Modeling approach to simulate both mesoscale and microscopic forces acting in a typical AFM experiment is presented. At mesoscale level interaction between the cantilever tip and the sample surface is primarily described by the balance of attractive Van der Waals and repulsive forces. The model of cantilever oscillations is applicable to both non-contact and "tapping" AFM. This model can be farther enhanced to describe nanoparticle manipulation by cantilever. At microscopic level tip contamination and details of tip-surface interaction can be simulated using molecular dynamics approach. Integration of mesoscale model with molecular dynamic model is discussed.


This paper is concerned with the weak dissipative structure for linear symmetric hyperbolic systems with relaxation. The authors of this paper had already analyzed the new dissipative structure cal...


This paper is focused on the alternation phenomenon of case markers and tried to clarify the causes which the directional case markers and the instrumental case markers institute the object case markers between the alternation phenomenon of the adverbial case markers and the object case markers in Yanbian region language. This paper is focused on the practical forms of the case markers in daily life than theoretical possibilities of alternation of the case markers. This paper adopts the view that the alternation phenomenon of the adverbial case markers and the object case markers is associated with the structure of article and tries to research the causes of the substitute of case markers based on the principles of hierarchical connection after analyzing the surface structure and deep structure. This paper is expected to contribute to understanding the case markers in Yanbian region language.


Industrial workers constitute a vital segment of our population in view of their significant contribution to the national income. Industrial workers have increased in number from a mere 5 lakhs in 1950 to 92 lakhs in 1985 which is a good measure of our industrial development.


Rate constants for the reactions O+ClO→Cl+O2 (2) and O+NO2→NO+O2 (8) were measured at 298 K and 2.3 Torr total pressure using the discharge flow technique. Reaction rates were measured under pseudo‐first‐order conditions with either ClO or NO2 in large excess and the decay of oxygen atoms monitored by adding nitric oxide at the end of the flow tube and detecting the O+NO+M chemiluminescence. The O+ClO rate constant was measured using three different reactions of chlorine atoms to generate the ClO radical: Cl+O3→ClO+O2, (1) Cl+ClO2→2ClO, (6) Cl+Cl2O→Cl2+ClO. (7) As an internal check on the stoichiometries of the ClO source reactions and of the purities of the O3, ClO2, and Cl2O reagents, following each measurement of k2 an excess of nitric oxide was used to substitute NO2 for ClO via the reaction ClO+NO→Cl+NO2 (9) and the value of k8 measured. The second order rate constant for the O+ClO reaction was found to be independent of the ClO source used and is given by k2=(3.5±0.6)×10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. The r...


Recently researchers are put more attention to offshore wind turbine development compared to the onshore wind power system due to available potential, steady wind compared to onshore, does not disturb human activity etc. The recent trend is to increase the size of the turbine, which reduces the cost of generation of power compared to the existing power generating units. The turbine blades have become more flexible with the increase of turbine size. It has been observed large blade def0rmation with the increase of turbine size even under normal operating conditions. The increased turbine size and more turbine blade deformation aerodynamic load on the turbine blade become essential to consider the aero-elastic effect for large offshore wind turbine system controller design. The present study focuses on the development of a nonlinear model of the offshore wind turbine with the consideration of the aeroelastic effect. The wind turbine model has been integrated with an electrohydraulic pitch actuating system model. The turbine model has been used for study pitch control applications. An adaptive controller has been developed for turbine pitch control to regulate rated power of the horizontal axis wind turbine with the consideration of the aero elastic effect. The simulation study has been performed in Matlab Simulink environment with a standard test signal and actual wind data.


Multi-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae has been considered a serious global threat. This study was initiated to investigate carbapenem resistance among K. pneumoniae isolates in Iran and to detect carbapenemases in resistant strains. From 2009 to 2012, 180 K. pneumoniae strains were collected from Tehran hospitals. Of the isolates, 42 isolates (23.3%) were resistant to meropenem, 29 isolates (16.1%) were resistant to ertapenem, and 14 isolates (7.7%) were resistant to imipenem. All of carbapenem-resistant isolates were also resistant to the third generation of cephalosporins. modified Hodge test was positive in 25 (59.5%) of carbapenem-resistant isolates showing carbapenemase production. blaNDM and blaVIM genes were identified in three and five carbapenem-resistant isolates, respectively. One isolate showed presence of blaKPC gene. Class 1 integrons were detected in 14 carbapenem-resistant isolates. The most important finding about class 1 integrons was identification of an integron containing metallo-β-la...


This volume discusses society, culture, economy, polity and process of modernisation of Bhutan and enquires into the dynamics of various problems that it is facing.


A case of central (intercondylar) dislocation of the patella is reported. The displacement could be reduced easily. At surgery, the quadriceps tendon was found to be intact.


Activation of the enzyme in the body fluid is detected based on the amount of cleavage of the substrate by the enzyme. Substrate two fluorescent dyes, the donor and acceptor, in labeled. Labeled substrate is presented to the body fluids. Device emits energy at a first wavelength in a body fluid, and detects the energy of the second and third wavelengths emitted by the dye in response to the energy of the first wavelength. Before the substrate is cleaved by the enzyme acceptor, in response to the energy of the second wavelength which is received from the donor by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), it emits energy at a third wavelength. After cutting the substrate with an enzyme, the donor emits energy at a second wavelength. The device of the present invention, based on the relative intensity of the energy in the second and third wavelength, can determine the concentration of active enzyme in body fluids.


The Emissions Inventory Toxic Air Compounds for the Greater Metropolitan Area in 2007 is framed within the air quality policy in Costa Rica. The main toxic anthropogenic contaminants were toluene, methanol, xylenes, formaldehyde and benzene. Similarities are seen with other inventories in terms of emission rate versus the population and the level of importation of toxic products.


Abstract : Human beings epitomize the concept of "intelligent control." Despite its apparent computational advantage over humans, no machine or computer has come close to achieving the level of sensor-based control of which humans are capable. Thus, there is a clear need to develop computational methods which can abstract human skill based on sensory feedback. Neural networks offer one such method with their ability to map complex nonlinear functions. This paper is divided into two parts. First, we examine the problem of approximating continuous functions, as is required for dynamic system identification and control. We discuss how the requirements of continuous function approximation differ substantially for those of discrete function approximation. To meet these requirements, we propose to use the cascade two learning architecture, which dynamically adjusts the size of the neural network as part of the learning process. As such, we propose different hidden units to have variable activation functions, leading to faster learning, as well as better function approximation. Second, we apply these methods towards the problem of control system identification, and more specifically, to the problem of identifying and modeling human control strategy. We demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method in human control strategy or skill learning, and address issues for potentially exciting research in the future. This approach can play a significant role in the development of intelligent machines based on human skill learning, as well as in the intelligent and harmonious coordination of humans and robots.


The notions of separatedness and properness are the algebraic geometry analogues of the Hausdorff condition and compactness in topology. For varieties over the complex numbers, it is possible to use the "analytic topology" inherited from the usual topology on C in place of the Zariski topology, and the analytic topology corresponds well to our intuition, and allows us to use many tools from topology and algebraic topology. An ongoing theme in algebraic geometry is that many such properties and tools can in fact be translated into the context of varieties over an arbitrary field, or more general schemes, but the translation may take some work. Often one can proceed by finding a more abstract version of the usual topological definition (for instance, involving products) and then translating this abstracted definition into algebraic geometry. If the translation works well, it should recover the classical notions when we restrict our attention to complex varieties.


Ultrasound demonstration of living anatomy has been used as asupplement in undergraduate cadaveric anatomy teaching toreinforce their anatomy knowledge and its importance in clinicalpractice. Ultrasound was incorporated into dissecting roomsession of upper/lower limb anatomy. Twenty-four first yeargraduate entry (A101) medical students and 121 second year(A100) medical students were included. A100 group weredemonstrated with/without line diagrams whereas A101 grouphad the benefit of cross-sectional anatomy images along with linediagrams. Questionnaires were distributed and qualitative datawas analysed using 2 proportion Z test and Fischer's exact test.78% of A101 and 63% of A100 students found the teachinguseful/essential. A101 group had statistically significant positiveresponses for identifying bone (91.67% versus 70%, P = 0.02),vessels (91.67% versus 54.4%, P = 0.001) & nerves (45.83% versus12.60%, P = 0.001), finding line diagram useful/essential (95%versus 55.10%, P = 0.001) and being able to translate most/all ofthe structures on line diagram (61.90% versus 36.61%, P = 0.03)when compared with A100 group. Similar trend though notsignificant was obtained for identifying muscle (62.5% versus51.67%, P = 0.33) & tendons (45.83% versus 31.67%, P = 0.18).Majority of students found ultrasound as a useful tool inanatomy teaching. A101 group had better results probablybecause they had the advantage of having cross-sectional anat-omy images with line diagrams. Ultrasound could act as a usefuladjunct in teaching anatomy and its relevance to medicalstudents. It also enables them to develop skills in interpretingnormal ultrasound images/machine which they will encounter inclinical medicine.


Millions of children worldwide have been diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and are prescribed stimulant medications. Frequently there are additional co-morbid diagnoses, resulting in additional pharmaceutical prescriptions for antidepressant, anti-anxiety, antipsychotic, anticonvulsant, and other medications. The authors are homeopathic physicians specializing in treating this population of children and have found homeopathy to be an effective alternative in many cases, either instead of, or as an adjunct to psychiatric medications. In addition to offering practical guidelines for homeopathic practitioners, a clinical case history of a child with ADHD is included.


