16 March 2016 3:13 PM 1 Preservation and Restoration of Tooth Structure, Third Edition. Edited by Graham J. Mount, Wyatt R. Hume, Hien C. Ngo and Mark S. Wolff. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Companion Website: www.wiley.com/go/mount/preservation The human oral environment evolved within a Paleolithic (Stone Age) hunter‐gatherer setting, reflecting well over 2 million years of evolution from primate origins of even greater antiquity. The interplay between genes and differing environments over many tens of thousands of generations resulted in various oral adaptations that together provided good oral health and function. Common themes were evident among Paleolithic groups. First, dentitions showed extensive wear when compared to many modern societies, yet the teeth remained functional. Second, although the diet was generally acidic, erosion and the non‐carious cervical lesions that are endemic in current populations were not apparent. Third, oral bacterial biofilms were present, yet the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease was so low that it could be considered insignificant. With the advent of farming in human societies about 10,000 years ago and increasingly over the last 400 years, as food manufacture and distribution became more common, changes in our diet have led to profound changes in the oral ecosystem. These changes were sudden from an evolutionary perspective and they have been primarily responsible for the modern oral and many of the systemic diseases now afflicting human populations. Among those diseases are several that lead to the loss of tooth structure. The Oral Environment and the Main Causes of Tooth Structure Loss


Aim  Meta‐analyses have been used to evaluate associations between polymorphisms and colorectal cancer risk, but the quality of individual studies used to inform them may vary substantially. Our aim was to apply well‐established quality‐control criteria to individual association studies and then compare the results of meta‐analyses that included or excluded studies that did not meet these criteria.


Model deformation and attitude angle are very important parameters in wind tunnel test.The deformation data can be used for CFD correction,and the accuracy of attitude angle affects quality and characteristic of test data.In order to get the test parameters.A kind of optical measurement device based on three-line array CCDs—Optotrak system,and the measurement technology by the system is introduced.Deformation datas with different velocities are obtained,by installing Markers on several aerofoils,and the attitude angle is measured by vector calculation.The test result shows that the system realize good application effect,deformation data curve is resonable,and the measurement accuracy of attitude angle data achieves 0.004°.


The explosion of the Covid-19 outbreak in Malaysia coincided with a party political coup that toppled the multi-ethnic reformist government of Mahathir Mohamad. The lockdown implemented by the new ...


reliability, we need a more detailed analysis to explain why they function in certain circumstances, while not in others, before proposing them as universally applicable policy instruments. However, my primary criticism concerns the use of classical liberal economic theory which presumes (1) that everybody behaves economically exactly the same regardless of social system, historical period, or economic background, (2) that each individual pursuing her/his self-interest assists the economic betterment of the entire society, and (3) that we all behave ' rationally', defined as conforming to the economic model. With economic inequality much greater than in the industrialised free-market countries and with low G.D.P. per capita, between 30 to 70 per cent of the inhabitants of the Third World live in absolute poverty. The proposed 'trickle down' policies would aggravate inequalities and reduce standards of living by increasing malnutrition, illiteracy, and morbidity, while decreasing productivity. Furthermore, since money is not an object in itself, but a means to obtain goods and services, for the substantial majority of those living in the developing countries any reduction in the availability of what is really needed in the domestic market could cause decreased productivity. Lastly, the authors seem to ignore the problem of the propensity of the economic elite for conspicuous consumption, and the social prestige attached to imported goods. Increasing this group's income share, instead of creating productive investments, would generate an enlarged demand for more imported luxury goods. Thus, these policy proposals are not a solution, but part of the problem.


The aim of the study was to investigate the protective effects of Launaea procumbens methanolic extract (LM) against CCl4-induced molecular, hormonal and pathological abnormalities in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were provided by National Institute of Health (NIH) Islamabad and orally fed with 100, 200 mg/kg body weight of LM after 48 h of CCl4 treatment (3 ml/kg body weight, 30% in olive oil) biweekly for 4 weeks. The results showed that the administration of LM significantly improved the CCl4-induced serum level of hormones, argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) and DNA damages. Histopathology showed that LM reduced the incidence of adrenal lesions induced by CCl4 in rats. These results suggest that LM could protect adrenal against the CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats.

 Key words: Carbon tetrachloride, Launaea procumbens, adrenal histopathology.


GQM+Strategies is a goal-oriented measurement approach that supports organizations in identifying goals, strategies to achieve goals, and measures to monitor strategies and goals. However, identifying proper strategies is not an easy task. This paper presents two studies performed to investigate how strategies can be established to achieve IT service goals. First, we carried out a qualitative study involving three IT service-related departments of a large company to find out how they have been defining strategies and problems faced. We noted that strategies were defined by leaders, in a top-down approach, or by teams, in a bottom-up approach, and causal analysis techniques have been used to investigate aspects which can impact goals achievement. We also found the relation between the IT service strategies and goals was not clear for the teams. Considering these findings, we performed an empirical study in another IT-service related department applying an approach combining GQM+Strategies plus some instruments (checklists, templates and examples) and causal analysis to support IT strategies identification. As a result, we noticed that by using that approach the team was able to derive IT strategies based on goals, define measures to monitor goals and strategies, and better understand the alignment between the goals to be achieved and the strategies to be performed. Moreover, results showed that causal analysis is useful to define strategies and that supporting instruments facilitate using the approach and building GQM+Strategies grid.


Soil columns of A (limed and non limed samples), B and C horizons were exposed to both superficial contamination with Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb and leaching with distilled water to evaluate the mobility and the chemical retention forms of these metals in a Brazilian Oxisol. The leaching treatments were carried out in 1993 in the Soil Chemistry laboratory of the Universidade Federal de Vicosa, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The metal concentrations were determined in the effluents and, after sequential extration, in soil samples taken at 2.5; 10.0 and 17.5 cm column depths. The results showed that the mobility of the metals in soil was: Zn > Cd > Pb > Cu. The soil exchangeable fraction retained the majority of Cd and Zn, while the residual, organic and reductible fractions retained most Cu and Pb. Liming the A horizon decreased both the amounts of Cd and Zn in the exchangeable fraction and Cu in the organic fraction.


