Predictions of Pettigrew's ultimate attribution error were investigated among 148 Indians (91 Hindus and 57 Muslims) and 145 Pakistanis (107 Muslims and 38 Hindus) in the Indian subcontinent. Using hypothetical scenarios, the first prediction, that negative behavior would be attributed more to dispositional than situational factors for out-group compared to in-group actors, received little support. The second prediction, that positive out-group behavior would be attributed more to situational circumstances, received considerable but not total support. Hindu participants attributed in-group actors as more competent but also warmer in Pakistan, whereas Muslim participants attributed in-group actors as being warmer in both countries. Autostereotypes (rather than heterostereotypes) of competence and warmth consistently mediated ethnocentric intergroup attributions. Collective self-esteem mediated ethnocentrism among both groups in Pakistan but only among Muslims in India, whereas social dominance orientation mediated majority group biases in both countries. Overall, the ultimate attribution error received mixed support, and results supported an in-group favoring more than out-group derogating pattern.


Aristotle. (On Praxagoras see now P. M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria [Oxford, 1972] 345 ff. and my article in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography Vol. XI pp. 127 ff.) It was, however, in the third century B.C. that the Greeks achieved their most spectacular advances in anatomy and physiology and it is to these Alexandrian discoveries in cardiology that H. turns in his fourth chapter. He rightly finds the cause of this tremendous leap forward in the fact that the dissection of the human body was permitted under the early Ptolemies. Although there is no evidence to suggest that 'closer acquaintance with the traditional ancient Egyptian practice of embalming and mummification' in itself proved of benefit to the Greek doctor, it is possible that this native burial rite contributed to the creation of an environment— unique in Greek cities of the time—in which the dissection of the human corpse was no longer attended with the usual misgivings. But, however that might be, one can applaud H.'s rejection of Fraser's recent thesis that Erasistratus neither worked at Alexandria nor practised human anatomy (Rendiconti del istiluto Lombardo [Classe di Lett, e Sci. Mor. e Stor.] 103 [1969] 518-537). Certainly the evidence of Celsus (De medicina, Prooemium 23 f.) is far more important than Fraser is prepared to allow (see now Lloyd's rebuttal of Fraser's arguments, J.H.S. 95 [1975] 172 ff.). On the other hand, H.'s contention that Herophilus 'definitely repudiated the conception of his master Praxagoras and younger contemporary Erasistratus that the arteries contained only pneuma' is too positive a claim in the light of the surviving evidence. H. may well be right; but his use of Galen De sanguine in arteriis, 8, IV. 713 K., although more careful than that of many scholars, smacks of special pleading. The otherwise excellent account of Erasistratus is marred by the author's acceptance of the widespread belief that in his old age Erasistratus changed his views upon the nature of the nerves and held that they contained not pneuma but marrow or brain substance. He should have known of Solmsen's article which shows that this view is inaccurate and based upon a misunderstanding of the text {Museum Helveticum 18 [1961] 188 ff.).


The Atlantic Forest is one of the most threatened Brazilian biomes by anthropic action. Thus, the interest inrecovering degraded areas through the use of native tree species has increased, causing a high demand in the use of vigorous seeds. This research aimed at evaluating the suitabilityof the electrical conductivity and accelerated aging tests to evaluate the vigor of C. myrianthum diaspores. For the adequacy of the electrical conductivity test, a completely randomized experimental design (CRD) was used in a 2 x 3 x9 (number of diaspores x volume of water x imbibition time)at a constant temperature of 25 °C. The procedure for the accelerated aging test was conducted at 40 ºC for 0 (no aging), 24, 48 and 72 hours. ACRDwas also used for the accelerated aging test, totaling 4 treatments. The results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. It is concluded that the electrical conductivity test for C. myrianthum diaspores can be conducted with 25 diaspores soaked with 50 mL of deionized water for 96 hours, thus replacing the germination test with the advantage of being carried out in a shorter period of time. Moreover,the 24 and 48 hour accelerated aging period is adequate to discriminate the vigor of C. myrianthum diaspores, with GSI and MGT being the most sensitive variables.


The effects of molecular motions on spin-echo signals (2n + 1)90°y—τ—90°x:—Acq(t) in nuclear spin systems with dipolar interactions have been investigated. It was found that in the case of a rigid lattice (M2τ2 c: >> 1) and a motionally narrowed NMR line (M2τ2 c,<< 1) a maximum of echo signals is observed at te = 2τ + t2—t1/2, where t1 and t2 are the widths of the RF pulses. It also was found that in the slow motion region (M2τ2 c ≊ 1) an amplitude of the dipolar echo signal is reduced and the maximum of the echo signal is shifted to the end of the second pulse. The theory developed is confirmed by the experimental results obtained for C6H6.


Distributed Bragg Reflector on ARROW Waveguides by Raul A. Reyes Hueros A new optofluidic chip design for an on-chip liquid dye laser based on AntiResonant Reflecting Optical Waveguides (ARROW) is developed. The microfluidic device is compact, user friendly and, most importantly, can provide the role of a on chip laser. This thesis can be broken into three parts: First, an analysis on distributive feed back (DFB) gratings that is developed to fabricate a optofluidic dye laser from anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROW). Second, the reflection spectrum and plausible parameters for the proposed device are simulated with Roaurd's Method. Third, a technique for direct dry transfer of uniform poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is used to overcome the challenges encountered in conventional PMMA deposition on top of non-flat waveguide structures.


The invention discloses an electroencephalogram detection device. The device comprises preamplifying circuits, anti-aliasing filter circuits, analog-to-digital (AD) converters and an analytical computer, and is characterized in that: each of the preamplifying circuits, each of the anti-aliasing filter circuits and each of the AD converters are sequentially connected to form a sampling and AD conversion circuit respectively; a plurality of sampling and AD conversion circuits are connected in parallel to form a plurality of channels of data streams; and then the data streams are collected into a high-speed data stream through a high-speed data collection circuit, and the high-speed data stream is transmitted to the analytical computer for analysis and processing through a data transmission circuit. The invention also discloses an electroencephalogram detection method. By the electroencephalogram detection device, the requirement of simultaneously performing high-rate (10KHZ per channel) and high-precision (24bit) sampling on a plurality of channels of electroencephalogram signals can be met, so that the device has the characteristics of high stability, strong anti-jamming capability, wide frequency band range and the like.


A new method of the lens-less holographic microscope is proposed for recording a high-resolution 3-D image with large visual depth. The light beam with a large viewing angle diffracted from the object surface is recorded by illuminating the three-dimentional object with a large incidence angle. A number of partial holograms are sequentially recorded with one CCD located at the fixed position by changing an incident angle of illumination light. These partial holograms are arranged in order to generate a hologram with large viewing-zone angle for the reconstruction of a high-resolution image. Optical experiments are carried out to demonstrate the present new method of the holographic microscope. Results show that a high-resolution image is reconstructed from the wide hologram generated from a number of partial holograms and the resolving power of reconstructed image is improved as the number of partial holograms becomes large.


The Clementine mission enabled the first quantative observations of the Moon at very small solar phase angles. It is well established from Earth-based observations that the Moon exhibits a non-linear increase in brightness as its face becomes fully illuminated to a terrestrial observer. Because the models of the opposition effect are sensitive indicators of surfical compaction state and particle size, observations at small solar phase angles are important to obtain. A recent model for optical coherent backscatter seeks to explain a narrow opposition spike at very small phase angles (< 1 degree) seen on several icy satellites , including Europa, Icarus 90, and Oberon . Over 90 images of the Moon's surface at phase angles less than 0.5(deg) (the minimum phase angle observable from Earth due to the Moon's angular size) were obtained by the Clementine spacecraft. Our analysis of these images shows the moon exhibits a surge in brightness of approximately 20% below 0.25(deg), comparable to the values observed on icy satellites. No color dependence was detected in the lunar phase curve below 2 degrees.


Field experiments were conducted during 1994–95 to 1997–98 to study the effect of sub-surface drain spacings and crop residue incorporation on reclamation of salt-affected Vertisols under soybean-wheat cropping system. The results indicated that sub-surface drains at 25, 50 and 75 m spacings installed at 1.3 m depth with corrugated PVC perforated pipe worked efficiently in draining out excess water from the field and thereby significantly increased the productivity of soybean and wheat crops besides improving the physical properties of soil such as bulk density, infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity and decreased soil salinity (ECe from 4.06 to 2.03 dS m−1) and sodicity (ESP from 14.7 to 9.8). In general, the drainage discharge induced at 450 to 550 mm rainfall. The drainage coefficient was highest (18 mm day−1) under 25 m spacing. Based on gross monetary returns of soybean-wheat system and drainage installation cost 75 m drain spacing was found beneficial. The incorporation of crop residue either sugarcane trash @ 5 t ha−1 or green manuring with dhaincha significantly increased the productivity of crops and proved to be better for reducing soil salinity and improving physical properties and the organic matter content of the salt-affected Vertisols.


Five organogelators derived from D-sorbitol containing nitrogen groups, 1,3 :2,4-bis-O-(p-nitrobenzylidene)-D-sorbitol, 1,3 :2,4-bis-O-(p-aminobenzylidene)-D-sorbitol, and three 1,3 :2,4-bis-O-(p-alkylamino ber, ylidene)-D-sorbitols were synthesized and characterized and their gelation ability was evaluated. The decreased gelation ability of the synthesized organogelators as compared to the unsubstituted compound is explained by the mechanism of gelation for the later. SEM observation of the xerogels showed that the nitro derivative forms a three-dimensional network of long fibrils with square section. For the amino derivative the fibrils are tightly packed due to the possible additional hydrogen bonding.


