per life year was cited, all received positive recommendations, and all but one (riluzole) had cost per QALY below £30 000. The imposition of restrictions on recommended use generally reduced the cost per QALY. Patients' values were cited as the reason for recommending riluzole for motor neurone disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis form only), despite its relatively high cost per QALY of £34 000-44 000. NICE cited "the severity and relatively short life span of people with ALS and in particular . . . the values which patients place on the extension of tracheotomy free survival time." The provisional guidance that recommended against the use of beta interferons and glatiramer for multiple sclerosis cited their relatively high cost per QALY (£40 000 to £90 000 on the most optimistic estimates) and stated that NICE had in mind the cost effectiveness ratio of technologies it had previously recommended. The final element of each NICE guidance concerns the costs to the NHS of implementing the guidance (cost impact). Estimates of gross and net costs are provided, the latter taking into account any substitution of old technologies by new ones. The items that led to major increases in net costs were tribavirin and interferon alfa, both prescribed for hepatitis C (£55m in total, possibly spread over several years, and due mainly to a backlog of untreated cases) and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors for acute coronary syndromes (net £30m-31m), with none of the others costing more than £20m. The impact on total net cost was reduced by projected savings for some technologies—notably, restricted use of proton pump inhibitors (projected saving £40m-50m annually). The combined net cost of the 22 judgments was £200m-214m or around 0.5% of annual NHS spending in England and Wales. This provides some indication, on the basis of individual technologies, of the extent to which new health technologies may change net healthcare spending. Increases of this magnitude should be readily achieved within the real increases in NHS spending of around 6% per year over the three years to 2004, although some local bottlenecks may become apparent.


Introduction: Earth-based spectral observations of Mars [1-3,4,8] and results from orbital and landing missions [5-7,9,10] indicate the abundant presence H2O, OH-bearing minerals ( ferric hydroxides and oxyhydroxides, sulfates, chlorides and phyllosilicates). The salts content in the Martian regolith may vary within 8-25 vol. % [9] and the dominant salts are likely to be presented by Mg and Ca sulfates and chlorides. Last discovery from MER-A and B missions have shown that sulfates content in the Martian rocks varies in the range 15-40 wt.% [11,12]. The mid-IR spectral region of the most hydrated minerals includes distinctive emission peak (near 6.1 μm) attributed to the H-O-H bending fundamental vibration of bound water [13]. The bound water (BW) emission peak is notably observed in ground-based thermal emission spectrum of Mars [4], in TES (on Mars Global Surveyor) spectra [14,15] and in Mini-TES spectra at the landing sites of the MER rovers [16]. This peak serves as a direct indicator for the hydrated minerals in the Martian regolith. Preliminary mapping results of the 6.1 μm emission peak (based on the one Martian year TES dataset) have shown the bound water (BW) content in surface material varies seasonally at the time scale of the half Martian year (spring-summer, fall-winter) and character of its distribution in the northern and southern hemispheres is a notably different [17]. Here we report much more detailed results of the seasonal BW content distribution on Mars, based on the complete dataset of the TES observations accumulated during three martian years at two spectral resolutions (10 cm and 5 cm). Seasonal variations of the BW content: In addition to our earlier mapping of the BW index we have conducted global mapping of the parameter with more frequent Ls time steps (from 30° to 90°), that allow studying the seasonal variations of the BW content in more details. To eliminate possible influence of the atmospheric water bend (~ 6.3 μm), which is located at lower frequency than the BW emission peak, we made a little modification of the from high latitudes to latitudes of 20°-30°N, being mostly disappearing in the period of Ls=130°-230°. At that, during the North spring and summer BW values within low-middle latitudes are four times higher than during the same season in the southern hemisphere. It is notably that the BW index distribution during the North summer is characterized by distinct latitudinal asymmetry (see Fig .2) while during the South summer the asymmetry is much less visible. BW index: it has been created using a ratio of the emission maximum near 6.1 μm (averaged value from TES channels 140142) to averaged value of the emission minimums points (channels 135, 134 and 145, 139) located on each sides from the emission maximums of both the atmospheric water vapor and BW. The examples of the global BW content maps for the different seasons (with Ls time step 60°) and the zonally averaged meridional distribution of the BW content for each of the Martian seasons are shown on the Fig. 1 and 2 respectively. During each seasons, the BW index has strong latitudinal distribution. The highest BW values are located mostly within the peripheral zones of the perennial and seasonal polar caps (cooler areas), while


Although mainstream preschool programs have been in existence since the 1970s, little is known about the ways in which typical children attempt to understand what it means for a peer to have a disability. In this study, 4-year-old children without disabilities who were enrolled in a mainstream preschool class explained their peers' disabilities by referring to concepts of immaturity, accident, or adaptive equipment to account for the behavioral differences that they observed. The implications of these cognitions for children's developing attitudes and behaviors toward peers with disabilities are discussed.


cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum(ii) (cisplatin), a powerful chemotherapeutic, can incur chemoresistance in cancers, reducing therapeutic success. Metallothioneins (MTs) are suspected of metallodrug interference via ligand removal and metal sequestration. The mechanistic details and reactions rates kobs for the systematic deconstruction of cisplatin by apo-human MT are reported and analysed from mass spectral data.

publisher-specific, author manuscript: http://rsc.li/journals-terms-of-use


This paper discusses implementation of exercise result verification in the Virtual Unix Lab. In the first step, instructions and checks to verify the results are not coupled, which is changed in the second step. For each step, an overview of the underlying system design is given, followed by implementation details of the system as it was realized. For reference, exercise texts, details of the processor of the resulting domain specific language, check scripts, as well as details of the underlying database structure used in the Virtual Unix Lab are included.


3D PSDM is widely applied in the imaging of complex structure, where the key problem is to build the accurate velocity model. Layer stripping and/or tomograph-based method is usually used. Based on 3-D pre-stack Radon projection, a new imaging method was presented, which built the depth-velocity model for PSDM in cylindrical coordinates. The full 3-D pre-stack data volume was projected onto a series of pre-stack radial lines, where the 2D depth-velocity model is built. Then, each radial line is migrated with common 2-D pre-stack depth migration. Finally, the reverse projection on depth slice was applied to getting the 3-D migrated volume. Real data example shows that this method can improve the horizontal resolution of imaging section, especially for steep reflector and small fault structure.


The invention discloses a multi-stamp roller-printing automatic stamping device with the characteristic of effectively decreasing the failure rate of a mechanism. The multi-stamp roller-printing automatic stamping device comprises a stand and at least two sets of stamp transmission mechanisms arranged on the stand, wherein each set of stamp transmission mechanism comprises a stamp rotating shaft and a roller stamp arranged on the stamp rotating shaft which is in transmission connection with an independent stamp-driving motor. Because the stamp rotating shaft of each set of stamp transmission mechanism is in transmission connection with the independent stamp driving motor, when different roller stamps need to be switched for stamping operation in the working process, only the independent stamp driving motors need to be respectively started. Compared with a mechanism switched by adopting an electromagnet power mechanism and a mechanical structure, a failure part of the multi-stamp roller print stamping device can only be a stamp driving motor so that the failure rate is greatly lowered, and the structure of the whole transmission system is further simplified. The invention is particularly suitable for being popularized and applied to automatic stamping devices.


Competency factor as indispensable in all employees and organizations, and is always taken into consideration when identifying employees with qualities suitable for specific job responsibilities to contributed to work performance. This research is quantitative research aimed to study the competencies that affect work efficiency of task-based employees in local administration organizations in Eastern Provinces Group 2. The sample group consisted of 320 employees selected by means of simple random sampling by drawing lots, and the sample size was in line with guidelines of Hair et.al, Questionnaires were used to collect the data, which were subjected to a Simple Linear regression analysis at the significance level of 0.01.The study revealed that work competencies had effects on the work efficiency of employees in local administrative organizations in Eastern Provinces Group 2, with effect size of 0.957 at the statistical significance of 0.01. All 11 competencies that affecting work efficiency included professional skills, organizational and professional knowledge, preferred characteristics, teamwork, information and communications technologies, work attitudes and motivation, achievement motivation, leadership and decision making, multiple thought processing, service orientation, and self development.


Graphene-based stretchable and flexible strain sensors are one of the promising "bridges" to the biomedical realm. However, enhancing graphene-based wearable strain sensors to meet the demand of high sensitivity, broad sensing range, and recoverable structure deformation simultaneously is still a great challenge. In this work, through structural design, we fabricated a simple Ecoflex/Overlapping Graphene/Ecoflex (EOGE) strain sensor by encapsulating a graphene sensing element on polymer Ecoflex substrates using a drop-casting method. The EOGE strain sensor can detect stretching with high sensitivity, a maximum gauge factor of 715 with a wide strain range up to 57%, and adequate reliability and stability over 1,000 cycles for stretching. Moreover, the EOGE strain sensor shows recoverable structure deformation, and the sensor has a steady response in the frequency disturbance test. The good property of the strain sensor is attributed to the resistance variation induced by the overlap and crack structure of graphene by structural design. The vibrations caused by sound and various body movements have been thoroughly detected, which exhibited that the EOGE strain sensor is a promising candidate for wearable biomedical electronic applications.


A 785nm external cavity laser diode with volume Bragg grating (VBG) used in Raman spectroscopy was presented. In order to improve the performance of Raman signal, the line-width of Laser diode (LD) is narrowed by external cavity technology and VBG, and the beam is also shaped by aspheric lens and fast-axis-collimator.


This paper proposes a simple formula to estimate the effective medium for planar microstrip antennas printed on a quasi-infinite magneto-dielectric substrate. The proposed empirical formulas shown in this study yield a good accuracy with a maximum error of less than 6%. These proposed empirical models are validated by electromagnetic simulations and measurements.


