A dielectric-modulated double gate bilayer electrodes organic thin-film transistor (DMDGBE-OTFT) based sensor is proposed for label-free biomolecule detection. The double gate of DMDGBE-OTFT is used for creating two symmetrical gates underlap regions on both sides of the organic semiconductor. The parallel immobilization of biomolecule in two gates underlaps region changes the on-current (ION) of the DMDGBEOTFT. Bilayer electrode is also used for significant reduction of barrier height to enhance the performance of the proposed device. The change in the drain current has been utilized to evaluate the sensitivity of the DMDGBE-OTFT for biomolecule recognition having different dielectric constants and corresponding charge densities using 2-D physics-based numerical simulation when biomolecules are immobilized in the gate underlap area. The ATLAS TCAD tool is used to investigate the sensitivity performance of the DMDGBE-OTFT. The proposed DMDGBE-OTFT has 24.2% higher sensitivity in comparison to the recently reported OTFT-based biosensors for label-free detection of biomolecules. The DMDGBE-OTFT biosensor has a lot of potential for flexible biosensing applications in the future because of its flexibility, high sensitivity, biocompatibility and low cost.


Abstract In this work equations are presented to describe solute concentration profiles in thermal field-flow fractionation that account for the effect of the temperature drop across the solute zone on the thermal and ordinary diffusion coefficients. The influence of this effect, together with the effects of the temperature dependence of the solvent viscosity and solvent thermal conductivity, on the conversion of retention data into thermal diffusion data were studied. The systematic error made when the ratio of the thermal and ordinary diffusion coefficient (α/T) is assumed to be constant can be considerable and is larger for systems with low retention (e.g., for low molecular weight or small thermal diffusion). For the two systems studied (polystyrene in THF and in ethylbenzene), it was found that the temperature dependence of the solvent viscosity is of much greater importance than the temperature dependence of the solvent thermal conductivity. When all three parameters are considered to be independent...


This is 11th article of 24 dedicated to atomic model based on Victoria equation (Articles index is at end). Torrebotana Central Energetic Line (EJ) [1] supplies energetic values for electron excited states very close to reference [2]. Excited states are grouped into curves that are destiny function, and consequently orbital quantum number plays major role, and attraction towards Torrebotana Central Energetic Line is greater when orbital quantum number increases (s<p<d) [1]. LAN factor is included in Tete-Vic Equation to give circulation to different routes divided by destination reason. Analogy is as follows: 1s Original electronic system (1s OES) creates main ideal line (Torrebotana Central Energetic Line) considering Born electronic system (BES) and simultaneously draws Serelles Secondary Lines in which energy of excited states runs according to destiny (within destiny has special importance orbital quantum number as indicated before, as well as J or Term). LAN plain is jump to Serelles Secondary Line with jumps in which LAN is practically constant throughout Serelles Secondary Line since LAN has small variation with energy. 1s22s as non-excited or initial state and 1s2ns as excited or final state are selected to show such LAN behaviour.


Postlarval Homarus arnericanus were collected from Block Island Sound, Rhode Island, USA, during 5 die1 neuston sampling periods in summer 1988 and 1989. The foregut contents of the postlarvae were determined and compared with the relative abundances of potential prey groups in the plankton. Nine taxonomic prey groups were identified in the gut contents (N = 802). The composition of the prey groups and their relative frequencies of occurrence in the guts did not differ with time of day or sampling period. The frequent occurrence of copepods, decapod larvae, fish eggs and insect parts indicates a predominantly carnivorous feeding habit. Furthermore, the disproportionate frequency of occurrence of large copepod species and decapod larvae in the guts relative to their densities in the plankton suggests a preference for larger sized prey. Contrary to expectations, the mean gut fullness and condition of gut contents of individuals at different molt stages were not significantly different. Likewise, there was no significant difference in the incidence of guts with newly ingested prey between postlarvae in the premolt stages and those in the post and intermolt stages. Completely empty guts were rare. In addition, the variability in gut fullness and the condition of gut contents among individuals was high during all sampling periods. These indicate that postlarvae in the field forage successfully throughout the day. However, the significantly higher incidence of newly ingested prey in the guts of postlarval lobsters at night indicates a higher feeding activity during this time.


Collectively, the articles suggested for this special issue demonstrate that there are many perspectives that could be considered in the process of policy change, innovation or in the day-to-day processes of educational life, and that ethnography with its attempts to encompass as many perspectives as possible plays an important role in identifying the complexities of life. In particular it is a methodology that can be used in different cultural contexts and has the potential, therefore, to increase pan-European research relations and an even greater potential to be the basis for international joint projects.


Abstract The first twofold silylmetalation across a C≡C triple bond was achieved. In the presence of a catalytic amount of copper cyanide, diarylacetylenes were converted into 1,2-dimetalated 1,2-disilyl-1,2-diarylethanes on treatment with silylpotassium species generated in situ from disilane and t-BuOK. The dimetalated species were subsequently protonated to yield a series of 1,2-disilyl-1,2-diarylethanes.


The object of this study was to obtain pregnane-3a, 17a, 20a-triol in crystalline form which is indispensable as a standard in the quantitative investigation of pregnanetriol. The urine of pregnant women (6 th. and 9 th. month) and a normal man who were given 65-125mg of 17a-hydroxyprogesterone capronate (Proluton-Depot : Schering) were hydrolysed with 13-glucuronidase, extracted with toluene and chromatographed with 5g. of alumina, according to the procedure for the isolation of pregnane-3(a), 20a-diol as previously described. As a result of six chromatographies taken


Probabilistic and Fuzzy Logic approaches have been used for developing Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) for years to deal with uncertainties in ITS but without much attention to justification of the particular techniques, which we call the analysis of scientific rigor of the approach. In probabilistic approaches, there is a missing justification of the Markovian assumption of Bayesian networks along with others. In fuzzy logic approaches, there is a missing justification of fuzzy logic operations by the analysis of the specific ITS task. One of the fundamental and natural ways to provide a rigorously justified way to deal with the uncertainty in ITS is the systematic modeling the context of each ITS task. This paper proposes a methodology based on the comprehensive use of the uncertain contextual verbal and visual information.


This paper presents data on benefit distributions for physicians' services insured under a public universal medical care insurance plan in the Province of Saskatchewan, Canada. Characteristics of the distributions are discussed and their policy implications are examined. The conclusion is that mean dollar benefits are directly related to family income, while the relative variability of benefits is inversely related to family income. In addition, modest deductibles would have the effect of shifting a substantial proportion of program costs to beneficiaries. The temporal uncertainty of an individual's demand for medical care has long been recognized as the rationale for insurance arrangements in the health field. Recent consensus that health care is essential has given rise to the social ethic of a right to health care. Accordingly, some form of national health insurance is now a feature of the health care delivery system in most western countries. An important element in the evaluation of a public universal medical care insurance program is the extent to which it provides a vehicle for risk avoidance by certain soci -economic groups.


All trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has been used in differentiation therapy for APL and other types of cancers. However, the rapid emergence of ATRA resistance due in part to ATRA-induced acceleration of ATRA metabolism limits its use. A novel strategy to overcome the limitation associated with exogenous ATRA therapy has been developed by inhibiting the cytochrome P450-dependent ATRA-4-hydroxylase enzyme responsible for ATRA metabolism. These inhibitors are referred to as RAMBAs. Novel RAMBAs were developed which demonstrated a superior apoptosis, cell growth inhibition, in vivo anti-tumor effect in addition to the differentiation effect in breast cancer cell lines (Patel JB et al. J. Med. Chem 2004,47:6716). We tested 3 RAMBAs, VN/14-1, 50-1, and 66-1 to investigate their activities against APL cell lines. RAMBAs did not confer cytotoxicity or apoptosis induction in vitro at the concentration between 0.5 to 5 μM as opposed to breast or prostate cancer cell lines. However, the differentiation effect was demonstrated by morphological and phenotypic changes using Wright-Giemsa stain and CD11b staining measured by flow cytometric analysis. VN/14-1 and VN/66-1 induced differentiation and apoptosis morphologically and phenotypically in HL60 cells. VN/14-1 and VN/50-1 showed superior differentiation in NB4 cell line compared to ATRA (70%, 69%, and 45%, respectively). Interestingly, HL60 ATRA resistant cell line was induced to undergo differentiation by VN/14-1 (0.5μM) at 55% whereas ATRA (0.5, 1, 5μM) showed less than 5% by flow cytometry analysis. VN/14-1 inhibited cell cycle at S phase whereas ATRA did not attenuate the cell cycle at the same concentration. We also tested the effect of RAMBAs on human CD34+ enriched cell colony formation. RAMBAs were added to the methylcellulose culture plates with CD34+ cells and colonies were determined after 14 days. There was no difference in the CFU-GM or BFU-E colony count between the control and the RAMBAs group. In summary, RAMBAs are promising differentiation agents in the treatment of APL, possibly through an inhibition of Cyp26A leading to increased endogenous ATRA levels. In addition, cell cycle inhibition may be a mechanism of differentiation induction in ATRA resistant cell lines. RAMBAs did not affect normal hematopoietic stem cells. We are currently testing whether RAMBAs can induce acetylation of histones in APL cell lines.


By analyzing the time sequences of electric and electromagnetic and acoustic signal emitted from PDs,ignoring pulse signals' amplitude and duration time,and only considering their reception time start-points,Boolean variable time sequences are built and a double-time right-angle co-ordinate system is also built up where the two axial respectively describe the Boolean variable time sequences of electric/electromagnetic and acoustic pulse.Analysis indicates that the Boolean variable time sequences of electric/electromagnetic and acoustic pulses of each PD source can be fitted into a line with the slope of 45 degree,and different PD sources usually form different lines because of different time delays.Discharge experiments on 3 PD models in different positions are carried out to verify this method.The research indicates that,this simple and clear physical meaning method has the possibility to recognize multiple PD sources,reconstruct the discharges' time sequences and PRPD diagram respectively,and acquire the vital travel time delay of acoustic wave of each source which is used in PD localization.


