves."


Objective To provide anatomic basis for clinical application of the obturator nerve and/or genitofemoral nerve transfering to repair the lumbosacral plexus nerves avulsion injuries.Methods The length,cross diameter,longitudinal diameter,cross-sectional area and the amount of myelinated nerve fibers of obturator nerve,genitofemoral nerve,femoral nerve,lumbosacral plexus and sacral plexus on both sides of 6 adult cadaveric specimens were exposed and measured respectively.Results The right proximal obturator nerve could be transfered to the left distal femoral nerve through anterior surface of vertebrae and posterior surface of the peritoneum,with the overlap of fiber terminals about 2~3 cm.The right obturator nerve and genitofemoral nerve could be transfered to ipsilateral S1 and S2 nerve root with the overlap of 2~4 cm respectively.The fiber number of the obturator nerve(4400~7800) was about 1/3 of the femoral nerve(13000~20000).The fiber number of genitofemoral nerve(3000~4500) was about 1/2 of the S2 nerve(4500~8500).The fiber number of obturator nerve(4400~7800) was roughly equal to that of the S1 nerve(5000~9000).Conclusions Obturator nerve and genitofemoral nerve can be used as donor nerves to repair the lumbosacral plexus nerve avulsion injuries.


Background. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the maternal cardiopulmonary function and lung water content during percutaneous fetoscopic interventions under general maternal–fetal anaesthesia and continuous tocolytic medication. Methods. We prospectively studied 13 women between 19 and 30 weeks of gestation undergoing percutaneous fetoscopic procedures that were performed under general maternal–fetal anaesthesia and tocolysis using indomethacin. Invasive haemodynamic monitoring using pulmonary artery catheters and the transpulmonary indicator dilution technique was applied to determine intrathoracic blood volume (ITBV), cardiac output, and extravascular lung water (EVLW). Pulmonary vascular permeability was estimated as the ratio of EVLW/ITBV. Measurements were performed during and for 24 h after the interventions. Results. Respective mean ( SD ) maternal ITBV and cardiac output were 894 (191) ml min 2 1 m 2 2 and 3.29 (0.51) litre 2 1 min 2 1 m 2 2 intraoperatively, and 843 (169) ml min 2 1 m 2 2 and 4.47 (0.55) litre min 2 1 m 2 2 during the first postoperative day. EVLW was 7.9 (2.7) ml kg 2 1 during the interventions and 7.7 (1.8) ml kg 2 1 during the first postoperative day. The pulmonary vascular permeability index was calculated as 0.35 (0.06) during the interventions and 0.38 (0.14) for the first postoperative day. Clinically overt pulmonary oedema was not detected in any woman while pulmonary gas exchange remained normal. Conclusions. In mid-gestational women undergoing percutaneous fetoscopic interventions under general maternal–fetal anaesthesia, cardiopulmonary function remained stable. However, a moderate increase in EVLW and pulmonary vascular permeability indicates an increased risk for maternal pulmonary oedema.


In this work we present a novel 3D simulation tool capable of taking into account also particular driving strategies of the electron device as it may be the case of Smart Power MOSFETs where a control logic interacts with the power section and controls its dissipated power and temperature. As an example a thermal shutdown circuit, capable of reading the temperature on chip and switching the device off if the latter reaches dangerous values is usually embedded within Smart Power devices used in automotive applications to drive direction light or small motors/actuators.


Quantitative investigation of Sceliphron caementarium venom, obtained by electrical excitation of the wasp, has shown an unexpectedly small protein fraction of the dried venom. A few percent of the venom consists of the free amino acids histidine, methionine, and pipecolic acid. Three other components have been isolated by paper and thin-layer chromatography and are found to give weak ninhydrin reactions, in addition to certain color tests characteristic of alkaloids.


The reaction product of Chlorine dioxide and N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine(DPD)in water shows pink,20% of chlorine in chlorine dioxide can be transformed into chlorite.The color reaction is proportional to the content of chlorine dioxide in water,the chloride ions in water can be transformed into chlorinated aminoacetic acid by glycine without interference for the measurement of chlorine dioxide.This paper studies the method for rapid determination of chlorine dioxide in drinking water,DPD method,and based on the test results,shows that this method is rapid,applicable,accurate,highly sensitive.


