This article surveys the history of cattle insurance in the middle of the nineteenth century, primarily in Cheshire, describing the mixture of generally short-lived national and local insurance companies, and the cattle associations and cow clubs, which both preceded and replaced the earliest commercial policies. All of them had to face the impact of epidemics of pleuro-pneumonia and rinderpest in the 1860s, which caused most of them to collapse. It looks in greater detail at one of the few enduring schemes whose records have survived, which operated on the estates of the Marquis of Cholmondeley. One of the many illustrations of modern farming practice revealed by the Foot and Mouth outbreak in 2001 was that farmers do not normally insure their livestock against infectious disease. To an outsider it may appear that they do not do so because it would be foolish to pay for insurance when the Government or the European Community will pay compensation should disaster strike. The safety net provided by that happy position – for the farmers if not for others – was not available in the mid-nineteenth century when the greatest assistance that farmers suffering from cattle plague could expect was reluctant assistance from their urban neighbours through the county rate or rent relief from their landlord. Livestock insurance was slow to develop, which is surprising given the value of cattle herds and the potential losses that farmers might face, especially in counties, like Cheshire, where dairying was so important. Insurance cover had been written from the late seventeenth century for other assets, notably fire cover for corn and hay ricks, buildings and other property. Cover for the loss or damage to crops by hail was provided by The Farmers' and General Fire and Life Assurance and Loan and Annuity Company from 1840, with other companies following. It was not until later in the decade that cattle insurance became available. Surprisingly little attention has been paid to cattle insurance by either historians of insurance or historians of farming. Walford's Insurance Cyclopedia (1871–8) devoted an authoritative four pages to the subject, much of which was spent describing early and continental experience. Dinsdale's History of accident insurance (1954) gave it a whole chapter, but that was no more than a dozen pages which included all forms of livestock insurance. Only one study has been made of cattle insurance in its own right and that was of a particular region and concerned * I am grateful to Professor Hoyle for encouraging me to write this article and the guidance given by the two anonymous referees. Any mistakes that remain in spite of their advice are entirely mine. AgHR 53, II, pp. 192–211 192 AGHR53_2.qxd 08/11/2005 11:12 Page 192


The unique properties of anisotropic and composite particles are increasingly being leveraged in modern particulate products. However, tailored synthesis of particles characterized by multi-dimensional dispersed properties remains in its infancy and few mathematical models for their synthesis exist. Here, we present a novel, accurate and highly efficient numerical approach to solve a multi-dimensional population balance equation, based on the idea of the exact method of moments for nucleation and growth \cite{pflug2020emom}. The transformation of the multi-dimensional population balance equation into a set of one-dimensional integro-differential equations allows us to exploit accurate and extremely efficient numerical schemes that markedly outperform classical methods (such as finite volume type methods) which is outlined by convergence tests. Our approach not only provides information about complete particle size distribution over time, but also offers insights into particle structure. The presented scheme and its performance is exmplified based on coprecipitation of nanoparticles. For this process, a generic growth law is derived and parameter studies as well as convergence series are performed.


We investigated whether commensal bacteria modulate activation and maturation of bone marrow‐derived DC and their ability to prime CD4+ T cells. We used Escherichia coli mpk, which induces colitis in gnotobiotic IL‐2‐deficient (IL‐2–/–) mice, and Bacteroides vulgatus mpk, which prevents E. coli‐induced colitis. Stimulation of DC with E. coli induced TNF‐α, IL‐12 and IL‐6 secretion and expression of activation markers. Moreover, stimulation of DC with E. coli increased T cell activation and led to Th1 polarization. Stimulation with B. vulgatus led only to secretion of IL‐6, and DC were driven into a semi‐mature state with low expression of activation markers and did not promote Th1 responses. B. vulgatus‐induced semi‐mature DC were non‐responsive to stimulation by E. coli in terms of maturation, T cell priming and TNF‐α but not IL‐6 production. The non‐responsiveness of B. vulgatus‐stimulated DC was abrogated by addition of anti‐IL‐6 mAb or mimicked with rIL‐6. These data suggest that B. vulgatus‐induced IL‐6 drives DC into a semi‐mature state in which they are non‐responsive to proinflammatory activation by E. coli. This in vitro mechanism might contribute to the prevention of E. coli‐triggered colitis development by B. vulgatus in vivo; high IL‐6 mRNA expression was consistently found in B. vulgatus‐colonized or B. vulgatus/E. coli co‐colonized IL‐2–/– mice and was associated with absence of colitis.


Stigma is a negative attribute of real estate acquired by the discovery of contamination and reflected in its value (Elliot-Jones, 1996). Using a theoretical model with external economies and adjustment costs, we show that both temporary stigma and permanent stigma are possible equilibrium outcomes after the discovery and cleanup of a hazardous waste site. The existence and duration of stigma are examined using hedonic price techniques with data from housing sales prices in Dallas County, Texas. The empirical evidence shows that stigma exists after cleanup only for properties in very close proximity to the hazardous waste site.


Darboux transformation is constructed for superfields of the super sine-Gordon equation and the superfields of the associated linear problem. The Darboux transformation is shown to be related to the super Backlund transformation and is further used to obtain N super soliton solutions.


The mathematical model of electrical injury that results from the interaction of the system elements "man -electrical network environment" is considered in the article. The principle of the traumatic situation formation (man electric injury with the lethal outcome) is revealed. The classification of major anthropogenic hazards arising from the electrical network in normal and emergency modes is given, the formulas for determining the contact voltage and current flowing through the human body is revealed.


sublime understanding aesthetic reflection in kant and hegel is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our digital library hosts in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the sublime understanding aesthetic reflection in kant and hegel is universally compatible with any devices to read.


The CPP-603A basin facility is located at the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center (INTEC) at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Idaho National Laboratory (INL). CPP-603A operations are part of the Idaho Cleanup Project (ICP) that is managed by CH2M-WG Idaho, LLC (CWI). Once the inventoried fuel was removed from the basins, they were no longer needed for fuel storage. However, they were still filled with water to provide shielding from high activity debris and contamination, and had to either be maintained so the basins did not present a threat to public or worker health and safety, or be isolated from the environment. The CPP-603A basins contained an estimated 50,000 kg (110,200 lbs) of sludge. The sludge was composed of desert sand, dust, precipitated corrosion products, and metal particles from past cutting operations. The sediment also contained hazardous constituents and radioactive contamination, including cadmium, lead, and U-235. An Engineering Evaluation/Cost Analysis (EE/CA), conducted pursuant to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), evaluated the risks associated with deactivation of the basins and the alternatives for addressing those risks. The recommended action identified in the Action Memorandum was to perform interim stabilization of the basins. The sludge inmore » the basins was removed and treated in accordance with the Hazardous Waste Management Act/Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (HWMA/RCRA) and disposed at the INL Radioactive Waste Management Complex (RWMC). A Non-Time Critical Removal Action (NTCRA) was conducted under CERCLA to reduce or eliminate other hazards associated with maintaining the facility. The CERCLA NTCRA included removing a small high-activity debris object (SHADO 1); consolidating and mapping the location of debris objects containing Co-60; removing, treating, and disposing of the basin water; and filling the basins with grout/controlled low strength material (CLSM). The NTCRA is an interim action that reduces the risks to human health and the environment by minimizing the potential for release of hazardous substances. The interim action does not prejudice the final end-state alternative. (authors)« less


Some of the major side effects of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) therapy in the treatment of malignancies may be related to increased interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) and/or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. We examined the effect of recombinant (rIL‐2) on the in vitro production of IL‐1β and PGE2 by unstimulated and LPS‐activated human blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We also compared the effect of rIL‐2 on IL‐1β production by adherent and nonadherent blood mononuclear cell populations. Cultures of PBMC (5 × 106/ml) were incubated for 24 hr in media only (control), 1,000 U/ml rIL‐2, 2 μg/ml LPS, or both LPS and rIL‐2. Supematants obtained from these cultures were analyzed for levels of IL‐1β and PGE2 by radioimmunoassays. The addition of rIL‐2 caused an increase in IL‐1β production in 13 of 13 control PBMC cultures and in 11 of 13 LPS‐stimulated cultures, which were significant increases as determined by paired f tests. When PBMC were fractionated into plastic adherent and nonadherent populations, the rIL‐2 induced increases in IL‐1β production were more consistent in control (six of seven cases) and LPS (seven of seven cases) cultures of plastic nonadherent cells than in control (three of seven cases) and LPS (four of seven cases) cultures of plastic adherent cells. Recombinant IL‐2 did not increase PGE2 production in control PBMC cultures (none of four cases), but did so in LPS‐stimulated PBMC cultures (three of four cases)). These results suggest that rIL‐2 may increase IL‐1 production in vivo and thus possibly account for some of the side effects of this therapy.


It has been known that blends of poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) show a miscibility window in a relatively narrow range of copolymer composition in SAN. In order to study the interactions in this miscibility window in detail, FTIR and calorimetric measurements were carried out by using low molecular weight analogues corresponding to monomers of each polymer, because respective homopolymer pairs are not miscible. The FTIR study showed shifts of spectral peaks that is thought as a proof of presence of specific interactions. The acid−base self-interaction energies (Eii) and association energies for respective pairs (Eij) were also estimated by the detailed study of interactions by calorimetry. If the FTIR results were combined with the calorimetric ones, the acid−base spectral shifts of peaks, Δνab (CO stretch, C⋮N stretch, and benzene ring out-of-plane CH bending), indicated a linear relation with Eij values that fits well with Drago's treatment based on quantum mechanics...


