This present work analyzes how from their inception the constitutional justice has always shown a antimajority character in clear opposition to the ideal-theoric notion of democracy. Once explained the reasons for this contradiction, the article mentions how during the last decade, the new constitutions drafted in Latinamerica which were product of the political change process, especially in the Andean area of the continent, did incorporate innovative mechanisms of democratization of the constitutional justice which make possible start to diminish the aforementioned old contradiction.


Introduction: is a standout amongst the most lethal metals derived from the natural environment. The major reason for human arsenic toxicity is tainting of drinking water. Arsenic trioxide is inorganic arsenic that is classified by the US Environmental Protection Agency as a known human carcinogen. Aim: Illustration of morphological and histological effects of arsenic trioxide on mice offspring. Methods: Adult female albino mice were divided into five groups: Control, negative control treated with Hcl (arsenic trioxide solvent), and three groups daily treated orally with different doses of arsenic trioxide (0.3, 0.7 and 1 mg/kg). Offspring of 21 day old mice were morphologically examined, weighed and morphometric measurements were carried out. Liver and kidney were histopathologically examined. Results: Data showed a significant decrease in body weight and crown rump length in the arsenic high dose treated group and a significant


This research is to observe the relationship among teenagers' team atmosphere in school sport club, their sport friendship and delinquency. Based on the analysis it aims to provide basic data for settling resolution strategies and school sports club activities as a successful and effective sports activities for the sport friendship and delinquency of middle and high school students. According to the result of verifying research problems through one-way ANOVA, multiple regression analysis, and path analysis with 474 middle and high school students participating in school sports club the results are as follows; First, team atmosphere in school sport club significantly affects sport friendship. Second, team atmosphere in school sport club significantly affects delinquency. Third, sport friendship significantly affects delinquency. Fourth, There are the causal relationship between team atmosphere in school sport club, and sport friendship and delinquency.


As heating processes can broaden the distributions of radial actions and the vertical distributions of the Galactic disks, we investigate the vertical distribution of the Galactic disks as a function of radial action based on Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment(APOGEE) and Gaia data in order to deepen our understanding of the formation and heating history of the Galactic disks. We find that the distributions of radial action for both the thin and thick disks can be approximately described by pseudo-isothermal distributions, which give a statistical measurement for the temperature of the disk as indicated by the mean radial action of the star sample. Estimations of the scale heights in different radial action ranges for these pseudo-isothermal distributions of the disks seem to show fixed relationships between radial action $J_R$ and scale height $h$. We describe these relationships with a two-parameter function of $h = \sqrt{J_R /a} + b$, where $a$ and $b$ are free parameters. When testing with a three-parameter function of $h=\sqrt[\alpha]{J_R/a}+b$, we find that this two-parameter function describes the thin disk well, but we note the function should be used with care for the thick disk. When comparing the best-fit relationships between the inner and outer disk for both of the thin and thick disks, we find that the relationships are nearly the same for the thin disks but are different for the thick disks. The inner thick disk shows a nearly flattened relationship, while the outer thick disk presents a gradually increasing relationship. This work highlights an alternative way to unveil the heating history of the disks by investigating the relationship between scale height and radial action, as these relationships encode the formation and heating history of the Galactic disks.


Apparatus, materials and methods for removing ammonia fluids using metal hydroxides (for example, zinc hydroxide) and means of metallic charge (for example, ion exchange resins loaded with zinc); metal hydroxides and metal charge mass can be regenerated with a weak acid (pK {sub, a} between 3 and 7). Alternatively, ammonia fluids using H {sub, 2} SO {sub, 4} and {sub ZnSO 4} and metal loading means is removed; means metal charge can be regenerated with H {sub, 2} SO {sub, 4} and {sub ZnSO 4}; ammonia containing H {sub, 2} SO {sub, 4} and ZnSO {sub, 4} can be concentrated if necessary to form crystals of (NH {sub, 4}) {sub, 2} SO {sub, 4 uZnSO} {sub, 4} u6H {sub, 2} O (ammonia sulfate hexahydrate and zinc). The crystals are removed from the mother liquor and heated to temperatures exceeding 200 ° C releasing NH {sub, 3} and H {sub, 2} O vapor decomposition of the crystals.


When a burned cadaver is found at the fire scene, an analysis of carbon monoxide-hemoglobin in the blood of victim is carried out to test the level of carbon-monoxide intoxication. However, carbon monoxide-hemoglobin could not be conformed in the blood of victim who used kerosene or gasoline as an accelerant. In such cases, the vital signs of victim having been injured by fire before the deaths were scarcely observed. The author performed that using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was effective for an analysis of the hydrocarbon compounds in blood.


Main‐belt asteroid (16) Psyche is the largest M‐type asteroid, a class of object classically thought to be the metal cores of differentiated planetesimals and the parent bodies of the iron meteorites. de Kleer, Cambioni, and Shepard (2021, https://doi.org/10.3847/psj/ac01ec) presented new data from the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), from which they derived a global best‐fit thermal inertia and dielectric constant for Psyche, proxies for regolith particle size, porosity, and/or metal content, and observed thermal anomalies that could not be explained by surface albedo variations only. Motivated by this, here we fit a model to the same ALMA data set that allows dielectric constant and thermal inertia to vary across the surface. We find that Psyche has a heterogeneous surface in both dielectric constant and thermal inertia but, intriguingly, we do not observe a direct correlation between these two properties over the surface. We explain the heterogeneity in dielectric constant as being due to variations in the relative abundance of metal and silicates. Furthermore, we observe that the lowlands of a large depression in Psyche's shape have distinctly lower thermal inertia than the surrounding highlands. We propose that the latter could be explained by a thin mantle of fine regolith, fractured bedrock, and/or implanted silicate‐rich materials covering an otherwise metal‐rich surface. All these scenarios are indicative of a collisionally evolved world.


The Lumped mass damper model(LMDM)is a model to predict the landslide moving velocity, with a clear slip surface includ- ing rockslide, in the primary creep to the secondary creep stage of the landslide movement. However, in the current LMDM, when the landslide movement velocity increases, and enter the third order creep stage, the velocity of LMDM deviate from the actual displacement amount step by step. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, we designed a model considering 'reduction of friction coefficient' or 'decrease of Cd' with increasing velocity. As a result, it was found that landslide displacement up to the final failure stage can be predicted. We describe this method and report its physical meaning. In addition we mention to Tank Model on LMDM. words


The shallow marine carbonates of Kutch temporally correspond to the globally recognised warming period called Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) that extended from later part of planktic foraminiferal zone E11 to E12 and Shallow Benthic Zone (SBZ) 17. The present study aims to investigate how foraminifera responded ecologically to the warming event. It involves identification and distribution of foraminifera, and cluster and detrended correspondence analyses of the species distribution data. Selected samples across E11 and E12 were analysed for carbon isotopes. The major conclusions are: (i) bloom of Jenkinsina columbiana in zone E11, possibly marking the initiation of warming in a shallow, eutrophic sea, (ii) increased foraminiferal diversity, appearance of Orbulinoides beckmanni and Acarinina and a sharp rise in the sea level in the early part of E12 (iii) significant jump in diversity and abundance of larger benthic foraminifera in E12, signifying warm, clear-water oligotrophic seas, promoting the formation of platform carbonates, (iv) MECO does not seem to have adversely impacted the foraminifera in shallow seas, and larger benthic foraminifera were rather ultimately superior in their diversity, abundance, size and latitudinal distribution and (v) δ13C excursions up to 1.5 ‰ are noted in the upper parts of E11 and lower parts of E12.


