The entrepreneur's competition consciousness is one of the basic conditions for success. From thinking mode, mental quality, and concept of competition, these aspects for the entrepreneur play an important role in forming of consciousness of the market competition, In order to let entrepreneurs for better challenging the competition. It is helpful to develop competition consciousness on their own initiative.


Objective:To investigate the large-scale medical equipment daily maintenance and repair,prolong the service life of equipment,instruments,improve the comprehensive benefits of hospital.Methods:A comprehensive analysis of the current large-scale medical equipment maintenance and repair method,maintenance and repair in the running of the machine,improve the supervision and management mechanism,strengthen the equipment in use and repair personnel in their daily training and incentive measures,enhance the preventive maintenance of equipment,reduce equipment failures.Results:Through the analysis to find out the feasible repair measures,extending the service life of equipment,reduce hospital investment costs,increase economic and social benefit of hospitals.Conclusion:Rational use of large-scale medical equipment,improving the economic benefit and social benefit.


The introduction of polymer excipients has been crucial in advancing modern formulation design and solid oral drug delivery technologies over the past 50 years. Polymeric materials are widely used in a broad range of pharmaceutical products and constitute essential components of modern solid oral dosage forms. Therefore, it is important to understand polymer properties and characterization methods in order to enable rational design and development of oral solid drug delivery systems and manufacturing processes. The word "polymer" is derived from the Greek πoλυ (polu) for "many" and μ ερoς (meros) for "part," meaning a long-chain consisting of many parts. The combination of repeating units to form long chains with widely variable length and structure is essential in determining the properties and applications of the resulting polymers, as the diversity of polymer properties is attributed to the simple fact that each polymer molecule consists of many parts with individual variations in sequence of repeating units and chain length. In contrast to substances comprised of small molecules that are well defined and identified by a set of system variables, including basic physical properties, states, or characteristics with unique and discrete values, polymers are less well defined or characterized in the conventional sense. This applies to even the simplest of polymeric systems. For example, substances comprised of small molecules have a distinct molecular weight, with each molecule having exactly the same nominal mass, neglecting, for the moment, the multiple natural isotopes possible for the atomic constituents. Polymers, on the other hand, are characterized by a diverse population in which there is a broad distribution of molar masses across the entire chain population. This is well known and clearly understood, since polymers are simply chains of many monomeric residues covalently linked together. For small molecules, it can be clearly defined if a molecule is in solution or not. Such a clear distinction may not be applied to polymers. It is quite possible for extended segments of a long polymer chain to effectively reside in bulk solution, while other parts still reside in a bulk polymer solid phase. Conceptually, the polymer chain is not completely in solution, yet the behavior of this system is clearly very different from the one where an unswollen polymer sample is sitting unsolvated in a sea of solvent. The state of an unswollen polymer is not a fluid or solution by traditional definition. Distributions in properties, states, and characteristics are what set the behavior of many polymers apart from small molecules in general. Understanding the operational impact of this difference is the first step in rational characterization and applications of polymeric materials. This chapter will emphasize some of the pragmatic consequences of continuous distributions in composition, molecular weight, and molecule state in the use of polymeric materials and the impact on their functionality. Since the basic literature of polymer chemistry is readily available, 6 we will strive not to duplicate that information here. Rather, this chapter should be viewed as an operational entry point into the practical utilization of polymeric materials. While we will attempt to maintain a firm foot in fundamental science, each of the major subsections of this chapter could constitute a monograph in its own right. As such, the approach taken is to cover the information that will be of immediate value to a user of polymeric excipients. This necessitates a somewhat limited but focused scope of coverage. In addition, we do not wish


Tin(IV) isopropoxide solvate has been modified by treatment with methacrylic, benzoic and acetic acid. For carboxylate to tin ratios ranging from 1.4 to 2, a dimer, namely [Sn(μ2-OiPr)(OiPr)(O2CR)2]2 [R = (CH3)CCH2, C6H5, CH3], is isolated. Its structure, as determined by X-ray diffraction on the methacrylate derivative, is based on two seven-coordinate tin atoms, terminal and bridging isopropoxy ligands, and purely chelating carboxylates. These compounds have also been characterized by 119Sn, 1H, and 13C solution NMR and 119Sn CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy. The possible use of this dimer as a precursor for carboxylate-modified tin–oxo clusters has been tested. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)


The companion paper proposed a substructure identification method for shear structures and derives the method's error analysis, demonstrating that the identification errors are closely related to two important structural responses: (i) the frequency response of the interstory acceleration of the identified story and (ii) the frequency response ratio between interstory accelerations of two adjacent stories. The identification accuracy of this substructure method can be improved by amplifying the first response and reducing the second response near the substructure natural frequency. Herein, a controlled substructure identification method is proposed, which utilizes two kinds of structural control systems, an active mass driver system, and a passive interstory brace system, to temporarily shift the system dynamics to improve the accuracy of parameter identification. The optimal parameters of two control systems are obtained by solving specially designed optimization problems. Because the accuracy of the controlled substructure identification does not directly depend on complex modal properties of the closed‐loop controlled structure but only on the controlled structural responses, the controlled substructure identification method is quite robust to control system errors. Numerical simulations demonstrate that both control methods did greatly improve the accuracy of the identification and were robust to fairly large feedback measurement noise. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Background: Hip involvement is an important cause of disability and poor prognostic in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA). TNF-α inhibitor treatment had been demonstrated to be effective in SpA patients with hip arthritis, however, quantitative assessment with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the long-term follow-up still needs further application.Methods: A total of 239 patients were involved in this study, MTX and SSZ were given as basic treatment. 165 patients received TNF-α inhibitor plus basic treatment and 74 patients received basic treatment only as control. The clinical symptoms were assessed at baseline, week 12, week 24, and week 52. The MRI performances of hip arthritis including bone marrow edema (BME) and synovitis were quantitatively assessed using Hip MRI Inflammation Scoring System (HIMRISS).Results: The clinical symptoms of ESR, CRP, BASDAI, Harris, and ASDAS-ESR of both groups got significant clinical remission at week 52 (p<0.001). However, the disease activity change levels at week 52 in control group were significantly worse than TNF group. In week 52, MRI performance showed significant remission trend in TNF-α inhibitor group versus baseline of which total HIMRISS scores decreased significantly ( 26.49±10.37 vs 20.59±9.41, p<0.001), but the control group only had slight improvement trend (p<0.05).Conclusions: TNF-α inhibitor could significantly and better improve the clinical and MRI manifestation of hip involvement in SpA patients than controls. Quantitative MRI assessment combined with clinical assessment could accurately evaluate the treatment effect of TNF-α for SpA patients with hip involvement, and help to guide targeted treatment.Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-ONRC-11001846, Registered 28 November 2011. Retrospectively registered http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=7701


The study is an attempt to examine whether the "fencing component" of the National Policy on Agricultural development is an appropriate step towards addressing the environmental and economic problems associated with and emanating from communal grazing management systems. This was investigated by relating the influence of different ranch types to the efficiency of livestock production and the management of livestock and natural grazing. The technology (fencing component) also fonns part of the complex of problems associated with stock accumulation (exacerbated by low off-take rates) and the resulting overstocking and degradation of natural resources, which undermine sustainable production. The investigation was commenced in November 1996 and was confined to the three communal areas of Lerolwane, Sekhutlane and Mabule and the adjacent community, group and individual ranches, which represent the variation from camp(s) communally utilised to multi-camps used individually. The preference of a one-camp system, allowing no rotations but the liberty to do as the individual pleases, above the alternative of being part of a multi-camp system, seems to indicate that sustainability is not the livestock fanner's main motive, or that group fanning is an attractive incentive. The individual multi-camp ranch seems a solution on condition that leads to improved production and resource management and that the outcome outweighs the high investment and maintenance costs. However, the type of ranch has no influence on the improved practice adoption and the efficiency of livestock production and grazing land management. Analysis revealed that livestock fanners from different ranch types tend to overrate the conditions of their grazing or underrate the seriousness of the degradation and as such want to increase their herd size (resistance to stock reduction) which usually result in overstocking. The findings that the ranch type has little influence on improved practice adoption and production efficiency, questions the upgrading of communal ranches to more


Abstract : H(x), the negative logarithm of the apriori probability M(x), i s Levin's variant of Kolmogorov's complexity of a natural number x. Let alpha(n) be the minimum complexity of a number larger than n, s(n) the logarithm of the apriori probability of obtaining a number larger than n. It was known that s(n) or = alpha(n) or = s(n) + H(s(n)). We show that the second estimate is in some sense sharp.


This paper discusses the effect of transient error of current transformer to longitudinal protection.And it analysises the technologic capabilities of the protective P current transformer during the transient process.The TP current transformer that suggests the transient characteristic can resolve the mal-operation on longitudinal differencial protection,but it cost much and is difficult to be installed.The cubage of the current transformer is also great.It is particularly difficult to install the TP current transformer in the close busbar of large-scale generator.All of these measures are effective such as increasing the braking coefficient of the P current transformer properly ,reducing the quadratic charge and increasing the rated restrictive coefficient etc.