Using nickel powders and titanium powders as raw materials,porous NiTi shape memory alloys(SMA) were prepared by using self-propagating high temperature synthesis(SHS) technique.The influences of parameters such as the sample pressure,nickel content and titanium powder size on pore size,pore uniformity and microstructure were studied.The results show that the NiTi alloy synthesized by SHS technique had spiral and laminar structure.The samples pressed between 100-200 MPa had uniform pores and were ideal 3-D connection structure.With nickel mass fraction of 40% the pore distribution and three-dimensional interconnectability were ideal.When the granularity of titanium powers was large,liquid phase and impurity NiTi2,Ni3Ti droplets turned up,and the granularity between 50-100 μm was preferable.


A finite strip method is used for analysing the buckling of longitudinally stiffened web plates subjected to transverse local edge loading. The probLem is of particular importance for box girders, which have relatively weak flanges for resisting this type of buckling. Critical loads are obtained for square webs stiffened by single asymmetric longitudinal stiffeners positioned at one fifth of the depth from the loaded edge. A sufficient range of stiffener geometries is considered to enable the separate influences of the bending and torsional rigidities to be determined and two simple design rules are proposed. The first gives the lower limit on the bending rigidity for which the stiffener remains straight in the buckled configuration. The second gives the buckling strength of the web as a function of the torsional rigidty of the stiffener.


D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) is a well-established oncometabolite of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant gliomas. While prior studies have demonstrated that D-2-HG is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with IDH-mutant gliomas, no study has evaluated the ability of CSF D-2-HG to quantitatively monitor tumor burden and therapeutic response. Toward this goal, we are routinely obtaining CSF samples from patients prior to, during, and after treatment via intra-operative collection and CSF-access devices.

 Patients were enrolled into our Ommaya reservoir study (NCT04692337), which enables longitudinal access to CSF. The catheter for the implanted reservoir was placed within the surgical resection cavity following a standard-of-care resection. Intra-operatively collected CSF samples were also biobanked through Mayo Clinic's Neuro-Oncology biorepository. CSF samples were also acquired via clinically indicated ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VP shunts) or external ventricular drains via our ongoing CSF biomarkers study (NCT04692324). D-and-L-2-HG were assayed from each CSF sample via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) at Mayo Clinic's Biochemical Genetics Laboratory.

 CSF was collected prior to and after resection in patients via Ommaya reservoirs or VP shunts, all of whom underwent near gross total resections (>95% of tumor volume). D-2-HG and the D/L ratio fell on average by 57.9% (range: 15.1%-98.6%) and 68.8% (range: 49.3%-98.9%), respectively, following resection. In one patient with a largely intraventricular grade 4 IDH-mutant astrocytoma, D-and-L-2-HG fell by 99.1% and 99.3% by post-operative day 2, consistent with the impact of ventricular contact on baseline CSF D-2-HG levels. In patients for whom CSF was collected throughout chemoradiation, with or without immunotherapy, D-2-HG and the D/L ratio continued to decrease over time, despite concern for pseudoprogression versus progression on imaging.

 Our early experience with this strategy demonstrates the potential for intracranial CSF D-2-HG as a monitoring biomarker for IDH-mutant gliomas. Work is ongoing to evaluate the reproducibility of these findings in a larger cohort of patients with low or high-grade gliomas, in addition to the impact of tumor recurrence on 2-HG. Future studies will evaluate the impact of IDH inhibitors and other experimental therapies on CSF 2-HG levels for pharmacodynamic monitoring of treatment response.


The dynamics of passenger traffic on domestic and international flights for the two stages are formalised. It is reported that the main reason for seeing another phase, a sharp increase in 2020, is the COVID-19- related exchange. It is noted that during 2011–2021, passenger traffic through Ukrainian airports increased against the background of opposite trends in rate for domestic flights and an increase for international flights. The dynamics of passenger traffic for domestic and international flights for two stages is formalised. It is identified that the market of airport services in terms of the share of passenger turnover is overly concentrated, and the airports with the highest ratings are identified. The advantages of developing airports and airfields in Ukraine are identified. The factors hindering the development of Ukrainian airports and airfields are systematised. Proposals for the adoption of current factors for the development of airports and airfields are as follows: to fulfil its obligations under the Open Skies Agreement; to certify airports in accordance with EU standards; to continue liberalising the air transport market and creating a competitive environment by increasing the number of air carriers; to intensify business activity by cooperating with airlines to maintain existing and open new international routes; to develop infrastructure for transfer passengers; to improve the quality of airport services and expand the range of support services; improve the security of airports and aviation activities. The following measures are proposed to implement the state programme for the development of airports: preparation of investment projects/business plans aimed at building new airports and reconstructing existing ones, increasing the capacity of existing ones; improving the quality of airport services; increasing passenger and cargo turnover; maintaining airports in a condition that ensures flight safety; innovative renewal of fixed assets.


The central issue is the development of analytic and holistic processing. Following a presentation of the most important paradigms in the field, we summarize models according to which analytic processing follows holistic processing during development. In contrast, other authors claimed that from the start, young children have analytical abilities which increase during development. We will review different conceptions of these two modes of processing (Cook, Kemler Nelson, Shepp, Smith and Ward) as well as their representational presuppositions. We will discuss the limits of each paradigm. We will also rephrase holistic explanations in terms of analytic explanations. The last part of the paper summarizes recent work that characterizes the nature of existing differences between the younger and older children in terms of selective attention capacity, perceptual differenciation, inhibition and memorisation.


A prototype domestic solar water heater with an area of 1m2 was constructed and tested. The principal element was a simple shallow black tank insulated on the sides and bottom, functioning both as the collector and hot water storage tank. Cooling curves showed that adequate heat retention could only be achieved using a transparent cover consisting of monre than one layer. The amount of water in the tank was varied. With 50 L of water a temperature of 87°C was observed. It was concluded that it would be possi-ble to make a practical and cheap solar. water heater for equatorial regions by using In series 4 of the units tested.


At the meeting of the British Association held in York in 1881, with Sir William Thomson present, the delegates discussed the forthcoming Inter national Electrical Congress to be held in Paris. The firm hope was expressed 'that other nations might agree to the system of units and standards which the British Association Committees had evolved, chiefly under Thomson's inspiration since 1862'. That autumn, Thomson crossed over to Paris as one of the British members forming part of the 250 delegates from 28 countries represented at the Congress, which lasted from 15 September to 19 October 1881. The Electrical Exhibition held at the same time as the Congress was an outstanding success and drew electrical contractors from all parts of the world including the United States. For the first time in Europe, the nearly one million visitors were able to see all that the electrical industry could provide in the way of lighting, telegraphy and telephone systems.


But, if the patient is affected with ardent fever, and has a fiery heat about the breast, it will not be improper to apply cold things to the breast, and to give cold drink, not in small quantities, for it only makes the flame burn more; but in full draughts, so as to extinguish it. —Ruffus of Ephesus20 circa 100B.C. Hypothermia at various levels has become useful in the care of surgical patients. In some newer cardiac and neurosurgical operations the use of cardiopulmonary bypass has been successful only with the addition of lower levels of hypothermia. While attempting to provide critically ill patients with the potential advantages of reduced metabolic activity, we have studied the clinical course of moderate hypothermia for extended periods of time in 5 patients. For centuries physicians have recognized the value of reducing high fever commonly associated with infectious diseases and


Re–Os isotope and platinum group elements (PGE) systematics are presented for peridotite xenoliths from N. Lesotho (on-craton), S. Namibia (circum-cratonic), the Vitim volcanic field (Baikhal Rift), plus massif peridotites from Beni Bousera, N. Morocco. Mg–Fe variations indicate that these samples have experienced between 5% (Vitim–Beni Bousera) and 50% (Lesotho) melt extraction, providing the opportunity to examine PGE fractionation over a large melting interval. The Namibian xenoliths and Beni Bousera massif peridotites show no variation of iridium group (Ir, Ru, Os; I-PGE) abundances or inter-element fractionations relative to melt depletion indices such as Mg number or Al2O3. Lesotho peridotites show large variations in I-PGE abundances (Os range 0.2–13 ppb) at relatively constant Al2O3 that are not easily rationalised by melt-extraction models. Despite these abundance variations, there is no significant inter-element fractionation of I-PGE, e.g., (Os/Ir)n, showing that these elements are not fractionated by even very large degrees of melting (up to 50% melt extraction). Lesotho peridotites are amongst the most P-PGE (Pt, Pd)-depleted mantle rocks, with highly fractionated chondritenormalised PGE. PGE systematics for all these peridotite suites allow a relative order of PGE compatibility to be firmly established for mantle melting: D Os=melt fD Ir=melt fD Ru=melt > D Pt=melt > D Pd=melt : Vitim peridotite xenoliths have very low Os contents and low Os/Ir (<70% chondritic) compared to the kimberlite-borne xenoliths and massif peridotites. The Vitim low Os/Ir is comparable with other suites of alkali-basalt-borne peridotite xenoliths and may result from syn- or post-eruption sulphide breakdown and alteration. Chondritic (Ru/Ir)n and (Os/Ir)n ratios in Lesotho and other cratonic peridotites show no evidence of anomalous PGE fractionations in the Archean subcontinental mantle and support the Late Veneer hypothesis. In most of the peridotite suites, (Pd/Ir)n values show a strong correlation with Os isotopic composition that is likely the result of melt-residue interaction. The positive variation of both (Ru/Ir)n and (Pd/Ir)n with bulk rock Al2O3 and Os isotopic composition for Beni Bousera and global massif peridotites indicates that these PGE ratios were modified by interaction with melts. Hence, we find no support for the intra-element PGE fractionation in the continental lithospheric mantle (CLM) representing primordial mantle heterogeneity. Highly


The cultures of Lophotrichus antmpullus Benjamin and L. martinii Benjamin employed in this study were subcultures of the material upon which Benjamin based his descriptions. Material to be sectioned was cultured, killed and fixed, and stained by the same procedures outlined in an earlier paper on Chaetomium (Whiteside, 1961). Under the procedures followed, the Gram stain usually proved to be more satisfactory than Heidenhain's hematoxylin for staining sectioned material of this genus. For the observation of ascocarp initials, as well as for the study of the contents of crushed perithecia, a dilute aqueous phloxine solution was used. The nuclei of the ascogenous cells stained readily with the phloxine but only with difficulty when treated with the carmine stains.