The basis of this project was a series of exploratory studies that showed there are many different volatile components lost by grinding or crushing of coal. A loss of heating value in ground coal caused by devolatilization was also seen. This work shows that the loss is economically significant. Surprisingly, much of it is immediate. Raman spectroscopy is a universal, but weak, probe of structure in solids, liquids and gases. Its application to strongly absorbing materials, such as coal, has been limited by interferences from luminescence and by non-resonant absorption of the exciting light which heats the sample to incandescence. We have used a simple method that minimizes these problems and allows one to obtain Raman spectra from diffraction limited regions of the surface of a piece of carbonaceous material. Preliminary studies have been made of the Raman spectra of seventeen coals from all ranks. A preliminary study was done on to the Raman microstructure'' of coal. 12 refs., 30 figs., 6 tabs.


Detailed measurements of flow velocity and pressure field were undertaken in a radial vaneless diffuser. The unsteady flow pattern at critical flow rates for rotating stall was investigated, using a transient data recorder which can store the velocity and/or pressure signals prior to the stall onset. The results show the existence of prestall symptoms that can be characterized by velocity/pressure oscillation with a frequency of 1.45 times that detected during the succeeding rotating stall. The measurements of velocity field using an X-wire probe confirm that this velocity fluctuation is associated with the reversed flow region, and transfers in tangential direction at an angular velocity of about 15% of the impeller revolution. Although the duration of this prestall phenomena diminishes with the decreasing flow rate at which the stall takes place, it is confirmed that its occurence is commonly observed for the conditions covered by the present study.


Building on Regulatory Focus Theory, we examine whether senior executives' perceptions of organizational dynamics are predictive of their firms' entrepreneurial behavior and whether these relationships depend on perceived environmental hostility. Findings show chronic prevention focus to be a negative predictor of entrepreneurial behavior and situational regulatory focus as elicited by perceived firm expansion and contraction to be a positive predictor of entrepreneurial behavior. In addition, perceived firm contraction (situational prevention focus) is found to be a stronger predictor of entrepreneurial behavior than perceived firm expansion (situational promotion focus), especially when perceived environmental hostility is high. Implications for entrepreneurship, managerial cognition, and regulatory focus research are discussed.


In our department a novel apparatus, that can be mounted on almost any kind of universal load machine, has been developed that makes possible to investigate both the shear properties of sheet-like materials and to carry out yarn pull-out tests on woven textiles. The main idea of the gripping unit was to fix two parallel edges of a rectangular test sample and to induce the shearing deformation amongst the symmetry line. A simple pretension system, working with a metal spring, makes available to generate and maintain a transversal preload. The clamps can move in this transversal direction according to the horizontal pretension and the vertical shear force induced by displacement. Therefore the transversal yarns of the specimen have constant length and almost pure shearing takes place. The transversal preload and the clamping distance can be adjusted easily in a wide range and therefore various textiles can be tested. In this paper the apparatus and the related simple test method is introduced as well as the accuracy and reproducibility of the test results.


Introduction: Perianal Paget's disease is a rare skin disorder of unknown aetiology, which is frequently associated with malignancy. We aimed to analyze clinical and pathological characteristics of perianal Paget's disease (PPD) with considering relevant literature. Case report: We present a 44-year-old male patient admitted to the hospital with perianal eczema-like lesions and pruritus. Following the incisional biopsy of a perianal skin was showed as perianal Paget's disease, the patient underwent a surgical en bloc resection of the lesion with wide negative margins and the defect closed with a local transposition flap. The histopathologic examination revealed a perianal Paget's disease. The patient made an uneventful recovery and was discharged home on the eight postoperative days. No adjuvant therapy was given. After fifteen months follow-up, the patient has no evidence of local recurrence with good anal function and cosmetic result was good. Conclusion: Although, the choice of the optimal treatment for perianal Paget's disease (PPD) remains controversial, surgery is still the main stay of radical treatment modality.


This study proposed that human capital, health capital, attitudes toward finances, and the relative bargaining power of the spouse would influence the ownership and the amount of a person's retirement assets and the ownership and amount in stocks within the retirement assets. Using data from couples in the 2007 Survey of Consumer Finances, the results of logistic regressions and ordinary least squares regressions showed some support for each theory. The household heads who had more education, those who were in better health, and those who would take more risk when saving and investing were more likely to own some retirement assets and they had more in retirement assets. In regard to spousal influence, there was support for the bargaining power model but not for the shared resources model. As the spouse's level of education increased, the household head was more likely to own retirement assets and there was more in the retirement assets. The working status of the spouse and whether the spouse was more financially knowledgeable had a negative influence on retirement assets and the amount in assets. However, the amount of variance that was explained by the spousal variables was small; therefore, the results regarding the spouse's influence should be viewed with caution.


7249 Background: We have previously conducted a phase II study of a triplet chemotherapy with administration sequence of gemcitabine (GEM), docetaxel (DCT) and cisplatin (CDDP) in patients with adv...


Intravascular catheterization is a vital task performed by surgeons during interventional treatment of vascular diseases. The procedure is reliant on achieving a precise and safe manipulation of endovascular tools from the entry port to the target location within the patient vasculature. However, during such procedures inefficient proximal-to-distal transmissions could occur due to imprecise motion control, communication delay as well as the application of an excessive force. Thus achieving a precise control of endovascular tools during procedures remain an active research area. This study proposes a master-slave interventional (MSI) robot prototype for precise control of guide wire axial and rotational motion within the vasculature. The mechanism of the MSI robot mimics the natural operating process of a surgeon and therefore requires little learning cost. And the system's force feedback module improves the robot's transparency. Furthermore, a multi-connection time-delay control approach is proposed to minimize communication delay and improve the stability of the MSI robot. The developed prototype was utilized for in-vivo experiments with the experimental outcome demonstrating its versatility for vascular intervention.


Introduction. The functioning of passenger carriers in the conditions of a smart city creates unique opportunities for optimizing financial results of operations. The application of the latest information and communication technologies in the economic activity of motor transport enterprises ensures the minimization of operating expenses. Instead, the optimization of passenger flow management involves the operation of multifaceted information not only about expenses, but also about incomes. Such information is generated by the accounting system, which requires a primary study of the classification of expenses and incomes of passenger carriers in accounting theory.The purpose of the article is to improve the classification of expenses and incomes of the main activity of motor transport enterprises in accounting for the purposes of integrated management of financial results of passenger transportation services.Methods. The following methods were used in the research in accordance with the set goal: analysis, synthesis and comparison - to detail the object of study; logical generalization and scientific abstraction - to clarify the categorical and conceptual apparatus of research; systematic approach in determining the classification features in the study of expenses and incomes; historical - to clarify the scientific views on the separation of costs and revenues of transport enterprises. Bibliographic and comparative analysis became the methodological tools of the study. The empirical study was conducted using a bibliometric approach known as "analysis of common words" and the information resource "ResearchGate".Results. The existence of a classification conflict with regard to expenses in regulatory documents in the field of accounting and industry regulations on the formation of the cost of transport services for the transportation of passengers has been proven. It is proposed to expand the list of classification features in the study of expenses of the main activity of passenger carriers in order to optimize their management. An integrated scheme for the classification of expenses and income has been developed according to such classification criteria as: Economic elements, Type of transport services, Stages of passenger service, Stage of the carrier's activity, Type and distance of transport, Capitalization, Homogeneity, Inclusion in the cost price, Change in the volume of transport, Control, Anticipation, Emergency, Recognition, Term of occurrence, Calendar period, Reporting period, Form of receipt, Management influence, Other criteria for classification of expenses and income. The use of the developed full integrated classification of expenses and incomes provides a single methodology for determining financial results from the provision of passenger transportation services, their accounting and control for the purposes of effective management of the activities of motor transport enterprises.Prospects. Further research should be conducted to find out the influence of the internal and external conditions of the functioning of passenger carriers, which leads to the emergence of various expenses and income, on the methodology and organization of accounting and control of the provision of passenger transportation services.


Within the European debate on quality education for all, and along with the willingness to implement the Rights of Children, the paper will examine how diversities – which may relate to immigration status, disability, ethnicity, culture and social class – can challenge teachers' identity and class context in order to enhance the diversity of each student as a resource. The paper will analyse data gathered during an action-research project, which has been developed in so-called high-complexity classrooms in Primary schools, with the aim of investigating the process of implementing teaching strategies for inclusive pedagogy. It will discuss how this process engages teachers in a dynamics between pitfalls and creativity as well as between school cultural barriers and educational opportunities. This leads to transform their professional identity, by developing a deep reflexivity in their own contexts of practice and strengthening their competence to support democracy and inclusive classrooms.


Management meeting held in New York in October 1998. The authors wish to acknowledge support for this paper from the Annie E. Casey Foundation through a grant from the Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin–Madison The authors thank Gary Burtless and Dan Weinberg for their comments on an earlier draft. All errors and opinions expressed in this paper are solely the authors' responsibility. Reshaping the Historical Record with a Comprehensive Measure of Poverty David M. Betson and Jennifer L. Warlick 1 University of Notre Dame


The literary achievement of Eliot is worldwide.His poetics and poems affected not only the western countries but also China far away.In the 1930s' and 1940s',enthusiastic study on Eliot in Chinese literary circle appeared.Chinese people began to translate and study his literary theories,his poems,and his theories and poems are borrowed to construct Chinese literary theory and verse creation.Even at present,Eliot's poetics returning to "Tradition" still has important and enlightening significance for us in solving the difficulties in the construction of literary theory.


Summary form only given. Optical amplifiers in conjunction with WDM and submerged optical add-drop multiplexers (OADM) will enable a truly global subsea network, which provides network restoration in the case of cable faults and cost-effective connectivity to many countries as part of a shared network where dedicated point to point cable systems are not yet economically viable. SeaMeWe-3, a cable system currently under manufacture and linking nearly 40 countries, is at the forefront of this process. The paper examines these applications and trends in submarine systems in greater detail.