With the extension of the army′s non-war military missions,the Chinese PLA is entrusted with more and more emergency rescue tasks in disasters and accidents,and consequently military hospitals are confronted with rapidly increased challenges,which demands immediate attention and serious consideration.We established a 3-E mode(ensure safety of the injured,emphasize treatment on the scene and upon arrival,and enhance en route measures) of aero medical evacuation applicable to both peacetime and wartime,which proved to be the key to the improvement of rescue efficiency,achievement of fastest evacuation and reduction of casualties.Drawing on the experience in the aero medical evacuation in the UN peacekeeping mission,this article discussed the management and helicopter evacuation of the injured from a simulated extraordinarily serious expressway traffic accident in a medical rescue excise jointly held by the army and civilians.


·rN accordance with a request from the Fruitgrowers' Association, I lately ·visited the Tweed River district, in company with Mr. Hopkins, to investigate the disease known as "Bunchy Top" in bananas. The plantations of a number of growers were visited and inspected, and I have to thank these gen•lemen for help and hospitality, and especially to mention Mr. Stewart, .Secretary of the Fruitgrowers' Association, who rendered much help. Numerous banana plants were dug up and Pxamined, specimens were . examined macroscopical! y and microscopically on the spot, and numerou > specimens were preserved fo1· further examination in the laboratory. A detailed examination of these latter, subsequently made by Mr. C. 0. Hamblin, B.Sc., B.Sc.Agr., Assistant Biologist, by means of several series of microscopical sections, failed to reve•J either fungus or bacterial disease as the cause of Bunchy Top. In many diseased plants numerous eel worms (two .species) were found in the roots, but in many diseased plants the eelworms ·were not present in great numbers, and in some apparently healthy plants . eel worms were present. There is no evidence that eel worms exude a toxin hurtful to the whole plant·, and in many casfs they did not appear to be present in sufficient nnm hers to cause a disease. A review of the whole situation, after examining all the material at my disposal, leads me to the conclusion that Bunchy Top is not due to a fungus, to bact.eria, or to eel worms. ·Th~re remains the alternative conclusion that it is due to some physiologicai condition, to some unhealthy state of the plant brought about by adverse --conditions of soil or climate, or by a " running out" of the stock. In considering this aspect we may inquire, first, briefly, what are the "conditions of growth in a healthy banana plant 1 1. The fleshy roots extend several feet all round the corm, absorbing, by their root hairs, the necessary mineral constituents from the soil. 2. The leaves expand and in sunlight manufacture the necessary sugar and starch, at the expense of which, combined with the necessary mineral constituents, the whole plant including the corm, grows. 3. When the food supply derived from sources I and 2 is adequate, new tissue is continually formed, fresh leaves unfold, the small cap covering each of the young ones remaining intact until they are sufficiently developed to suffer no damage from rain; the false stem formed from the sheathing leaf stalks increases in size, and so does the corm. This latter at length sends up an apical growth, bearing a bunch of bananas, through the centre of the false stem (formed by the sheathing stalks ·of the leave3), and at the summit the banana bunch emerges, gradually becoming pendulous. ' ',.,,


The metabolism of the two subclasses of IgA was investigated in fourteen turnover studies in individuals with normal immunoglobulin serum concentrations. Differences in the catabolism of radioiodinated IgA1 and IgA2 myeloma proteins were found. The average biologic half-life was 5·9 days for IgA1 and only 4·5 days for IgA2. Fractional catabolic rates were 24% of the intravascular pool per day for IgA1 and 34% for IgA2. The intravascular compartment contained approximately 55% of the total body pools of both IgA subclasses.

The mean IgA1 serum concentration in the individuals used for turnover studies was 2·3 mg/ml, the mean IgA2 level was 0·32 mg/ml. Synthetic rates of 24 mg/kg per day for IgA1 and 4·3 mg/kg per day for IgA2 were calculated. The low serum concentration of IgA2 results mainly from this low synthetic rate. The fractional catabolic rate of IgA2 is higher than that of IgA1. This further increases the difference between the serum concentrations of the two IgA subclasses.

Quantitative determinations of both IgA subclasses were made in twenty-four sera of young male adults. The mean concentrations were 1·81 mg/ml for IgA1 and 0·22 mg/ml for IgA2.


Some experiments have made on binary gaseous mixtures of SF/sub 6//N/sub 2/, SF/sub 6//CO/sub 2/, SF/sub 6//CCl/sub 2/F/sub 2/ and SF/sub 6//CCl/sub 4/ under different test voltages, pressure and differential partial ratios, with valuable results. The binary gaseous mixture of SF/sub 6/ has a much greater advantage than that of the unitary SF/sub 6/ in the electrical characteristics and could be suitable for wide applications.


John Donne has rarely been treated seriously as an original, religious thinker; his prose and poetry have been discussed in theological contexts for the purposes of highlighting their devotional nature and of seeking to identify Donne's sectarian allegiance, but in so doing critics have neglected Donne as a theologian in his own right, and his response to the religious controversies of his day. This new study not only describes the distinguishing features of Donne's theology, as revealed primarily in his extant sermons, but also reads a variety of his individual sermons in context as applications of his own theological vision. It begins by exploring what is for Donne the fundamental belief for regulating Christian faith and practice, the doctrine of the Trinity, and goes on to build on this theological groundwork examining such topics as Donne's understanding of common prayer, the pre-eminence of sight and spectacle, in terms of religious self-fashioning and the iconoclastic controversy; the doctrine of repentance (in conjunction with Donne's own sense of clerical calling) and the doctrine of grace (including Donne's views regarding the controversy over the Lord's Supper).


During imbibition and germination of jack pine seeds, the composition of the total extractable chromatin varied. Relative to DNA, the histone levels decreased as the nonhistone chromosomal proteins (NHCP) increased. New chromosomal proteins were synthesized after 2 days of imbibition as judged by recovery of 14C-amino acids from the major protein fractions. Phosphorylation of histones from 32P-phosphoric acid was detected before the incorporation of 14C-amino acids. In the seed the synthesis and relative changes of chromatin coincided with a fall in total soluble protein and free arginine N. By contrast, adenylate energy charge, free glutamine N and in vitro template activity of chromatin increased during chromatin protein synthesis.

When seeds had germinated for 4 days after the start of imbibition more radioactivity, derived from free 14C-amino acids, was recovered from the NHCP than from the histones. The percentage amino acid composition of most histone fractions remained stable, whereas the composition of NHCP changed more with time. The phosphorylation of NHCP was 8- to 41-fold greater than that of the histones. Phosphorylation of histone H4 was not detected at any stage of germination. Correlations between recovery of radioactivity (32P and 14C) from chromosomal proteins and higher adenylate energy charge were positive.


Objective To investigate the incidence and contributing factors of dislocation after artificial femoral head replacement.Methods From January 2000 to January 2012,272 hips were treated with replacement of the femoral head.There were 76 men and 196 women,with an average age of 78.3 years.Originally they were 260 cases of femoral neck fracture,6 ones of femoral head necrosis,3 ones of femoral neck non-union and 3 ones of intertrochanteric fracture.All the patients were divided into a dislocation group and a non-dislocation group according to the presence or absence of dislocation of the artificial femoral head on their anteroposterior X-ray film of the hip.Factors associated with the dislocation were analyzed using a chi square test or a rank sum test of all the relative factors followed by a multivariate logistic regress analysis of the factors of P < 0.05.Results The mean follow-up was 34 months (from 6 to 85 months).Of all the patients,9 (3.3%) experienced dislocation more than once.The dislocations resulted from a neuromuscular disease in 4 patients,injury in one,flexion contracture of the knee and mental disorder in 2,and unknown causes in 2.The dislocations occurred from 6 to 45 days after surgery (average,18.4 days).Multivariate Iogistic regress analysis showed significant differences between the dislocation and non-dislocation groups regarding advanced age[OR=l.138,95%CI(1.089,1.308),P=0.048] and neuromuscular disease [OR =1.229,95% CI(1.045,1.360),P =0.046],but no significant difference between the 2 groups regarding the vertical dimension from the lesser trochanter to the waterdrop line[OR =0.086,95% CI(0.001,5.584),P =0.249].Conclusions Advanced age and complication with a neuromuscular disease may be 2 important causes for dislocation after artificial femoral head replacement.Strictly keeping to the operative indications and postoperative prophylaxis will decrease the risk of dislocation.

Key words:
Arthroplasty, replacement, hip;  Femoral neck fractures;  Femur head necrosis; Dislocation


Shipboard magnetic investigation showed two zones of weak natural remanent magnetization (NRM): 675-925 and 1080-1243 meters below sea floor. Within these two sections, NRM intensity decreases by one to two orders of magnitude. Additional magnetic measurements onshore have shown similar fluctuations for NRM and saturation magnetization (/s). Js becomes almost zero in the low-NRM intensity zones, indicating a small magnetic content. The variation of relative magnetic grain sizes have been examined by the ratio of ARM/K0 (anhysteretic remanent magnetization to low magnetic field susceptibility) and by partial ARM (pARM) measurements. Both results indicate difference in magnetic grain sizes between the high- and low-intensity zones. For these Site 808 sediments, we have not found any correlation between magnetic intensity variation and sediment units. In addition, the calcite content varies only by a factor of 1.5 at the most, rather than 1 to 2 orders of magnitude, and therefore calcite dilution can not account for the low intensities. Because the changes in sediment sources and compositions can not explain these unusual magnetic phenomena, we suggest that the low-intensity zones may be inteΦreted in terms of deep-seated diagenetic alteration. Our study points out that (1) it may be difficult to establish a magnetostratigraphy for deep sediments due to extremely low NRM intensity, and (2) sudden decreases in NRM intensity may not result from an unusually low paleomagnetic field intensity.