Over the past 10 years there has been a widespread, localised, uncoordinated effort across Australia to create Aboriginal cultural centres. Generally funded by regional development bodies and/or local government, these centres focus on leveraging culture to drive human development (training, employment) while meeting a range of social and cultural goals. Among their goals are cultural events, engagement with Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal communities, and education about Aboriginal cultural knowledge. They can be differentiated from the first wave of Aboriginal arts centres that began in the 1970s that were controlled by Aboriginal organisations in which the Federal government exercised influence via funding models, had the principle activity of facilitating the production and marketing of art, and tended to be in remote locations. The focus here is on an exemplar of the established, though still developing, second wave of Aboriginal cultural centres. This paper presents a hypothesis on the characteristics of the second wave of Aboriginal cultural centres and their alignment with state-defined priorities for sustainable development through the case study of an Aboriginal culture and heritage centre. Insights are drawn from key informant interviews about the creation and operation of Gwoondwardu Mia, the Gascoyne Aboriginal Heritage and Cultural Centre in Carnarvon, Western Australia. mines funding via peer evaluation that almost always protects the status quo, and an instrumentalist whole of government approach across agencies to non-elite arts and culture that were included in cultural policy from the 1960s (2007). The characteristics of Indigenous cultural policy both influenced and was heavily influenced by the expansion of cultural policy, as is discussed using the example of arts centres in the next section. Craik holds it out as a successful cultural field that challenged the boundaries and orthodoxies of cultural policy. Its importance is confirmed through its prominence in the recent 2011 National Cultural Policy Discussion Paper, although it is a potential concern that it is linked to heritage rather than 'core arts' at the beginning of the document, and to cultural maintenance through the goals with no mention of new expressions and directions. Indigenous culture has been the focus of a range of policy areas, including at the Federal level the environment (Indigenous heritage), social services (use of arts programs), as well as languages and a range of arts programs. It has also been a focus of tourism strategies. 1 Indigenous culture's attraction to policy makers at the Federal level has been replicated at all levels of government, leading to a wide range of policies that aim to satisfy a variety of policy goals. A second development with implications for Aboriginal cultural centres is the use of culture in regional development programs. The role of culture in urban and regional development, particularly through ideas like the creative classes (Florida, 2002) the creative city (Landry, 2006; Landry & Biancini, 1995) and creative industries (Cunningham, 2002; Hartley, 2005; Venturelli, 2001), has increased the scope for state investment in culture and the arts in urban locations. Cultural regeneration programs have been popular in Europe for some time (as per the European Capital of Culture program), although critical analysis suggests that their success has been mixed (Currid, 2007; Lloyd, 2002; Oakley, 2004; Pratt, 2008). Regional areas have also sought to take advantage of these trends and in particular their capacity to attract tourists as a driver for jobs and growth (see for instance in Germany, (Drda-Kuhn & Wiegand, 2010), and for a global study across the USA, Australia and Europe, Duxbury (2009)). Gibson (2002) identifies tourism (which followed lifestyle migration from urban centres) as crucial for understanding regional cultural industries in the Far North Coast of New South Wales due to its ability to fund infrastructure and reinforce regional identity (2002). The growth in this and other (Curry, Koczberski, & Selwood, 2001) rural communities contrasts to the decline in other rural communities that are reliant on primary industries, and has led to an increased state interest in cultural development initiatives. Growing interest in cultural and creative industries as a driver of development is supported in the broader international context by UNESCO initiatives to support creative industries in developing countries (such as through the Jodhpur Initiatives (UNESCO Bangkok, 2005)), and its ongoing championing of cultural development internationally, most prominently through the World Decade of Cultural Development (1988-1997) (Throsby, 2010). The expansion of cultural policy, particularly into urban and regional development, provides part of the background to the emergence of a number of publicly funded Aboriginal cultural initiatives in the last decade. However, it is not possible to understand why Aboriginal culture is now perceived as a potential driver of development without a close examination of Aboriginal arts centres. 3 ABORIGINAL ARTS CENTRES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON CULTURAL POLICY The Aboriginal arts centres set the context for the cultural centres their perceived and actual success established that Indigenous culture was a viable driver of commercial, social and cultural benefits. Before Aboriginal cultural centres can be judged to be different or separate to the arts centres, we must establish the arts centres' characteristics and history. Any analysis of Aboriginal cultural centres needs to both recognise the importance of the history and experiences of the arts centres and be distinguishable from them. Prior to the 1970s, Aboriginal cultural objects were only perceived as art when they fit European conventions (such as bark paintings) and only then through a redefinition of art that started in museums (such as painted shields and other tools), so many objects were ignored or were not collectable (Morphy, 1998). In 1971, 1 Most recently, increasing the supply of labour, skills and Indigenous participation was a key plank of the National Long Term Tourism Strategy. Aboriginal Arts and Crafts Pty Ltd was established on the back of a tourism report, and played a key role in establishing credible outlets for Aboriginal art. This organisation controlled the supply of art by buying and holding all of the art, with the purpose of creating a market, albeit one that could only absorb a portion of the art produced. Following the election of the Whitlam Government in 1972, self-determination became the central element of Indigenous policy, and the Aboriginal Arts Board (AAB) in the Australia Council was established. This all-Aboriginal board was accompanied by a new type of arts bureaucrat, entrepreneurial and focussed on supporting and implementing the priorities of Aborigines, including buying much of the art in the 1970s (Myers, 2002). Hence at the time the first arts centres emerged, the two key sets of policy priorities around the arts centres viewed them as economic enterprises, and as a means for self-determination and Aboriginal expression. The AAB's values and financial support were crucial contributions to what John Altman calls the "arts centre model" (2005, p. 6). This model employed non-Aboriginal arts advisors (also called arts centre managers) who were directly accountable to the artists. Altman's (2005) description concurs with Felicity Wright and Frances Morphy's more focussed definition, although he also notes the existence of a small number of urban centres: Organisations operating in remote Australia owned and controlled by Aboriginal people. Their principal activity is facilitating the production and marketing of art and craft. A centre may be independently incorporated, or auspiced by an Aboriginal company or incorporated association. (Wright & Morphy, 2000, p. ix) Altman's analysis of arts centres moves beyond organisation and activity to consider how their success is shaped by their role mediating relationships between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal cultures and priorities: These are hybrid organisations, at once cultural and commercial, local and global, Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal—fundamentally inter-cultural and operating between thoroughly different locales. (2005, p. 6) To be successful, the arts centres have to bridge geographical and cultural divides while satisfying the requirements of artists, policy makers and the market. The relationship between these elements has shifted over time. 1989 was a key turning point for Indigenous arts policy in Australia (Altman, McGuigan, & Yu, 1989). The Aboriginal arts and crafts industry report (Altman, et al., 1989) led to the end of Aboriginal Arts and Crafts and the control of supply, and the consolidation and growth in support through ATSIC administration of funding. The Aboriginal Arts Board (now the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Arts Board—ATSIAB) in the Australia Council focussed its resources on specific projects, arts promotion and professional development for individual artists. Fred Myers (2002) identifies 1981 to 1989 as the boom years. During this time economic rationalization came to dominate the administration of arts centres, while exhibition and retail successes led to the entry of Aboriginal art into public collections and international exhibitions, and an association of Aboriginal symbolism with Australian cultural nationalism. The state's policy emphasis became increasingly on the arts and crafts industry, rather than on arts as an activity of cultural preservation. Myers characterises the third period, from 1989-2000 as a "privatisation period" (2002, p. 124), shaped by the establishment of a calibrated market for Aboriginal fine art. The changes of 1989 ultimately resulted in less control for arts centres and continued issues of quality for dealers as the market suffered from an "entrepreneur


The problems of creating distance learning courses are considered. Select the task of e-learning, describes some of the ways to implement online courses. The approach to creation of remote course in chemistry on the basis of Flash technology is illustrated.


4059Background: The role of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in the treatment of gastric cancer patients after D2 resection has not been defined yet. This trial was designed to compare capecitabine...


A multiple optimization algorithm, the Cultural Algorithm based on Particle Swarm Optimization (CAPSO) was applied to flight control law clearance. The algorithm provides a more accurate performance in function optimization when compared with the traditional Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). A short-period of longitudinal flight control system for a certain aircraft was designed before the validation. Two representative linear criterions were considered. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm provides an effective approach in search for worst combinations of parametric model uncertainties during process of flight clearance.


Multi-channeled filtering properties are found in the sandwich structure composed of two e-negative layers with dielectric permittivity described by Drude model separated by another normal material layer. Epsilon-negative metamaterials are successfully realized by using composite right/left-handed transmission line, based on which the Fabry–Perot (FP) cavity was also constituted. The single resonant mode is split into some discrete resonant peaks, leading to the multi-channeled filtering phenomenon through the several coupled FP cavity resonators. In comparison with the conventional multichanneled filters, the proposed structure is more compact and tunable. The microwave experiment results are found in agreement with simulation results.


What we can observe currently about professional formation is the pure and simple fixation of protocols and procedures in a sequential and mechanical way. These procedures deny the students the knowledge of theoretical principles involved in the techniques used in their professional works. In this work we evaluate the idea of implementing small biochemistry modules in technical education in order to assist the formation of professionals with better capacity to take decisions. For such, a good theoretical knowledge is the base of the practical procedures to give the students enough security and independence to manipulate the techniques in their works. The model evaluated here, a practical course of purification and analysis of proteins that is offered to the whole community, was carried out in the Laboratory of Enzimology and Physico-Chemistry of Proteins of the Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, of the Institute of Biological Sciences of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. We have noticed that some constructivist features of this course indicates it as a good instrument for the enrichment of the proffesionnal formation of our students.


In this study, schorl was used as an effective adsorbent for ciprofloxacin removal from wastewater. The adsorption performance, mechanism and effect of metal ion on sorption were investigated. Adsorption capacity reached a maximum (8.49 mg/g) when the pH value was 5.5. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich model could better describe the experimental data. The negative ΔH (–22.96 KJ/mol) value showed that the adsorption process was exothermic. The results also indicated physical adsorption existed on the adsorption process, which was in agreement with the analysis of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The desorption rate could reach 94%, which suggested that schorl had a good desorption and regeneration performance. Coexisting ions, such as Cu 2+ and Al 3+ , could obviously inhibit adsorption, and the inhibition from Al 3+ was significantly higher than that from Cu 2+ . However, the additional Zn 2+ could slightly promote the adsorption.


enjoying domestic comforts, a book would probably appear somewhere in the picture. As scholars studying the cultural functions of reading have argued, the book ranks as one of the most important instruments and symbols of domesticity. In the iconography of the home, the book represents taste, shared learning, and love. Consider, for instance, Figure 1, "Home." In this domestic tableau, a father relaxes with his newspaper and cigar, while a mother reads a large book, perhaps a primer or a Bible, with her three children. The mother points out a signiWcant word or idea to the children, who look on attentively. One child even reaches out her hand, as if to touch on the same point and to connect with the mother. Instructing the children seems to be the work of the mother, but the family comes together around the act of reading, enjoying productive leisure, intimacy, and comfort. Reading with a Tender Rapture


The Fritillariaimperialis is grown natively in Iran. Between ornamental bulblet plants, this plant has special place, therefore this plant needs more attention, otherwise this plant will be destroyed in future. For this reason in vitro culture of Fritillariaimperialis was studied. Tissue culture techniques have high potential for mass propagation. The multiplication efficacy of the method by bulb is low; the plantlets are easy to get diseases and depended on the crop. Plant tissue culture is a technique that has ability of production of a large number of high quality plants. Factors influencing on the regeneration ability and in vitro plantlet growth were examined. The number of regenerated shoots was the highest on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l TDZ and 30 g/l sucrose; the number of roots was the highest on MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l NAA and 30 g/l sucrose; the in vitro bulb diameter is largest. In vitro plantlets survived in greenhouse at a high rate. A whole process was established for rapid multiplication of Fritillariaimperialis L.


Abstract This paper focuses on changing approaches to worker education within the South African labour movement over the past 20 years. It identifies the distinctive features of this movement in its early years of development, and shows how these were linked to an emancipatory educational discourse with particular notions of how knowledge is constructed, the role of experience in learning and the construction of particular forms of worker identity. It then traces the role of the labour movement in the development of new education and training policies in the context of transition to democracy in the 1990s. It shows how newer training discourses have impacted on union education and shifted the labour movements' understandings of how and where knowledge is produced, the kinds of knowledge that should be valued, the social purpose of education and the very meaning of worker experience and its significance for learning.


Abstract The results of experimental and theoretical investigations of the energy spectrum and electronic properties of symmetric p-[001] Al0.5Ga0.5As/GaAs/Al0.5Ga0.5As heterostruc-tures under uniaxial [110] compression are presented. The stress-induced piezoelectric field breaks the confining potential symmetry in the quantum well and lifts the degeneracy of the hole subbands. A redistribution of holes in the spin subbands of the ground state takes place, which is revealed in the different shifts of the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillation maxima corresponding to the different spin subbands. The [110] uniaxial compression significantly modifies the band structure, which leads to a strong aniso-tropy of the Fermi surface. The electrical resistance becomes strongly anisotropic under applied compression, decreasing in the direction parallel to the compression and increasing in the perpendicular direction.