The purpose of this study is to grasp and analyze inhabitants' consciousness toward environment-conscious activities for an irrigation pond in a suburban area to promote these activities. We applied a social psychology model to analyze their consciousness. The conclusion is as follows. There are some problems to form behavior intension and promote these activities; 1)increasing the interest in this irrigation pond, 2)improving the subjective Benefit/Cost ratio, etc... Considering these results, we propose two measures for promotion of environment-conscious activities.


This scientific commentary refers to 'Effective reinforcement learning following cerebellar damage requires a balance between exploration and motor noise', by Therrien et al. (doi:10.1093/brain/awv329) .

An exciting challenge for research in motor learning is to disentangle the multiple processes involved, and to tie these down to distinct neural systems. About 17 years ago, Doya proposed that the cerebellum, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex were separately responsible for supervised learning, reinforcement learning, and unsupervised learning, respectively (Doya, 1999, 2000). Supervised learning is driven, unsurprisingly, by signals provided by a 'supervisor' and is typically equated with error-based learning: after an action, an error in performance is processed, and subsequent actions are adjusted to try to minimize the error. Reinforcement learning is driven by rewards and punishments: exploratory actions are tried out and each action's outcome is evaluated; learning aims to maximize the value of future action choices. Unsupervised learning occurs in the face of repeated experience of the environment, and generates a mapping of its statistical regularities: it can be driven by Hebbian learning so that, for example, similar sensory events become associated with one another. In the motor domain this can equate to yet another form of learning, use-dependent learning, where there is a bias to produce actions more similar to previous ones. For many years, these learning processes were thought of as functionally and anatomically independent. However, huge efforts are now being made to understand how these various processes interact. In this issue of Brain , Therrien, Wolpert and Bastian have added to these efforts by testing and modelling how patients with cerebellar ataxia differ from healthy controls in performing error- and reinforcement-learning tasks (Therrien et al. , 2015). Using a mechanistic model, they show that optimal learning with reinforcement feedback requires subjects to balance the variability …


Jerome Bruner's learning (JBL) is one of teaching method that make student active in learning or studentcenter learning with three process, i.e. (i) information, (ii) transformation, and (iii) evaluation. Researchmethod is quasi-experiment and designed by one group time series with fewer samples class 8 of SMP'sstudent. The JBL was implementation in three times respectively. The research aim are to know theincreasing of student achievement and effectiveness after applied the JBL in three study result catagories, i.e.low, medium, and high. Result of research indicates that student's cognitive is good at all categories (α =0.05). Percentages of student's affective and psychomotor are good catagory. Effectiveness of study is hightoo at low, medium, and high student's achievement catagories. Key word : Jerome Bruner's Learning


A convergent synthesis of the C15−C38 domain of the marine natural product okadaic acid is reported. This involved the preparation of intermediates representing the C16−C27 and C28−C38 portions of okadaic acid, their direct coupling, and elaboration to the complete C15−C38 intermediate. A C16−C27 intermediate bearing an aldehyde at C27 was constructed in 14-steps from methyl 3-O-benzyl-α-d-altropyranoside. A C28−C38 intermediate with a primary alkyl bromide at C28 was prepared in 10 steps from methyl (S)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate. These fragments were then joined in ∼55% yield by conversion of the bromide into an alkylcerium reagent then addition to a sensitive β,γ-unsaturated C27 aldehyde to give a mixture of C27 carbinols (27R:27S = 2.5:1). The configuration at C27 of the major coupling product was inverted by a simple oxidation−reduction sequence to establish the 27S-configuration of okadaic acid. Elaboration into a C15 β-keto phosphonate completed the synthesis of the fully functionalized C15−C38 p...


We investigated the comfort in nursing care. First, we examined the use of "Vein Display" to observe variations in individuals' subcutaneous blood flow. We found the venipuncture site selection was significantly improved with "Vein Display", but did not evaluate the difficulty of students to perform venipuncture as there are currently no scales to reflect their affective fluctuations. Second, we verified the comfortability of MRI with limited body movement. We measured the affective and physical distress of patients in response to body positioning using various devices. Next, we aim to measure the physical ability and perception of the elderly with a high risk of sarcopenia to cope with daily activities. Here we will determine parameters used to predict the risk of sarcopenia and identify factors which worsen sarcopenia. We intend to use the tools available from Affective Science to measure the detectable emotional change.


The basic story is well-known. Descartes goes looking for something absolutely certain, beyond even the slightest, most unreasonable doubt, to serve as the permanent foundation for his knowledge. He dismisses the propositions evidenced by his senses. The traditional skeptical worries about hallucinations, madness, dreams and deceiving gods convince him that there is no certainty there. He lands on a bedrock certainty capable of withstanding even his worries about a deceptive god: He exists. But I have convinced myself that there is absolutely nothing in the world, no sky, no earth, no minds, no bodies. Does it now follow that I too do not exist? No: if I convinced myself of something then I certainly existed. But there is a deceiver of supreme power and cunning who is deliberately and constantly deceiving me; and let him deceive me as much as he can, he will never bring it about that I am nothing so long as I think that I am something. So after considering everything very thoroughly, I must finally conclude that this proposition, I am, I exist , is necessarily true whenever it is put forward by me or conceived in my mind. (Second Meditation: AT VII 25: CSM II 16-17)


WHEN the whigs gained power in 1715 they were acutely aware that their position, and indeed the Hanoverian regime's security, depended heavily on the capital. They had little to fear from the City's great financiers and overseas traders. The 'monied interest' was overwhelmingly whiggish in complexion and only too ready to support, and profit from, the government of the day. But the City Corporation, the square mile's ancient governing body, was much less compliant. Once there had been nothing to distinguish the financial and corporate Cities, but by this time the business magnates had largely emancipated themselves from Guildhall's regulations and they shunned the burdens of civic office. The corporation's government was tending to devolve on to lesser men, especially domestic tradesmen and retailers, for whom the 'freedom' was still operative and to whom the clubbishness and prestige of corporate life was attractive. Only in the Court of Aldermen did the City still appear to represent the wealthy and powerful. Among the 26 aldermen there was a solid phalanx of loyal whigs prepared to do the government's bidding and their tenure of office for life made them impervious to popular pressure. But below them in the constitutional hierarchy very different attitudes prevailed. The 234 Common Councilmen, annually elected by the freemen householders in the wards, were predominantly tory in mood and became more so as popular disgust at whig oligarchy mounted. Still more radical were the views of Common Hall, where some 8~,000liverymen of the City Companies met, not only to nominate the lord mayor and one of the two sheriffs, but also to elect London's four MPs. The City was not yet a 'shopkeeper democracy', but it was certainly moving in that direction. The City's toryism presented both a challenge and an affront to the politicians at the 'other end of the town'. Crypto-jacobites did their best to win the corporation for their cause, but though they found one or two friends in positions of trust they could induce very little in the way of practical action. Even the mob, demonstrating provocatively on the streets, was intent on damning the government, not subverting the dynasty. Opposition tory politicians had much more success, but they could never feel comfortable with their rumbustious allies. City toryism was no party construct, but a spontaneous expression of independence of government in general. The leader of the City tories for three decades was Alderman Sir John Barnard, who was certainly no party man. He would have preferred to be called a patriot or an independent rather than a tory. For the whigs, of course, these were mere nuances, which even if sincere did nothing to lessen the threat posed by the City Corporation. Successive administrations felt it imperative to do all in their power to curb the excesses of the Guildhall independents. For obvious reasons their activities have rarely been uncovered. However, the recent publication! of the minute-book of the H.S. (almost certainly 'Hanoverian Succession')2 club enables us to trace in detail the disbursement of £1,700 of public money given by James Craggs senior, the postmaster-general and whig 'manager' in the City, 3 to influence Common Council elections. '[he minutes also afford much information about the political configuration of the City, both in the wards and at Guildhall. But they provide only a few clues to the nature of the relationship between the government and the City whigs. An investigation of the careers of two political agents, both connected with the Post Office and both members of the H.S. club, will help to remedy this deficiency and illumine a grey area of Hanoverian life.


