Felsen and Reiner (2011) argue that the definition of autonomy in ethics must be reconsidered to reflect neuroscientific findings, particularly where the roles of emotion and external influence in decision making are concerned. I seek to expand this premise by advocating for a greater role for self-reflexivity1 in two key arenas: first, in the authentication of decision making as Felsen and Reiner describe it, and second, in considering the interplay of cultural values in the production and interpretation of neuroscience. I argue that, through self-reflexivity, emotion and cognition are interwoven rather than competing. Following from this, I suggest that emotions and cognition are similarly entwined in epistemological practice: the affective associations we attach to autonomy can influence our scholarly approach to it. Accordingly, I explore the ways that neuroethical discourse on autonomy might benefit from more extensive consideration of current cultural ambivalences toward free will and compulsion. Felsen and Reiner stake their arguments on the conviction that neuroscience findings can illuminate ethics (Felsen and Reiner 2011; Felsen et al. 2010); here I draw upon the analytical frameworks of feminist literary and cultural studies2 to expand the epistemological self-reflexivity of neuroethical and neuroscientific analysis. The cognitive-neurological processes that comprise decision making, in Felsen and Reiner's account, are structured by hierarchy, competition, and the subordination of emotion to cognitive control. Specifically, the "standard model" of autonomy that the authors present entails a hierarchy of desires, with lower-order desires defined as more visceral or emotional, and higher-order desires more reflective in nature. The executive control theory (ECT) they discuss also involves competition between desires enacted through competing neural circuits, in which the cognitive center, the prefrontal cortex (PFC), "exerts 'top-down' influence over other brain regions" to "bias" the outcome, in


The enforcement of the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China thoroughly reverses the situation in the publishing field where people had no law to apply before. Chinese government had made his mind to protect the copyright; meanwhile, the: general trend of the world in publishing field to protect the copyright has greatly affected China. Encumbered by the traditional ideas, time and implement base; people in this field have only a vague idea of the basic copyright issues at present. This article deals with some problems such as the copyright awareness, indifferent ideas and so on and analyses the phenomena


. Palabras clave: Dinamometro, consumo horario de combustible, torque, caracteristicas, potencia ABSTRACT. The tractors energy tests are standardized and are guided by standards which allowed the principal indexes determination. This paper reports the results obtained during New Holland 6610S tractor axel power test. The test was made in the laboratories at Chapingo Auto- nomous University, Agricultural and Mechanical Engineering Department. The MNX Agricultural tractor standad - Determining the potential of the power source-Test method was used, as well as the NC 'Agricultural and forestry machinery test. Energetic evaluation, Methodology for its undertaking.' The results were processed with the software package CurveExpert version 1,3 with which the regulating characteristics with regards to the function of the motor rotation frequency, and the power source potential were determined. The values of the maximum power, hourly and specific gas expenditure were 24,14 kW, 9,63 kg/h and 398,84 g/kW·h respectively, and the motor rotation frequency was 1619 min -1 , while that of the power source was 443 min -1 .


This paper is concerned with the numerical approximation of mean curvature flow t! ( t) satisfying an additional inclusion-exclusion constraint 1 ( t) 2. Classical phase field model to approximate these evolving interfaces consists in solving the Allen-Cahn equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions. In this work, we introduce a new phase field model, which can be viewed as an Allen Cahn equation with a penalized double well potential. We first justify this method by a -convergence result and then show some numerical comparisons of these two dierent models. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. 49 Q, 35 B, 35 K.


This article offers a spatial sociological conceptualization of the concept of borders. In relational spatial theory, borders have rarely been a theme of interest, just as relational space is all but absent within border studies. In order to understand the empirical existence of container space, without rejecting the insights and challenges of the spatial turn, a concept of borders is developed within a theory of relational space.


This study explores the effectiveness of international law in regulating combat operations during international armed conflict. The first part sketches a theory of effective international law, answering the question: Can the legal definition of a legitimate target of attack make a difference for target selection besides actors' material interests and normative aspirations? Part II centers on an empirical investigation of US air targeting and explores the question: Does the law in fact make a difference for the definition of a legitimate target as the influence of International Humanitarian Law on decision-making in US air warfare between 1965 and 2003 increases significantly? The analysis closes with a normative assessment of law in war, discussing whether the conduct of hostilities improves with the increased relevance of law. The study explores the hypothesis that recourse to law has a distinguishable effect on US behaviour in air warfare. I show that International Humanitarian Law is constitutive of the notion that a target is legitimate in as much as an attack on it efficiently contributes to the achievement of the belligerent's overall political goals. I go on to argue that this effect of law does not amount to a normative improvement in combat operations. International Humanitarian Law's indeterminacy accounts for its failure to regulate war in accordance with the "logic of distinction and sequencing". This logic is demonstrated to be normatively preferable to the "logic of efficiency", whose rise in US air warfare International Humanitarian Law actually encourages. However, even if law were normatively successful, as defined here, it would not render international armed conflict acceptable by contemporary moral standards. For effectiveness of International Law to mean moral acceptability of war, international law would have to change the parameters of the use of force in international relations.


In recent years, a number of new methods dedicated to acoustic and vibration attenuation have been developed and proposed to handle several problems in engineering. This is due to the demand for better performance and safely operation of mechanical systems. There are various types of actuators available. The present contribution is dedicated to the electromagnetic actuator (EMA). EMA uses electromagnetic forces to support the rotor without mechanical contact. Due to the size of the system model, it was necessary to reduce the model of the rotating system. For this aim the balanced realization technique was used to organize the modes of the system so that the main modes (with respect to the dynamic behavior of the system) are considered. The control design for the discrete state-space formulation is carried out through a feedback technique and the H∞ norm was solved by using Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI). State observers were used to estimate some states of the system since it is not practical from the experimental view point to measure all the states of the system. The design of the state observers was performed by using LMIs. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology conveyed


Energy plays an essential role in the economic and social development of all countries around the world, and its consumption is rising considerably due to the fast industrial development and increasing the standards of living. However, due to the high dependency on fossil fuel resources by all the developed and developing countries around the world to cover their energy supply needs, fluctuations in supply and demand of energy as well as the energy prices would definitely lead to considerable macro- and micro-economic effects for both the energy exporter and importer countries. Therefore, the necessity of stability of economy and its understanding is becoming more and more popular among policy-makers and researchers around the world. As many energy consuming industries in Iran such as services and products are highly dependent on energy prices, understanding the economic robustness relationships with the supply and demand fluctuations of fossil fuel resources is important for the researchers and also policy-makers. In this paper, the effect of oil price fluctuations on several macro-economic parameters as well as energy sector's resilience and electricity market as the main Iranian energy economics issues are discussed.


With the Error Correction Model and the Wald Test, one important finding is that in case of the Lao PDR the FDI empirically induces economic growth; while the economic growth does not. However, it is more important to know what kinds of benefits can be brought into the country in both short run and long run of the policy making process at the macroeconomic level. Nonetheless, considering the economic growth as one of significant factors attracting the foreign direct investment is always helpful and fruitful.


Through researching and analyzing the status quo of Shanxi coal and energy industry as well as further processing of coal,we put forward five industrialization of technology,such as promoting patented technology of coal-bed methane development,coal gasification,coal conversion to oil in order to speed up the core technology research and development and promote formation and development of related industries in Shanxi Province.


A new object-based fractal stereo video coding scheme with quadtree-based disparity or motion compensation is proposed in this paper. Monocular or stereo video are compressed by using fractal coding and each object is encoded independently by a prior image segmentation alpha plane which is exactly the same as in MPEG-4. The first 2 frames of right video are encoded by using the circular prediction mapping (CPM) and the remaining frames are encoded by using the non contractive interframe mapping (NCIM). The CPM and NCIM methods accomplish the motion estimation/compensation of right video (reference), and according to different coding or user requirements, the spatial correlations between left and right frames can be explored by partial or full affine transformation quadtree-based disparity estimation/compensation, or simply applying CPM/NCIM on left video. The experimental results indicate that we get high compression ratio and also good PSNR


As talents play an important role in speeding up the development of medical care reform, Talent Srength- ening Health serves as the guiding principle of health care affairs in this context. It is suggested that specialist system be implemented with the focus on the relationship between specialist and general practitioners, specialists and medical experts, specialist training and residency training, and speciallist and the medical education in schools.


The invention provides a formulation including an acetic acid buffer, a glutamic acid buffer or a succinic acid buffer with a pH from about 4.5-7.0, at least one excipient comprising a sugar or a polyol and an effective amount of a therapeutic antibody. The buffer can include a salt of acetate, glutamate or succinate and the sugar or polyol can include glycerol, sucrose, trehalose or sorbitol. The therapeutic antibody can include a human antibody, a humanized antibody, a chimeric antibody, or a functional fragment thereof.