1. Abstract Polycrystalline ferroelectrics differ significantly from single crystals because of the presence of variously oriented grains or crystallites. The orientation of ferroelectric crystals plays a critical role in the anisotropy of their piezoelectric properties. The set of combination of variables, known as solution space, which dictates the orientation distribution of grains is unlimited. Thus a stochastic optimization combined with homogenization is employed for the identification of the optimal granular configuration of the ferroelectric ceramic microstructure with optimum electromechanical coupling suitable for applications such as transducers and actuators. The effective macroscopic electromechanical coupling k are calculated at every iteration using the mathematical homogenization method. The configuration of crystallites at each step is chosen by the optimization algorithm. The single crystal ferroelectrics are also investigated in an effort to compare the performance characteristics with that of polycrystals. A configuration constraining the orientation distribution of the c-axis (polar axis) of the crystallites is identified. This grain configuration would optimize the figures of merit such as dh and kh of the ferroelectric material. 2.


The utility model relates to a kitchen stove matching device, in particular to a high efficient range hood and a matching stove, including an oil smoke suction device, an oil smoke lateral exhaust device, an air blow port and an air blow pipe, an annular air suction ring is arranged on the oil smoke suction device, the annular air suction ring is arranged at the upper end of the periphery of the stove tray, the lower part of the annular air suction ring is provided with an opening, the inside of the annular air suction ring is distributed with air suction holes in a ring shape, the air blow port which is tilted downward is arranged on a stove pedestal or the inside of the annular air suction ring, and the air blow port is connected with a clean air device by the air blow pipe. The utility model uses a purification fluid to disperse the oil smoke, the ascending and descending oil smoke suction device to suck the oil smoke, a direct connected fan to discharge the oil smoke and a combined stove, range hood and disinfection storage cabinet to realize the design concept of high efficiency, energy conservation, environmental protection and convenience. Compared with the prior art, the utility model has the advantages of preventing the spread of the oil smoke by the clean air, no secondary pollution, strong oil smoke absorption strength, energy conservation, convenience, high efficiency, pleasing appearance, low noise, difficult stoppage of the air suction holes and so on.


Scheuble, Robert. Mannes manheit, vrouwen meister. Mannliche Sozialisation und Formen der Gewalt gegen Frauen im Nibelungenlied und in Wolframs von Eschenbach Parzival. Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang, 2005. 381pp. euro56.50 hardcover. This sober and sobering study of male violence, both manifest and descriptive, in two late medieval German literary texts is a dissertation which was honored with a prize by the Unterfrankische Gedenkjahrstiftung fur Wissenschaft in 2004. True to its character as a dissertation, Mannes manheit, vrouwen meister is methodical and systematic in its approach rather than argumentative, with great attention to narrative and theoretical detail and a measured, non-polemical evaluation of the primary sources' evidence of medieval attitudes and actions that express male violence against women. The author is familiar with medievalist scholarship on gender and violence on both sides of the Atlantic, and draws extensively on these insights to present his own case for the Nibelungenlied and Parzival. Scheuble employs the social sciences to define male violence against women as culturally and historically specific, as psychological and physical, and as gender-specific. His sources include, among others, an in-depth study of male violence against women conducted by the Bundesministerium fur Familie, Senioren, Frauen, und Jugend from 1995, and research in the field of kritische Mannerforschung (New Men's Studies) on male socialization and masculinity. In setting the stage for the medieval context, Scheuble surveys relevant scholarship on gender-relevant changes in late medieval law and social practices, and offers a critical evaluation of late medieval courtly stereotypes that devalue femininity through idealization. Women's plight as targets of male violence garnered attention only in so far as the property rights and the honor of their male relatives (as father, spouse, or brother) were involved. Alternative social models or an acknowledgment of the pain and injustice suffered were consistently absent. Reviewing current scholarship about perpetrators, Scheuble settles for a definition that recognizes violence as an intentional act (Gewalttat) and/or as the threat of such an act (e.g., communicated verbally) to cause physical harm to another person. As such, violence is different from aggression. The intentionality of a violent act, however, may be personal, direct, and manifest, or structural in that violence may be built into relatively stable social systems. In its structural form, male on female violence appears legitimate, quotidian, and is often invisible. …


The sunk cost effect describes the inability of decision makers to abandon chosen courses of action even when the costs outweigh the gains, potential or real. An examination of the background to the Western Sahara conflict suggests that Morocco has been victim to the sunk cost effect, even though the monarchy might not be able nor wish to abandon its policy after so many years' commitment. The Moroccan experience is contrasted with some other well‐known cases of the sunk cost effect in contemporary international relations and mechanisms are suggested for avoiding it, even to the extent of intensifying commitments in order to bring the situation to a definitive conclusion.


Summary:Summary: Chronic indwelling catheter is placed in the carotid artery for blood sampling during experiments. Surival surgery is performed in anesthetized mice, and mice recover from surgery after 4~5 days.


Support Vector Machines (SVM) learning can be used to construct classification models of high accuracy. However, the performance of SVM learning should be improved. This paper proposes a bilinear grid search method to achieve higher computation efficiency in choosing kernel parameters (C, γ) of SVM with RBF kernel. Experiments show that the proposed method retains the advantages of a small number of training SVMs of bilinear search and the high prediction accuracy of grid search. It has been proved that bilinear grid search method (BGSM) is an effective way to train SVM with RBF kernel. With the application of BGSM, the protein secondary structure prediction can obtain a better learning accuracy compared with other related algorithms. Povzetek: Razvita je nova metoda iskanja parametrov za metodo SVM.


Let $\mu$ be a positive Borel measure on $R^n$ which is positive on cubes. For any cube $Q \subset R^n$, a Borel measurable nonnegative function $\varphi_Q$, supported and positive a.e. with respect to $\mu$ in Q, is given. We consider a maximal function $$ M_{\mu}f(x) = sup \int \varphi Qfd_{\mu} $$ where the supremum is taken over all $\varphi Q$ such that $x \in Q$.


The technique was originally developed to test the inferior vestibular nerve in tumor suspects whose high-frequency hearing loss exceeded the capabilities of the auditory brainstem response tests and whose electronystagmographic results showed no significantly reduced vestibular response. The test has subsequently been found effective to demonstrate persistent singular nerve fiber function in patients with persistent vertigo after retrolabyrinthine vestibular nerve section.


This paper presents a methodology for mismatch parameter extraction and mismatch simulation using conventional electrical simulators, like HSpice. A measurement and extraction procedure has been carefully designed to be able to obtain reliable measurements of the mismatch parameters of a given technology. The correctness of this extraction procedure method has been checked through three different validation methods. We also present two methods for performing mismatch simulation with conventional circuit simulators (like HSpice) using the extracted parameters.


Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is considered being a good option for earth observation with its unique advantages. In this paper, we proposed an adaptive ship detector using full-polarization SAR images. First, by thoroughly investigating the scattering characteristics between ships and their background, and the wave polarization anisotropy, a novel ship detector is proposed by jointing the two characteristics, named Scattering-Anisotropy joint (joint-SA). Based on the theoretical analysis, we showed that the joint-SA is an effective physical quantity to show the difference between the ship and its background, and thus joint-SA can be used for ship detection of full-polarization image data. Second, the generalized Gamma distribution (GΓD) was used to characterize the joint-SA statistics of sea clutter with a large range of homogeneity. As a result, an adaptive constant false alarm rate (CFAR) method was implemented based on the jointSA. Finally, RADARSAT-2 and GF-3 data in C-band and ALOS data in L-band are used for verification. We tested on five datasets, and the experimental results verify the correctness and superiority of the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) method based on the joint-SA. In addition, the experimental results also showed that the signal-clutter ratio (SCR) of the proposed ship detector joint-SA (33.17 dB, 35.98 dB, 57.25 dB) is better than that of DBSP (8.92 dB, 3.43 dB, 25.40 dB) and RsDVH (17.28 dB, 11.17 dB, 54.55 dB). More importantly, the proposed detector joint-SA has higher detection accuracy and a lower false alarm rate.


The comprehensive evaluation of basketball sport is an important part of basketball sport. In this paper, the comprehensive evaluation model for Students' basketball sport is studied by means of the main idea of analyticl hierarchy process method(AHP) , and according to this model, the quality of four teams is analysed, the results show that new requirements are put forward to teachers, it is only the corresponding adjustments in the aspects of attack technique and defence technique can lead to good results.


Using recent couplings we provide counterexamples to monotonicity properties of percolation models related to graphical representations of the Ising model. We further prove a new coupling of the double random current model to the loop-$\mathrm{O}(1)$-model.


According to the fact that Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) has been mainly used as a signaling protocol in the softswitch system, this paper discusses the implementation of a streaming media server based on SIP. Firstly, this paper presents the concept of streaming media and SIP. Secondly, it discusses the operating principle of a streaming media server and designs the architecture of it. Finally, it introduces a ReSIProcate, SIP protocol stack, and gives steps to implement a signaling module of the streaming media server using ReSIProcate.


The daily average relative humidity is significant for both agriculture and industry. Due to high stochastic, intermittent and non-linear characteristics by nature, the accurate forecasting of the daily average relative humidity is a very challenging task. For improving forecasting performance, two LSTM-attention methods with the attention mechanism added after the input and the attention mechanism added before the output are developed in this paper. First, meteorological data during 1 January 1999 to 31 December 2017 from a meteorological station in Shaanxi, China, were analyzed, where the daily rainfall and daily mean relative humidity were transformed by Log operations to reduce fluctuations and to make their distributions close to the normal distribution. Then, two LSTM-attention methods are designed to forecast the daily average relative humidity, where the LSTM is used to extract time-varying non-linear features and to automatically mine internally causal relationships, and attention mechanisms are applied to improve forecasting accuracy. Experimental results suggest that the method of attention mechanism added after the input gains better performance than the method of attention mechanism added before the output and the baseline LSTM method in MSE, RMSE and MAE.