Abstract Large amounts of dried whole whey (65% of concentrate mix) were fed to 10 lactating cows during 16 wk. Dried whole whey replaced all of corn, dicalcium phosphate, trace mineralized salt, and portions of oats and soybean meal which were included in the concentrate mix fed to 10 control cows. All received the respective concentrate mix at 1 kg/3kg milk produced, 4kg alfalfa hay daily, and corn silage ad libitum. Milk production tended to be less for dried whole whey diet (22.8 and 24.5 kg/day), although 4% fat-corrected milk and solids-corrected milk were similar because of a higher percent fat (3.77 and 3.46) and percent protein (3.08 and 2.99) in the milk. In a second trial, 12 Holstein steers weighing about 300kg were in a 2×2 factorial experiment of 16 wk evaluating dried whole whey (65% of concentrate mix, 45% of total dry matter intake) and limestone (2.8% of dry matter intake). The control diet contained corn, soybean meal, vitamins A and D, minerals, and corn silage. Diets consisted of 70% of dry matter as concentrate mix and 3 0% as corn silage fed ad libitum as a total mixed ration. Weight gains and dry matter intakes were similar for steers fed dried whole whey and control diets but tended to be less with limestone diets. Samples of rumen contents from cows and steers fed dried whole whey contained more butyrate and less propionate than from animals fed control diets. Rumen ammonia concentrations were lower in steers fed dried whole whey, and limestone additions had no effect on rumen volatile fatty acids, ammonia, or fecal starch.


Due to the global warming problem, it is more urgent than ever to take carbon emission problem seriously. Gravity method is a good model for us to do location selection, but that does not include carbon emission cost. So it is needed to take carbon emission cost into consideration. Three aspects of work have been done. First, the carbon emission cost of a certain kind of truck is calculated. Second, the comparison between considering and not considering carbon emission is done. Third, a distance parameter is added to transfer straight-line distance to real distance. The research gets the result in two cases: case 1 single mode transportation tools are used, the best site has no changes with total cost rising; case 2 multi-mode transportation tools are used, the best site coordination has changed with cost rising in general except extraordinary case.


Curative therapy for childhood glioma presents challenges when complete resection is not possible. Patients with recurrent low‐grade tumors or anaplastic astrocytoma may receive radiation treatment; however, the long‐term sequellae from radiation treatment can be severe. As many childhood gliomas are associated with activation of BRAF, we have explored the combination of ionizing radiation with MEK inhibition in a model of BRAF‐mutant anaplastic astrocytoma.


With the startup of LHCb, the dedicated heavy flavor experiment at the LHC, the next round of precision B-experiments will be launched. LHCb has access to about 10 B meson decays per year, allowing significant measurements of even very rare B decays and, in particular, the precision study of the Bs system. With the measurement of rates, angular distributions and CP asymmetries of loop suppressed B decays, LHCb will probe the quantum corrections predicted by the Standard Model. Many observables show a large sensitivity to New Physics contributions. In the following the expected LHCb physics performance and the potential to search for New Physics is discussed for a set of key measurements.


Abstract The micro-hardness of gold has been investigated over a range of indentation sizes from 0.5 mm to 0.2 μm using loads down to 1.0 mg. The indentations were made using a series of spherical indenters of varying radius. In this way it was possible to keep the shape of indentations geometrically similar over a wide range of indentation sizes and so obtain comparable results. The smallest indenters (0.5 μm radius) were prepared using techniques similar to those used for making field-ion microscope tips and the experiments at the small sizes were carried out inside a scanning electron microscope. The measurements were made on specimens in the annealed condition and in the heavily cold-worked condition; considerable care was taken to exclude any possible effect arising from the preparative treatment of the surface. The results show that the hardness is increased by a factor of between two and three at sizes down to 0.2 μm in both the annealed and cold-worked conditions. Possible reasons for this increas...


This letter presents a novel simultaneous wireless power and data transmission (SWPDT) system for wireless electric vehicle (EV) charging. The data carrier is injected and extracted by a plug-and-play toroidal-core inductor. Two data carriers of 5 and 6.25 MHz are adopted to achieve bidirectional and full-duplex communication using frequency-division multiplexing. Differential quadrature phase-shift keying modulation is achieved by a Class-E amplifier in the data transmitter. An analog switch circuit is designed to demodulate the data carrier in the data receiver. The proposed method is verified by a prototype that achieves up to 64 kbps full-duplex data transmission under 3.3 kW power transfer. The bit rate and interference immunity of data transmission are greatly improved compared to the reported SWPDT systems, which makes it possible to realize high-speed simultaneous communication in the kilowatt-level wireless EV charging.


Abstract Biotites from three peaty gleyed podzol soil profiles on ranite bedrock were examined to investigate the oxidation of the octahedral Fe during weathering. Oxidation of these biotites as determined by Mössbauer spectroscopy shows a good correlation with the in situ measured soil Eh values of the sampled horizons. In every soil profile the highest Eh measured is in the A horizon and the lowest in the C horizon. Similarly, biotites from the A horizons are the most oxidized compared with those from the lower horizons. In most of the samples the oxidation is accompanied by loss of K+ from the lattice, as demonstrated by a moderate degree of vermiculitization.


Remarks that the importance of innovation is now well recognized in the marketing literature. Argues that radical innovation is still very important to a mature company for the development of new sales. Discusses the details that are important to radical innovation, and proffers an initiative for the development of new business. Analyses the results of empirical studies carried out by UK companies into product innovation. Concludes that organizations should remain sensitive to market demand before embarking on innovation, and that "entrepreneurism" is an important factor, although hard to cultivate in a mature company.


We discuss how the observation of coherent backscattering of light by cold atoms has opened new ways towards the study of Anderson localization and random lasers with narrow resonances.


The Bloch equations for nuclear magnetic resonance are modified to describe the magnetic resonance of a single nuclear species X which is transferred back and forth between two (or more) magnetic environments (A,B) by kinetic molecular processes. The modified Bloch equations involve the usual assumptions of the Bloch theory and, in addition, require (a) that the X nuclear relaxation times be independent of the molecular exchange rates, and (b) that the X nuclear magnetization in A relax independently of the X magnetization in B, and vice versa. The modified Bloch equations are easily solved in the slow passage case, with arbitrary rf saturation. Earlier relations between reaction rates, and resonance line shapes, which were developed by Gutowsky, McCall, and Slichter, and extended by a number of other investigators, are easily derived using the modified Bloch equations. In the present work the modified equations are used to show how rapid exchange rates can sometimes be measured in solutions where the X r...


A method of representing absorbers in finite difference codes using the analytical flux solution in the vicinity of the absorbers is presented. Taking an idealized reactor model, numerical comparisons are made between the finite difference eigenvalues and fiuxes and results obtained from a purely analytical treatment of control rods in a reactor (the Codd-Rernie method). Encouraging agreement is obtained. (auth)


An automatic transfer system provides a means of switching both ends of a working digital carrier span line automatically to a protection line when a failure occurs on a working line, without service interruption. Priority schemes enable one or two protection lines to serve any number of working lines. New design concepts expand the flexibility of automatic line transfer. Each digital span line may be protected separately and transferred independently. Interrogation and resetting on a span-by-span basis are also provided. All line transfers are signaled and the location of a failure anywhere in the system may be determined from a central location. Any span feeding lines originating or terminating within the system, or diverging at a remote office, may be protected by one or two protection lines.


Potential feed ingredients with high lipid content were made by enzymatic digestion followed by centrifugation of eye tissue from dusky rockfish (Sebastes ciliatus), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), and brain tissue from sockeye salmon. Supernatant fractions contained significant levels of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid and were essentially pure triacyglycerides. For the digest of sockeye salmon brain tissue, the lipids were mainly composed of phospholipids (74%) and sterols (22%). Assays for amino acid profiles and mineral content of the precipitant layers were also performed.


This paper establishes RBAC access control mechanisms in RBAC through Lagrange polynomial,the roles of users of Lagrange polynomial in each server hide in a Lagrange polynomial,it simplifies role management and Lagrange polynomial computation and reduces storage requirements.In addition,each server takes charge of access control of roles and improves its flexibility.


: The present paper aims to bring forth the perception of the world in the postcolonial period in Kiran Desai's Award winning novel, The Inheritance of Loss . The euphoria of liberalization and celebration of globalization have been skillfully denuded by Kiran Desai in her work. She demonstrated that though the advancement of technology professed to create wealth and well-being in integrating the cultural diversities, the fact is that there is a darker side where innumerable people are deprived of their basic human rights. Desai's motive in writing The Inheritance of loss was to look beyond the general concept of globalization. With her optimism Desai finds the other disordered side of global economy, which are less discussed. In the background of colonial neurosis and multiculturalism, Kiran Desai explores the impact of globalization expressed in terms of financial security in alien lands, racial discrimination, bitterness of immigration, complexity of the high society and disenchantment borrowed out of the opulence of the West in the post-colonial era.


Path planning for robots is essential to seek the most feasible path due to power requirement, environmental factors and other limitations. The Grey wolf optimization (GWO) is a metaheuristic algorithm that is widely used for optimization of different parameters in the discrete search space to solve the various problems. Here in this paper, we have used improved version of Grey Wolf Optimization known as Variable Weight Grey Wolf Optimization (VM-GWO) for path planning of robots. The VM-GWO was implemented using two different 3 dimensional maps in order to obtain the better path planning. The results of VM-GWO were compared with the conventional GWO in terms of speed and shortest distance covered. The result demonstrates the better performance of VM-GWO in comparison to GWO.