Aims Physician associates (PAs) are becoming more commonplace in psychiatric services in the UK to help address long term workforce difficulties. In 2019, the NHS Long Term Plan detailed a commitment to transforming mental health care in England recognising that services were not meeting current or future increase in demand. Health Education England's (HEE) report, Stepping Forward to 2020/21: The Mental Health Workforce Plan for England, described a longer-term strategy to expand the mental health workforce, including recruiting 5,000 people into 'new roles' including physician associates. The NHS Mental Health Implementation Plan 2019/20–2023/24 stated an aim of recruiting 140 PAs to the workforce over five years in addition to the requirements specified in the HEE report. HEE and the Royal College of Psychiatrists (RCPsych) have sought to support the integration of PAs into psychiatric teams through the development of the Inceptorship programme. The aim was to develop a bespoke training programme for PAs to bridge the gap between university and working in mental health to be rolled out nationally. Methods Since 2018, Sheffield Health and Social Care Trust (SHSC) have been providing an Inceptorship Programme for PAs at the trust. Unlike with trainee doctors, there was no curriculum that could be followed. The programme covers the aetiology, diagnosis and management of common psychiatric problems, communication skills and reflective practice. This programme has provided the basis for the RCPsych Inceptorship Programme supported by HEE. Results The SHSC programme has been well received by the 11PAs that have been through the programme, with all PAs recommending other mental health organisations take a similar approach. There have been many additional benefits of the sessions. They allow PAs to gain peer support and it has been a forum to raise issues which often arise when integrating new roles into pre-existing MDTs. Conclusion The RCPsych Inceptorship Programme is a PA specific educational programme. It is an important tool in addressing the gap between variable mental health experience as a student (which is limited to a 3-week placement and is variable in content) and working in a psychiatric setting. RCPsych and HEE recommend that all mental health organisations employing PAs implement an inceptorship programme based on the work carried out at SHSC. These should comprise of regular, protected sessions that provide PAs with bespoke mental health training to support their integration into psychiatric multidisciplinary teams. HEE have agreed to provide funding to help organisations facilitate it.


This article addresses the affective quality of environments and aimed to test the effect of coherence (obtained by reducing contrast) and the complexity of physiotherapy rooms in the evaluative image of pleasantness. The empirical research, classified as exploratory, used the online questionnaire as a method of procedure to collect data, as well as a frequency distribution table and a column chart to interpret the results. Empirical evidence, confirming partially suggested by theory, revealed the evaluative image of pleasantness in physiotherapy rooms associated with medium contrast (medium coherence) and maximum complexity, whereas the scene with high contrast (low coherence) and minimal complexity, as predicted, represented the opposite.


Globalization as a phenomenon affecting Africa could be said to have become prominent in the early 1990s through to the 2000s. It manifested itself in the political, economic, social, cultural, communications and media sphere in a number of ways. These various ways seemed to connect it or align its development with that of northern industrialized societies that follow liberal representative or social democratic systems of government, with market economies regulated in various ways. Globalization also came after several decades of African independence from colonial control and domination. After the independence wave that began in the late 1950s, the continent's politics were soon dominated by dictatorial regimes of various types. These included military-led governments which were the result of coups, and in some case multiple coups, against civilian rule. Another variety was the one-party state, characterized by leaders who ruled for anything up to three decades after independence. Others were regimes that carried out regular elections which were always won by one party: no opposition ever came close to winning. Even in the countries which seemed to be shining beacons of democracy in a sea of dictatorship and venal rule, elections were not necessarily free or fair or a genuine expression of the will of the people. Globalization came also when Africa's economies were on their knees. A combination of endogenous and exogenous factors contributed to this situation. Economic policies were ostensibly designed to redress colonial exclusion and inequalities but in reality they were hobbled by poor design and/or implementation, coupled with corruption and maladministration. Skewed economic relations with northern industrialized economies, included, among other things, the effects of colonial economic umbilical cords and unfair trade policies and practices. This toxic mix of factors resulted in an inability to deliver


In this paper, we present a new molecular dynamics simulation model with the rotating degree of freedom, where we can systematically control the stability and density of locally favored structures (short‐range ordering), i.e. the frustration effects against crystallization (long‐range ordering). This model can cover from crystallization to vitrification just by changing the degree of frustration and enable us to investigate the roles of the frustration in vitrification. Using this model, we found medium‐range crystalline ordering in a supercooled liquid, which plays important roles in the slow dynamics.


We present the details and characteristics of graded index multimode mode interference (GIMMI) and its applications in optical communication components. This structure has unique features that allow for less sensitive wavelength dependant than the step Index case. This feature allows for wideband applications. In this paper, we present the applications of this structure to design wideband ultrafast integrated optical switch and integrated wideband polarization splitter. The graded index effect is produced using stair case index profile that mimics the parabolic index profile. The MMI with parabolic index profile has the analytical expression for the imaging length which provides simple design equations for the whole structure. The accuracy of this model is verified using 3D full vectorial beam propagation method.


Anonymization serves as a crucial privacy protection technique employed across various technology domains, including cloud storage, machine learning, data mining and big data to safeguard sensitive information from unauthorized third-party access. As the significance and volume of data grow exponentially, comprehensive data protection against all threats is of utmost importance. The main objective of this paper is to provide a brief summary of techniques for data anonymization and differential privacy.A new k-anonymity method, which deviates from conventional k-anonymity approaches, is proposed by us to address privacy protection concerns. Our paper presents a new algorithm designed to achieve k-anonymity through more efficient clustering. The processing of data by most clustering algorithms requires substantial computation. However, by identifying initial centers that align with the data structure, a superior cluster arrangement can be obtained.Our study presents a Dissimilarity Tree-based strategy for selecting optimal starting centroids and generating more accurate clusters with reduced computing time and Normalised Certainty Penalty (NCP). This method also has the added benefit of reducing the Normalised Certainty Penalty (NCP). When compared to other methods, the graphical performance analysis shows that this one reduces the amount of overall information lost in the dataset being anonymized by around 20% on average. In addition, the method that we have designed is capable of properly handling both numerical and category characteristics.


Hegel's interpretation of the question of poverty in modern states has been an important topic in Hegelian scholarship. His early engagement with political economy (e.g., John Locke, Adam Smith and James Steuart) and his attentiveness to social phenomena made him especially concerned with the ethical significance of poverty. Poverty is a puzzling issue for Hegel: it appears both as a necessary and unsolvable outcome of the modern rational ethical life and as an ethical failure that undermines the legitimation of this very form of life. In this paper, I articulate and defend Hegel's understanding of poverty as an ethical failure, by showing that it frustrates fundamental aspects of the actualization of the concept of freedom. Also, I argue that Hegel's failures in the face of this puzzle, namely that he is not able to map the necessity of this problem onto the rationale of modern ethical life, stem from the fact that he could not understand that there is another operative law in modern markets, i.e. the law of value, which does not correspond to the market's rational justification as theorized in his account of "civil society". Finally, I contend that the philosopher's impasse expresses a rationality deficit in modern civil society itself. By arguing so I shed light on important aspects of Hegel's conception of modernity and show how this interesting philosopher can be insightful even in his blind spots.


This study compares the attitude of consumer loyalty and its antecedents towards the mother brand and its extension, in high involvement purchase context. The significant contribution of this research is that it provides insights about attitudinal drivers of loyalty towards the brand extension and not just perceived loyalty. Data was collected from a total of 1038 respondents using a questionnaire and independent samples t-tests were conducted to compare the mean scores between the attitudinal antecedents for consumers of the mother brand customers and its extensions. Results indicated that loyalty for brand extension was significantly different for the construct of brand loyalty and dealer loyalty, while no such difference was observed for antecedents like trust, satisfaction, brand image and perceived service quality. In high involvement purchase situations, where the intermediary was the point of contact with the consumers, the loyalty behaviour is significantly related to the attitude towards the intermediary.


High automatization of edifice is one of the developing fields of the edifice automatization system.In all the communications ways of edifice appliances control system,the way using power line as a carrier is the most direct and economical one.In this paper,using electric line MODEM chip PL2000A,adopting the expanding frequencies technology,power line carrier as the communication medium,we design a reliable control system of edifice appliances network.A MCS-51 microcontroller as a main controlling unit realize multipath remote terminal control with controls multicoated appliances in the scope of same transformer.By coding and bebuging to C51,the edifice control automatization was achieved.Characterized by low cost,ability to control many kinds of signals and reliability,it′s a simple and feasible method.


This guide supports students in the "Monsters, Vampires, and Religion" course as they work on their projects about monsters in a contemporary novel. Resources have been selected to support remote learning during summer 2020. Advanced techniques for searching Google and other databases


Keloids are benign fibro‐proliferative skin lesions that very rarely occur on the soles. Because of their rarity, the diagnosis of plantar keloids can be difficult. We describe the clinical and histopathological characteristics of eight plantar keloids.


A 2-D vector vibration sensor is designed and fabricated by using an optical fiber double-clamped beam with four-core fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) and a mass block that is glued in the middle of the fiber. Vectorial acceleration perpendicular to the fiber can be measured using two mutually orthogonal FBG-pairs in the four-core fiber to obtain the 2-D vibrating information. The experimental results show that the sensor possesses a 2-D vectorial acceleration sensitivity of 345 pm/g in the flat response region of 5–30 Hz, and it is temperature insensitive, compact, and cascadable. Both resonance frequency and sensitivity can be improved by optimizing the length and weight of the free fiber. The proposed sensor has potential applications for dynamic monitoring in oil exploration, seismic exploration, and heart rate monitoring.