【The three domestic natural zeolites(Yong dong-ri (Y), Daesin-ri (D), Seogdong-ri (S)) harvested in Kyeongju-shi and Pohang-shi, Kyungsangbug-Do, were pretreatd with each of the NaOH, $Ca(OH)_2$ and NaOH following HCl solutions, and the removal performances of divalent haevy metals(Cu, Mn, Pb, and Sr) for natural and pretreated zeolites were investigated and compared in the single and mixed solutions. The natural zeolite-heavy metal system attained the final equilibrium plateau within 20 min, irrespective of initial heavy metal concentration. The heavy metal uptakes increased with increasing initial heavy metal concentration and pH. The heavy metal uptakes for natural zeolites decreased in the following sequences : D>Y>S among the natural zeolites; Pb>Cu>Sr>Mn among the heavy metals. The pretreated zeolites showed higher heavy metal removal performances than natural zeolites and decreased in the order of NaOH, NaOH following HCl, $Ca(OH)_2$ treatment among the pretreatment methods. The heavy metal ion exchange capacity by natural and pretreated zeolites was described either by Freundlich equation or Langmuir equation, but it followed the former better than the latter. The heavy metal uptakes for natural zeolites decreased in the mixed solution, in comparing with those in the single solution and especially, the manganese uptake decreased greatly in the mixed solution. The pretreated zeolites showed the improved removal performances of heavy metals in the mixed solution than in the single solution and the heavy metal uptakes by those in the mixed solution showed the same trends in the single solution among the chemical treatment methods and heavy metals.】


Introduction: Social anxiety disorder is characterized by the fear of negative evaluation. This psychological construct results in individual's poor functioning. Aim: The present research aimed to compare the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness therapy on the fear of negative evaluation in individuals with social anxiety disorder. Method: This quasi-experimental study, with a pretest-posttest control group design, was conducted on a population of individuals with social anxiety symptoms, who were referred to the psychological clinics of Shiraz, Iran, in 2019. Sampling was performed using the convenience sampling method. After initial evaluations, 45 people were randomly divided into three equal groups (two intervention groups and one control group). The CBT protocol proposed by Hoffman and Otto (2008) and the Acceptance and Mindfulness protocol by Fleming and Kukowski (2007) were used to implement the interventions (12 two-hour sessions). The participants also completed the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) by Connor et al. (2000) and the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale by Leary (1983) before and after the intervention. Data analysis was performed in SPSS-24, using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results: The results of MANCOVA test showed a significant difference between the scores of the control and experimental groups (P<0.001). Compared to the control group, the fear of negative evaluation reduced in the experimental groups. Although there was no significant difference between the two treatment approaches (P>0.05), the effect of mindfulness treatment was slightly higher than CBT. Conclusion: In this study, comparison of the two mindfulness and CBT approaches indicated no significant difference between these two methods in reducing the fear of negative evaluation among individuals with social anxiety. Therefore; it is suggested to use acombination of these two methods to reduce the fear of negative evaluation.


Abstract Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of propolis (bee glue; BG) supplementation and stocking density on growth performance, ileal nutrient digestibility, gut morphology, and immune response of broilers exposed to heat stress. In Experiment I, a total of 300 1-day-old male chicks (Ross 308) were assigned to six treatments, with five replications of 10 birds each. The birds were fed diet containing no additive (CON) or diet supplemented with different levels of BG (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 g/kg of feed). Broilers-fed BG at 4 g/kg had higher average daily gain (ADG) (linear and quadratic, p < .05) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (linear, p < .01) than those fed the CON diet, but BG supplementation (5 g/kg of feed) reduced (quadratic and linear, p < .01) levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Inclusion of BG (4 and 5 g/kg of feed) increased villus height (VH) and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (VH/CD) in the jejunum (linear and quadratic; p < .01), and plasma IgM concentration (linear; p = .021). In Experiment II, 1-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens (n = 240) were allocated to four experimental groups for 42 days. The experimental treatments consisted of a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two levels of BG (0 or 4 g/kg of diet) and two levels of stocking density (low stocking density; LSD, 10 birds/m2 or medium stocking density; MSD, 14 birds/m2). From Day 22 on the birds were either kept at thermoneutral zone (22 °C) or subjected to cyclic heat stress by exposing them daily to 33 °C for 10 h (from 08.00 to 18.00) and 22 °C from 18.00 to 08.00. The results showed that ADG, ADFI, and jejunum VH were decreased (p < .05) more in the birds stocked at MSD than in those housed at LSD. In the birds stocked at MSD, dietary BG supplementation increased (p < .05) the nitrogen digestibility, AME, blood IgG and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio (H:L). In conclusion, the optimum inclusion level of BG in broiler diets is 4 g/kg, and feeding BG had positive effects on immune system and stress indicators of heat-stressed broilers housed at a MSD.


Great efforts have been paid in the Intelligent Database Systems Research Lab for the research and development of efficient data mining methods and construction of on-line analytical data mining systems.Our work has been focused on the integration of data mining and OLAP technologies and the development of scalable, integrated, and multiple data mining functions. A data mining system, DBMiner, has been developed for interactive mining of multiple-level knowledge in large relational databases and data warehouses. The system implements a wide spectrum of data mining functions, including characterization, comparison, association, classification, prediction, and clustering. It also builds up a user-friendly, interactive data mining environment and a set of knowledge visualization tools. In-depth research has been performed on the efficiency and scalability of data mining methods. Moreover, the research has been extended to spatial data mining, multimedia data mining, text mining, and Web mining with several new data mining system prototypes constructed or under construction, including GeoMiner, MultiMediaMiner, and WebLogMiner.This article summarizes our research and development activities in the last several years and shares our experiences and lessons with the readers.


The "Wei" in Chinese classical poetics mainly embodies in three aspects: the first is praising "Wei" as the poetry aesthetic root;the second is probing its aesthetic characteristic and demand;the third is inspecting its creating and product.The discussion about the "Wei" in classical poetics provided a platform for us to hold better the aesthetic category of "Wei".


The precision of phase-locked loop (PLL) has a direct effect on the output performance for three-phase grid-connected inverter or three-phase active PFC. In this paper, a new three-phase digital closed-loop phase-locked algorithm is proposed on the basis of synchronous reference frame transformation. Synchronous simulation of the PLL techniques is a good choice even if the polluted three-phase grid such as the harmonics, phase jump and unbalance. Finally, MATLAB digital simulation results prove that the proposed PLL can fast and accurately track the positive sequence fundamental components of three-phase grid voltage.


ABSTRACT The Capabilities Approach provides an alternate lens to conceptualize substance misuse that embraces human dignity. This paper provides an overview of the Capabilities Approach, describes three overarching areas of substance misuse that hurt people who use substances, and explains how a shift to a Capabilities Approach would reduce that burden. These include (1) the stigmatizing effects of attributing substance misuse to personal responsibility while minimizing structural contributing factors; (2) the fragmented, siloed services separating micro and macro approaches; and (3) a rigid, prescriptive view of recovery based on 12 step philosophy with the sole outcome of abstinence thus not supporting a person-centered, multiple pathways approach, and in turn, self-determination. Finally, implications for Capabilities guided approaches to social work practice highlight person-in-environment, integrated practice, and a client-centered focus while replacing policies such as the War on Drugs with harm reduction and drug


Information technology is now recognized as a critical component of business success. The information systems clarion call has been sounded and the mounting evidence for the strategic value of information technology has convinced all but the most steadfast doubters.


Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in colorectal lesions is demanding, and a significant rate of non-curative procedures is expected. We aimed to assess the rate of residual lesion after a piecemeal ESD resection, or after an en bloc resection but with positive horizontal margins (local-risk resection—LocRR), for colorectal benign neoplasia. A retrospective multicenter analysis of consecutive colorectal ESDs was performed. Patients with LocRR ESDs for the treatment of benign colorectal lesions with at least one follow-up endoscopy were included. A cohort of en bloc resected lesions, with negative margins, was used as the control. A total of 2255 colorectal ESDs were reviewed; 352 of the ESDs were "non-curative". Among them, 209 were LocRR: 133 high-grade dysplasia and 76 low-grade dysplasia. Ten cases were excluded due to missing data. A total of 146 consecutive curative resections were retrieved for comparison. Compared to the "curative group", LocRRs were observed in lengthier procedures, with larger lesions, and in non-granular LSTs. Recurrence was higher in the LocRR group (16/199, 8% vs. 1/146, 0.7%; p = 0.002). However, statistical significance was lost when considering only en bloc resections with positive horizontal margins (p = 0.068). In conclusion, a higher rate of residual lesion was found after a piecemeal ESD resection, but not after an en bloc resection with positive horizontal margins.


The invention relates to a formula of a green plant-based feed for pet rabbits. The feed comprises the following raw materials by weight percentage: 40%-60% of high-quality alfalfa, 15%-25% of corn flour, 10%-15% of bean meal, 10%-15% of wheat flour, 3-8% of medlar powder, 3%-10% of thyme, 3%-5% of date powder. The feed for the pet rabbits, provided by the invention, contains a plurality of active ingredients and Chinese herbal medicines such as the thyme, medlar and the data powder; the powder has a great effect on the growth of the pet rabbits; fed with the feed, the pet rabbits can well grow, and has the high disease resistance and the high digestibility; the feed contains no hormones and drugs; the survival rate of the pet rabbits is high and the utilization rate of the feed is high, so that the use cost is reduced; and therefore, the feed is the best choice for the pet rabbits.