A very basic point that is almost always overlooked when discussing SEM "resolution," is the difference between "resolution" and "resolving power." An SEM might have a resolving power of 1 nm or so based on the observation of gaps between gold particles on a featureless carbon film. Fine—if ones job is to look at gold on C. For the actual 3-D samples most everyone looks at, EVERY micrograph has a DIFFERENT resolution, closer to 10 nm, because of secondaries generated by back scattered electrons, edge effects, …etc. If you want resolutions closer to the instrument's resolving power you have to look at thin TEM specimens without sharp edges and angles. In our semiconductor lab we have several FESEMs advertised to have resolutions of 1 nm that can not resolve 4 and 5 nm layers in a film stack.


Author(s): Korpos, Ana Lisa | Advisor(s): Dominguez, Ricardo; Cartwright, Lisa | Abstract: The process and research that led to The Community Bee Clinic—a radical veterinary practice and multimodal, participatory art project consisting of an interactive gallery installation, along with narrative documentation of individual honeybee rescues. Ultimately, this project culminates in an exhibition where visitors are invited to become emergency caregivers for starving and hypothermic honeybees. Through the use of interspecies nursing care and speculative biomedical objects, non-human bodies and ecologies are engaged in new ways and at new scales. These objects, methods, and documents involve the appropriation and re-imagining of the concept of a medical clinic—an avant garde veterinary practice reconfigured for invertebrate patients. Situated within the realms of speculative design and social practice, the Community Bee Clinic explores themes of vulnerability, urgency, intimacy, and agency. The interdisciplinary project also functions as an experimental application of research on apian physiology, perception, and stressors, invoking issues of environmental health, interdependence, and non human socio-ecologies. Integral to the work is the notion of hybridity: both the physical clinic installation and the project documentation operate to blur the lines between art and science, human and honeybee, fact and affect, audience and participant, pedagogy and play, and expert and lay knowledge.


Surface oscillation due to oscillatory Marangoni flow in a liquid bridge of molten silicon was observed using phase- shift interferometry. The molten silicon surface was described by phase-distribution profiles with a sampling rate of 30 Hz. From the phase-distribution profiles, we analyzed the oscillation of the radial displacement, axial gradient, and azimuthal gradient of the molten silicon surface. The oscillation of the radial displacement, axial gradient showed an in-phase relationship. However, in-phase oscillation was not observed between the radial displacement and the azimuthal gradient. Marangoni frequencies was observed at 0.1 to 5 Hz in which the frequencies higher than 1Hz had not previously been observed by conventional methods. We also found eigenfrequencies of the liquid bridge at 8.8Hz and 11.5Hz.


Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) offers rich opportunities for interaction. By varying stimulation parameters (amplitudes, pulse widths and frequencies), EMS can be used to either trigger muscle contractions, and so convey object affordances or guide user movements, or provide rich haptic feedback. However, the way users' experience changes with these parameters, and EMS in general, is poorly understood. Using a phenomenologically inspired interview technique, the explicitation interview, we study fifteen users' experience of EMS across 48 combinations of stimulation parameters. We synthesize the descriptions of EMS and relate stimulation parameters to categories of experience, such as 'temperature', 'motion', and 'sensitivity'. From the interviews, we explore more general topics in body-based interfaces, including the experience of control, metaphors for having your body actuated, and the relation between EMS parameters and perceived depth and location of sensations. These findings provide a vocabulary of EMS experience, and an insight into the relationship between specific parameters and associated sensations. In turn, this can help designers consider the user experience of EMS when developing interfaces.


IBD affects roughly 1.6 million US adults, with its prevalence increasing since the late 1990s. Characterized by unchecked intestinal inflammation, multiple proinflammatory cytokines including IL6 have been implicated as critical factors in this pathology. It has been established that EZH2 is a gene involved in the production of specific histone methyltransferase enzymes, as well as in the differentiation of Treg cells. The association between the Treg master transcription factor, Foxp3 and EZH2 results in the suppressive function of Tregs, with our previous work revealing impairment of this interaction under the influence of IL6 signaling in an inflamed intestinal setting. We investigated this further in a murine preventative T cell transfer model of colitis that involved injecting donor Treg cells that lacked IL6Ra, into immunocompromised mice. Histological scoring of the mice receiving the IL6Rko Tregs revealed a resolved inflammatory milieu and flow cytometric analysis of cells isolated from the spleens and MLNs showed increased Foxp3+ expression when compared to mice that received WT Tregs. Foxp3IL6Rako mice were subjected to a DSS model of colitis to further characterize the absence of the IL6R on Treg function in the intestinal milieu. Exacerbated signs of colitis were observed through histology and colon shortening of the conditional knockout mice when compared to their WT counterparts. We postulate that Tregs could be acting as a donor of sILR to promote intestinal integrity and healing. Further experiments will be conducted to define a role for the IL6R in the development of Foxp3+ cells, along with outlining the instrumental process of sIL6R donation in the intestinal milieu.
 Supported by Mayo Clinic Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences


The anatomical sciences have always been regarded as an essential element of medical education. In Canada, the methodology and time dedicated to anatomy teaching are currently unknown. In an effort to create a comprehensive view of anatomical education in Canadian medical schools, surveys were sent out to course directors and discipline leaders. Participants were asked about gross anatomy, histology, and embryology. Data was collected on total course hours, total classroom hours, large and small group hours as well as laboratory hours for the 2016/17 year. There have been two major changes in the delivery of the anatomical sciences. First, most programs deliver anatomical sciences using an integrative approach. The shift towards integration is also prevalent in the United States of America. Secondly, contact time in the anatomical sciences are at historically low levels. Compared to data published from a similar survey published in 2018, Canada has 72%, 49% and 53% of the hours of gross anatomy, histology, and embryology respectively, compared to the USA. The reasons for the difference between Canadian and USA schools is not known. Possible reasons for the disparity include the steering effects of the CanMEDS framework in Canada and the USMLE (United States Medical Licensing Examinations) Step 1 examination. The CanMEDS framework identifies six core competencies that are meant to ensure that physicians have more of a comprehensive foundation as a medical expert but an understanding of the basic sciences, including anatomy, is not a core competency rather it is assumed to be part of all competencies to some degree. Given there is no explicit role identified for the anatomical, or any other, sciences this may have led to the general decrease in curricular focus. A focus for many medical schools in the USA is student success on the USMLE Step 1 which is focused on basic sciences, including anatomy. Student performance on the USMLE drives curriculum standards. Further investigation is required to determine if the lower amount of anatomical science education received by Canadian medical students affects student performance in clerkship, residency and beyond.


This paper describes an implementation of data embedding within images utilising wavelet packet transform. This implementation is performed in two stages: (i) algorithm development and (ii) test. The first stage deals with creating image decomposition process and designing data embedding algorithm. The second stage deals with testing of the implemented technique for different images, under different noise levels and filtering. A discussion of experimental results is given.


Objective To invesigate the influence of breathing motion on intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) of chest wall after radical mastectomy,and explore clinical value of accurately determined target volume.Methods A total of 17 radical mastectomy patients underwent 3DCT simulation scans sequentially followed by 4DCT simulation scans during free breathing.The targets and normal organs was determined based on CT images respectively.Three sets of radiotherapy plan were designed for each patient:plan 3D,plan 4D and plan 3D-A.The Plan 3D and plan 4D was designed based on 3D and 4D targets respectively.Plan 3D was copied to 4D target with the same isocenter coordinates.The dose distribution was calculated separately to evaluate the dose-volume histograms parameters for PTV,ipsilateral lung and heart,respectively.Two planning parameters was compared with paired t-test or Wilcoxon sign-rank test.Results The average volume of PTV4D was (10.35 ± 4.80) % larger than PTV3D (P =0.000).Compared with plan 3D,the V100,V95,V90,D95,D90,Dmin of plan 3D-A were reduced,that were (0.78 -18.0)% (P=0.000),(0.01-3.90)% (P=0.000),(0-2.12)% (P=0.000),(13-222) cGy (P=0.000),(1-118) cGy (P=0.000),(6-1 910) cGy (P=0.000).However,the V20,V10,V5,Dmean of the ipsilateral lung and V30 of heart were same between 3D plan and 4D plan (P =0.288,0.407,0.435,0.758,0.575).Conclusions The respiratory motion may reduce the target dose and its coverage in chest wall treatments,so 4DCT plan could accurately define target volume without increasing the exposure dose of normal tissues.

Key words:
Breast neoplasms/postoperative radiotherapy;  Respiratory movement;  Four-dimensional treatment planning


Laser action has been achieved in six hydrogen and deuterium halides formed in chemical reactions initiated by a pulsed transverse discharge. A total of 246 wavelengths from 2.6 to 19.7 μm was observed. Nearly 30% of these transitions have not been previously observed in laser action. All of the lasers operate at relatively high pressure and promise to give very‐high‐power outputs.


The author numerically investigates the performance of a 100 Gb/s dual‐polarization quadrature phase‐shift keying (DP‐QPSK) coherent radio‐over‐fiber (RoF) system through deploying various lengths of standard single‐mode fiber (SSMF). The utilization of a microwave photonic integrated circuit (MPIC) as the core building block of this optical coherent RoF link both in downlink and uplink, combined with digital signal processing (DSP) has led to a new RoF scheme which demonstrated the feasibility to operate at the low input RF power. The performance of the RoF system with respect to the optical received power induced by channel SNR is also investigated. It has been demonstrated that for a 200 km length of fiber, a laser with a linewidth of less than 1 MHz results in the EVM compliant to the IEEE standards. It has been also verified that the link offers higher linearity and better receiver sensitivity compared to the conventional intensity modulated and directly detected optical communication systems.