This paper is a comment on Ernesto Garzon Valdes's work «Representacion y Democracia». Its purpose is to put the scope of one of his main theses the «off limits area» under discussion and, specifically, to address a question about the «nature» of citizen's political obligation to the author.


We experienced a case of small insulinoma, of which localization could be preoperatively diagnosed by percutaneous transhepatic portal venous sampling (THPVS) and endoscopic ultrasonography. The case was a 50-year-old woman. She had developed sweating and loss of consciousness on an empty stomach which were alleviated by taking meals. In June 1988 these symptoms occurred frequently and the patient consulted a nearby hospital. On minute examination the presence of insulinoma was suspected but the location was not confirmed. Since May 1990 more frequent onsets of loss of consciousness in the night developed, and she was admitted to the third department of internal medicine of the hospital. She was diagnosed as having an insulinoma by laboratory data, such as fasting blood sugar (FBS) (47mg/dl), IRI (29.9μU/ml), IRI/FBS (0.36>0.3), and the negative result to insulin antibody. Abdominal CT, MRI, and ultrasonography could not demonstrate the tumor. She was transferred to the department. THPVS demonstrated the step up of insulin level in the area of the pancreas head, and following transduodenal EUS revealed a1.1×1.0cm tumor. The tumor was enucleated by operation and the symptoms disappeared. THPVS is useful for the "regionalization" of the insulinoma and the combination of THPVS with EUS will lead the more accurate "localization" of the insulinoma.


In recent years there has been growing concern about technocracy as a "problem," both in modern industrial societies and in developing or Third World countries. However, students have confronted a difficulty in studying technocracy: the analysis of the phenomenon, the definition of the problem, and the prescription of remedies have been both informed and constrained by variations of an image that has a long history in Western thought. There has been not so much a shortage of empirical information as an absence of adequate conceptual connections between the technocratic image and political facts. In general, technocracy has been taken to mean the government (or control) of society by scientists, technicians, or engineers-or at least the exercise of political authority by virtue of technical competence and expertise in the application of knowledge. But the technocratic image has been Janus-faced. Technocracy has often been associated with a utopian social vision, yet it has also been regarded as a political pathology. Since World War II, there has been an increasing tendency to approach the analysis of technocracy from the latter perspective, and it is this view of it as a problem which is the principal concern of this essay. The first section briefly traces the general contours of the technocratic image. The second section offers a typology and critical analysis of recent theories of technocracy, and the third examines the classic political ideal that seems, at least tacitly, to inform most critiques of technocracy. The final section presents two distinct but related theses. First, the philosophy that underlay the founding of the American republic embodied the belief that it was possible to create, through political artifice, an institutional surrogate for the classic ideal. The Founding Fathers expressed a faith in the possibilities of a political technology and the complementarity of technology and popular gov-


Geological configuration in east Sichuan area is belong to high and steep structures.Stratigraphic dip is among 15°~70°.With the development of exploration technique,the contradiction of wellbore quality and drilling speed is more and more prominent.On the basis of practical drilling condition in some wells in Shapingchang and Qilichang structures,the paper analyses the advantage of PDC bit and screw drill tool used in high and steep structures,and proposes PDC bit and screw drill tool is an effective method for improving penetration rate in high and steep structures.


Abstract : The book consists of four main sections dealing with the history of the development of the Soviet banking system, its present organization, its influence in the micro-economic field, and its influence in the macroeconomic field.


Using someone else's work or ideas without attribution is plagiarism, whether you meant to do it or not. Unintended plagiarism of snippet of text can have serious consequences and be a serious form of ethical misconduct. The current system is a web application that enables you to check a multilingual text, with special focus on Arabic, for duplicate contents on the World Wide Web. In this system, you can simply input or paste your text through the online system and for each sentence in the text it will go through three popular search engines: Google, Bing, and Yandex SERP and try to find the top three results on the first page for each search engine where duplicate contents already exist. This system is getting data from the three-search engines custom search APIs. Then, the system uses a text similarity technique between the suspicious sentence and the retrieved text snippet for all nine results. The result is the one that gives the highest similarity rate. The results were encouraging and will open doors for new and innovative techniques for researchers in this field.