The Objective. Study of the adsorptive activity of kaolin preparatus "Kremnevit" for the conditioned)pathogenic microorganisms in different medium conditions. Materials and methods. Study of kaolin properties was performed on the example of preparatus "Kremnevit" produced after special processing for the purification of natural white clay from the additions and production of nanoparticles as much as possible. Results of study and their discussion. We deter) mined that preparation "Kremnevit" produced from the native kaolin, had a high adsorptive activity for Gram)negative and Gram)positive conditioned) pathogenic microorganisms (0.1% suspension adsorbed 94.0)99.0% of microorganisms) which was preserved at the presence of organic compounds (0.3% albumin) and change pH from 4.0 up to 9.0 typical for man's gastro)intestinal tract. Preparation contains the particles of 100) 500 nm in mass % — 79.8, it is distinguished by a low content of quartz additions mass % — 1.24, hydrous mica)mass % — 0/92, a high mass % of kaolinite — 97.64 in a phase content. It gives an advantage over pharmaceutical white clay allowed for the use by pharmacopoeia of many countries. A high adsorptive activity of preparatus "Kremnevit", a presence of the low dispersive particles in its content, small number of additions may recommend it for the use in medicine as enterosorbent at skin mucous injuries and in other fields of biology as well. Thus kaolin (white clay) as a natural, similar to nanoobjects mineral, which quality was studied on the example of the "Kremne) vit" preparation, deserves a high assessment, induces to study its many)sided properties and further implementation not only in folk but in official medicine and other fields of national economy.


In order to enhance polyester monofilament cytocompatibility and to meet the need of artificial hair implantation,PPy /PET monofilaments were prepared by liquid in-situ polymerization.The biostability,thermostability and wearability were tested.The results showed that PPy /PET filaments had better stability in the papain solution and the rise of temperature could accelerate the degradation.The content of N elements,tensile strength and breaking elongation decreased with the increase of degradation period caused by PPy spalling and surface structure change.The addition of PPy improved thermostability of PET,and the PPy /PET monofilaments subjected to alkali treatment had better wearability.


A new method based on relief algorithm was proposed to solve image recognition problem in Trouble Frightcar of Moving Detection System(TFDS).A single image was described by numerical characteristics of co-occurrence matrix.Relief algorithm was used to evaluate the importance of every characteristics.Template matching was used in image recognition in TFDS.Experimental results showed that this method was efficient and applied.


To determine the current clinical preferences of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment protocols for diabetic macular edema (DME) in Japan.


Free-living amoebae (FLA) are widely distributed protozoa in natural or man-made aquatic environments without the need for a host organism for survival. Several strains of FLA are known to be pathogenic. As of date, there is inadequate data on the geographical distribution of FLA in northeastern and northern Iran. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and genotype distribution of Acanthamoeba and Naegleria in drinking water and surface water samples in northern and northeastern Iran. A total of 60 water samples were collected and filtered from various sources for the presence of amoebae. DNA extraction was performed, and PCR confirmed the presence of FLA. PCR products were sequenced to identify the species/genotype. Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status constructed using MEGA X software. The findings on growth media showed 35% (21/60) and 26% (16/60) were positive for Acanthamoeba and Naegleria, respectively, while PCR analysis also obtained similar results. All isolates of Acanthamoeba were identified as T4 genotype. Poor water quality, as well as insufficient preservation and treatment, might indicate that chlorine disinfection is ineffective in removing contamination of amoebas in treated water samples. Therefore, regular water quality monitoring is essential to control amoeba's growth, reducing the risk of human infections with FLA.


The CCGS Terry Fox bergy bit impact trials provided data on ice impact force, loaded area and local ice pressure, which have been used to analyse the nature of ice impact forces. The iceberg masses were 30 t to 22,000 t and impact velocities ranges from 0.2 m/s to 6.5 m/s. 178 impacts were measured, with the largest force being 5.2 MN. The measurements confirmed that the process pressure-area relation was best described by a decreasing average pressure on the loaded area as the loaded area increased during the impact. Process or global pressure p was related to loaded area A by a relation p = C A where d is in the range -0.3 to -0.7. The magnitude of the coefficient C is directly proportional to the magnitude of the ice impact force.


Mesh adaption is a powerful tool for efficient unstructured grid computations but causes load imbalance on multiprocessor systems. To address this problem, we have developed PLUM, an automatic portable framework for performing adaptive large scale numerical computations in a message passing environment. The paper makes several important additions to our previous work. First, a new remapping cost model is presented and empirically validated on an SP2. Next, our load balancing strategy is applied to sequences of dynamically adapted unstructured grids. Results indicate that our framework is effective on many processors for both steady and unsteady problems with several levels of adaption. Additionally, we demonstrate that a coarse starting mesh produces high quality load balancing, at a fraction of the cost required for a fine initial mesh. Finally, we show that the data remapping overhead can be significantly reduced by applying our heuristic processor reassignment algorithm.


Congenital defects of lymphatics in infancy are manifested by chylous ascites, chylothorax and lymphedema.
 One case of congenital chylous ascites and two cases of congenital chylothorax, are added to the literature. Eight cases of [See FIG. 11. in Source Pdf.] congenital lymphedema are reviewed from the hospital records with a follow-up study.
 No mention of combinations of these manifestations was found in the literature. A case report of chylous ascites with lymphedema is presented and some experimental work is presented in a case of lymphedema with chylous ascites and chylothorax.
 Numerous large lymphatic spaces were present in the intestinal mesentery, serosa and bowel villi. The subcutaneous tissues of the involved limbs showed many dilated lymphatic channels. The uninvolved limbs showed similar, but less extensive, changes.
 The pathologic picture is one of multiple dilated lymphatic channels, with failure of peripheral channels to communicate with the larger lymphatics.
 Experimental evidence is provided to show that the chyle in the thoracic and abdominal cavities can be explained by a back pressure phenomenon of parietal and visceral lymphatics rather than small breaks in the thoracic duct which we were unable to demonstrate.
 In the past, hypoplasia and absence of the thoracic duct, has been postulated in cases of chylothorax. This work does not support that view.


Effective communication and perfor mance are important for the adminis trative team as well as the faculty and staff. The instrument that follows this article is designed for use in an administrative evaluation program.