The tawny cocoon of tussah has been studied by means of UV, FS and ESR. It has been shown that the tawny chromogen is a cross-linked polymer of gentisic acid and silk proteins. The formation mechanism of this polymer is also suggested here.


The search for low-cost materials used in the catalysis and adsorption processes has been growing in recent years, stimulating the study of clay minerals for this purpose [14]. Clay minerals are abundant in nature and are susceptible to chemical changes in their interlayer structures, in which ions, atoms, or molecules are inserted, giving them countless applications [5]. Some of the classes of clay minerals stand out for several characteristics, such as the high cation exchange capacity (CTC), expansiveness, and plasticity [6]. Vermiculite-hydrobiotite is a mineral clay that has been intensively studied considering its applications in several areas, for instance, catalytic processes, agriculture, and adsorbent for gases and pollutants, e.g. metals and organic species, mainly due to its high cation exchange capacity (CTC) and expansion [7-9]. They are phyllosilicates composed of a type 2:1 structure (T-O-T), which has continuous sheets of silicon or aluminum tetrahedra (T) and octahedral sheets (O) of aluminum (magnesium or iron), in addition to hydroxyls and cations [10-12]. The exchangeable cations present mainly in the interlayered space of the vermiculite-hydrobiotite structure, which in general are Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+, counteract the negative surface charges resulted from the high degree of isomorphic substitution of Si4+ by Al3+ and/or Fe3+ in the tetrahedral and Mg2+ by Al3+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ in the octahedral layers [13, 14]. Despite having remarkable properties, some processes that alter its structure and/or composition such as calcination and acidification, have been carried out to obtain solids with high efficiency in catalytic and adsorptive processes [15, 16]. Treatment with mineral acids, called acid activation or leaching, considerably increases the adsorptive capacity and the catalytic activity of clays, mainly as a result of the increase in their specific surface areas and the increase in reactive acid sites [17, 18]. Acid leaching is carried out by mixing the clay with acid under controlled operating conditions that promote the replacement of exchangeable cations with hydroxonium cations (H3O +) and the leaching in the octahedral leaves of some elements such as Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and Al3+ [19, 20]. The composition of the octahedral leaves of vermiculite substantially affects its stability to acid attack; trioctahedral leaves (composed of Mg2+ or Fe2+) dissolve more quickly than the dioctahedral leaves (composed only of Al3+) [21]. The occurrence of iron in the mineral is also important, as it determines the surface area achieved after acid treatment. The final product is solid support with high SiO2 content, with a high specific surface area, and Brønsted and Lewis surface acidity [22]. Acid-activated clays are generally used as adsorbents in vegetable, animal, wine, and beer industries, and are also used as catalysts in several organic reactions [23]. In this study, the treatment of natural vermiculite with nitric acid in different treatments, as well as with sulfuric acid 25% v/v in the production of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites were investigated in order to prepare acid matrices for future applications as catalytic supports and chemical adsorbents.


The substrate serves as a habitat and a source of food for Nudibranch. Therefore, it influences the existence of nudibranchs. This study examined the differences in the presence of nudibranchs at two locations with different substrate compositions on Lembeh Island and a flat island (Tunda Island). Data collection used a modified belt transect 50m long and 4m wide (200m2) with a depth of 5-7m along the coastline. A total of 86 individual specimens consisted of 12 families with 22 species were recorded. The largest group was the Phyllidiidae family (10 species). Chromodorididae and Polyceridae family represented by 3 species each, Facelinidae family represented by 2 species, and Dotidae, Flabellinidae, Discodorididae, and Myrrhinidae, each represented by one species. Nudibranch diversity was higher on Lembeh Island than Tunda Island. A total of 19 species were found on Lembeh Island while only 5 species were found on Tunda Island. The wealth of nudibranch is largely determined by the composition of the substrate. Based on hierarchical analysis 80.93% of determinants of nudibranch existence was a substrate category of DCA, sponges, and hard corals. Nudibranch's diversity directly proportional to the percentage of DCA and sponge, and inversely proportional to the percentage of hard coral.


As an effective means of VOD service,multicast has been researched for about ten years. Many algorithms of it have been matured. But there are only a few papers about multicast schedule supporting VCR functions. The rea- son is that supporting VCR functions will increase the complexity of schedule of the server,and will decrease its capa- bility. In this paper,we present a rnulticast scheduling algorithm VCRSM provding VCR functions by extended stream merging. Active buffer management on client is used to partly satisfy the VCR actions of users. On server,original stream merging is modified to adapt to all VCR requests. We also put forward delay request to optimize the server's performence. When compared with other systems in simulation,VCRSM can satisfy all kinds of VCR functions with no delay,while occupying no more bandwidth than others.


In this paper, adaptive neural network control is investigated for a class of nonlinear systems under the effects of time delay and uncertain nonlinear functions. The system is described in form of pure-feedback and triangle structure, and the virtual control law is proposed to solve the mismatch problem. The unknown functions are approximated by adaptive neural networks and the weights of the neural network are iteratively and adaptively updated through the system state. To overcome the controller singular problem, integral-type Lyapunov function is utilized, the closed-loop control system is proved to be semiglobally uniformly ultimately bounded (SGUUB). A number of bench mark tests are simulated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


Introduction: Making a protocol is a must to overcome the controversy of doing routine histopathological examination of tonsillectomy specimen. Materials and methods: Histopathological report of 100 consecutive tonsillectomy specimens that reached the pathology department of Saveetha Medical College was analyzed. Results: Histological examination of the 154 pediatric tonsils showed reactive lymphoid hyperplasia in all the patients. One specimen had a small cartilaginous choristoma. In the 46 adult tonsils, there were two lymphoma, one extensive osteocartilaginous choristoma, and one epidermoid cyst of tonsil. Discussion: As the histopathological examination in the pediatric group did not reveal any finding, it can be done only in patients with risk factors. The adult group showed two cases of Hodgkins lymphoma, one epidermoid cyst of tonsil and one osteocartilaginous choristoma tonsil. Hence, we suggest to continue the practice of routine histopathological analysis in adults. Conclusion: We suggest continuing the practice of routine histopathological examination of all adult tonsillectomy specimens.


As the field of digital libraries matures and new systems and standards develop, the ability to interoperate between systems becomes paramount. This article gives an introduction to many recent standards and de facto standards for interoperability, and illustrates them using open source digital library software. Core standards that are discussed include Dublin Core, OAI-PMH, METS, and MODS. We use interoperation between Greenstone and DSpace as a motivating case study


We analyze time-discrete and time-continuous 'fractional' random walks on undirected regular networks with special focus on cubic periodic lattices in n  =  1, 2, 3,.. dimensions. The fractional random walk dynamics is governed by a master equation involving fractional powers of Laplacian matrices Lα2 where α=2 recovers the normal walk. First we demonstrate that the interval 0<α⩽2 is admissible for the fractional random walk. We derive analytical expressions for the transition matrix of the fractional random walk and closely related the average return probabilities. We further obtain the fundamental matrix Z(α), and the mean relaxation time (Kemeny constant) for the fractional random walk. The representation for the fundamental matrix Z(α) relates fractional random walks with normal random walks. We show that the matrix elements of the transition matrix of the fractional random walk exihibit for large cubic n-dimensional lattices a power law decay of an n-dimensional infinite space Riesz fractional derivative type indicating emergence of Lévy flights. As a further footprint of Lévy flights in the n-dimensional space, the transition matrix and return probabilities of the fractional random walk are dominated for large times t by slowly relaxing long-wave modes leading to a characteristic t−nα-decay. It can be concluded that, due to long range moves of fractional random walk, a small world property is emerging increasing the efficiency to explore the lattice when instead of a normal random walk a fractional random walk is chosen.


Objective: to estimate the incidence of local recurrences and distant metastases, and the long-term results of treatment for renal cancer (RC) in relation to the used treatment option and surgical access. Subjects and methods. The results of treatment were analyzed in 392 patients with RC, by using the 1993-to-2000 materials of the municipal cancer dispensary and other Kazan therapeutic-and-prophylactic institutions. Results. With a laparotomic access, there were no local recurrences in any patients whereas with a lumbar access, local recurrence rate was 25%, which is, in the authors' opinion, associated with the disintegration of Gerota's fascia and with the spread of cancer cells. With the application of lumbotomic and transabdominal accesses, the incidence of metachronous distant metastases was 38.9 and 15.1%, respectively. With the laparatomic access, 3and 5-year survival was also 10-20% higher than that with the lumbotomic access. Postoperative radiotherapy and/or hormonotherapy does not affect the incidence of local recurrences and distant metastases at all stages of the disease. Conclusion. Midline laparotomy with hardware access correction with Sigal-Kabanov retractors (SKR-10) should be considered to be the access of choice in treating RC.


Today, more and more rubbish that produced during the course of urbanization have drawn people's attention increasingly. This paper puts forward some advices on how to recycle the rubbish.