Abstract In this study, nano-structural and nano-constraints behavior of two silica aggregate mortars are investigated. The first silica aggregate (A) is almost pure silica and the second one (B) contains silica, calcite and dolomite phases. The relationship between the durability and nano-structural changes is evidenced using Transmission Electron Microscope, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and TGA/DTA. The nano-structural results show that the macroscopic properties of mortars greatly depend on physico-chemical properties of aggregates. Higher the water absorption, higher the consumption of the Portlandite; the consumption of Portlandite, after 28 days of curing, is more in Bm sample than in Am sample. A relationship between the Portlandite content and the water absorption is evidenced. The relationship between reactivity and nano-constraints deduced from XRD modeling is highlighted.


Symplectic maps (canonical transformations) are treated from the Lie algebraic point of view using Lie series and Lie algebraic techniques. It is shown that under very general conditions an analytic symplectic map can be written as a product of Lie transformations. Under certain conditions this product of Lie transformations can be combined to form a single Lie transformation by means of the Campbell–Baker–Hausdorff theorem. This result leads to invariant functions and generalizes to several variables a classic result of Birkhoff for the case of two variables. It also provides a new approach since the connection between symplectic maps, Lie algebras, invariant functions, and Birkhoff's work has not been previously recognized and exploited. It is expected that the results obtained will be applicable to the normal form problem in Hamiltonian mechanics, the use of the Poincare section map in stability analysis, and the behavior of magnetic field lines in a toroidal plasma device.


Acne agminata (AA) is a rare centrofacial papular eruption of unknown aetiology. There are very few reports of effective treatment options for AA. We report a case with minimal response to conventional treatments, including oral corticosteroids, lymecycline and two courses of isotretinoin. Topical dapsone gel (5%) was chosen based on reports of the efficacy of oral dapsone in AA, but with topical dapsone having a lower potential for adverse effects (AEs). The treatment was well-tolerated and considerable benefit was seen. This is the first report of efficacy with this novel topical agent for AA. A 31-year-old white man presented with asymptomatic facial papules. His medical history was not significant, and he was not taking any regular medication. Physical examination revealed symmetrical facial papules involving the chin, cheeks, nose and periorbital skin (Fig. 1a). The clustered monomorphous papules were erythematous with a yellowish hue (Fig. 1b). There were no comedones. Histological examination of a punch biopsy of a papule demonstrated folliculocentric, noncaseating granulomata in the dermis surrounded by a dense infiltrate comprising lymphocytes and plasma cells with Langhans giant cells (Fig. 1c). Periodic acid– Schiff, Ziehl–Neelsen and gram stains excluded infective causes, and enzyme-linked immunospot testing for tuberculosis was nonreactive. Chest radiography, full blood count, renal and liver profile, and levels of Creactive protein, serum angiotensin-converting enzyme and calcium were normal. These clinicopathological features were consistent with AA. Initial treatment with prednisolone (10 mg daily for 1 month) followed by lymecycline (408 mg daily for 3 months) were ineffective. Two sequential 6-month courses of isotretinoin 40 mg did not clear the rash, but led to a slight reduction in the size and prominence of the papules; however, ongoing disease activity remained, with new lesions continuing to develop. Therefore, 24 months after the initial presentation, topical 5% dapsone gel was commenced, initially twice daily, following a normal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) reading. We decided on therapy with topical dapsone gel, based on reports of successful treatment of AA with oral dapsone. Upon review at 3 months (Fig. 2), the existing lesions were smaller and less inflammatory, and there were no new papules. Over the next 6 months, the dapsone gel was stopped intermittently, but this led to rapid recurrence, indicating ongoing disease activity which the topical dapsone was controlling. The patient denied any AEs and found the formulation very tolerable. Full blood count repeated after 4 months of treatment was normal. After 11 months, the treatment was successfully stopped with no recurrence. AA, also called lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei (LMDF) or facial idiopathic granulomas with regressive involution (F.I.GU.R.E.), is a rare granulomatous condition that usually affects young adults, predominantly localizing to the central face with characteristic periorbital involvement. Histology typically shows tuberculid granulomas in the dermis with central caseating necrosis, with variants reported, including sarcoidal-like granulomas, as in our case. The aetiology is uncertain, but it may represent a form of granulomatous rosacea or a granulomatous reaction to ruptured hair follicles. It can resolve spontaneously, albeit with depressed, disfiguring scars. Due to the rarity of AA, the evidence for treatment options is sparse. Prednisolone used in the early phase may reduce scar formation, while isotretinoin (40 mg daily for 3–40 months) is reported to hasten resolution and the evidence for doxycycline (100 mg once or twice daily) is encouraging, but none of these options are uniformly effective. Clofazimine, an antituberculous PD


Reducing process for pig and suitable for use in oil and gas transmission pipelines adjustable, oil and gas pipelines belonging to pigging, the slag, purge, rust, wax BACKGROUND pig, drainage. Including skeletal, retaining ring, positioning an electronic transmitter, a bar, a bolt, a nut, a longitudinal backbone with a positioning two portions are fixed fence, the baffles cloth 6 or more bolt holes, with a pull ring skeleton preceding , positioned intermediate an electronic transmitter; said straight edge of frusto-conical shape with a certain angle, cone angle 30 ° ~ 90 °, the edges 3 ~ uniform chamfer serrated opening 200, with six or more intermediate screw holes, the plate thickness of each of 5 ~ 500mm. Since the present invention is formed after the cylindrical serrated straight chamfer the opening reducer pig compression, to ensure the integrity of the bar relative to ensure the overall tightness of the pig, the pig solves adjustable leak and other shortcomings, easier pigging the pipeline.


We have studied the magnetic and magneto-optical properties of CdS:Mn quantum dots in polyvinyl alcohol matrix synthesized by co-precipitation method. The size of quantum dots was estimated by means of absorption spectroscopy. The results of measurements of magnetic susceptibility as a function of temperature and spectral dependence of the Faraday rotation of CdS:Mn quantum dots / polyvinyl alcohol composites are presented. In this work magnetic susceptibility was investigated by Faraday's method at the temperatures of (78-300) K in magnetic fields of (0.05-0.8) T. The inverse magnetic susceptibility as a function of temperature follows a Curie Weiss law. Formation of ferromagnetic coupling between magnetic ions is supposed. Magneto-optical Faraday rotation has been investigated in the wavelength region (400-700) nm at temperature 300 K in a magnetic field up to 5 T. Sign of the Verdet constant is found to be negative.


The effects of cold rolling reduction,annealing temperature on microstructure and properties of(Ti+Nb)-IF Steel were studied.And the texture was analyzed by EBSD technique.The results show that,when total cold rolling reduction reaches 75%,the r value can reach above 1.80 after annealing at high temperature and increases with the cold rolling reduction growth until 85%,the r value reaches to 2.10,then r value begins to decrease when total cold rolling reduction reaches 90%.After the(Ti+Nb)-IF steel hot rolling sheets were cold rolled by 80% reduction,at the annealing temperature below 850℃,the r value increases with annealing temperature growth.The effects of annealing temperature on r value are not marked when annealing temperature is above 850℃,then the r value maintains at about 1.95.The results of EBSD show that(Ti+Nb)-IF steel has intensive γ-fibre texture after cold rolled by above 75% reduction and annealed above 850℃.


The paper presents a speed estimator for the induction motor (IM) drive. The estimation method is based on the rotor flux MRAS principle and uses sliding mode theory. In sensorless speed control, the accuracy and dynamic behavior of the speed estimate are important since this is used for feedback. The proposed estimation method uses the rotor fluxes as reference quantities in a MRAS scheme and attempts to estimate simultaneously the IM speed and the rotor time constant. Adaptation equations for the speed and the time constant are adopted based on Lyapunovpsilas theory of nonlinear stability. With the equations obtained, due to singularity, only a speed estimator is obtained. The method assumes that the rotor fluxes in the stationary reference frame are available and uses them as reference quantities - this is the typical case with a direct field oriented IM drive. Simulation results on a 1/4 hp three-phase motor show good accuracy and satisfactory estimation dynamics.


This article argues that teaching English through distance learning during the Covid-19 pandemic requires an appropriate teaching method. This is since English language teaching (ELT) is not only aimed at guiding learners to master language skills, but also to learn independently and have a positive attitude towards learning English. To achieve this goal, this article promotes the implementation of the eclectic method to ELT for Junior and Senior High School learners through distance learning. Through the library research method, this research discovers the concept of distance learning, the characteristics of the eclectic method and its application strategy. Five main strategies are proposed for applying eclectic method, namely providing meaningful learning activities, finding eclectic features in various language teaching methods, applying contextual learning, giving various assignments, and providing differentiated feedback. It is concluded that beside to mediate the various language teaching methods with their strengths and weaknesses, this method also becomes a vehicle to lead the learners to learn English language independently. In brief, the eclectic method is feasible for English language teaching through distance learning during the Covid-19 pandemic.


Abstract. This article presents improvements and development of a post-processing module for the regional scale flood mapping tool, AutoRoute. The accuracy of this model to simulate low, medium, and high flow rate scenarios is demonstrated at seven test sites within the U.S. AutoRoute is one of the tools used to create high-resolution flood inundation maps at regional- to continental-scales. The model has previously only been tested using extreme flood events. In this article flood inundation results for low-flow events are shown to be accurate (average F value of 63.3 %) but tend to be overestimated, especially in flatter terrain. Higher-flow scenarios tend to be more accurately simulated (average F value of 77.5 %). Additionally, modifications to the AutoRoute model and post-processing scripts are shown to improve computational efficiency (i.e. simulation time) by over 40 % when compared to previous versions. With improved computational efficiency and the ability to accurately simulate both low and high flow scenarios the AutoRoute model may be well suited to provide first-order estimates of flooding within an operational, regional- to continental-scale hydrologic modelling framework.