Teaching reading is such a choir of melody that leads to choir with each part of steps go hand in hand that drop students to process the information. Regarding on this paper the writer tries to apply a good strategy, the cognitive strategy instruction training in teaching reading. This paper investigated the cognitive strategies instruction of English education department students of the fourth semester in academic reading at State Institute for Islamic Studies Salatiga in Indonesia. Keywords:Cognitive strategies, reading, teaching reading


Objective To discuss the value of multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT)in the diagnosis of carotid-cavernous fistula(CCF).Methods CT data of 12 patients with CCF,who owned complete clinical material and were proved by clinic,were reviewed and analyzed.They were examined both with routine CT scanning and CT angiography(CTA),and the images postprocessing including volume rendering(VR),multiplanar(MPR),multi-curved planar reconstruction(MCPR) and maximum intensity projection(MIP) were performed.Results The bone window showed that serious compound fractures were seen in 4 cases;skull fracture with cerebral contusion in 3 cases;skull fracture and basicranial fracture in 2 cases.Exophthalmus in different degree and tortuous dilatational superior ophthalmic vein were seen in all cases,vague and swelling orbital structure was seen in 7 cases.All cavernous sinuses in affected side had enlarging and advance developing;expansion presenting typical nodular change was seen in 7 cases;significant vascular tortuosity as a group in 4 cases;mild expansion with vascular tortuosity in 1 case.MPR of thin layer clearly showed the fistula orifice in communication site of internal carotid artery or its branch to the cavernous sinus in all cases,and MPR could accurately display different orientation.Through the bone and the subtraction image postprocessing,VR could entirely display images of internal carotid artery,cavernous sinus and ophthalmic vein and their relationship.Conclusions MSCT has a great value in the diagnosis of CCF and the observation of therapeutic effect after interventional therapy,and it can be used as the preferred examination and diagnostic method of CCF.


Pennsylvania is facing a structural budget deficit that will be exacerbated by an aging population. The Commonwealth is among the oldest states in the country and faces a 66.4 percent increase in residents age sixty-five and over between 2010 and 2040. More retirees equals less income tax revenue and more fiscal stress on the state through expenditures on programs that assist the elderly. The time has come to rethink our taxation scheme. Pennsylvania is one of only a handful of states that exempts all retirement plan income from taxation. This tax expenditure must be revised to promote the longterm fiscal health of the state. Retirees have been productive members of society for decades and deserve recognition for their achievements. However, exempting public and private pension and retirement income is based on an antiquated notion that retirees cannot afford to be taxed, since they are no longer working. The facts do not support this case. The financial status of older people has gotten better over recent decades. Adjusting for inflation, the median income of married couples sixty-five and older has increased 129 percent since 1962 and 114 percent for non-married individuals in this age group. Almost 20 percent have incomes above $75,000.


Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded asphalt rich mix with a high concentration of coarse aggregates. In the present investigation, SMA mixtures were prepared with chemically treated aggregates and Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB), and were compared for various characteristics. SMA samples were prepared using conventional Marshall and Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) methods. Volumetric and Marshall properties, Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), rutting and moisture susceptibility, fatigue behaviour and permeability characteristics were determined for these mixtures. From the laboratory studies it is evident that, chemically treated aggregates with normal bitumen (Viscosity Graded (VG) 30) and CRMB with normal aggregates can be used in SMA to meet the drain down requirements. CRMB mixes were observed to be having an upper hand in performance, even though treated aggregates mixes showed better moisture resistance properties.


Fan blade bird resistance is one of the most important certification requirements for modern jet engines. The development test to meet the requirement is difficult and costly experiment. The expenses can be significantly reduced by using the numerical simulation of fan blade bird strike problem in the design of jet engine. The common technique for such simulations is modeling of bird as a solid cylinder or ellipsoid with material properties similar to water. The paper presents some results of fan blade bird strike analysis using LS-DYNA Lagrangian, SPH and ALE approaches to model the bird. The main objectives of the investigations are to compare the results obtained by means of different approaches and to find out the advantages and disadvantages of every approach.