We present a developed method based on direct laser writing (DLW) and chemical metallization (CM) for microfabrication of three-dimensional (3D) metallic structures. Such approach enables manufacturing of free-form electro conductive interconnects which can be used in integrated electric circuits such micro-opto-electro mechanical systems (MOEMS). The proposed technique employing ultrafast high repetition rate laser enables efficient fabrication of 3D microstructures on dielectric as well as conductive substrates. The produced polymer links out of organic-inorganic composite matrix after CM serve as interconnects of separate metallic contacts, their dimensions are: height 15μm, width 5μm, length 35-45 μm and could provide 300 nΩm resistivity measured in a macroscopic way. This proves the techniques potential for creating integrated 3D electric circuits at microscale.


Successful European integration requires its own ideology. This is "Europeanism". In this article "Europeanism" is examined as an internally contradictory combination of irrational and rational considerations, officially presented as part of the paradigm of the European Enlightenment. After the expulsion of rival ideologies, neoliberalism builds the basis of today's Europeanism, which claims to be scientific, together with the several integration theories. Practice refutes most of these rational constructions after the 2008 crisis, both economically and politically. Integration theories cannot explain why the free market is failing. The crisis in the Eurozone 2011 revitalized economic nationalism and contributed to the erosion of the dominant paradigm. In the political field Europeanism has failed in its attempt to transform the EU's immediate environment in a positive way. The enforcement of multiculturalism, despite acknowledgments that it "has failed", has split the Union internally. The reaction is a collapse of the belief in neoliberalism and hence the rise of Euroscepticism. In an attempt to organize some kind of "Counter-Reformation" in search of the lost loyalty, the European elite is trying to renew and supplement the ideological basis of the integration with one of the directions of (delete 'the') left-wing neoliberalism, namely "ecologism". It tries to impose - both domestically and internationally, the fight against "global warming" as an irrational cause that will give a new impetus to social development and integration in particular, as well as (delete 'to') solve specific problems of the energy poor European Union. The ecological ingredient in Europeanism is very suitable psychologically - "alarmism" is very well received by some rich and "anxious" societies. Economically it could help the energy poor Union to restrain its competitors on the world market. But the success of this attempt does not seem certain.


The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation of alpha lipoic acid on serum biochemical parameters, minerals and antioxidant status in broiler chicken fed diet with animal fat. Eighty day old straightrun commercial broiler chicks (Vencobb) were randomly grouped into two treatment groups (T1 and T2) with four replications of ten chicks each and The control group (T1) were prepared with five percent animal fat as per BIS (1992) specifications and T2 were supplemented with 100 mg of alpha lipoic acid/kg of feed containing animal fat. Alpha lipoic acid supplementation did not show any effect on serum glucose, albumin and minerals between treatment groups, whereas, serum protein level was significantly increased. The serum reduced glutathione and superoxide peroxidise level was significantly increased (P<0.01) compared to control group. It can be concluded that, supplementation of alpha lipoic did not affect the serum glucose, albumin and minerals, however improved the serum antioxidant status and protein in broiler chicken fed with diet containing animal fat.


The peculiar behavior of chromosomes and their ends during the prophase of the first meiotic division fascinated cytologists of the late 19th century, long before the capping function of telomeres was realized a half century later (for a historical overview, see Chapter 1). At that time, investigations centered around reproductive tissues, because a high rate of cell division and the condensation of meiotic chromosomes within the intact nuclear envelope (NE) facilitated chromosome analysis. Moreover, germ cells were a favorite subject of cytology in the search for a process that would compensate for the genome doubling that occurs at fertilization. The acidic heavy metal staining techniques of the early days (Flemming 1895) left somatic nuclei with a more-or-less reticulate staining, but revealed threadlike chromosomes that had their ends bundled together at a limited region of the nuclear periphery in differentiating germ cells (e.g., Platner 1885; Schreiner and Schreiner 1905; Gelei 1921; for an overview see Wilson 1925). This remarkable clustering of meiotic telomeres was baptized "chromosomal bouquet" because of its resemblance to bundled flower stems (Fig. 1A) (Eisen 1900). Telomere clustering occurs near the centrosome in species with a locally defined microtubule-organizing center (MTOC), as is the case in animals, algae, and fungi (Fig. 1A,B). It was soon reasoned that the polarization of meiotic chromosomes could represent a stage where homologous chromosomes undergo homology search (Boveri 1904), which ascribed a special role to meiotic telomeres. Despite more than a century of research, however, the mechanisms underlying meiotic telomere behavior remain largely...


The author uses the Hardy-Ramanujan technique of Farey fraction dissection of the unit circle to obtain a formula for the number of m-colored generalized Frobenius partitions with no odd parts of colors 1 through m′ in the top row and no even parts in the bottom row. The final formula is similar to the Hardy-Ramanujan-Rademacher expansion for the number of partitions.


This chapter thinks through the oddness and importance of the bookshop in art galleries, commissioned for A Manual for the 21st Century Gallery, Just What Is It That Makes Today's Institutions So Different, So Appealing?,

Twelve authors – artists, curators, academics and directors of international galleries and museums – trace a trajectory around each typology of space, using them as springboards for wider investigation.

Contributors include: Bruce Altshuler, Iwona Blazwick, Chris Dercon, Maria Fusco, Caro Howell, Charles Merewether, Mark Nash, Brian O'Doherty, Niru Ratnam, Sukhdev Sandhu, Adam Szymcyzk and Nayia Yiakoumaki.


The dependency of interfacial fracture behavior and complex mode angle is studied here through tests. The four-point-shear tests on concrete/rock composite beams are performed, allowing the complex mode angle to vary within a wide range. It is found that with the increase of the complex mode angleψ, the critical stress intensity factors of mode 1(Kun1c)and mode 2(Kun2c)would be decreased and increased respectively. The critical stress intensity factors of mode 1are hardly influenced by low mode angle,and a constant value can be assumed and applied to special problems.The critical strain energy's release rate forun stable crack propagation(Gun c)increases as the complex mode angle increases.For the investigated materials, the quantitative expressions for critical strain energy's release rate are obtained through nonlinear data-fitting.


A new kind of the semi-IPN hydrogels based on linear carboxymethyl chitosan(CMCS) and cross-linked Poly((N-isopropylacrylamide))((PNIPPAAm)),which exhibited pH and temperature sensitivities,was synthesized.The effect of temperature and pH value on the swelling ratio(SR) of semi-IPN hydrogels was investigated in details.The result indicated that at acidic(pH值为1.0,2.71),weak alkaline (pH值为7.4) and strong alkaline(pH值为9.18) conditions,the SR of the semi-IPN hydrogels decreased with increasing temperature until reaching the equilibrium state.It is notable that the volume phase transmission temperature(VPTT) of the hydrogels was significantly reduced at pH值为2.71. In addition,the deswelling rate increases with increasing CMC content in the semi-IPN hydrogel at a temperature over the VPTT(45()℃).


Smartphones are becoming some of our most trusted computing devices. People use them to store highly sensitive information including email, passwords, financial accounts, and medical records. These properties make smartphones an essential platform for privacy-preserving applications. To date, this area remains largely unexplored mainly because privacy-preserving computation protocols were thought to be too heavyweight for practical applications, even for standard desktops. We propose using smartphones to perform secure multi-party computation. The limitations of smartphones provide a number of challenges for building such applications. In this paper, we introduce the issues that make smartphones a unique platform for secure computation, identify some interesting potential applications, and describe our initial experiences creating privacy-preserving applications on Android devices.


Oral cancer is a widespread and complex cancer with a high severity. Oral cancer is the eighth most common cancer in the world in India, with 130,000 deaths in each year. The tumor occurs in the salivary glands, tonsils, as well as in the neck, face and mouth. There are various diagnostic methods for oral cancer, such as a biopsy, in which a small tissue sample is taken from a part of the body and tested under a microscope also some screening methods. But the downside is that cannot clearly identify cancer cells and cannot classify the number of cells affected by cancer, so in this work cancer cells will find and classify that affected in the oral area through digital processing technology. The use of advanced technologies and an in-depth learning algorithm are possible for early detection and classification. This work uses three characteristics-extracting techniques such as the bag histogram of oriented gradients, wavelet features and the Zernike Moment. Once retrieving the texture characteristics, the fuzzy particle swarm optimization algorithm (FPSO) is applied to choose the best characteristic. Finally, these characteristics were classified using the Convolution Neural Network (CNN) classifier. For comparison of the efficiency of the proposed method, Recall Rate, Classification Accuracy, Precision Rate, and Error Rate. Evaluation outcomes demonstrated that the combination of ABC, FPSO and CNN performs better in the detection of oral cancer.


Compound orthogonal arrays have recently been introduced as an alternative to Taguchi's direct product arrays for studying location and dispersion effects simultaneously. In this article, we provide a catalog of two-level compound orthogonal arrays for parameters of most practical interest. The arrays presented possess the maximum possible strength for given numbers of factors and runs. Simple methods to obtain these arrays, using defining contrasts, are also presented.


Children with otitis media with effusion (OME) were divided into two groups : a group administered Oxatomide which had anti-leukotriene (LT) effects (Oxatomide-administered group) (17 cases, 17 ears) and a control group (15 cases, 16 ears), and the concentrations of LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 in middle ear effusion were measured by radioimmunoassay. In the Oxatomide-administered group, the LTC4 concentration was 28.7 ± 15.3 picograms per milligram of total protein (pg/mgTP) and total concentration of LTD4 and LTE4 (LTD4 + LTE4 concentration) was 80.3 ± 53.8 pg/mgTP. On the other hand, in the control group, the LTC4 concentration was 50.5 ± 42.5 pg/mgTP and the LTD4 + LTE4 concentration was 288.2 ± 144.6 pg/mgTP. The LTD4 + LTE4 concentration was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the Oxatomide-administered group than in the control group, and duration of treatment for OME showed a tendency to be shorter in the Oxatomide-administered group than in the control group. On the basis of these results, it was suggested that LTD4 and/or LTE4 might be related to the prolongation of OME.