Studying candlesticks and chandeliers found in the archeology of Buenos Aires is developed. For analysis has established a formal-functional classification. Their study provides information on the daily life of the inhabitants of the city and a chronological outline of its existence on the basis of comparison with other sites and contexts. The social the role played in the past is derived from its context, economic value and ability of lighting.


Background: Our purpose was to establish a noninvasive quantitative method for assessing intracranial pressure (ICP) levels in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) through investigating the Hounsfield unit (HU) features of computed tomography (CT) images. Methods: In this retrospective study, 47 patients with a closed TBI were recruited. Hounsfield unit features from the last cranial CT and the initial ICP value were collected. Three models were established to predict intracranial hypertension with Hounsfield unit (HU model), midline shift (MLS model), and clinical expertise (CE model) features. Results: The HU model had the highest ability to predict intracranial hypertension. In 34 patients with unilateral injury, the HU model displayed the highest performance. In three classifications of intracranial hypertension (ICP ≤ 22, 23–29, and ≥30 mmHg), the HU model achieved the highest F1 score. Conclusions: This radiological feature-based noninvasive quantitative approach showed better performance compared with conventional methods, such as the degree of midline shift and clinical expertise. The results show its potential in clinical practice and further research.


The effect of chlorophyllin in modifying the clastogenic action of nicotine was tested in vivo on mice bone marrow cells. Nicotine, when administered by gavage, induced chromosomal aberrations in frequencies directly proportional to the dose. Maximum effects were recorded at 6 h after exposure. Chlorophyllin, when given alone, was not clastogenic even at the highest concentration (1.50 mg/kg body wt). Simultaneous administration of nicotine and chlorophyllin with even lower doses (1.25 and 0.77 mg/kg body wt) reduced the frequency of chromosomal aberrations to the normal level. Chlorophyllin alone, given 2 h before nicotine, however, did not counteract the effects of nicotine. The use of green plant parts in modifying the genotoxicity of different agents may be related to the protective action of chlorophyllin.


An exemplary method for decoding video data comprises the message associated with the picture, the method comprising: receiving information indicating the refresh area of the picture, the last picture of the picture gradually decoder refresh (GDR) in the set and determining whether, and that this picture is to determine whether including the recovery point picture, in response to the picture decides and a last picture and recovery point picture in the GDR set, the message includes the entire picture is determined as belonging to the refresh area of the picture, the. .FIELD 7


In traditional GNSS receiver architectures, the receiver normally acquires the visible satellite signals and keeps tracking them throughout their availability. Although this approach is perfectly viable for reliable and accurate positioning in most applications, tracking all satellites in view throughout the receiver power-on duration results in a significant penalty on power consumption in battery-operated portable devices. Modern GNSS receivers employ cyclic tracking or intermittent tracking to conserve power. The receiver temporarily halts signal tracking during a "sleep period", and continues tracking in the remaining "active period". The ratio of active period duration to the total duration within a position update interval expressed as a percentage is known as the duty cycle.

The duty cycles employed in portable receiver design are generally heuristic in order satisfy a given set of requirements on power conservation and position accuracy. A thorough analysis of possible duty cycles as a function of targeted user position and velocity accuracy for various user dynamics is therefore necessary. This paper investigates various aspects of intermittent Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal tracking and analyzes positioning and tracking performance with various duty cycles for three different user motion cases.


Civil aviation administration department need to do performance verification when accepting aviation security equipment from the factory. Firstly, related statistical theory will be developed for determination of minimum sampling size. Secondly, specified experimental steps will be designed. Owing to burn-in for aviation security equipment, we can do reliability assessment by using the degradation path of the equipment.


. Politeness is a norm in society that functions to maintain harmony between individuals in the society. Currently, the development of information and communication technology enables a shift in social interaction from direct human interaction to online interaction through a media, like social media. Without politeness, there will be a chaos, and one of which that appears more often nowadays is cyberbullying. The politeness phenomenon in this online interaction can be seen from the interactions that occur in social media, with Instagram as one of the platforms that increasingly more popular recently. In the context of the use of social media, it appears that the number of female users is higher than men. Not only in term of the number of the user, women also be found as more crowded in social media than men. This study aims to explore how politeness representation, specifically relates to Face Threatening Acts (FTA) in online interactions among female users of Instagram accounts. The politeness theory by Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson is used as a basis for dissecting the phenomenon that is being studied. Politeness theory explains how small variations in the way we say something are related to the wider features of social relations and social contexts. This helps us understand how individuals create and interpret messages and also offer accounts for the use of the language of the speaking community. In this matter, the term positive face and negative face established, which lead to FTA. Politeness theory consists of various strategies for committing FTA which are Bald-on-record strategies and Off-record strategies. It is a descriptive qualitative study about FTA in online interaction, particularly between women Instagram users. It is a literature study that is hoped can enrich the conceptual study about politeness in online interaction using social media. The data collection techniques in this study is document studies, with the source of data are reference about the research topic from journal articles or handbook. The expected findings from this study are the presence of FTA patterns on social media, especially among women. The implication of this study is that there are guidelines for further conducting studies that are able to find the background and reasons why female Instagram users apply or not apply the FTA.


A novel power system swing unblock criterion of the three-phase faults for the high voltage line protection relay is presented.Through the voltage and current,the protective relay obtains the line impedance parameter,and the voltage of another terminal of the line can then be calculated.The angle between the phasors of the sampled voltage and the calculated voltage changes periodically when the power system swings,and when there is a three-phase fault occurring on the line,this value of the angle is 180° and does not change,according to such a character,a new three-phase fault unblock criterion is presented.The criterion can determine the unblock delay by the actual swing period,easy to use in the current relay device.


RATIONALE
As a δ15 N-NO3 - analysis method, the acetone method that was recently reported comprises a straightforward sample preparation process. However, the applicability of the method to water samples with high salinity and low concentration of nitrates is not high. We thus developed a new method to measure δ15 N-NO3 - values in a saline sample with low nitrate concentration by improving the acetone method (the adapted method) and verified tits usability.

METHODS
The adapted method involves (1) reducing a large volume of sample by evaporation, (2) removing NaCl by mixing acetone twice, (3) changing the volume ratio of the acetone/NaI/n-hexane solvent from 21/0.35/10 mL to 30/0.25/5 mL, (4) using an increased volume of BaI2 (0.1 M) from 0.75 mL to 1 mL, and (5) using an alternative capsule drying process of lyophilization.

RESULTS
The adapted method has given nearly exact δ15 N-NO3 - values of standard materials with high precision and accuracy (< 0.1‰) at a lower cut off of 2 μmol of NO3 - in a sample capsule. Recovery of NO3 - in this method was significantly dependent (p < 0.05) on the Cl- concentration of the samples. However, a minimum recovery of 60% NO3 - , required for the reproducibility of the accurate value of δ15 N-NO3 - was possible from the concentrated sample aliquot containing up to 6 g of Cl- . Application of the adapted acetone method to creek water samples, collected from mangrove watersheds, has shown high consistency in the analysis results.

CONCLUSION
It was demonstrated that the inexpensive and easy handling adapted acetone method was applicable in δ15 N-NO3 - analysis for saline water samples when the sample aliquot contained about 4 μmol of NO3 - with less than 6 g of Cl- .


Wei and Jin were the spontaneous era of Chinese literature. The Chinese pastoral poetry, which was the main part of Chinese literature, had also awoken during the period. According to some specific materials, this article thoroughly studied pastoral poems of Huiyuan East Jin's famous monk, and the poets who lived before him, pointing out that the Chinese pastoral poetry hadn't really entered the spontaneous era until East Jin, and that Monk Huiyan was the first poet who spontaneously described the mountain scenery in the history of Chinese pastoral poetry, and that he had a deep effect on the development of Chinese pastoral poetry after Xie Ling_yun.


The cryptographic literature contains many provably secure highspeed authenticators. Some authenticators use n multiplications for length-n messages; some authenticators have the advantage of using only about n/2 multiplications. Some authenticators use n variables for length-n messages; some authenticators have the advantage of using only 1 variable. This paper, after reviewing relevant polynomial-evaluation algorithms, introduces the first authenticator that combines these advantages.


UIG is a mixed-control model [Tanner] user interface management system (UIMS) for interactive command-driven programs. A software engineer specifies a command language by providing example sentences, and uses an interactive utility to create menus and dialogue boxes. UIG then generates a working user interface with linkages to the code of the underlying application. The user interface has a command line mode with advanced features, a menu mode similar to popular windowing operating systems, and an experiment mode in which commands are processed from external files which can contain programming constructs. All modes of the user interface feature an advanced help system which is active [Fischer] and context-sensitive. The user interface enforces semantic restrictions that determine when various commands may be executed. UIG generates end-user documentation and is streamlined to make maintenance chores easy.


A new genus Cymbidiopsis H.J.Chowdhery, with 2 species – C. macrorhiza (Lindl.) H.J.Chowdhery and C. lancifolia (Hook.) H.J.Chowdhery is described. Cymbidiopsis is allied to Cymbidium Swartz but differs in habit, vegetative characters as well as in flower structure. Besides unlike the genus Cymbidium, Cymbidiopsis has flowers with 4 pollinia in 2 unequal pairs and lip with 2 callus ridges converging to form a short tube at the base of the mid-lobe.