Norwegian coastal and fjord agriculture is characterized by small farms scattered along the coastline with arable land in-between heath land, small woodlots, hills and mountains. The climate is mild in the winter, and rainfall is between 2000 and 5000 mm. The landscape is diversified and highly appreciated by visiting tourists as well as by locals. Traditionally, livestock farming has been important in the area and grazing by farm animals has contributed to structuring the vegetation, the biodiversity, and to shaping the landscape. The farming systems that utilize grasslands comprise sheep of the Norwegian white or local breeds, dairy cows of the Norwegian red cattle dairy and beef breed, and suckler cow systems of specialized beef breeds. The largest portion of the beef has been and still is produced on dairy farms where surplus calves are reared intensively for slaughtering, but specialized suckler cow systems have increased in later years.


Supported employment represents an important alternative to traditional forms of day service in Britain. Social integration in the workplace has been seen as one of its primary aims and this has been a key outcome measure in research. Few studies have looked at engagement in meaningful activity as an outcome measure. This paper describes a direct observation study which compared patterns of interaction and engagement for eight people with learning disabilities being supported in ordinary work settings and eight non-disabled co-workers. The results for engagement were favourable, showing no significant difference in percentage of time engaged for the two groups, although supported workers spent more time in on-task activities than their colleagues. There was no significant difference in frequency of interaction, and who people talked with, between the groups, except where Job Coaches were present, where they became the main focus of interaction for supported workers. Content of interaction differed, co-workers being more frequently involved in directing others and teasing and joking, while supported workers received praise and greetings more frequently. Reasons for the observed differences and implications for supported employment services are discussed.


A new improving training method for BP network is used to analyze and diagnose faults of hydro_generator units; the method can speed up the convergence of BP neural networks. Classified diagnosis networks for faults of hydro_generator units are built by using BP network method.


It is now established that the huge qualitative difference in flow behavior between entangled polymer melts and solutions in nonlinear elongational flows cannot be explained in the framework of the...


If components of "elementary" particles moves well-ordered and stability is determined, basically, dynamic stability of gravidynamic systems, thus the relativistic increment of mass is equally arranged on increase of measured mass and bond energy, in nuclei it is necessary conduct speech about static stability of gravidynamic systems, since in them the particles are relatively immobile in that sense, as we speak about "immovability" of atoms in points of lattice of a solid. Thus the defect of mass is watched, at which one the part leaves on bond energy, and "the part of mass of initial particles is transmitted in this or that form to an environment" (N.I. Kariakin etc., Brief reference book on physics, "Higher School", М., 1962, page 423). Really, if the nucleons executed gravidynamic connection at the motion, we would watch not a defect of mass at formation of a nucleus, and increment it, equivalent bond energy (approximately 8 MeV). Therefore connection of nucleons in a nucleus implements at the expense of a gravidynamic field of nucleons similarly, how the magnetic fields of ring-type frameworks with an electric current would interact. This analogy does clear a picture of static interplay of nucleons, though the blind faith in the quantum laws hinders modern nuclear physics to clear up this problem. The modern physics considers, that the nucleons in a nucleus are retained at the expense of exchange π-mesons, mass which one, approximately, seven times is less than mass of a nucleon. Thus instead of a defect of mass at formation of a nucleus we should watch increase of its mass at the expense of pions, that actually is not present. "The common nature of motion of nucleons is known are the quantum laws. Mathematical expression for nuclear forces is not obtained, therefore of physicists are compelled to construct different models of nuclei for explanation of this or that processes. There are different models of nuclei well accounting for separate processes, but for the present it is not offered to single model". N.I. Kariakin etc., Brief reference book on physics, "Higher School", М., 1962, page 424. Technique all same - adjustment under the answer: "Picking up the order of levels of thin and rough structure, it was possible to explain magic numbers, spin and magnetic moment of the majority of nuclei". Ibidem, page 426. "Short-range nature of nuclear forces and charge independence are transmitted by a potential of the Yukawa. However nuclear forces have a lot of other properties, which one are not transmitted by this expression. At approach of centers of nuclei up to spacing intervals, smaller, than sum of their radiuses, between them start to act powerful repulsive force precluding their mutual passing through each other. The nuclear forces have property of saturation. They depend on orientation of a spin; have off-center nature and some other properties. To take into account these properties of nuclear forces, the different versions of the theory of nuclear forces - pseudoscalar, vectorial, pseudovector, tensor were offered. However each of versions has only advantage in explanation of one of the sides of nuclear forces. The satisfactory single theory does not exist yet. Most reasonable is the pseudoscalar version with a pseudovector bond (from one title it is visible, that in this theory as sensible physical sense and does not smell - V.K.)". N.I. Kariakin etc., Brief reference book on physics, "Higher School", М., 1962, page 428. Here it is necessary to pay attention to that circumstance, that the quantum physics does not explain a reason of repulsing of nucleons in a nucleus precluding "insertion" of nucleons each other under operating of nuclear (gravidynamic) forces. Within the framework of developed notions of the answer on this problem is obvious: the repulsing of nucleons takes


A new monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, 3-oxo-rhazinilam (1), was isolated from intergeneric somatic hybrid cell cultures of Rauvolfia serpentina and Rhazya stricta, and the structure was determined by detailed 1D and 2D NMR analysis. It was also proved that 3-oxo-rhazinilam (1) is a natural constituent of the hybrid cells.


Gut microbiota play important roles in the health of their host and detailed investigation of these organisms requires in vitro culture. Culturing strictly anaerobic bacteria can be a challenge as the gut environment they inhabit is nutritionally complex. Use of complex media containing nutritionally rich but undefined gut fluid reduces the accuracy of physiological and metabolomic studies. Here we present a high‐throughput protocol for comparing growth rates of fastidiously anaerobic bacteria on different media. These protocols can be used to develop a solid medium made up of commercially sourced ingredients, providing replicable growth conditions for previously uncultured anaerobic bacteria. As many fastidious bacteria grow poorly in a liquid broth, these protocols measure bacterial growth rate on solid media. These protocols speed up and simplify the growth rate measurement process by using a multiwell format and equations in place of physical McFarland standards to calculate approximate cell density. Bacterial strains belonging to the families Erysipelotrichaceae and Lachnospiraceae (phylum Firmicutes) isolated from the hindgut of Kyphosus sydneyanus were used to demonstrate the efficacy of these protocols. Bacterial growth rates were compared between a nutritionally rich medium with gut fluid versus a novel replicable medium with mannitol. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.


The main steam temperature of thermal power units is an important control parameter to the safety and economic operation of the thermal power plant, which requires its long-term deviation to remain within ±5 °C. In this paper, the PID control parameters are optimized through chaotic particle swarm optimization (CPSO). Adopting the Chaotic Ideology—logistic map to code the particles, the initial population has a good randomicity and ergodicity. Introducing the average optimal solution during the algorithm optimization process, the particles consult the search experience of the individual particle and the population to update the next generation, so that it can optimize the PID controller effectively and comprehensively. Meanwhile, the model of the main steam temperature is simulated in MATLAB respectively with Z-N tuning, genetic algorithm (GA) and chaotic particle swarm optimization (CPSO). The simulation result shows that because of the PID controller based on CPSO, the system responds fast and has a small overshoot. The system has a good control effect.