Obesity, caused by an excessive accumulation of body fat due to a chronic energy surplus, is a serious public health concern with numerous comorbidities. It is a complex disease with many factors contributing to its manifestation; it is thought that obesity results from the action of multiple genes in combination with lifestyle and environmental factors. At the current time, only a fraction of the genes involved in obesity have been identified. The aims of this thesis were first, to characterize the obesity phenotype in the Newfoundland population and second, shed light on its genetic etiology. This goal was achieved using data from two different studies - the large scale, population-based CODING (Complex Diseases in the Newfoundland Population: Environment and Genetics) Study and an intervention-based, 7-day overfeeding study. -- We have shown that body mass index (BMI) misclassifies adiposity status in nearly one-third of individuals compared to the more accurate reference method, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Furthermore, we found that approximately half of obese subjects were metabolically healthy when using DXA criteria, which was significantly higher than previous reports using BMI. Among BMI-defined normal weight individuals, higher body fat percentage (%BF) determined using DXA was associated with a 3-fold increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. To further understand the genetic etiology, a candidate gene, genetic association approach was utilized. We identified two SNPs (rs10882280 and rs11187545) within RBP4, a newly discovered adipokine, that were associated with increased serum HDL cholesterol but no other obesity-related parameter. No significant associations were observed between genetic variation in another novel adipokine, NAMPT, and parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism, obesity, or systemic inflammation. We also sought to explore the response of lean and obese subjects to a 7-day hypercaloric diet. We found that RBP4 was not regulated by the overfeeding challenge but could serve as a predictor of insulin resistance in lean subjects. In addition, 45 novel obesity candidate genes have been identified that were regulated by the nutritional challenge; of these, six were differentially expressed between lean and obese and as such, represent the most promising targets for downstream work related to obesity.


This work investigated quality properties of pellets of raw cassava rhizome (P-RC), pellets of pelletized cassava rhizome followed by torrefaction (T-CP), and pellets of torrefied cassava rhizome followed by pelletizing (P-TC). Torrefaction was conducted at temperatures of 230, 250, and 280 °C for 30 min. Pyrolysis characteristics of T-CP and P-TC at torrefied temperatures of 230 and 250 °C were studied using thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that at the similar torrefied temperature, P-TC had a higher bulk density, energy density, and pellet durability than that of T-CP and P-RC while T-CP had a higher HHV and moisture absorption than P-TC and P-RC. The bulk density of P-TC was 1.13–1.19 and 1.33–1.52 times higher than that of P-RC and T-CP, respectively. The HHV of T-CP was 1.07 and 1.29 times higher than P-TC and P-RC, respectively. The energy density of P-TC was 1.24–1.56 and 1.20–1.41 times higher than that of P-RC and T-CP. In terms of Pellet Fuel Institute (PFI) standard, the durability index of P-RC, P-TC, and T-CP at torrefied temperatures of 230 and 250 °C was acceptable. However, dramatically low and unacceptable durability index was found in case of T-CP at torrefied temperature of 280 °C. The moisture absorption of P-TC was lower than that of P-RC and T-CP. Finally, T-CP had a lower pyrolysis temperature and had a much lower solid yield than that of P-TC. Variation of pyrolysis characteristics indicated the difference in chemical composition between T-CP and P-TC.


This paper connects the biological function concept with adaptations in order to clarify the former. In this way, it is proposed that adaptations—defined in present and non-historical terms—are functional. Hence, the term function is equivalent to the concept of adaptation.  Key words: natural selection, design, biological function, adaptation.


– Deposits of immunoglobnlins were demonstrated at the basement membrane zone in oral lesions in 10 out of 11 patients with lupus erythematosus (LE), and in normal oral mucosa in one out of six patients with LE by means of an imniunofluorescence staining technique. The reported findings are in accordance with the findings in skin biopsies from cutaneous LE lesions. In cases of LE, difficult to diagnose clinically and histopathologically, the imniunofluorescence staining technique may be of value as a supplementary diagnostic tool.


Background. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of doxorubicin, encapsulated in sterically stabilized liposomes (Doxil [Liposome Technology, Inc., Menlo Park, CA]), to inhibit the spontaneous development of mammary carcinomas in mice.


Purpose - This paper attempts to explore the impact of e-service quality on e-customer satisfaction and to identify the effect of flow experience on the relationship between them in the case of online shopping behaviors. This paper also empirically assesses the framework developed by using cross-national data. Design/methodology/approach - 219 Korean and 212 Chinese online shoppers were surveyed by leading survey institutions in each country in order to test five hypotheses and examine relationship among the variables (i.e., e-service quality, flow, satisfaction, relationship intention). Findings - The results show that "flow" has positive effects on e-satisfaction and relationship intention. Thus, this study, which is one of a kind, proved the effect of flow experience in Asian consumers' online shopping behaviors. In addition, although the two countries may share similar cultures and values, there are some cross-national differences between Korean and Chinese consumers in online shopping, which may be interpreted as the difference of globalized versus localized Internet cultures, respectively. Originality/value - This study applies the concept of flow to international online marketing, especially with focus on making contributions to the literature of online shopping service quality. Through the cross-national approach, we hope that this study can stimulate both marketing researchers and practitioners to gain better understandings of the concept of flow in the context of online shopping behaviors and make them more aware of the cultural gap between Korea and China especially in Internet cultures.


It is very often necessary to resort to destructive measures in long-standing, localized, pruritic, lichenified, and hypertrophic dermatoses that have not responded to conventional therapy, including x-ray treatment. For this purpose the most commonly used agents are phenol, trichloroacetic acid, solid carbon dioxide, and electrodesiccation. It is my aim in submitting this paper not to compare methods or to recommend the best one, but simply to introduce a new way of applying the electrodesiccation current. When desiccating tissue, the operator finds it difficult to cover much ground using the ordinary needle electrode. It has therefore occurred to me to use the ordinary straight-handled, metal, prostatic electrode. This is admirably suited for the purpose because of its blunt tip, anterior concavity, and posterior convexity. By manipulation the operator can obtain the desired concentration or diffusion of spark and will find the curvatures readily adaptable to all surfaces.


s: The concept of E-Business safety was elucidated and the core technology (symmetric and unsymmetric encrpytion techniques) were analyzed as well.The authentication system of E-Business safety was introduced,so as to offer a reference for its development.


After establishing the undeniable importance of knowledge as  ingredient for happy living in the 21 st century, this paper probes into the pertinent question 'which types of knowledge may guarantee the sustainable development of Sub-Saharan Africa?'. The paper argues that the establishment of the modern  knowledge society (all human societies having been eternal learning or knowledge societies) is linked to the modern concept of globalisation whose core mission is to promote learning and the knowledge of the new world economic order established and advertised from the North. After highlighting the nefarious effects of uncritical adoption of Western concept of knowledge society, the paper advises that while it is proper for Sub-Saharan Africa to share in knowledge  advertised by the North, that which would guarantee sustainable development of Africa is a critical integration of pieces of knowledge drawn from both the Global North and the Global South.


Every user has a distinct background and a specific goal when searching for information on the Web. The goal of Web search personalization is to search results for a particular user based on that user's interests and preferences. Therefore, a new web search personalization approach has been proposed that captures the user's interests and preferences in the form of concepts by mining search results and their click through on the client side. To improve the personalized search, the ontological profile was created which will be very helpful in obtaining most relevant results. In personalized search system, ranking method is used which employs semantic similarity to improve the quality of search results. Architecture and design for implementation of PMSE can be described by using client-server model. In PMSE, client collects and stores locally the click through data or Queries, whereas server different operation such as extraction, training and re-ranking on the click through data. In PMSE, local click through data Provides privacy. By introducing an association rule mining algorithm collect the different travel patterns by original search engine result in each and every query of user from the original personal mobile search engine profile. Association rule learning is used for finding the interesting query travel pattern results from each user query in PMSE search engine. From this query related patterns of the user to identify strong rules discovered in databases using different measures of interestingness.


Abstract This study examines the drivers of job satisfaction of the professional accountants who work in public accounting firms. 240 professionals participated in this study. The data were collected through a questionnaire survey. The results showed that intrinsic and extrinsic factors have a positive and significant impact on job satisfaction, excepting recognition, which has a positive but no significant effect. Keywords: Drivers, Intrinsic, Extrinsic, Job satisfaction, Professional Accountants,


In 2017 Sensory Objects were commissioned to make a box of sensory objects, workshop plans and log book to inspire and discover about art and biomedical science and to gain an Arts Award for Orleans House Gallery
The artworks were developed in response to an interdisciplinary project called 'From the Outside In'.
Through hands on creative activities members of the Octagon Club a weekly club for young people with additional needs aged 11 to 17 and Transitions Art Group young people and adults with disabilities and additional needs aged 18+ worked with artists Morgan Sinton-Hewitt, Anna Dumitriu, Elizabeth Murton and Heather Barnett, Mellissa Fisher, Betsy Lewis-Holmes and science communicator Dr Sarah Bearchell on a project funded by the Welcome Trust.

Sensory Objects commission was to translate this work into a box of artworks that introduce art and science to children as part of their Key Stage 2 skills at school and to enable them to achieve an Arts Award.

In the development/testing stage the artworks have been used in schools workshops including Meadlands School London and so far 46 ArtsAwards have been awarded. The box was launched by Orleans House Gallery in September 2017


Quaternion reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (QRKHS) have been proposed recently and provide a high-dimensional feature space (alternative to the real-valued multikernel approach) for general kernel-learning applications. The current challenge within quaternion-kernel learning is the lack of general quaternion-valued kernels, which are necessary to exploit the full advantages of the QRKHS theory in real-world problems. This letter proposes a novel way to design quaternion-valued kernels, this is achieved by transforming three complex kernels into quaternion ones and then combining their real and imaginary parts. Building on this general construction, our emphasis is on a new quaternion kernel of polynomial features, which is assessed in the prediction of bodysensor networks applications.