In the Great Contraction, regions of the United States that experienced the largest change in household debt to income ratios also experienced the largest drops in output and employment. Such output drops not only occurred for …rms that sell primarily to a local region but also for regional establishments of nation-wide …rms that sell highly traded goods to both the rest of the United States and abroad. These patterns are di¢ cult to reconcile with standard models of …nancial frictions in which tightened …nancial constraints mainly a¤ect …rms'ability to borrow. We develop a Bewley-Huggett-Aiyagari incomplete market model with search and matching frictions of the Diamond-Mortenson-Pissarides type that generates such patterns. Critically, we allow for human capital acquisition by employed individuals, which generates realistic wage-tenure pro…les. We show that with such upward sloping wage pro…les, an unanticipated tightening of borrowing constraints leads consumers to value less the prospect of consumption when employed and, thus, to …nd employment relatively less attractive. In equilibrium, …rms anticipate this behavior by consumers and consequently reduce the number of vacancies they post. The key result is that in equilibrium the tightening of borrowing constraints generates a path of increased unemployment that lingers, as consumers slowly adjust their asset positions given the tighter constraints, and seemingly 'sticky' wages, despite wages being continually renegotiated. Keywords: Search and Matching, Unemployment, Debt Constraints, Human Capital JEL Classi…cation: E21, E24, E32, J21, J64 Kehoe thanks the National Science Foundation for …nancial support. As a number of authors, including Mian and Su… (2009) and Midrigan and Phillipon (2011) have noted, in the most recent recession regions that experience the largest swing in household borrowing. This drop in output not only occured for …rms that sell primarily to the local region but also for regional establishments of nation-wide …rms that sell highly traded goods to both the rest of the United States and abroad. Such a pattern is di¢ cult to reconcile with two classes of standard models. First it is hard to reconcile with models that stress …rm side …nancial frictions. The reason is that since ownership of nation-wide …rms are at the national level the …nancial constraints should impact the …rm as a whole and when these frictions increase they reduce output for all establishments owned by such a …rm. Such a pattern is not present in nation-wide …rms in the United States. The smaller class are those from the sudden stop literature in which an increase in the di¢ culty in borrowing leads consumer to supply more labor. (See Chari, Kehoe, and McGrattan 2005 for a discussion.) This evidence then suggest along the lines argued by Mian Su… (2009) and Midrigan and Phillopon (2011) that a more promising class of models are those the have the …nancial frictions fall on the consumer side rather than the …rm side. Motivated by such evidence we develop a Bewley-Huggett-Aiyagari incomplete market model with search and matching frictions of the Diamond-Mortenson-Pissarides structure that builds on Krusell, Mukoyama, and Sahin (2010), hereafter KMS. A key feature we add to that model is human capital so as to generate realistic wage-tenure pro…les of the type documented by Buchinsky, Fougere, Kramarz, and Tchernis (2010). The key idea is that faced with such upward-sloping patterns of wages, an unemployed consumer that is close to the borrowing constraint realizes that accepting a job means accepting a path of consumption that tracks these wages. This path of consumption is relatively unattractive consumers that dislike curved paths for consumption. Either an unanticipated tightening of the borrowing constraint or an unanticipated fall in the value of a consumer's assets, say from an fall in house prices, makes such curved paths even less attractive to consumers. The main reaction to this tightening comes from the …rm side. After witnessing such unanticipated changes, …rms think through what will be the outcome of their bargaining with consumers if they post a costly vacancy and get matched with a consumer. Such …rms realized that after such changes any given wage they o¤er is relatively less attractive relative to unemployment for the consumer they will be bargaining with. Hence, …rms realize that the surplus from any match they make will be less, hence their anticipated pro…ts will be less. In equilibrium then …rms decrease the number of vacancies they o¤er and unemployment rises and output falls. This pattern continues during a lengthy transition as consumers slowly increase their precautionary savings so that better smooth consumption when they accept such jobs with curved pro…les of wages. An interesting feature of this transition it that the tightening generates a path of increased unemployment that lingers and seemingly 'sticky' wages, despite wages being continuously renegotiated, as consumers slowly adjust their asset positions given the tighter borrowing constraints. As emphasized by Hall (2013) the key unresolved aspect of the Mortenson and Pissarides model is that nature of the force that depresses the payo¤of job creation in recessions. In most of the papers in this vein the key force is a drop in productivity. As Hall also emphasizes that explanation runs into two problems. First, productivity did not fall much in the Great Contraction. Second, given that small fall in productivity it is exceedingly di¢ cult for the model to generate a large drop in output and employment. The driving force that we emphasize is an unexpected tightening of credit constraints on consumers. As noted one key feature we added to the KMS framework is human capital. A second key feature is that we focus on Harsayni and Selten (1972) bargaining rather than the Nash bargaining that KMS focus on. In the Harsayni-Selten framework a consumer's assets is private information. Hence, when matched with a …rm, the wage does not depend on the level of assets of the consumer but rather only on the consumer's human capital. In our context this bargaining setup both produces more realistic patterns for wages and savings than does standard Nash bargaining. Indeed, one drawback of standard Nash bargaining with observable assets is that paid wages for the same output di¤er widely across level of assets of consumers, a feature di¢ cult to justify with micro data. Moreover, consumers adjust their savings to in‡uence their future wages in a way that makes the savings behavior erratic. Our work is related to a small literature that tries to link increases in …nancial frictions on the consumer side to regional economic downturns. In particular, Guerrieri and Lorenzoni (2010), Eggertson and Krugman (2011), and Midrigan and Phillipon (2011) study macroeconomic responses to a household-side credit crunch. All three of these papers …nd


While innovation and knowledge creation processes and context are interlinked in the real world, scholars frequently ignore or separate context from knowing due to an entrenched sense of ontological and analytical dualism. This paper builds on the organizational knowledge creation theory (Nonaka, 1994) to provide a holistic view of contextual innovation and knowledge creation processes. The phenomenon is demonstrated by a longitudinal case description of i-mode mobile Internet innovation at NTT DoCoMo, a Japanese mobile communications company. This case explains how three key managers created and organized an interlinked system of shared contexts, called ba, that enabled the combination and open flow of diverse knowledge and led to the creation and launch of the i-mode mobile Internet, which unites novel technologies and services. Managerial implications and limitations are discussed.


This article analyzes selected short stories in Cecelia Ahern's thirty-narrative collection Roar (2018) to see how (and with what losses or gains) the perspectives of posthuman and postfeminist critique can be incorporated via the common dystopic umbrella into the mainstream female readership of romance literature. The dystopic worlds created by Ahern in Roar portray inequality and power imbalances with regard to gender and sex. The protagonists are mostly middle-aged women whose family and personal lives are either regulated by dystopic realities or acquire a "dystopic" dimension, the solutions to which are provided by, among other tropes, "posthuman" transformations. Roar introduces other-than-human elements, mostly corporeal alterations, in which the female bodies of Ahern's characters become de-formed and re-formed beyond androcentric systems of value. The article raises the question of whether feminist and, to some extent, "posthuman" (speculative) approaches, need to be (and indeed should be) popularized in such an abridged way as Ahern does in her volume. The answer depends upon the identification of the target audience and their expectations. Ahern's Roar represents popular literature intended to be sold to as many readers as possible, regardless of their education, state of knowledge, etc. Viewed from that perspective, what some critics could perceive as the collection's structural weaknesses constitutes its utmost marketing asset. The essay argues that despite not being a structurally innovative work of art, Ahern's book fulfils the basic requirements of the popular fiction genre, intermittently providing some extra, literary gratification and popularizing rudimentary elements of the posthuman and postfeminist thought.


This research is totally about the recruitment selection and training of employees of 1122. Now the global trend towards the recruitment selection and training in private and government sector is focused on the attention of policymakers and its consequences. This can be daunting, because the range of issues is expensive and the economic literature is by no means conclusive. This research is all about the satisfaction of individual's employee, and policy-makers must need to consider how it effect minimized and better the recruitment selection and training.


Clearance pricing and end of season inventory management are challenging and important problems in retailing. Sales rates depend upon price, seasonal effects, and the remaining assortment of items available to customers. There is little time to react to observed sales, and pricing errors result in either loss of potential revenue or excess inventory to be liquidated. This paper develops optimal clearance prices and inventory management policies that take into account the impact of reduced assortment and seasonal changes on sales rates. Versions of these policies have been tested and implemented at three major retail chains and these applications are summarized and discussed.


ABSTRACT The article seeks to find ways to re-imagine music-educator professional self-understanding beyond tendencies and constraints created and imposed by neoliberal politics. This involves exploring the conditions for music-teacher professionalism in the Nordic countries today through the position of competency nomads, as well as searching for theoretical frameworks through which the current circumstances can be understood and unpacked, by looking into the relationships between resilience, subjectivity, agency and neoliberalism. Given that the current professional situation for music teachers might potentially be understood as characterised by instability and uprootedness, the article proposes an activist approach as one possible way of keeping professional agency and imagination intact and alive. Such an approach requires both the embracement of individual and collective vulnerability and an acknowledgment of our fundamental and mutual interdependency, locally and globally. Towards the end of the article, examples of what this might mean in music-education practice and research are discussed.


In the last years there has been growing interest in concepts of positive dependence for families of random variables such that concepts are considerable us in deriving inequalities in probability and statistics. Lehman introdued various concepts of positive dependence for bivariate random variables. A much stronger notions of positive dependence were later considered by Esary, Proschan, and Walkup. Ahmed et al and Ebrahimi and Ghosh also obtained multivariate versions of various bivariate positive dependence as descrived by Lehman. See also Block al. Glaz and Johnson an Barlow and Proschan and the references there. Multivariate processes arise when instead of observing a single process we observe several processes, say $X_19t), \cdots, X_n(t)$ simultaneously. For example, in an engineering context we may want to study the simultaneous variation of current and voltage, or temperature, pressure and volume over time. In economics we may be interested in studying inflation rates and money supply, unemployment and interest rates. We could of course, study each quantity on its own and treat each as a separate univariate process. Although this would give us some information about each quantity it could never give information about the interrelationship between various quantities. This leads us to introduce some concepts of positive and for multivariate stochastic processes. The concepts of positive dependence have subsequently been extended to stochastic processes in different directions by many authors.