A dusty plasma not only contains neutrals, ions and electrons but nano- to micrometer sized solid particles as well. These dust particles can carry high negative charges, up to 10,000 times the elementary charge and are formed in reactive plasmas under right conditions. Since the discovery of dust particles in plasmas many researchers have done research in this field. For its applications in solar cell industry and semiconductors, dust formation in low pressure SiH4 and fluorocarbon rf discharges has been extensively studied [1-2]. Recently the formation of dust particles in low pressure hydrocarbon rf discharges gains more and more interest because of its applications in space [3] and in thin PECVD as well as in nuclear fusion devices and its impact on plasma operation [4]. In the recent past, researchers have investigated formation and growth processes of hydrocarbon particles in low pressure Ar/CH4, Ar/C2H2 and Ar/C3H6 rf discharges [5-6].


Abstract : The overall goal of the Strataform project is to advance our understanding of the development of stratigraphic sequences on continental shelves and slopes. Part of this understanding comes from detailed measurements of the characteristics of event-scale strata that may be formed or modified during river floods or intense storms. The research described below is directed toward providing data on the grain-size characteristics of event-scale strata that can be related directly to storms or floods observed during Strataform. This information will provide a yardstick with which to examine older (prehistoric) sediment units in long cores with the objectives of understanding modes of deposition, strata preservation and, potentially, any long-term changes in the local climate or river discharge. Additionally, the sediment data are being used in conjunction with measurements of bottom boundary layer flows to validate and provide inputs and ground-truth for sediment transport and strata development models.


The tissue construct with viable cells in an extracellular matrix of fibrin is prepared by a special process in which a matrix material and cells by means of a rotational molding process in a mold (1) are formed into a particular hollow tubular body, said method comprising the steps of: (A) introducing cells at least one cell type and / or a fibrinogen preparation by means of an applicator (4) in the rotating hollow mold (1), said applicator (4) during the introduction along the rotational axis is shifted, and wherein step (a) a - or is carried out several times; (B) continuing the rotation operation until solidification of the fibrinogen to form a dimensionally stable matrix to obtain a primarily solidified tissue construct; (C) demolding the tissue construct. The construct can be obtained in a relatively short time, from autologous materials.


The Jameses are perhaps the most extraordinary and distinguished family in American intellectual life. Henry's novels, celebrated as among the finest in the language, and William's groundbreaking philosophical and psychological works, have won these brothers a permanent place at the center of the nation's cultural firmament. Less well known is their enigmatic younger sister, Alice. As Jean Strouse's generous, probing, and deeply imaginative biography shows, however, Alice James was a fascinating and exceptional figure in her own right. Tortured throughout her short life by an array of nervous disorders, constrained by social convention from achieving the worldly success she so desired, Alice nevertheless emerges from this remarkable book as a personality every bit as peculiar and engaging as her two famous brothers. "The moral and philosophical questions that Henry wrote up as fiction and William as science," writes Strouse, "Alice simply lived." With a psychological penetration and high eloquence that are altogether Jamesian, Strouse traces the formation of a unique identity, from Alice's unconventional peripatetic childhood in continental Europe through her years of spinsterhood in the United Sates and later England. It was there that she began to keep her celebrated diary, full of biting social observation and unblinking self-analysis. "I consider myself one of the most potent creations of my time," she wrote to William, with characteristic tartness, towards the end of her life, "and though I may not have a group of Harvard students sitting at my feet drinking in psychic truth, I shall not tremble, I assure you, at the last trump."


We modified the broadband photometric reverberation mapping (PRM) code, JAVELIN, and tested the availability to get broad-line region time delays that are consistent with the spectroscopic reverberation mapping (SRM) project SDSS-RM. The broadband light curves of SDSS-RM quasars produced by convolution with the system transmission curves were used in the test. We found that under similar sampling conditions (evenly and frequently sampled), the key factor determining whether the broadband PRM code can yield lags consistent with the SRM project is the flux ratio of the broad emission line to the reference continuum, which is in line with the previous findings. We further found a critical line-to-continuum flux ratio, about 6%, above which the mean of the ratios between the lags from PRM and SRM becomes closer to unity, and the scatter is pronouncedly reduced. We also tested our code on a subset of SDSS Stripe 82 quasars, and found that our program tends to give biased lag estimations due to the observation gaps when the R-L relation prior in Markov Chain Monte Carlo is discarded. The performance of the damped random walk (DRW) model and the power-law (PL) structure function model on broadband PRM were compared. We found that given both SDSS-RM-like or Stripe 82-like light curves, the DRW model performs better in carrying out broadband PRM than the PL model.


The importance of small scale variations in currents on the predictability of spatial distributions of fish eggs is investigated using dense observations of surface currents. The currents were measured with HF radar and used to drive an advection‐diffusion model of ichthyoplankton concentration. We first demonstrate that the model produces acceptable agreement with observed egg fields. We then use the predicted egg fields as a basis for comparison with model runs made with currents subsampled in space and filtered in time. Significant error was found for spatial sampling intervals as small as 3 km, even though most of the variance in the currents occurred at much longer length scales. This was primarily due to the loss of the rich small scale variability in horizontal divergence. Nevertheless, most of the error is due to the misfit in the egg fields at larger length scales; that is, small scale forcing is necessary in this system for the larger scale features to be reproduced. This study thus suggests that considerable caution should be exercised before assuming that circulation models, even very sophisticated and detailed ones, capture enough of the variability of marine systems to make accurate forecasts of plankton distributions.


Abstract Background The comparative effectiveness of antibiotics for empiric therapy for urinary tract infection (UTI) is not well established. We sought to estimate the risk of treatment failure by guideline-recommended agent for treatment of UTI in otherwise healthy, premenopausal women. Methods Using US commercial insurance claims data (2006–2015), we conducted a retrospective cohort study of nonpregnant women 18–44 years who received an outpatient diagnosis of UTI with a prescription for an antibiotic with activity against common uropathogens. For each antibiotic agent, we estimated the daily cumulative risk and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of treatment failure defined by a subsequent UTI-related antibiotic prescription since the index prescription. Propensity-score weighting accounted for patient-, geographic-, and provider-level characteristics. Results Among 1,100,661 eligible women, the majority received second-line fluoroquinolones (43%), first-line trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (28%), or first-line nitrofurantoin (24%). Seven-day and 30-day treatment failure occurred in 8.4% (n = 92,382) and 20.5% (n = 225,746) of women, respectively. Among initiators of first-line agents, the 7-day weighted cumulative incidence estimates of treatment failure were lower for nitrofurantoin (6.0%, 95% CI, 5.9%–6.1%) vs. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (8.8%, 95% CI, 8.7%–9.0%). Among initiators of second-line agents, treatment failure did not differ between fluoroquinolones (5.0%, 95% CI, 4.9%–5.1%), narrow-spectrum β-lactams (5.1%, 95% CI, 4.9%–5.4%), or broad-spectrum β-lactams (5.3%, 95% CI, 4.9%–5.7%). Among initiators of nonguideline recommended β-lactams, treatment failure was 9.6% (95% CI, 9.0%–10.3%). Results were similar for 30-day treatment failure, with the exception of lower risk for fluoroquinolones compared with other second-line agents. Conclusion The risk of treatment failure differs widely by antibiotic agent, with substantial differences between two first-line agents. Understanding the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy is critical to guide clinical decision making, reduce suboptimal antibiotic prescribing, and prevent antibiotic resistance and other adverse events. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


This analysis investigates strategies for Fort Drum to acquire a reliable natural gas supply while reducing its gas supply costs. The purpose of this study is to recommend an optimal supply mix based on the life-cycle costs of each strategy analyzed. In particular, this study is intended to provide initial guidance as to whether or not the building and operating of a propane-air mixing station is a feasible alternative to the current gas acquisition strategy. The analysis proceeded by defining the components of supply (gas purchase, gas transport, supplemental fuel supply); identifying alternative options for each supply component; constructing gas supply strategies from different combinations of the options available for each supply component and calculating the life-cycle costs of each supply strategy under a set of different scenarios reflecting the uncertainty of future events.


THREATENING industrial action proved to be the turning point in milking trust managers, listen to nurses' concerns, the RCN said last week as it all but settled its dispute with the St Helier NHS Trust in Surrey.


Checkpoint of the Future : " Passengers should be able to get from curb to boarding gate with dignity. That means without stopping, stripping or unpacking, and certainly not groping. That is the mission for the Checkpoint of the Future. We must make coordinated investments for civilized flying. (...) That means moving from a system that looks for bad objects, to one that can find bad people" (IATA director general Giovanni Bisignani, 2011) Lire la suite : IATA 2011: Five-second airport securi...


Biomass energy source velates closely to the living and development of human beings.In this paper,the developing road,remaining difficulty and prospects of biomass energy source has source has has been discussed summarily.


A group of epileptic patients employed in a sheltered workshop was reviewed. The aim was to assess the reaction of the patient and of his family to this type of environment. In this way, inferences may be drawn regarding some of the problems facing these patients. The common theme was being amongst people with similar problems, and a sense of security and satisfaction with the work. Feelings of insecurity and a sense of being different from others seemed to be amongst the major problems. Further studies to elucidate the pathogenesis of such problems would be required, and at times early admission to a sheltered environment may be helpful.


The present invention relates to the oral delivery of therapeutic molecules act as e.g. fatty acid-acylated amino acid permeation enhancer peptide (FA-Daa's) as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising such a FA-Daa's.