References: [1] Jackson J. D., Classical Electrodynamics (1998) · Zbl 0114.42903 [2] DOI: 10.2475/ajs.s4-3.18.475· doi:10.2475/ajs.s4-3.18.475 [3] Whittaker E., The classical theories 1, in: A History of Theories of Ether and Electricity (1952) [4] Whittaker E., The modern theories 2, in: A History of Theories of Ether and Electricity (1952) [5] DOI: 10.1002/andp.19163540702 · Zbl 46.1293.01 · doi:10.1002/andp.19163540702 [6] Lorentz H. A., Proc. Amst. Acad. 1 pp 427– (1899) [7] Lorentz H. A., Proc. Amst. Acad. 6 pp 809– (1903) [8] Einstein A., The Meaning of Relativity (2003) · Zbl 0063.01229 [9] Minkowski H., Math.-Phys. Klasse 1908 pp 53– (1908) [10] Landau L. D., Course of Theoretical Physics Series 2, in: The Classical Theory of Fields (1975) [11] Mach E., History and Root of the Conservation of Energy (1911) · Zbl 42.0085.02 [12] Mach E., The Science of Mechanics (1907) · Zbl 45.0956.03 [13] DOI: 10.12942/lrr-2004-2 · Zbl 1070.83024 · doi:10.12942/lrr-2004-2 [14] DOI: 10.1073/pnas.15.4.323 · Zbl 55.0513.05 · doi:10.1073/pnas.15.4.323 [15] DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(81)90021-3 · Zbl 1156.83330 · doi:10.1016/0550-3213(81)90021-3 [16] Schulman R., The Berlin Years: Correspondence (1997) [17] Landau L. D., Theory of Elasticity, Course of Theoretical Physics Series 7 (1981) [18] DOI: 10.1023/A:1020818411395· doi:10.1023/A:1020818411395 This reference list is based on information provided by the publisher or from digital mathematics libraries. Its items are heuristically matched to zbMATH identifiers and may contain data conversion errors. It attempts to reflect the references listed in the original paper as accurately as possible without claiming the completeness or perfect precision of the matching.


The University of Waterloo and the U.S. Geological Survey have active research programs tudying the application of geophysical techniques to the delineation of organic liquid contamination i the subsurface. As part of this research, we have performed a field experiment in which we observed the changes in geophysical response induced by a controlled spill, into a sandy aquifer, of a dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) . Due to the toxicity of the DNAPL, the experiment was conducted in a 9m x 9m x 3.5m deep test cell that isolated a section of a natural sandy aquifer from the surrounding environment. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) and resistivity surveys were performed on a grid of survey lines within the test cell. Rorehole radar surveys and density, neutron, and EM induction logging were conducted in 9 access tubes installed within the cell. In situ resistivity and dielectric permittivity monitoring probes provided vertical detail of these physical properties. Measurements were taken before, during and after the DNAPL spill for a period of 38 days. Analysis of the results has provided a picture of the distribution and migration pathways as the DNAPL moved from the injection point to the aquitard.


PURPOSE: An expanding connection device of a reinforcing tube for non-digging repairing of water and sewer pipelines is provided to prevent damage of a reinforcing tube because a rapid expansion of the reinforcing tube is doubly controlled by a pressing unit and safety high-tension hose. CONSTITUTION: An expanding connection device of a reinforcing tube for non-digging repairing of water and sewer pipelines comprises a communicating pipe(10), an oil trap(11), and a supporting unit(20). The communicating pipe is horizontally joined to a side of a reversing casing(50). The communicating pipe leads a reinforcing tube(40) into/out of the reversing casing so that a length of the reinforcing tube is increased. An oil trap is curved downward in the central part of the communicating pipe and spread oil on a surface of the reinforcing tube being led into from outside to inside of the reversing casing. The supporting unit supports the communicating pipe and oil trap.


The enantioselective synthesis of atropisomers is an emerging field, that in recent years reached fundamental results and put the bases for innovative applications. Organocatalysis is playing a central role in the realization of original synthesis for novel atropisomeric scaffolds. In this short review, we would like to highlight the results obtained by our group and others in the field of axially enantioselective desymmetrization reactions using organocatalysis as main strategy.


The study aims to analyze the management, diversity and the uses of shade trees and then to evaluate the carbon stock in the woody biomass of cocoa and rubber farms. Density and diversity of shade trees were evaluated in 54 plots of 2500 m2 each, distributed in different cocoa and rubber farms which age varies from one year to more than 15 years. In addition, an investigation was carried out among the peasants to determine the uses of shade trees. The amount of carbon stored in woody biomass of these farms is calculated using allometric models of biomass. In total, 20 species of shade trees were inventoried in cocoa farms and 10 in rubber farms. Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. and Persea Americana Mill. are the most important species of these agrosystems. In general, the shade trees provide medical and food products, firewood and timber to farmers. These trees also prevent desiccation of young crop plants and provide nitrogen to soil. The average amount of carbon stored in woody biomass ranges from 50.85 to 145.14 tC/ha in cocoa farms and from 7.04 to 176.68 tC/ha in rubber farms. Shade trees contribute more than 87 % of this amount of carbon in cocoa farms, and only about 17 % in rubber farms. Agroforestry practice in perennial farms contributing to the conservation of multipurpose tree species and would boost the carbon stock in the agricultural sector.


Sections Info ABSTRACT Article history: Submitted: April 9, 2021 Final Revised: April 23, 2021 Accepted: April 29, 2021 Published Online: May 31, 2021 This study aimed at investigating the relationship between school improvement and demographic variables such as age, gender, length of teaching, teacher's employment status and educational background. Involving 400 participants of Madrasah Tsanawiyah's (Islamic junior high schools) teachers in East Java and using school improvement scale, this study found that the higher teacher's educational qualification is, the better the performance shown, which subsequently had consequences for school improvement in assisting students' achievement. Likewise, the length of teaching and teachers' employment status were found bringing influence on school improvement although their correlation directions vary. Meanwhile, gender and age are not related to school improvement. This study suggested teachers' professional development to enable assistance for students' success and eventually lead to school improvement.


In this study, the water surface elevation reduction via securing lateral river space were investigated for extreme 500 year frequency flood in the Nakdong river basin. Also, the GIS analysis on the Nakdong river space was carried out. The HEC-RAS model was used to calculate the water surface elevation in the Nakdong river and its tributary rivers before and after Nakdong river project. For the model verification, the water surface elevation was simulated and compared with measured data at 6 water surface monitoring points of the flood season in 2007. Through the GIS analysis, the change of land use, low land and inundated regions between 1975 and 2007 were also investigated. In addition, the reduction of water surface elevation was analyzed based on washlands in literature and farmlands suggested in this study. The computed water surface elevation was decreased by maximum 0.65 m due to storage and detention of floodwater. When there were no washlands in the Nakdong basin, the dangerous sections where freeboard is below 1 m was about 2%. However, when the lateral river space was secured, the dangerous sections are only below 0.4%.


Sixty-one cases of acute cervical lymphadenitis in Kings County Hospital Center were reviewed. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 50 percent of the cases and Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus accounted for 15 percent; 35 percent had no growth on culture. Of the variables considered (age, sex, temperature, leukocytosis, previous antibiotic treatment, duration of symptoms, lymph node consistency) only age appeared to be a predictor of the causative organisms. Children under 1 year of age had a higher incidence of S aureus (65 percent) than children above 3 years of age (25 percent); the difference was statistically significant (P <.01). Therapeutic antimicrobial regimens should include coverage for S aureus in this age group.


This article carries out a meta-analysis on empirical studies addressing cluster–innovation relationships since the 1980s. The results show that (1) clusters have positive effects on innovation; (2) different studies demonstrate heterogeneity in the estimated effect sizes; (3) several moderators are shaping the cluster–innovation relationship, for example, in what industries the cluster specializes, in which geographical region the cluster is located, and so on. This article reveals the cluster–innovation relationships are state-contingent and provides guidance on evaluating whether a cluster strategy can encourage innovation in a specific region. For example, the regression result indicates initiating a manufacturing cluster in a US region is expected to bring about fifteen more patents every year.


This paper sought to place a collection of newsreels from Pathé News about the Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya into the historical narrative of the revolt. The current understanding of the Mau Mau has not included a comprehensive discussion of the coverage of the group and the way that news of the revolt shaped the history that follows it. What was observed throughout the reels was an increasingly hostile propaganda campaign against the Mau Mau. This stronger rhetoric coincided with greater atrocities committed by the British as the war dragged on. The main findings of the paper were that the Mau Mau became a kind of "boogeyman" for the British about the dangers of decolonization, as well as the way that the news about the revolt served to paint the revolt in explicitly racist terms. The Mau Mau play an important role in the history of Kenya, and collections like that of Pathé News help to illuminate the narrative that the British developed for the independence struggle.