Reforestation programmes under changing climates requires an understanding of species adaptive patterns of variation. Such information is vital in identifying and matching uniquely adapted seed sources to areas of optimum growth, conserving the genetic variation of the species as well as reducing the risk of using maladapted sources. This study examined early growth responses of selected black spruce {Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P) seed sources identified for reforestation through the application of a portfolio theory model and planted at three climatically diverse sites in Ontario. Two sequential modeling approaches were applied; 1) the species range impact model which uses biological growth responses and climatic data to determine how well a seed source will grow at a given site under different climate change scenarios, and 2) the portfolio model which selects a set of seed sources that collectively reduce risk of maladaptation. Significant variations were found in the growth responses of black spruce seed sources growing at the three sites. Seed sources originating from the southerly portions of the test locations demonstrated superior growth. Principal components analysis of fall height, spring height, increment and survival showed that a high proportion of the variation among the seed sources can be explained by fall height growth. Among climate variables, minimum and maximum temperatures and precipitation in the spring, summer and fall growing seasons were identified as good predictors of black spruce growth. The results suggest that black spruce seed sources are adapted to their local climates and that future climate can result in maladaptation of the species within their current ranges. The capability of the applied models to identify well adapted seed sources and match the sources into required future climates is novel and invaluable. The results and model predictions have wide implications for biodiversity conservation efforts and may be


Objective To investigate the status quo and needs of AIDS health education for Chinese People's Armed Police Forces soldiers,providing a scientific basis for AIDS prevention in the Armed Police Forces.Methods A multistage sampling among 3154 CAPF soldiers in four regions was carried out.A self- designed questionnaire was used involving the general information of the soldier,AIDS - related knowledge,AIDS - related attitudes and beliefs,AIDS - related behavior and AIDS health education needs. Results The soldiers surveyed had a basic AIDS - related knowledge and knew the overall route of transmission.The soldiers shared the beliefs on the AIDS epidemic(79.5%).They agreed that the Armed Police Forces should strengthen AIDS health education (95.1%).The soldiers had a higher behavior held rate of dealing with HIV infection(93.1%) and voluntary HIV testing rate (92.0%),but they had a lower behavior held rate of using condoms in irrational sexual activity(54.6%).There was urgent need for AIDS - related knowledge.Conclusions AIDS health education should be carried out in the Armed Police Forces.


The purpose of this research was to evaluate speech intelligibility of underwater diver‐to‐diver communication systems. To accomplish this, a second DICORS was designed for two diver/listeners, who could respond to speech produced by a diver/talker situated in the original DICORS. The research was conducted in 30 ft of water at NRL's Underwater Sound Reference Division's Bugg Springs facility. Speech materials consisted of Clarke multiple‐choice lists; responses were recorded on an IBM keypunch, at the surface, coupled to specially constructed multiple‐choice response switches activated by listeners. Five experienced diver/talkers and up to eight experienced diver/listeners (the average talker/listener totals were 36) were situated 30 ft apart and back to back. All systems evaluated were rigged with the Bioengionics "Nautilus" muzzle and a double hose regulator. Several units could not be kept in operation, however, and that equipment could not be evaluated. Mean scores for the other four units ranged fro...


This case study describes the use of intrathecal phenol in the treatment of a patient with severe spasticity and pain resistant to oral medication.


Polycystic liver disease (PLD) is related to hepatomegaly which causes an increased mechanical pressure on the abdominal wall. This may lead to abdominal wall herniation (AWH). We set out to establish the prevalence of AWH in PLD and explore risk factors.


We propose a segment delay fault model to represent any general delay defect ranging from a spot defect to a distributed defect. The segment length, L, is a parameter that can be chosen based on available statistics about the types of manufacturing defects. Once L is chosen, the fault list contains all segments of length L and paths whose entire lengths are less than L. Both rising and falling transitions at the origin of segments are considered. Choosing segments of a small length can prevent an explosion of the number of faults considered. At the same time, a defect over a segment may be large enough to affect any path passing through it. We present an efficient algorithm to compute the number of segments of any possible length in a circuit. We define various classes of segment delay fault tests-robust, transition, and non-robust-that offer a trade-off between fault coverage and quality.


Current status and trend of seismic subsurface fluids observation in China was described and discussed. Having gone through stages of establishment, development and improvement for more than 30 years, observation came to its modernization stage at present. Three levels (national, provincial and county's) of the observation networks have been formed and a lot of information has been obtained that provides important basis for studies relevant to hazard control, environment and resources. During the period of "Ninth Five Plan", digitalized transformation of water level, water temperature, radon and mercury observations have been conducted in 114 of stations. In "Tenth Five Plan" and/or longer, the efforts will be emphasized on followings: generalizing of digital techniques, establishing of three precursory array stations, one "mobile observation system" and one "center for evaluating qualities of observations", improving of center of station networks, and studying of some of basic scientific and technical issues on observation. All those will facilitates progress of observation along way of "science, automation, modernization and standardization". 


This study introduces an instrument that operationalizes Kadushin's (1976; 1985) conceptualization of the administrative, educational and supportive functions in social work supervision. The proposed Supervisory Functions Inventory (SFI) was examined with 233 supervisors, employed in three types of social welfare agencies. Factor analysis generated seven factors corresponding to the three supervisor functions. A MANOVA procedure confirmed the ability of the SF1 to distinguish between the supervisory groups. A further univariate analysis of variance revealed that the administrative function was responsible for this difference.


Abstract : This report summarizes the results of an investigation to evaluate experimentally the thermal performance of protected membrane roofs under wet weather conditions. The objective of the investigation has been to measure the heat transmittance characteristics of protected membrane roofs during conditions of rain on the roof, during subsequent evaporative drying conditions, and for comparison, during dry weather, including different wind speeds. The results of the investigation serve to develop design information in parametric form which can be used for the preparation of construction criteria and standards, for planning and design purposes and for computer modelling of thermal performance under varying climatic conditions. The scope of the investigation has been to test characteristics protected membrane roof sections in an environmental test chamber under defined climatic conditions and recording the thermal performance characteristics.


Most of feed-water systems for 300 MW units are equiped with turbine-driver and motor-driven feed-water pumps, a comparison of economic efficiency in operation of the turbine-driven and motor-driven feed-water pumps has been carried out by using a systematic method, and on this basis, new points of view for selecting feed-water system's operation mode of 300 MW units being put forward.


Large-scale Internet of Things (IoT) systems typically consist of a large number of sensors and actuators distributed geographically in a physical environment. To react fast on real time situations, it is often required to bridge sensors and actuators via real-time stream processing close to IoT devices. Existing stream processing platforms like Apache Storm and S4 are designed for intensive stream processing in a cluster or in the Cloud, but they are unsuitable for large scale IoT systems in which processing tasks are expected to be triggered by actuators on-demand and then be allocated and performed in a Cloud-Edge environment. To fill this gap, we designed and implemented a new system called Geelytics, which can enable on-demand edge analytics over scoped data sources via IoT-friendly interfaces to sensors and actuators. This paper presents its design, implementation, interfaces, and core algorithms. Three example applications have been built to showcase the potential of Geelytics in enabling advanced IoT edge analytics. Our preliminary evaluation results demonstrate that we can reduce the bandwidth cost by 99% in a face detection example, achieve less than 10 milliseconds reacting latency and about 1.5 seconds startup latency in an outlier detection example, and also save 65% duplicated computation cost via sharing intermediate results in a data aggregation example.