This paper is based on the keynote talk, which is presented at symposium ELMAR 2016. We first introduce the concept of "Entrepreneurial University (EU)". The backbone of the EU at FAU is the NSF-sponsored Industry/University Cooperative Center for Advanced Knowledge Enablement, which presently has 35 industry members with about $5 million in memberships. The Center is successfully building a bridge linking academia, industry, and government in a coordinated research initiative. In our keynote talk we describe several applied multimedia research projects conducted within the Center including automatic asset management in data centers, driver drowsiness detection system using image processing, 3D image reconstruction and segmentation of brain cells, augmented reality methods for hearing augmentation, and several others. All these projects are initiated by industry partners who are the members of the Center and who are interested to apply the obtained research results and create successful commercial products.


281 nant women's choices for or against prenatal screening, it would be interesting to compare the rates of informed choice between different countries. Third, this paper describes the findings of a cluster-randomized trial that was aimed to replicate the findings of earlier correlational studies. These studies did find higher rates of informed uptake in a routine visit setting as compared to a separate visit setting. The present study shows equal percentages of informed choice in both contexts. The authors discuss this discrepancy by questioning the quality and power of the trial. However, in correlational studies causality cannot be assumed, and the findings can be biased as a result of other underlying factors. The results of the trial support the fact that there may be possible alternative explanations of the previously found correlation between setting and informed choice. All in all, the question remains whether a separate visit entails unnecessary barriers, or prevents test acceptance without deliberation. M. van den Berg, Amsterdam


The development of information technologies brings new possibilities for its users. The development is noticeable in user interface design as well – new data input and output methods and facilities are proposed, increasing resource capabilities allow more realistic user interfaces. However together with the growth of user interface possibilities and technologies new challenges rise too. Therefore it is important to understand current challenges in order to understand future trends. In this paper we review the peculiarities of multimodal user interfaces and propose multimodal user interface taxonomy. This taxonomy defines possible types of data input and output and is used for input/output combination matrix generation. We summarize existing solutions and challenges based on the matrix and evaluate each combination. The evaluated combinations in the matrix highlight the main tendencies in natural user interface design area.


To better carry out the planning and control of urban transport,a more effective mathematical model describing traffic flow was given.The new model is based on both the driver 's car-following behavior and general linkage between microscopic and macroscopic parameters.Since the model includes the effects of both the relative speeds and the relative distance with linear weighted method,it is more realistic.Meanwhile,some well-know continuum models are contained in this new model as special cases,such as Payne model,Wiltham model,and Zhang model.The characteristic velocity and linear stability of the new model were studied.The new model is inherently stable and controls the extent of non-anisotropic and diffusive influences through a dimensionless parameter called anisotropic factor.


Coherent optical metrology is a basic course for physics engineering students specialised in optics. Simulation proved to be a useful aid in studying it: the effect of the various parameters and the errors of the components can be separately traced for optimising various optical arrangements. The simulation package developed helps in studying the phenomena covered in the subject: diffuse surfaces can be generated and can be placed into various optical arrangements, displacements and deformations can be applied on them as well. To assist students to visualise and study various optical arrangements a set of 3D models of optical elements has been developed to create a virtual optical laboratory.


Abstract The first phase II and III clinical trials for Ebola virus disease treatments were conducted during the West Africa outbreak. We report the operational practicalities of conducting a phase II clinical trial of TKM-130803 to international standards during this outbreak.


The dimension problem has been one of central themes in the theory of ordered sets. In this paper we focus on amalgamated ordered sets. Although some results can be obviously applied to infinite cases, we assume throughout that all ordered set are finite. If A and B are ordered sets whose orders agree on A.cap.B, then the amalgam of A and B is defined to the the set A.cup.B in which the order is the transitive closure of the union of the two orders, i.e., the smallest order containing the two orders, and is denoted by A .or. B .leq. dim A + dim B for any ordered sets A and B. But it is quite surprising that the dimension of the amalgam of certain 2-dimensional ordered sets can be arbitrarily large.


This paper draws a broad empirical diagnosis on the evolution of infrastructure coverage in Brazil and potencial social impacts. it focuses on the sectors of sewerage, water, electricity, urban transportation and communication technologies (ICTs). Most of the analysis departs from houshold surveys, bringing the population perspective into the picture. We analyze socio-economic determinants of infrastructure coverage, a social outcome in itself, as well as their possible indirect impacts on income generation, time cost of transportation, housing values and education. We also consider briefly direct consequences of increasing infrastructure coverage in the budget constraint through services costs and payments delays and direct utility effects through subjective data on the quality and importance attributed to different infrastructure sectors.


This article, focusing on the particularities of Portuguese female kin relations, deals with the role of Portuguese women in descent and filiation, in accordance with differing modes of transmission evident in the Civil Registry and within traditional rural custom. On the one hand, we reveal the diversity of Portuguese descent practices, and on the other, the relative persistence of matronymic memory, thanks to different forms – in various regions of the country – of the transmission of female surnames to children. As elements of support for this model, the author demonstrates the interdependence between these practices and varying rural representations of consanguinity, types of post-marital residence, and the matrilineal inflection of kin relations.


Introduction. Thirty years ago Librarianship: The Erosion of a Woman's Profession (1992) provided a clarion call for specific, radical approaches to the field in what Harris deemed might be a new return to earlier interactions of information science as a female profession. Harris offered clear guidelines to reinvigorate the field that have not been fully addressed. This research presents two cases, leadership and data science, to examine persistent inequities in the field. Inequities in leadership and data science are analysed through selected literature on data science and leadership in Information Science. A feminist approach to information science is identified as a way forward in addressing issues of equity, diversity, and inclusion; to contend with missed opportunities; and to begin the work of redressing power in the field. A thorough feminist analysis and interdisciplinary research partnerships are suggested as ways to identify opportunities for change and ways to create a field that is truly our own.


Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) of mandibula are rare abnormal congenital vascular condition that can result in serious complications. Although, various treatment options have been advocated in the literature, there seems to be no complete consensus on a suitable treatment option in these cases. Here, we describe a case of mandibular AVM, who has presented with massive oral bleeding, treated successfully by embolization of the bilateral external carotid arteries and the left superior thyroid artery. During the procedure, the patient developed symptoms of acute ischemic stroke that was diagnosed and managed during the same session by endovascular techniques.


In recent years, there has been a significant rise in the popularity of piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators as alternative power sources for miniature devices and internet of things devices (IoT)....


In 1813 Friedrich Schleiermacher published "On the Different Methods of Translating", paving the way for a consistent discussion about the tension "strangeness-domestication". The philosopher deals with the preservation of the original text in order to transmit to readers the assets of another society through translation. Jose Paulo Paes, a Brazilian poet, essayist and prolific translator. He published  Traducao: a ponte necessaria. Aspectos e problemas da arte de traduzir . In this book, the author, who was born in Sao Paulo, comments some of his linguistic choices when he translated poetic texts. He also points out some issues concerning the criticism and theory of translation. In this analysis, points of intersections between the discourse of the Brazilian translator and the German philosopher will be discussed - especially regarding the search for a foreign equivalence in the translated text.


This paper proposes a pragmatic yet flexible implementation of a location-based publish/subscribe service built on top of a classical content-based middleware. Our solution is flexible in the sense that it provides a modular architecture that allows each developer to choose the implementation alternative that best suits his/her targeted application scenario. Our implementation is parameterized by (1) the underlying networking protocol (TCP or UDP) and (2) the message dispatching algorithm. The dispatching algorithm determines the matching sequence (i.e., whether the content matching is performed before or after the location matching) and the mapping scheme (i.e., one global topic vs. several dedicated topics). Our performance analysis shows that this flexibility of our architecture which allows it to adapt to the application scenario, yields significant performance improvements.


As part of an HOV lane feasibility study, Parsons Brinckerhoff has been working closely with the Chicago Area Transportation Study (CATS) in developing traffic assignments and forecasts to evaluate the HOV alternatives. Both 1996 and 2010 traffic estimates have been prepared for HOV lanes with 2+ and 3+ vehicle occupancy requirements. This is the first time that CATS has been using the EMME/2 software for regional traffic assignments. An equilibrium capacity constraint procedure was used, running the assignment program through 20 iterations. SOV and HOV trips were assigned simultaneously. Also for the first time, CATS has performed peak hour assignments for both AM and PM peaks, rather than doing a 24-hour assignment and applying hourly distribution factors.


Soil microbial processes involved in the flux between soil and atmosphere of the atmospheric trace gases methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbonyl sulphide (OCS), nitrous oxide (N2O ), and nitric oxide (NO) are reviewed. The flux of a trace gas between soil and atmosphere is usually the result of simultaneous production and consumption reactions, so that a compensation concentration exists, at which the net flux is zero. With some of the trace gases, different suites of processes operate at different gas concentrations, so that the processes that consume a trace gas that is produced within the soil are often different from those that consume the trace gas entering the soil from the atmosphere. Certain groups of soil microorganisms can metabolize more than one of these trace gases. The processes involved in the cycling of a trace gas in anoxic wetland soils are often different from those operating in upland soils.