The authors thank Professor Chang for his discussion. However, the authors do not agree with the conclusion by Chang that 'in a general structural dynamic problem, where the total response is dominated by low frequency modes, the total response might be contaminated or even destroyed by the high frequency responses due to a significant overshooting effect for CRM.' The disagreement is based on the three points given below. First, the presented numerical cases in the discussion have no inherent damping in the structure, which is not common in numerical simulation or practical real-time hybrid simulation of structures subject to earthquakes. Rayleigh proportional damping in Figure 1 is often used to simulate the inherent damping in structures Chopra [1]. When either 2% or 5% damping is selected for two of the lower modes, the resulting damping could be very large for the higher modes, as illustrated in Figure 1. This high damping ratio would significantly suppress the spurious participation of higher modes in the structural response when the structure is subjected to dynamic excitation. This phenomena has been experimentally observed in the real-time hybrid simulation of a twostory four-bay steel moment resisting frame (MRF) with dampers shown in Figure 2 Chen and Ricles [2]; Karavasilis et al. [3]. The MRF is taken as the analytical substructure and modeled using a nonlinear finite element program with a total of 122 DOFs and 71 elements. The dampers are physically tested in the laboratory as the experimental substructure. The MRF has an inherent damping of 2% for the first and second modes based on Rayleigh proportional damping. A consistent mass matrix was used to create the analytical substructure resulting in the highest natural frequency of the MRF to be around 20kHz. Successful real-time hybrid simulations were conducted with an integration time step of Δt=10/1024s. The maximum value of Ω = on(Δt) is found to be around 1226 (where on is the natural frequency of the system and Δt is the time step size), which is larger than the values of Ω for the cases presented in the discussion by Chang. No contamination by high frequencies was observed in the real-time hybrid simulation results. The real-time hybrid simulation results showed excellent agreement with numerical simulations performed using OpenSees [4] with the Constant Average Acceleration method of direct integration. Second, in addition to the integration algorithm, the servo-hydraulic equipment is a critical component for a successful real-time hybrid simulation. State-of-the-art servo-hydraulic systems used for real-time hybrid simulations usually have a bandwidth of 40Hz, which is typically controlled by the bandwidth of the servo-valves. For signals with a frequency beyond this bandwidth the servo-hydraulic actuator would develop considerable amplitude decay and phase delay, that is, the servo-hydraulic system acts as a low-pass filter. For a commonly used integration time step of 10/1024s, the value of Ω for the frequency of 40Hz will be close to 2.45. To achieve the values of Ω equal to 10 and 100, the signal


The invention provides a preparation of an array substrate, the array substrate, a display panel and a display device. The preparation method of the array substrate comprises the following steps of: forming a first active layer and a common electrode on a base material, forming a first grid insulating layer on the first active layer, and forming a grid electrode on the first grid insulating layer; forming a second grid insulating layer on the common electrode and the grid electrode, and forming a through hole in the second grid insulating layer so as to expose a part of surface of the common electrode; forming a source/drain electrode which is electrically connected with the common electrode through the through hole; and forming a second active layer and a pixel electrode on the second grid insulating layer.


Profitability evaluation of non-normal afforestation by the budget method has the disadvantage that: only one time stream is investigated; it is difficult to maintain comparability between different site indexes; and work is laborious. Advantages are: results are easy to follow and directly applicable to current afforestation rates; the weaker points and significant variables are identified; and results are easily updated as costs and prices change. The profitability of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) on three site indexes, whether assessed by internal rate of return (IRR), present net worth (or land expectation value (LEV)), benefit/cost ratio, cost of production per cu ft criteria, or export dollars earned per import dollar required, at interest rates of 3% to 14%, showed the same ranking. Site index 110 was the most, 95 the intermediate, and 80 the least profitable. The IRR on all sites exceeded 8%. Risks could not be quantified, but the degree of marketing, biological, and physical risk increases with longer rotations. The faster tempo of work on the highest (110) site index incurs a higher management risk, and hence requires staff of better calibre. The greater and earlier yields from high site qualities increase profits, and are particularly valuable to national forest strategy in filling target gaps. . While forest location greatly affects profit within one site index, the greater profit of 110 against 95 is outweighed only by a 60-mile closer proximity of the forest to the port. But more favourable forest location considerably increases the ratio of export dollars earned by the forest. The relative costs of clearing heavy initial forest cover on different site qualities at different distances from the port, and of steeper country are indicated, and a means of finding effects of other significant variables on profit ability is provided. the cost of prohibiting log can now


We have anlayzed the polar maps of dipyridamole stress/rest -MIBI SPECT and compared the quantitated perfusion defects of dipyridamole stress polar map and the findings of coronary angiography in 56 pateints with coronary artery diseases. We performed the same day dipyridamole stress-rest myocardial SPECT, reconstructed the polar maps according to Cedars-Sinai method and quantitated perfusion detects of total myocardium and the territory of each artery, comparing the polar maps of patients with normal files. Stenosis more than 50 percent was considered significant and myocardial ischemic score was calculated as summed score of percents of main coronary arteries. Positive concordance of myocardial SPECT with coronary angiography were 82.6% with left anterior descending artery (LAD), 85.7% with left circumflex artery (LCx) and 78.6% with right coronary artery (RCA). Perfusion defect of SPECT polar map and the stenosis of coronary artery showed the contingency phi of 0.55 (p-MIBI SPECT and the percent extent of this defect were related with significant artery stenosis of individual arteries and the degree of stenosis. We thought that we could use the defects in the polar map of dipyridamole stress -MIBI SPECT for the quantification of myocardiasl perfusion decrease.


231 LEISURE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG THE ELDERLY COMMUNITY DWELLERS IN A SUBURBAN DISTRICT IN SELANGOR Zaiton A, Irmi ZI, Faezah H. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia


"This study contains a detailed analysis of the Defense of refusal to perform and the Right of retention in the current Civil Code, with reference to the practice of the courts of law and to comparative law issues. Therefore, following the update of the two legal institutions, the present study mirrors the defense of refusal to perform with the right of retention (i.e. legal frame, notion, legal ground, characteristics, application domain, exercise's conditions, operation's mechanism, effects and transitional law). Following the examinations of the above-mentioned issues, both legal institutions are compared in order to outline the differences between them. By doing so, the article aims to settle the edge between these two means of judicial defense and to put an end to long debated controversies in the literature and judicial practice. Key-words: Civil Code; favor contractus; the rule of specific performance; the plea of breach of the contract/defense of refusal to perform/right to withhold performance of reciprocal obligation; right of retention; defense; statement of defense; counterclaim; synallagmatic contract; the special effects of synallagmatic contract; remedies for breach of contract; imperfect guarantee"


Scattered electromagnetic waves from material bodies of different forms contain, in an intricate way, precise information on the intrinsic, geometrical and physical properties of the objects. Scattering theories, ever deepening, aim to provide dependable interpretation and prediction to the complicated interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. There are well-established multiple-scattering formulations based on classical electromagnetic theories. An example is the Generalized Multi-particle Mie-solution (GMM), which has recently been extended to a special version the GMM-PA approach, applicable to finite periodic arrays consisting of a huge number (e.g., >>106) of identical scattering centers [1]. The framework of the GMM-PA is nearly complete. When the size of the constituent unit scatterers becomes considerably small in comparison with incident wavelength, an appropriate array of such small element volumes may well be a satisfactory representation of a material entity having an arbitrary structure. X-ray diffraction is a powerful characterization tool used in a variety of scientific and technical fields, including material science. A diffraction pattern is nothing more than the spatial distribution of scattered intensity, determined by the distribution of scattering matter by way of its Fourier transform [1]. Since all linear dimensions entered into Maxwell's equations are normalized by wavelength, an analogy exists between optical and X-ray diffraction patterns. A large set of optical diffraction patterns experimentally obtained can be found in the literature [e.g., 2,3]. Theoretical results from the GMM-PA have been scrutinized using a large collection of publically accessible, experimentally obtained Fraunhofer diffraction patterns. As far as characteristic structures of the patterns are concerned, theoretical and experimental results are in uniform agreement; no exception has been found so far. Closely connected with the spatial distribution of scattered intensities are cross sections, such as for extinction, scattering, absorption, and radiation pressure, as a critical type of key quantity addressed in most theoretical and experimental studies of radiative scattering. Cross sections predicted from different scattering theories are supposed to be in general agreement. For objects of irregular shape, the GMM-PA solutions can be compared with the highly flexible Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) [4,5] when dividing a target to no more than ~106 unit cells. Also, there are different ways to calculate the cross sections in the GMM-PA, providing an additional means to examine the accuracy of the numerical solutions and to unveil potential issues concerning the theoretical formulations and numerical aspects. To solve multiple scattering by an assembly of material volumes through classical theories such as the GMM-PA, the radiative properties of the component scatterers, the complex refractive index in particular, must be provided as input parameters. When using a PA to characterize a material body, this involves the use of an adequate theoretical tool, an effective medium theory, to connect Maxwell's phenomenogical theory with the atomistic theory of matter. In the atomic theory, one regards matter as composed of interacting particles (atoms and molecules) embedded in the vacuum [6]. However, the radiative properties of atomic-scaled particles are known to be substantially different from bulk materials. Intensive research efforts in the fields of cluster science and nanoscience attempt to bridge the gap between bulk and atom and to understand the transition from classical to quantum physics. The GMM-PA calculations, which place virtually no restriction on the component-particle size, might help to gain certain insight into the transition.


A data-driven procedure is used to find linguistic rules that describe a dynamic process. In order to select valid rules, the concept of trip is proposed to reveal a rule status in a Truth Space Diagram (TSD). Based upon the trip, a normalized metric is proposed to assess a rule, which then makes the comparison possible among rules with the same antecedent but conflicting consequents. In addition, a novel rule structure is proposed to include linguistic delays. The procedure is evaluated.


Knockout tournaments are often used in sports (or experiments where preferences are registered by comparisons instead of measurements) to determine the champion of an event. A knockout tournament plan (KTP) for n players is a rooted binary tree with n leaves to be labeled by the n players. Each subtree of two leaves represents a match between the two players labeling the two leaves; the winner of the match then moves on to label the root of the subtree. While there are many KTPs to choose from for a given number of players, in the real world an almost balanced KTP is usually chosen. One reason could be the perception that a balanced KTP is "fair" to the players, in the sense that, given a random labeling of leaves by players, a stronger player has a better chance to win the tournament. Surprisingly, it has been shown that not all KTPs have this property, and it is difficult to prove this property for any general class of KTPs. So far the property has been shown to hold only for balanced KTPs. In this paper we extend it to some classes of almost balanced KTPs.