CHICAGO—For patients diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus, kidney disease looms as a dangerous comorbidity that accelerates the risk of cardiovascular complications, including death. Until recently, the link between diabetes and kidney disease was unexplored, but researchers are now focusing on the interaction and uncovering useful interventions. Such interventions, such as controlling hypertension and hyperglycemia, can minimize, reverse, or even prevent kidney disease in patients with diabetes.


Three major periods in the development of urban geography and the growth in the number of urban geographers in Japan can be recognized: the first is from 1904 to 1929, the second is from 1930 to 1946, and the third from 1947 to the present.The first period was initiated by the studies of Professor N. Yamazaki, Tokyo University. This was then followed by the papers of M. Odauchi, K. Tanaka and T. Ogawa. Among these geographers, urban geography was not their specialization with the exception of M. Odauchi. Consequently, there were practically no urban specialists at this time.The second period can be subdivided into a prewar period and a wartime stagnation period in urban geographic research, The former period was started with the establishment of the Association of Japanese Geographers. The main trends in this period were morphological and quantitative analyses of urban area and the statistical analyses of urban population. There were many articles regarding urban areas in geography, but most of these articles were written by non-specialists. Geographers who concentrated their efforts on urban geography included S Kiuchi, Y. Ogasawara and K. Kagami in the latter part of the prewar period. However, the war brought about a stagnation in urban studies from about 1940 to 1946.The third period is the postwar period which was initiated by the studies on war-damaged cities by S Kiuchi, K. Inoki, E. Inami and K. Tanabe. Later, S Kiuchi published a seminal book entitled, Urban Geography, which greatly influenced the younger geographers and students. Many geographers began to specialize in this area of study as postwar interest in urbanization grew. The rapid growth can be seen by the eleven symposia on urban geography which have been held between 1953 and 1973 during the annual meetings of AJG. The studies by urban specialists cover the entire range of this field. In addition, studies on foreign cities have increased in recent years. The use of quantitative methods for urban studies has progressed recently.


TiC reinforced titanium matrix composites were produced by non-consumable arc-melting technology utilizing the self-propagation high-temperature synthesis (SHS) reaction between titanium and graphite. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to identify the phases in the composites. Microstructures of the composites were observed with optical microscope (OM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that there are two phases in the composites: TiC and titanium matrix alloy. TiC shows two different shapes: dendritic shape, equiaxed or near-equiaxed shape. The in situ synthesized TiC grows in a way of dissolution-precipitation. Analysis of binary phase diagram determined that the solidification path undertook the following three stages: primary TiC, binary eutectic β-Ti+TiC and solid transformation. Primary TiC grows in dendritic shape due to the formation of composition undercooling. Binary eutectic TiC grows in equiaxed or near-equiaxed shape. A small quantity of TiC may form twin structure during nucleation and growth. The twin plane is (111) plane.


There is a small number of terms in the lexicon of labor history that are indelibly marked with opprobrium: among them are a blacklist,o a open shop,o and a yellow dog contract.o Also most certainly included is a company union,o a term redeemed by few if any virtues in the eyes of most scholars. In recent years, however, a modest amount of revisionist thinking has surfaced about the company union experience in the pre-Wagner Act period. This scholarship acknowledges the many shortcomings and ambiguous legacy of the company union movement, but nevertheless ® nds positive features as well, particularly among the leading corporate practitioners of employee representation in the 1920s. Historian Daniel Nelson tells us (389) that a company unions like FCA, the Leeds & Northrup Cooperative Association, and the Goodyear Industrial Assembly were formidable organizations that served the interests of employers and employees.o And economist David Fairris concludes, a the establishment of company unions in the 1920s marked a de® nite improvement for the worker as well as the ® rm.o 1 This stirring of revisionism notwithstanding, the conventional wisdom among scholars who write on labor history and industrial relations is that company unions were by and large sham organizations erected ostensibly to promote industrial democracy but whose real mission was to keep out unions and strengthen management's control. Illustrative of this view is labor historian Howard Gitelman' s statements that a with perfect hindsight, we can see that they [company unions] were a misadventure, the false step of an earlier generation,o [and] a a lower risk escape route from unionization 1⁄4 [that] perpetuated management' s unilateral control of industrial relations.o 2 Contrary to assertions such as Gitelman's, I believe that after a careful weighing and sifting of the evidence from both historical and contemporary sources company unions were, on net, a positive development in employee relations in the pre-Wagner Act years and bene® ted not only employer interests but also the interests of workers and the broader society. I conclude, therefore, that a policy mistake was made in 1935 when language was inserted in the National Labor Relations Act (a NLRAo or a Wagnero Act) that effectively banned company unions.


According to the complex power supply and distribution system status at Luling coal mine,applies power quality testing technology to test the power quality comprehensively and systematically.The existing problem of power system is mainly analyzed.The power distribution system and relevant electrical equipment energy-saving potential ability are evaluated.The related control measures ensure safe,reliable,quality and efficient power supply of coal mine power system.


Hyllbrant Forngren, B. 2000. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in the Analysis of Radiolabelled Compounds for Positron Emission Tomography. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 568. 56 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 91-554-4810-0 Methods for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI) have been developed for the determination of specific radioactivity and for metabolic studies of radiolabelled compounds used in positron emission tomography (PET). These compounds often provide an analytical challenge mainly due to their low concentrations in complex sample matrices. The effect on sensitivity using different mobile phase additives, such as trifluoroacetic acid and formic acid, was investigated. The ESI-MS response shows higher stability and sensitivity when volatile additives are used. For reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography separations, however, non-volatile counter-ions are used that destabilize the detector response and reduce the sensitivity. A method was therefore developed for on-line removal of the ion-pairing reagents prior to detection. Packed capillary columns and on-column focusing were used to improve mass sensitivity when analysing limited sample amounts. A commercial interface was modified to assist electrospray ionization at the low flow-rates (1 μl/min) required by columns with an inner diameter of 200 μm. LC-MS methods were developed for determination of specific radioactivity of compounds labelled with short-lived radionuclides (i.e. C with T1⁄2=20.3 min and Br T1⁄2=16.2 h). In comparison with UV absorption detection, ESI-MS showed equal or improved sensitivity for all compounds investigated. The sensitivity of the developed methods allowed for detection of the radiolabelled isotope directly by mass spectrometry. A packed capillary LC/MS method was developed for determination of raclopride in plasma samples taken from patients during PET studies after intravenous injection of nanomolar doses. The validated assay exhibited satisfactory accuracy and precision over the concentration range 0.2-15 nM. Benita Hyllbrant Forngren, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 531, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden Benita Hyllbrant Forngren 2000 ISSN 1104-232X ISBN 91-554-4810-0 Printed in Sweden by Lindbergs Grafiska HB, Uppsala 2000 This thesis is based upon the following papers, referred to in the text by their Roman numerals I-VII. I. Packed Capillary Column Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry by a Simple Modification of an Electrospray Interface Benita Hyllbrant, Niklas Tyrefors, Bengt Långström and Karin E. Markides J. Microcol. Sep., 11 (1999) 353-358. II. Reversed-Phase Ion-Pair Chromatography Coupled to Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry by On-Line Removal of the Counter-Ions Benita H. Forngren, Jenny Samskog, Sven-Åke Gustavsson, Niklas Tyrefors, Karin E. Markides and Bengt Långström J. Chromatogr. A, 854 (1999) 155-162. III. On the use of Liquid Chromatography with Radioand Ultraviolet Absorbance Detection coupled to Mass Spectrometry for Improved Sensitivity and Selectivity in Determination of Specific Radioactivity of Radiopharmaceuticals Benita Hyllbrant, Niklas Tyrefors, Karin E. Markides and Bengt Långström J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 20 (1999) 493-501. IV. Determination of Specific Radioactivity for Br Labelled Compounds Measuring the Ratio between Br and Br Using Packed Capillary Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Benita H. Forngren, Ulrika Yngve, Tobias Forngren and Bengt Långström Nucl. Med. Biol., In press V. Tracing Oxygen Metabolism by Use of Positron Emitter Oxygen-15 Yasuyoshi Watanabe, Benita Hyllbrant and Bengt Långström Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 231 (1997) 131-134. VI. Determination of Morphine, Morphine-3-Glucuronide and Morphine-6Glucuronide in Human Serum by Solid-Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Electrospray Ionisation Niklas Tyrefors, Benita Hyllbrant, Lena Ekman, Monica Johansson and Bengt Långström J. Chromatogr. A, 729 (1996) 279-285. VII. Determination of Raclopride in Human Plasma by On-Column Focusing Packed Capillary Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionisation-Mass Spectrometry Benita H. Forngren, Niklas Tyrefors, Karin E. Markides and Bengt Långström J. Chromatogr. B, In press Reprints were made with kind permission from the publishers. I have been responsible for planning and carrying out all the experimental work, analysis of results and writing of the papers I, III and VII. The experimental work in Paper II was done in collaboration with J. Samskog, while I was responsible for analysis of the results and writing of the paper. In Paper IV, U. Yngve carried out the organic synthetic work. My contribution was to plan, carry out and evaluate the LC/MS analyses. I wrote the manuscript of Paper IV together with U. Yngve. Y. Watanabe suggested the original idea behind Paper V and he also wrote the manuscript. My contribution to paper V was to develop and carry out the LC/MS analyses. Paper VI was written by N. Tyrefors, but I took part in experiments, analysis and discussions.