The study by Grossberg et al. presents unique longitudinal data on changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in a group of patients severely affected with cerebral palsy (CP) over a 6-year period. There is surprisingly little quantitative data on bone mass in individuals with CP, and almost none of it is longitudinal. This is the longest duration longitudinal study to date, and its findings make clear that individuals with severe CP accrue less bone than individuals without disability, with some actually losing bone when they should be gaining it, particularly in the distal femoral metaphysis. One of the main findings of the study was a positive relationship between weight and BMD. In fact, change in weight was the only significant predictor of change in BMD. On the surface, this may not be surprising since loading is critical to building bone mass and heavier individuals typically generate greater loading; however, it is noteworthy in this study since almost all of the participants were non-ambulatory which greatly reduces weight bearing on the lower extremities. Another main finding of the study was a negative relationship between age and changes in BMD. This is an important relationship that should inform interpretation of the study results. In typical development, bone mass increases rapidly during adolescence and continues to increase at a slower rate through early adulthood. Because bone accrual changes with age and maturation, the mean and median annual percent change in BMD reported by Grossberg et al. should be interpreted with caution. They are gross measures dependent on the study sample and should not be applied as expected changes for individuals. Changes for individuals were highly variable in both the Grossberg et al. study and an earlier 2to 3-year longitudinal study by Henderson et al. Normally, the effects of age would be accounted for using z-scores, which compare an individual to ageand sex-matched norms. An unfortunate limitation of the Grossberg et al. study is the inability to report z-scores due to lack of normative data beyond the age of 18 years. Z-scores would help with interpretation of the longitudinal data as the participants mature over 6 years. Without zscores and with the large age range, it is difficult to determine to what extent participants are gaining or falling behind in bone mass accrual. In their introduction, the authors note that over a shorter 2to 3-year time period, young people with CP, aged 2 to 17 years, gained BMD but decreased in z-scores. For lateral distal femur DXA to be useful for osteoporosis screening and treatment monitoring, normative data at older ages are needed. One final point to be aware of is that BMD, the primary outcome measure in this study, is not a true density. BMD is an areal measure (g/cm) which is affected by bone size, i.e. smaller bones have lower BMD than larger bones of the same density. Thus, children with severe CP have low BMD both because of low bone density and because of their smaller stature and bone size. Bone mineral content might be a more physically intuitive outcome measure to use due to its direct interpretation as total bone mass (g); however, normative data for lateral distal femur bone mineral content are not currently available. Another more accurate, but less widely accessible, alternative is three-


In the last several decades, pharmacologic and technologic breakthroughs and community interventions have allowed us to curb the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in the United States. However, the rate of reduction in heart disease and death has slowed, and researchers are looking for new ways to target this major public health problem. One area investigators are exploring is the role of depression in cardiovascular disease, including its effects, mechanisms, and safety and efficacy of treatment in this population.


According to the change of the academic ideas on Xue Heng and the whole cultural conservatism,the study on Wu Mi's poetic thoughts can be divided into three parts:the dull period,the stagnation period and the reviving period.In order to prospect the trend of study,the author analyses and summarises the research results of Wu Mi's poetic thoughts during the reviving period.


End_Page 294------------------------------A series of maps constructed from seismic data trace the late Pleistocene and Holocene development of Corpus Christi Bay. The seismic data consists of 320 km of older sparker data, 80 km of older Uniboom data, 160 km of recent ORE Geopulse data, plus some 3.5 kHz Datasonics data. Seismic facies and the principal sedimentary features are mapped. Main unconformities such as the Holocene/Pleistocene erosional unconformity and the thickness of Holocene fill are contoured. Vertically stacked channels indicate that the ancestral Nueces River meandered across the same geographic area during the late Quaternary. Seismic signatures suggest extensive distribution of sand as channel fill, bars and spits, and reworked older deposits. Numerous moundlike structures are interpreted to be ancient oyster banks, which occupy areas in the bay where no living oyster reefs exist today. Holocene evolution indicates progressive widening of the estuary and filling from both the Nueces River and the landward migrating barrier islands. End_of_Article - Last_Page 295------------


The research aims to conduct an experimental study to compare the effect of the Deacidification of tracing paper using; Calcium Hydroxide dissolved in Ethyl alcohol; in comparison with that use Nanocalcium Hydroxide dissolved in Isopropyl alcohol. Then; performing tests and analysis to compare between the two materials, in order to select the most suitable one to deacidify archaeological tracing maps at the "Egyptian Geographical Society" in, Egypt. The treatment methods used on tracing paper samples have been assessed after accelerated aging procedures, to study the efficiency of the Deacidification materials, using FTIR analysis (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) to identify the chemical changes in the functional groups of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, by comparing the intensity and regions of the absorption spectrum of their characteristic functional groups, in both the treated and standard samples. Also; microscopic examination was conducted; using Digital Light Microscope, and the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM); to examine the surface appearance of the treated paper sample. Moreover; the visual properties by using a colorimeter to assess the colour changes that occurred in the treated paper samples before and aging. The mechanical properties of the paper samples were evaluated by measuring the tensile strength and elongation percentage. Furthermore; the quality of the Deacidification was evaluated by measuring the pH of the treated samples in comparison with the standard samples. The Nanocalcium Hydroxide treatment was proved to have a slight effect on the chemical composition of the paper and an improved Deacidification; in comparison to Calcium Hydroxide.


Vulnerability of agriculture is mainly determined by the sensitivity of farmland productivity to climatic changes. The global climate is predicted to continue its warming trend with increases in some extreme events in the future, which will have a great impact on crop yield, and seriously threaten regional food security. The scientific assessment of farmland productivity vulnerability and analysis of climate impact mechanisms, are helpful for mitigating climate change in pact and ensuring regional food security, which has great practical and scientific implications. Based on the normalised vegetation


Realising the potential of geothermal energy as a cheap, green, sustainable resource to provide for the planet's future energy will demand that a key geophysical problem be solved first: how to develop and maintain a network of multiple fluid flow pathways for the time required to deplete the heat within a given region. Without this pre-requisite, the enormous investment in research wells and networks of exploitation wells, establishment of above-ground infrastructure, and applied research for efficient stream-driven power plants would simply be wasted. In this paper, we propose that the key breakthroughs can be achieved by constructing a suitable micro-scale particle-based numerical model. Such a model will enable development of fracture systems to be simulated in discontinuous media, and studies to be conducted of the granular dynamics, elastic stress release, and grinding that occurs as fluid-injected joint surfaces slip; the consequent frictional heat generation and heat flow within the hot rocks; the heat exchange between the hot rocks and water within flow pathways; hydraulic fracturing; and fluid flow through complex, narrow, compact and gougeor powder-filled fracture and joint systems. We propose further developing and applying the Lattice Solid Model for this purpose. Here, we focus on demonstrating the ability of this computational model to simulate the listed fundamental processes, which are all components of the geophysical problem that is crucial for realising this new green energy resource.