In this paper, we empirically investigate the relationship between oil price changes and output in a group of oil exporting countries. The dynamics of business cycles in Libya, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, Kuwait, Venezuela and Qatar are modeled by alternative regime switching models. We show that the extension of uni-variate Markov Switching model in order to include oil revenue improves dating business cycles in these economies. For all countries, the optimal specification suggested by the data is to consider three cycles or regimes, namely, high growth, mild growth, and recession. These three regimes can be associated to high positive oil shock, mild positive oil shock and negative oil price shock. An interesting finding of the paper is that there is a variety of relationships between oil price shocks and business cycles. Thus, in order to see the effects of an oil price shock one should take into consideration the economic regime when the oil price shock hits the economy. Therefore, it is not possible to talk about a general relationship between oil price shocks and macroeconomic variables for all the main oil exporting countries. JEL Classification: E31, E32, E52, Q41


Detection of underground water pipes by its dimensions using GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) device. GPR is used in several applications like ground water, locating buried structures, detection of mines, tunnels, unexploded ordnance, the scope of GPR implementation extends to the buried object description containing object shape recognition, material categorization, size evaluation and deepness observation is one methodological scope. The results can be viewed in GPR as hyperbolic curves to identify the objects in the images. This device gives us highly accurate visual detection to check the accuracy of the proposed methods. These GPR images are processed using feature detection methods which gives the dimensions of the underground objects against the actual GPR images of the pipe.


This study analyzed the influencing factors on consumer purchase deferrals for internet clothing shopping. In addition, based on consumer demographics, it compared the differences of purchase deferrals with respect to clothing items, prices, and types of shopping malls. For an empirical study, 405 questionnaires were answered by respondents in their 20s and 30s with internet clothing purchase deferral experience. Data were analyzed using: SPSS for Windows 12.0 and descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, factor analysis, -test, and regression analysis. The results of this study were as follows. First, the order of items with many purchase deferrals in internet clothing shopping were casual T-shirt>casual skirts>pants, one-piece>suits>sportswear>blouse/shirts and 58.3% of purchase deferrals happened when the price was below \50,000. Second, the significant differences in products, prices, and shopping malls for purchase deferrals were identified according to consumer demographics. There were significant differences in clothing items according to gender, age, marriage, and education; however, there were significant differences only according to gender in terms of price. There were significant differences according to gender, age, marriage, education, and income in terms of the used shopping malls. Third, for the analysis of the influence of diverse factors that can affect purchase deferrals for internet clothing shopping, the more information search, purchase deferral habits, perceived risks, and deficiency in shopping mall supply conditions were when higher purchase deferrals occurred. For a strong competitive online market, this study can help internet clothing shopping mall entrepreneurs manage products and customers by analyzing the lists of purchase deferrals indicated in "cart" and by administrating the influential factors for purchase deferral.


The power performance and fuel economy could be improved by increasing the shift. The 01N automatic transmission was a Navgneaus planetary gear mechanism with four forward gears, and the 6-speed transmission scheme was achieved by the planetary in series with the Navgneaus planetary gear mechanism. The original lever method was expanded for its limitation, the 6-speed transmission mechanism can be analyzed perfectly by the expanded lever method. The lever method was validated accurate and feasible.


The relevance of van der Waals interactions in the scattering of neutral atoms from adsorbates has been recently confirmed by highly sensitive molecular-beam techniques. The theoretical descriptions of the collision dynamics which followed the experimental studies have necessitated very careful qualitative and quantitative examinations and evaluations of the properties of atom-adsorbate van der Waals interactions for specific systems. In this work we present a microscopic calculation of the strengths and reference-plane positions for van der Waals potentials relevant for scattering of He atoms from CO adsorbed on various metallic substrates. In order to take into account the specificities of the polarization properties of real metals (noble and transition metals) and of chemisorbed CO, we first calculate the spectra of the electronic excitations characteristic of the respective electronic subsystems by using various data sources available and combine them with the existing theoretical models. The reliability of the calculated spectra is then verified in each particular case by universal sum rules which may be established for the electronic excitations of surfaces and adsorbates. The substrate and adsorbate polarization properties which derive from these calculations serve as input data for the evaluation of the strengths and reference-plane positions of van der Waals potentialsmore » whose computed values are tabulated for a number of real chemisorption systems. The implications of the obtained results are discussed in regard to the atom-adsorbate scattering cross sections pertinent to molecular-beam scattering experiments.« less


Letter from G. A. Stirl to D. W. Kempner discussing a newly issued air travel card for Mrs. O. L. Thorne, and that if the lost card is found to have it sent for cancellation.


We present an agent behavior based microscopic model for diffusion price processes. As such we provide a model not only containing a convenient framework for describing socio-economic behavior, but also a sophisticated link to price dynamics. We furthermore establish the circumstances under which the dynamics converge to diffusion processes in the large market limit. To demonstrate the applicability of a separation of behavior and price process, we show how herding behavior of market participants can lead to equilibria transition and oscillations in diffusion price processes.


........................................................................................................6 Significance of Study and Specific Aims -Problem...............................................................................................7 -Purpose................................................................................................8 -Objectives (Aims)...................................................................................8 -Research Questions.................................................................................8 -Scope and Importance..............................................................................9 Background (Literature Review) -Constructs and Variables..........................................................................10 -Incidence and Statistics...........................................................................10 -Prior Research on Problem.......................................................................13 -Gaps in The Literature.............................................................................14 -How Information from This Study Will Fill Gaps............................................14 Significance...................................................................................................16 Research Design.............................................................................................16 Theoretical Framework......................................................................................17 Methods -Study Site/Setting..................................................................................18 -Participants..........................................................................................18 -IRB Process................................................................................18 -Consenting Process........................................................................18 -Data Management..........................................................................18 -Recruitment..........................................................................................19 -Enrollment..................................................................................19 -Sample......................................................................................20 -Instruments and Data Collection Tools Assessment of Just Culture Principles Based on Document Review..............24 -The Just Culture Assessment Tool (JCAT)............................................25 -Survey of Hospital Leaders..............................................................26 -Custom Questions.........................................................................26 JUST CULTURE, TRUST & PATIENT SAFETY 4 -Research Team......................................................................................27 Data Analysis.................................................................................................27 Results/Conclusions...........................................................................................38 Limitations.....................................................................................................40 Implications....................................................................................................41 References.....................................................................................................44 Appendices -A Mediator Model.................................................................................49 -B Maimonides IRB Approval....................................................................50 -C ODU IRB Approval ............................................................................52 -D Consent Waiver.................................................................................53 -E Survey Flyer ......................................................................................54 -F Survey Invitation .................................................................................55 -G Survey Reminder.................................................................................56 -H Assessment of Just Culture Principles Based on Document Review.....................57 -I Just Culture Assessment Tool...................................................................59 -J JCAT Domain Assignments.....................................................................61 -K Means, Standard Deviations, and Reliabilities for Just Culture Dimensions.............62 -L Survey of Hospital Leaders Tool..............................................................63 -M Custom Questions................................................................................65 -N Survey of Hospital Leaders Analysis.........................................................66 -0 JCAT Analysis...................................................................................68 -P Custom Question Analysis......................................................................70 JUST CULTURE, TRUST & PATIENT SAFETY 5


Following the Northridge earthquake in 1994, widespread damage including brittle cracking was observed in steel structural components; and by that time, the attention of researchers has been shifted towards development of improved connection details to make them less prone to brittle fracture. However, studies have shown that these postNorthridge connections with higher toughness weld and base metal and reduced fracture toughness can still have the tendency to fracture but in a ductile manner. This paper aims to simulate ductile fracture in a steel moment connection subjected to large amplitude cyclic loading with limited number of cycles (less than 20). Location of crack initiation is predicted by a micromechanical model called cyclic void growth model, and crack propagation is simulated in a step-by-step procedure. The aforementioned model was firstly developed for predicting crack initiation under cyclic loading based on the concept of nucleation, growth and coalescence of voids in the metal matrix. The method has been conducted within the framework of nonlinear finite element analysis on many cyclic loadings for a beam-to-column connection, and the number of cycles which leads to final fracture is presented. Results obtained from numerical analysis successfully determine the cracking location in the steel moment connection and its propagation path.


Design: A case series was carried out at Chainama Hills Hospital and University Teaching Hospital in which ten patients suffering from secondary mania due to HIV were recruited and followed during a period of 2 months. They were assessed for symptom severity, demographic and clinical characteristics of interest at the time of recruitment in the study and followed up at 4 weeks and 8 weeks. The patients were given routine care and treatment during their stay in the hospital, which included HAART, antipsychotics as well as mood stabilizers.


Diffuser holes are used extensively for film cooling because they dramatically improve film-cooling effectiveness relative to round holes, but there is concern that the drawbacks of a compound angle (CA) may reduce the beneficial effects. This work uses Magnetic Resonance Velocimetry (MRV) to obtain the 3D, 3-component mean velocity field for a shaped hole with a pitch angle of 30 degrees, blowing ratio of unity, and compound angles of 10 and 20 degrees. The data are compared to a previous MRV measurement of an identical hole with zero skew angle. In the 0 and 20 degree cases, a separation bubble is observed on the downstream wall of the diffuser. Streamtubes emanating from the diffuser exit show the asymmetry of the flow as the jet is accelerated to align with the mainstream flow. Streamtube analysis shows evidence of competing effects of CA on film cooling performance: a wider streamtube footprint may increase coverage while a decrease in streamtube thickness may make coverage more susceptible to turbulent mixing. Analysis of the jet trajectory, defined as the streamtube centroid, shows that the realignment of the jet fluid with the freestream direction occurs in the region of the diffuser exit. Although significant qualitative changes in film cooling performance are not expected, some ingestion of mainstream flow may occur due to vortices present in the diffuser below the plane of the blade surface.