In this paper a method is introduced to segment cytological stained cells in microscopic images with the histogram backprojection algorithm (HB). The segmented cell areas are classified in cell clusters and individual cells by a function based on iterative erosion. The cell cores are also segmented with the HB algorithm and the result is modified by image processing functions to get connected areas. The detected cell cores help with the separation of the cells in the clusters. The locations of the waists of the cell clusters are determined by means of so called dominant contour points [5]. At these positions a cell separation makes sense from a biological point of view. The creation of separation lines is carried out by opposing contour points. To find opposing contour points the shortest path between two neighboring cell cores in a cell cluster is calculated by the A*algorithm [6] and utilizing additional suitable rules.


Computer system with the ability to restore a hard disk comprising: at least one processor; at least one disk; a software installation, a hard disk is stored on the at least, wherein the software installation, an installed at the factory installation, which can be damaged; and a protected restoration software installation that is not susceptible to typical damage, wherein the protected recovery software installed on the at least one hard disk is stored and is available for use by the at least one processor when executing the recovery of the software installed on the at least one disk in a state of the installation as in a new plant installation, wherein the protected recovery software installation of a hard disk is stored in a non-partitioned region at least.


The previously published optical constants of bromobenzene were used to calculate the imaginary molar polarizability spectrum. The imaginary molar polarizability spectrum was fit to 163 classical damped harmonic oscillator bands between 3240 and 140 cm-1, the vast majority of which were obvious in the experimental spectrum. With the aid of the previous fundamental assignments in the literature and the force field for liquid benzene, the first thorough assignment of liquid bromobenzene is presented. The integrated intensities, transition moments, and dipole moment derivatives with respect to normal coordinates of the fundamentals were calculated from the fitted bands. These transition moments and dipole moment derivatives are compared with those in the literature for benzene-d. The transition moments and dipole moment derivatives are significantly different in these substituted benzenes, indicating that either the eigenvectors for the vibrations are different in the two molecules or that dipole moment deri...


MINERνA is a new neutrino experiment whose scintillator-based detector finished construction in March 2010. Data collected by this project will be crucial to the understanding of how neutrinos interact with matter and how they may be able to transition between flavors as they travel. By analyzing energy depositions, I characterize neutrino interactions recorded by a prototype of the detector. Events described include quasielastic interactions, resonant production of pions, and deep inelastic scattering. I also use simulations to investigate the physical responsivity of the detector to incoming particles and I am able to quantify the proportionality constants governing the fraction of ionizing energy that is visible to the data acquisition apparatus as a function of particle type and initial momentum.


This paper mainly proves following: (1) Let X=∏α∈ΛX α be|Λ| - paracompact, X is nearly orthocompact if ∏α∈FX α is nearly orthocompact for every F∈ ω(2) Let X=∏i∈ω X i be countable paracompact,then the following are equivalent: X is nearly orthocompact for everyF∈ ω ;F∈ ω ∏i∈FX i , is nearly orthocompact;n∈ω,∏inX i is nearly orthocompact. Finally, we also obtain equalent propositions on nea rly orthocompact.


Background:Patients who make high-quality medical decisions are more likely to have better health outcomes. One of the central components to a high-quality decision is the well-informed manner in which it is made. However, there has been little research studying patient behaviors regarding how they seek information about treatments for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods:We conducted a pilot study surveying beneficiaries of a health plan who had 2 or more visits coded for RA. Of 799 invited subjects, 101 (13%) completed interviews. Participants answered a questionnaire regarding sources of RA treatment information and their usefulness, sociodemographic items, and scales regarding their attitudes toward providers and medicines. Outcomes of interest included the average number of sources described (range, 0-10) and the usefulness for each source (1 "not useful" and 4 "extremely useful"). Results:Methotrexate was the most widely used medication reported. The mean (SD) number of information sources used was 5.0 (2.1). Participants rated the information they used with a mean (SD) score of 2.8 (0.7). We found no strong patient correlates of these outcomes when compared with the aforementioned domains. Of the 98% of the total sample who referred to a rheumatologist for information, 87% rated the source as extremely useful. The Internet was the most frequently used nonprovider source, with 63% of subjects reporting use, and a mean (SD) usefulness rating of 3.0 (1.03). Conclusions:In this pilot study, participants used many sources of information regarding treatment decisions for RA. Ninety-eight percent of the participants used rheumatologists as a source and found them extremely useful. Of the nonprovider sources, the Internet was most common, and 40% found it very useful.


For realizing low distortion of the amplifier and the high efficiency operation at the same time is difficult, amplifier of the present invention, first outputs a modulated signal obtained by adding the phase compensation amount and amplitude adjustment amount to the input signal 1 a predistorter section of, receives the modulation signal, and a power amplifier for outputting an output signal obtained by amplifying the modulated signal, and a power supply voltage modulation unit for modulating the supply voltage of the power amplifier, based on the amplitude information of the input signal, a second predistorter unit for controlling the power supply voltage modulation unit, a control unit for controlling the first predistorter section the operation of the second predistorter unit has a city, the controller, the phase control compensation amount and the phase control section for controlling the phase factor a, a first amplitude control unit for controlling the amplitude adjustment amount by the first amplitude coefficient, the second amplitude coefficient operation of the second predistorter section second amplitude Comprising a control unit, city, a first amplitude control section and the second amplitude control unit in conjunction to control the amplitude amplification factor is the ratio of the amplitude of the output signal relative to the input signal amplitude constant.


The full-length genome of porcine circovirus type 1(PCV1) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR).Two copies of the genome were ligated in tandem to construct an infectious clone of PCV1.A SalⅠ restriction enzyme site was inserted into the clone as a genetic marker.A recombinant virus designated as recPCV1/G was rescued from the infectious clone.The antigenicity of the virus was confirmed by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay(IPMA) using anti-PCV1/Cap antibody.No crossreaction was detected with anti-PCV2/Cap antibody.The viral genome could be differentiated from the parental virus by PCR combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP).The recombinant virus was stable in cell culture during ten passages and had a titre up to 104.8 TCID50/mL.This study suggests that the cloned recPCV1/G stain should be a useful tool in studies on genesis and evolvement,genetic variation,and molecular differentiating diagnosis of PCV1.


Ageing and viscous effects on the stress -strain behaviour of kaolin and their interactions were evaluated by performing special constant-rate-of-strain 1D compression tests on air-dried and saturated kaolin without and with cement-mixing. The yield stress that was higher t han the stress at which curing was made developed by ageing effects associated with cement hydration, which became larger with an increase in the curing period. The stress -strain behaviour of saturated cement -mixed kaolin after monotonic loading continues for some strain range following the start of yielding was rather independent of the stress at which cementation developed. The viscous properties of kaolin was evaluated by measuring the stress jump v �� � taking place upon a sudden change in the strain rate from before v ) (�& to after v ) (�& at the instantaneous stress v v � � � � / } ) /( )


A compound having the formula (II): Formula ** ** for use in the treatment or prevention of a disease in a patient, caused by the presence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) wherein (a) disease is associated with the use of antibiotics or (b) the disease is associated with the use of chemotherapy or (c) the disease is associated with the use of antiviral therapy.


For many years, low mode asymmetry in inertially confined fusion (ICF) implosions has been recognized as a potential performance limiting factor, but analysis has been limited to using simulations and searching for data correlations. Herein, an analytically solvable model based upon the simple picture of an asymmetric piston is presented. Asymmetry of the shell driving the implosion, as opposed to asymmetry in the hot-spot, is key to the model. The model provides a unifying framework for the action of mode-1 shell asymmetry and the resulting connections between various diagnostic signatures. A key variable in the model is the shell asymmetry fraction, f, which is related to the areal density variation of the shell surrounding the hot-spot. It is shown that f is simply related to the observed hot-spot mode-1 velocity and to the concept of residual energy in an implosion. The model presented in this paper yields explicit expressions for the hot-spot diameter, stagnation pressure, hot-spot energy, inertial confinement-time, Lawson parameter, hot-spot temperature, and fusion yield under the action of mode-1 asymmetry. Agreement is found between the theory scalings when compared to ICF implosion data from the National Ignition Facility and to large ensembles of detailed simulations, making the theory a useful tool for interpreting data. The theory provides a basis for setting tolerable limits on asymmetry.


Traditional analysis of composting process dynamics has focused on changes in physical variables such astemperature, pH, and effluent gas composition. However, to better understand the effect and value of microbial inoculationfor reducing process variability, it is necessary to employ techniques that allow for the measurement of changes in communitycomposition. In this study, automated ribosomal intergenic spacer amplification (ARISA) analysis was performed tocharacterize the ability of inoculated microorganisms from primary effluent wastewater to persist during the initial stagesof composting in micro–scale reactors. We found that while the initial microbial communities differed based on inoculationlevel, after 24 h the microbial community no longer resembled the initial community. In addition, the effect of inoculationwas no longer apparent at this point. There was a clear relationship between the variability observed between physical processvariables and the composition of the microbial communities. The largest source of variation was due to seasonal changes,suggesting that despite the addition of an inoculum, a source of inoculation that varies between reactor groups is not beingcontrolled. It is hypothesized that this source of inoculation is either from the air being forced through the reactors or fromsparsely populated microbial populations in the initial substrate that become active at different rates in different reactorgroups. Furthermore, this analysis demonstrates that it is possible to employ a simple molecular technique to understand theeffects of inoculation and process reproducibility in a traditional agricultural waste treatment bioprocess.