Submitted for the MAR12 Meeting of The American Physical Society A Molecular Dynamics Study on the Exfoliation of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide1 SEMRA SENTURKOZER, Stevens Institute of Technology, DENIZ RENDE, NIHAT BAYSAL, RAHMI OZISIK, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute — Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) could be used in various technological applications due to their structural, electrical and mechanical properties. However, in order to get the theoretically predicted benefits, nanotubes have to be succesfully dispersed in the polymer matrix. Supercritical fluids were previously shown to result in good dispersion of nanofillers (in the case of clays and spherical nanofillers). In the current study, we investigated the potential use of supercritical carbon dioxide to unbundle single walled carbon nanotubes via molecular dynamics simulations. Various carbon nanotube systems were simulated with XenoView simulation software, and the effect of surface modification of nanotube with CO2-philic chemicals was investigted on nanotube dispersion. Results showed that surface modification of nanotubes improves their dispersion in supercritical carbon dioxide. 1Partial support was provided by NSF Grant No. 1003574 and RPI. DR is also supported by TUBITAK 2219 program. Rahmi Ozisik Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Date submitted: 11 Nov 2011 Electronic form version 1.4


The invention discloses a preparation method of moxifloxacin hydrochloride, comprising the steps of: reacting the 1-cyclopropyl-6,7-difluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-3-quinoline carboxylic acid and the S,S-2,8-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane to prepare the moxifloxacin in the presence of organic base in organic solvent under the reaction temperature of 60 to 85 DEG C; separating the moxifloxacin, processing the moxifloxacin by concentrated hydrochloric acid in organic solvent under the reaction temperature of 60 to 85 DEG C to obtain the moxifloxacin hydrochloride.


Signal integrity effects have significant impacts on VLSI performance variation and must be taken into account in statistical timing analysis. We study signal propagation de- lay variation induced by crosstalk aggressor signal in this paper. We establish a functional relationship between signal propagation delay and crosstalk aggressor signal alignment by deterministic circuit simulation, and derive closed form formulas for statistical distributions of output signal arrival times. Our proposed method can be smoothly integrated into a static timing analyzer, which runtime is dominated by sampling deterministic delay calculation, while probabilistic computation and updating take constant time. Our experimental results based on 1000m global interconnect structures in BPTM 70nm technology and industry designs in 130nm technology show that lack of statistical crosstalk aggressor signal alignment consideration could lead to up to 114:65% (71:26%) differences in interconnect delay means (standard deviations), and 159:4% (147:4%) differences in gate delay means (standard deviations), while our method gives within 1:28% (3:38%) mismatch in interconnect output signal arrival time means (standard deviations), and within 2:57% (3:86%) mismatch in gate output signal arrival time means (standard deviations), respectively.


Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are common human DNA viral pathogens that intermittently reactivate causing typical infection. After replication in the skin or mucosa, the virus infects the local nerve endings and ascends to the ganglia where it becomes latent infection until reactivation [1]. There are two types of HSV: HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV-1 is mostly associated with orofacial disease, whereas HSV-2 usually causes genital infection [1,2], but both can infect oral and genital areas and cause acute and recurrent infections. Most of the adult population is seropositive for HSV-1 and the majority of infections are acquired in childhood [1,3] While a study showed that about onefourth of adults are infected with HSV-2. Acquisition of HSV-2 correlates with sexual behavior [1]. Although HSV-2 remains the major cause of recurrent genital herpes infections (70–90% overall)2, the proportion due to HSV-1 has been increasing in the US, Canada, and the UK. In these countries, HSV-1 now accounts for the majority of genital herpes infections in young adults, especially college students [4,5]. As with other sexually transmitted infections, the rate of acquisition ABSTRACT


The semantic networks that are built today are called ontologies. This choice rests not only on the tradition of Logic, but also on Metaphysics.Unfortunately, the vocabularies of natural languages are not shaped like ontologies : semantic relations are in fact much more complex and varied than ontologic relations.To build a " de-ontology ", we have to take into account the diversity of discourses and genres, because a unique ontology remains illusory ; we have to insist on the problem of semiotic heterogeneity of texts, on complex correlations beetween meanings and expressions, on the role of context.These are some requirements to fulfil characterization tasks, especially in corpus linguistics.


Over the last decade, South African companies' presence in the Sub-Saharan retail market has steadily solidified. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to determine the importance attached to key factors influencing the choice of entry mode of South African retailers entering new African markets. The author also ascertains the preferred mode of entry. This research follows a positivism paradigm, and the methodology used a mixed method technique. A structured interview together with some open-ended questions were used to gather data. All Johannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE) retail sub classifications were represented in the study with 76% of the listed retail sector by market capitalization and 70% of the total retail sector by sales. The results showed that country specific factors were the factors influencing the choice on entry mode more than others. The most preferred mode of entry by South African retailers was a high control greenfield.


Objective:Assess the effective and security of CSA.Method:According to the Evidence based medicine,using the descriptor like Tuina,CSA and so on to retrieval the domestic medical data base.Select the RCT researches.The treatment group mainly uses Tuina,the control group mainly uses herds and acupuncture or other conservative therapy.The index is according to the recovery of CSA and effective rate in total.66 researches were involved;four of them used Revman4.2 to do Meta analysis.Result:The four researches' effective rate in total are RR=1.03,95%CI[0.94,1.14],x =0.69,P0.05;the four recovery's effective rate is RR=1.20,95%CI[0.98,1.46],x =1.78,P0.05,without obvious statistical significance.Conclusion:This means the Tuina,acupuncture and traction therapy have no advantage on treat CSA when compared each other.


Establishing evaluation index system is an ordinary method of resolving complex problem evaluation.To avoid too hugeness of the index system and too complexity of evaluation process,it is important to simplify the index system.Weight coefficient and infinite irrelevance can availably simplify the index system.It explains them through a example of equipment support ability about group army.The example suggests that the approach is rather good in settling the contravention between simplification and maturity,insuring scientific evaluation.


Accurate fetal biometric ultrasound measurements are important for high quality obstetrics health care, used to determine the gestational age and the growth rate of the fetus, and hence served as important diagnostic tools. In modern ultrasound scanners, fetal measurements are made by manually extracting diameters or contours from ultrasound images. However, manual measurements are usually inaccurate and inconsistent. An automatic technique for acquiring biometric fetal measurements and robust to the pose and appearance variations exhibited in fetal ultrasound scans is highly desirable. In this paper, we focus on the femur measurement, and introduce a new automatic method for femur segmentation from ultrasound images and an automatic method for quickly computing the length of the segmented femur. In evaluation, the presented work is evaluated using the clinical dataset of the `Challenge US: Biometric Measurements from Fetal Ultrasound Images as part of ISBI 2012'. The challenge data consisted of 90 fetal ultrasound images acquired at 21, 28 and 33 weeks of gestation. Experimental results show that the presented approach is effective for the purpose of fetal biometric measurements of the femur and achieved 1st place on the automatic femur segmentation sub-challenge in ISBI 2012.


Various one dimensional nanostructures are explored by researchers for scientific and technological applications. Unique physical, chemical and electrical properties are exhibited when the bulk materials are reduced to lower dimensions. 1D field emitters are capable of emitting high current at considerable low applied field. The high aspect ratio, which is the ratio of length to radius of the nanowire/rod is desirable for enhanced field emission properties. The arrays of such 1D nanostructures have applications in electrical displays. Commercial production of cold cathodes operating at low voltages for field emission displays has been undertaken by electronic industries. Also FE study on 1D nanostructures is beneficial for better understanding of physical-chemical phenomenon occurring at the surface of the material. Apart from being conducting/semiconducting and robust in nature, economic large scale synthesis of the material is desirable to suit the industrial applications. In this regard, tin oxide nanowires/rods are easy to synthesis. Various methods such as hydrothermal, electrochemical deposition, sol-gel methods can be adopted for the synthesis of 1D nanostructures. However, the thermal evaporation route is widely followed for the synthesis of 1D nanostructure.


Research based on the gravity model has shown that noneconomic factors affect international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI), and recent studies have shown that people's perception affects economic exchange. In this study, we explore the effects of attitudes on bilateral trade and FDI. Using survey data from the Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Projects for 68 countries from 2002 to 2015 we find that a more favorable attitude of a country toward another country will increase the former country's imports from the latter country. The result is robust to endogeneity check, to different measures of attitudes, and to different estimation methods. However, heterogeneity is observed across different types of goods and countries. The result holds for trade in intermediate and consumer goods, but the effects are not statistically significant for capital goods. The effects are statistically significant for bilateral trade between different country groups, except for high-income countries' imports from non-high-income countries. Positive effects of attitudes on exports and FDI are also observed.


In this communication, a low-cost circularly polarized wire antenna exhibiting improved gain performance for Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications is presented. The proposed antenna comprises a Y-shaped quarterwavelength monopole antenna surrounded by two iterations of eight conductive arched walls acting as parasitic elements to enhance the overall antenna gain and to shape the radiation pattern in the H-plane. A hemispherical radome shell is added to protect the antenna structure and its effect on the antenna performance is discussed. The designed antenna demonstrates antenna gain of 8.2 dB with omnidirectional far-field radiation pattern in the H-plane. The gain of the proposed antenna is also compared with the characteristic of the stand-alone Y-shaped monopole to highlight the advantages of the proposed approach. Keywords—Circularly polarized, dedicated short-range communication, omnidirectional pattern, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), Y-shaped wire monopole antenna.


AIM
To examine the drug calculation skills of nursing students.

METHOD
A mathematics test and a structured questionnaire were used to determine level of skill and perceptions related to mathematics.

RESULTS
The test revealed difficulties in multiplying fractions and interpreting information, and the questionnaire showed that drug calculation skills were related to education level, confidence and enjoyment of maths at school.