Abstract The concept of verbal integrity, if not the formulation, is from Ragnar Rommetveit. In his retired years, he has come to insist upon the relevance of moral responsibility for a comprehensive understanding of every utterance. Quite simply, every utterance of a human being in socio-cultural interaction with others through the medium of language must be a responsible interaction – on the part of both speaker and listener, and on the part of both writer and reader. The concept of verbal integrity is intended to be broader than that of truth itself. For example, it incorporates the obligation to take another person seriously – with respect and attentive listening – in every encounter. Disdain, frivolity, over-earnestness, prolixity, evasiveness, arrogance, and aloofness all violate integrity, even though their relationship to truthfulness is more remote. The importance of verbal integrity for an ascetical outlook on one's life is clear; but perhaps its importance for interlocutors with the socially distressed needs to be underlined. In a more scientific vein, Rommetveit would insist that utterances can simply not be understood comprehensively and adequately unless verbal integrity is factored in as a relevant element. A speaker's, listener's, writer's, or reader's level of verbal integrity can profoundly influence the semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic import of an utterance for all concerned. Such a concept of verbal integrity is urgently needed as a supplement to mainstream psycholinguistic methodology in order to make the actual meaning of utterances (and written materials as well) accessible to a psychology of language use.


The cold oil lubrication system is often as the main annex,especially in the hydro-generator is generally used in the group,bearing lubricants system is an essential component.Design of the oil-cold precision bearings will directly affect the operating performance.This paper presents a set of precise calculation method for cooling the oil,the calculation method is effective to overcome the traditional estimates of error of the shortcomings of thisalculation will be other oil-cold calculation provides an effective reference,the calculation has a promotion Application.


Medulloblastoma (MB) accounts for approximately 20% of pediatric central nervous system neoplasms. Current standard management includes safe maximal surgical resection followed by craniospinal irradiation (CSI) with chemotherapeutic radiosensitization followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. The overall and event free survival rates depend upon many prognostic factors. PURPOSE: To investigate treatment outcome for newly diagnosed MB patients treated at the Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357 (CCHE) and to determine the working prognostic factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included all patients; treated at the CCHE; with histologically confirmed MB between Jan, 2008, and Jan, 2011. The Median age of the 73 (49 males (67.1%); 24 females (32.9%)) patients was 7 years (range 3-17). The median follow up period was 16 months (range 1-41). Risk stratification based upon initial Chang's stage, degree of surgical resection and histopathology. All patients had surgical resection of the tumor. Seventy one patients (97.3%) received the allocated radioche-motherapy.Onepatientwaslostfollowupandonepatientdiedbeforeradio-therapy.Riskadaptedtreatmentwereperformedvia2treatmentprotocols(Standardandhighrisk).The2protocolsdifferinthedoseofcraniospinalirradiationandthechemotherapyregimen.RESULTS:The3-yearoverall(OS)andevent-free(EFS)survivaldifferedsignificantlybetweenaverage-riskandhigh-riskpatients(p ¼ 0.024 and 0.003), with 77.8% and 82% OS and EFS for the average risk group respectively and 56.8 % and 50.5% OS and EFS for high-risk group respectively. The histopathology classification showed significant difference in both overall survivals: desmoplastic ¼ 75%, classic ¼ 71.6%, anaplastic ¼ 47.6%, (p ¼ 0.028) and event free sur- vival: desmoplastic ¼ 75%, classic ¼ 68.9%, anaplastic ¼ 40.5%, (p ¼ 0.007). CONCLUSION: Preliminary results of risk adapted treatment for children suffering from medulloblastoma are encouraging and depending upon the clinical prognostic factors. Further follow up is needed to investi- gate further prognostic factors. 48 children (19 Female, 29 Male; Age range 6 months - 15 years, median: 7 years)were com- pared with post-operative histopathology diagnosis (7 Ependymoma, 20 Low Grade Astrocytoma and 21 Medulloblastoma). Kruskal-Wallis test wasperformed to measure the difference in the ADC between different histo- logical subdiagnoses. PostHoc method was used to test the significant difference between each two sub-diagnoses. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between ADC in different hitological subgroups (p , 0.001). ADC values were significantly different between Low Grade Astrocytomas (1553.90 + 251.21) (mean + SD) and Medulloblastomas (684.90 + 125.19) (P , 0.001). The study also demonstrated significant difference between Low Grade Astrocytomas and Ependymomas (1056.71 + 183.67) (P , 0.05). However, there was no sig- nificant difference when comparing Medulloblastomas with Ependymomas (P . 0.05).CONCLUSION:Inoursample,ADCshowedpartialsignificance when used to compare different histologies. These results, if proven in future studies with higher number of patients, are expected to be of great impact on preoperative diagnosis of brain tumors. the central nervous system. Their outcome is relatively poor because of the involvement of thalamic nuclei and their inaccessibility for surgical excision. While the role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy is questionable, surgery is usually done to get tissue for histological diagnosis. In our study, 28 patients (M 15, F 13; ranging from 1-17 years old) with radiologically diagnosed tumors in the thalamic region, treated from July 2007 until December 2010 at the Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, were retrospectively reviewed and analysed in order Initial commonmanifestations includedimpairedsensoryand survival grade 0% astrocytoma. BACKGROUND: Radical of pediatric fossa tumors is by far the best line of management. challenges neurosurgeons due to the unique anatomy of this region. OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the possible benefits of navigated intraoperative ultrasonography during the surgery of pediatric posterior fossa tumors. METHODS: A non-randomized clinical trial study was conducted on fifty children with posterior fossa tumors. Twenty-five cases were operated upon utilizing the ordinary microneurosurgical techniques. The other twenty-five cases were operated upon utilizing the navigated intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) technique. We utilized the integration of IGSonic intraoperative ultrasound technology into BrainLab-Kolibri TM neuronavigation system. RESULTS: In the navigated-ultrasound-guided cases; tumor was clearly visualized in 25 (100%) cases, total was achieved excision in 22 (88%) cases. In the non-guided cases, tumor and its borders were clearly visualized only in 17 (68%) cases; total excision was achieved in 19 (76%) cases. Navigated IOUS significantly improved visualisation of the tumor and its borders and stepwise resection (p- value ¼ 0.004). There was no sig- nificant statistical difference between the two groups as regards the amount of blood loss, the operative time or the incidence of cerebellar mutism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 117 children below 18 years (from 135 patients - excluded 4 abscesses and 14 shunts / reservoirs) undergoing various resective surgeries for brain tumors were analyzed over a period of five years. A prospectively maintained database which exhaustively docu-mented the epidemiological, clinical, radiological, operative and periopera- tive events was used. Endpoints assessed included immediate postoperative neurological status, neurological outcome at discharge, regional complica- tions, systemic complications, overall morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Majority were between 3-10 years (48%). Raised intracranial pressure (70%) and neurological deficits (60%) were the commonest presenting symptoms. A significant proportion (35%) had a poor KPS ( , 70). 58% supratentorial procedures were performed. Most (72%) had large ( . 4cm) tumors. 58 (49.6%) had had prior treatment (55 included surgery). This group had a similar clinical profile to the untreated group. Significant neurological morbidity, regional, and systemic complications occurred in 18%,28% and 21 % overall respectively. Overall major morbidity occurred in 26.5% and perioperative mortality rate was 7.7%. worsen- ing occurredmorefrequentlyin patientsundergoing firstsurgery(p reoperations CONCLUSIONS: Our Wound related complications selection BACKGROUND:Thereis limited dataon braintumors in Egyptand none from Alexandria. We initiated dedicated pediatric oncology service so we had to have baseline data before launching. METHODS: A retrospective review of children and adolescents , 20 years with biopsy proven primary malignant CNS tumor attending to (ASM) from Alexandria and 3 governor- ates of Northern Egypt during January 1999-December 2009, were stratified regards demographics, histopathology, radiology, treatment and outcome data. RESULTS: Total number of cases diagnosed with CNS tumors was 80 cases accounting for 20% of the total number of pediatric non-leukemia tumors seen in the same period of time. Most common presentation was by hydrocephalus (n ¼ 40) followed by seizures (n ¼ 24), changes in behavior (n ¼ 8), endocrinal disturbances (n ¼ 8). CT scan was the most radiological tool used (n ¼ 48), MRI (n ¼ 32) and MR spectroscopy (n ¼ 8). The mean age was 10.2 and male: female ratio was 1:1, histopathologically low grade gliomas (n ¼ 22), high grade gliomas ( BACKGROUND: Brain tumors are the most common disease group of solid tumors in childhood; however, no epidemiologic data were available for Algerian population. The objective of this study was to estimate the inci- dence of childhood brain tumors in Algeria. METHODS: Data from all Algerian public neurosurgical and pediatric oncology departments were col- lected. All children with newly diagnosed brain tumors in 2009 were included in the study. Analyses of data are performed according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer and the recently published WorldHealthOrganizationclassificationof tumorsof thenervoussystem.In addition, incidence rates of childhood brain tumors in Algeria are compared with those of other countries, as published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. RESULTS: A total of 226 children with newly diag- nosed brain tumors (excluding intracranial and intraspinal germ cell tumors) were observed in 2009. The respective incidence rate for children age , 15 years was 2.4 per 100,000 children and lies between the rates fromothercountries,whichrangebetween1.7and4.1per100,000children.Themostcommonbraintumorswereastrocytomas(30.1%),medulloblasto-mas(22.7%),craniopharyngiomas(8.4%),ependymomas(7.1%),and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs; 4%). They were located mainly in the cerebellum (41.6%) and the cerebrum (36.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Our finding of childhood brain tumors in Algeria were similar with others reports; however, the incidence may be underestimated. Data of private institutions were not collected; however, a very low number of childhood brain tumors are treated in these institutions. A popu- lation based registry of childhood brain tumors should be implemented to improve data quality. , of for prognostic features of the epidemiology of childhood brain tumors in patients of the national centers for in for MATERIAL & METHOD: This cohort (simple sampling) study consisted of 198 children less than 15 years old with CNS tumor who referred to MPCTRC since 2007 to 2010. The unique checklist contained epidemiological features filled for each individual. Data analyzed by SPSS version 19 with Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Chi square tests. RESULTS: Out of en-rolled patients 125(63.1%) male and 73(36.9%) female, had the mean age of 6.11 + 3.65 years old. Tumors located in supratentorial (N ¼ 60, 30.3%), infratentorial (N ¼ 134


This article examines the relationship among public health, immigration, and epidemics, focusing on the immigrant ships affected by cholera, which arrived at the port of Rio de Janeiro in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The analysis is based on four immigrant ships, which should have remained in quarantine, but were forced to return trip to the ports of origin, because they had cholera on board. The article analyzes the efforts of health services to prevent ingress of diseases in the country and, at the same time, ensure the flow of goods and immigrant labor.