We demonstrate that strained GeSi/Si heterostructures act as a model system for the study of the interaction of propagating dislocations with point, line and planar defects. In such heterostructures, the effective stress acting on a propagating dislocation may be varied from tens of MPa to of order 1 GPa, and the length of the propagating dislocation segment may be varied from nm to hundreds of nm. Results are presented from the interaction of strain-relieving dislocations with GeSi free surfaces, with point defects generated by ion implantation, and with other dislocations.


In this chapter, I argue that international criminal law (ICL) is a field committed to growth (its market culture) and branding (its marketing culture) - both central paradigms of neoliberalism. First, drawing on the work of David Harvey, parallels are examined between the means and methods of capital growth and of ICL. I then examine the way in which ICL has placed undue emphasis on image at the expense of substance. This part of the chapter is particularly influenced by Naomi Klein's book on branding titled 'No Logo'. I conclude that ICL's commitment to neoliberalism is strengthening big power-players while claiming to fight them. The very group in whose interest the fight is supposedly being fought (victims of international crime) is seemingly losing out.


Enterprise-wide workflow management where workflows may span multiple organizational units require particular consideration of scalability, heterogeneity, and availability issues. The Mentor project, introduced in this paper, aims to reconcile a rigorous workflow specification method with a distributed middleware architecture as a step towards enterprise-wide solutions. The project uses the formalism of state and activity charts and a commercial tool, Statemate, for workflow specification. A first prototype of Mentor has been built which allows executing specifications in a distributed manner. A major contribution of this paper is the method for transforming a centralized state chart specification into a form that is amenable to a distributed execution and to incorporate the necessary synchronization between different processing entities. Fault tolerance issues are addressed by coupling Mentor with the Tuxedo TP monitor.


Introduction In the 2011 GOLD update 1 , important changes in the severity classification have been introduced determining a possible positive implication in the disease management. The aim of this study is to better understand and characterize patient (pts) pharmacologic treatment pathways, with a particular focus on GOLD 2011 guideline in two different cohorts defined according to the rate of exacerbations (frequent [FE] ≥2 and non-frequent [NFE] up to 1 exacerbation). Methods This observational, longitudinal, multicenter study includes two cohorts (FE and NFE [1:1 ratio]) of pts (aged ≥ 40 yrs) with COPD and smoking history of ≥ 10 pack-yrs followed 3 yrs period. The primary objective is to describe the therapeutic approach in the 2 cohorts of pts with COPD during 3-yrs. Secondary outcomes are to evaluate, changes in COPD treatment management, clinical outcomes (CAT questionnaire, respiratory function and exacerbations, treatment persistence). Results The first 217 out of 1500 pts enrolled in the first 6 months with recorded e-CRF data 39% were FE and 61% were NFE. Characteristics of the two cohorts are presented (see table) . Conclusion The preliminary results showed that FE have twice COPD duration, lower FEV 1 and relatively younger as compared to NFE. The majority of pts are symptomatic, especially in the FE group in line with the expectations that exacerbations reduce quality of life.


In this note we investigate Property T for crossed product C ∗ -algebra C(X)� σ Z. Let µ be a Borel measure on X. We show that every Hilbert bimodule induced from µ has almost central vectors. We derive several important corollaries. Mathematics Subject Classification: 46L55, 46L05


The invention relates to a method for measuring a distance to an object (8), wherein the electromagnetic radiation (6) from a radiation emitter (2) is transmitted and a period until the arrival of the object (8) reflected portion of the electromagnetic radiation (6) is determined on a receiver (4). In order to achieve a safe and reliable distance measurement, it is proposed that the receiver (4) received power (P) of the reflected portion of the electromagnetic radiation (6) over time (t) is integrated and made of a characteristic of the pitch (S) the temporal course of the energy thus obtained (e) of the reflected portion of the propagation time is determined.


Abstract The present study provides results from a study of the removal of copper from water through electrochemically generated Al3+ using aluminium alloy as the electrodes. Various operating conditions on the removal efficiency of copper were investigated, such as initial copper ion concentration, initial pH, current density, and temperature. Results showed that the optimum removal efficiency of 98.5% was achieved at a current density of 0.025 A/dm2, at pH of 7.0. Effects of co-existing anions such as carbonate, phosphate, silicate, and fluoride were studied on the removal efficiency of copper. Results of pilot scale study show that the process was technologically feasible. Adsorption of copper could be described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm suggesting monolayer coverage of adsorbed molecules. First- and second-order rate equations, Elovich and Intraparticle diffusion models, were applied to study adsorption kinetics. The adsorption process follows the second-order kinetics model with good correl...


To the Editor:— The letter by Dr. Dunlop inThe Journal, October 15, p. 1397, is of interest to every old practitioner. The ideals for which state boards were crated were made by the physicians themselves, but it seems that the moment people create an ideal and secure a law to fulfil that ideal, some state board official will invariably try to interpret it as if he were the law itself. Recent experience with one state board seems to indicate that it is trying to make it just as hard as it can for the older practitioner and just as easy as it can for the new graduate. Reasonable educational standards and ten years of reputable practice ought to entitle any one to receive a reciprocal license in any state.


This paper presents a concept design of an injectable implanted biomedical device that is capable of optically stimulating the biological tissue and record the green light emitted from the genetically encoded calcium indicator cells. The implant includes an optical sensor which records the data at 550 nm and micro-LED that stimulate the cells with blue light at 470 nm. Ultrasound link is employed by the external device to power the implant and communicate data at 300 KHz radial resonances frequency. The wireless data transmission link is represented by two off-chip piezoelectric transducers of tube shape and dimensions (OD:3.5, ID:2.5, H:3) mm with 300 KHz radial resonances frequency. Measurement results show that the optical sensor is capable of capturing the incident light at 16 pW/mm2 irradiance, then the recorded illuminance is depicted to be proportional to the value of irradiance.


Author Contributions: Drs Kaplan and Pham had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Concept and design: Kaplan, Bentov, Reed, Pham. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Kaplan, Zhao, Koren. Drafting of the manuscript: Kaplan, Zhao, Pham. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors. Statistical analysis: Kaplan. Obtained funding: Kaplan, Reed. Administrative, technical, or material support: Kaplan, Reed. Supervision: Kaplan, Reed, Pham.


Aims:  Cervical spine Injuries occur in 2 ? 4% of blunt trauma casulaties 1 , leading to 600--700 Injuries in the UK Each year 2 . This study looked at how patients were investigated for these injuries in a large district general hospital (DGH). In particular, if patients were being investigated using plain radiographs, these were assessed for adequacy. If inadequate, did patients go on to additional imaging as per NICE Guidelines 3 . Methods:  A prospective audit of a total of 122 patients to assess whether patients were appropriately evaluated for cervical spine injuries in the trauma setting. Data was collected in two one-month cycles. Adequacy of plain radiographs was assessed by three independent clinicians from the trauma and orthopaedics department: a consultant, a registrar and a foundation year 2 doctor. The results of the first cycle were presented to the trauma and orthopaedics and emergency departments. An education campaign was launched in both departments to improve practice. There was a re-audit 6 months later using the same data collection tool. Results:  In the first cycle, during one month 50 patients had investigations for cervical spine injury. 46% of patients had a plain radiograph but of these 57% were evaluated as inadequate. These should have been followed by additional investigations, however only 46% of them did. In the second cycle there were more inadequate X-rays 73% compared to the first, 57%. However, inadequate radiographs were more often followed by additional imaging 69% compared to 46%. Conclusions:  Missing a cervical spine fracture could have devastating consequences for a patient. Given this and the evidence presented here, a simple education campaign can reduce this risk.


As a new admission policy,"college alliance"draws widely public attention and arouse some doubt. Firstly,it has its advantages.So his appearance has historical inevitability.Secondly,from the view of college alliance,we can find some problems of the self-determined admission.At last,on the basis of the problems mentioned above,we find the notes needed to pay attention to.


It is deeply concerned that layers produce 500 eggs in 100 weeks of age. The research observed the production performance of high-yield layers in 100 weeks of age, to breed genetically egg production until 100 weeks.White Leghorn Chickens, A line and B line of Rhode Island Reds, as high-yield layer breed of Xinyang Layer Package series of Shanghai Poultry Breeding Company Ltd, were fed for longer production cycle. When house chickens were mostly end in normal production cycle, 240 hens of each line and 30 sires of Rhode Island Reds B line, were left to feed for production in another house. Egg production, hatchability and offspring bodyweight were measured in the continued feeding and observing. The hen-day egg production of White Leghorn Chickens, A line and B line of Rhode Island Reds of 100 weeks were 481.8、433.8 and 449.5, while hen-housed egg production were 456.8、389.9and421.1, respectively. Full-sib mate fertility of Rhode Island Reds in 99 weeks of age was 87.8%-89.5%, and the fertility egg hatchability was 73.6% ~84.9%. There were not significantly different on body weight of chickens in 48 days of age between different parents groups of age 99 and 47 weeks. The research shows that production in 100 weeks of age is related to layer healthy, hatchability and growing developed of offspring from 99 weeks parents could meet the demands of pure lines genetic breeding.


Integrating with Y-type pre-embedded shaped-steel construction practice of the stadium engineering,it describes construction methods from aspects of manufacture,spelling,off-site transportation,and in-situ installation,summarizes the construction technology of pre-embedded shaped-steel,and proposes measures for guaranteeing quality and finished products protection,which has accumulated experience for future similar engineering construction.