CONCLUSION
Nursing students should be given opportunities to improve their maths skills alongside developing their knowledge of drug calculations in clinical practice.


"hygiene" tend to slide conceptually into one another. At the risk of sounding coy, the terms she deploys are by no means "pure." In fact, I would argue that the richness of examining the history of "cleanliness" lies precisely in the fact that the term "clean" itself is so impure, so subject to manifold interpretations. Boldly titling the book Clean may therefore have been a bit misleading, at least as an eyecatching strategy for preparing readers for the overall subject matter covered. Smith is perhaps more accurate in her subtitle, in which she describes her book, as she also does in her introduction, as a "history of personal hygiene and purity." In any event, Smith is above all undoubtedly correct when she observes that "it would certainly take an orchestra of histories to deal with such a multifaceted phenomenon as cleansing, over such long periods" (p. 6). Scholars invested in specific periods, from antiquity to the present day, will no doubt quibble with parts of this purposely nonlinear, but still chronologically structured, study of the topic of cleanliness. Jacob Burckhardt famously dated and traced the "modern" obsession with cleanliness to the Italian Renaissance, not the Protestant revolution.1 But these are minor matters. What is important, it strikes me, is that someone has at long last come along and taken a stab at writing the history of cleanliness. To do so is an extraordinarily ambitious undertaking. And, all things considered, Smith has provided us with a lively, intelligent, and well-researched account.


A bstract: W e analyse the cosm ologicalim plications ofbrane-antibrane system s in string-theoretic orbifold and orientifold m odels. In a classofrealistic m odels,consis- tencyconditionsrequirebranesand antibranestobestuck atdierentxed points,and so theirmutualattraction generatesa potentialforoneofthe radiiofthe underlying torusorthe4D stringdilaton.Assum ingthatallotherm odulihavebeenxed bystring eects,wend thatthispotentialleadsnaturally to a period ofcosm ic ination with the radion ordilatoneld asthe inaton. The slow-rollconditionsare satised m ore generically than ifthe braneswere free to m ove within the space. The appearance of tachyoneldsatcertain pointsin m odulispaceindicatestheonsetofphasetransitions to dierentnon-BPS brane system s,providing waysofending ination and reheating the corresponding observable brane universe. In each case wend relationsbetween theinationary param etersand thestring scaleto getthecorrectspectrum ofdensity perturbations.In som eexam plesthesm allnumbersrequired asinputsareno sm aller than 0.01,and are the sam e sm allquantitieswhich are required to explain the gauge hierarchy.


The porous ceramic / metal present invention discloses an adjustable matrix phase and a reinforcing phase of a bicontinuous phase preparation of composite material, i.e. metal powder, any one or two or more alloy powder metal powder or metal alloy powder powder the combination of the matrix powder, the resulting alloy is applied to promote or as an alloy constituent or a porous ceramic material and a metal to improve the wettability of the non-metallic powder 1, and then 2 additional nonmetallic powders, as uniformly mixed powder is filled; porous ceramics as a reinforcement, into the container, and then poured into a porous ceramic powder is filled by a low pressure or shock is rotated and pressed, so that a porous ceramic filled pores filled with powder, and the powder filled in the porous ceramic filled above then cooled to room temperature after a certain incubation time under a protective atmosphere, i.e., may be adjusted to obtain a matrix phase and a reinforcing phase of the porous ceramic / metal composite-continuous phase; then poured into the appropriate amount of fill powder.


We are presenting the experimental studies of time-space characteristics of photochromic effect in lithium niobate crystals with double doping. The photoinduced autowaves of absorption coefficient changes under the light illumination of limited part of crystal were found. An analytical model is proposed for the explanation of appearance and spreading of charge waves.


The cell formation problem has met with a significant amount of attention in recent years by demonstrating great potential for productivity improvements in production environment. Therefore, the researchers have been developing various methods based on similarity coefficient (SC), graph theory approaches, neural networks (NN), and others with aim to automate the whole cell formation process. This chapter focuses on presentation of hybrid algorithm (HA) and genetic algorithm that are helpful in production flow analysis to solve the cell formation problem. The evaluation of hybrid and genetic algorithms are carried out against the K-means algorithm and C-linkage algorithm that are well known from the literature. The comparison uses performance measure and the total number of exceptional elements (EEs) in the block-diagonal structure of machine-part incidence matrix using operational time as an input. The final performance results are presented in the form of graphs. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-61350-047-7.ch005


Study Objectives. To identify the types and frequencies of adverse events associated with community‐based amphotericin B infusion therapy. A second objective was to validate the effectiveness of a monitoring system, based on guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA).


Numerous thermal control and polymeric samples with potential International Space Station applications were evaluated for atomic oxygen and vacuum ultraviolet radiation effects in the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 5 eV Neutral Atomic Oxygen Facility and in the MSFC Atomic Oxygen Drift Tube System. Included in this study were samples of various anodized aluminum samples, ceramic paints, polymeric materials, and beta cloth, a Teflon-impregnated fiberglass cloth. Aluminum anodizations tested were black duranodic, chromic acid anodize, and sulfuric acid anodize. Paint samples consisted of an inorganic glassy black paint and Z-93 white paint made with the original PS7 binder and the new K2130 binder. Polymeric samples evaluated included bulk Halar, bulk PEEK, and silverized FEP Teflon. Aluminized and nonaluminized Chemfab 250 beta cloth were also exposed. Samples were evaluated for changes in mass, thickness, solar absorptance, and infrared emittance. In addition to material effects, an investigation was made comparing diffuse reflectance/solar absorptance measurements made using a Beckman DK2 spectroreflectometer and like measurements made using an AZ Technology-developed laboratory portable spectroreflectometer.


Carbon-13C disulfide was synthesized from methane-13C with hydrogen sulfide in a heated quartz chamber. Carbon-13C oxysulfide was made from carbon-13C monoxide with elemental sulfur heated in the presence of sodium methylate.


FIELD: chemistry. SUBSTANCE: composition includes a mixture of asphalt and aggregates in a system of additives distributed therein, said system of additives including: i) from about 10 to 60 wt % amine or modified amine surfactant and ii) from about 20 to 90% asphalt rheology modifying components. Said asphalt rheology modifying component includes: i) at least one wax component, ii) optionally one or more infusible components that are insoluble in asphalt and ii)at least one resinous component, and mixtures and combinations thereof. The amount of said system of additives in the asphalt composition ranges from 0.2 to 10 wt % per content of asphalt in said composition. The invention also relates to a method of improving water-resistance properties of a hot asphalt mixture containing aggregates. Said method involves adding an effective amount of said system of additives to said asphalt. EFFECT: system of additives affects adhesion and cohesion properties of asphalt by considerably improving resistance of hot asphalt mixtures to damage caused by moisture. 21 cl, 2 tbl, 1 ex


The ability of using measurements collected through a sensor network for detecting and locating damage via structural health monitoring algorithms relies on accurate sensor measurements from the deployed sensor network, and therefore, it can be affected by the presence of malfunctioning and/or faulty sensors. In this article, three sensor fault detection and identification techniques based on statistical monitoring, using latent-variable techniques, were implemented, evaluated, and compared with respect to their capability to detect and identify faulty sensors using case studies from an analytical three-dimensional truss and from an actual cable-supported bridge in the metropolitan Los Angeles, California region. It is shown that the leading sensor fault detection algorithms are effective in detecting certain classes of sensor failure mechanisms but are of limited utility when dealing with representative types of sensor faults encountered in typical structural health monitoring of civil infrastructure systems.


Abstract : This document comments on Air Force public affairs and offers suggestions about the state of its 'proactivity'--which is defined as an orientation that generally promotes seeking and planning activity, rather than reacting to it. Discussions about the nature of public opinion and media opinion and the effect of them on the public affairs process are included, as is a precis of formal bars to proactivity in the sense that civilian public relations practitioners might define it. Specific suggestions are given for making public affairs more proactive while staying within legal, organizational and ethical guidelines. Epilogue suggests that Air Force's image is determined as much or more by the way it performs (in day to day preparation for employment of force and in actual employment of force) than by its public affairs practitioners.


Fourteen major fatty acids were detected in yak coarse butter using GC-MS.The total unsaturated fatty acid accounts for 31.0% of the total fatty acids.The concentration of conjugated linoleic acid in yak coarse butter is(0.437±0.044) mg/g.Supplement of 10% yak coarse butter in the diet significantly increased the experimental mouse bodyweight,abdominal fat deposition,blood TG,TC contents and LPL activ-ity,reduced HDL level.However,the changes caused by yak coarse butter were in general lower than those caused by the supplement of 10% lard.Results from this research have indicated that the fatty acid composition of yak coarse butter is different with bovine milk,and yak coarse butter has less adverse effects on mouse blood lipid profile compared with lard.


The present paper,making a scientific definition of the local tax and dealing with the principles for bettering the local tax system,suggests how to better the local tax system and puts forward the related matching measures.