The way passengers interact with rail operators is being changed by social media platforms, such as Twitter and Facebook. This article examines the ways in which railways are responding to this media revolution.


The need for an increasingly dynamic and more cost-efficient data-center infrastructure has led to the adoption of a software defined model that is characterized by: the creation of a federated control plane to judiciously allocate and control appropriate heterogeneous infrastructure resources in an automated fashion, the ability for applications to specify criteria, such as performance, capacity, and service levels, without detailed knowledge of the underlying infrastructure; and the migration of data-plane capabilities previously embodied as purpose-built devices or firmware into software running on a standard operating systems in commercial off-the-shelf servers. This last trend of hardware-based capabilities migrating to software is enabling yet another shift to hyperconvergence, which refers to merger of traditionally separate networking, compute, and storage capabilities in integrated system software. This paper examines the convergence of the software defined infrastructure stack, and introduces a hyperconverged compute and storage architecture, in which the IBM General Parallel File System (GPFS®) implements the software defined data plane that dynamically supports workloads ranging from high-I/O virtual desktop infrastructure applications to more compute-oriented analytics applications. The performance and scalability characteristics of this architecture are evaluated with a prototype implementation.


In the scrape-off layer of magnetically confined fusion devices, the ion temperature is at least as high as the electron temperature and usually even much higher. The effects of the finite ion temperature enhance the blob drive and modify the vorticity. Recently developed scaling laws for blob velocity independent of its size, based on the full drift-interchange-Alfvén fluid equations are compared with recent experiments on the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak and gyrofluid simulations, showing remarkable agreement for the blob sizes and reasonable agreement for the blob velocities.


In the new version of Beijing master urban planning (2005–2020), Tongzhou District, one of the metropolitan marginal area in Beijing, was oriented as the integrated service center for the development of new towns and cities in the future. The function of Tongzhou new town is the key area for functional expansion of the centeral Beijing. In the initial and middle phases, it provides service for the Shunyi new town in the north and the Yizhuang new town in the south. Tongzhou New Town and Village System Planning are formulated. This paper, from the perspective of Tongzhou Village System Planning (2006–2020), makes some comments on the planning methods and provides related suggestions. Also, it reflects on the problems probably caused by the rapid expansion of Beijing metropolitan fringe. It expects to draw on the advantages and avoid disadvantages and to minimize the social problems of urban fringe to achieve the sustainable development of Beijing metropolitan region.


Culture is a broad spectrum of behavioural study which has been illuminated differently in different literature. Applying four cultural dimensions, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, in-group collectivism, and Bengali value, with the two fundamental antecedents of TAM, perceived usefulness and ease of use, this study attempts to look at the effects of culture in ICT diffusion among SMEs in Bangladesh. This study applies a mixed method of research approach. Following an in-depth field study which is analysed through NVivo version 9, a descriptive research design is administered to ascertain the joint impact of the study constructs. Structural equation modelling through PLS graph has been used with a cross-sectional dataset of 51 SMEs in Bangladesh collected through a questionnaire survey. The proposed model was assessed with two step procedure of measuring latent variables structural association. Prior to estimating the structural model, psychometric properties of the model, convergent and discriminant validity, were assessed. The structural model estimation results reveal a significant association of power distance and perceived ease of use with SMEs intention to use ICT. The path analysis furthered a significant effect of intention on actual ICT usage behaviour. The study concludes with implications.


We study the averaged characteristics of the response of Duffing's oscillator to harmonic excitation. We show that, as in classical thermodynamics, response characteristics are potential functions of excitation characteristics


Fabrication of hydroxyapatite (HAP) scaffold was carried out by adding HAP with hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HEC) and poly vinyl alcohol (PVA). HAP was synthesized via precipitation method using CaCl2 dan (NH4)2HPO4 as precursors. Porous scaffold was obtained by utilizing HEC as porogen and PVA as binder which will be removed by calcination at 500 ÂoC followed by sintering at 1230 ÂoC. The objective is to study the effect of binder and porogen to the morphology, porosity and mechanical strength of scaffold at predertemined ratio of HAP and HEC (w/w) and PVA percentage (% w/v). Mechanical strength, porosity and scaffold morphology were characterized by using Material Testing Machine, liquid displacement method and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
The results show that the addition of PVA can improve the mechanical strength of HAP scaffold. The highest mechanical strength was obtained from the 15% PVA composite. Increasing HEC content also led to increasing the porosity. The highest scaffold porosity was achieved at 9:2 HAP to HEC ratio. The fabricated scaffold HAP gave compressive strength ranging from 6.10 to 33.1 MPa and its porosity 50.35 to 79.74%. The 9:2 10% scaffold was found to have 79.74% porosity, mechanical strength of 7.00 MPa, interconnected pores and resistant to cracking. The physical properties of this scaffold are found to have similarities to that human cancellous bone.


The mechanical behaviour of large foliage leaves in response to static and dynamic mechanical forces is reviewed in the context of a few basic engineering principles and illustrated in terms of species drawn from a variety of vascular plant lineages. When loaded under their own weight or subjected to externally applied forces, petioles simultaneously bend and twist, and thus mechanically operate as cantilevered beams. The stresses that develop in petioles reach their maximum intensities either at their surface or very near their centroid axes, where they are accommodated either by living and hydrostatic tissues (parenchyma and collenchyma) or dead and stiff tissues (sclerenchyma and vascular fibres) depending on the size of the leaf and the species from which it is drawn. Allometric analyses of diverse species indicate size-dependent variations in petiole length, transverse shape, geometry and stiffness that accord well with those required to maintain a uniform tip-deflection for leaves with laminae differing in mass. When dynamically loaded, the laminae of many broad-leaved species fold and curl into streamlined objects, thereby reducing the drag forces that they experience and transmit to their subtending petioles and stems. From a mechanical perspective, the laminae of these species operate as stress-skin panels that distribute point loads more or less equally over their entire surface. Although comparatively little is known about the mechanical structure and behaviour of foliage leaves, new advances in engineering theory and computer analyses reveal these organs to be far more complex than previously thought. For example, finite-element analyses of the base of palm leaves reveal that stresses are decreased when these structures are composed of anisotropic as opposed to isotropic materials (tissues).


This invention is about the manufacturing technique of semiconductor parts and integrated circuits. The laser-heating method is used to recrystallize the polycrystalline Si between two layers of SiO2 so that the SOI material of good surface qulity for manufacturing parts and integrated circuits can be obtained. This method is used with the common technique of integrated circuits, its technique is simple and the utilizing rate of the energy of laser is raised.


Titanium oxides were deposited by ion beam sputtering using a Kaufman-type ion source1,2. A beam of argon ions bombarded on a pure titanium target (99.995%) at incident angle 48° from normal. Oxygen gas was fed near the substrate, and its pressure was measured by residual gas analyzer (RGA). The influence of oxygen on titanium oxides films were investigated. The thickness of films were measured by using Dektak surface profiler.


A typical FIREX target is assembled with a 500 µm diameter PS shell, a glass fill tube and a gold cone guide. Each part is glued together by an epoxy resin. To date, several assembled targets have been cooled down to cryogenic environment. However, they could not survive a cool down process and appeared to rupture around the glued boundary between the PS shell and cone guide. To reveal a crucial factor of the target destruction, its thermal stress after cool down was calculated using the ANSYS code. A two dimensional axisymmetric calculation model is composed of the PS shell and cone guide glued by an epoxy resin which is covered on by an epoxy fillet. A cool down process from 293 K to 10 K was simulated. The calculation showed that the rupture of the shell would start from the PS shell and gold cone guide boundary and the target validity depended on how the epoxy fillet could reinforce the PS shell.


Though best known as the author of a series of brilliant novels, here Higgins turns his writerly gifts to work for the radio.


Forest fires are seen as a technical problem so that their resolution is only a technological measure. This study aims to find answers to the question of forest fires. What are the factors that trigger forest fires, the correlation between trigger factors, and explain that the human is the leading cause of forest fires? The method used is mixed methods, combining quantitative analysis and qualitative descriptive. Hot weather and dry ecosystem conditions do not cause fires, not a causality relationship. The leading cause of forest fires in Indonesia is by human activities. The importance of a political ecology approach to explaining the linkages between forest fires and the role of actors, both local and regional/global in managing the environment.


Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of floxuridine-lipiodol emulsion embolization for treatment of hepatic carcinoma.Methods:47 patients with hepatic carcinoma were selected to carry out transcatheter artery chemoembolization (TACE) with floxuridine-lipiodol emulsion. A month after TACE,a repeat CT examination was performed to evaluate the effectiveness.[WT5"HZ]Results:TACE was carried out 133 times (range,1~9 times;mean,2.8 times) in 47 patients,After TACE lipiodol absorption was observed :Grade Ⅰin 24 patients (51%),Grade Ⅱ in 14 (30%),Grade Ⅲ in 9 (19%),post-embolization syndrome was light.No severe complications happened.Conclusion:TACE with floxuridine-lipiodol emulsion is effective and safe for hepatic cacinoma.


sixty-six early cases of epidemic hemorrhagic fever(EHF)were treated with ribavirin and randomly divided into 2 groups: ribaviringroup (33 cases) and control group (33 cases). The study group receivedribavirin 1000mg/day iv infusion for a period of 3 days, while the controlgroup was treated with symptomatic therapy only. Compared with thecontrol group, the clinical results of the study gronp were found satis-factory. with their temperature dropping, albuminuria absence, sub-sidence of edema, and shorter period for blood platelet counts back tonormal. In the study group, no shock and oliguria stages were found andboth of the circulating immune complex (CIC) and serum EHF-IgG levelwere remarkably decreased. These results suggest that ribavirin is safeand effective in the treatment of EHF.