Since the pathogenesis of prostatic adenoma is as yet unknown prostatic adenoma drug treatment is still in the hypothetical stage. Therapy with female hormones is not recommended for young patients because of adverse side effects such as gynecomastia and potency loss. Androgen administration is known to induce latent prostatic carcinomas. Favorable results have been reported with androgen derivatives (Mesterolan) or gestagens (Depostat). Occasionally prostatic adenomas improve spontaneously. However in most cases surgical intervention is necessary. 90% of patients suffering from prostatic adenomas may be operated on by either transurethral resection or otherwise; for another 8% cryosurgery may be performed. A remaining 1-2% must be provided with a permanent transurethral catheter. Attempts with conservative treatment of prostatic adenomas are justified if there are no serious dysuric disorders chronic residual urinary matter or therapy-resistant urinary infections. With drug therapy constant medical supervision is always necessary.


Background: Achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is a global imperative to ensure equitable access to quality healthcare services for all individuals. A pivotal factor in this endeavor is the strength and capacity of the healthcare workforce. This paper examines the intersection of a robust healthcare workforce and the goals of UHC, with a specific focus on the Nigerian context.
Methods: The paper delves into the strengths and weaknesses of the Nigerian healthcare workforce, analyzing factors such as diversity, distribution, skill utilization, and the prevailing challenges. Insights from global approaches in the paper highlight innovative strategies, including workforce training, collaborative delivery models, and workforce motivation to enhance healthcare accessibility and quality.
Results: The paper addresses contextual nuances such as cultural diversity, geographic challenges, and socioeconomic disparities that shape the Nigerian healthcare landscape. The relevance of tailored solutions that accommodate these nuances is emphasized. The paper underscores the potential impact of a strengthened healthcare workforce on achieving UHC, reducing health disparities, and improving overall health outcomes.
Conclusion: The paper offers policy recommendations tailored to Nigeria's unique circumstances. The conclusion highlights the significance of continual monitoring, research, and evaluation of workforce-centric interventions for sustained progress towards UHC. The findings contribute to the broader discourse on health equity, offering insights into how a capable healthcare workforce can drive transformative change and pave the way for comprehensive healthcare coverage in Nigeria.


In this paper, we study the structure of duadic codes of an odd length \begin{document}$ n $\end{document} over \begin{document}$ \mathbb{Z}_4+u\mathbb{Z}_4 $\end{document} , \begin{document}$ u^2 = 0 $\end{document} , (more generally over \begin{document}$ \mathbb{Z}_{q}+u\mathbb{Z}_{q} $\end{document} , \begin{document}$ u^2 = 0 $\end{document} , where \begin{document}$ q = p^r $\end{document} , \begin{document}$ p $\end{document} a prime and \begin{document}$ (n, p) = 1 $\end{document} ) using the discrete Fourier transform approach. We study these codes by considering them as a class of abelian codes. Some results related to self-duality and self-orthogonality of duadic codes are presented. Some conditions on the existence of self-dual augmented and extended duadic codes over \begin{document}$ \mathbb{Z}_4+u\mathbb{Z}_4 $\end{document} are determined. We present a sufficient condition for abelian codes of the same length over \begin{document}$ \mathbb{Z}_4+u\mathbb{Z}_4 $\end{document} to have the same minimum Hamming distance. A new Gray map over \begin{document}$ \mathbb{Z}_4+u\mathbb{Z}_4 $\end{document} is defined, and it is shown that the Gray image of an abelian code over \begin{document}$ \mathbb{Z}_4+u\mathbb{Z}_4 $\end{document} is an abelian code over \begin{document}$ \mathbb{Z}_4 $\end{document} . We have obtained five new linear codes of length \begin{document}$ 18 $\end{document} over \begin{document}$ \mathbb{Z}_4 $\end{document} from duadic codes of length \begin{document}$ 9 $\end{document} over \begin{document}$ \mathbb{Z}_4+u\mathbb{Z}_4 $\end{document} through the Gray map and a new map from \begin{document}$ \mathbb{Z}_4+u\mathbb{Z}_4 $\end{document} to \begin{document}$ \mathbb{Z}_4^2 $\end{document} .


The female singer of the Song Dynasty expressed in Ci, their wish to reform and setle down ,their looking forward to a happy life and their missing for their lovers.But some of the Ci written by them in feast did not receive respect for their lowly social status. The Ci written by female singer of the Song Dynasty, together with fair maids and daughters of rich families ,became one of the ancient Chinese female literature and had their special charm .


The insurance develops rapidly.Considering the limitations of single-type-insurance model,the multiple line risk model has been constructed.A risk model that the claim number of double-type-insurance is described by discrete model.The surrival probability is educed.The ruin probabitity is given by different two methods when the initial capital is zero.


Sometimes it is desirable to access password-protected resources, but undesirable to disclose the password to the machine in use. In such situations, providing the password is a task that can be delegated to a remote proxy server. This server has to engage the user in a challenge-response mechanism that does not require him to disclose his password to the local machine; if the user responds correctly, then the proxy must recover his password and fetch the protected resource for him. In this paper, we propose three schemes that are suitable for use in this environment and that do not require the proxy server to permanently store a copy of the user's password. We also briefly describe `Keep Your Password Secret' (KYPS), which is a system that implements one of the schemes, and that has been in use for almost two years.


We analyzed the seismic data from 2009 to 2013 obtained from seafloor cable seismic network off Kushiro, Hokkaido, Japan, which was deployed by Japan Agency for Marine Earth Science and Technology in 1999. Two kinds of calls were recorded, one is "Single" which is not related to the preceding and following intervals, and the other is "Doublet" which alternates short intervals and long intervals. Especially the interval of "Doublet" shows a seasonal change, it is characterized as a long interval in January and February, while becomes shorter interval in October and November. It is quite unlikely that the same group of fin whales are calling while the call is appearing off Kushiro. The seasonal change of "Doublet" might be a change of the group appearing off Kushiro.


The estimation of inbreeding and coancestry in the Holstein cattle breed has great interest given the rates at which both parameters have increased as a consequence of the intense selection practiced in this breed. Traditionally, inbreeding and coancestry coefficients have been calculated from genealogical records. However, the development of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms has increased the interest of calculating these coefficients from genomic information. In this study, genomic estimates of inbreeding, coancestry and effective population size were compared with genealogical estimates in the Spanish Holstein population. Genomic estimates of inbreeding included those obtained on a marker-by-marker basis and those based on runs of homozygosity. The results indicate that the regression coefficient of genomic inbreeding on genealogical inbreeding was higher than the regression coefficient of genealogical inbreeding on genomic inbreeding. Similar results were also observed for coancestry. In addition, inbreeding estimates based on runs of homozygosity tend to reflect identity by descent status better than estimates obtained on a marker-by-marker basis. Estimates of effective population size obtained from genomic and genealogical information were consistent and ranged from about 66 to 79. These values emphasize the need of controlling the rate of coancestry and inbreeding in Holstein selection programmes.


Anatomical and physiological differences in neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) between juvenile and adult muscle may partially explain the variability in clinical results following chemodenervation with botulinum toxin or nerve repair in children and adults. We evaluated NMJ density, distribution, and morphometry in biceps brachii and gastrocnemius muscles from juvenile and adult rats. Motor endplates were stained with Karnovsky–Roots methods, and NMJ density (number/gram muscle tissue) was determined. The NMJ morphometry was quantitated with alpha‐bungarotoxin labeling using confocal microscopy. Juvenile rats had a greater NMJ density in both muscles compared with adult rats. Juveniles and adult rats had a similar NMJ distribution in both muscles. In juvenile muscles NMJs occupied approximately 50% of the surface area and 70% of the length, width, circumference, and gutter depth compared with adult muscles. Our study demonstrates that although NMJs are smaller, juvenile muscles have a higher NMJ density than do adult muscles with similar distributions. If these age‐dependent differences in NMJ density are obtained in humans, they may account, at least in part, for the better recovery that occurs in children than adults after nerve repair and also suggest that the dosage of botulinum toxin (units per kg) for chemodenervation may need to be increased in juveniles. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 804–809, 2002


Traditional Anglican structures have developed little beyond provincial level. That has reflected an underlying provincial ecclesiology of disciplined order sufficient to provide a ministry of word and sacraments that is both catholic and apostolic. It has also embodied a practical recognition of the limits of workable connection. This is reflected in the persistent refusal of successive Lambeth Conferences to see themselves as a disciplinary body and their affirmations of provincial autonomy. As a consequence when we have had to deal with global Communion issues of order we have not had extensive ecclesiological precedent. Our history has not prepared us to handle such conflicts with confidence. Communion.


In this study the nonlinear Riccati differential equations are solved using new iterative method. These are a class of nonlinear differential equations. These equations play an important role in many fields of applied sciences. The new iterative method is applied to find the approximate solution of nonlinear Riccati differential equations. Some examples are given to show the simplicity and efficiency of the method.


Harmful chemicals predominantly used in modern agriculture for pest control have raised a long-term accumulation in the environment and serious problems concerning food safety and health. Excellent detection tools for environmental monitoring are thus urgently needed. The recent biosensor technology is proposed to fulfill this purpose. In this study, an expedient biosensor for captan fungicide determination has been fabricated using its specific reacting enzyme glutathione-s-transferase (GST) covalently immobilized on natural biopolymer chitosan (Chi). The screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) has been selected as a basal platform for the biosensor development. Modification of SPCE was made by self-assembled deposition of 1% chitosan in 1% acetic acid solution onto the basal SPCE. Progressive characteristics of the assembled SPCE-Chi-GST have been clearly approved by atomic force microscopy, impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Two sequential oxidation peak currents arose in the electrochemical behavior analysis of captan in the presence of GST substrate electrolyte solution by CV and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). Dose-response to various captan concentrations was investigated in the range 0 – 20 μg/ml by LSV and a similar good linear relationship between peak current and concentration of captan could be obtained by both oxidation steps with the limit of detection (LOD) at 0.2 μg/ml. Thus the sensitive, rapid, inexpensive and miniature quantitative system for captan monitoring could now be successfully achieved by this proposed biosensor.