We examined our assumption that expatriate managers' cross-cultural motivation is an important antecedent of host country national employees' organizational identification. We also explored our belief that tertius iungens-oriented coordination (i.e., management behavior that focuses on building trust and cooperation between headquarters and subsidiaries) partially accounts for the impact of expatriate managers' cross-cultural motivation on host country national employees' organizational identification. Results of our analysis of multilevel data from 76 Korean expatriate managers and 228 host country national employees working in Chinese subsidiaries, supported our hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.


Fifteen patients with a mean age of 57 ± 17 years underwent thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair under continuous selective blood perfusion of the intercostal and visceral arteries. Three aneurysms were Crawford type I, 6 were type II, and 6 were type III. Surgery was performed on an emergency basis in 5 cases. All operations were carried out using distal perfusion with mild hypothermia (> 32°C) in 13 cases and deep hypothermia (< 20°C) in 2 cases when a proximal clamp was undesirable. During aortic replacement, the intercostal arteries between the eighth thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae and the visceral arteries were reconstructed separately with a prosthetic graft under selective cold blood perfusion (22°C to 26°C). Flow was maintained above 100 mL·min−1. The durations of operation, selective intercostal and visceral perfusion, and distal perfusion were 9 ± 2 hours, 70 ± 35 minutes, and 170 ± 80 minutes, respectively. There was one operative death (mortality, 6.7%) due to respiratory failure and one case of delayed paraparesis. There was no paraplegia, acute hepatorenal failure, or bowel ischemia postoperatively. This experience suggests that continuous selective cold blood spinal and visceral perfusion during thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair can provide adequate organ protection.


It is an open problem to determine which ring satisfies the condition that every protective module over the ring has the (finite) exchange property. For this problem, Harada and Ishii ([!]) and Yamagata ([5]) have shown that projective modules over perfect rings have the exchange property, and recently Kutami and Oshiro ([3]) have shown that projective modules over a certain Boolean ring have the exchange property. The purpose of the present note is to show that projective modules over (von Neumann) regular rings have the finite exchange property.


This article examines how young gay men disclose their sexual identity to family members and how their family members respond to this disclosure. Qualitative data were collected from a nonrandom sample of 57 African-, European-, Mexican-, and Vietnamese-American gay males, ages 18 to 24. Findings revealed similarities across racial and ethnic groups in how these young gay men came out to family members and the responses they received after their initial self-disclosure. Implications for practice are discussed.


Background: Short arm deletions of the X-chromosome are challenging issues for genetic counseling due to their low penetrance in population. Female carriers of these deletions have milder phenotype than male ones, considering the intellectual ability and social skills, probably because of the X-chromosome inactivation phenomenon. Case report: A female patient with a 10Mb distal Xp deletion and an Xq duplication, showing mild intellectual disability, is described in this report. While the deletion arose from a maternal pericentric inversion, the duplication was directly transmitted from the mother who is phenotypically normal. Conclusion: This report underlines the usefulness of molecular cytogenetic technics in postnatal diagnosis.


Casein glycomacropeptide is a kind of peptide having the carbohydrate chain,derived from κ-casein hydrolysate and has many functions.Using orthogonal experiment,technology conditions of chymosin hydrolyzing casein to produce casein glycomacropeptide were studied.The optimum enzyme hydrolysis conditions were gained as follows:[S]10mg/mL,[E]/[S]0.6∶100,2.5h,sialic acid recovery rate 80.7%,protein recovery rate 3.03%,glycosylated degree(sialic acid/protein)77.6μg/mg.


The invention discloses a method and a device for releasing audio-video data. The method comprises the following steps that: an EPG (Electronic Program Guide) server receives the audio-video data uploaded by a user via a set-top box; the EPG server releases the audio-video data. In related technologies, the EPG server plays the audio-video data, and the set-top box receives the video data, which is lack of interaction. In the method of the invention, the interactive feature is integrated in an IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) system, thus, the user experience is improved.


Objective To investigate the status of anxiety-depression and the relevant factors in puerpera be- fore delivery.Methods The emotion of anxiety and depression in puerpera before delivery was evaluated by self-rat- ing anxiety scale(SAS)and self-rating depression scale(SDS)which had satisfactory validity and reliability.Results The values of anxiety and depression in puerpera were higher than those of general crowd(P0.01).The values of anxiety in puerperal with complications were higher than those without complications,and the differences between them were significant(t=2.43,P=0.017).The differences between the values of anxiety-depression in multipara and primipara were not significant.Types of family,economic status,expectation of infant's sex,worry of delivery pain,worry of deformed figure and worry of husband's concern were significantly in correlation to the mental stare in puerpera(P0.01).Conclusion Puerpera had the emotion of anxiety-depression generally.And multipara had no difference with primipara in the status of anxiety-depression.It would obviously cut down the incidence rate of men- tal problems in durations of pregnancy and delivery by giving regular psychological counseling to puerperal who had liability factors.


Abstract : The article considers the problem of the adequate technical competence of the engineering staff in industrial enterprises. The lack of adequately trained engineers has resulted in many negative effects on the quality and quantity of production. It is suggested that the larger industries should establish strong in-house training and educational programs which are comparable to the higher educational institutions, but oriented to the special requirements of the particular industry. (Author)


Landslides are very serious natural disasters that cause much damage and threaten human lives. Landslide susceptibility mapping studies are very common in landslide assessments. Geographic information systems (GISs) have been widely used in many fields, especially in landslide studies. This paper provides a review of GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping in Malaysia from 2000 to 2022 and analyses the number of publications, study areas involved, parameters and models applied in this field over the past 22 years. The number of publications based on the topic shows an increasing trend, with an average of 2 articles published every year. This paper focused on Malaysia's territory only. The study areas involved in landslide susceptibility studies are Penang, Perak, Selangor, Sabah, Sarawak, Pahang, Kelantan and Kuala Lumpur. Pahang is the study area of the most articles (10), followed by Penang (8). Moreover, 21 parameters were identified, and the slope was the most used parameter (33 articles). Twenty-five models were used, and logistic regression was the most used model, followed by the frequency ratio, ANN and weighted overlay methods.

Received: 24 January 2023 / Accepted: 22 April 2023 / Published: 5 May 2023


Blending with ductile polycaprolactone (PCL) is one of the common toughening methods for polylactic acid (PLA). However, it seems inevitable to experience a trade‐off in mechanical strength and thermal stability of PLA. Therefore, this study aimed to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of PLA/PCL blends by adding different contents of talc (0–10 wt%) and conducting annealing treatments. Interestingly, the maximum tensile strength (52.04 MPa), elongation at break (83.51%), and impact strength (6.05 kJ/m2) were achieved by incorporating 2.5 wt% talc into the blends without annealing. Meanwhile, the addition of just 1 wt% talc shortened the semi‐crystallization time of PLA to one‐third of the neat PLA at 100°C. Particularly, after annealing treatment, the crystallinity of PLA increased to 32.1%, and the Vicat softening temperature reached as high as 133.3°C with 2.5 wt% talc. Importantly, the increase in crystallinity did not compromise the toughness of PLA composites but significantly enhanced the impact strength to 8.91 kJ/m2. This study provides an updated understanding of the relationship between toughness and crystallinity in PLA composites.
Thermo‐resistance of polylactic acid (PLA) composite increases to 133.3°C.
Talc aids nucleation and promotes PLA crystallization.
Increased crystallinity and high toughness are simultaneously realized.
Adding 1 wt% talc reduced PLA semi‐crystallization time by one‐third.
Crystal transformation and sea‐islands structure are vital for reinforcements.


The present paper was written under the auspices of the interdisciplinary research group 'Educational Processes, Competence Development, and Selection Decisions at Preschool and Primary School Age (BiKS)' (FOR 543), funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The surveys were conceptualised and supervised as part of the developmental psychology sub-project (headed by S. Weinert) and the primary education sub-project (headed by H.-G. Roßbach). We would like to thank the German Research Foundation for funding the research group and the participating children, parents, early years educators, teachers, assistants, and members of staff for their commitment and cooperation.


Precise experimental data on the ..lambda../sub c/ mass are compared with a diquark model. If the ..lambda../sub c/ has two masses 20 MeV or more apart then the data restrict their mixing.