most fitting expression in the Romantic school. These conditions explain how the doctrine of Saint-Simon—"a doctrine diametrically opposed to all the ideologies of the eighteenth century, and in certain respects very near to the general tendencies of European Romanticism"—should have been resisted by the surviving partisans of the French ideologies of the eighteenth century, yet should find some exponents of the new national thought, such as Mazzini, Gioberti, and others, well disposed to accept it, though with limitations and reservations. Its influences are summed up principally, according to Treves, in its having contributed to the revival of the feeling of historicity, which was already being revived by the intensification of studies on Vico and the German Romantics; to the diffusion of the conviction of the necessity for putting a limit to individualism by means of a more organic conception of social life, to the reaffirmation that in faith alone can one find that security which is vainly sought for in sense and reason. "Nor did the doctrine of Saint-Simon contribute solely to strengthening these tendencies which were already dominating the spirits of the epoch; but it had particularly the merit of showing to the Italians how the ideas of historicity, religiosity, and antiindividualism ought to serve in solving the two greatest problems which were agitating Europe at that time: the social and the national problem. Respecting the first, it revealed the high importance of the economic factor in the historical development of humanity, and against the tendencies to adhere to legal precedent in the eighteenth century, it showed the need to reform, to socialize the law of property and the law of succession. Respecting the national problem, the doctrine affirmed that the reason and the foundation of law and of politics should be placed in the social idea of nation, not in the rationalistic idea of state; and, furthermore, it spread the conviction that through invincible historical necessity every nation should join in constituting itself into one state, and every state, so constituted, should unite with the others in a universal pacific association" (pp. 78-79).


In the context of global economic integration, traditional researches blur the boundaries of the industry and the city and they could not explain the changes in the internal functions of urban expansion and external radiation problems. City is the industry value chain projected on geospatial urban agglomerations essentially and it formed on the basis of the value chain city. Urban spatial evolution of intrinsic motivation comes from the urban space value chain reorganization, restructuring and transfer. Urban value chain in the performance space is represented as the city internal value chain, between cities of the value chain and global urban value system. Urban spatial evolution is driven by of the urban internal value chain and the value chain of inter-city. This article explores the urban spatial evolution mechanism and the multiplier effect of the problem from the perspective of the value chain and tries to provide reference for the urban development under the information condition.


This is a brief introduction to the economy of one of the EC's lesser known contries. Having endured a major political and economic change in the last 20 years - the overthrow of the long-standing dictatorship, and integration into the EC with all the modernization of its economy the move entailed - Portugal now looks set to compete with its European rivals on equal terms. Placing Portugal's development within the context of the EC and Southern Europe, this book details Portuguese economic development and explores a number of interrelated themes: the legacy of dictatorship; the impact of the 1974 revolution; the economic crisis of the 1970s and 1980s; and the economic boom following EC accession in 1986. David Corkhill has also written "Ecuador: Fragile Democracy".


Вестник ЮУрГУ. Серия «Образование. Педагогические науки». 2018. Т. 10, No 4. С. 77–86 In recent decades there has been a growing interest in higher education and we face the struggle of universities for students around the world. The number of foreign students is becoming an important factor in assessing the performance of university. Other criteria that should be mentioned are publication activity, new methods of teaching, mobility of students and faculty, etc. At the same time, academic staff is not always ready to work in new conditions, and sometimes they do not see any reason to change their teaching methods, insisting on traditional ones considering such methods to be more effective. Such attitude of faculty leads to dissatisfaction with education among students and many prefer to receive higher education abroad, believing it to be more efficient, modern and valuable. That is why it is vital to develop psychological, professional and motivational readiness of academic staff, to improve effectiveness of teaching process and competency of faculty. As these issues are important researchers are trying to work them out and publish profound articles on these problems. As a result we can find different definitions, interpretations and scientific approaches to such concepts as "readiness", "readiness for professional activity", "motivational readiness", etc. So in our article we will analize the definitions given by different researchers and the ways the concepts are classified. Let us have a look how various researchers interpret the concept of "readiness". The approaches we have studied can be divided into 2 main groups: readiness as a quality of personality (B.G. Ananyev, V.A. Kruteckiy, K.K. Platonov, R.A. Gasparyan, E.G. Kozlov, L.S. Nersesyan, A.C. Pugni, etc.), and readiness as a condition (M.I. Dyachenko, L.A. Kandybovich [4], G.N. Repetueva [22], etc.). The authors, who hold the opinion that readiness is the quality of an individual, give the following definitions. B.G. Ananyev [1] believes that readiness is a manifestation of abilities whereas V.A. Krutetsky [11] defines it as the whole synthesis of personality qualities, as a much broader concept than just abilities. K.K. Platonov [18] distinguishes moral, psychological and professional readiness. Psychological readiness includes individual characteristics of mental processes while professional readiness is closer to the experience of the individual. L.S. Nersesyan [16], A.C. Pugni [21] determine readiness DOI: 10.14529/ped180410


In 2006-07, the Water and Sanitation Program-South Asia (WSP-SA) initiated research to identify barriers to service delivery for the urban poor. The findings of the research have been presented in these Guidance Notes. They provide a systematic analysis of the barriers to service delivery for the urban poor and recommend practical solutions and strategies for overcoming these barriers. The Guidance Notes are based on an in-depth research of various initiatives from across the world (including South Asian, African, and Latin American countries) and consultations with urban poor communities across four major Indian cities (Mumbai, Bengaluru, Vadodara, and Delhi). The purpose of this report is to identify barriers to providing adequate services for the poor and to propose practical solutions based on the experience of a number of relevant cases that have been reviewed for this purpose. These Guidance Notes focus on practical actions - many of which can be implemented at least partially within the existing framework. Desirable policy initiatives are listed at the end of each section and a final section summarizes them.


In this work, we show that the apparent symmetry non-restoration at high temperature for Little Higgs (LH), is not intrinsic feature for LH. We show that when including such dominant thermal corrections, the EW symmetry gets restored.


Objective To explore the treatment of the complications of facial depression caused by aesthetic surgery. Methods After liposuction,transplantation of purified autologous fat was performed in 23 patients. Results The operations of 23 patients were successful. Conclusion Transplantation of purified autologous fat is a effective treatment to complications of facial depression.


Biofilm can be defined as communities of microorganisms attached to a surface. This thesis is concerned with determination of biofilm production of bacteria isolated from central venous catheters and with identification of these microorganisms. The method described by Christensen was used to determine the biofilm production., adhered biofilm on microtiter plates were stained with crystal violet and were determined spectrofotometricaly. Identification of bacterial strains were determined through the use of the instrument Vitek 2 Compact. A collection of 112 bacterial strains were tested. The most frequently occured microorganisms were coagulase-negative staphylococci (52 strains). Biofilm formation was observed in 47 strains. By incubation in TSB there were 26 positive strains and in MHB there were 10 positive strains. In both of these culture mediums there were observed 11 positive strains. The antibiotic susceptibilities were compared among biofilm producing and non-producing bacterial strains and no significant differences were observed. Resistance to antibiotics was determined by a method, which uses planktonic cultures. In obtaining of real results for microbial resistance to antibiotics in biofilm it is important to use special methods.


Studies were carried out at the Experimental Farm in Falenty on the permanent productive meadow, situated on mineral soil (proper dry ground habitat) at the four consecutive years (2011-2014). The aim of the study was to assess the effect of undersowing permanent meadow with the red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) at various ways of fertilisation. Plots has been selected randomly and fertilised with mineral (phosphorus and potassium) or natural fertilisers (manure and liquid manure). In spring 2011, part of selected plots has been undersown with the tetraploid Bona variety of red clover, in the amount of 8 kg·ha. Botanical composition of the meadow sward, yields and protein content in the sward has been assessed in each of consecutive years. Nutritive components content in the sward have been determined in the years 2013-2014. Undersowing with red clover was the most effective on the manure fertilised plot and the least of all on the plot fertilised with the liquid manure, where the contribution of red clover was 2-fold lower, than in the other plots. Increased share of red clover in the meadow sward enabled obtaining by 20% higher dry matter yields and by 1000 kg·ha greater protein yields on the manure fertilised plot. The presence of red clover improved the nutritive value of obtained green forage, through an increased protein content, but on the other hand its usefulness as a raw material for ensilage has been slightly decreased.


[Objective] The study aimed to discuss the content changing of total saponin during the callus culture of Panax notoginseng pollens on different media.[Method] With MS medium as basic medium,different hormones(IAA,NAA,KT,6-BA,GA,2,4-D and HL) and nutrient matters(sucrose and agar) were added to prepare 5 different kinds of media.The effects of different media on the saponin contents in the calli of P.notoginseng pollens were studied.[Result] During the extraction of total saponin,the extraction content of saponin was higher when the temperature was set at 70 ℃ and 30% ethanol was used.The contents of total saponin were different in the calli of P.notoginseng pollens cultured on different media,among the total saponin contents on 5 kinds of media,the highest was 3.45%,the lowest was 0.02% and the difference between them was 172.5 times.[Conclusion] The addition of 2,4-D in medium may promote the synthesis of saponin in the calli of P.notoginseng pollens,so the content of total saponin was increased.


Aim. Generation of polyclonal antibodies specifi c to the ribosomal protein S6 kinase isoform – p85S6K1 and directed to the N-terminal (1-23 aa) extension of p85S6K1. Methods. Animal immunization with synthetic (1–23 aa) peptide, ELISA, western blot, immunoprecipitation, immunofl uorescent analysis. Results. Polyclonal antibodies have been generated, which specifi cally recognize only p85 but not p70 isoform of S6K1 in western blot, immunoprecipitation and immunofl uorescence analysis. Conclusions. The obtained antibodies can be recommended for studies on the p85S6K1 and other S6K1 isoforms possessing the N-terminal extension – the identifi cation of binding protein partners, analysis of subcellular localization under different physiological conditions, elucidation of the signal transduction pathways involving different S6K1 isoforms.