IT might fairly be expected that a considerable amount of practical instruction would be supplied by a pathological report founded on the combined experience of the members of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, and yet it is a painful duty to record the fact that, with regard to the nature, history, treatment, and prevention of the disease which has formed the subject of this inquiry, very little new information has been gleaned. It may appear ungracious thus coldly to acknowledge the courtesy and zeal of the many able and industrious practitioners who have so promptly answered the queries submitted by the Council, but the result is thus plainly stated, because truth is the only basis on which investigations of any kind can be established, and the test by which all conclusions must be judged. The design of the following pages is to shew as concisely as possible what deductions may legitimately be derived from the united testimony of those associates who have kindly contributed their aid.


Norwegian quintet OKKULTOKRATI has just issued a video for the title track to their impendingRaspberry Dawn album which is nearing release through ...


We have developed a modified Michelson interferometer type Raman laser system to manipulate cold 87 Rb atoms to interfere. A frequency modulated continuous wave technique was introduced to determine the optical path difference, thus compensating it to zero to minimize the effects of common mode noise. The linewidth (full width at half maximum) of the beat signal at 6.834 GHz was measured to 1Hz limited by the resolution bandwidth of the spectral analyzer. The measured rms phase variance of the phase noise at 166 MHz was 0.015 rad2, mainly restricted by our poor performance radio frequency microwave source. With modest improvements, we plan to apply this laser system to form an atom interferometer for acceleration and rotation measurements.


Abstract When studying the phylogenetic relationships of closely related species, it is often difficult to find nuclear DNA regions that are both easy to amplify across taxa and contain informative characters. To address this problem, we have created a database of gene sequences specifically selected to greatly increase both the likelihood of amplification across the species of interest and the likelihood of retrieving nuclear regions that are variable among these species. This result is achieved by designing primers flanking putative intron splicing sites within highly conserved genes. Over 40 species were sampled spanning rosids (14 taxa), asterids (12 taxa), grasses (seven taxa) and other angiosperms, as well as several gymnosperms, a moss, and a green alga.


The goals of this volume are twofold: on a general level the volume explores whether evidence for teaching and learning can be found in mother-child interactions during the course of first language acquisition and whether these processes can be objectively described; on a sublevel, the volume investigates whether the denials of frequency and reinforcement effects found in the literature withstand closer scrutiny. The findings support a teaching/learning approach to first language acquisition and demonstrate some of the major principles involved in this process.


Transition metals have the ability to catalyze free radical autoxidation of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters. These molecules contain highly reactive bis-allylic hydrogen which can form free radicals. These free radicals then react with oxygen to form hydroperoxides. Catalytic metals function by accelerating the decomposition of hydroperoxides, thus accelerating the rate of autoxidation. Potential sources of catalytic metals are: 1) the raw oils, 2) metals introduced during manufacture / storage, and 3) metals present in the ULSD.


Abstract Purpose: The objective was to evaluate the effect of weight-shift training on functional balance, weight distribution, and postural control measures during standing and forward reach tasks in subjects with chronic stroke. Methods: Nine male subjects (mean age, 66 years; range, 60–75 years) who experienced a stroke 3 to 13 years previously participated in a 4-week training program consisting of static and dynamic balance exercises with visual feedback and gait training with wall support. Balance control was assessed before and after the intervention with clinical measures (Berg Balance Scale) and with a pressure platform for registering the center of pressure (CoP) during quiet stance (weight distribution, CoP sway area, and velocity), and during a forward reach task at shoulder and knee levels. Intervention effects were evaluated with the Wilcoxon matched-pairs test. Results: After training, the group improved their Berg Balance Scale median score from 42 (range, 14–54) to 46 (20–55) (P = .01), CoP sway area [10.6 (5.0–31.4) to 3.0 (1.8–10.8) cm2; P = .01], and mean velocity [3.5 (2.4–8.0) to 1.7 (0.9–3.7) mm/s; P = .01] during quiet standing but not weight distribution (P = .59). During the forward reach tasks, most of the postural control measures such as movement time, CoP displacement, and CoP velocity were significantly (P < .05) improved after the training period for both the affected and nonaffected sides as compared to before the training period. Conclusion: A weight-shift training program improved balance control but not weight distribution in a group of chronic stroke subjects. Larger, randomized, and controlled studies are necessary.


Cost Partitionings allow additively combining the heuristic estimates of multiple abstractions. This often gives better heuristic estimates compared to a single abstraction heuristic. Subset-Saturated Cost Partitioning considers the abstraction heuristics in sequence and assigns the minimum fraction of remaining costs that it needs to preserve the heuristic estimates of a subset of states. We generalize Subset-Saturated Cost Partitioning by taking the context of applied actions into account. An empirical evaluation shows that the additional computational overhead caused by taking into account the application context of each action often does not pay off in terms of runtime, but leads to more informed heuristics.


This thesis describes research carried out by the author between 1986 and 1990 at the Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Edinburgh, under the supervision of Dr Colin Pritchard. The aim of the research was to devise and evaluate a novel compression heat pump cycle as a potential technology for the utilisation of work and heat from environmental sources in industrial applications. The principal requirement of such a heat pump is that it can accept time-varying inputs of work and heat whilst supplying a controlled heat load at constant delivery temperature to an external load. This requires a cycle with the ability to "sell-regulate" its capacity to match external variations in either energy input or energy takeoff. The use of a nonazeotropic mixture as working fluid offers the potential to vary the composition of circulating fluid in a heat pump cycle, thereby varying the capacity, and this was chosen as the basis for research. The design, construction and operation of a "sell-regulating heat pump" pilot plant is described. The basis for plant design is that a progressive shift in the active refrigerant composition in the heat pump cycle may be achieved through a combination of partial condensation and working fluid storage. The design philosophy is explained in detail; a review of the knowledge on this technology is included. A comprehensive analysis of experimental measurements is used to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of a mixed working fluid which the author observed in the course of the work. It is demonstrated that the principle of sell-regulating capacity control by split condensation is valid, and that the results obtained on the pilot plant justify further research to optimise design of the cycle. The prediction of thermodynamic properties of halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerants is reviewed with special emphasis on: acquisition of sufficient data for preliminary plant design from minimum information, and on the prediction of binary vapour-liquid equilibrium data (VLE) in the absence of experimental measurement. The Cubic Chain-OfRotators (CCOR) equation of state is assessed as a route to these properties; it is shown that this equation offers improved liquid-phase property prediction compared to other cubic equations of state. The CCOR equation is also shown (by comparison with experimental measurements from the literature) to predict binary VLE to the same degree of accuracy as the RedlichKwongSoave, Lee-Kesler and Carnahan-Starling-DeSaiatis equations in the absence of any parameter optimisation. Procedures are decribed for the optimisation of the CCOR equation's performance as a predictor of both pure-fluid and mixture properties by the fitting of empirical parameters to experimental data. It is demonstrated that this optimisation procedure allows quantitative description of the liquid phase of pure fluids and of mixtures.


We have investigated the roles of liquid crystallinity (LC) and substrate interactions on the ordering of isotropic cylindrical microdomains in thin films of two hybrid isotropic/LC triblock copolymers. Each copolymer consists of polystyrene (PS) end blocks and a side-chain LC midblock that exhibits either a nematic or smectic mesophase up to temperatures beyond the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PS. In thin films measuring on the same order as the lattice period, the orientation of the cylinders relative to the substrate is sensitive to the interactions of the mesogens at internal microdomain boundaries and external interfaces. Upon annealing such copolymer films at temperatures below the LC → isotropic transition but above the PS Tg on a neutral NaCl substrate, the PS cylinders within the nematic matrix adopt a long-range parallel orientation, whereas those within the smectic matrix lie perpendicular to the substrate and exhibit liquidlike order. After long annealing times, the cylinders residing ...


Abstract National Bank of Kuwait was founded in 1952 and is considered by far the largest and the most profitable publicly held financial institute in Kuwait. Currently, it has strong local and international networks, which include branches, subsidiaries and representative offices in London, New York Paris, Geneva, Bahrain, Beirut, Singapore, Vietnam, and Thailand. NBK is ranked as the fourth top bank in the Arab countries, and is considered one of the most profitable banks in the Arab region. Furthermore, it has been ranked as the top 300 bank in the world. It has received many awards by many major rating agencies. In the field of IT adoption, NBK has set new standards for retail banking in the region by leading the way with new products, services and technology-driven distribution channels. Recently, NBK has been awarded as the best internet bank in Kuwait and the Middle East.


Abstract : The Standardized Computing System SDS80 is a complete hardware/software package. Through its modularity and versatility, SDS80 is well suited for various military applications e.g. in aircraft and command and control centres as well as non-military applications. The main design goal has been the reduction of life cycle costs, especially the cost for software development and maintenance. SDS80 consists of: - Computers D80 and D80M (Micro) - High order languages Ada and PASCAL/D80 - Program Development System AIDS (Ada Integrated Develpment System) and PUS80 (Program Development System for Pascal/D80).


The aim of this paper was to review the origin of the critical speed (CS) concept and how it may be applied to swimming. Regarding the physiological significance, substantial increases in some physiological markers (blood lactate, oxygen consumption and heart rate) were observed in rectangular intensity efforts during the CS, suggesting that this is above the anaerobic threshold and the maximal steady state lactate. Factors influencing CS are thought to include (1) using different combinations of distances used in the test to determine CS, (2) age of the individual, and (3) the swimmer's level of experience. It can be concluded that the CS represents an adequate tool for controlling training intensity and has the benefit of being comparatively simple to measure in relation to others forms of control. However, use of CS as a tool for predicting performance in swimming still needs further investigation.