Calculation analysis is made on variable operating condition of direct cooling system for a 600 MW air-cooling unit,a changeable curve of back pressure is obtained along with the fan air flow.The impact of air flow and environmental temperature on back pressure is analyzed,a method is proposed to determine needed air flow and fan sets under certain back pressure condition.Thus electricity consumption of the fan group is concluded to be served as a reference for power plants.


Salinity is considered among the abiotic stresses most impacting agriculture for its ability to interfere with crop development and quality. For this reason, practices and innovations that could contain the deleterious effects of such stress are of pivotal importance for maintaining acceptable crop yields. In this context, this work has concerned the study of severe salt stress (100 mM NaCl) on maize seedlings and the effects of a plant biostimulant (Megafol–Meg) in helping plants to cope with this adversity. Biomass production, pigments, the content Na+ and K+, the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation products (MDA), total phenolic compounds (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) were investigated in control samples, in samples treated with NaCl alone, and in samples treated with NaCl in combination with the biostimulant. The results showed that the biostimulant significantly mitigated the impact of the salt stress on shoot length and fresh weight, on chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and reduced the amount of Na+ taken up by the species. Regarding the oxidative status, the biostimulated samples revealed lower amounts of H2O2 and MDA, while maize seedlings grown with NaCl alone exhibited the highest increases in the TPC, ABTS, and FRAP. The explanation for these effects is provided by highlighting the effectiveness of the biostimulant in avoiding Na+ accumulation, which resulted in a lower content of H2O2, MDA, TPC, and antioxidant activity.


Introduction. Chilaiditi syndrome—hepatodiaphragmatic interposition—is a rare condition in which bowel loops are compressed in the space between the liver and the dome of the diaphragm, which can lead to the development of a wide range of complications. In the available literature data on the clinical manifestations of this condition in children with omphalocele are not described.Materials and methods. The article describes rare clinical cases of patients 1 year 1 month, 2 years 11 month and 12 years old, previously operated on in the neonatal period for omphalocele, in whom, in the long term after surgery, signs of hepatodiaphragmatic interposition persisted, which led to the development of chronic duodenal obstruction.Conclusion: It has been proven that the leading role in restoring the normal topography of the abdominal organs in children with omphalocele is played by the complete mobilization of the liver and the great vessels (IVC) fi xing it, which provide the possibility of its subphrenic localization. Chronic duodenal obstruction in children with a similar pathology has not been previously described. The proposed original method of surgical treatment seems to be pathogenetically justifi ed.


Light field image techniques attract more and more attention due to the ability of achieving digital refocus image and the measurement of depth of field and so on. But, before produce the light field sensor, the cover glass of the sensor would always be removed which result in oxidation and damage of the pixels of the camera. Based on the excellent optical performance of the optic fiber plates, a new design of light field camera was proposed to avoid the oxidation and damage of the pixels. First, remove the cover glass of the sensor, and then optical couple the optic fiber plates above the sensor and install the micro lens array on the optic fiber plates. After the experiment test, the results demonstrate that the established imaging system can provide multiple digital refocus images plane and may play an important role in the three dimensional imaging technology.


Super-resolution of images, particularly the separation of point sources within the Rayleigh limit of an optical system, has been empirically and theoretically proved. Issues remain, however, around the ability to perform true super-resolution of structure within extended objects. Puschmann and Kneer [1] conclude that "super-resolution cannot be achieved for extended objects which are not band limited." They do find that sharpening by contrast enhancement was possible in extended images. Examination of the theoretical work of Donoho [2] suggests the possibility of resolving linear structures under certain conditions. The resolution enhancement is only possible in the direction normal to the feature's length vector. I discuss here the required conditions for super-resolution of these objects and propose a modification of the Magain, Courbin and Sohy (MCS) method [3] that allows super-resolved reconstruction of linear features.


ABSTRACT The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) has played a key role in advancing interracial reconciliation in South Africa, and has become a model to illustrate how transitional justice interventions can be used to heal divided societies and advance reconciliation. While acknowledging its achievements, this article emphasises the importance of socioeconomic justice to the TRC's objectives, and critically assesses the adequacy of the TRC's reparation programmes in addressing continuing structural and socioeconomic inequalities in the country. One overall weakness in the Commission's work was its narrow mandate of investigating gross human rights violations, which meant the TRC contributed to exposing only some 'truths' while obscuring others. A detailed exploration of the TRC's institutional mechanisms reveals that the Commission's lack of focus on socio-economic justice has served to limit its overall contribution to reconciliation.


Laser remelting process with Nd–YAG laser is investigated in order to improve the adhesion and wear resistance of low pressure plasma sprayed layer on the surface of aluminum extruded plate (6063) using the atomized powder of Al–50 mass%Fe, Al–15 mass%Fe–17 mass%Si and Al–50 mass%Si. The effects of pulse energy of laser beam on the microstructure, the microhardness, and the wearing rate of these laser-remelted layers are examined. Laser-remelted layer has smoother surface and better adhesion than those of the layer as sprayed. The microhardness of laser-remelted layer is kept constant toward the depth direction. In the microstructure of laser-remelted layer of Al–50 mass%Fe, fine needle-like Al3Fe and massive Al2Fe is dispersed. The microhardness increases with a decrease of the pulse energy of laser beam, but the wearing rate of laser-remelted layer increases due to the initiation of cracking. In the matrix of Al–15 mass%Fe–17 mass%Si laser-remelted layer, ultra fine needle-like and massive (Al, Fe, Si) ternary crystals are aggregated. In the microstructure of Al–50 mass%Si laser-remelted layer is ultra fine hypereutectic. Microhardnesses of these layers which are remelted at any pulse energy are HV250–350, HV150–200, respectively, and these wearing rates of them are 1/7 or less than anodized surface.


Nowadays, the storage and replenishment in supermarkets are still handled manually, which is a large workload, high cost and low efficiency. In this paper, we design an intelligent supermarket replenishment robot based on machine vision, which automatically detects and identifies information of out-of-stock goods, goods location, obstacle location and other information through OpenMV intelligent vision recognition module, and uses python algorithm to realize path selection to move and replenish goods autonomously. It can achieve quantity detection, information acquisition and scientific and reasonable placement of goods to reduce labor costs, improve overall work efficiency and enhance overall customer satisfaction.


Obesity is a Health issue around the world. Obesity is not limited to body weight, generally associated with low grade inflammation and with a clus ter of disorders generally referred to as "metabolic syndrome". Regarding obesity and relapse, long-term concentration was set on the hypothalamus. Mos t recently,obesity- Originated neuroinflammation has been shown to affect other brain s tructures such as the hippocampus,cortex, brains tem, oramygdala. Additionally, obesity is accompanied by an increase in central dis turbances such as depression and cognitive impairment. The hypothalamus is a key brain region in the regulation of energy balance. The hypothalamus is a key brain region in regulating energy balance. Especially controls food intake and both energy s torage and expenditure through integration of humoral, neural and nutrient-related signals. The hypothalamus cells and glial cells act jointly to orches trate. We discuss the effects and mechanisms of obesity- originated neuroinflammation, with a specific emphasis on extra-hypothalamic s tructures, as well as the consequences of neuroinflammation for some cerebral functions. Therefore, the exis tence of a causal link between hypothalamic inflammation and deregulations of feeding behavior, such as involuntary weight-loss or obesity, has been recommended. Among the inflammatory mediators that could induce deregulations of hypothalamic control of the energy balance, chemokines represent interes ting candidates. Chemokines, primarily known for their chemical absorption role of immune cells to the inflamed site, have also been recommended capable of neuromodulation.


Larval parasitoids of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella Zell. were surveyed in potato and tomato fields in Menofyia Governorate in 2003. Three species were found to attack P. operculella larvae infesting potato plants; the endoparasitoids, Apanteles litae var. operculellae Nixon and Diadegma molliplum Hlmgrn. and the ectoparasitoid, Bracon instabilis Marshal. Meanwhile, only B.instabilis was found to attack the larvae infesting tomato leaves. Percentages of parasitism in potato fields averaged 10.8, 5.6 and2.6 % by B.instabilis, A.litae and D.molliplum, respectively. The total percentages of parasitism by the three species ranged from 11.0 to 28.6 % with an average of 19.1 % in potato field, while it ranged in tomato fields from 0.0 to 21.4 % with an average of 11.1 % by B. instabilis


PURPOSE: To provide an improved electrically conductive layer used for an image forming element. CONSTITUTION: This image forming element has a substrate, an image forming layer and an electrically conductive layer contg. film forming hydrophilic colloid contg. dispersed electrically conductive metal-contg. particles and water-insoluble polymer particles. The electrically conductive metal-contg. particles have <0.3μm average particle size and account for about 10-50vol.% of the electrically conductive layer. The water-insoluble polymer particles have about 10-500nm average particle size and exist in the electrically conductive layer by about 0.3-3 pts.wt. per 1 pt.wt. of the film forming hydrophilic colloid.