The loading thermal(LT) yield curve is first introduced to consider the effects of temperature on the preconsolidation pressure change for unsaturated clays.Based on the concept of true strength and the calculation method of the potential failure stress ratio,the equation of the critical state stress ratio for unsaturated clays under different temperatures is deduced.The LT yield curve is then combined with the loading collapse(LC) yield curve which is used to consider the effects of suction on the preconsolidation pressure change for unsaturated clays,by which the loading thermal collapse(LTC) yield surface is presented.Therefore,the effects of both temperature and suction on the preconsolidation pressure change are considered by the LTC yield surface.After that,a constitutive model for normally consolidated unsaturated clays considering temperature effects is proposed based on the framework of the critical state soil mechanics;and it is extended to consider the properties of overconsolidated unsaturated clays.Compared with the Barcelona basic model,the proposed model requires only one additional parameter to consider the behavior of the decrease of preconsolidation pressure with an increase of temperature.The proposed model can describe the effects of temperature,suction and OCRs(overconsolidation ratios) on the stress-strain behavior for clays.Model predictions and test results show that heating will cause an increase of the strength for normally consolidated unsaturated clays at a given suction.The overconsolidation behavior decays or even disappears by either heating or wetting for overconsolidated unsaturated clays,consequently,the behavior of softening and shear dilatancy will be decayed.


The Rough Set Theory (RST) concept has shown the capability in fields of knowledge extraction, data mining, decision making, pattern recognition, image processing, etc. Along with this RST comes in very handy to draw a conclusion on the incomplete and inconsistent data sets and their effect on the desired output. So having dedicated hardware on RST can be useful for next-generation Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. Such RST based hardware performance may be increased if the ISA has capable of doing Memory Access instruction that can transfer data present at multiple locations at one go. This paper mainly focuses on the RTL implementation of data-path and control-path inside ISA to perform multiple Load and Store operations by considering more locations. This will save the clock cycles taken into consideration to perform data transfers.


Anthropology became systematized as a science in the nineteenth century, and its first teachers were self-taught, and it was initially only taught at a university level, although some countries had limited experiences with Anthropology in basic education. This article analyzes the education of anthropology teachers in Brazil and Argentina, considering the various institutional and academic settings in both countries. While Argentina has fewer courses than Brazil, these courses are more specific, and focused on the education of anthropology teachers. In Brazil anthropology is offered within social science courses in basic education, and specifically within sociology classes. This paper analyzes how teacher courses in Anthropology education in these two countries deal with the challenges in their different institutional and academic contexts.


In order to exploit the nonuniformly distributed channel capacity over the cell area, an intelligent 7.3-kB programmable videophone transceiver is proposed, which is capable of exploiting the higher channel capacity of uninterfered, high-channel-quality cell areas, while supporting more robust, but lower bit-rate operation in more interfered areas. The system employed an enhanced H.263-compatible video codec. Since most existing wireless systems exhibit a constant bit-rate, the video codec's bit-rate fluctuation was smoothed by a novel adaptive packetization algorithm, which is capable of supporting automatic repeat request (ARQ)-assisted operation in wireless distributive video transmissions, although in the proposed low-latency interactive videophone transceiver, we refrained from using ARQ. Instead, corrupted packets are dropped by both the local and remote decoders in order to prevent error propagation. The minimum required channel signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) was in the range of 8-28 dB for the various transmission scenarios, while the corresponding video peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) was in the range of 32-39 dB. The main system features are summarized.


Abstract Observations of the 3 July 1989 Saturn occultation of 28 Sgr are combined with Voyager 1 and 2 occultation measurements to determine Saturn's pole direction and the radius scale for the ring system. Measurements of event times for circular ring features are presented for 3.9-μm imaging measurements from the Palomar 5-m telescope, 2.1-μm imaging measurements using the McDonald Observatory 2.7-m telescope, 3.3-μm imaging results (Harrington et al . 1993, this issue) from the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility and 3.4-μm aperture photometry from the European Southern Observatory 2.2- and 1-m telescopes. An atlas of ring features is provided, extending the catalog of P. D. Nicholson, M. L. Cooke, and E. Pelton (1990b, Astron. J. 100, 1339-1362) to include B Ring features. Voyager 1 radio science and Voyager 2 Photopolarimeter (PPS) occultation observations were reanalyzed by converting the optical depth profiles to intensity profiles expected for the 28 Sgr occultation geometry. Ring feature times were measured from these rescaled lightcurves, including new measurements of B Ring features from the PPS data. Measurements of 30 presumed circular features, together with additional 28 Sgr observations from Catalina Station, Kitt Peak, San Pedro Martir, United Kingdom Infrared Telescope, and Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory, described by Hubbard et al . (1993, this issue), were used to determine ring radii and Saturn's pole direction. Two separate techniques for computing ring orbit models are described; a sky-plane method, in which individual ring features are projected into the plane of the sky perpendicular to the star direction, and a solar system barycentric vector approach, which retains explicitly the 3-dimensional nature of the problem. The results of the two methods agree to high precision. The pole direction and radius scale cannot be accurately determined from 28 Sgr observations alone. The theoretical period of the forced precession of Saturn's pole due to solar torques on both Saturn's oblate figure and the equatorial satellites is estimated to be 1.76 × 10 6 year. A joint solution including both 28 Sgr and Voyager measurements, and accounting for this polar precession, gives a pole direction of α P (B1950.0) = 38.4168° ± 0.0035 and δ P (B1950.0) = 83.32329° ± 0.00017 (α P (J2000.0) = 40.5955° ± 0.0036, δ P (J2000.0) = 83.53812° ± 0.00018) at a reference epoch of 1980 November 12 at 23:46:32 UTC, consistent with the pole derived by P. D. Nicholson, M. L. Cooke, and E. Pelton (1990b, Astron J. 100, 1339-1362) from Voyager data alone. The pole uncertainty in this joint solution is dominated by uncertainties in the Voyager 1 and 2 trajectories. The ring radius scale is systematically about 1 km smaller than that found by P. D. Nicholson, M. L. Cooke, and E. Pelton (1990b, Astron. J. 100, 1339-1362). If the a priori Voyager trajectory uncertainties are assumed to be negligible, then the observations can be used to determine the precession rate of Saturn's pole about the invariable pole of the Solar System. The corresponding rate of motion of Saturn's pole on the sky is found to be 0.86 ± 0.31 times the predicted rate of 0.339″ year -1 .


The aim of this study was to determine the differences in digit sizes from both pelvic limbs of 169 dairy cows of different genetic groups (Holstein, Jersey, Brown Swiss, and Jersolando), in lactating and non-lactating conditions, and their relation with diseases. Images were taken from the plantar view of the lateral and medial digits, and the length and width of the sole and bulb were then measured. Variables were discarded and factors for analysis were defined. Data were defined according to the highest coefficients and used to discriminate genetic groups and their association with indexes of foot diseases and productive performance. The Chi-square test showed that higher involvement occurred in lactating cows and in the right pelvic limb. Differences among all genetic groups were observed regarding the variables body weight, productive longevity, incidence of foot diseases, and generated factors. The Jersey breed was isolated from the other genetic groups because it presented lower coefficients for all variables; Holstein and Brown Swiss presented the highest morphometric measures of the digits, a higher body weight, and productive longevity, and higher rates of foot diseases. The Jersolando presented intermediate values between those of the two breeds from which it originated. The susceptibility to foot diseases is associated with breed, lactational stage, body weight, and with the morphometric parameters of the digits.


Reactions of 1-chloro-3-aryloxypropan-2-ols with pentane-1-thiol in alkaline medium afforded 1-pentylthio-3-aryloxypropan-2-ols. The latter were brought into condensation with aryl isocyanates and isothiocyanates to obtain 1-pentylthiomethyl-2-aryloxyethyl arylcarbamates and O-(1-pentylthiomethyl-2-aryloxyethyl) aryl(thiocarbamates) which were tested as lubricant additives.


Selective removal of the surface polymer layer from glass filled polyphenolic composites is important while using them for applications which demand good thermal and electrical insulation properties. Inductively coupled low temperature plasma discharge was verified to facilitate chemical etching to selectively remove the surface polymer from the glass filled polyphenolic composite. The etching rate inside the plasma was compared with commercially important feeding gases including H2, N2, O2 and NH3 as a function of discharge power. The protruding surface polymer was removed in volatile molecular fragments, whereas the glass additives stayed unaffected. The etching rate is shown to increase as a function of applied power inside all used gas discharges. Irrespective of the applied power, O2 plasma displayed the highest etching rate. Furthermore, by combining optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses, the work is extended to mechanistically present the possible chemical pathways which lead to creation of various functional groups on the surface during the plasma–surface interactions. This gives a new outlook towards the future applications of low temperature plasma processing in composite industry for surface modification and selective etching.