Robots, being designed to operate in man-oriented environments, should incorporate some anthropomorphic features. In this paper two aspects are dealt with: i) the design of a retina-like structure in order to obtain a compromise between large visual field and acceptable resolution, ii) the use of linguistic techniques in order to capture embedded structures and organizations from the rough data acquired by the peripheral visual system. An attempt is made to verify to what extent the two aspects, above mentioned, influence each other. Results of simulations made over pictorial images are presented.


Abstract
 By estimating a dynamic panel-gravity model of bilateral foreign direcr investment (FDI), this article investigates the location determinants of inward FDI in South and East Asia and assesses their short-run and long-run effects. The econometric results highlight the importance of the vertical specialization-, trade-, and international integration-related location factors. The gravity-specific variables are also found to be significant location determinants, whilst some of the traditional determinants are found to have either a weak or statistically insignificant effect (except host-market size) on inward FDI in South and East Asia.


n n Yearly in situ temperature anomaly data for the period 1961-1990 are analyzed to reveal the dominant structure and evolution of interannual variability of the tropical Pacific upper ocean. We use multivariate empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses to detect the principal three-dimensional structure related to El Nino. There are well-defined subsurface thermal patterns, characterized by a prominent sea-saw structure with opposite anomaly polarity in the equatorial and off-equatorial tropical North Pacific regions. During an El Nino year a positive temperature anomaly is found in the-e-astern and central tropical upper ocean. This is accompanied by a corresponding negative anomaly at subsurface depths in the west, with a maximum at 100-150 m off the equator. Unlike sea surface temperature, whose variations are confined largely to the east with one dominant polarity, temperature variations at 50-200 m depths have a dipole pattern with out-of-phase oscillations in the central equatorial Pacific and in the western tropical North Pacific. A reverse pattern of these anomalies is observed during a La Nina year. Evolution between El Nino and La Nina involves a significant zonal transfer of anomaly phase across the equatorial basin as well as across the off-equatorial tropical North Pacific, showing consistent and coherent variations from west to east, from subsurface to sea surface, and from on the equator to off the equator. This phase propagation is more evident at subsurface depths than that at the sea surface, suggesting a continual movement of anomaly pattern in succession, eastward along the equator and westward off the equator of the tropical North Pacific, with spatial inhomogeneities of zonal propagation in longitude. Our analyses present evidence of the manner in which temperature anomalies evolve at subsurface ocean depths in the tropical Pacific, thus providing an observational basis for evaluating theoretical studies and model simulations. The dynamical implication of these results is also discussed.


In this experiment, 9 cats were inoculated intraperitoneally with 1 or 3 mouse brains containing Toxoplasma cysts. Four of them died of acute toxoplasmosis within 2 weeks after inoculation, and none of oocysts was excreted in the feces of these animals during the infection. The remaining 5 cats (1 cat inoculated with 3 mouse brains and 4 cats with 1 mouse brain) recovered from acute infection excreting oocysts during the convalescent phase of infection. The prepatent periods ranged between 19 and 24 days and the patent periods lasted 5 to 7 days. The prepatent periods of these animals were prolonged significantly compared with that of oral administration of cysts. All recovered cats developed dye test antibody during the prepatent period and the antibody attained peak in titer at the patent period. It is suggested that the dye test antibody does not affected directly against development of oocyst in the intestine of the cats.


We explore the interplay between topology and eigenmodes by changing the stabilizing mechanism of skyrmion lattices (skX). We focus on two prototypical ultrathin films hosting an hexagonal (Pd/Fe/Ir(111)) and a square (Fe/Ir(111)) skyrmion lattice, which can both be described by an extended Heisenberg Hamiltonian. We first examine whether the Dzyaloshinkskii-Moriya, or the exchange interaction as the leading energy term affects the modes of the hexagonal skX of Pd/Fe/Ir(111). In all cases, we find that the lowest frequency modes correspond to internal degrees of freedom of individual skyrmions, and suggest a classification based on azimuthal and radial numbers $(l,p)$, with up to $l=6$, and $p=2$. We also show that the gyration behavior induced by an in-plane field corresponds to the excitation of $l=1$ deformation modes with varying radial numbers. Second, we examine the square lattice of skyrmions of Fe/Ir(111). Its stabilization mechanism is dominated by the 4-spin interaction. After relaxation, the unit cell does not carry a topological charge, and the eigenmodes do not correspond to internal skyrmion deformations. By reducing the 4-spin interaction, the integer topological charge is recovered, but the charge carriers do not possess internal degrees of freedom, nor are they separated by energy barriers. We conclude that a 4-spin dominated Hamiltonian does not yield skyrmion lattice solutions, and that therefore, a nontrivial topology does not imply the existence of skyrmions.


The new type of two-dimensional, convergent-divergent(2DCD) nozzle with fluidic injection for pitching vector control was analyzed by the computation of Reynolds averaging N-S equations. It is advanced in time with an implicit approximate-factorization method to obtain the steady solutions of the N-S equations. The computational results show that the vectoring angle is dependent on the freestream Mach number, nozzle pressure ratio(NPR) and secondary pressure ratio(SPR). If the other conditions kept the same and only the freestream Mach number increased, we can see that with the increasing freestream Mach number the vectoring angle will be decreased. The vectoring angle decreases while the nozzle pressure ratio increases. The vectoring angle decreases about 5.5 degrees when the secondary pressure ratio increases from 0.6 to 1.0.


Let B be a Galois algebra over a commutative ring R with Galois group G, C the center of B, K={g∈G|g(c)=c for all c∈C}, Jg{b∈B|bx=g(x)b for all x∈B} for each g∈K, and BK=(⊕∑g∈K Jg). Then BK is a central weakly Galois algebra with Galois group induced by K. Moreover, an Azumaya Galois extension B with Galois group K is characterized by using BK.


After testing the K 2SO 4 content in propellant by means of poteniometric trituration,it can be concluded that if the sample of propellant is used to dissolve acetone on the condition that 75% acetone is its trituration medium,the error of the testing results is less than 2%,and its standard error is 0.02.Furthermore, if concentrated nitric acid is used to destroy the sample,on the condition that 70% alcohol is its trituration medium,the error is less than 0.2%,and its recycling rate will be over 99.8%,thus the standard error is 0.001.


Paleis Het Loo bought the state bed from the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 1995. After arrival all parts were placed in CO2 gas buble. A group of experts was brought together who deliberated at length about the project and its objectives. The most importance were: 1) to recreate as much as possible the 17th century appearance, 2) not to use an adhesive for the conservation of the textiles. The condition of the textiles was fully documented, photographs were taken and both materials and adhesives were researched before the treatment began. Cleaning the textiles in lukewarm demineralised water caused problems, so the use of water was discontinued. To show the bed an its surroundings at maximum advantage copies have been made of the silk damask and the tasselled trimming. Other materials used for this purpose were silk dyed to match and nylon tulle and polyestet crepeline to support and protect the textiles. Other materials used were unbleached linen, Velcro, cotton, twill ribon, cotton yarn, press fasteners and hooks. Adhesives, mainly used in those places where the original silk was glued tot eh wooden frame, were Plextol D360 from Lascaux and a mixture of Mowilith DMC2 and Mowilith DM5. Sewing was mainly done with couching stitches using thread from polyester crepeline (Tetex). Missing areas and tears in the silk were doubled. Many areas were protected by covering them with a layer of tulle. The bedcover and the rear panel had been much altered in the past. After much research, visual inspection, discussion and the discovery of tehoriginal drawn design on the linen lining of the rear panel it proved possible to conserve and reconstruct the cover and the rear panel. On the 11th and 12th of January 1999 the conserved bed was asembled in the specially adapted Bedchamber of the King-Stadholder.


This article is investigating the level of social trust based on social approach. We assume that social trust (as the main concept of this research) is an important aspect of social relations and the cause of social participation among members of society. The main question is whether the level of social trust among students of Zanjan universities, as the pivot of social relations, have relation with personal and situational traits of students, social interactions with social groups, level of social capitals (social security, supporting social discipline, social commitment, social anomy, social alienations, social hope, social correlation, social rank, social power, social ability to risk). Results show that according to students there is a keen relationship between some factors affecting social trust (specially social participation, social correlation, social anomy, social alienations, social hope, social ability to risk, social security, supporting social discipline, social commitment) and social trust. This relationship between some other factors such as (social rank, social power) has a medium state. Thus, In the ultimate analysis of variations (level of social participation, social correlation, social security) in comparison other variations in Iran have become notable in a way that it has gained the most importance in clarification and anticipation of social trust in impressments of theoretical discoveries of this research, while supporting the relation between social trust and most of the variations considered in minor viewpoints, it is useful achiev perception of major phenomenon which include trust and it is a factor in combining minor and major approaches in the form of a conceptual framework for social trust.


ObjectiveTo study the biological characteristics of gastric carcinoma.MethodsThe DNA contents, S-phras fraction(SPF) and G_2/M-phras fraction(G_2/MPF) were measured in 68 cases of gastric carcinoma with flow cytometry.ResultsIt was showed that the SPF had statisfically difference between diploid carcinomas with serosal invasion and that without serosal invation(P(0.05)). G_2/MPF was higher in aneuploid carcinomas with the serosal invasion and massive growth than that with no serosal invasion and diffusive growth(P(0.05)).The G_2/MPF with lymph node metastasis to N_2~N_3 was higher than that with natastasis to N_1 or N_0. Either SPF or G_2/MPF with the number of lymph node metastasis more than 5 was higher than that with 1~4 mastastasized lymph node and no matastasis.ConclusionThe DNA contents and cell proliferation fraction do have some relationship with the biological characteristics of gastric carcinoma.