Significance: A novel acceptor unit, namely dithienylthienothiophenebisimide (TBI), has been designed and synthesized by the group. This building unit is a doubly bithiopheneimide (BTI) fused heterocycle with enhanced electron-deficient properties and an extended π-system, which is desired for better crystallinity of the corresponding polymer. Four copolymers are synthesized by using TBI building units 2a or 2b with co-monomers. The OPV and OFET performance exhibited a highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.0%. Comment: The novel TBI unit is an electron-deficient building block that could serve multiple functions in semiconducting polymers. Its copolymer PTBIs, when used as p-type materials, shows high open-circuit voltages (Voc's) and high PCEs. PTBIs can also function as n-type materials. Moreover, PIBIs exhibit various charge polarities in OFETs. The same group recently also reported a new type of polymer based on thienoquinoids, which have very deep LUMO energy and small bandgaps, and are well suited for making organic devices. (Kawabata et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 7725). S


Dikes, sills, and irregular pods of topaz-bearing aplite, lithium fluorine granite, and topazite represent F-rich extreme differentiates of a suite of mineralized alkali feldspar granites near Mount Garnet, northeastern Australia. Topaz is a magmatic phase in two aplites and the topazite and a hydrothermal mineral in the third aplite, lithium fluorine granite, and the alkali feldspar granite. The granites plot close to the 100 MPa (l kbar) HrO-saturated ternary minimum in the haplogranite system (consistent with their history of extended fractionation), but the aplites are significantly displaced from that minimum, suggesting either vapor phase losses of qtartz and feldspar components (into pegmatites) or crystallization from hydrous fluid. Trace elements (e.g., Rb, Ga, Nb) retained in feldspars, micas, and opaque minerals are enriched in the granites and aplites but not in the topazite. Other trace elements are strongly depleted, having been partitioned into halogen-rich hydrous fluids and lost into the country rocks. The strong enrichment ofBa, Sr, and Eu in the highly fractionated topaz aplites is unusual and is thought to indicate crystallization from or reequilibration with hydrous fluids rather than silicate melts. Topaz aplites of this area are chemically similar to ongonites of central Asia and central Arizona, U.S.A., and small differences in major element chemistry reflect the differing F content of the provinces. Topazites are similar to those reported from the U.S.A., and the granites are chemically similar to topaz rhyolites of the western U.S.A.


This survey research had three main objectives. The first objective was to assess customer attitudes toward the value of spa services, the experiences of using spa, knowledge of spa and their perceptions of spa services. The second was to compare and analyze the relationship between independent variables such as personal characteristics, spa-using experiences, and knowledge; and the dependent variable was customer attitudes toward spa. The last objective was to analyze the relationship between perceptions of spa services and attitudes toward the value of spa. The study design was survey research using a self-administered questionnaire. A total of 385 samples were recruited from the customers who used the services of spa shops in four districts of Bangkok. To prove the hypothesis, statistical analysis was done by using t-test, F-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient test at the 0.05 statistically significant level. The details of the key findings in terms of personal characteristics were as follows: the majority of spa customers were female in the age group of 31-40 years old, having civil service or state enterprise service as their occupation, earning less than 30,000 baht per month, using spa rarely. However, the most frequently chosen type of spa shop is the spa for cosmetic purposes (43.2%). The most popular type of spa is the day spa. While the second most favorite is medical spa; the third is the hotel and resort spa. The least favorite type of spa shop is the massage spa; oil massage was the least chosen service. The overall knowledge of spa among the study group was in the middle level. The majority of spa users identified spa as a multi-purpose service in terms of health, leisure, relaxation, cosmetic and physical exercise. They have a clear understanding that all spa shops have to be audited and controlled for quality by the Ministry of Public Health. The perception of spa service is high overall, while the aspect of reception and quality of service is at a very high level. On the contrary, the cost needs to be reconsidered. The overall attitude of customers toward the value of spa is high, especially for the aspect of relaxation, and leisure is at a very high level; thus, the aspects of health promotion, treatment and beauty follow consecutively. From testing the hypothesis, statistically significant relationships confirm that age, education, and experience of spa use determine the attitudes toward the value of using spa. Correlation testing reveals that customer perceptions of spa services have a positive relationship on attitudes toward the value of using spa. Key words: attitude of customers, benefit of using spa, spa


In this paper we estimate the long-run relationships between total factor productivity and three types of capital stocks: R&D capital, human capital and public capital, between 1980 and 2001. We exploit recent developments of panel cointegration techniques to estimate cointegration vectors that control for endogeneity of regressors. In the empirical literature on economic growth a central issue is the direction of causality between economic growth and regressors. In order to deal with this question, we shall estimate the error-correction model, which allows long and short-run Granger causality tests to be performed. Empirical evidence shows firstly that there exists a long-run equilibrium between productivity level and the three kinds of capital; among them, human capital has the strongest impact on productivity level. Secondly, results of the Granger-causality tests support the hypothesis that human capital and public capital cause productivity growth in the long run while the opposite is not true. Only for R&D capital stock is the bi-directional causality found. JEL classification: O4, O18, R11, C23.


Objective:To investigate the efficacy of functional electrical stimulation combined with psychological intervention on cognition and depression disorder in cerebral infarction patients with dysphagia. Methods: One hundred and thirty-six acute cerebral infarction patients with dysphagia were divided into the control group and the combination group, with 68 cases in each group. All the patients were given the basic treatment and swallowing training, and the patients in the combination group had accepted functional electric stimulation and psychological intervention. The function of deglutition, cognition and depressive disorder were evaluated using Water swallow test, Mini-mental state examination(MMSE), and Hamilton Depression Scale( HAMD) before and one month after treatment in the two groups respectively. Results: Before treatment, there was no statistically significant differences in the scores of swallow function, MMSE, HAMD between the 2 groups(P0.05). The scores of swallow function were increased significantly in the 2 groups(P0.05) after the treatment. And the swallow function score in the combination group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P0.05). After treatment, the MMSE score in the combination group was improved, and the HAMD score in the combination group was decreased(P0.05). The combination group showed higher MMSE score as well as lower HAMD score than those in the control group(P=0.00). Conclusion: Functional electrical stimulation combined with psychological intervention can effectively improve cognition and depression disorder in cerebral infarction patients with swallowing disorder.


According to the World Health Organization (WHO), unsafe abortion due to unwanted pregnancy, performed by someone who does not have the skills or does not meet medical standards has an adverse effect on the physical and psychological health of adolescent women. Psychological problems can also occur in adolescent women who have unsafe abortions such as psychological disorders in the form of depression and anxiety. Method: In reviewing the article using the Arksey and O'Malley methods. Overall, the researchers showed that unsafe adolescent abortion practices significantly affected adolescent psychology after having an abortion. The majority of young women experience psychological problems after having had an illegal abortion.


Characteristics of gas-liquid mass transfer and interfacial area were investigated in a bubble column of diameter and height of 0.102 m and 2.5 m, respectively. Effects of gas and liquid velocities on the volumetric gas liquid mass transfer coefficient (kLa), interfacial area (a) and liquid side true mass transfer coefficient (kL) were examined. The interfacial area and volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient were determined directly by adopting the simultaneous physical desorption of O2 and chemical absorption of CO2 in the column. The values of kLa and a increased with increasing gas velocity but decreased with increasing liquid velocity in the bubble column which was operated in the churn turbulent flow regime. The value of kL increased with increasing gas velocity but did not change considerably with increasing liquid velocity. The liquid side mass transfer was found to be related closely to the liquid circulation as well as the effective contacting frequency between the bubbles and liquid phases.


We describe an analytic continuation of the Euclidean Grosse-Wulkenhaar and Langmann-Szabo-Zarembo models which defines a one-parameter family of duality covariant noncommutative field theories interpolating between Euclidean and Minkowski space versions of these models, and provides an alternative regularization to the usual Feynman prescription. This regularization allows for a matrix model representation of the field theories in terms of a complex generalization of the usual basis of Landau wave functions. The corresponding propagators are calculated and identified with the Feynman propagators of the field theories. The regulated quantum field theories are shown to be UV/IR-duality covariant. We study the asymptotics of the regularized propagators in position and matrix space representations, and confirm that they generically possess a comparably good decay behavior as in the Euclidean case.


By comparing the forms of personal deixis in BA and MA theses written by Polish students with person reference in scientific writing by German linguists, this paper points out factors influencing their choice against the background of systemic differences between German and Polish as well as the functional dynamics of grammaticalized exponents of personal deixis.


Abstract: Silviya Lechner's and Mervyn Frost's book Practice Theory and International Relations offers a new approach to theorise international relations in terms of 'practices'. It is a welcome contribution to an intensifying debate about 'praxis', 'practice' and 'practices' because Lechner and Frost actually engage key authors of praxis, such as Ludwig Wittgenstein, who, in IR, have often only been referenced in passing. While the rediscovery of Wittgenstein as praxis theorist is welcome, the reading of his approach to praxis is irritating because 'internalism' and 'descriptivism' – two concepts which Lechner and Frost highlight as central in both Wittgenstein's work and their new practice theory – are interpreted in ways which are difficult to reconcile with Wittgenstein's late philosophy. This critique offers a different reading of Wittgenstein's approach to praxis and argues that such an alternative reading opens up an understanding of praxis which, if adopted more widely, would also free IR theorising from self-imposed strictures.


The present disclosure provides a liquid crystal display device of the pulse generating circuit and operation method. The clock generation circuit includes a charge sharing switch unit, a first capacitor, a first switch, second switch, third switch and fourth switch. Charge sharing switch unit is for receiving the control signal, and outputs a control signal in accordance with a first polarity to the first voltage and the storage capacitor, then clock generation circuit according to a first switch turned on different timings, a second switch, a third switch and a fourth switch for outputting a clock signal. The present disclosure can significantly reduce the voltage required for generating a clock signal, effective to achieve the power saving effect.


Reality and fiction are the two characteristics of the interactive environment between teachers and students in the network age. In a cyberspace, the interactive mode between teachers and students will take an innovational change. But, the influence of the web upon the educational behaviors is gradual and complementary, instead of mutational and replaceable.