In the 1990s, the drawn and written projects of the American architect and critic, Jennifer Bloomer, aimed to reveal the insufficiency of logical and rational structures such as spoken language to explain the world, and instead brought into operation the irrational and subversive elements in written texts – the feminine. Drawing parallels between the creation of a building, assumed to be a clean act of control and precision, and the mess of childbirth, Bloomer questioned the gender of creativity. Through her dirty drawings and her incorporation of parts of the female anatomy – breasts, milk, fluids, blood, hatching, udders – into architecture, Bloomer generated a critique of the sterility of the architectural drawing process. The feminine in her work was to be found in the so-called slippage of words, for example, the term 'big jugs' placed within an architectural context, suggested many things, including large breasts, but also the role of the feminine and female body as a container or empty signifier used to represent patriarchal ideologies. Bloomer's work demonstrated that the feminine can be a radical element in architectural practice. Only resist: a feminist approach to critical spatial practice | Es... https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/only-resist-a-fem...


After the speculative attacks on government-controlled exchange rates in Europe and in Mexico, economists began to develop models of currency crises with multiple solutions. In these models, a currency crisis occurs when the economy jumps suddenly from one solution to another. This paper examines one of the new models, as presented by Obstfeld (1994), and finds that raising the cost of devaluation may make a crisis more likely. Consequently, slow convergence to a monetary union, which increases the cost to the government of reneging on an exchange rate peg, may be counterproductive. This conclusion is exactly the opposite of that obtained from earlier models.


Literature has always served as an important source that widely reflects the social changes at all levels. Contemporary literature like novels are no exception to this phenomenon. This paper seeks to explore the social progress and changes experienced by marginalised sections of the society such as deva dasis, widows. destitute women, transgenders and tribal people with reference to the selected novels. An attempt has been made to unfurl how education aids deva dasis and widows to attain progress in their lives, how destitute women stand on their own and live independently, as well as the social progress in the lives of tribals and the growing social acceptance of transgenders in our society.


Fusion is becoming a classic topic in Intelligent Transport System (ITS) society. The lack of trustworthy sensors requires the combination of several devices to provide reliable detections. In this paper a novel approach, that takes advantage of the Joint Probabilistic Data Association technique (JPDA) for data association, is presented. The approach uses one of the most powerful techniques of Multiple Target Tracking theory and adapts it to fulfill the strong requirements of road safety applications. The different test performed proved that a powerful association technique can enhance the capacity of Advance Driver Assistance Systems. Two main sensors are used for pedestrian detection: laser scanner and computer vision. Furthermore, the approach takes advantage of the availability of other information sources i.e. context information and online information (GPS). The detections are fused using JPDA, enhancing the capacities of classical pedestrian detection systems, mainly based in visual information. The test performed also showed that JPDA improved the results offered by other data association techniques, e.g. Global Nearest Neighbors.


PURPOSE: A method of manufacturing member pattern and a method of manufacturing wiring, circuit substrate, electron source, and image-forming apparatus are provided to reduce an edge curl and enhance the resolution of the image forming apparatus. CONSTITUTION: A method comprises a step of forming a conductive layer pattern(19) through a developing step after performing film formation and exposure step once or several times using photosensitive paste that contains a photosensitive material and a conductive material, a step of forming an insulating layer pattern(40) on at least a part of the conductive layer pattern through a developing step after performing film formation and exposure step once or several times using photosensitive paste that contains a photosensitive material and an insulating material, and a baking step for baking the conductive layer pattern and the insulating layer pattern.


The study included 16 patients (18 eyes) with various stages of POAG, 13 of them (14 eyes) diagnosed dry eye syndrome (SSG). All patients underwent a comprehensive examination, including an index of subjective complaints in the SSG, the severity of conjunctival folds parallel to the lower eyelid, tear film break time, the index of staining the anterior surface of the eye Rose Bengal, Schirmer test I. The drug was well tolerated, the absence of pronounced negative influences and progression stages of CCV.


F r o m t h e ea r l i e s t days of p e d i a t r i c audiology until today, the most frequently stated rat ionale for the early diagnosis of hearing loss in infants has been the need to b e g i n i n t e r v e n t i o n as ear ly as pos s ib l e (Boothroyd, 1982; Joint Committee on Infant H e a r i n g , 1995; N I H , 1993; N o r t h e r n & Downs, 1973, 1991; Roush & Matkin, 1994). What constitutes appropriate early intervention for infants and children with different degrees of hearing loss has been, and continues to be, a hotly disputed topic. Nevertheless, one of the few principles that most e x p e r t s in ear ly i n t e r v e n t i o n (with t h e except ion perhaps of culturally deaf families and communities) would espouse is the need to begin this t reatment phase as soon as possible. Perhaps the unusually universal nature of belief in the impor tance of early intervention caused the number and intensity of responses to the criticisms of the research regarding the efficacy of early intervention raised by Bess a n d Paradise (1994) . T h e responses came in the form of a variety of articulate and often impassioned letters published in the journal Pediatrics in December 1994, defending the critical importance of early intervention. Despite the unpopulari ty of their stated views, Bess and Paradise did perform the difficult and unpleasant task of making us take long and hard looks at the science under ly ing early in te rvent ion for in fan t s a n d c h i l d r e n with h e a r i n g loss. The i r list of the criticisms of the l imi ted nature of research was as follows:


Palm oil is a strategic commodity for Indonesia because of its large role in economic and social development. Strengthening the development of a sustainable palm oil industry must refer to increasing responsibility and efficient use of resources towards a sustainable palm oil industry. credible, and transparent. This study describes the role of material and energy flows as the basis for resource use in the production of crude palm oil (CPO). Oil palm plantations and processing have tried to implement zero emission to increase competitiveness and reduce the risk of environmental damage. Data sources, quality, and uncertainty. Developing material and energy flow analysis shows evaluations in human resources, applying technology, reducing emissions, and energy efficiency are issues of relevant resources. It is important to justify and analyze critical industrial systems in reducing material waste. Derivative policy implications for production and consumption processes must be applied based on industrial output.


At the core of Sean Nixon's very engaging Advertising
Cultures lies a straightforward proposition. Nixon
proposes that, in order to understand advertising in
particular, and commercial applications of creativity in
what are increasingly termed the 'creative industries',
there is a need to understand the workplace cultures of
people engaged in creative advertising. Nixon does this
through a tightly argued ethnographic study of creative
workers in London advertising agencies, and the
workplace cultures of these agencies. From this, he
draws out a unique and very valuable series of
observations about creativity, its relationship to gendered
identities (particularly to masculinity), and the
relationship between competitiveness and collaboration
in highly competitive commercial workplaces.


A highly sensitive fluorescence quenching method for the determination of titanium*$based on the Ti*$-o-FPF-CTMAB-sodium citrate system has been developed.In HCl medium,titanium*$reacts with o-FPF,CTMAB and sodium citrate to form a non-fluorescent mixed complex and quenches the fluorescence intensity of o-FPF.The detection limit is 0.4μg/L.The linear range is 0-3.0μg/25mL.This method has been applied to the determination of trace titanium*$in human hair and steel with satisfactory results.


Pregabalin is a synthetic analogue of the neurotransmitter g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and is used in the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pregabalin on toxic liver injury caused by the acute administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Rats were orally treated with CCl4 for two successive days either alone or along with intraperitoneal pregabalin at doses of 7 and 14 mg/kg. The control group received the vehicle (olive oil). Liver oxidative stress and damage were assessed by determining serum and/or liver tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH), DNA fragmentation, serum aminotransferases, paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), and hepatic histopathology. Results showed that CCl4 significantly (i) increased MDA and NO and decreased PON-1 in both serum and liver tissue, and (ii) decreased liver GSH content and induced marked hepatic DNA fragmentation. CCl4 treatment caused liver tissue injury as evidenced by significantly increased serum aminotransferases. In line with the above biochemical changes, the liver of CCl4-treated rats exhibited massive steatosis, vacuolar degeneration, cloudy swelling, and necrosis. In CCl4-treated rats, pregabalin given at the dose of 14 mg/kg significantly reduced the increments in MDA, NO, serum aminotransferases, and hepatic DNA fragmentation. Liver GSH was unaltered but hepatic and serum PON-1 activity increased after administering pregabalin which also improved, though not normalized, liver tissue histopathology. Collectively, these results suggest that the administration of pregabalin is associated with a reduction in experimental liver injury caused by CCl4.
(First online: Apr 12, 2021)


A simple method was described combining direct solid phase microextraction(SPME) and GC/ECD for the determination of chlorophenol compounds in water. The operating conditions of SPME have been studied. The optimization condition was obtained. Analytes were extracted by a 85 μm polyacrylate coated fiber and directly sampled in the water sample with the extraction period of 40 min with magic stiring and desorption time of 5 min at 260℃. Acidification by hydrochloric acid(pH=2) and saturated salt were necessary for the best sensitivity. This method was fast, simple, preconcentration-free, and was suitable for detecting chlorophenols in water sample.


Copper-catalyzed enantioselective borylative cyclization with various electrophiles via difunctionalization of unsaturated hydrocarbons is a powerful tool for the generation of interesting boron-containing carbocycles and heterocycles processes involving a chiral organocopper intermediate. Alkenes, allenes, and alkynes are versatile and easily accessible substrates that can be subjected to a wide range of reactions to produce densely functionalized, enantioenriched products. In this chapter, I discuss copper-catalyzed alkenes, allenes, and alkynes borofunctionalization and enantioselective cyclization via chiral organocopper intermediate. Copper-catalyzed enantioselective borylative cyclization and regiodivergent functionalization of alkenes, allenes, and alkynes, as well as the current mechanistic understanding of such processes, are given special attention in this review.