The invention provides a cycling Stirling engine based on a double molded line bent axle. An upper bearing plate, a middle bearing plate and a lower bearing plate are fixed on fixed equipment, and two shafts are installed on the three bearing plates; two piston chambers are fixed on the lower bearing plate; a heat exchanger is arranged between two piston chambers and is connected with two piston chambers via pipelines; the surface of a heat piston chamber is coated with a layer of heat insulating material, and the surface of a cold piston chamber is cooled with cooling water; one part of two shafts, which is positioned between the middle bearing plate and the lower bearing plate, is respectively provided with a cam; one end of each of two connecting rods is respectively and fixedly connected with pistons in two piston chambers, and the other end of each of two connecting rods is respectively arranged in the grooves of two cams; two synchronizer gears are installed on the parts of two shafts, which are arranged between the upper bearing plate and the middle bearing plate; one shaft is provided with a flywheel, and the other shaft is provided with a transmission gear. The closed cycle engine of the invention can work according to the Stirling circulation process, and circulation efficiency can come top of the same class of engine.


We previously reported that FM mode-locked erbium fiber ring laser could be stabilized with high supermode noise suppression ratio when a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is inserted in the cavity to act as a fast saturable gain medium even in the presence of normal dispersion. In this paper, we further investigate the noise characteristics including relaxation oscillation, timing and energy jitter in both dispersion region when FM mode-locked pulse oscillate in an erbium fiber ring laser with a SOA.


In recent years, GPU computing has become an increasingly important tool to develop efficient applications in several areas, including optimization. One of the optimization approaches that seems to take most advantage from GPU computing is dynamic programming. In this paper, we investigate the application of GPU computing to the two-dimensional guillotine cutting problem, solved by dynamic programming. We show a possible implementation and we discuss a number of technical issues. Computational results on test instances available in the literature and on new larger instances show the effectiveness of the dynamic programming approach based on GPU computing for this problem. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.2016.0693.


Ciudad del Este is an eminently commercial hub, characterized by its border nature and its great dependence on Brazil. Due to the fact that it is going through an economic crisis and a period of low growth, Ciudad el Este is strongly affected by the sales declines of recent years. Faced with this situation, the economic scenario is propitious for a reconversion process to take place. The fact that there is the possibility that Ciudad del Este could become an empowering region in the provision of services and formal internal trade promotes the questioning of how a modification of its usual economic activities could be achieved and thus achieve greater independence from border trade. This research presents a proposal before the problem of commercial dependence between Ciudad del Este and Brazil. The research was documentary-bibliographic and field, using semi-structured interviews with institutions located in Ciudad del Este. In addition, estimates were presented Revista Científica de la UCSA, Vol.5 N.3 Diciembre, 2018:38-54 39 based on possible economic scenarios. The results verify the high commercial dependence Ciudad del Este with Brazil, and it is recommended to look for alternative economic actions such as formalizing trade in the city and progressively increasing services, especially those related to tourism.


The present specification discloses a power receiver for transmitting message signals by using a power transmission as an embodiment. Power receiver comprising: a power receiving unit, the power receiving section for receiving the wireless power signal formed by the power transmitter; demodulation unit, the demodulation unit for demodulating the received wireless power signal; a modulation unit modulating the and a first control section, the control section for decoding a wireless signal from the power of the first packet demodulated by the demodulator by means for determining whether the emission that has been decoded; a wireless power signal portion of the received modulated the second packet is not a packet collision, and when the result of the determination for the transmission is likely to modulate the wireless power signal received by the control section so as to include a second modulation packet.


As the amount ofWaste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)increases, the qualified recycler with the high technology and expensive cost have few supply of waste appliances. To solve this situation, China implements a series of take back legislations based on Extended Producer Responsibility. We want to investigate the competition under the take-back legislations. To this end, we make competitive decision under take back legislations with social planner intervention as a two period stage between qualified and unqualified recyclers. Deriving and computing equilibria, the results show that if the subsidy is small, the unqualified monopoly the market. When the subsidy is moderate, the two recyclers are both in the market. When the subsidy is large, the qualified recycler monopoly the market.


Let's say that you are feeling like going out tonight. You feel great and decide to go out for a drink with your friends. At the bar, you spot a (randomly selected) cute girl. You decide to start a conversation and since she seems to be really nice you want to ask her out on a date. Finally, you get the courage to do it. Unfortunately, she tells you she has a boyfriend. After this happened, your friends tell you that you should insist. After all, some girls just play hard to get. You struggle to decide what you should do about it. However, you're confident that your knowledge of probability should help you solve this dilemma.


An enterprise framework denotes a "reusable, "semi-complete" application skeleton that can be easily adapted to produce custom applications in a specific business domain. CHEF is an enterprise framework for multi-device hypermedia applications in cultural heritage. Its goal is to reduce the cost of application development and to improve the quality of the final product. Differently from existing frameworks, which are typically conceived as tools for programmers, CHEF adopts an end-user development approach. It has been built for and with "domain experts" (cultural heritage specialists). It provides a set of user-friendly tools that hide the implementation complexity and can be used, by domain experts with no technical know-how, to design-by-reuse their hypermedia, to instantiate their designs with the proper contents, and to deliver the final application on different platforms (web-enabled desktop, PDA, CD-ROM).


I. The Structure of the Book What is Race? is one of the latest notable instalments in the metaphysics of race debate. In the first half of the book, each author presents their respective answers to the question 'What is race?'. The second half of the book comprises of each author responding to their co-authors and defending their own views. This format is highly engaging. Seeing each author make their arguments, respond to their co-authors, and try meet the challenges set by their co-authors against their respective positions makes this work a great pedagogical tool and an exemplar of contemporary philosophical argumentation in the analytic tradition. The authors draw out the presuppositions that frame the race debate in ways that make apparent general semantic issues of reference and the challenges about which interpretive traditions contemporary accounts of race should follow. Despite these challenges, the text is not bogged down in a tangle of semantic disputes but rather tackles the metaphysical question of race using a range of argumentative strategies.


Class A regressive multiple logistic segregation models with a sibling covariate were used to investigate the underlying determinants of asthma and respiratory allergy (defined from specific IgE levels to inhaled allergens) in the randomly recruited Caucasian families from the Genetic Analysis Workshop 12 asthma data sets — Perth, Busselton, and Southampton. For asthma, both a purely multifactorial model and a major gene (dominant or recessive) model with multifactorial effects fitted the data. For respiratory allergy, a dominant, dominant with multifactorial effects and a purely multifactorial model all fitted the data. However, homogeneity of the three studies was rejected for both traits indicating that the three populations are significantly different and should be analyzed separately. This finding has implications for the meta‐analysis of asthma linkage studies. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


1. Alobaidi HM, Coles GA, Davies M, LIoyd D. Host defence in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: the effect of the dialysate on phagocyte function. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1986; 1:16–21. 2. Keane WF, Comty CM, Verburgh HA, Peterson PK. Opsonic deficiency of peritoneal dialysis effluent in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 1984; 25:539–43. 3. Govindarajulu S, Hawley CM, Macdonald SP, Brown FG, Rosman JB, Wiggins KJ, et al. Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis in Australian peritoneal dialysis patients: predictors, treatment, and outcomes in 503 cases. Perit Dial Int 2010: 30(3); 311–9. 4. Ghali JR, Bannister KM, Brown FG, Rosman JB, Wiggins KJ, Johnson DW, et al. Microbiology and outcomes of peritonitis in Australian peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2011;31;651–62. 5. Parikova A, Zweers MM, Strujik DG, Krediet RT. Peritoneal effluent markers of inflammation in patients treated with icodextrin-based and glucose-based dialysis solutions. Adv Perit Dial 2003; 19:186–90. 6. Opatrna S, Lysak D, Trefil L, Parker C, Topley N. Intraperitoneal IL-6 signaling in incident patients treated with icodextr in and glucose bicarbonate/lactatebased peritoneal dialysis solutions. Perit Dial Int 2012; 32:37–44. doi: 10.3747/pdi.2012.00347