Slide‐based cytometry (SBC) allows to "ask a cell a second time." We used this tool for detailed immunophenotyping of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs).


BACKGROUND
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder of premenopausal women. These women have insulin resistance independent of obesity; and insulin resistance is now recognized as a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

PURPOSE
We sought, therefore, to assess whether there was correlation between a simple fasting measure of insulin sensitivity (Homeostatic Model) and the Minimal-Model in this syndrome.

METHODS
Thirty-three PCOS women (aged 22.7 +/- 6.2 years and body mass index (BMI) 29.1 +/- 5.4) underwent frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test (Minimal-Model).

RESULTS
Seventeen patients (51.5%) had insulin sensitivity < 1.5 x 10(-4) min.-1.microU-1.mL-1. Patients with BMI > de 27 was more resistant than the BMI < or = de 27 (p = 0.004). The correlation in PCOS between Si (insulin sensitivity) and HOMA IR was found significant for all the group (p = 0.0001; RRANK = -0.76) and those women with BMI > de 27 (RRANK = -0.77; p = 0.00006), but not significant correlation was found in those with BMI < or = de 27 (RRANK = -0.43; p = 0.13).

CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that the HOMA IR may be useful as a screening test for insulin resistance in overweight and obese Mexican PCOS women but not in the lean ones.


Automated storage and retrieval systems are warehousing systems that are used for the storage and retrieval of products in both distribution and production environments. Shuttle based storage/retrieval systems are composed of elevators with lifting tables that are attached on a mast, shuttle carriers, buffer positions and the storage racks. It is observed that the shuttle based storage/retrieval systems increases the throughput capacity of the systems compared to automated storage/retrieval systems. Shuttle based storage/retrieval systems is relatively a new technology in automated storage and retrieval systems and usually works with aisle and tier captive shuttles. This new technology is mostly used for mini-load warehouses. The main body of the paper consists of an overview of literature discussing automated storage/retrieval systems and shuttle based storage/retrieval systems. Keywords-Automated storage and retrieval system, Shuttle based storage and retrieval system __________________________________________________*****_________________________________________________


LDL of untreated hypertriglyceridemic (HTG) patients are smaller and enriched in triglycerides and proteins compared with normal LDL. HTG-LDL also bind defectively to the LDL receptor of cultured human fibroblasts. These defects are reversible by hypolipidemic therapy. The authors tested the hypothesis that LDL binding to cells may be altered by modulation of apoB epitopes on the surface of LDL. Fasting plasma samples were obtained from 5 HTG patients before and three weeks after bezafibrate therapy when mean triglyceride levels were 436 and 157 mg/dl, respectively (p<0.01). LDL were isolated in zonal rotors and assayed for binding to a degradation by fibroblasts. LDL immunoreactivity was tested in solid phase competitive radioimmunoassays (RIA) using three monoclonal antiLDL antibodies (Mab). Mab B1B3 inhibits the binding of LDL to its receptor. Therapy reduced mean LDL-triglycerides from 9.4 to 5.8% of LDL mass (p < 0.025) and LDL-protein from 29.4 to 24.8% (p < 0.025). Mean cell association rose from 277 to 400 ng LDL/mg cell protein (p < 0.025) and degradation from 596 to 957 ng/mg (p < 0.005). In RIA's mean ED/sub 50/ values of LDL with Mab B1B3 fell from 6.0 to 3.2 ..mu..g LDL protein (p < 0.005) and withmore » Mab B6C3 from 17.3 to 7.5 (p < 0.05). ED/sub 50/ did not change with Mab D7.1. Thus, the improved interaction of LDL is related to the altered disposition of apoB on LDL.« less


PERSONAL LOSS IN WELL SIBLINGS OF ADULTS WITH SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS: IMPLICATIONS FOR CAREGIVING, GROWTH, AND SIBLING NEEDSJaclyn E. LeithA ThesisSubmitted to the Graduate College of Bowling GreenState University in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree ofMASTER OF ARTSAugust 2011Committee:Catherine Stein, Ph.D., AdvisorKenneth Pargament, Ph.DJennifer Gillespie, Ph.D.


In this paper we presenta combinatorial optimisation view on the routing problem for connectionlesspacket networks by using the metaphor of a landscape. We examine the main properties of the routing landscapesas we define them and how they can help us on the evaluation of the problem difficulty and the generation of effective algorithms. We also presentthe random walk statistical technique to evaluate the main properties of thoselandscapesand a number of examplesto demonstrate the useof the method.


The chemical kinetic model of SiC/Ti was built up.Rate constant and activity energy were calculated and interfacial reaction mechanism of SiC/Ti was studied.The result showes that the control step was that atom Ti,C,Si decomposed from Ti base and SiC fiber.The activity energy of the control step is far larger than that of interfacial production formation.The theory forecast is in agreement with experiment.


In this paper,we pursue "super-efficiency" issue for ranking efficient units in DEA(data envelopment analysis) and propose a new approach.Efficient DMUs(decision making units) can be ranked completely by processing the objective function of construction models.In the end,we provide two numerical examples to examine our method,it has feasibility and advantage.


A new diagnostic tool for detecting and assessing surface fatigue damage to spur gears was developed. This diagnostic tool was evaluated by analyzing metallic oil wear debris generated during fatigue tests that were performed using a spur gearbox rig. During each test, readings from an on-line oil debris sensor were monitored and recorded for assessment of gear pitting damage. The debris measured by the oil debris sensor was used to identify membership functions to build a simple fuzzy logic model. Using fuzzy logic techniques on the oil debris data, threshold limits were defined that discriminated between different stages of pitting wear. Results showed that oil wear debris data combined with fuzzy logic analysis techniques was a good predictor of pitting damage on spur gears.


This paper reports on research that was aimed at gaining an understanding of what effect varying time intervals between the measurement of two points might have on accuracy and precision of a derived distance between those two points. A series of observations were taken with a time interval of both five minutes and 30 minutes, using both single base RTK and network RTK, and in both a clear environment and one experiencing substantial multipath. Observations at the ends of the 'line' were actually the same physical point, allowing 'zero-length distances' to be calculated and analysed. Results indicate that, when averaging data on points for one minute, regardless of receiver manufacturer, and regardless of whether multipath is present or not, a time interval of five minutes between measuring points at each end of a line produced more accurate results than a 30-minute time interval. These results are consistent with earlier research, but the qualification is that the five minute interval measurements may not be considered independent and it is left to the reader to make their own decisions on this point.


A generalized version of the small-signal drift-diffusion model accounting for trapped charge dynamics is presented; the explicit introduction of two new continuity equations for the trapped electrons and holes is avoided by incorporating them in the original three equations, thus allowing for easier implementation while mantaining the same degree of accuracy of the full system. Simulations carried out on a MOS device result in a good agreement between simulated and measured inter-electrode capacitances. Finally, the dependence of the gate-to source and gate-to-drain capacitances on both bias and frequency is discussed.


In the Appendix to the Transcendental Dialectic of the Critique of Pure Reason and in the Introductions to the Critique of the Power of Judgment, Kant makes a striking assertion: the idea of the systematic unity of nature is a necessary condition of empirical experience and knowledge. The idea that the empirical concepts we employ in describing the natural world and explaining its phenomena form a comprehensive hierarchical taxonomy is a necessary condition of these very descriptions and explanations. The pure concepts of the understanding (the categories) and the forms of intuition (space and time) are necessary but not sufficient transcendental conditions of empirical experience and knowledge. Contrary to this assertion, the readers of these texts – until quite recently – were in agreement that the idea of the systematic unity of nature is a condition of scientific or fully systematic knowledge, but not a necessary condition of any empirical experience and knowledge. The categories and the forms of intuition tell the whole transcendental story. More recently, Kant's striking claim found vindication in two complementary interpretations. The first interpretation claims that the idea that nature is ordered into natural kinds and into a systematic hierarchy of species and genera constitutes Kant's answer to Hume's problem of induction. To assume that nature constitutes such a systematic unity is to project upon nature the completion of our necessarily finite searches for empirical universality. Making this assumption allows us to employ the universal empirical concepts we need to describe the natural world and to formulate empirical causal laws that explain its phenomena. The idea is therefore a transcendental condition of empirical experience and knowledge. Unlike the categories and forms of intuition, though, it is not constitutive of


Provided is a technique that achieves hair treatment providing sustainable voluminosity, tension, and resilience to the hair, and that allows said hair treatment to be performed simultaneously with other treatments (such as hair dyeing). This hair treatment agent composition comprises: less than or equal to 22 mass% of inorganic particles (2) having an average particle size of from 1 nm to 1 µm when the inorganic particles are primary particles; and an oil-soluble dispersing agent (5).


Divorce is considered to be the situation where a husband and wife terminating or dissolving their marital bond legally. Divorce destructs the family institution severely in numerous ways. This research is aimed to find out the reasons behind the divorce which were proposed by different researchers and scholars in the field of sociology. This is a review article based on secondary data. Industrialisation, the advancement in gender equality, easiness in the laws of getting divorce, foreign employment, dowry, drug addiction, sexual related conditions, violence, disloyalty and betrayal are the underlying reasons which induce the divorce in the society.


FAGERBERG J., VERSPAGEN B. and CANIE¨LS M. (1997) Technology, growth and unemployment across European regions, Reg. Studies 31, 457‐466. The process of convergence in GDP per capita levels across European regions came to a halt in the 1980s, although the differences in GDP per capita remain substantial. Moreover, these differences are related to similarly persistent differences in unemployment rates. This paper argues that a perspective which, in addition to other factors, takes into account differences across regions in innovation and diffusion of technology may explain these findings. A simultaneous equation model with GDP per capita growth, employment growth and migration as endogenous variables is proposed and estimated using data for 64 European regions in the 1980s. The results show that innovation and the diffusion of technology are indeed important factors behind European growth in the 1980s. However, due to a lack of own R&D capabilities, most poor regions fail to take advantage of the more advan...