As an effective means to study structure of many materials and law of microscopic movements on atomic or molecular scale, neutron scattering technique is paid more and more attention by many countries. To promote its development in China, a set of advanced Neutron Scattering Experimental Facilities (NSEF) will be installed at China Mianyang Research Reactor (CMRR), currently under construction. The cold neutron source (CNS) on CMRR, one of the most important components of NSEF, is of vertical thermosiphon type, and uses single-phase liquid hydrogen moderator. Nice working capacity and safety are the benefit features of CNS on CMRR. Cooling helium from refrigerator removes the total heat load from CNS in the heat exchanger. In this paper, the in-pile parts, parameters and safety features of CNS are given in detail. At the same time, the utilization of the CNS is briefly described.


raise, however, is the varying translations of the Greek term . When Nemesius is following closely the exposition of Plato's Timaeus, the term is merely transcribed, as "Demiurge" (for example, 2.34.10–15, yet not consistently; cf. 5.48), but elsewhere the word is rendered as the explicitly Christian "Creator" (for example, 1.3, 1.14.15), or, literally, as "Craftsman" (2.36.15).The translation "Creator" in the parts of Nemesius's exposition that are clearly Christian makes sense, because the context indicates that the Christian notion is meant here (yet "Creator" is also used in contexts that are not specifically Christian, as in section 8). But this translation comes at the price of losing the connection between Christian and so-called pagan terminology: the fact that the same word is used in both contexts establishes a common ground for someone who is addressing both audiences simultaneously (2.38.7–9; 42.120.21–23).


Aim: the objective of our study was to assess the clinical effects and anal
pressures variations after extracorporeal magnetic stimulation in patients
with fecal incontinence. Methods: 26 patients affected by fecal incontinence (18 female and 8 male) were enrolled. The patients underwent a five-week corse of twice weekly, 20-minutes sessions. At the beginning and at the end of the treatment, Wexner's test for incontinence and anorectal manometry were performed. All patients were re-evaluated 6 and 12 months after treatment to assess long-term results. Results: the patients' mean age was 55.55 years (range 43-67). All patients completed treatment with no adverse reactions. The Wexner scores showed to be reduced from 12.70 a 5.7; anal pressures increased in comparison to resting from 47.2 cm H20 to 52.12; squeeze pressures increased from 85.32 to 105.3 cm H 2 O and cough pressures changed from 96 to 115.3 cm H 2 O. Conclusions: Analysis of our data showed a significant decrease of incontinence's score and a improvement of quality of life in most patients treated. We observed a clinical improvement but not an increase of basal anal pressure; we reported a positive correlation between the clinical improvement and the increase of maximal squeeze pressure and cough pressure.


Provided are a light-emitting element and a method for preparing same. The method comprises a method for growing a p-type semiconductor layer having a low-concentration doping layer, an undoped layer and a high-concentration doping layer. During the growth of the low-concentration doping layer and the high-concentration doping layer, both N 2 gas and H 2 gas are supplied, whereas, during the growth of the undoped layer, the supply of H 2 gas is shut off and N 2 gas is supplied. Accordingly, the doping concentration of Mg contained in the undoped layer can be further lowered, and thus, hall mobility within the p-type semiconductor layer can be enhanced.


A new VCO concept dedicated to automotive radar applications is described in this paper. The fully integrated architecture used makes it low cost assembly oriented. Comfortable flexibility is proposed thanks to the integration of a dual-rank prescaler, three different tuning slope ports and a variable output power. Excellent performance is also provided thanks to the use of InGaP GaAs HBT, 12% of tuning range is obtained with a phase noise of -98dBc/Hz @ 100kHz from carrier @ 12.75GHz. Associated with a multiplier a transmitter can be built for 77GHz radar. A free running good linearity of less than 1% has been obtain over more than 30MHz tuning range on the medium slope tuning port. Very wide chip operating temperature range, from -40 deg C up to +125 deg C is also achieved


The first MS/OR course taken by an MBA student is critical in shaping the student's view of the field. While a debate now rages over what course content should be, little is known about current course content. I surveyed executive MBA programs to determine course titles, topics, use of computers, use of case studies, and course objectives. I found that current practice departs considerably from the recommendations of the TIMS education committee.


The F279Y mutation of the GHR gene was detected in 204 Chinese Holstein cows using primer-introduced restriction analysis-polymerase chain reaction (PIRA-PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The F279Y mutation and three genotypes were identified in Chinese Holstein cows. Genotype frequency of TT, TA and AA was 0.461, 0.495 and 0.044, respectively. Allele frequency of T and A was 0.708 and 0.292, respectively. The relationship between the F279Y mutation and milk production traits in Holstein cows was analyzed using linear least squares model. Least squares mean of 305-day milk yield in individuals with AA genotype was significantly higher than that with TA (P<0.05) or TT (P<0.05). Least squares mean of fat percentage in individuals with TT genotype was significantly higher than that with AA (P<0.05). Least squares mean of protein percentage in individuals with TT genotype was significantly higher than that with TA (P<0.01) or AA (P<0.01). Allele A had a positive additive effect on 305-day milk yield with a higher dominance and had a negative additive effect on other four 516 安 徽 农 业 大 学 学 报 2015 年 milk composition traits with a lower dominance. A is the dominant allele for milk yield, while T is the dominant allele for milk composition. These results preliminarily indicated that the F279Y mutation of the GHR gene could be used in molecular marker-assisted selection programs of milk production traits in Holstein cows.


Under the conditions of temperature 25℃,the effect of different light intensity(0,15,75,750,1 000 lx) on the biomass yield and content of vitamin C of safflower sprouts were studied.The results showed that the highest yield was got at 15 lx,for 100 g seeds could harvest 453.12 g cleaned safflower sprouts,meanwhile,the content of vitamin C was at peak of 8.235 mg/100g treated 1 000 lx.In conclusion,in the cultivation process of safflower sprouts,the optimum light intensity was 15~75 lx at prophase and 1 000 lx at anaphase technique.


This paper discusses the reform of enterprise marketing management under the background of network economy, understands the influence of the development of network economy on enterprise marketing management, and discusses the measures to promote the reform of enterprise marketing management. Hope to further improve the level of marketing management for its healthy development.


Objective To clarify the relationship between the helicobacter pylori (HP) and the CD3~+ cells, S-100~+ dendritic cells and nNOS in the mucosa of chronic gastritis. Method The biopsy samples of antral mucosa of HP~+ and HP~- gastritis patients and normal controls were detected by using immunocytochemical method. Result The number of CD3~+ cells and S-100~+ dendritic cells in the mucosa of the HP~+ gastritis group was higher than that of the HP~- gastritis group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). The expression of nNOS was also high in HP~+ gastritis as compared with that in HP~- gastrtis (P < 0.01). Conclusion The increased number of CD3~+ cells and S-100~+ dendritic cells in the mucosa of HP~+ gastrtis might be an immune response to HP. The strong expression of nNOS in the HP~+ gastritis group might be closely related to HP infection.


The research was focused on the historical event of a basketball coach who formed a basketball team with African American players as majority. The main purpose of this research was to determine the factors that influenced Don Haskins to recruit African Americans to Texas Western University in Texas and to identify the roles of sport in racial issue. The research method applied was library research. The analysis was done by taking some dialogues, observing the character of Don Haskins, and applied the Critical Race Theory. As the result of the analysis, it is implied that the Don Haskins recruits African American players because of his childhood experience and his ethic code of coaching. Besides that, the university also does not have enough budgets to recruit talented White American players. Sport was identified to have two roles in racial issue. Racism did occur in sport, but the sport itself was considered as a medium to decrease racism of minorities. (SO).


The 'boxes' and collages constructed by Joseph Cornell (1903-72) are among the most intriguing and beguiling works of art made this century. Old toys, photos, magazine illustrations, bits of electrical wiring anything in fact more usually left to moulder in lumber rooms or junkshops were hoarded by him as the elemental materials he needed for his constructions. The finished works are visually entrancing, but the intensely personal webs of reverie and association that determined their content make these boxes at once both oddly familiar yet ineluctably strange. Drawing on the widest range possible of primary material virtually all Cornell's scrapbooks and source files, as well as correspondence and diaries supplemented by further details gathered during more than fifty interviews undertaken with the artist's family and acquaintances, including Robert Motherwell and Susan Sontag, Lindsay Blair gives us the most detailed picture yet of an artist who hid so much of his life from the world. Her conclusion, wholly convincing in the light of the evidence she provides, is that Cornell's ultimate subject was the mind itself.


There are presented results of the development three types autonomous photoelectric power source, allowing, accordingly, to provide work of radio broadcasting devices, portable combined equipment, as well as special technology in terrain, removed from network power supply. The Developments greatly discount the particularities maintenance of photo converter in conditions of the high temperature and calms that are typical in region of the central Asia.


Over the years different types of rolling stock have been introduced and platforms constructed to different heights. A large number of passengers, especially persons with reduced mobility (PRM) [1], have problems when boarding a train. PRM are all people who have difficulty when using trains or the associated infrastructure. The following categories of PRM include: wheelchair users, people with limb impairment, people with ambulant difficulties, people with children, people with heavy or bulky luggage, elderly people, pregnant women, visually impaired or blind people, hearing impaired or deaf people, communication impaired persons and people of small structure. This means that the stepping distance between platform edge and train coaches can vary at some stations around the network. Beside the problems passengers can encounter , the operators can have difficulties with bad boarding situations because of the longer dwelling time. This paper will focus on height differences, in some cases, between the platform and the vehicle floor regarding Serbian Railways (ŽS) network and rolling stock. At ŽS there is a significant discrepancy between the rolling stock and the existing height of the platform, so it is necessary to perform a detailed analysis of individual relations of traffic and take measures to harmonize the system. Also, when purchasing new vehicles it is necessary to clearly define where the new vehicles will operate, and consequently perform synchronization between the platform and the vehicle.