Rüsch, C. Wöhler, K. Wohlfarth ,Institut für Planetologie, WWU Münster (firstname.lastname@example.com), 2 Image Analysis Group, Technische Universität Dortmund. Introduction: The study and investigation of local scale geological features (boulders and boulder fields) of planetary/asteroid surfaces can provide insight on the evolution of the regolith and the contribution of various processes to its formation. Numerous studies have employed photometric modelling to study the surface properties of the lunar regolith on a regional and local scale (e.g., [1], [2], [3]) In this study we employ photometric methods to study the properties of boulder fields/rock fragments in a multiscale approach from resolved (meter scale) to sub pixel (cm scale). In both our approaches we use the Hapke model [4] on LROC NAC data [5]. The retrieved properties of boulders, in particular their shape, can in turn shed light into the boulder material strength and surface exposure time [6]. Usually, photometric studies (e.g., [2]) consider the Hapke parameters SSA, b, c, theta_bar as unknown and estimate them by inversion. Here we take a different approach and strongly constrain the possible combinations of the four parameters. The constraint is made possible by the knowledge of the geological context of the surface either above (sub pixel approach) or below (resolved boulder field approach) the image resolution, visually inferred with images. We are interested in the relative probability of each geologic context for a given region. This information is sufficient to shed light into the possible micro scale geology of a region, namely the shape, and thus degradation, of rocks. We apply these techniques to the boulder fields in the vicinity of the Apollo 16 landing site North Ray crater. Method: The first step in our approach consists of the construction of a set of digital terrain models (DTMs) representative of the most probable geologic contexts. The contexts are concerned with the rock and debris aprons shape and reflect the abrasion stage of the rock – Non-Abraded (flat top), Non-Abraded (angular), Mildly and Highly Abraded (Fig 1). The size frequency distribution of the rocks follows a power-law shape from [1]. The rock abundance is either measured (resolved scale analysis) or set as free parameter (unresolved scale analysis). The size and spatial resolution of the DTM is defined by the scale of the analysis, either resolved or unresolved by LROC NAC.


Ring Rolling is a complex hot forming process used for the production of shaped rings, seamless and axis symmetrical workpieces. The main advantage of workpieces produced by ring rolling, compared to other technological processes, is given by the size and orientation of grains, especially on the worked surface which give to the final product excellent mechanical properties. In this process different rolls (Idle, Axial, Guide and Driver) are involved in generating the desired ring shape. Because each roll is characterized by a speed law that could be set independently by the speed law imposed to the other rolls an optimization is more critical compared with other deformation processes. Usually in industrial environment a milling curve is introduced in order to correlate the Idle and Axial roll displacement, however it must be underlined that different milling curves lead to different loads and energy for ring realization.In this work an industrial case study was modeled by a numerical approach: different milling curves characterized by different Idle and Axial roll speeds laws (constant, linear and quadratic) were designed and simulated. The results were compared in order to identify the best set of Idle and Axial roll speed laws that guarantee a good quality produced ring (lower fishtail) with lower manufacturing loads and energy.


The research is a cross-sectional and descriptive study that examines the relationship between the increased workload in Covid-19 intensive care units and the burnout levels of nurses. The study population consists of nurses working in Covid-19 intensive care units. The sample was composed of nurses who met the inclusion criteria for the study and volunteered to participate in the research at Yıldırım Beyazıt University Training and Research Hospital. Pandemic is generally defined as the worldwide spread of a previously unseen disease. Pandemics have a high rate of infecting and causing fatalities in the global population. Along with pandemics, come various societal issues affecting areas such as work, the economy, education, and, notably, the healthcare sector. The unprecedented Covid-19 pandemic has placed immense pressure on the healthcare sector worldwide, exacerbating pre-existing workloads and burnout issues. In our study addressing this problem, questions were posed using a sociodemographic data form, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Individual Workload Perception Scale. The collected data was analyzed, and the findings were compared with the literature to draw conclusions. Recommendations were made based on these analyses. Key words: Covid-19, Nursing, Workload, Burnout


Linear prediction provides a means for automatically determining an inverse filter for estimating the glottal volume velocity waveform from the acoustic speech waveform. The behavior of this type of glottographic analysis is considered for nasalized vowels. The analysis is applied to non‐nasal and nasal productions that are synthesized using a transmission line model of the vocal and nasal tracts. The analysis is also applied to nasal and non‐nasal vowel productions made by a male speaker. The effect of the nasalization is to introduce extraneous ripple onto the closed phase portion of the glottal volume velocity waveform without changing the observed open quotient. This ripple results from a closely spaced resonance antiresonance pair that is not compensated by the all‐zero linear prediction inverse filter. The low level of the ripple is accounted for by the narrow frequency range over which the inverse filter is in error. [Work supported by NIH.]


In this chapter the authors provide a method to aggregate large value payment system transaction data for executing simulations with the Bank of Finland payment simulator. When transaction data sets get large, simulation may become too time consuming in terms of computer power. Therefore, insufficient data from a statistical point of view can be processed. The method described in this chapter provides a solution to this statistical problem. In order to work around this problem the authors provide a method to aggregate transaction data set in such a way that it does not compromise the outcome of the simulation significantly. Depending on the type of simulations only a few business days or up to a year of data is required. In case of stress scenario analysis, in which e.g. liquidity position of banks deteriorates, long time series are preferred as business days can differ substantially. As an example this chapter shows that aggregating all low value transactions in the Dutch part of TARGET2 will not lead to a significantly different simulation outcome.


The objective of this work was to investigate the potential physiological damage of the treatment of '97Y07RR' soybean seeds with different pesticides at different storage times, in order to define the optimal period of sowing. The germination rate, the germination speed index, and shoot fresh matter were evaluated. Thiamethoxam did not cause losses in seed vigor with increasing storage time; however, the other agrochemicals caused significant losses. Seed treatment should be performed up to 90 days before sowing.


Ferroelectric HfO2 epitaxial films are of interest for determining intrinsic properties and for prototyping devices. Epitaxial (111)-oriented orthorhombic Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 films grown on La0.67Sr0.33MnO3/SrTiO3(001) are already being actively investigated. Now, we...


A two-color, laser-diode-based, full-duplex fiber-wired and millimeter-wave (MMW)-wireless orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission link is performed. With modal control on the two-color laser diode, a single-wavelength optical carrier is used as both the downstream and upstream transmitters to replace the dual-mode one with an optical baseband, which effectively suppresses the chromatic dispersion that occurs in fiber. The proposed system demonstrates a carrier-reused, full-duplex 28-GHz MMW dense wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (DWDM-PON) system, providing OFDM transmission with 54 Gb/s downstream, 36 Gb/s upstream and 16 Gb/s wireless data rates. The single-wavelength optical carrier transmits data from an optical line terminal (OLT) to a remote node (RN) and then transfers into a dual-wavelength carrier for optically heterodyne beating an MMW carrier, which further wirelessly transmits the data to an optical network unit (OUN). In addition, the upstream data is carried by another slave colorless laser diode injection-locked by reusing the downstream carrier without additional data erasing, which avoids the wavelength selection problem that resulted from identifying or addressing upstream and downstream channels. Among three laser transmitters with different cavity lengths, the 600-μm embedded MMW wireless carrier can provide the lowest bit error rate (BER) after 25 km of fiber and 1.6-m free-space transmissions at 16 Gb/s, because its highest external quantum efficiency supports the optimization on self-heterodyne transferring the MMW carrier to enable the low-noise and long-distance wireless transmission.


The selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene over a kind of Ru-M-B/ZrO 2 (M=Zn and Fe) catalyst prepared through chemical reduction method was investigated. The catalytic activity and selectivity of the catalyst were measured under the reaction conditions, showing that the activity index is 343.9 and the selectivity for cyclohexene is 85.3% at 40% benzene conversion. The activity and selectivity of the catalyst are higher than those of the industrialized catalyst and those of the same kind of catalysts reported in the literature. The crystallite size of the active component Ru in the catalyst is around 5 nm, closing to that of the imported catalyst. The effect of reaction conditions on selective hydrogenation of benzene was studied. The suitable temperature is around 140 ℃ and the optimum hydrogen pressure is 4~5 MPa for the reaction, the reason of which was discussed from the views of thermodynamics and kinetics combined with the experimental results. With pre-adsorption of hydrogen on the catalyst, the catalytic activity can be decreased moderately and the selectivity for cyclohexene can be improved, and these phenomena were discussed from the view of reaction mechanism.


Sources and outcomes of occupational stress among police managers are examined on a sample of 267 senior police officers in one of the Central European countries, using the Occupational Stress Indicator 2 (OSI 2), the Work Locus of Control Scale, the Hofstede's Scale of Work-Related Values, as well as several demographic variables. The results are then contrasted with those of 232 managers in private industry in the same country. Managers in the private sector work longer hours, report higher impatience (one component of a Type A behaviour pattern), are more internal in locus of control, rely less on social support as a means of coping with stress, and perceive more masculinity, less uncertainty avoidance, and less long-term orientation in their culture than do their police counterparts. Police managers, on the other hand, perceive more pressures related to their workload, relationships, work hassles, recognition and organisational climate. As a consequence, they are less satisfied with the job itself and with their organisation, and more frequently consider an option of quitting their job. At the same time, police managers report better physical wellbeing and higher mental contentment than their colleagues in private industry. The results are discussed in terms of their practical value for police administrators.


\s=b\To evaluate the possible role of lentiviruses in Alzheimer's disease we searched for cross-reactive antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, and equine infectious anemia virus in Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, and related dementing illnesses in serum samples and cerebrospinal fluid samples and in healthy age-matched control subjects. No cross-reactive antibodies were detected. (Arch Neurol. 1990;47:177-178) T^he cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unknown, despite re¬ cent advances in our knowledge of the protein-polypeptide chemistry of the disease. Interest in the hypothesis of a viral cause has been recently stimu¬ lated by a preliminary uncontrolled report of induction of encephalopathy in hamsters by blood from family members of patients with AD.1 How¬ ever, studies of circulating antibodies and brain antigens have not revealed evidence for a role of conventional vi¬ ruses in the disease process.2·3 Lentivi¬ ruses are a nononcogenic subfamily of retroviruses that cause chronic, remitting, slow infections, often with in¬ volvement of the central nervous system.46 The lentiviruses are wide¬ spread, have unusually long periods of subclinical infection with a strong tropism for the brain, and may cause dementia."S7 While many organ sys¬ tems may exhibit pathologic changes induced by these agents, chronic brain infection may be present without sys¬ temic signs of disease.8 To evaluate a possible role for these agents in the cause or pathogenesis of AD, we assayed serum samples and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from patients with AD, patients with other dementing illnesses, and healthy age-matched control subjects for the presence of cross-reacting antibodies to three lentiviruses: human immuno¬ deficiency virus (HIV) type 1; caprine arthritis encephalitis virus; and equine infectious anemia virus.