A total of 8 water samples were collected from beginning, middle and end of Belbais drain, which located at longitudes of N 30o 10' 57.6" and E 31o 20' 20.8" and latitudes of N 30o33' 39.2" and E 31o36' 10.3" and altitude around 11.6 m. relative to sea level, in order to assess the quality of its water and its suitability for agricultural irrigation. Samples were analysed for pH, EC and other parameters. pH was within the permissible limit. EC indicates C3 (high salinity). According to USDA (1954). The soluble sodium percent (SSP) ranged from 67.78% to 41.69%, i.e. moderate restriction in using this water. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) ranged from 6.74 to 8.44 and according to FAO (1985), water is of low sodium hazard. According to USDA (1954), water is of high salinity medium sodicity (C3S2). Permeability index values varied between 82.52 to 85.34% and based on Doneen diagram (1962), medicating class II i.e. no permeability or infiltration problems. Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) was < 1.25 mmolc L-1, i.e. safe for irrigation.


This issue marks the 70th anniversary of the founding of Psychosomatic Medicine. It is also the inaugural issue for adding, Journal of Biobehavioral Medicine as our new subtitle. Why, after 70 years of successful publication, does our journal now have a subtitle? Why was this particular subtitle chosen? And what does this change mean for the future of the journal? In their introductory editorial in January 1939 (1), Helen Flanders Dunbar and her associate editors noted that "psychosomatic medicine" was a new term that was not yet well known in the medical community. They expressed concern that it could lead to misconceptions and misunderstandings unless it was clearly defined. They defined it as the study of the ". . . interrelation [of] the psychological and physiological aspects of all normal and abnormal bodily functions . . .." They rejected mind-body dualism in psychosomatic medicine, asserting that ". . . the complex neurophysiology of mood, instinct, and intellect differs from other physiology in degree of complexity, but not in quality," and that ". . . psychic and somatic phenomena take place in the same biological system and are probably two aspects of the same process . . .." The contents of the first issue of Psychosomatic Medicine reflected this perspective, and today's readers would find that some of the articles in that issue concerned surprisingly contemporary topics. For example, it included an article on the role of hostility in essential hypertension (2) and a review of experimental research on the structure and functions of the hypothalamus (3). Thus, from its very beginning, Psychosomatic Medicine has been publishing articles on the roles of the central and peripheral nervous systems, and of psychological, behavioral, and social variables, in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, cancer, and other serious medical conditions. While rejecting mind-body dualism, the original editors embraced two other kinds of dualism. One of them pertained to the types of medical conditions and outcomes that were considered to be within the field's and the journal's domain. In addition to papers on relatively "hard" medical outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease, early volumes also included articles on "soft" outcomes, such as conversion hysteria and functional gastrointestinal complaints (4). In the ensuing years, many other papers also focused on similar problems, such as chronic pain, somatoform disorders, and unexplained somatic symptoms, such as chronic fatigue (5). The other kind of dualism concerned the psychiatric and psychological factors that were thought to be plausible explanations for the outcomes of interest. Some were observable phenomena, or at least were measurable via self-report questionnaires, psychophysiological instruments, human or animal experiments, or other objective techniques; were reasonably familiar to nonpsychiatric physicians and laypeople; and could be readily described in common sense terms. Examples included factors, such as hostility (2), frustration (6), tension (7), depression (7), and various types of overt behavior (8). Others were unobservable psychoanalytic constructs that were more obscure for nonpsychiatrists, such as intrapsychic conflict (9), oral dependence (10), and hypertrophied conscience (11). Over the years since our founding, the relatively soft and obscure strands of psychosomatic medicine have, unfortunately, helped to foster some of the misconceptions and misunderstandings that our founders hoped to prevent. The term "psychosomatic" has acquired a variety of meanings, and some of them are quite negative. For example, a 1994 survey of newspapers in the United States and the United Kingdom found that, out of 215 articles in which the word "psychosomatic" was mentioned, 34% used it in a stigmatizing, pejorative manner; it often connoted a symptom or condition that was considered to be imaginary, unimportant, malingered, or due to a character flaw (12). "Psychosomatic" also carries negative connotations for many laypeople (13) as well as for many physicians and nurses (14,15), especially in some countries and cultures. In addition, psychosomatic complaints figure prominently in a substantial proportion of the clinical encounters with which many physicians would rather not have to contend, i.e., those with "difficult patients," "frequent attenders," and "excessive utilizers" (15–23). Some patients who are dismissed as presenting baseless psychosomatic complaints, actually have unrecognized medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism (24), but this fact does little to burnish the image of psychosomatic disorders among physicians. Regardless of the negative reactions that these phenomena may elicit from some quarters, they continue to have a substantial impact on patients' quality of life and on their patterns of healthcare utilization (25,26). We still publish some of the best articles on somatoform disorders, chronic fatigue syndrome, chronic pain, etc. (24,27,28), and will continue to do so. In recent years, however, interest in these disorders has been eclipsed by "hotter" topics, in terms of the manuscripts we receive, the ones we publish, and the ones that have the highest impact. For example, we have published numerous articles on the genetic substrates of psychological phenotypes, Franz Alexander (Associate Editor for Psychoanalysis), Dana W. Atchley (Internal Medicine), Stanley Cobb (Neurology), Hallowell Davis (Physiology), Clark L. Hull (Psychology), Howard S. Liddell (Comparative Physiology), Grover F. Powers (Pediatrics), and Theodore P. Wolfe (Reviews). In addition to serving as the first Editor-in-Chief of Psychosomatic Medicine, Dr. Dunbar was one of the founders of the American Psychosomatic Society, the journal's owner. The full text of every issue of Psychosomatic Medicine, dating back to January 1939, is available online at www.psychosomaticmedicine.org. DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181954848


1 Tepeler A, Akman T, Tok A et al. Retoroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy for nonfunctioning kidneys related to renal stone disease. Uro. Res. 2012; 40: 559–65. 2 Demirtas A, Guleser AS, Sonmez G, Demirtas T, Tombul ST. Two-step treatment model for the adult patients with an obstructed kidney functioning below 20% of its capacity: a pilot study. Clin. Exp. Nephrol. 2020; 24: 185–9. 3 Su B, Ji C, Li J et al. Outcomes of ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy for the treatment of large stones within non-functioning atrophic kidneys. Int. J. Urol. 2021; 28: 254–9. 4 Yuan J, Zou XR, Han SP et al. Prevalence and risk factors for cardiovascular disease among chronic kidney disease patients: results from the Chinese cohort study of chronic kidney disease (C-STRIDE). BMC Nephol. 2017; 18: 23. 5 Inoue T, Yamanichi F, Fujita M, Ueki H, Fujisawa M. Successful endoscopic management for the adult patient with non-functioning atrophic kidney caused by obstructed ureteral stone: two-step treatment strategy. Clin. Surg. 2020; 5: 2893.


Objective To analyze the application of Down syndrome(DS) screening in prenatal diagnosis in Xiaogan from 2007 to 2011.Methods The screening method,screening rates,and screening and pregnancy results were analyzed in the second-level or higher medical institutions in Xiaogan from 2007 to 2011.And the high-risk pregnant women with no chromosome karyotyping and the low-risk pregnant women were followed up.Results DS screening was carried on in 9 medical institutions in Xiaogan by the end of 2011.The number of pregnant women accord with DS screening standard and undergoing DS screening showed an increasing tendency in Xiaogan from 2007 to 2011(P0.01).The high-risk pregnant women receiving DS screening was mainly under the age of 35 years,in which the pregnant women aged from 25 to 29 years accounted for 56.85%.The number of high-risk pregnant women accounted for 5.57% in the total DS screening pregnant women(934/16 780).The abnormal pregnancy rate was significantly higher in high-risk pregnant women than that in low-risk pregnant woman(P0.01).The multiple of the median of serum alpha-fetoproteins was significantly lower and the multiple of the median of free β chorionic-gonadotropin hormone was significantly higher in abnormal pregnant women than that in normal pregnant women(P0.01).DS screening detection rate was 73.91%.The false positive rate was 5.46%.The false negative rate was 0.38‰.Conclusion To strengthen and improve the two-level mechanism of preventing birth defects is the focus of prenatal diagnosis in Xiaogan.


We study the forecasting of future realized volatility in the foreign exchange, stock, and bond markets from variables in our information set, including implied volatility backed out from option prices. Realized volatility is separated into its continuous and jump components, and the heterogeneous autoregressive (HAR) model is applied with implied volatility as an additional forecasting variable. A vector HAR (VecHAR) model for the resulting simultaneous system is introduced, controlling for possible endogeneity issues. We find that implied volatility contains incremental information about future volatility in all three markets, relative to past continuous and jump components, and it is an unbiased forecast in the foreign exchange and stock markets. Out-of-sample forecasting experiments confirm that implied volatility is important in forecasting future realized volatility components in all three markets. Perhaps surprisingly, the jump component is, to some extent, predictable, and options appear calibrated to incorporate information about future jumps in all three markets.


Great game, a political attitude adopted by great powers to achieve geo-strategic and geo-economic benefits in the Central Asian and the Caspian region. The main thrush hold of current strategic and economic relations in the region are Afghan crisis. Throughout the nineteenth century, Great Britain was obsessed by the fear that one of the other European powers would take advantage of the political decay of Central Asia. From 18th century till date great powers are vulnerable to bump with each other to have hold on the central Asia. A new force after disintegration of USSR is trying and mending its shoulders to have control over central Asia. This economic hub is politically very important where almost all great powers from British to Russia, US and China have interest prone to collision. In such circumstances other regional states like Saudi Arabi, Iran and Turkey, nuclear states like Indian and Pakistan have sway in the region in order to have major control over the gigantic economic resources which can flow through their countries. This study will try to explore the overall complexity of contemporary strategic and economic relations in Central Asia, but also to identify the main characteristics of these relations, and the most important players and their strategies.