The flow field in junction of an aircraft hydraulic pipe system is complicated due to the ripple property of oil flow velocity and different frequencies of two pumps in aircraft. In this study, the flow fields of T-junction and Y-junction were drawn and analyzed using Solidwork software. Based on previous study, there are variation rule of velocity peak in T-junction with different frequencies and phase-differences. In addition, the eddy and velocity shock existed in the corner of the T-junction and the limit working state was obtained. However, through the enhancement of technology, Y-junction is adopted. Y-junction is another traditional industrial device which would help to minimize the pressure losses of junction. Y-junction is a kind of joint and has different structures from T-junction. The development of Y-junction has led to the disappearing of eddy. Although the eddy disappeared in Y-junction, the velocity shock and pressure loss were still too big. To address these faults, an arc-junction has been designed. Based on the flow fields of arc-junction, the eddy in the junction corner disappeared and the velocity loss declined compared to T-and Y-junction. Through the comparison of the pressure loss of three junctions, the arc-junction experienced the lowest loss value which is 30.23 MPa and its pressure loss has reached the minimum value of 50.25 m/s.


Three examples of CABE's Polymer Science projects are presented: (i) the modeling of polyelectrolyte adsorption on charged particles; (ii) scaling properties of biopolymers studied by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and (iii) the determination of biopolymer conformations
 by atomic force microscopy. Up-to date information on the group including current projects and literature citations can be found at: http://www.unige.ch/cabe/


The double brems radiation emitted during the scattering of electrons by electrons was studied with intersecting electron beams of the V]~P-I storage ring. Measurements were made for three values of electron energy: 2 x 43, 2  135 and 2  160 MeV. Two total-absorption counters with NaI(TI) crystals were used in the experiments. The resultant total cross section of the process and also the energy distribution of the 3,-quanta agrees with the results of V. N. Baler and V. M. GalitskiPs theory. The angular distribution of the brems radiation of ultrarelativisti c electrons has a sharp maximum in the direction of their motion. The symmetric process of the scattering of electrons by electrons in the center-of-inerti a system gives two such maxima, directed in opposite senses. The formation of two 3"quanta traveling in opposite directions in one act of scattering is called double brems radiation. In experiments with intersecting beams, the center-of-inerti a system coincides with the laboratory system, so that the double brems radiation may easily be separated by means of two counters set for coincidence. The large cross section of this process enables it to be used for monitoring purposes. Interest in double brems radiation is also associated with the fact that, when working with intersecting positron-electro n beams, this process will constitute a background in observing two-quantum annihilation.


In gravitation theory with a background metric, a gravitational field is described by a (1,1)-tensor field. The energy-momentum conservation law imposes a gauge condition on this field.


The structural properties of a system for automatically controlling the heating of the medium in parallel coils with a common heating arrangement are analyzed. The system serves to automatically control the temperature and total flow rate of the heated medium and to equalize the temperatures in the coils. Analysis reveals efects in the concrete structural realization of the system, and suggests ways of eliminating the imperfections. The results are illustrated by the transient characteristics of an industrial furnace for heating petroleum products


The invention discloses a two-dimensional ultrasonic vibration auxiliary grinding device used for grinding large structural parts. An upper panel and a lower panel are supported and fixed by a landing leg; the two ends of the upper panel are provided with an adjustable pressure pad and a pressure pad; a longitudinal amplitude transformer is fixedly connected with a longitudinal transducer; a coaxial amplitude transformer is fixedly connected with a coaxial transducer; the longitudinal end of the upper panel is fixedly connected with the longitudinal amplitude transformer; the coaxial end of the upper panel is fixedly connected with the coaxial amplitude transformer; the longitudinal transducer is connected with a first ultrasonic generator; the coaxial amplitude transformer is connected with a second ultrasonic generator; the output line of the first ultrasonic generator is connected with a first cymometer; the output line of the second ultrasonic generator is connected with a second cymometer; a processing grinding wheel is arranged on the upper part of the upper panel, thus solving a series of difficulties like low processing efficiency, poor surface quality and high processing cost of a structural ceramic material and realizing the precise processing of a large ceramic flat with high efficiency and quality.


A novel, World Wide Web based, method of promoting software quality through reuse is described. It is widely accepted in the Software Engineering literature, that the reuse of existing, proven, software components can lead to better quality systems being delivered in reduced time scales. Previous work at the University of Sunderland has lead to the development of MOOSE (Method for Object Oriented Software Engineering) a method developed with " ease of reuse " as one of its primary design criteria. MOOSE is a whole lifecycle development method supported with an integrated CASE toolset. It is based upon an object repository which holds all of the deliverables of the MOOSE lifecyle as persistent objects with hyperCASE links between them. Reuse is often assumed to mean reuse of existing code, but a broader definition encompasses the reuse of products of analysis, design, implementation and testing. Reuse of all the delivera-bles produced in the lifecycle is likely to further enhance the quality of a delivered system (in addition to reducing the delivery time). One method of easing reuse is to provide libraries of reusable deliverables. MOOSE is well suited to this task, due to its repository based nature. To enhance MOOSE's existing capabilities in the area of reuse, a mechanism for wide area (large scale) distribution of software components (and associated analysis/design deliverables) has been developed. The system (named DEER-Distributed Environment for Engineering Reuse) uses a client/server architecture to extend the repository's hypercase links over the Internet, permitting retrieval of MOOSE data from a remote repository to a local one. Rather than construct a system from scratch, DEER is built on top of the World Wide Web's hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) for data transmission, using CGI scripts executed by a Web server to access MOOSE repositories. This has the added advantage of allowing existing web clients to browse and download MOOSE information. A DEER client being built into the MOOSE CASE environment will permit the direct, user-transparent, integration of retrieved material into a new software design. Version control is catered for by the repository and hence DEER. Formal mathematical specification techniques form a part of MOOSE and together with database traceability functions, they help ensure the quality of a completed MOOSE deliverable. A method for committing completed and proven software to the publicly accessible areas of a repository is also provided. Use of the system can lead to widespread availability of easily accessible …


A growing body of evidence indicates that temperate marine ecosystems are being tropicalised due to the poleward extension of tropical species. Such climate mediated changes in species distribution patterns have the potential to profoundly alter temperate communities, as this advance can serve to push temperate taxa, many of which are southern Australian endemics, southward. These changes can lead to cascading effects for the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems, including contraction of ranges/habitats of sensitive cool water species. Hence there is growing concern for the future of Australia's temperate marine biodiversity. Here we examine the diversity and abundance of marine flora and fauna at two reefs near Perth's metropolitan area—Minden Reef and Roe Reef. We report the presence of 427 species of marine flora and fauna from eight taxon groups occurring in the Perth metropolitan area; at least three species of which appear to be new to science. Our data also extends the known range of 15 species, and in numerous instances, thousands of kilometres south from the Kimberley or Pilbara and verifies that tropicalisation of reef communities in the Perth metropolitan area is occurring. We report the presence of 24 species endemic to south-west Australia that may be at risk of range contractions with continued ocean warming. The results of these surveys add to our knowledge of local nearshore marine environments in the Perth metropolitan area and support the growing body of evidence that indicates a diverse and regionally significant marine fauna occurs in temperate Western Australia. Regular, repeated survey work across seasons is important in order to thoroughly document the status of marine biodiversity in this significant transition zone.


NASA will host a two-day NASA Social for 50 of its social media followers on April 1-2, 2014, at the agency's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., and the Deep Space Network complex in Goldstone, Calif.


In this paper, we study the integral solution operators for the -equations on pseudoconvex domains. As a generalization of [1] for the -dequations on pseudoconvex domains with boundary of class C∞, we obtain the explicit integral operator solutions of C -form for the -equations on pseudoconvex open sets with boundary of Ck (k≥0) and the sup-norm estimates of which solutions have similar as that [1] in form.


Pretreatment with thienopyridines has been shown to improve clinical outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We determine the impact of angina class on inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) following clopidogrel loading. Seventy‐two patients (mean age, 64 ± 11 years; 76% male) were pretreated with 450 mg of clopidogrel at least 3 hr prior to PCI. All patients received ASA 325 mg prior to the procedure. Patients were classified into two groups according to angina class: group 1 = stable angina or Braunwald class 1 unstable angina (UA; n = 33); group 2 = Braunwald class 2 or 3 UA (n = 39). IPA was measured prior to PCI, with the Ichor point‐of‐care platelet analyzer (Helena Laboratories, Beaumont, TX), using 20 μM of ADP. Group 2 patients were more likely to have prior MI (54% vs. 27%; P = 0.023), prior CABG (33% vs. 5%; P = 0.046), and received IV heparin (64% vs. 27%; P = 0.0018). Mean IPA was significantly lower in group 2 compared to group 1 (19% ± 22% vs. 32% ± 22%; P = 0.004). In multivariate analysis, higher angina class was independently associated with lower IPA (P = 0.018). Patients with UA undergoing PCI have a lower IPA following clopidogrel loading with 450 mg. This may indicate the possibility of clopidogrel resistance in such patients. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;59:21–25. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.