The scientific-investigative training of the clinical researcher is in correspondence with the methodology for conducting clinical trials from the dynamics generated and its relationship with current social demands. The objective of the work was to theoretically base the scientific-investigative training of the clinical researcher.


Some English handbooks do not match with students' need so it will influence their English skill. Because a handbook is likely to be a teacher's teacher (McCrimmon, 1941), so analyzing handbook towards students' need is a must. This research focuses on analyzing English handbook towards Muamalah students' need in learning ESP.
The objectives of this research is to know; (1) The research result of evaluating Muamalah students' needs in learning English, (2) The relevance or suitability of the English Handbook with the students' needs. The students' need is divided into two categories, the first is students' need in life and students' need in academic (suitable with curriculum).
The research was conducted at the State Islamic University of Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung at Muamalah Department of the Faculty of Syariah and Law. The students are at second semester. They are 21 students from 3 classes (7 students from each class). The research is qualitative research, so it does not serve any statistical data. The researcher collects the data of the research from questionnaire, documents and interview.
The findings of this research are; the students' needs are speaking and listening in learning English and the curriculum of the Faculty of Syariah and Law is grammar review. While the English Handbook provides speaking, writing and reading activity without any listening activity. So the English Handbook is suitable for the students' need in listening and it is not suitable to the English curriculum of the Faculty of Syariah and Law.
From the result of the research, the researcher suggests that the book can be evaluated and add grammar review for Muamalah students in order to improve English proficiency of the students and also the book will be suitable with the students' needs and the curriculum of the Faculty of Syariah and Law.


The objective of this paper is to identify determinants of the reductions in the use of labor observed in Argentine agriculture. The paper focuses on the 2002-2018 period, using data from the last two publications of the Censo Nacional Agropecuario (the census undertaken in 2008 is incomplete). The paper summarizes trends of labor use and firm size in Argentina, and presents three possible hypothesis accounting for the observed changes: (a) capital-labor substitution, (b) labor-saving technical change (reduced and no-tillage), and (c) changes in the farm size and the types of capital (machines) used.


The utility model relates to a two-feed large-sized filter press of which a filter press thrust strip and a filter press pressure strip both have a feed function. The filter press thrust strip is provided with a feed port; the filter press pressure strip is provided with an auxiliary feed port; and the auxiliary feed port is communicated with a filter plate assembly feed port. The two-feed large-sized filter press has the advantages that by adopting the design of the auxiliary feed port of the pressure strip, feed is performed at two ends simultaneously at the filtering stage of the filter press, so that materials entering the interior of the filter press in unit time by adopting the two-end feed are about 1.6 times more than materials entering the interior of the filter press in unit time by adopting one-end feed, and therefore, not only is the filtering rate of the filter press greatly increased but also the filtering efficiency per unit time of the filter press is greatly improved.


Land surface temperatures during Jiashi earthquakes,Xinjiang have been retrieved from NOAA/AVHRR imagery around Jiashi,Xin Jiang province(36°~43°N、73°~85°E) by using "split window" algorithm.Then,they are combined with geology conformation characteristics to analyze the Jiashi earthquakes from February 24 to April,2003.Time series analysis method is employed to analyze the changes before and after the earthquakes,which is a new attempt for thermalinfrared abnormal information mining.Temporal and spatial temperature changes are analyzed and results may be helpful for earthquake abnormal precursor detection.