Correct understanding and mastering electrostatic field of Gauss theorem is the key part of learning electromagnetism, the field strength E in Gaussian theorem is the total field strength excited by all charges in the space on the closed surface, E=Ein+Eout. The sum of E refers to the algebra sum of charges in the closed surface, When charge distribution has certain symmetry(Spherical symmetry, axial symmetry, plane symmetry ), we can use Gauss theorem to calculate the distrubution of the electric field.


Apart from very typical clinical circumstances (i.e., digestive tract obstruc-tion), the recognition of patients at risk of regurgitation and aspiration may be difficult. For example, the risk of pul-monary aspiration in the traumatized patient may remain unclear several hours after the initial accident. Even as time since the last meal increases, multiple factors still confound the status of a patient's stomach contents. One must also consider the volume and caloric value of the last ingested meal, administered medications, and the level of pain. In such clinical situations, noninvasive preoperative assess-ment of the gastric contents and volume may help the anes-thesiologist to define the appropriate anesthetic technique and mode of anesthesia induction to minimize the risk of perioperative pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents. In this issue of


Money laundering has become a topic of great interest within national Ecuadorian policy, laws and regulations have been created in the Constitution of the Republic in order that this evil rooted in entrepreneurs and public figures ends. This problem of money laundering is sponsored by organized criminal organizations that often violate computer systems or create large illicit schemes leaving considerable profits where drug trafficking, terrorism, trafficking in white is one of its main precursors, to the detriment of the country. This has led to the existence of international and national control bodies that analyze data to detect any evidence of money laundering. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of money laundering on the internal control of companies. A descriptive-explanatory analysis of the consequences of asset laundering in our region and the country is carried out. A bibliographic review was carried out in more than thirty scientific journals to obtain information that contributes to a more precise idea about money laundering. As a result of the investigation it can be evidenced that there are countless ways to wash money or assets, so it becomes important that the state has permanent control of financial institutions, public and private organizations to detect any income anomaly And egress of monies that could show that they are dealing with illicit assets.


Knowledge of the characteristics of rainfall causes floods and droughts is an important thing. This
research intends to investigate the characteristics of rainfall in the city of Bandar Lampung in or-
der to predict and anticipate events of drought and flood in Bandar Lampung. The data used in
this study is the annual rainfall data obtained from four rainfall stations in Bandar Lampung from
1987 until 2006. The stations that are: Pahoman Station, Sukarame, Sumur Putri, and Kemiling
(Sumber Rejo). The results showed that the pattern and trend of the respective data from each of
the stations the rain is not too different from each other. Most of the stations showed decreased dy -
namically on rainfall. Although this decline did not occur in the rest of the station, but in general
decline is clearly visible when the trend was taken fourth. A dry year, the year in which the annual
precipitation totals less than 90% of the average annual rainfall, dominated after the year 2000.
Most of the rainfall in the year El Nino is below the average annual precipitation. Near Pahoman,
there have been five times the annual rainfall is below average at the time of El Nino (1991, 1992,
1993, 2002, 2004). Near Sukarame, there has been four times the annual rainfall is below aver-
age at the time of El Nino (1991, 1997, 2002, 2004). At the Sumur Putri station, there has been
four times the annual rainfall is below average at the time of El Nino (1991, 1993, 2002, and
2004). Near Kemiling, there has been four times the annual rainfall is below average at the time
of El Nino (1991, 1992, 1997, 2002). This suggests the possibility of EL Nino events are associ-
ated with a decrease in rainfall in each station.


Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Photifed-M cough syrup. Methods: A double blind randomized controlled study was conducted in children aged 2-14 years old with moderate cough. They were treated with Photifed-M cough syrup or Boshi cough syrup for 3-7d to observe the changes in cough severity and amount of expectoration. Results:The total effective rate was 80.6% for Photifed-M cough syrup and 77.4% for Boshi cough syrup and no significant statistical difference between groups was observed in efficacy and ADRs. Conclusion: The efficacy and safety of Photifed-M cough syrup is similar to that of Boshi syrup.


This study investigates the effect of the Pt/Pd ratio on the oxidation activity and sulfur poisoning/regeneration of diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) using beta zeolites with high siliceous content as support. Formation of Pt-Pd alloy leads to contraction of the cell lattice of Pt in the bimetallic catalysts, improving not only the sintering resistance of Pt but also retaining a high fraction of Pd in Pd 2 + form. Moreover, the Pt-Pd alloy also improves the oxidation resistance of the particles, which enhances the activity of the catalysts for CO and C 3 H 6 oxidation. Bimetallic catalysts also favor NO reduction at a lower temperature than the monometallic Pt although they showed lower values for the absolute conversion of NO due to a decrease in the total number of the Pt active sites. In addition, the bimetallic catalysts significantly improved the sulfur resistance as compared to the monometallic Pd catalyst. Moreover, the bimetallic catalysts could easily recover their activity for NO and C 3 H 6 oxidation by thermal treatment either in lean conditions or in H 2 . The reduction with H 2 was necessary to recover completely the activity of the CO and C 3 H 8 oxidation.


The corrosion protection behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy (Mg alloy) with cathodic electrophoretic coating (Ecoating) pretreated by cerium-based conversion coatings at various pH was investigated in this study. Cerium-based conversion coatings (CeCCs) were deposited on AZ31 Mg alloy by immersion treatment in the nitrate-based cerium salt solution. The morphology and composition of the CeCCs were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The corrosion properties of the AZ31 Mg alloy pretreated with cerium coating and subsequently E-coated were studied during salt-spray testing. The surface morphologies of the E-coated Mg alloy were examined in detail after different testing times using digital photography. It was found that the protective properties of the E-coating on AZ31 Mg alloy generated are heavily dependent upon the CeCC factors such as treatment time, coating thickness and pH of the solution.


To further promote the equalization of basic public services in Zhejiang Province is the fundamental work concerning people's livelihood during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.During this process,attention should be paid on the effect of related policies and legal mechanism.Through local legislation,the scientific and feasible action plan,measurement standard,motivation and responsibility can be legalized and standardized.Through institutional innovation,the supply model,performance evaluation mechanism and accountability mechanism that are consistent with Zhejiang's equalization of basic public services can be realized.


ABSTRACT New carbazole- and indan-1,3-dione -based low molecular weight derivatives were synthesized and characterized by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Thermal behaviour of the derivatives was demonstrated by thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The materials were found to show very high thermal stability having initial thermal degradation temperatures in the range of 398- 401°C. Glass transition temperatures of the amorphous molecular materials were in the rage of 80–114°C. The derivatives were tested as host materials in blue phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes with iridium(III)[bis(4,6-difluorophenyl)-pyridinato-N,C2′]picolinate as the guests. One of the blue OLED devices demonstrated rather low turn-on voltage of 5.0 V, a maximum luminance efficiency of 2.73 cd/A and maximum brightness of about 220 cd/m2.


of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy DEVELOPMENT OF GALLIUM NITRIDE BASED DILUTE MAGNETIC SEMICONDUCTORS FOR MAGNETO-OPTICAL APPLICATIONS By Gerald T. Thaler, Jr. August 2004 Chair: Cammy Abernathy Major Department: Materials Science and Engineering The growth of gallium nitride doped dilute magnetic semiconducting films was studied for use in magneto-optical applications. The specific area of intended use was room temperature ferromagnetic layers for a spintronic device, (the spin polarized light emitting diode). The requirement for these layers is the ability to dope the host gallium nitride film with manganese, while still maintaining good crystallinity and semiconducting properties with the addition of room-temperature ferromagnetic properties. Codoping of the gallium manganese nitride films with oxygen was also investigated. These materials were fabricated using the molecular beam epitaxy technique, whereby beams of the constituent elements are produced in an ultra high vacuum environment. Molecular beam epitaxy permits a wide range of growth parameters, to best allow for optimization of the prepared layers. The materials were deposited on sapphire and MOCVD gallium nitride substrates, with particular emphasis on the


Purpose. The article is devoted to connecting possibilities of Noun. The functional method helps to solve syntactical problems that regard to the structure of a sentence. Ukrainian linguistics has many studies that are devoted to Verb possibility of making sentences. The purpose of the article is to describe the possibilities of Noun to form Noun nomination of a few words. Methods. The main methods of the study were: a descriptive method; comparison method; modeling method; method of distributive analysis. Results. Noun has one of the central places in the system of the parts of speech. It can denote items and can be the main component of a sentence. Noun is one of the components that organize a sentence. Most semantic unities are based on synsemantical Noun, that can't nominate object denotations. This property contributes to the forming of unities of different structure with the synsemantical Noun. Ukrainian synsemantical Nouns are formed from synsemantical Verbs, some absolutive Nouns with certain meaning and nouns with figurative sense. Synsemantical Nouns can't be formed from Verbs that mean nature state. In Noun nomination of a few words the Noun forms strong position for depended component. This component compensates the Noun synsemantics. According to these depended components we can distinguish such models of Noun nomination of a few words: non prepositional Noun / Pronoun model, prepositional Noun / Pronoun model, infinitive model. Synsemantical Nouns manifest selectivity according to dependent words. Such Nouns can't connect with words that incompatible with their grammar or semantics. Grammatical connection is determinate by valence of synsemantical Nouns. The words that nominate object denotations with mutual exclusion can't form the unity. Conclusions. There are such groups of Noun nominations of a few words: according to the structure: two-component, threecomponent; according to the open / close structure: close, open types; according to the Noun prognostication of position: one directional and two directional; according to morphological method of expression: non prepositional Noun nomination, prepositional Noun nomination, adverbial Noun nomination. At the same time two first groups are divided into such models: non prepositional Noun components in genitive case, in dative case etc.