Infectious diseases are diseases of serious harm to human life and health, also one cause of the main complication and death for organic disease . In recent years, antibiotics have played a major role in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. However, due to the increase of the antibacterial drug type, at the same time to increase the prevention and treatment of diseases, antimicrobial agents are gradually being abused. With the long-term, broad and unreasonable use of antibacterial drugs, a series of problems such as increase in resistant strains of bacteria arise. In order to achieve the purpose of safe, effective, convenient and economic medication in anti-infective treatment, and to reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infections, reasonable choice of antimicrobial agents is very important. Following the reasonable application of antimicrobial agents to reduce nosocomial infections are reviewed.


The minimal number of triples required to represent all quintuples on an n-element set is determined for n 13 and all extremal constructions are found. In particular we establish that there is a unique minimal system on 13 points, namely the 52 collinear triples of the projective plane of order 3.


Composite-hydroxide-mediated (CHM) method is used to prepare magnesium oxide, in this preparation magnesium chloride (MgCl2) salt is used with specific ratios of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and Potassium hydroxide (KOH) and the whole reaction done in a vacuum less muffle furnace, firstly the product was obtained is magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2. We annealed this product at different temperatures to discuss the percentage composition of magnesium oxide in magnesium hydroxide and also discuss the temperature at which magnesium hydroxide is completely converted in magnesium oxide. For indirect prepared magnesium oxide we discussed, Grain size, Structure, Miller indices, Lattice constant, Strain, Dislocation density and Density using XRD technique and also discussed Grain size, Absorbance, Reflectance, Transmission, band gap and conductance using UV-visible technique and for accurate size estimation we used SEM technique.


The invention discloses a kind of tank exhaust apparatus and the selection method of tank exhaust apparatus, tank exhaust apparatus is used to discharge the gas in tank, and tank exhaust apparatus is cylinder prepared by porous media material, and the top of cylinder and the steam vent of tank are connected;The outer surface of porous media material, which is coated with, does not infiltrate coating;Radial direction of the aperture of porous media material mesopore along tank exhaust apparatus gradually increases, so that liquid flow therein is discharged in the presence of surface tension along the radial direction of tank exhaust apparatus in the case of so as to which biphase gas and liquid flow enters tank exhaust apparatus in tank, and then gas-liquid separation is realized to biphase gas and liquid flow, solving existing tank exhaust apparatus and not accounting for gas-liquid separation causes the technical problem big to propellant management device dependence, reduce existing tank and propellant management device formation air pocket is had to rely in exhaust to realize the dependence of gas-liquid separation.


The paper introduces the several common locomotion styles of the primates,and analyzes the impacts of living habitat,individual size and evolution of bones of the primates on their locomotion styles.It concludes that these three aspects interact and restrict with each other and finally leads to the diversity and differentiation of the locomotion styles of the primates.


From Sociology perspective, through the observation of the model of inter-relation of Hmong refugee in United States, this paper analyses the process of the constructing of the social network of Hmong immigrants and studies the role of this network in the persistence and survival of this minority group. The paper believes that this social network has important effects on the mobility of Hmong people in America and it is this kinship based social network of Hmong American that had been the main support to the development and to the foothold of this immigrants group.


A Research Paper Presented to the School of Economics in Partial Fulfillment for a Degree of Master of Arts in Economic Policy and Management


Cultivating college students' practical and innovative ability is the basic task of colleges and universities.At present,the education field hasn't reached a concensus on the basic problem and the cultivation pathway.The paper proposes that the basic task is to cultivate college students' "system thinking" ability;the new pathway is to adopt learning organizational theory in the classroom,to form study groups and start group learning.


This study examines the process of strategic decision making within organizations by analyzing four commonly used information aggregation structures: individual decision making, delegation to experts, voting, and averaging of opinions. Using a formal mathematical model, we investigate how the performance of each of these structures is contingent upon the breadth of knowledge within the firm and changes in the environment. Our model builds on work done in the Carnegie tradition and in other decision-theoretic disciplines. We use the model to explore when delegation is preferable to the more "crowdlike" structures of voting and averaging. We show that delegation is the most effective only when there is diversity of expertise, when accurate delegation is possible, and when there is a good fit between the firm's knowledge and the knowledge required by the environment. Otherwise, depending on the knowledge breadth of the firm, voting or averaging may be the most effective structure. Finally, we use our model to shed light on which structures are more robust to radical environmental change and also to answer calls for a better understanding of the microfoundations of strategy.


Difference in the ability of various crops to germinate and grow in contaminated soils should be better explored to choose the most appropriate plant species in the development of any phytoremediation process. Germination and subsequent growth of seven plants including tall fescue, agropyron, puccinellia, white clover, canola, safflower, and sunflower were tested in a soil with three petroleum contamination levels. Treatments consisted of C0 (uncontaminated soil), C1 (1:1 w/w, uncontaminated: contaminated soil), and C2 (1:3 w/w, uncontaminated: contaminated soil). Presence of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in the soil had no effect on seed germination of agropyron, white clover, sunflower, and safflower, although canola and white clover seedlings were sensitive to these contaminants and failed to produce dry matter yield (DMY) at the end of the trial period. There were 52 and 56% decrease in germination of tall fescue and puccinellia seeds, respectively, in C2 treatment as compared to C0 treatment. No reduction was found in DMY of puccinellia in contaminated soils (C1 and C2), while the presence of TPHs in C2 decreased DMY of sunflower and safflower by about 50 and 73%, respectively. The results showed that germination did not predict the crop differences in subsequent growth and cannot be used as an approach to find suitable crops for field trials.


Abstract In recent years, considerable attention has been focused on the need to develop effective and efficient strategies and procedures for the assessment of students' laboratory work, on the assumption that only when practical aspects of doing science are rewarded through allocation of marks and grades will teachers give these activities the curriculum priority that many believe they should have. There is no doubt that examinations do exert a significant influence on the curriculum, and can promote or hinder the adoption of particular classroom activities. So, in one sense, the Ontario Ministry of Education's statement in 1987 that assessment of laboratory work should constitute 15% of the final mark in "all Intermediate and Senior Division science courses", is to be welcomed. So, too, is the growing interest in the assessment of laboratory work in the USA, Australia and New Zealand, and the renewal of interest in the United Kingdom, where such assessment has a long history. Increasingly, however, the...


In real outdoor canopy profile detection, the accuracy of a LIDAR scanner to measure canopy structure is affected by a potentially uneven road condition. The level of error associated with attitude angles from undulations in the ground surface can be reduced by developing appropriate correction algorithm. This paper proposes an offline attitude angle offset correction algorithm based on a 3D affine coordinate transformation. The validity of the correction algorithm is verified by conducting an indoor experiment. The experiment was conducted on an especially designed canopy profile measurement platform. During the experiment, an artificial tree and a tree-shaped carved board were continuously scanned at constant laser scanner travel speed and detection distances under simulated bumpy road conditions. Acquired LIDAR laser scanner raw data was processed offline by exceptionally developed MATLAB program. The obtained results before and after correction method show that the single attitude angle offset correction method is able to correct the distorted data points in tree-shaped carved board profile measurement, with a relative error of 5%, while the compound attitude angle offset correction method is effective to reduce the error associated with compound attitude angle deviation from the ideal scanner pose, with relative error of 7%.


A feminist ethics that bases morality on dependence or vulnerability challenges the moral priority of uniform over disparate treatment. Persons with disabilities resist equality's homogenization of moral personhood. But displacing equality in favor of caring or trust reprises the repression of those already marginalized. The ethics of difference proves an ineffective remedy for the negative consequences attendant on how historically marginalized groups are different. An historicized conception of equality resolves the dilemma.


This article describes an early intervention program designed for speech-language pathologists enrolled in a master's-level program. The program provided students with courses and clinical experien...


Now videoconference is widely applied in electric power system because of its convenience and celerity.The attendees desire a higher quality image.There are several factors that are related to the image quality.This paper discussed four aspects of the conference room,which would influence the image quality of videoconference.The four aspects included the layout,the background,lighting and video camera/display area of the meeting room.The paper also gave some suggestions that could remarkably improve the effect of the image.


Today, industrial automation is primarily controlled by computer control. It solves the problem of production efficiency and conformance, as one of the most important technique in modern manufacturing. The modern industry manufactures by the advanced technology and installation, include in the automation field during production technology. Industrial automation is a promotion impact to production procedure.