There has been an increasing challenge from the emission of methylene blue (MB) dye-containing wastewater and its management methods in industry. The sorption process is one conventionally used method. In this study, nanoclay, nano zero valent iron (nZVI), and iron impregnated nanoclay were prepared and studied for the removal of MB dye in batch mode. The effects of operating parameters like pH, dye concentration, sorbent dosage, and contact time were investigated and optimized. The nZVI, nanoclay, and iron impregnated nanoclay sorbents showed zeta potentials of −32.1, −53.4, and −40.7 mV, respectively. All the nano adsorbents were crystalline. The nanoclay was characterized by an average surface area, pore volume and pore diameter of 43.49 m2 g−1, 0.104 cm3 g−1 and 2.806 nm, respectively. nZVI showed a surface area of 47.125 m2 g−1, pore volume of 0.119 cm3 g−1, and pore diameter of 3.291 nm. And iron impregnated nanoclay showed a surface area of 73.110 m2 g−1 with a pore volume of 15 cm3 g−1 and a pore diameter size of 3.83 nm. A Langmuir EXT nitrogen gas adsorption isotherm (R2 ∼ 0.99) was the best fit. The thermodynamics parameters, such as ΔG° (−12.64 to −0.63 kJ mol−1), ΔH° (+0.1 to +62.15 kJ mol−1) and ΔS° (+0.10 to +0.22 kJ mol−1), confirmed that a spontaneous and endothermic adsorption process took place at a high rate of disorder. Iron impregnated nanoclay showed higher negative Gibbs free energy (−12.64 kJ mol−1), higher enthalpy change (+62.5 kJ mol−1) and entropy (+0.22 kJ mol−1) and gave a better MB removal performance. In addition, the lower negative heat of enthalpy for all adsorptions proved the dominance of physisorption. The methylene blue adsorption isotherm on nZVI and nanoclay showed the best fit with the Freundlich isotherm model with correlation coefficients (R2) ∼0.98 and 0.99, respectively. Whereas the Langmuir adsorption isotherm was the best fit for iron impregnated nanoclay (R2 ∼ 0.98). The adsorption activities of nZVI, nanoclay and iron impregnated nanoclay were fitted to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model with correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.999, 0.997 and 0.983, respectively. The optimal pH 7.0 (RE: 99.1 ± 0.73%), initial MB concentration 40 ppm (RE: 99.9 ± 0.03%), contact time 120 min (RE: 99.9 ± 0.9%), and adsorbent dose 80 (99.9 ± 0.03%) were obtained for iron impregnated nanoclay. The optimal operational parameters of nanoclay and nZVI, respectively, were pH 11.0 and 13.0, initial MB concentration 20 and 20 ppm, adsorbent dose 100 and 140 mg, and contact time 120 and 140 min. In general, iron impregnated nanoclay has shown promising cationic dye adsorbance for industrial applications; but a recyclability test is suggested before scale-up.


Access to food is essential to human survival and the 'right to food' is a human right whose fulfilment impinges on the realization of most other human rights. Nigeria is a signatory to many international and regional treaties involving the right to food. Although the Nigerian constitution does not expressly refer to the right to food, fundamental rights, specifically, the 'right to life' and 'right to dignity' (amongst others) are arguably inextricably linked with the right to food. The chapter posits that although there is arguably an obligation on the Nigerian government to fulfil the right to food for her teeming population, the pervasiveness of hunger in the country starkly illustrates the on-going failure to fulfil these rights. In spite of many policies initiated by the successive governments, including the transformational drives in the agricultural sector by the current government, it is to be seen that much progress has not been made in terms of availability, accessibility and enforcement of these rights. This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of the evolution of the right to food as a human right in international and regional laws.