Competency-based approach in education, changes in the nature of educational and future professional activities demand higher standards from the participants of education process. Recently, the decline in the physical health of the younger generation of Russia has become evident. This decline can be observed with both schoolchildren and university students. In order to analyse and control education process in terms of physical education, define urgent and longterm actions to prevent and eliminate its negative impact on the physical conditions of students, it is necessary to control it at PE classes. Nation's health is a universal social value, a basis of well-being and economic development of the country, a requirement of national security that defines its geopolitical prospects and resilience. That is why maintaining and improving younger generation's health is a priority in higher education management striving to procure the social service of professional socialization during the study term, alongside with educational process optimisation in complex modern information society conditions compacting the life space of the youths. All-Russian health assessment conducted by the Ministry of Health of Russia showed that disease rate among children aged under 11 has increased by 1.4 times over the last 10 years. The highest sickness rate increase can be found among teenagers between 15 and 17. According to official statistics, only 5 % of school graduates are apparently healthy, while 80% of them have some health condition [1]. Today, the problems of students' health, their motivation to improve their health, expanding body capabilities, value system, improving one's physical fitness are extremely pressing. The efficiency of physical training largely depends on the methodical basis of PE, the use of innovative forms, means, ways and methods of their introduction into education processes. It is obvious that most academic research must have the healthy human being as their subject matter, and the research must be aimed at the improvement and maintenance of the health of, primarily, children, teenagers and student youths. It is necessary to put research efforts into developing and defining indices, criteria of healthy state [2]. Nowadays, the control of the physical health of schoolchildren and university students at PE classes is virtually absent. The only non-pharmaceutical and the most efficient way of maintaining and improving young people's health at the universities are PE classes and their physical health monitoring. This article analyses the dynamics of physical development changes and physical fitness of the girls studying at various courses in Irkutsk National Research Technical University (ISTU) and living in East Siberia.


Machine learning is widely used in agriculture to optimize practices such as planting, crop detection, and harvesting. The sugar industry is a major contributor to the global economy, valuable both as a food source and as a sustainable crop with useful byproducts. This paper presents three machine vision algorithms capable of performing quality classification and segmentation of raw sugarcane billets, developing a proof-of-concept for implementation at our industry partner's mill in NSW. Such a system has the potential to improve quality and reduce costs associated with an essential yet labor-intensive, inefficient, and unreliable process. Two recent iterations of the popular You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm, YOLOR and YOLOX, are trained for classification, with the state-of-the-art Mask R-CNN network used for segmentation. The best performing classification model, YOLOX, achieves a classification mAP50:95 of 90.1% across 7 classes in real time, with an average inference speed of 19.36 ms per image. Segmentation accuracy of AP50 of 70.8% and AR50-95 of 83.5% was achieved using the Mask CNN-R network.


Objective: Sensory over-responsivity (SOR), an atypical negative reaction to sensory stimuli, is highly prevalent in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Prior work has related SOR to increased brain response in sensory-limbic regions. This study investigated where these atypical responses fall in three fundamental stages of sensory processing: 1) arousal (i.e. initial response); 2) habituation (i.e. change in response over time); and 3) generalization of response to novel stimuli. Different areas of atypical response would require distinct intervention approaches. Methods: Functional MRI was used to examine these patterns of neural habituation to two sets of similar mildly aversive auditory and tactile stimuli in 42 high-functioning youth with ASD (21 high-SOR; 21 low-SOR) and 27 age-matched TD youth (age 8-17). The relationship between SOR and change in amygdala-prefrontal functional connectivity across the sensory stimulation was also examined. Results: Across repeated sensory stimulation, ASD-high-SOR youth showed reduced ability to maintain habituation in amygdala and relevant sensory cortices, and to maintain inhibition of irrelevant sensory cortices. These results indicate that sensory habituation is a dynamic, timevarying process dependent on sustained regulation across time, which is a particular deficit in ASD-high-SOR youth. However, ASD-low-SOR youth also showed distinct, non-typical neural response patterns including reduced responsiveness to novel but similar stimuli and increases in prefrontal-amygdala regulation across the sensory exposure. Corresponding author and location of work: Shulamite A. Green, Ph.D., University of California, Los Angeles, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Jane and Terry Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 660 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, firstname.lastname@example.com; 310-983-3667. Author Disclosures: Drs. Green, and Hernandez, Katherine Lawrence, Janelle Liu, Dr. Tsang, Jillian Yeargin, Kaitlin Cummings, and Drs. Laugeson, Dapretto and Bookheimer report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interests. HHS Public Access Author manuscript Am J Psychiatry. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2020 December 01. Published in final edited form as: Am J Psychiatry. 2019 December 01; 176(12): 1010–1020. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18121333. A uhor M anscript


Settling velocity is one of sauce´s appearance problems due characteristics of its raw materials. Objective: Evaluate the effect of xanthan gum and particle size of the lupine flour on physical stability of a sweet-sour sauce based on mango and passion fruit. Materials and Methods: Two experiments where done. First, it was obtained the thermic treatment to make lupine flour. Then, it was used different quantities of xanthan gum and particle size of lupine flour to measure physical stability (density, viscosity and settling time). For an approximated settling time it was used Stokes Law. It was measured satisfaction level, preference and acceptation in the best treatments. Results: Experiment 1. 60oC during 5 hours were used to made lupine flour with moisture value near the reference of 7%; this flour was mad in a tray dryer with 3 m/s of air velocity. Experiment 2. The treatment which took more time to sedimentate was the one with 0.6% of xantham gum and 165 μm of lupine particle size. The sensorial evaluation showed that the treatment A (0.2% with 165 μm) was the most preferred by the consumer. Conclusions: Sauce high physical stability depends of the use of high proportion of xantham gum and low lupine particle size. So, the Stokes equation is useful to get an approximation of time to make stable sauces.


The triatomic hydrogen molecular ion is instrumental as a benchmark towards understanding the strong-field dynamics of polyatomic molecules. Using a crossed-beams coincidence three-dimensional momentum imaging method, we demonstrate clear isotopic effects in the fragmentation of D2H+ induced by 7 fs (40 fs), 790 nm laser pulses at an intensity of 1016 W cm−2 (5 × 1015 W cm−2). Our experiment uniquely separates all fragmentation channels and provides kinematically complete information for the nuclear fragments. For example, we show that for dissociative ionization of D2H+ there is a large difference in branching ratios of the two-body channels, namely, H++D2+?> dominates D++HD+, whereas there is minimal difference in branching ratios between the dissociation channels H++D2 and D++HD.


The article makes a balance on the relations established, in the city of Valencia, by the native members of the society and the foreign merchants installed there during the fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries. This balance is based on the specific sources and research on the subject, but it also tries to compare the Valencian case with the other Iberian countries of the Crown of Aragon and with different regions from Europe and the Mediterranean. Thus, starting from the documentation and general historiographical considerations on issues of the condition of foreigner and nationality, two questions are addressed that allow to analyze the foreign mercantile presence in Valencia: on the one hand, the conditions of permeability that offered the local society for personal and economic integration of immigrants; on the other, paradoxically, the logics of confrontation between natives and aliens that made arise the condition of foreigner as a fact of exclusion. The contrast between both questions led to solutions that are difficult to display in unilateral terms, by the enormous variety not only of the conjunctures, but also of the social, professional, personal and collective circumstances that characterized the groups of foreigners.


We conduct a hierarchical meta-regression analysis to review 87 empirical studies that report 769 estimates for the effects of government size on economic growth. We follow best-practice recommendations for meta-analysis of economics research, and address issues of publication selection bias and heterogeneity. When size is measured as the ratio of total government expenditures to GDP, the partial correlation between government size and per-capita GDP growth is negative in developed countries, but insignificant in developing countries. When size is measured as the ratio of consumption expenditures to GDP, the partial correlation is negative in both developed and developing countries, but the effect in developing countries is less adverse. We also report that government size is associated with less adverse effects when primary studies control for endogeneity and are published in journals and more recently, but it is associated with more adverse effects when primary studies use cross-section data. Our findings indicate that the relationship between government size and per-capita GDP growth is context-specific and likely to be biased due to endogeneity between the level of per-capita income and government expenditures.


Groundwater age, and its influence on contemporary water chemistry, needs to be accurately described to quantify the temporally varying impacts of land use on water quality. The time lags between solute inputs at the land surface and impacts on stream chemistry can be an important factor for managing land use in regional watersheds. Our approach uses a modified groundwater flow code to simulate reverse groundwater flow, regional flow and the solute-transport model where a unit concentration of a conservative solute serves as a proxy for groundwater age. Solute-contour lines represent groundwater travel time, which can then be coupled with Geographic Information System analyses to examine the relationship between water quality and historical land-use patterns. The reverse flow and solute modelling produced a reasonable distribution of groundwater travel times across the watershed, given the hydrology of the system. These groundwater flow paths would be unexpected if surface topography or even surface hydrology were used to predict groundwater movement. Approximately 70% of the watershed has a groundwater lag of ≤ 30 years. When the temporal lags for individual drainage areas within the watershed are compared, flush times vary dramatically. This variability is related both to the size of the sourceshed and its geology. The influence of a particular land use on stream chemistry changes depending on the time scale considered, and also depending on the sourceshed in question as a result of landscape diversity. The results suggest that land-use management practices to reduce solute loading to a watershed might not result in water-quality improvements for many years, especially if implemented on land far from streams. The influence of long groundwater flow paths that integrate past and current land uses must be considered in the interpretation of land-use effects on surface-water quality.


The information present on food labels is essential to provide consumers with proper guidance on the quality of food products, allowing the choice of a nutritionally balanced diet. Easy-to-read systems can help hungry consumers make healthier choices at the time of purchase. The goal of this research is verifying the efficacy of different food labels on foodstuffs by the consumer choices.

 Scientific articles were analysed from 2016 to 2020, based on Pubmed and Google Scholar. Keywords such as food label, foodstuffs, food industry and consumer were used.