The purpose of the study was effects of Plyometric and Fartlek training on Agility performances of Male Inter Collegiate Kabaddi players. 60 Male Inter Collegiate Kabaddi players from JNTU University, affiliated colleges, Kakinada. The selected subjects were of age group ranging from 18 to 26 years. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups and each group consisted of 20 subjects. Group-I underwent isolated fartlek training, Group-II was isolated plyometric training, and group-III act as control group was not given any special treatment. The experimental period was 12 weeks. Pre-test and posttest were taken before and after the training programme. The selected physical variables were agility. During the intervention phase, a modified training program was offered by a well-trained Kabaddi coaches to the experimental group under the supervision of the researcher at JNTU University, affiliated colleges, Kakinada. All participants were encouraged to continue their standard physical activities and routine procedures. The intervention phase 12 weeks and included morning 60 minutes and evening 60 minutes Kabaddi couching classes for alternative days in a week. To find out the significant Effects of fartlek and plyometric training on selected physical variable. The ANCOVA statistical technique was used to find the mean difference between the groups on physical variables. The results of the study revealed a significant group × test interaction ( p < 0.05). Follow-up analyses indicated that while no group differences in physical variables existed between the four groups of the pre-test. In posttest all the experimental groups were found to have significantly ( p < 0.05) better performance on the physical variables than the control group. The findings of the present study suggest that plyometric training improved the physical variables in collegiate Male Kabaddi players .


A driving argument behind recent EU treaty reforms was that more qualified majority voting (QMV) was required to reduce the potential dangers of legislative paralysis caused by enlargement. Whilst existing literature on enlargement mostly focuses on the question of what changed in the legislative process after the 2004 enlargement, the question of why these changes occurred has been given far less attention. Through the use of a single veto player theoretical model, this paper seeks to test and explain whether enlargement reduces the efficiency of the legislative process and alters the type of legislation produced, and whether QMV can compensate for these effects. In doing this, it offers a theoretical explanation as to why institutional changes that alter the level of cohesion between actors in the Council have an influence over both the legislative process and its outcomes.


Abstract The most time consuming and difficult step in applying model-based concepts for synthesis, control and supervision of bioprocesses is the iterative, manual, and therefore time-consuming model building process. In this contribution a software tool TAM-B is introduced which provides methods for automating the main steps of this iterative procedure. Several qualitative tests are developed to efficiently generate only such models that are suitable for the kinetic problem considered. It will be shown that using the modelling tool not only supports the human modeller in many cases, it can also accelerate the model building process. The main emphasis of the paper will be on new rule-based methods for structure selection.


The visualization of carbon fibers polyether ether ketone (PEEK) composite material heating for a grounded coplanar waveguide and a stepped impedance low-pass filter by the thermal camera is performed. The purpose of such visualization is to characterize electromagnetic field influence on the diagonally anisotropic composite material and find out its application opportunity. COMSOL Multiphysics simulation has been done in order to understand heating principles and origin. Experimental results were in a good agreement with simulations and they showed that the characteristics of the microstrip structures can be modulated/tuned by simple rotation of the composite material. Finally, a tunable application by the carbon/PEEK composite material for the microstrip low-pass filter was developed due to the microwave absorption selectivity dependence on the composite material orientation.


Please cite this article as: Khoja R et al., Pharmacognostical and Pharmaceutical Analysis of Shirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha (SA). American Journal of PharmTech Research 2019. Pharmacognostical and Pharmaceutical Analysis of Shirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha (SA) Rozina Khoja D.B. Vaghela Harisha C.R., Shukla V.J. 4 1 M.S. scholar, Dept. of Shalakyatantra, 2. HOD of Shalakya tantra Department, 3. Head Pharmacognosy lab, 4. Head, Pharmaceutical Lab, IPGT & RA, Gujarat Ayurveda University, India.361008. ABSTRACT Shirisha Ashwagandhadi Avaleha (SA) is proved very useful for the patients of Allergic rhinitis by previous research works. Allergic rhinitis is a most common annoying problem of day to day life affecting patient's quality of life. This compound was formulated by Late Pandit Shiv Sharma. The original recipe contains Shirishadi Kwatha (Decoction) and Ashwagandhadi compound. In the present era, people only accept such elegant, palatable and easy to consume and carry formulations. To overcome such difficulties; to convert classical formulations into elegant forms which are easy, acceptable and therapeutically viable. At the same time, with an intention to increase palatability, shelf life and to make a drug according to SMP and to do its Pharmaceutical and Pharmacognostical evaluation, study was carried out. Previous study was done to standardize manufacturing process of this Avaleha By Dr. Parth Dave et.al. The presence of Annular vessels, Bottle neck shaped stone cells, Simple and compound starch grains, Stellete trichome, Pitted stone were observed in the microscopy of prepared formulation. Physicochemical analysis showed that Total solid content was 7.24% and Acid insoluble ash was 2.39%. pH was 6.5. Total sugar estimation was 57.98%.HPTLC study showed 07 spots at 254 nm with Rf values and 08 spots at 366 nm with Rf values.


Augmented Reality (AR) is emerging as a technology with a multitude of applications in education and entertainment. In this paper, we discuss its potential in visualizing the information captured in Building Information Models (BIMs). To date, BIM-enabled applications have been limited to desktops running proprietary building-design software; cloud platforms, however, enable the usage allows for of BIM models through any device, including mobile ones. Therefore, AR applications can use the geometric information of the BIM models for accurate scene rendering and also for augmenting the scene with additional information relevant to different stakeholders. To demonstrate this concept, we have developed a mobile-application prototype. The application downloads a BIM model from a remote server and superimposes it on the camera feed. To ensure the modeled and real world objects are synced, image tracking is adopted as the localization technique. This provides the application user with the ability to move freely about the environment, which most previous research does not fully allow. Rather than simply displaying the model, BIM model properties are utilized so that certain aspects of the model can be hidden or displayed. This allows the user to focus on the objects that are important to their task. This feature distinguishes the application from most mainstream AR applications, and provides opportunities for future research.


For the discrete memoryless quantum channel, we show the equivalence of two different notions of quantum channel capacity: that which uses the entanglement fidelity as its criterion for success in transmission, and that which uses the minimum fidelity of pure states in a subspace of the input Hilbert space as its criterion. As a corollary, any source with entropy rate less than the capacity may be transmitted with high entanglement fidelity. We also show that a restricted class of encodings is sufficient to transmit any quantum source which may be transmitted on a given channel. This enables us to simplify a known upper bound for the channel capacity. It also enables us to show that the availability of an auxiliary classical channel from encoder to decoder does not increase the quantum capacity.


What can it mean for preferences to be rational when transitivity or completenss are not assumed? In this paper we provide a framework and a set of conditions to deal with this question. We provide representation results in terms of a pair of functions, a utility function and a vagueness function.


Introduction Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare, but potentially devastating viral infection of the brain and can occur as a complication of natalizumab, a treatment for highly-active relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Case: Patient A is 52-years-old, diagnosed with RRMS in 2015. She commenced disease-modifying therapy with natalizumab following four clinical relapses in one year and had a stable clinical course for the subsequent 4 years. She was JCV antibody positive (titre 3.64) but had opted to continue natalizumab therapy, despite the risk of PML. Early 2020, an MRI abnormality raised suspicion for PML. In May, she developed left hand weakness, pro- gressing to left hemiparesis. Serial MRIs showed increasing signal change however, it was difficult to differ- entiate PML from new inflammatory activity. CSF JCV PCR was negative on two occasions. She proceeded to brain biopsy, confirming PML. She was treated with pembrolizumab and has remained stable. Discussion This case highlights the difficulty in distinguishing PML from an MS relapse, despite the use of MRI and CSF. We highlight the role of brain biopsy in making a definitive diagnosis. There is also lack of consensus on effective treatment for PML, but emerging evidence for use of pembrolizumab, a PD-1 inhibitor. email@example.com 77


Xinjiang Semaiti white apricot, which can be eaten raw or be processed, was used as pulp beverage material, through rational technological process and processing equipment, practicable technology parameters were set, problems of primitive colour reservation, taste and sedimentation caused by fibre and lignin were also solved. Without any food preservative, chemical additives or stabilizer, this product remains good senses with no fadeless and separation in six months. This project has been officially sanctified as "Spark Extension Program " by Science and Technology Bureau of Xinjiang.


We consider a model based on the thermal spike concept for an explanation of latent track formation in YBa2Cu3O7−x single crystal. The model demonstrates some interesting peculiarities such as ®electronic quenching ̄ and existence of bifurcation points. Arguments why the energy spent on damage creation in the track should be equal to melting heat and why the so-called ®epitaxial regrowth ̄ is impossible are given.