In view of the fact that ancient time, plants have been a tremendous source of medicine. Since very lo ng time Lantana camara is reported to be used in traditional medicine sys tem for the treatment of itches, cuts, ulcers, swellings, bilious fever, cataract, eczema and rheu matism. Different parts of the plants are used in t he treatment of cold, headache, chicken pox, eye injuries, whooping cough, asthma, bronchitis and arterial hypertensio n. Lantana camara has scientifically studied for various therapeutic al activities like antioxidant, antibacterial, anti pyretic, larvicidal, insecticidal, antimicrobial, wound heal ing and anti-hyperglycemic. The present review is a n effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its, phytoch emistry, traditional uses and therapeutical studies . Key-Words: Lantana camara, Phytochemistry, Traditional uses, Therapeutics Introduction Lantan camara introduced in India as an ornamental plant but entirely naturalized and found throughout India. However, it is listed as one of the signific ant medicinal plants of the world (Ross,1999).The plant Lantana camara (Verbanaceae), generally known as wild or red sage is the most widespread species of this genus and it is a woody straggling plant with vario us flower colors, red, pink, white, yellow and violet Fig. 1. It is an ever green strong smelling shrub, with stout recurred prickles, leaves opposite, ovate, acute or sub acute, crenate -serrate, scab rid on both side (Thamotharan G, 2010) . There has been to a great extent work conducted, especially in India, on the chemical constituents of lantana camara. The leaf o il is used as an antiseptic for wounds and the roots are used for the treatment of tooth ache and the flowers for chest complaints in children (KR.Kirtika, BD.Basu, 1981),while extracts from the leaves exhibit anti proliferative, antimicrobial, fungicidal, insectici dal and nematicidal activity (Saxena, 1992, Begun S, 1995, Sharma S, 1999, Day , 2003) .Pharmacological investigations indicated that extracts of shoots of Lantana camara exhibited strong antioxidant activities (Basu, 2006). According to an all India ethnobiolog ical survey carried out by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, there are over 8000 species of plants being used by the people of India , while the biological diversity potential of plant metabolites is evident from the fact that 47-market ed drugs have been derived from 39 tropical forest pla nts. * Corresponding Author E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Traditional uses Lantana camara has been used in many parts of the world to treat a wide variety of disorders (Ross, 1 999). In Central and South America, the leaves were made into a poultice to treat sores, chicken pox and mea sles. Fevers, colds, rheumatism, asthma and high blood pressure were treated with preparations from the pl ant (Irvine, 1961). In Ghana, an infusion of the whole p ant was used for bronchitis and the powdered root in mi lk was given to children for stomach-ache (Irvine, 196 1). In Asian countries, leaves were used to treat cuts, rheumatism, ulcers and intestinal worms. It has bee n claimed that a steroid, lancamarone, from the leave s, exhibited cardio tonic properties (Sharma & Kaul, 1959) and that lantamine, an alkaloid from the stem , bark and roots showed antipyretic and antispasmodic properties comparable to those of quinine (Sastri, 1962).In India the leaves of the plant are boiled f or tea and the decoction is a remedy against cough and it is used as a lotion for wounds and Pounded leaves are applied to cuts, ulcers and swellings (Verma RK, 2006). Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Order Lamiales Family Verbenacea Genus Lantana


Author has briefly described the main factors influencing grain temperature out of the natural ventilation type urea prilling tower;has made heat balance calculation for temperature reduction,crystallization,cooling process of melt urea solution and the plant test adjusting damper opening of prilling tower.Research result indicates that the damper opening for the natural ventilation type urea prilling tower can be adjusted according to variation of natural conditions and through heat balance calculation in order to reach purpose of lowering urea grain temperature out of the urea prilling tower.


Corona disease (COVID-19) is a deadly disease which continues to affect the world. Media started constant reporting on COVID to the public. The main aim of the study to assess the impact of mass media on quality of life among parents of nursing students.Cross sectional study design was adopted. 203 parents of SRM nursing students who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected by Non- Probability convenient sampling technique. Structured questionnaire and Cross - sectional study design was used to conduct the study through google forms. During COVID pandemic most of them prefer (31.6%) social media, participants spent mass media about 1-2 hours (45.6%) per day. Most of the impact form of mass media is television (39%). Many of them have not been attended the psychiatric counselling (66.9%). The people are mostly convinced and moderately satisfied with mass media (45.6%). In the overview opinion of parents of nursing students there is no influence of mass media in relationships (27.9%).They were very satisfied with access to health service (32.4%). They felt panic, most of the time after watching the news (43.4%). They felt very depressed or hopeless after watching the news (41.9%). Most of the time they cannot concentrate on daily routine work and job life after watching the news on COVID-19 (37.5%). Most of the time they are affected emotionally due to physical distancing (36.8%). They felt either satisfied and dissatisfied with energy for every day life (39%). Majority of them dissatisfied with the conditions of living place (30.1%). Parents of nursing student's quality of life were moderately affected during COVID-19 as compared to the pre COVID-19 period (39%). The demographic variables corresponding to the p values which are less than 0.01, are significantly associated high with "quality of life during COVID-19 such as sex, family income per month and medium of information.