On the basis of introducing the function of patch-clamp technique and ion channel,the insecticide action mechanism(insect Na+ channel toxin) was reviewed,as well as its application in new type safety insecticides development,which can provide reference for the research and development of insecticides.


This paper is devoted to integrability conditions for systems of linear difference and differential equations with difference parameters. It is shown that such a system is difference isomonodromic if and only if it is difference isomonodromic with respect to each parameter separately. Due to this result, it is no longer necessary to solve non-linear difference equations to verify isomonodromicity, which will improve efficiency of computation with these systems.


In the case of unforeseen obstacles, the nominal trajectory of articulated vehicle has to be modified, in order to avoid collisions. The paper presents comparison of dynamic optimisation methods used to calculate optimal braking torques applied to wheels of an articulated vehicle in lane following/changing manoeuvre in order to prevent vehicle before rollover. Gradient, gradientless and evolutionary methods have been employed in order to solve dynamic optimisation problem. The aim of the optimisation is to calculate appropriate braking torques for each wheel in order to restore stability of an articulated vehicle. Calculation of the objective function requires integration of the equations describing the motion of the vehicle. In the paper results obtained from different dynamic optimisation methods have been presented and compared.


Abstract : In response to a report by the Government Accounting Office (GAO), the Department of Defense (DOD) conducted a mail survey of personnel in the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps to determine the beliefs of first-term-of- enlistment personnel and their supervisors regarding the ability to perform physically demanding tasks. Within each service, 10 occupational specialties with moderate to high strength requirements were identified as the target populations for the DOD Physical Strength mid Job Performance Survey, consisting of about 30 items. There were two parallel survey formats, one for first-term incumbents and one for supervisors, with supervisor responses intended to confirm (or contradict) those of incumbents. incumbents reported their own experiences regarding over-exertion injuries, physical strength, endurance, and physical fitness. Supervisors were asked analogous questions about the first-term personnel they supervised.


The fexible tool set-up can improve the production efficiency of the lorry manufacturing.The management and aided design system of the fexible tool set-up is developed for the flaw in artificial management.The system includes four modules: Products Management,JigAssembly Management,Use Management and Assembly Design.The structure and function of each module and the logical model of the Database are introdused in the paper.Case-based Reasoning and Interactive is used in the design of the fexible tool set-up.


The first part of this paper gives an account of the journey and preparations for the eclipse. Three instruments were to be used during totality.


The main objective of this research was to study the effects of processing conditions, i.e. cooling medium temperature (-6, -12 and -18C) and scraper blade rotational speed (50, 100 and 150 rpm) on the freeze concentration of lime juice. The initial soluble solid content of lime juice was 7.6 Brix. Results showed that soluble solid content of lime juice increased as cooling medium temperature decreased while scraper blade rotational speed increased. It was also found that the processing condition with -18˚C cooling medium temperature and 150 rpm rotational speed of the scraper blade was the best among all studied conditions, although the loss of the soluble solids with ice crystals during ice separation was relatively high at 35%.


Higher plants are the major source of crude drugs used in herbal therapy. Adulteration in crudedrug material has necessitated scientific characterization of plant drugs, which is based primarily on morphological, anatomical and physico-chemical characters studied through microscopy and some analytical techniques. These criteria are helpful in isolating the adulterants from the actual drug, but fail to deliver when the very botanical identity of a plant drug is controversial, and several different plant species are used under a single drug name. This article suggests how to face this situation and overcome the problems likely to occur. Quantification of active ingredients in plant tissues is the only dependable way to identify the actual drug out of the different species in use. However, the amount of active ingredients in plants, responsible for the therapeutic efficacy of those plants, may vary with plant genotype and the habitat ecology, regulated largely by soil c h a r a c t e r s a n d a g r o c l i m a t i c conditions. Even within the individual p lant , concentrat ion of act ive ingredients often varies with plant p a r t s / o r g a n s , s t a g e o f p l a n t development and status of plant nutrition. Besides, degradation of environment may not only affect the quantity, but even the composition of the secondary metabolites produced. This situation may alter the chemical properties, and hence the degree of therapeutic effectiveness of these bioactive compounds. Thus, a careful estimation of active ingredients, taking all the above-said situations into account, may decide which species should be regarded as the actual drug, which as an alternative drug and which as the non-drug (if the amount of the ingredient in question is just negligible). It may also indicate which plant organ should preferably be used and what should be the proper stage for harvesting. Further, environmental degradation may have a far-reaching influence on the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants and may also necessitate a re-fixing of drug doses, keeping in view the overall impact of environmental degradation on the active ingredients of these plants on one hand, and on the resistance level / immune system of human beings on the other. Journal Home page : www.jeb.co.in E-mail : firstname.lastname@example.com Journal of Environmental Biology ISSN: 0254-8704 (Print) ISSN: 2394-0379 (Online) CODEN: JEBIDP Establishing the botanical identity of plant drugs based on their active ingredients under diverse growth conditions Review Article


Carrageenan extracted from Eucheuma sp. red algae has potential benefit to develop edible film. Eucheuma Sp. red algae used in this research were harvested from Pantai Selatan, a beatiful beach lies at Gunung Kidul resort, Jogjakarta Province, Indonesia. First objective of this research was proximat analysis of coarse-ground Eucheuma sp. red algae. Thirdly, weight loss analysis of green grapes wrapped by carrageenan edible film. Coarse-ground Eucheuma Sp. algae containde water, ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrate (by different) respectively 11,20%, 18,19%, 15,42%, 2,19% and 53,0%. Carrageenan extracted from Eucheuma sp. contained lower sulphuric (13,79%) than commercial carrageenan (Wako Chem.). Carrageenan edible film wrapping was not effective to reduce weight loss of green grapes.


Steel slag annual production in India is about 12 million tonnes per annum. Steel slag is one of the industrial residue came out from steel industries. The amount of steel slag produced from different steel industries is 150-200kg per tonnes of steel produced These steel slag is dumped in land and pollute the environment. Paper mills produce the large amount of lime sludge is about 5 lakh tonnes per annum. These steel slag used as binder material and coarse aggregate also in different sieve sizes. These both steel slag and lime material contains large amount of calcium mineral compared than other waste materials. The conventional burnt clay brick manufacturing firing process develops the 750 million tonnes of co2 emissions per year. The Bio mineralised steel slag bricks developed by using these waste materials and bacillus bacteria. These microbes generates the calcium carbonate precipitation in the steel slag bricks. The strength development of these BMSS bricks were achieved by addition of NBU medium supply and carbonation process. The scanning electron microscope (SEM), mineralogical composition analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, compressive strength and water absorption test are conducted to support the strength development in bio mineralised steel slag bricks.


Introduction: As substantial force is required to create lower extremity fractures, both femur and tibia/fibula fractures are typical outcomes of large, high-energy trauma. The modes of damage for tibia fibula fracture are divided into 2 groups: low and high energy injuries. The first one includes groundlevel falls and athletic injuries, whereas the latter one occurs due to include Road traffic accidents. Supracondylar femur fractures are those that affect the femur's distal 15cm. Getting Knee movements back to their pre-injury level may be challenging due to the closeness of these fractures to the knee joint. Case Presentation: A 49-year-old male with compound grade II right-sided supracondylar fracture, and compound grade III B mid-shaft tibia fibula fracture of the right side was diagnosed by an orthopedic surgeon, on X-ray after a collision with a truck while the patient was rid-ding a bike sustaining injuries to limbs and head. On which ORIF with osteosynthesis plating for femur and tibia inter-locking nailing was done followed by skin grafting for wound healing. Following surgery, the patient's limb movements were limited and were unable to conduct his daily activities. Discussion: After the operation, the patient was treated with physical therapy, which included static-dynamic exercises, breathing exercises, strengthening exercises, wheelchair mobilization followed by gait training. Conclusion: The patient benefited from physiotherapeutic techniques that allowed him to conduct his daily tasks independently, which improved his pain and functional results.


The role played by Military Professional Firefighters who has the obligation and duty to defend the people of the ills plaguing the society using their physical fitness and work capacity. The main objective is to relate the physical fitness of military firefighters of the city of Porto Nacional, Tocantins with your ability to work. A sample of 24 firefighters was evaluated. Physical fitness was determined by means of tests: abdominal rower (1min), the fixed bar (higher number of repetitions performed), the agility test and shuttle run test VO2 by Leger. For purposes of analysis the sample was divided into groups by age 20-53 years. To evaluate the incidence of diseases and work ability was used questionnaire "Work Capacity Index" (ICT). The data analysis allowed us to observe that firefighters who have ideal physical fitness have low incidence of disease and have a high rate of work capacity. The level of capacity for work firefighters observed in this study were positive, and only one firefighter showed low rate. Analyses considering the relationship between physical fitness components separately showed positive correlation with the ability to work to levels of muscular strength and endurance, both in flexion and extension testing upper limb as the testing of modified abdominal strength and correlation negative for swimming performed by 50 meters. To work capacity are suggested continuing education programs and training techniques used in the activities of firefighters. It is concluded that the level of work capacity observed in this study was positive firefighters, and only one firefighter showed low rate.


This paper presents the results of costing universal social protection floors in 34 lower middle-income, and 23 low-income countries, consisting of: (i) allowances for all children and all orphans; (ii) maternity benefits for all women with newborns; (iii) benefits for all persons with severe disabilities, and (iv) universal old-age pensions. The levels of this comparable set of benefits are based on nationally-defined poverty lines, and presented as a percentage of GDP. The paper additionally reviews potential areas of fiscal space for the necessary extension of social protection systems, and concludes that universal social protection floors are feasible in the majority of developing countries.