A smart grid is the integration of communication and information technologies with contemporary power infrastructure to enhance load service and to incorporate continually evolving end-use applications. It is the latest advancement in the areas of power generation, transmission and distribution. It has advanced beyond the traditional grid structure at every stage; a smart grid is capable of incorporating distributed generation (DG) renewable sources and has improved transmission capabilities through implementation of technologies such as Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). Through the addition of control technology in the distribution network a smart grid is able to implement "self-healing" and other methods to improve reliability of power supply. Enhanced interconnectivity also offers the option of microgrid development which can be accomplished more quickly and affordably than a large scale grid. The ultimate goal of this approach is to then connect various microgrids to establish a robust network. On the consumer's side, smart devices are being developed which can practice load shifting to reduce demand on the grid at peak hours. One facet of this technology network is the smart meter, an enhanced metering device used by the consumer to practice demand side management through control technology and informed decision making. All of these characteristics make the smart grid more reliable, efficient, versatile, cost effective, interactive and environmentally beneficial than other systems. The goal of this paper is to first explore the characteristics of a smart grid system and to report on current work that is being done implementing these systems, particularly in developing countries. The latter half of the paper will then present a test for smart grid compatibility on a national level based on the necessary and beneficial preconditions for smart grid development. That test will then be applied to nations that lack a significant or reliable power generation and transmission system. The results of this test will determine specific regions which meet the criteria for both a high compatibility for smart grid development and a high


The parameters of class E power amplifier are optimized for achieving zero voltage switching (ZVS) condition in the magnetically coupled resonance wireless power transmission (MCR-WPT) system. Considering that the working frequency of MCR-WPT is very high, the influence of the parasitic capacitance of the MOSFET can't be neglected. The optimized value of capacitor and inductor are obtained by circuit theory. The performance of the ZVS with the optimized value is verified with circuit simulation by evaluating the output power and efficiency of MCR-WPT system. Under the condition that the coupling coefficient (k) is 0.3, the transmission efficiency of the WPT system was as high as 87%, which was increased by more than 20% on the original basis.


Since the Affordable Care Act introduced financial penalties on hospitals for excess readmission rates in the USA, an intense debate has ensued regarding the value of readmissions as a marker of quality. Under the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program (HRRP), hospitals face penalties of up to 3% of base operating payment from Medicare, the federally funded health insurance system for people aged over 65. Penalties totalled $428 million in 2015,1 and similar policies are in place in Denmark, Germany and England.2

HRRP aimed to 'reward hospitals that are successful in reducing avoidable readmissions'3 and indeed Medicare has seen a decline in 30-day, all-cause readmission rates since the policy was introduced in 2012.4 More specific declines have been observed for the three conditions initially targeted, namely acute myocardial infarction, heart failure and pneumonia (figure 1).1 ,5 The HRRP was expanded to cover chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty from 2015.

Figure 1
Trend in national Medicare 30-day readmission rates for index admissions for heart failure, heart attack, pneumonia and all-cause Medicare readmissions.1 ,4

While no study has been able to test causality against a counterfactual, on the face of it HRRP has contributed to a sustained focus on readmissions and potentially, improved patient care nationally. But what aspects of quality do readmission rates measure? And what are we to make of the findings reported in this issue of BMJ Quality and Safety ,6 which indicate that, like other pay-for-performance programmes, readmission penalties have disproportionately affected safety-net hospitals (ie, hospitals that serve a high number of patients of lower socioeconomic status (SES), often uninsured).

In theory, readmissions are related to the quality and safety of the initial hospital stay, the transitional care services and access to care and support following …


Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Education and human development The 2015 targets: a progress report Education and health Education and income-poverty Education and globalisation Education, democracy, and empowerment 2. Education for all: promises and progress The education targets The quantitative targets The quality of education 3. Inequalities in education North-South inequalities Inequalities between developing countries National inequalities in education 4. National barriers to basic education Constraints on poor households Public investment in education Finacial decentralisation and privatisation 5. International co-operation: the record since Jomtien The record on aid The debt crisis as a barrier to education for all Structural adjustment and the role of the IMF in poor countries Lessons from the East Asia crisis 6. Partnership for change State action for universal primary education States and non-government organisations Partnerships in action: five case studies 7. An agenda for action From Jomtien to Dakar Action at the national level International action Towards a global initiative Appendix 1 The education Performance Index (EPI) Appendix 2 List of background papers Notes Index


One of the most important challenges facing civil engineers is mitigating severe human and economic consequences of structural dynamic responses to various large-scale excitations and future civil engineers must have an understanding of the dynamic response of structures resulting from these excitations. The recent establishment of the NSF-sponsored Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) provides an excellent opportunity to frame hazard mitigation education in the tangible context of earthquake engineering. The cyberinfrastructure of NEES can provide teleoperation and teleparticipation of bench-scale instructional shake tables to help educate future civil engineers. This paper will discuss the establishment of a collaboratory of bench-scale instructional shake table deployment sites that provide for real-time online laboratory experiments leveraging the unique capabilities of the NEES initiative to offer laboratory experiences previously unavailable to undergraduate students. Here we will describe an initial laboratory exercise developed to educate students in the fundamentals of earthquake engineering as well as introducing them to emerging technology and multidisciplinary tools which promise to revolutionize civil engineering practice and education.


numbers although there was a visible decline in numbers during the trial. As for trap placement, the side located closest to the pasture had significantly higher numbers of eggs and adult mites (P < 0.001) compared to the other side. Larvae numbers were also higher on the pasture side, although this was not significant (Table). A general reduction in mite numbers can be seen during the course of the trial. However, whether this is a direct result of acaricide spraying or a natural population decline remains unclear. Chemical spraying seemed have a direct impact in the week in which it is first applied, although mite populations rapidly re-established. Nonetheless, there may still be some benefit of the regular use of acaricide application, providing that resistance does not occur. A cyclical fluctuation can be seen independent of spraying based of a 4 weekly pattern, which may reflect the natural red mite lifecycle. Also, since significantly higher mite numbers were found in traps closest to the pasture access, this may be a useful consideration for future experimental design when monitoring mite populations in different housing systems. Funding for this research by the Yorkshire Agricultural Society and the John Oldacre Foundation is gratefully acknowledged.


Since its launch in Totnes 2005, the Transition Network has achieved considerable success and expansion. Here, I explore the movement's aims and organisation and discuss its evolution in relation to the obstacles it has faced. My discussion draws on both my auto-ethnographic encounters with the movement in Transition Nottingham and the 2010 Transition Network conference and the literature produced by movement actors.


An inspection system based machine vision technique for rail surface defects is presented. Automatic detection of noised cracks on surface is analyzed by means of image processing. Image enhancement, denoising and feature extraction are applied in processing the images of track. The region of defect is extracted on the adaptive threshold. Based on morphology of cracks, dynamic template is designed to detect continuous crack boundary, and then length of cracks can be estimated.


In the wake of an FDA letter warning of civil and criminal liabilities for drug reimportation, American pharmacists are being urged to resist offers to partner with Canadian pharmacies serving U.S. seniors.


The structure of a new precision stage for E-Beam lithography machine is described. The vertical load of the stage and the oriented function of the guides are successfully separated. Thus, the accuracy and the stability of the guides' action are greatly improved. Meanwhile, the definition of geometrical accuracy, the influence on pattern stitching accuracy and the target parameters of the guides are particularly introduced.


-titanium powders which were thoroughly mixed under high energy ball-milling and through the second step it was induced the formation of titanium carbide during different times at 500 °C by the cementation packing process. SEM and EDS analysis of the microstructures obtained in both sintered and cemented bodies were performed in order to know the effect of the activated carbon used as cementing agent on the titanium for each studied composite. It was observed that a titanium carbide layer growth from the surface into the bulk and reaches different depth as the titanium content in the composites increases. On the other hand, the use of ductile titanium notably enhanced density level and fracture toughness of the composites.


Simple Summary Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in metastatic form is a lethal pathology difficult to treat; therefore, the research of new therapeutic options for the treatment of metastatic patients is crucial to improve quality of life and overall survival. Recently, new signaling pathways and biological processes involved in cancer development and progression by scientific research community have been identified. These components including factors affecting angiogenesis, cell migration and invasion, autophagy and ferroptosis that are dysregulated in kidney cancer represent novel possible target molecules. In this work, we discuss current and new therapies for kidney cancer treatment; in particular, agents targeting new molecules involved in renal carcinogenesis that in future might become more powerful drugs for the cure of metastatic RCC. Abstract Patients suffering from metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) show an overall survival rate of lower than 10% after 5 years from diagnosis. Currently, the first-line treatment for mRCC patients is based on antiangiogenic drugs that are able to inhibit tyrosine kinase receptors (TKI) in combination with immuno-oncology (IO) therapy or IO-IO treatments. Second-line therapy involves the use of other TKIs, immunotherapeutic drugs, and mTOR inhibitors. Nevertheless, many patients treated with mTOR and TK inhibitors acquire drug resistance, making the therapy ineffective. Therefore, the research of new therapeutic targets is crucial for improving the overall survival and quality of life of mRCC patients. The investigation of the molecular basis of RCC, especially in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), has led to the identification of different signaling pathways that are involved in renal carcinogenesis. Most of ccRCCs are associated with mutation in VHL gene, which mediates the degradation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), that, in turn, regulate the pathways related to tumorigenesis, including angiogenesis and invasion. Renal tumorigenesis is also associated with the activation of tyrosine kinases that modulate the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway, promoting cell proliferation and survival. In ccRCC, the abnormal activity of mTOR activates the MDM2 protein, which leads to the degradation of tumor suppressor p53 via proteasome machinery. In addition, p53 may be degraded by autophagy in a mechanism involving the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2). Suppression of wild-type p53 promotes cell growth, invasion, and drug resistance. Finally, the activation of ferroptosis appears to inhibit cancer progression in RCC. In conclusion, these pathways might represent new therapeutic targets for mRCC.


The electronic structure of tungsten carbide was investigated by EHMO semiempirical method. The most stable structure of the carbide was predicted on the basis of binding energy calculations. The W-C bonding is covalent in nature with some charge transfer from the W to the C atoms. The increase in the occupancy of the d shell of the W atoms and the position of the Fermi level may account for the platinum-like catalytic behavior of tungsten carbide.