Since the brain's gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) metabolite concentrations differ, their partial volumes can vary the voxel's 1H MR spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) signal, reducing sensitivity to changes. While single‐voxel 1H‐MRS cannot differentiate between WM and GM signals, partial volume correction is feasible by MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) using segmentation of the MRI acquired for VOI placement. To determine the magnitude of this effect on metabolic quantification, we segmented a 1‐mm3 resolution MRI into GM, WM and CSF masks that were co‐registered with the MRSI grid to yield their partial volumes in approximately every 1 cm3 spectroscopic voxel. Each voxel then provided one equation with two unknowns: its i‐ metabolite's GM and WM concentrations CiGM, CiWM. With the voxels' GM and WM volumes as independent coefficients, the over‐determined system of equations was solved for the global averaged CiGM and CiWM. Trading off local concentration differences offers three advantages: (i) higher sensitivity due to combined data from many voxels; (ii) improved specificity to WM versus GM changes; and (iii) reduced susceptibility to partial volume effects. These improvements made no additional demands on the protocol, measurement time or hardware. Applying this approach to 18 volunteered 3D MRSI sets of 480 voxels each yielded N‐acetylaspartate, creatine, choline and myo‐inositol CiGM concentrations of 8.5 ± 0.7, 6.9 ± 0.6, 1.2 ± 0.2, 5.3 ± 0.6mM, respectively, and CiWM concentrations of 7.7 ± 0.6, 4.9 ± 0.5, 1.4 ± 0.1 and 4.4 ± 0.6mM, respectively. We showed that unaccounted voxel WM or GM partial volume can vary absolute quantification by 5–10% (more for ratios), which can often double the sample size required to establish statistical significance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


UCoGe is known to show microscopic coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism. Here we present physical properties of a single crystalline sample of UCoGe, and show that the magnetism is understood within an itinerant electron picture. Further we estimate characteristic parameters (T0∼4×102 K and TA∼6×103 K) of the self‐consistent renormalization (SCR) theory of spin fluctuations to argue the correlation of ferromagnetism with superconductivity.


A fluorescence microscope is an optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence to study properties of organic or inorganic substances. Therefore, the objective of this seminar paper is to understand the principles of fluorescence microscope and acquire knowledge about fluorescence microscope. The basic task of the fluorescence microscope is to let excitation light radiate the specimen and then sort out the much weaker emitted light to make up the image. Fluorescence microscopy is a rapid expanding technique, both in the medical and biological sciences. Therefore, laboratory practitioners and other basic science professions should know in details the principles and application of fluorescence microscope. The environment of the fluorochrome stained specimen from fading should be protected. Keywords : Fluorescence Microscope, Fluorochrome, Image and Specimen


Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the designing and building of intelligent agents that receive precepts from the environment and take action in response to the detected contexts (Russell and Norvig 2009). While AI is hardly a recent invention, it is being increasingly used in the provision of public services to support decision-making processes, to interact with citizens, or to streamline government procedures. However, most systems that were developed are characterized by low levels of transparency, public awareness, and supervision and liability measures. The use of complex and opaque algorithms is an important challenge in "normal" times. It becomes even more important given the role of AI in many countries as part of the fight against the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic through special applications (apps) and other means of data selection.


Let F a nonarchimedean local field, π, ρ admissible irreducible representations of GL_n (F ), GL_{n−1} (F) respectively. Aizenbud, Gourvitch, Rallis and Schiffmann have recently proved that the space of Hom_{GL_{n−1} (F)} (π, ρ) is at most 1-dimensional and by the works of Waldspurger and Moeglin such dimension is related to a local factor of the couple (π, ρ). In the case n = 2 this phenomenon is known by the works of Tunnell and Saito. In this paper we describe the restriction to Cartan subgroups of irreducible mod p representations π of GL2 (Qp ). In particular we deduce a mod p multiplicity theorem, giving the dimension of Hom_{L×} (π, χ) where L/Qp is a quadratic extension and χ a smooth character of L× .


The aims of this research was to analyze the character education values/character building values in Frozen movie and to know how those values are connected to Curriculm 2013 (K13). Frozen movie is an animation movie produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. The screenplay written by Jennifer Lee and Chris Buck. The design was descriptive qualitative research. The object were Frozen movie transcript. The instrument was checklist. The technique of analyzing the data including reading, identifying, classifying, analyzing, making concluding. The researcher analyzed the character building values of the Frozen movie based on Syarbini. The results of the research showed that there were sixteen good character building values was found in the movie, they were: hard working, responsibility, creative, curiosity, independent, environmental care, love peace, sociality, friendly/communicative, nationalism, patriotism, honesty, tolerance, discipline, democratic and appreciating achievements. On the other hand, 2 educational values were not found in this movie. They were; religious and love to read. The researcher hopes that the education practititioner can teach character building. For the parents this thesis can be used as a guide to shaping good character for children.


Three different ligands with bis(8-hydroxyquinoline) were prepared by nucleo-philic addition reaction between 5-formyl-8-hydroxyquinoline and three diamines (4, 4′-phenylenediamine, 4,4′-biphenyl-diamine and 4,4′-diamina-diaphenyl sulfone). Then these ligands were coordinated with zinc ion to prepare three new polymeric bis(8-hydroxyquinoline schiff base) zinc complex. The chemical structure of ligands and complexes was characterized by infrared absorption spectroscopy, ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy and elemental analysis, the results indicated that it was just the object we wanted. The photoluminescent performance of these complexes were investigated by fluorescence, the results showed that strong fluorescent emission peaked between 425nm and 625nm when excited by the light of maximal excitation wavelength, the peaks are at 497, 499 and 499nm for complex Zn-DD8Q, Zn-PD8Q and Zn-DDS8Q respectively, which is between blue light and green light. The fluorescence intensity of complex Zn-DD8Q is stronger in comparison with complex Zn-PD8Q and Zn-DDS8Q, due to DD8Q has stronger conjugative effect. It means the fluorescence intensity is changed by chemical structure of complex. When conjugative effect bigger, the fluorescence stronger. In general, a kind of excellent EL material may be also a kind of eminent PL material. So, the research object of EL material can be extended from the excellent PL material. Hence, in this research work we study the material′s PL performance and make setout for the next research of EL materials.


A half-day symposium at the Stephen Lawrence Gallery will develop the idea of collective lament, examining the Famine's legacy, giving audiences a chance to experience their own cultural and political history in a fresh, innovative and healing way.

A range of writers, visual artists and theorists will explore the somatic effects of oppression and suffering to disturb new truths about history and trauma and show how they can be re-presented through diverse platforms.

The symposium will engage other immigrant communities such as the African-Caribbean community who often shared the 'No Blacks, No Irish' racism of English landlords in the 1950s and 60s. Uses of Lament will encourage inter-generational discussion about the most significant event in Anglo-Irish history and explore cross-cultural writing and arts' projects that refresh ways of telling history and challenge xenophobia. Uses of Lament will also reach out to more recent immigrants to make cross-cultural links and initiate discussion to replace fear with openness.


High durable pavement( HDP) of epoxy asphalt mixture additive are composed of main agent and curing agent,previous studies have found that mixture of both products has the similar properties with epoxy resin system. In order to study the both reaction principle,dynamics method is adopted to modeling analysis of HDP curing reaction parameters. Test results show that the HDP DSC curve to calculate and determine the HDP cure reaction of epoxy system at 383. 4 K temperature into the constant temperature curing,the reaction activation energy of 39. 78 kJ /mol and reaction series n is 0. 85 under different heating rates; using curing reaction of epoxy system to calculate the reaction of epoxy system for levels1 and n parallel autocatalytic reaction.


It comprises a chip resistor is made of a sheet form comprising an upper surface, a lower surface, two end faces, and the metal resistor element having two side surfaces. Forming a resistor element having two electrodes, spaced apart from each other in the longitudinal direction of the resistor element. Each electrode is formed directly on the resistor element, and a surface extending continuously via a respective one of the two end faces from the lower to the upper surface.


The project has undertaken new wind speed design mapping and technical provisions to enable the adoption of the International Building Code and ASCE-7 standard by the City and County of Honolulu, which is located within a hurricane hazard region. Consistent with the requirements of the International Building Code and intent of the ASCE-7 standard, customized wind design factors were developed from site-specific wind-tunnel test data for: 1) specification of topographic effects factor Kzt, 2) directionality weighting, Kd, in consideration of the probability of critical windspeed, and 3) mapping of Exposure Categories for determination of Kz , exposure coefficient. A risk-consistent level of protection for hurricane hazard can thus be achieved in structural design of new buildings in the City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.


A novel interpretation of the brush vibration phenomenon is presented for current collection systems consisting of carbon brushes and steel sliprings. For the investigation of this phenomenon, a mechanical model with a rigid brush was used, and the thermal deformation of the slipring surface due to the losses generated by the vibrating brush was taken into consideration. The calculations show that at certain parameter configurations the brush vibration reinforces the thermal deformation and the closed-loop system becomes unstable, leading to pronounced brush vibration referred to as regenerative brush chatter. Measurements of the slipring surface temperature confirm this theory. >


The paper reviews the taxonomic history of Cixiidae(Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoroidea) in the world and China,introduces the well-known taxonomists and their achievements in cixiidae planthopper and the biological characteristic and economic significance,and puts forward some suggestions for the future research work according to the problems in the taxonomic research.


On the basis of further study of"students constitutions standard",considering specific problems of implementation of this standard,this paper discusses the characteristics of"students constitutions standard",key points of administration of implementation as well as some relevant problems,and provides references for future implementation of this standard.


T he Mary Lou Barnes Award for outstanding PODS II application in postprofessional studies within neurology is given in honor of APTA Section on Neurology member and accomplished physical therapist Mary Lou Barnes, PT, FAPTA. Barnes was the founding director of the West Virginia University physical therapy program and served as chair of Georgia State University's program. During her terms, both programs achieved national recognition. Members of the Academy of Neurologic Physical Therapy provided generous support for this award through the Foundation's Neurology Endowment Fund. The 2017 recipient of the Mary Lou Barnes Award is: Timothy Faw, PT, DPT, NCS Ohio State University Project Title: Myelin Plasticity During Motor Learning and Spinal Cord Injury Mentor: D. Michelle Basso, PT, EdD


Before presenting and discussing our results we elaborate on the importance of the techno-petrographic approach for highlighting cultural phases and groups, and present the archaeological context and the methodology followed.


BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis (AP) is described as acute inflammation of the pancreas with or without peripancreatic abnormalities. The present study describes the role of computed tomography in the evaluation and grading of acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis is a dynamic disease having biphasic mortality peaks due to two overlapping phases, which include early and late due to increased obesity, ageing of population, alcohol abuse, increased gall stone incidence, the worldwide AP incidence is increasing. Most important causes of AP in developing countries such as India include increased alcohol consumption. Contrast enhanced computed tomography plays an important role in diagnosis of the disease and helps in determining the prognosis of the disease. Modified CT severity index scoring system is the most commonly used scoring system for assessment of the severity of the disease. METHODS The present study is a prospective study of patients presenting with signs and symptoms of acute pancreatitis referred to the Department of Radio Diagnosis at Katuri medical college. This study comprised of 50 patients with clinical suspicion / diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, raised pancreatic biochemical parameters like serum amylase and serum lipase. Contrast enhanced computed tomography was performed in these patients, findings reported, and the disease was classified using modified CT scoring index system (MCTSI). RESULTS The mean age of the patients in the present study was 42.3 ± 12.28 years. Most of the patients presented with abdominal epigastric pain, abdominal distension. Acute pancreatitis was divided into acute oedematous pancreatitis and necrotising pancreatitis, the former being common. Complications included, ascites, pleural effusions, splenic vein thrombosis, portal venous thrombosis, and haemorrhages. CONCLUSIONS Contrast enhanced CT is useful to differentiate between oedematous and necrotising types of pancreatitis. The MCTSI helps in better evaluation of pancreatic necrosis grading. The modified computed tomography score index correlation with the development of local and systemic complications in acute pancreatitis is well established. Ideally, conducting contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) after 48 - 72 hours of acute attack, increases the probability of identifying necrotising pancreatitis. CT in particular has an overall accuracy of about 87 % and sensitivity and specificity of 100 % in the recognition of pancreatic necrosis. KEYWORDS Computed Tomography, Acute Pancreatitis, Pseudocyst, Modified CT Score Index


Palladium intercalated surfactant-exchanged fluorotetrasilicic mica (Pd-HDP-TSM) was synthesized by ion exchange of surfactant with TSM, intercalation and in situ reduction of palladium. This catalyst showed the highest selectivity to 2-methylbenzyl alcohol for the title reaction when compared with supported catalysts. Interestingly, in contrast with the supported catalysts, Pd-HDP-TSM catalysts do not favor the consecutive reaction yielding the hydrogenolysis products such as xylene and toluene.


Preflight photographs of selected Apollo 17 equipment taken for use in determining the effects on various surfaces of long-term exposure to the lunar environment are presented. Photographs of the articles deployed on the lunar surface also are included. The photographic procedure and the coding system used for the photodocumentation are explained. Other documentation measures planned to obtain items for use as controls in projected analyses are discussed.


At present, body fat and body weight measurement is only a single measurement, which can not achieve long-term and continuous health monitoring. There are some limitations in obesity prevention. The intelligent monitoring algorithm of body fat and body weight is designed based on deep learning. Human intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid belong to electrolytes. The cell membrane is equivalent to a capacitor to establish the equivalent model of human impedance. The impedance signal is collected, and the bioelectrical impedance of the human body is obtained by using the four electrode method. Combined with the variables such as height, age and gender, the content of human body components in the whole body of the subject is predicted. Calculate the body fat content and establish a complete body fat and weight data set. Input various human parameters related to body fat and body weight into the deep learning model for training, and the output prediction result is the intelligent monitoring result of body fat and body weight. The experimental results show that the intelligent monitoring algorithm of body fat and body weight based on deep learning can reduce the prediction error and effectively improve the monitoring performance. It has great credibility in the quantitative study of body fat rate.


this paper a schema is represented using schema trees. Structural matching is performed by matching the local vicinity of each vertex in a schema tree to the vicinity of each vertex in another schema tree using edit distance. A simulated authority is used to determine the quality of the matches by the matcher. The results show that structure indeed plays a role in matching and demonstrate that the method has potential. It produces more effective mappings for larger vicinities, though at the expense of the efficiency.


The authors propose an extensible Web-based microvascular network information system as part of the Microcirculation Physiome Project. They describe the design of the major components of the system, outline various technical challenges and propose solutions to them.


Colin Fraser and Sonia Restrepo Estrada were closely involved in two surveys of policy-makers' perceptions of communication for development undertaken in 1994 and 2006. They drew up the methodology for the qualitative survey of 1994, personally conducted 30 of the 40 interviews, and wrote the report. For the 2006 survey, they drafted the methodology, worked with the World Bank in refining it, conducted 15 of the 43 interviews, and wrote the sections of the report that cover the qualitative aspects. In this article they share the insights they gained along these processes, especially with regard to advocacy for Communication for Development.


Towards an Architecture of Collaborative Objects, explores the potential of playing with Collaborative Objects in real, augmented and mixed realities. A multi-player game platform App: VoxelCO, developed by the author, provides a speculative playground to research, the interaction with objects, things and people, as well as provokes new opportunities to engage deeply with its content and context. Furthermore, VoxelCO, reveals new modes of participation, to design and collaborate in real-time with augmented reality, using millennial tools: mobile devices. A case study project, the VoxelStage, offered an opportunity to apply VoxelCO to design a stage together with a group of students. To merge the collaboratively aggregated virtual objects of VoxelCO with reality, real WireCubes were augmented and assembled, proposing an architecture of socially augmented fuzzy formations.


In May 2020, the Madagascar Ministry of Health, UNICEF and other nutrition partners, together with the IPC Global Support Unit (GSU), leveraged existing technologies to conduct a virtual IPC analysis for acute malnutrition in six drought-prone southern districts in Madagascar. Adaptations made to the IPC methodology for the COVID-19 context featured the inclusion of already trained team members to reduce the length of orientation, utilisation and re-analysis of data collected just prior to lockdown to overcome challenges in data collection and the shifting of meetings from in-person to virtual. A number of assumptions were built into the analysis given the COVID-19 context including the likely negative impact on food systems and access to health services in the post-harvest period. Results of the analysis hypothesised the likely deterioration of the nutrition situation in all six districts beyond August 2020 with two districts being classified as IPC phase 3 or 4. The IPC analysis was largely deemed a success as a result of strong political will and support from nutrition partners and the IPC GSU. However, numerous challenges were noted including a reliance on historical data, a lack of global guidelines on remote facilitation at the time and internet connectivity challenges.


Amidst growing concerns about the impact of agriculture on the environment, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has been overhauled to prioritize sustainable rural development in European agriculture. Based on this line of thought, the present contribution delves into the details of the CAP's shift, focusing on the main environmental concerns faced in the policy-making framework. Grounded in a political science perspective, the current study looks at how environmental and climate change concerns were gradually elevated inside the CAP's policy-making framework and how they helped create the "green architecture" for European agriculture. Examining the process of policy change under the lens of historical institutionalism and neo-institutionalism within the multilevel governance framework of the European Union (EU), the key role played by the gradual introduction of measures aimed at promoting measurable environmental criteria and climatic targets is highlighted. For instance, measures aimed at preserving carbon-rich soils and enhancing water resources can have positive impacts on the environment. However, these measures were also recognized to increase the cost of production for the European farmers, who faced serious difficulties in adjusting to the new framework. Within this context, this research delves into the roles played by two additional fundamental entities: the consumer and environmental activism. Additionally, the study underscores the EU's commitment to addressing climate change and sustainable development challenges and how conditionality is being used to link funding to results. Upon analyzing the CAP's shift, the reflection of a more flexible and rational approach is argued to be embodied by the new policy architecture. By incorporating both CAP pillars, encouraging collaboration with compatible policies, and allowing for greater adaptability in response to the unique circumstances and objectives of each member state, the CAP is taking significant steps towards sustainability and climate action. These insights into the significance and implications of the CAP's shift towards sustainability offer valuable recommendations for future policy developments, emphasizing the need to balance environmental concerns with the needs of farmers and other stakeholders.


De-interlacing is a key technology for video format conversion.It is the basis of video processing.This paper presents a new optimization algorithm for de-interlacing based on the motion detection.This algorithm can choose the suitable algorithm to process the video.Its effect is good and it needs less hardware,so it is suitable to use in ordinary products.The algorithm has been simulated by software and the test results show that the processed image is of good quality.


The velocity time sequence of gas-liquid two-phase flow at different vertical locations in a reflux reactor was measured by IFA300 constant-temperature hot-film anemometer with resolution higher than the frequency that corresponds to Kolmogorov dissipative scale.The scales of bubble structure in gas-liquid two-phase flow were discriminated by using the energy maxima criterion of wavelet analysis.A condition sampling method was presented,by which characterized by instantaneous intensity factor and flatness factor of wavelet coefficients to discriminate the singular structure in gas-liquid two-phase flow.Measured the average intensity of single bubble structure and extracted the phase-averaged evolution course for single bubble structure.Studied the dynamics course of bubble structure movement coming from gas-liquid flow,and the statistical characterization of energy distribution and flatness factor of multiscale gas-liquid two-phase turbulent flow under conditions of contains and eliminating bubble structure.