The aim of this investigation was to determine age-related trends for anthropometric and physical variables in elite young soccer players. For this purpose, a total of 114 young male soccer players from a high-performance soccer academy participated in this investigation. Anthropometric and physical variables (countermovement jump, 6×40 m shuttle run test, 2×11 m slalom test with the ball) were determined. Results. Body height (U15 U20; p < 0.01). However, the relationships of these variables with age were explained by curvilinear polynomial equations with a tendency for plateauing at ~17 years of age. There were also age-based differences in maximal running velocity (U15 < U17 < U20; p < 0.01), running velocity with ball (U15 < U17~ U20; p < 0.01) and jump height (U15 < U17 < U20; p < 0.01). The relationships of the physical variables with age were explained by curvilinear polynomial equations with plateaus starting at ~ 17 years of age. In young soccer players, the evolution of individual anthropometric and physical condition is strongly related to player's age as part of the qualitative adaptations that accompany growth. However, the growth process cannot be explained by linear models because most of the variables reached a plateau when players were 17 years of age.


The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effects of maternal administration to lead acetate on the morphological structure of the liver; AST, ALT, ALP and GGT levels and glycogen content of hepatocytes of male offspring wistar rats. Female rats were exposed to 0.2% lead acetate in drinking water and the study was performed on their male offspring (7 groups). To evaluate the levels of liver enzymes, blood samples were taken from rats after anesthesia. After dissection, to study its morphological structure and glycogen content of hepatocytes, liver tissue was isolated and transferred to 10% formalin. To measure the levels of hepatic enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP and GGT; serum samples were evaluated. For histological examinations, liver tissue samples were embedded in paraffin after tissue processing and 3 μm thickness sections were prepared from them and then H&E and PAS staining was performed. The results showed that exposure to 0.2% lead acetate induced significant changes in liver enzyme levels in different experimental groups.


In this paper I critique a top down 'what works' approach to improving mathematics teaching and learning in schools, giving examples from a variety of sources; then I use as a case study my own experience from recent classroom teaching to suggest an alternative view of improvement.


The Guide of the Perplexed , written by Moses Maimonides in 1 185, is an unusual book that is not easy to interpret in any straightforward manner that is one of the few remarks that can be made about it upon which there is broad agreement amongst commentators. Admittedly, such a description is not unusual as far as philosophical works are concerned, and many of the great works of philosophy in what can loosely be described as the Western tradition have been subjected to various different, and often incompatible, interpretations by scholars. However, the differences concerning the ways in which The Guide of the Perplexed can be read go beyond this: it is not even universally accepted that it is a philosophical text. Leo Strauss, who did so much to rejuvenate twentieth century interest in Maimonides, describes the Guide as 'under no circumstances a philosophic book',1 and in his introductory essay to Shlomo Pines's translation of it, he states that 'it is not a philosophic book a book written by a philosopher for philosophers but a Jewish book: a book written by a Jew for Jews'.2 How the Guide should be classified is not simply a theoretical question. The way one approaches the book will be closely linked with one's purpose in reading it, and what one hopes to find in it. Despite its prominence, Strauss's view is not universally accepted. At the other end of the spectrum are scholars who regard the Guide as nothing but philosophy, albeit conducted in a Jewish milieu, and in between are a variety of other views which take account of both extremes while themselves offering some interesting perspectives on the text. This article will sketch some approaches to Maimonides' book, and consider the problems they raise. It falls into three parts, with the first two covering, respectively, (1) Strauss's view that the Guide is solely a Jewish text, written for Jews alone, and 'not a philosophic book'; and (2) the view that the Guide is indeed a work of philosophy. The third part (3) will suggest that these perspectives are not necessarily mutually exclusive, and can be used in combination to enable a reader to tackle this difficult work with pleasure and profit. With the exception of Strauss, the approaches to the Guide discussed are all relatively recent, having been published within the last fifteen years. This contemporary focus


The risk of falling is increased in people with knee osteoarthritis (OA) but the risk factors may not be the same as in the general population. The level of evidence for the associations between the different risk factors and falls in OA is moderate, the number of studies for each factor being small.The main objective of the study was to identify factors associated with the number of falls in patients with symptomatic knee and/or hip OA during five years of follow-up, in particular the drug-related risk factors that are modifiable factors.This study was based on data from the KHOALA (Knee and Hip OsteoArthritis long term Assessment) cohort, consisting of 878 patients aged 40 to 75 years, with symptomatic knee and/or hip OA, recruited between 2007 and 2009 in the general population. Patients were followed up annually for 10 years. This study is a longitudinal analysis using data from years 5 to 10, with falls data collected from year 5.The primary endpoint was the number of falls reported by the patient. The potential risk factors studied were: medications grouped into ATC classes, a score of treatments with anticholinergic properties*, demographic (age, sex, education, socio-professional category), clinical (comorbidities), perceived health (WOMAC-pain, WOMAC-function, quality of life by the SF-36), and radiological (Kellgren stage) data. Statistical analyses used generalized linear mixed models.661 patients were included in the analyses. The majority of the sample was female (69%); the mean age was 62 years at year 5, and 153 patients (23.15%) had reported one or more falls in the previous 12 months.In multivariate analyses, and thus independent of pain and functional abilities, a significantly higher number of falls was found in women (OR [CI95%] 1.70 [1.12-2.57]), patients living alone (0.65, [0.47-0.95], P=0.02), retired people (1.92, [1.094-3.37]), patients with more comorbidities (OR 1.10, [.01-1.21]), using fewer antihypertensive drugs (OR 0.61, [.42-0.90]), more weak opioids (OR 1.44, [.05-1.96]) and more treatments with anticholinergic properties (OR 1.31, [.00-1.73])Weak opioids and the score of treatments with anticholinergic properties increased, but antihypertensive treatments decreased the number of falls in patients followed for knee and/or hip OA. The risk factors found in this study are identical to those of the general population, whose pain and functional capacities are less impaired.[1]*Ryan M. Carnahan. The Anticholinergic Drug Scale as a Measure of Drug-Related Anticholinergic Burden: Associations W ith Serum Anticholinergic Activity Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2006Mohammed Aqlan: None declared, Marie-Laure Bocca: None declared, Gilles Loggia: None declared, Elpidio Attoh-Mensah: None declared, Chantal Chavoix: None declared, Anne-Christine Rat Speakers bureau: Pfizer, Lilly, Abbvie, BMS, Galapagos, novartis, Consultant of: Sanofi Genzyme, Lilly, Abbvie, BMS


The paper carries out empirical analysis on the unique advantages of water transportation at responding quickly to serious natural disasters. At the same time, it points out the problems of water transportation exposed in the disaster relief and put forwards related improving suggestions. All these will have positive reference to cope with serious natural disasters in the future.


Introduction: E-resources are boons to the medical students in their busy schedule. These e-resources are appropriate to use, accessible at a reasonable price and can be retrieved from anywhere by many users at the same time.Resources and information regarding dental product, continuing education, online catalogs, etc have resulted in making Internet increasingly popular in dentistry.The present study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge and use of electronic resources among Dental and Nursing students in Ghaziabad.

Methodology:The present study was conducted in Ghaziabad district among 400 medical students (200 dental and 200 nursing students) whom were selected using random sampling techniques.The data were compiled and tabulated in Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and were subjected to descriptive analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS) 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results:In the present study, 25% of students were first years, 16.25% were second years, 21.75% were third years, 11.5% were fourth years and the rest 25.5% were interns. 96% dental and 94.5% nursing students in this study were aware of e-databases. Almost 43.75% heard about PubMed, 13% about Medline plus and 4.75% about web of science databases but only 22.5% dental and 11.5% nursing students used PubMed while 6%dental and 4.5%nursing students used Medline plus.

Conclusion:The present study concludes that there is an inadequacy of knowledge about e-databases among both the dental and nursing students in Ghaziabad.

Keywords: Awareness, Dental students, Electronic Databases, Knowledge, Nursing students


Abstract Introduction: A principal cause of death following presumed recovery from an episode of shock is the development of shockogenic trauma [post-resuscitation syndrome]. The causes of this complication remain unclear and its various treatments continue to be controversial. Hypothesis: The use of perfusion of the blood of patients suffering shockogenic trauma through a donor pig spleen mill decrease the mortality from the complications of this process. Methods: Freshly harvested pig spleens were adjoined to the venous circulation of patients suffering severe shockogenic trauma and the patient's blood perfused through them for periods of 30-60 minutes. The mortality rates of similar patients treated in this manner were compared with those not treated. Blood analyses included measures of the functions of the renal, immune, and coagulation systems. Results: The experience with 212 Extracorporeal Joinings of Donor (pig) Spleens (EJDS) by means of a veno-venous shunt for the treatment of 86 patients with severe shock trauma and its complications is reported. The clinical effects consisted of decreasing signs of intoxication, namely reduction in fever and in the severity of associated encephalopathy. Extracoporeal joinings on donor (pig) spleens (EJDS) was followed by a decline in the concentration of "middle molecules," fibrinogen levels, leucocyte intoxication index, and the number of circulating immune complexes at different times following complexion of the procedure. The number of blood cells remained constant. On the following day, there occurred an increase in the number of thrombocytes. In addition, there was a decline in the quantity of circulating particles in the plasma. The level of plasma creatinine remained constant. Conclusions: Extracoporeal circulation through donor (pig) spleens (EJDS) has an important influence on that part of the immune system that performs the functions of phagocytosis, and also increases the levels of chemokinetic and chemotaxc reactions.