Friction and wear remain the primary modes for energy dissipation in moving mechanical components. Superlubricity is highly desirable for energy saving and environmental benefits. Macroscale superlubricity was previously performed under special environments or on curved nanoscale surfaces. Nevertheless, macroscale superlubricity has not yet been demonstrated under ambient conditions on macroscale surfaces, except in humid air produced by purging water vapor into a tribometer chamber. In this study, a tribological system is fabricated using a graphene‐coated plate (GCP), graphene‐coated microsphere (GCS), and graphene‐coated ball (GCB). The friction coefficient of 0.006 is achieved in air under 35 mN at a sliding speed of 0.2 mm s−1 for 1200 s in the developed GCB/GCS/GCP system. To the best of the knowledge, for the first time, macroscale superlubricity on macroscale surfaces under ambient conditions is reported. The mechanism of macroscale superlubricity is due to the combination of exfoliated graphene flakes and the swinging and sliding of the GCS, which is demonstrated by the experimental measurements, ab initio, and molecular dynamics simulations. These findings help to bridge macroscale superlubricity to real world applications, potentially dramatically contributing to energy savings and reducing the emission of carbon dioxide to the environment.


The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on reducing obesity in girls after puberty. Sixty obese girls have obesity class II with BMI 30-35 kg/m 2 participated in this study. They were chosen from Kasr Elenie hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University. Their ages ranged from 13 to 19 years old. They were divided randomly into two groups equal in number. The first group (group A) included 30 girls treated with low caloric diet (1200) calories only for 6 weeks. The second group (group B) included 30 girls treated with low caloric diet (1200) calories and aerobic exercise for 6 weeks every other day for 45 minutes, at70% of maximum heart rate in the form of walking by using treadmill. Body weight, BMI, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio were evaluated before and after the program for both groups. Duration of the study was 6 months from September 2011 to March 2012. The obtained results showed a statistically highly significant decrease (P<0.01) in body weight, BMI, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio for both groups. When comparing the results of both groups, group (B) which treated with diet and aerobic exercises showed a decrease in body weight, BMI, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio. As there was a statistically significant difference in the post treatment values between both groups as the mean difference was ,for body weight (2.7), BMI (1.21), waist circumference (5.53) and waist to hip ratio (0.03). Accordingly, it could be concluded that the aerobic exercise is very effective in reducing obesity in females after puberty.


HIV/AIDS touches all of humanity. Yet historically, churches and social workers have been relatively unsuccessful in meeting the needs of people living with HIV/ AIDS and individuals grieving AIDS-related deaths. In contrast, spirituality, social support, and finding meaning have been found to be successful aspects of healthy coping and healing. To increase efficacy social workers need to have specific knowledge and skills. Using an empathetic, client-centered approach in conjunction with narrative theory has been found to facilitate the successful infusion of spirituality, social support resources, and the client's search for meaning into the therapeutic process. The purpose of this article is to explore the grief experience of people living with HIV/AIDS, individuals grieving the loss of a loved one to AIDS, the response of the church and social workers, and discuss implications for social work practice.


The red globe grape is an introduced variety from USA.We analysed suitable meteorological conditions of red globe grape by temperature,humidity and illumination etc. So fhat it can be better in planting in future.


Contact dermatitis from diacetylmorphine (heroin) and from morphine have both been described before.(1-5) In addition, a case of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) as a reaction to morphine has also previously been described.(6) The present report describes a case who was occupationally sensitized to diacetylmorphine and developed a skin reaction after receiving morphine following surgery. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


BACKGROUND
 Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection is one of the 13 notable Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) according to the CDC and WHO. In 2010, it is estimated that 1.73 billion people are infected with STH globally of which 70% of cases occur in Asia. To date, there is a dearth of published literature on the prevalence of STH infection throughout Malaysia.

 OBJECTIVE
 The objectives of this study are to review research activity on STH infection in Malaysia, to estimate the prevalence of STH infection among Malaysian, and to identify significant risk factors associated with the infection.

 METHODS
 We will conduct a scoping review based on the 6-stages structured framework of Arksey and O'Malley's (2005) methodology. A comprehensive search strategy focusing on STH infection will be executed using electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE). A systematic approach to searching, screening, reviewing and data extraction will be applied based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR). Mendeley software and Microsoft Excel programmes will be used to manage the references and to remove duplicates. Relevant data from selected articles will be extracted using a standardized data extraction form using the Google Form application. Results will be summarized descriptively in tabular form including types of interventions, study design, settings, tools used, and the outcomes of each study.

 RESULTS
 We would like to provide further evidence on the prevalence of STH in terms of parasite species that predominately cause the infection and the intensity of the infection. Finally, we will present the significant risk factors that contribute to STH infection and discuss prevention taken by considering the government or private sectors involvement towards curbing this issue.

 CONCLUSIONS
 We hope that the findings of this scoping review will provide information for policymakers and strengthen policy guidelines to eradicate STH infection, and for researchers to further study and investigate any STH-related issue in Malaysia.


SCALES USING LUNAR ORBITER LASER ALTIMETER DATA AND THE WAVELET LEADERS METHOD. M. Lemelin, M. Daly, and A. Deliège, Center for Research in Earth and Space Science, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, On, Canada M3J 1P3, email@example.com, Département de Géomatique appliquée, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada, Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Liège, Belgium.


Two new diphenyl ethers, 4-(2-carboxy-3-heptyl-5-methoxyphenoxy)-2-heptyl-6-hydroxybenzoic acid (micareic acid) (13), 4-(2-carboxy-3-heptyl-5-methoxyphenoxy)-2-heptyl-6-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (methoxymicareic acid) (27) and a new depside, 4-(2-heptyl-6-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoyloxy)- 2-heptyl-6-hydroxybenzoic acid (prasinic acid) (34) have been detected in chemical races of the lichen Micarea prasina Fr. and isolated and characterized as the corresponding methyl esters. The structure of the latter compounds has been confirmed by total synthesis. The key steps in the synthesis of the diphenyl ethers (14), (26) involved Ullmann-like condensation between the 3-chloro 2-enone (17) and the phenols (11), (31), and subsequent aromatization of the enol ethers (23) and (32). A biomimetic-type synthesis of methyl micareate (48) has also been achieved by treatment of the depside (33) with sodium hydride in dimethylformamide.


Joint replacement is becoming a more common surgical procedure, and it may have unusual or unexpected postoperative complications. This case report discusses the evaluation of a large pelvic mass first noted on physical examination and ultimately diagnosed by sonography and computed tomography as a chronic hematoma resulting from a failed total left hip arthroplasty.


: In the German Kaiserreich the University of Heidelberg was known as a liberal academic institution, with internationally well-known professors and many students from foreign countries. Young and innovative scholars in the institution included the Protestant theologian and philosopher Ernst Troeltsch (1865-1923), the sociologist Max Weber (1869-1920) and the Professor of Public Law Georg Jellinek (1851-1911) who studied the origins and driving forces of capitalism and of modern occidental rationalism. These scholars were interested in the ' cultural significance' of religious beliefs and their ethical implications. They saw religion as a relatively autonomous cultural force sui generis . In close intellectual interaction they focused on the religious roots of modern human rights and the strong ethical differences between Lutheranism and Calvinism. is capable of being a sectarian, a Quaker or Baptist. [...] The fact that our nation has never, in any form, experienced the schooling of hard asceticism is a source of all which I find detestable about our nation and myself [...] and especially in religious matters, I cannot help but believe that the average American sectarian is just as superior to the mainstream members of Germany's national churches as the religious personality of Luther over and against Calvin, tutti traditions and public order, that shows itself in the highly developed missionary work, that gives rise, beside the established churches with their firm hold on their members, to ever new forms of revivalist movements and sects.61


The aim of this research is to examine in detail the essence of subliminal advertising; attempt to separate the facts from the myths; and to look for the answer on two question: Does modern subliminal advertising may affect the human subconscious? Does modern subliminal advertising is any threat to humans? Author tried resolve that problems by analyzing the history of subliminal advertising. After that study he came to conclusion that the effect of subliminal advert will depend on the perception of the definition subliminal advertising. If you recognize that subliminal advertising is only subliminal stimuli, used deliberately, for marketing purposes, it should be noted that its effectiveness is rather a myth. Numerous constraints and difficulties, causes that using them for marketing purposes is unprofitable, and too risky for advertisers. If the subliminal advertisement considered as a symbol of an idea (to influence human behavior without their awareness) then it shall be defined as all the techniques that affect the subconscious mind (without detailing specific), used deliberately for marketing purposes. In this perspective, it can be concluded that subliminal advertising affects the human subconscious, although the impact is rather limited. And despite the many restrictions still poses a potential threat to consumers.


The article presents the results of tests which are connected with possibilities of forming the magnesium alloys. Research was conducted on the basis of the plastic forming test with the use of KOBO method – cold forming. Materials for tests were ingots from magnesium alloys and the results of tests were the achieved flat bars. Microstructure tests were conducted with the use of optical and electron microscopes. The mechanical properties of the tested materials are presented in the paper together with the advantages of the achieved alloys. It was possible to determine the possible further research directions connected with this material.