Purpose To study the pathological features of palisaded and Verocay body variants of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans(DFSP)and to discuss the differential diagnosis from conditions that shares similar morphological features.Methods The clinical,histological,and immunohistochemical features of a palisaded and Verocay body variant of DFSP were collected and analyzed.Results Grossly,two tumor masses with skin were identified.One mass was protruding from the skin and the other located subcutaneously,measuring 0.9 cm × 0.7 cm × 0.6 cm and 0.8 cm × 0.5 cm × 0.4 cm,respectively.In tumor sections,the masses were grayish white in color with a gelatinous appearance and unencapsulated.Microscopically,typical features of conventional,myxoid and myoid variants of DFSP were observed.Myxoid change was the most prominent among these three patterns.Furthermore,an unusual morphologic change with some areas of nuclear palisading or Verocay body patterns was also observed.Immunohistochemically,all tumor cells were diffusely and strongly positive for CD34 and vimentin,and negative for S-100 protein,desmin,neurofilament,calretinin,SMA,HMB45,MART-1,EMA,ALK-1 and bcl-2.Ki-67 staining index was 2%.Conclusions Palisaded and Verocay body variants of DFSP is a rare distinctive variant.Reorganization of this variant of DFSP is of importance to avoid misdiagnosis


The author responds to the article "Titles matter: Addressing the normalization of othering," by C.J. Vinkenburg in a 2014 issue of the journal regarding the use of the terms "they" or "them" in article titles within the "Academy of Management" publications. Topics discussed include the referral to multicultural employees as "they" in an article written by the author, whether the term "they" implies that individuals are members of an outgroup, and how authors can avoid othering in research articles. The author also discusses ways to mitigate the problem of othering in the context of management research.


Thirty autopsies of human rabies encephalitis were carried out and the results of some epidemiological data and neuropathological studies were compared with those previously reported. There was no statistical relation between the topography of the lesions and the site of bite, between the incubation period or disease duration and the presence or absence of viral inclusion bodies (VIB), and between the intensity of the inflammatory process (IP) and the presence of VIB. The dispersion of the IP and of the VIB throughout the CNS was in direct proportion to their intensity. The most frequently affected structure by the IP was the midbrain, followed by the medulla oblongata, pons and spinal cord. The most intensively injured structure was the medulla oblangata. The VIB had striking predominance in the hippocampus and cerebellum.


While (in theory) personal home pages have the potential to support an academic community of practice by enabling learning as becoming and belonging, (in practice) conventional personal home pages fail to serve this function for the vast majority of users. Browsing home pages, we find that few academicians use their personal home page for more than posting contact information and distributing publications. While this kind of use does have a significant role in academia, it only scratches the surface of the potential that personal home pages can have. To go beyond this surface level, we must understand the reasons why the use of personal home pages normally stops there and what the potential is when users get beyond this surface. In particular, from a research perspective, it is important to be able to link those reasons to issues of becoming and belonging. We believe that the reasons for the lack of adoption are largely technological-they are based on the features of current tools rather than the underlying concepts. Since we are concerned with studying the underlying concepts, we should try to eliminate these technological reasons. This approach falls squarely within the design experiments framework for learning sciences research. In this study, we concern ourselves with the current state of personal home pages and finding a trajectory for improving that state by removing the purely technological problems.


HERE is certainly nothing novel Tin the statement that the flow of American capital to foreign countries has run parallel with the growth of the United States as a world imperialist power. Although this country, since its unjust and aggressive war against Mexico, had manifested strong annexationist tendencies it has been only during the period of the export of capital to the relatively backward countries of Latin America and more recently to European countries that it has assumed the r6le of the world's dominant financial empire. The Spanish-American War made America &dquo;accept the burden thrust


By using the continuum damage mechanics' model and finite element numerical simulation technology, this paper studies natural fractures' distribution within volcanic reservoir and presents numerical solution of contour of damage variable which represents distribution of natural fractures within target formations. Workflow of numerical calculation was proposed. These techniques were applied to investigate natural fractures distribution generated by tectonic movement within volcanic reservoir of an oilfield in west China. Quasi-brittle plastic damage model is used to simulate fractures generated by technical movement within volcanic formations given in this region. Initial-strain-method is used to simulate loading applied to target formation caused by tectonic movement instead of using boundary displacement loading. Different values of magnitude and orientations of principal strain components have been tested in order to find their proper values. Values of parameters of damage models are calibrated by matching numerical results of natural fractures' distribution to those obtained by interpretation of seismic data. Principal results are: (1) in the upper Triassic Xiaoquangou formation reservoir and the lower Tiaohu formation reservoir, numerical solution of natural fractures' distribution is consistent with those obtained from interpretation of seismic data. (2) The maximum value of damage variable of the upper Triassic Xiaoquangou formation is 0.2678, i.e., the degree of crushing is 26.78%. The width of the zone of damage localization is about 10 meters to 300 meter. The maximum value of damage variable in the lower Tiaohu formation is 0.2569, which is slightly less than that in the upper Xiaoquangou formation. (3) Within the target block, zones of natural fractures are mainly distributed in central-east part of the block. Therefore the planned new wells should be located in this part of the block. Zones of natural fractures in the west part of the target block are in the shape of narrow bands which are lack of connections, and thus this west side of the block is not a good place for new wells. This case study provides a best practice for identification of natural fractures within volcanic reservoir.


Dark matter (DM) could couple to particles in the Standard Model (SM) through a light vector mediator. In the limit of small coupling, this portal could be responsible for producing the observed DM abundance through a mechanism known as freeze-in. Furthermore, the requisite DM-SM couplings provide a concrete benchmark for direct and indirect searches for DM. In this paper, we present updated calculations of the relic abundance for DM produced by freeze-in through a light vector mediator. We identify an additional production channel: the decay of photons that acquire an in-medium plasma mass. These plasmon decays are a dominant channel for DM production for sub-MeV DM masses, and including this channel leads to a significant reduction in the predicted signal strength for DM searches. Accounting for production from both plasmon decays and annihilations of SM fermions, the DM acquires a highly non-thermal phase space distribution which impacts the cosmology at later times; these cosmological effects will be explored in a companion paper.


Objective To examine whether mitomycin C treatment combined with conjunctival flap switch operation can reduce the recurrence rate of pterygium.Methods 87 cases of pterygium were randomly divided into Group A and Group B. Patients in Group A were treated with traditional pterygium excision, patients in Group B treated with mitomycin C and conjunctiva -flap transposition operation. After pterygium excision the scleral wound was covered with 0.2 mg/ml of mitomycin C for 3~5 miniutes and then the conjunctival flap was switched with transposition operation.Results Of 44 cases in Group A, 9 cases relapsed , recurrence rate was 20.45%. Of 43 cases in Group B, 2 cases relapsed, recurrence rate was 4.88%. Recurrence rate in Group B was much lower than that in Group A.Conclusion The combined use of mitomycin C and conjunctival flap transposition operation is a simple, safe and effective method for the treatment of pterygium.


Successful functional and esthetic restoration of grossly decayed, fractured tooth with minimal coronal tooth structure is a challenging endeavor. Long term prognosis depends upon amount of remaining tooth structure. The tooth with at least 2mm of remaining tooth structure above gums has good prognosis. Every effort should be made to save as much of the coronal tooth structure to increase survival rate of endodontically treated teeth. The type of technique used to restore these teeth depends on the type of tooth and amount of remaining tooth structure. Prefabricated post systems and custom cast post can be used to restore such teeth. This article presents a technique for using fiber optic post and core build up for single rooted maxillary central and lateral incisors with light cured restorative material.


The Rostering Problem deals with the assignment of work to resources over a period of time, subject to several, in some cases complex, labour and operational constraints. This problem, more specifically its variant Crew Rostering Problem (CRP), is of particular significance for mass transit companies, such as commercial airlines and railways. In this work, a general solving method for large scale instances of the CRP is proposed. The method is tested on the real planning scenario of an European railway company. The obtained results improve significantly on those achieved by specialized human planners, while being more generic than the solutions currently available in the literature.


Since we don't know who the author of Hebrews is we need to concentrate even more on other background aspects such as recipients, occasion and line of thought. As far as we can tell, the recipients of the letter to the Hebrews were a group of Jewish Christians living in the city of Rome. In Hebrews 13:24 we read: Greet all your leaders and all God's people. Those from Italy send you their greetings. It would seem that these Italians were sending their greetings home. Another argument in favor of this theory is that the book of Hebrews was well known to the church fathers in Rome. The letter to the Hebrews was written because these Jewish Christians were being tempted to return to Judaism (or to some Jewish sect) to avoid persecution. It's possible that Nero had started to persecute Christians; it's easy to see why Jewish Christians would think about returning to the relative safety of the synagogue. These Christians had already suffered persecution with some ending up in prison (10:32-34) although none had lost their lives (12:4). The threat of this defection was the occasion for this letter. This is the overwhelming thought that must be remembered as we study the book of Hebrews. The author labors to make it perfectly clear that Christ is better than any remnants of Judaism. Christ is the One who brings God's grace; He is superior to the ancient prophets, to the angels, to Moses, and to the high priest. To return to Judaism would be to lose Christ, the Bringer of the perfect covenant. The book of Hebrews begins with a startling statement to Jewish ears: God has spoken to us by His Son (1:2). Jesus is a living, breathing revelation who is more complete than anything in the Old Testament. Jesus was superior to the powerful angels who had been involved in the giving of the law. Christ has been given the name "the Son of God." Angels are ministering spirits sent to serve those who will inherit salvation (Christians!!) (1:14). In the first verses of chapter two the author makes an application of the fact that Christ is superior to the angels; he warns his readers not to ignore such a great salvation (the new covenant). God put His stamp of approval on this new covenant by means of signs, wonders, miracles and the gifts of the Holy Spirit (2:4). Indeed, Christ (and His message) is superior to the angels (and their message).


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