This study is devoted to the numerical solution of an inverse coefficient problem for a density dependent nonlinear reaction-diffusion equation. The method is based on approximating the unknown coefficient by polynomials. An optimal idea for solving the inverse problem is to minimize an error functional between the output data and the additional data. For this purpose, we find a polynomial of degree n that minimizes the error functional; i.e, nth degree polynomial approximation of the unknown coefficient for the desired n.


The effects of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) on innovation in the field of biotechnology are considered through assessment of their effects on upstream innovation and downstream development. Two case studies involving research tools representing forms of upstream innovation are analyzed to identify factors enabling or hindering downstream innovation. The proprietary technologies of recombinant DNA (rDNA) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are assessed in relation to both their development and their diffusion strategies. Factors considered are: the type of IPRs, legal circumstances, the strategy regarding disclosure, whether a basic research exemption exists, enforcement of IPRs, the invention's characteristics, the economic resources available (private vs. public), and the development setting. Assessment of these cases requires consideration of the current intellectual property regime and its associated problems. These principally include the importance of the context (including the legal framework), the strategy adopted by the owners of the IPRs regarding diffusion, the type of development setting, and the invention's characteristics. Ways of dealing with these issues within the traditional IPR systems are assessed, such as patents and trade secrets, for which corresponding types of licenses can provide solutions. Additionally, new approaches are assessed, such as patent pools, clearinghouses, open source models, liability regimes, experimental use exemption, and compulsory licensing. These alternatives are considered both in the United States and under different international regimes. Finally, the potential policy implications of IPRs, both in the United States and internationally, are evaluated with regard to their effects on innovation in biotechnology. Thesis Supervisor: Kenneth A. Oye Title: Associate Professor of Political Science and Engineering Systems


The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of environmental regulation on regional environmental efficiency convergence using the fixed effects model and threshold regression model. The results show that the differences in environmental efficiency have a convergence trend in China, as well as in the eastern, central and western regions. The effect of environmental regulation on regional environmental efficiency is inhibition first and then promotion, research and development investment and outward foreign direct investment have a positive transmission effect; when environmental regulation intensity exceeds a certain threshold, the growth rate of environmental efficiency in the central and western regions will be significantly higher than that in the eastern regions.


Existence of a common fixed point for a family of mappings of non‐expansive type on a metric space with a closure operator is proved.


A diffusion process has been developed for the preparation of Nb3Sn ribbon which can subsequently be stabilized to any desired level. The preparation process is described in detail with emphasis on the effect of reaction time, reaction temperature, and contamination on the critical current of the Nb3Sn. Under optimum conditions, short samples of the ribbon showed a current density of approx 105 A/cm2 in a field of 100 000 G.The superconducting ribbon, after the diffusion reaction, is partially stabilized by a thin layer of tin which remains on the surface. To further stabilize the ribbon to any desired level, another metal can be bonded to the Nb3Sn through this layer of tin.A small copper‐stabilized test magnet was constructed to determine the degree of degradation occurring when the ribbon is wound into magnet. This magnet was found to have approximately the same current‐carrying capacity as short samples of the ribbon.


Introduction:
 Genome-wide association studies have identified rs2107595, a non-coding locus on chromosome 9 between HDAC9 and
 Twist1
 genes, as a risk allele for several vascular phenotypes, including Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Rs2107595 has, more specifically, been associated with stable CAD over myocardial infarction phenotypes. Recent work has shown that rs2107595 risk allele increases
 Twist1
 expression in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) by creating an RBPJ binding site. In other cell types,
 Twist1
 is known to maintain cells in a de-differentiated state and to promote epithelial to mesenchymal transformation, driving tumor progression and metastasis.

 Hypothesis:
 Twist1
 modulates SMC differentiation to promote an immature proliferative state over a differentiated (osteoblastic) state. This shift in phenotype promotes features of plaque stability
 in vivo
 .

 Methods:
 Twist1
 expression plasmid (pCMV6-TWIST1) was transfected into A7r5 rat smooth muscle cells. To assess proliferation, cells were counted at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. To assess calcification, A7r5 cells were cultured in calcification media (2mM NaPhos) for 10 days and stained with Alizarin Red.
 In vivo
 studies were performed in Twist1 fl/fl tamoxifen-inducible MYH11-Cre C57BL/6 mice on ApoE-/- background fed a Western diet for 16 weeks to induce atherosclerotic lesions. Immunohistochemistry with SM22a identified lesion SMCs, and alizarin red was used to identify calcifications.

 Results:
 Ectopic overexpression of
 Twist1
 in A7r5 SMCs decreased proliferation at 48h and 72h (80%, p=0.014).
 Twist
 1 overexpression also decreased the total area of calcification (33% reduction, p=0.007).
 In vivo
 , both control and
 Twist
 1 KO mice show similar burden of atherosclerosis. However, there is a decrease in sub-endothelial SMCs in atherosclerotic lesions by SM22a staining in the
 Twist1
 KO. Additionally,
 Twist1
 KO mice have more prominent and larger focal calcifications.

 Conclusions:
 Twist1
 promotes SMC proliferation and decreases calcification
 in vitro
 , and may affect the presence of subendothelial SMCs and calcification
 in vivo
 . This provides a compelling link that rs2107595 may promote plaque stability in CAD by increasing
 Twist1
 to modulate SMC phenotypes.


Active mid-infrared laser reflectance characteristics of 18 different benchmark soil samples were measured at different angles of incidence at 9.283, 9.569, 10.247, and 10.633 mu m wavelengths under both copolarized and cross-copolarized conditions. Calibration was performed for each measurement using a Labsphere Infra-fold Diffuse Reflectance Standard of 94% reflectance. One hundred independent samples were averaged for each measurement to yield a mean reflectance value. The soil samples were characterized in terms of the soil taxonomy, mineralogy, geographic location, soil texture, and organic content and represented wide variability in soil properties. The data thus obtained are presented in graphical form, and the effect of soil mineralogy on the spectral features is investigated. A physically based empirical model is also presented to predict the angular dependence of copolarized backscatter. >


Time-to-digital converter (TDC) has been the main technique used in all-digital phase-locked loops (ADPLL). However, this approach has several design issues, and the solutions to resolve them always increase the complexity of the system. In this paper, an alternative method for handle the frequency error detection using a type II ADPLL architecture is presented. The proposed technique does not perform direct conversion from time to digital, but employs the discrete-time processing of compared signals from phase error detection. This architecture has the advantage of scalability and integration of all-digital techniques and has less complexity than conventional ADPLLs. The derivation of equations for the proposed architecture and its noise analysis is provided. The results are validated through system level simulations using macro-models of the devices. The result of the transient simulation shows the theoretical predictions about the trajectory of output frequency.


Intentionally misguiding a global positioning system (GPS) receiver has become a potential threat to almost all civilian GPS receivers in recent years. GPS spoofing is among the types of intentional interference, in which a spoofing device transmits spoofed signals towards the GPS receiver to alter the GPS positioning information. This paper presents a robust positioning algorithm, followed by a track filter, to mitigate the effects of spoofing. It is proposed to accept the authentic GPS signals and spoofed GPS signals into the positioning algorithm and perform the robust positioning with all possible combinations of authentic and spoofed pseudorange measurements. The pseudorange positioning algorithm is accomplished using an iterative least squares (ILS). Further, to efficiently represent the robust algorithm, the M-best position algorithm is proposed, in which a likelihood-based cost function optimizes the positions and only provides M-best positions at a given epoch. However, during robust positioning, the positions evolved due to spoofed pseudorange measurements are removed to overcome GPS spoofing. In order to remove the fake positions being evolved owing to wrong measurement associations in the ILS, a gating technique is applied within the Kalman filter (KF) framework. The navigation filter is a three-dimensional KF with a constant velocity (CV) model, all the position estimates evolved at a specific epoch are observations. Besides, to enhance this technique's performance, the track to position association is performed by using two data association algorithms: nearest neighbor (NN) and probabilistic data association (PDA). Simulations are carried out for GPS receiver positioning by injecting different combinations of spoofed signals into the receiver. The proposed algorithm's efficiency is given by a success rate metric (defined as the navigation track to follow the true trajectory rather than spoofing trajectory) and position root mean square error (PRMSE).


Objective:To compare the effect of combination of cryoprecipitate(CRYO) and prothrombin complex concentrate(PCC) in the treatment of hemorrhage.Methods:Patients with traumatic bleeding undergoing blood transfusion were divided randomly into group A and B,patients in group A were infused with CRYO and PCC respectively,and patients in group B were infused with CRYO + PCC;related parameters were determined 1h before and 2~ 5 h after infusion,including activated partial thrombin time(APTT),thrombin time(TT),prothrombin time(PT) and fibrinogen(FIB),and the results were studied.Results:Comparing group A with group B,APTT,TT and PT was significant shorter and FIB was significant higher in group B than group A(P0.01).Conclusion:Combination of cryoprecipitate and prothrombin complex concentrate for traumatic hemorrhage has better effects than cryoprecipitate or prothrombin complex concentrate alone.


Preface 1. Introduction 2. Field ion emission 3. Instrumentations and techniques 4. Applications to surface science Selected topics in applications References Index.


Benign fibrous histiocytoma (BFH) is a rare skeletal tumour. Its occurrence in the metacarpal bones is even rarer. The management in this location can be challenging, involving tumour resection and metacarpal reconstruction. The authors present a case of BFH involving the second metacarpal bone.