The mode of action of the hypoglycemic sulfonylureas has remained obscure despite the great interest and extensive clinical trial of these agents in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. A thorough understanding of the mechanism of action is essential in view of their potentially extensive use in diabetes. Several modes of action have been suggested: a) inhibition of the pancreatic alpha cells resulting in a decreased production of glucagon (1); b) increased insulin production due to stimulation of the pancreatic beta cells (2); c) inhibition of insulinase resulting in decreased inactivation of insulin (3); and d) inhibition of one or more enzymes of the liver resulting in decreased hepatic glucose output (4-6). It is generally agreed by most investigators that the sulfonylureas do not affect the alpha cells and so do not inhibit glucagon secretion (6, 7). Additional evidence negating this theory is the absence of hypoglycemic action in completely alloxanized animals (8, 9). Vaughan (5) has reported that the hypoglycemia may be due to inhibition of one or more of


In this paper,the mechanical model of key stratum of mining strata is analyzed with the help of the method of catastrophe theory,and an expression of the total potential energy function for this system is derived by the cusp catastrophe model.Ground surface subsidence for the instability of key stratum and its instability conditions are quantitatively analyzed.The result is practical in engineering.


The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is essential for the development of multicellular organisms. Given that this pathway controls a number of key developmental processes, it comes as no surprise that several congenital malformations are caused by genetic alterations in the Hh pathway. Hh signaling is primarily critically active at the developmental stage, less so in adult life. The Hh family of proteins is also involved in the development of cancer. This was first recognized with the discovery that a mutation in the PTCH1 gene was causal for the basal cell nevus syndrome, also known as Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, a condition associated with skeletal, skin, and neural abnormalities as well as with the development of multiple basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and an increased risk for medulloblastoma. Different mechanisms drive the Hh pathway activation in cancer: ligand-dependent or paracrine activation and ligand-independent or mutation-driven activation. Mutation-driven, ligand-independent signaling involves inappropriate activation of the Hh pathway resulting from loss-offunction mutations in the tumor suppressor gene PTCH1 or activating mutations in SMO. Their presence is the rule in BCCs, both in the Gorlin-Goltz–associated BCCs and in sporadic BCCs. The majority of BCCs are treated effectively with surgical resection, including Mohs' surgery, and/or a variety of other local treatment options. In some rare cases, BCCs progress to advanced BCC (aBCC), which groups both locally advanced (as in inoperable) BCC and the even more seldom metastatic BCC. If surgery is not considered possible or appropriate for patients with locally aBCC, radiotherapy remains an effective option. aBCC is a rare disease. Both the US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency have approved a new drug, vismodegib, for the treatment of patients with aBCC. Vismodegib is the first orally bioavailable, small-molecule inhibitor of the Hh pathway; it introduces Hhpathway inhibitors as a new anticancer drug class. Vismodegib targets SMO, the central mediator of the Hh signaling pathway, and inhibits both ligand-dependent and mutation-driven SMO-mediated signaling. On the basis of pharmacokinetic properties as well as the observed efficacy, the lowest dose from the phase I study (150 mg once per day of vismodegib) was chosen for phase II evaluation. Dosing regimens of three times per week or once per week for vismodegib failed to achieve sufficient unbound plasma concentrations. The Hh pathway has been shown to act as an on/off switch for tumor growth in xenograft studies, suggesting that small changes in vismodegib exposure— and therefore pathway suppression—could result in important changes in antitumor activity. Additionally, increasing the daily dose from 150 mg to 270 or 540 mg did not result in higher steady-state plasma concentrations. Vismodegib is now available at the lowest dose investigated in the phase I study, and changing the schedule by dosing on alternate days is clearly not effective. Responses in patients with aBCC are frequent and reasonably durable, but resistance to treatment is the rule. The different SMO mutations that interfere with drug binding are some of the mechanisms responsible for drug resistance. Adverse events are frequent, and although rarely severe, they are often the reason for discontinuing drug treatment. The typical class-related adverse effects are muscle spasms, dysgeusia, weight loss, fatigue, alopecia, and nausea. In the article that accompanies this editorial, Kim et al report on the activity of another drug for the same indication. These investigators previously identified itraconazole, an antifungal agent, in a screening program of previously tested drugs as a potent antagonist of the Hh signaling pathway. Its mechanism of action was shown to be clearly distinct from itsinhibitoryeffectonfungalergosterolsynthesis.Itraconazolealsoactson SMO—although by a mechanism distinct from that of cyclopamine and other SMO antagonists—but similarly prevents the ciliary accumulation of SMO after Hh stimulation. Systemically administered itraconazole was shown to suppress Hh pathway activity and the growth of medulloblastomainananimalmodel.Inpreclinicalstudies,thiswasachievedatserum levels comparable to those in patients undergoing antifungal therapy. In this investigator-initiated, short-exposure (1 to 2.3 months), exploratory phase II study of itraconazole, patients with BCC both with (n 3) and without prior vismodegib (n 16) exposure were enrolled. Patients receivedeitheroral itraconazole200mgtwiceperdayor100mgtwiceper day. The primary end point was the change in Hh pathway–related biomarkers and in tumor cell proliferation in paired tumor biopsies. The investigators succeeded in collecting tumor biopsies and having them evaluated in an independent facility. Itraconazole reduced cell proliferation by 45%, Hh pathway activity by 65%, and tumor area by 24%. Of eight evaluable patients, four had a partial response and four had stable disease after 1 month of treatment. Tumors from the three patients with documented disease progression on vismodegib showed no significant changes in either proliferation or tumor size. This study clearly confirms the preclinically anticipated activity of itraconazole. It also confirms the modeofactionofitraconazoleasanHhpathwayantagonistbydecreasing GLI expression intratumorally. The absence of the typical on-target spectrum of adverse events of the other SMO antagonists is striking (eg, hair loss, muscle cramps, dysgeusia). The primary question of this study was answered, and the authors are to be congratulated for pursuing their JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY E D I T O R I A L VOLUME 32 NUMBER 8 MARCH 1


An erasing method of a semiconductor device is provided to obtain soft erase effect by preventing a gate voltage from being applied earlier than a source voltage or being applied together with the source voltage. A gate electrode is formed on a substrate. A source region and a drain region are formed in the substrate at both sides of the gate electrode. A charge storage layer in which charges are stored is interposed between the gate electrode and the substrate. A source voltage(Vs) is applied to the source region at a first point of time(tp1). A gate voltage(Vg) having a polarity opposite to that of the source voltage is applied to the gate electrode at a second point of time(tp2) later than the first point of time. A multiple step voltage is applied as the gate voltage after the second point of time, including first and second step voltages.


Many denoising algorithms are designed to recover a noise infected image. However, most of them cannot well recover a significant noise dirtied image with noise density higher than seventy percentages. A brand new approach projected to remove background noise with efficiency by detecting and modifying noisy pixels in a picture. If the middle pixel of a local window is classed to clamorous, this center pixel is replaced by a weighted norm on associate degree optimum direction, facultative impulse noise to be removed. Conversely, the middle pixel is unbroken unchanged once it's classified to noise-free, yielding the standard of repaired image being well maintained. The algorithmic rule of salt and pepper noise, DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform) Denoising that exhibits excellent performance each in denoising and in restoration, may be simply and effectively parallelized to use the complete power of multi-core processor performance. The projected Discrete Wavelet Denoising implementation supported the quick Flow library achieves each close-toideal quickening and incredibly excellent wall-clock execution figures.


The aim of this study was to investigate the microorganisms from of necrotic root canals and to study the associations between symptoms and certain bacterial species, using culture methods. Nineteen symptomatic and twenty-one asymptomatic cases, between 18 to 75 years, having primary endodontic infections, and adhering to the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for this study. The targeted microorganisms were Prevotella, Porphyromonas, A.actinimycetmcomitans. E.faecalis.. The organisms that were detected were, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibactor actinomycetemcomitans , Prevotella and additional important bacteria like Streptococci, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Klebsiella Capnocytophaga were found by culture analysis, but microorganisms such as and E. faecalis could not be identified. No association was seen between symptoms and bacterial species detected. 1 . The goal of endodontic treatment is the eradication of these microbes. Current treatment protocols like isolation, canal preparation, antibacterial irrigants and intracanal medicaments, are directed towards bacterial elimination. The rationale for the development of treatment protocols are all based on data involving microbiological root canal sampling (MRS) as there is an intimate involvement of bacteria and clinical endodontics. Microbiological root canal sampling is the foundation of clinical endodontics. 2 The finding from microbiologic studies conducted at different parts of the globe reveal that a given species that is very prevalent in root canals of patients from some geographic regions is not necessarily found in similar figures or even detected in samples from other locations. 3 Studies have suggested that genetic and environmental factors can influence the composition of oral microbiota particularly with regard to the periodontal pathogens. 4,5 It is well known that most periodontal pathogens are also endodontic pathogens and as a consequence variations in their prevalence have a potential to exert a significant influence in the composition of the microbiota of infected root canals. Similar variations were seen in microflora of endodontic infections. 6 Endodontic infection can be symptomatic or asymptomatic and the factors responsible for the development of symptoms are not completely understood. Early studies attempted to correlate some bacterial species with symptoms, but it has been demonstrated that the same species can also be found in asymptomatic cases. It seems that the appearance of symptoms might be a result of a complex mechanism, depending on diverse pathogen related and host-related factors. Despite the availability of various molecular methods for the evaluation of microbes, culture analyses are not redundant. The advantage of cultivation approaches are related to their broad-range nature, which makes it possible to identify a great variety of microbial species in a sample, including those that are not being sought after. Cultivation makes it possible to study the physiological properties and pathogenicity of the microbes. There has been a significant focus recently on developing methods for the in-vitro cultivation of those species that were till recently refractory to culture. Use of dilute nutrient media, increasing the incubation time, modification of the culture media with addition of specific substrates, co-cultivation with helper strains, colony hybridization method, used in isolation or in combination have helped in the culturing of hitherto uncultivable microbes. 7 An effort has been made in this study to identify the microbes in symptomatic and asymptomatic primary endodontic infections in patients, by the culture method.