 From scientific research, six articles were analysed. Thus, it is estimated the analysis of 2069 participants were recruited through a large web panel provider. Age, gender, and socioeconomic status quotas were applied to recruit a diverse sample of consumers. The participants choose the healthfulness (less healthy, moderately healthy, healthier) of the foodstuffs. The Multiple Traffic Light led to significant differences in choices between healthier and less healthy products, but not moderately healthy products. No significant differences in choices were observed by product healthfulness when the Daily Intake Guide was present. The Nutrition Facts Panel was viewed for only 7% of all packages.

 On some food labels it is possible to find wrong information due to the use of ambiguous and confusing words that are easily disseminated. Effective strategies are needed to promote both food choices made by consumers and food industry formulations. Nutrition is an essential key to maintaining health, so it should be done as an incentive to improve health.


Foreword Preface Acknowledgements 1. Anaesthetic Assessment and Premedication 2. The Delivery of Anaesthetic Gases and Vapours 3. Managing the Airway 4. Drugs Associated with Anaesthesia 5. Measurement and Monitoring 6. Intravenous Cannulation and Fluid Administration 7. Postanaesthesia Care 8. Local and Regional Anaesthesia, Putting it All Together 9. An Introduction to Intensive Care 10. Anaesthetists and Chronic Pain Relief 11. Resuscitation of the Collapsed Patient Index


In this paper, the germ free plant culture, inducted callus and subculture, inducted rootage, and browing were studied on Elaeagnus mollis . The results indicates that the best medium of seeds' germinating of Elaeagnus mollis was 1/2MS(1/2 mass elements in basic culture medium), the best mediums of subculture was N 2(MS+BA 0.5 +NAA 0.02 )、N 4(MS+BA 0.5 +NAA 0.04 ), and the adequate quantums of hormones to promote roots were 0.02 mg/L( NAA)、0.2 mg/L(GA)、5~7.5 mg/L(IBA). The key of root genesis and development is the type and concentration ratio of hormones.The necessary hormones were NAA、GA、IBA. Some approaches had been introduced to prevent browing. And the rate of browning had been lowered.It was the efficiency experiment system of regenesis plant of Elaeagnus mollis tissue culture that had been established.


Let G = O(2) O(2) O(2) and let Mbe closed G-invariant minimal hypersurface with constant scalar curvature in S . If Mhas 2 distinct principal curvatures at some point, then S = 4. Moreover, if S > 4, then Mdoes not have simple principal curvatures everywhere.


Mining method selection is a critical decision for an economic, safe and productivemining work. Each orebody is unique with its own properties and engineeringjudgment has a great effect on the decisions. In this study an intelligent assisting andtutoring system for preliminary underground mining method selection is developed.This system is called Ore-Age, whose goal is making the preliminary mining methodselection as efficiently as possible and to make the users perform this selection asefficiently as possible too while giving them a remarkable education on miningmethod selection. Due to its semi-autonomous character, Ore-Age determines todirect its execution strategy based on the expertise levels of the users. Ore-Age actsas an assisting tool for the experienced engineers during the selection process andcontinuously looks for chances to direct the experiences of such expert engineers tohis own database by the help of its neuro-fuzzy learning algorithm. The reason of Ore-Age to take this learning procedure is to imitate and behave like these experts duringhis future selections. Besides this ability, Ore-Age tries to act as a tutoring system asefficiently as possible when he faces inexperienced engineers. The regular strategy ofteaching process depends on an iterative algorithm checking the decisive concepts oneby one to find the point of misconception leading to a wrong selection. Furthermore asan alternative strategy, by his error modeling property, Ore-Age can alter his strategyand concentrate the users directly to the possible points of misconception, withoutusing the previous "time demanding" algorithm. This system aiming the model thecognitive behavior of the student is an indication of the reactive characteristic of thesystem that can alter the strategies based on his own logical decision to achieve a moreefficient tutoring procedure. The system that is being developed in this study can beintroduced as the first example of dynamic, intelligent assisting and tutoring systemsin the mining profession.


A partially melted to improve the semiconductor source / drain of the non-planar transistor comprising a semiconductor to improve source / drain electrode are provided on opposite ends of the semiconductor fin, wherein the gate stack disposed on the opposite ends between. The raised semiconductor source / drain comprises at least a depth of molten trans-activation regions and dopant in the melt depth of activator dopant region. Super-activated dopant region having a dopant concentration of the activating agent activator dopant region and a higher dopant concentration than the activator / or with a constant over the whole melting area. Source fins formed on the substrate, and depositing a semiconductor material or a semiconductor material stacked on a region of the fin is provided on opposite sides of the channel region to form raised source / drain. Performs pulse laser annealing, the melted semiconductor material deposited only in part above the melt depth.


In contrast to the light requirement for Arabidopsis seed germination, the germination of several Aethionema arabicum accessions is inhibited by light, due to antipodal transcriptional regulation of hormone balance.


Abstract Two nonhydrolyzable prolyl adenylate analogs, 5′- O -[ N -( L -prolyl)-sulfamoyl]adenosine ( L -PSA) and 5′- O -[ N -( D -prolyl)-sulfamoyl]adenosine ( D -PSA), were prepared in three steps from 2′,3′-di- O -isopropylideneadenosine. Both of these compounds inhibited the in vitro activity of Escherichia coli and human prolyl-tRNA synthetase (ProRS). The human enzyme used in this study was derived from the carboxy-terminal domain of the multifunctional human EPRS gene. The K ATPi values for L -PSA, determined using the ATP–PP i exchange assay, are very similar for both synthetases (≈ 1–2 nM). The K Proi values, on the other hand, vary approximately seven-fold between the two synthetases (0.6 n M for human and 4.3 n M for E. coli ). The K i values measured for the D -PSA analog are much higher (51–470 n M ) for all cases examined; however, the same species-specific differences are observed with respect to K Proi. These results indicate possible structural differences in or near the active sites of the two enzymes that may be exploited in the future design of compounds that function as species-specific synthetase inhibitors in vivo .


The present study aims to know the importance of using financiai tools in decision making of
Micro and Small Enterprises (MSE). These financiai and administrative tools are taught in
universities and vocational courses in order to control the inputs and outputs of company money
and are summarized in Financiai Planning, Cash Flow Statement, Balance Sheet and Statement
of Income, plus present some forms of financiai planning and types of credits and grants funding
for companies of this size. To complement the presentation of the tools commonly used, it was
done a case study on a micro-enterprise in order to know if the tools provided by universities are
in fact used by MSE. Through the case study can be seen that the MSE use these tools to control
both the inputs and outputs of the company's cash as aid in making decisions on new
investments.


This paper documents improved practices to analyze Surface Mount (SM) attachment failure statistics. These include the use of a failure free time metric obtained from three parameter Weibull analysis of solder joint fatigue data. Compared to two parameter Weibull and lognormal distributions, the three parameter Weibull consistently gives a better fit of early wear out failures across a large test database. The failure free time represents the minimum amount of time required for cracks to initiate and propagate through the weakest solder joints of a population. The failure free metric defines a warranty period during which thermo-mechanical fatigue failures of solder joints are not expected. The Comprehensive Surface Mount Reliability (CSMR) model has been extended by correlating failure free times scaled for the solder crack area to cyclic inelastic strain energy. The three parameter Weibull treatment of SM failure data provides more accurate reliability projections, potentially qualifying component assemblies that would be rated marginal or unacceptable based on more conservative two parameter Weibull or log-normal analysis.<<ETX>>


The archives of the Ferrara Federation of the Italian Communist Party cover the period from 1945 to 1991. Placed in the Institute of Contemporary History of Ferrara, the archives have a total of 390 boxes, containing material that is intertwined with the history of Ferrara and its province.


A simplified method is presented for the calculation of the voltage wave forms of nonsinusoidal voltage generators in which the circuit action is dependent upon the exponential charging and discharging of capacitors. A number of multivibrator circuits are then discussed and analyzed in accordance with this method.


Mercer University's School of Engineering has been using K'Nexreg based design kits in its Introduction to Engineering Design Course for several years. These kits have been used to build vehicles that participate in a variety of competition venues including amphibious, boat, cable car, dragster, off road, and ramped. These competitions have been run in timed race, tug-of-war, and head-on collision formats. This course is not just a brainstorming or build and test experience but also introduces the concept of an engineering design process including the selection of a 'best' design based on technical considerations and prediction of design performance. Students present their design experience and decisions through two design reviews which include a document and presentation. This workshop will consist of a mini-design experience. Participants will work in small groups. The design experience will include brainstorming, technical calculations, design selection, design construction, testing, and presentations. The design experience will conclude with a competition


The exact pathophysiology of tako‐tsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is unclear. A nonapical form of TTC precipitated by emotional stress is presented. Findings on 12 lead ECG and coronary angiogram are discussed. The role of specialized investigations such as cardiac MRI and tissue Doppler imaging are reviewed. We then examine the probable molecular explanations for this condition and suggest a probable molecular mechanism based on animal studies. Future therapeutic options are also briefly discussed. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Fish is among the most eaten foods and traded commodities in the world, and smallscale fisheries provide food, jobs, and life satisfaction to billions of people worldwide. Yet, they are rarely recognized for these facts in global-level discussions about food systems and security. In this chapter, we argue that any discussion of food security, global or local, is incomplete if fisheries, and small-scale fisheries specifically, are not included. In this chapter, we discuss the many ways that small-scale fisheries contribute to local and global food security and to sustainable livelihoods in coastal communities. These include fish as an object of exchange and a marker of culture identity, and fisheries as a context in which people can connect their own health and wellbeing to the health of marine and freshwater ecosystems. The chapter begins with an introduction to the concepts of food systems and food security, the latter entailing more than just whether food is available, but also whether people have access to foods that are nutritious and culturally preferred. We conclude by discussing how a rights-based approach to food systems effectively brings these various ways that people engage with fisheries to the fore.