Attempts were made in this study to examine the eff ctiveness of coagulation/flocculation (C/F) process using polyaluminum ferric-silicate-chloride coagulants and an anionic polyelectrolyte (Magnafloc-LT 25) for the treatment of water and wa stewater samples. Two different types of process were examined. In the first type the polye lectrolyte was added in the sample as a flocculation aid in order to destabilize the colloi dal materials and caused the small particles to agglomerate into larger settleable flocs; and in th e second one the coagulant and polyelectrolyte were combined in one unique reagent in order to inc rease further their flocculation efficiency; as a result, the first type provided a better effectiven ess of the C/F process. Turbidity and UV 254nm absorbance were measured in the treated water and/o r wastewater and the removal of organic matter (expressed as COD), were investigated for wastewate r s mples.


Several quantitative phase imaging techniques, such as digital holography, Hilbert-phase microscopy, and phase-shifting interferometry have applications in biological and medical imaging. Quantitative phase imaging measures the changes in the wavefront of the incident light due to refractive index variations throughout a 3-D specimen. We have developed a multimodal microscope which combines optical quadrature microscopy (OQM) and a Shack- Hartmann wavefront sensor for applications in biological imaging. OQM is an interferometric imaging modality that noninvasively measures the amplitude and phase of a signal beam that travels through a transparent specimen. The phase is obtained from interferograms with four different delayed reference wavefronts. The phase is then transformed into a quantitative image of optical path length difference. The Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor measures the gradient of the wavefront at various points across a beam. A microlens array focuses the local wavefront onto a specific region of the CCD camera. The intensity is given by the maximum amplitude in the region and the phase is determined based on the exact pixel position within the region. We compare the amplitude and quantitative phase information of poly-methyl-meth-acrylate (PMMA) beads in oil and one-cell and two-cell mouse embryos with micrometer resolution using OQM and the Shack-Hartmann. Each pixel in OQM provides a phase measurement, whereas multiple pixels are used in Shack-Hartmann to determine the tilt. Therefore, the simple Shack-Hartmann system is limited by its resolution and field-of-view. Real-time imaging in Shack-Hartmann requires spatial averaging which smoothes the edges of the PMMA beads. The OQM has a greater field-of-view with good resolution; however, it is a complex system requiring multiple optical components and four cameras which may introduce additional artifacts in processing quantitative images. The OQM and Shack- Hartmann has certain advantages depending on the application. A combination of these two systems may provide improved quantitative phase information than either one alone.cHJl


This paper presents the results of the ASSA2000 AIDS and Demographic model developed by the AIDS Committee of the Actuarial Society of South Africa. This model has been calibrated to produce results for each of the provinces separately. From this and other research only, at most, five of the provinces appear to be experiencing similar epidemics, but starting at different times, while the other four (KwaZulu-Natal, Western Cape, Northern Cape and Northern Province) are clearly experiencing different epidemics. In the no-intervention, no-behaviour change scenario the ANC clinic prevalence is expected to plateau in KwaZulu-Natal at nearly 40% while it may barely reach 18% in the Western Cape. The results also show differences in life expectancy, child and adult mortality, numbers of orphans, numbers infected, numbers of AIDS sick and numbers of AIDS deaths, by province, race and gender. Understanding why different provinces are experiencing different epidemics will go a long way to helping us identifying the forces that drive the spread of this epidemic. The paper also contains a brief analysis of the likely impact by socio-economic class.


Dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) is an inherited disease characterized by the triad of mucosal leukoplakia, abnormal skin pigmentation and nail dystrophy, and it usually appears between the ages of 5 and 10 yr. Reports show that 19.5% of DKC patients have short stature (1). A major complication of DKC is progressive development of pancytopenia and there is also an increased incidence of malignancies. The X-linked form accounts for the majority of cases and is caused by mutations in the DKC1 gene. We report a 9 yr old boy, who presented with the triad of DKC, a mutation in the DKC1 gene and short stature, who was treated with human recombinant growth hormone (hGH). This is the first report of a DKC patient treated with hGH.


The progression of CRF is accelerated with a high protein (Pr) intake, however, the mechanism and the causal Pr-components are unknown. One factor might be Pr-induced hypercalciuria with calcification of the residual renal tissue. Since calciun(Ca)excretion is related to the Saa- and sulfate(Si)-content of ingested Pr, we investigated the influence of diets with different Pr- and Saa-content on GFR and renal tissue-Ca(RTca) in rats with CRF. The animals were fed for 4 weeks with either:1.high Pr diet(HP 32%,Saa:1,45%) 2.low Pr(LP8%, Saa:0,46%) 3.LP+0,89% met(LPSaa)or 4.LP(Soja 10%)+0,22% of taurine (LPlau, Saa:0,46%). Energy,Ca and phosphate (Pi)was equal in all diets. GFR(Ccr) and BUN were measured before(a) and after(p), plasma-Ca,Si,Pi and RTca after the feeding period. Results (means;P(CaSiPi)= ion product of plasma Ca,Si,Pi).P(CaSiPi) was positively correlated with RTca and inversely with GFR.Conclusion: The negative effect of high protein on renal function in CRF might partially be due to a high Saa-content, resulting in an increased sulfate production and renal calcification.


The work on creating an iodine-containing preparation for transdermal use was completed, and its physicochemical properties, stability during long-term storage, local irritant effect, exfoliating ability, harmlessness for the body, therapeutic effectiveness for mastitis and udder diseases in cows were studied. The drug of the new generation – uberdermin- results from the interaction of polyiodbismuthsulfamide (PIVS) and dimethyl sulfoxide in a ratio of 10: 1. It is a pasty product of orange color, with a slight garlic smell and a bitter, astringent taste. The study of the physical stability of uberdermin lasted 12 months; he did not reveal significant changes in the controlled indicators (color, smell, taste, consistency, homogeneity, impurities). Cutaneous applications of uberdermin did not reveal an irritating effect of the drug on the glandular tissue of the udder of cows; this is confirmed by counting the number of somatic cells in milk and lysozyme titer. Skin resorptive capacity of uberdermin, visual control of the speed of its discoloration after an application was completed 2.3 times faster compared to PIVS. Control of the translocation of active components of uberdermin in the parenchyma of the mammary gland of lactating cows was based on changes in the concentration of molecular iodine in milk after applying the drug to the skin. of the udder. As it turned out, already 6 hours after its application in a therapeutic dose, the concentration of iodine in milk increased almost twice. Uberdermin showed relatively high antibacterial activity against all tested strains, but the advantages over PIVS are not obvious. Treatment of dry cows with purulent catarrhal mastitis by uberdermin ensured 100% recovery, and 2–3 applications of the drug were needed for the course of treatment; it is two times less than the pre-dry period. Research studies on using uberdermin for udder diseases (frostbite of the tips, bruises, wounds, skin cracks) indicate the prospects of thorough research in this direction.


This article outlines the setting up of a specialist social work team, whose responsibility included working with people with severe mental handicaps of all ages. The way in which team members went about their task is described, including the use of a collaborative teamwork approach. An index of all local people with severe mental handicaps led to the formulation of goals for team members, which were additional to their individually allocated work. Adults living with older parents were given priority, as were ways of widening choice in occupation and leisure, work with families whose child with a severe mental handicap was under five years of age, and means of establishing contact with families of Asian origin or background. The article concludes that a team collaborative approach was valuable. The team's experiences might offer some guidance to others.


High resolution planktic foraminiferal biostratigraphy across the K/T boundary at Osinaga and Musquiz (Navarre, Pyrenees) allows us to recognise a small hiatus located just at the boundary. The hiatus affects the uppermost part of the P. hariaensis Bizone, the Gb. cretacea Biozone and the lowermost part of the Pv. eugubina Biozone, being smaller at Osinaga than at Musquiz. Due to the hiatus the planktic foraminifera extintion model seems to be more catastrophic than in other more continuous sections.


Hyaluronic acid (HA) is widely injected as a viscosupplement in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Despite its extensive use, it is not currently known if cartilage degradation alters how HA‐based solutions lubricate the articular surface. In this study we utilized a model of cartilage degradation by IL‐1β along with a recently developed framework to study role of cartilage degradation on lubrication by clinically‐approved HA‐based lubricants with high viscosities. Cartilage explants were cultured up to 8 days with 10 ng/ml IL‐1β. After culture, samples were examined histologically, immunohistochemically, biochemically, mechanically, topographically, and tribologically. The tribological testing analyzed both boundary and mixed lubrication modes to assess individual effects of viscosity and boundary lubricating ability. Friction testing was carried out using PBS and two clinically approved HA‐based viscosupplements in a cartilage‐glass configuration. After culture with IL‐1β, boundary mode friction was elevated after both 4 and 8 days. Additionally, friction in mixed mode lubrication, where HA is most effective as a lubricant, was significantly elevated after 8 days of culture. As cartilage became rougher, softer, and more permeable after culture, the boundary mode plateau was extended, and as a result, significantly increased lubricant viscosities or sliding speeds were necessary to achieve effective mixed lubrication. Overall, this study revealed that lubrication of cartilage by HA is degradation‐dependent and coincides with changes in mechanics and roughness. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1456–1464, 2018.


This Paper Propose a comparison between different DC-DC converters which are generally used to boost the voltage of the PV solar cell to make hybrid connection of PV solar system with wind system for either standalone system or mini