ABSTRACT This research is meant to examine the influence of firm size and profitability to the firm value through the dividend policies of manufacturing companies. The population is all manufacturing companies which are listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2012-2015 periods. The sample collection technique has been done by using purposive sampling so 15 manufacturing companies which have met the research sample criteria have been obtained as samples. The statistic method has been carried out by using desciptive statistics and path analysis which has been applied to test directly the firm size and profitability to the firm value, and the indirect influence of firm size and profitability to the firm value through dividend policy. The result of the research shows that firm size has negative and significant influence to the firm value, profitability has positive and significant influence to the firm value, and dividend policy has positive and significant influence to the firm value. Firm size has positive and significant influence to the dividend policy and profitability has positive and significant influence to the dividend policy. This result describes that dividend policy mediates the influence of firm size and profitability to the firm value. Keywords: firm size, profitability, firm value, dividend policy


A design and simulation methodology that detects and compensates duty cycle deviations is presented. The proposed method provides robust mechanism to reduce transmission line adverse effects and improves received signal quality. A mixed signal approach, where an analog circuit is used to track signal timing distortion values, and a digital circuit controls the analog calibration mechanism, is used. The self-calibration mechanism doesn't interrupt the system operation and is being realized in parallel with normal operation. The system is designed in 28nm CMOS process and simulated using Synopsys mixed mode simulation tools.


Despite produced exclusively on the dayside, photoelectrons, as an important population of the Martian ionosphere, have also been observed on the nightside. Here we present a statistical survey of nightside photoelectrons using the suprathermal electron measurements, made by the Solar Wind Electron Analyzer onboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution. We find that nearly 30% of the available nightside suprathermal electron spectra show clear photoelectron signatures. Nightside photoelectrons have an occurrence rate that decreases with increasing solar zenith angle and they are characterized by a preferentially field‐aligned pitch angle distribution. Our analysis also suggests that nightside photoelectrons are less likely observed under the high solar wind condition. These observations are favorably interpreted by the scenario of photoelectron transport along cross‐terminator magnetic field lines, as supported by a simplified test particle model. Our study highlights a complex plasma environment near Mars modulated by both internal and external conditions.


Background: Mosquitoes are considered as the vectors of dirofilariasis and some vector borne disease in Iran. The objective of this study was to determine the susceptibility level of the vectors to various insecticides recommended by WHO for any control measures in an endemic area in northwestern Iran. Methods: Mosquito larval and adult collections were carried out using different methods provided by WHO including dipping and hand catch techniques. The susceptibility level was assessed to DDT 4%, malathion 5%, propoxur 0.1%, deltamethrin 0.05% and lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05%. Results: Totally, 749 adults and 5060 larvae of Culicidae mosquitoes were collected comprising seven species of adult and larvae, including: Anopheles claviger, An. maculipennis, An. sacharovi, Culex hortensis, Cx. pipiens, Cx. theileri and Culiseta longiaerolata. Frequency of larvae and adults of An. maculipennis was very low, so susceptibility tests on this species did not performed. Results showed that Cx. theileri, Cs. longiaerolata and Cx. pipiens were resistant to DDT 4%, lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05%, and propoxur 0.1% whereas found tolerant to deltamethrin 0.05% and malathion 5%. The LT50 and LT90 values for five insecticides were calculated. Conclusion: We suggest the same study in different parts of the world to obtain the data due to bionomic and susceptibility status of dirofilariasis vectors. This information will help the health authorities for monitoring and evaluation of control measures.


It was many centuries before it was realized that all organisms were not either plants or animals, and many more years before it was understood that the catch-all kingdom "Protista"—proposed to include predominantly unicellular, "non-plants" and "non-animals"—was heterogeneous and phylogenetically inadequate, encompassing both related and unrelated organisms. The probable unity of a particular group of protists—viewed as chromophytous algae or pseudofungi (and related protozoal forms), and often exhibiting a characteristic heterodynamic flagellar pattern—was gradually understood; these became separated from Protista, and recognized by various kingdom, subkingdom, phylum, or subphylum names. At kingdom level, two names and groupings—Chromista and Stramenopiles—have competed, among others, for these typically heterokont protists, in a partial overlay of descriptive information. Stramenopiles have the "tighter" circumscription, by virtue of definition based on the occurrence of unique, composite, tubular, flagellar hairs. Acceptance of Stramenopiles (as a more clearly monophyletic group) was beginning to hold sway over the more diverse Chromista (with its less obviously related major sub-groupings). However, recent evidence from plastid evolution has suggested that the larger, yet still generally monophyletic, assemblage of (mostly) heterokont protists—the Chromista—remains viable as a putative kingdom, much in the original sense of CavalierSmith (1981, 1986). Although the matter is still equivocal, the present paper notes a return to usage of the kingdom name Chromista— representing an assemblage including not only stramenopilous organisms, but also plastid-related groups, i.e., haptophytes and cryptomonads. The naming of chromistans has fallen by tradition mainly under the botanical code of nomenclature, which, as the other


Mangroves play important roles in the environment such as sequestration, spawning of fishes and source of medicinal plants. Two rivers which feed the mangroves of Cameroon are Rivers Wouri and Meme. While River Wouri that feeds the Douala-Edea mangrove receives smaller water bodies that pass through an industrial environment, River Meme that feeds the Rio del Rey mangrove receives small water bodies that pass through an environment harbouring a lot of agricultural activities. The rural and urban communities use water from the rivers to grow vegetables (plant production). The quality of water that feeds the mangroves is of paramount importance. This in turn depends on the mineralogical content of the soils around the rivers and adjourning water sources. This is because soils act as sinks for pollutants. Different clay minerals have different capacities to retain and release chemical entities. Therefore, they contribute differently in the protection of catchment areas. This work was therefore aimed at investigating the role played by soils in controlling the movement of these chemical elements into the rivers. Clays extracted from soils around these water sources were analyzed for mineralogical composition. All analyses were carried out using standard plasticity and XRF methods. Clay content (2 to 7%) in Wouri was lower than in Meme (4 to 34%). The majority of the clay was dominated by SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, and TiO2 and was a mixture of non-expandable (2:1 and 1:1) and sesquioxide clays. The soils have low pollutant retention capacity and are therefore vulnerable to anthropogenic activities. Hence, stringent measures should be taken to monitor soil/water quality with respect to waste disposal and use of agrochemicals. The use of compost in place of fertilizers by farmers should also be encouraged.


Oscar the cat has an "uncanny ability" to predict impending death among residents of a dementia ward at the Steere House nursing home in Providence, Rhode Island—even people not known to be terminally ill.

"He's not the friendliest cat. He keeps to himself, although he can be bribed with food," said geriatrician David Dosa, of Brown University, who has published his findings about Oscar …


The invention relates to an intelligent electronic cigarette device and a control system of the intelligent electronic cigarette device. The intelligent electronic cigarette device comprises a smoking button, a microcontroller, an atomizer, a Bluetooth module and a battery module which supplies electricity to the microcontroller, the atomizer and the Bluetooth module. The microcontroller is used for obtaining a pressing signal of the smoking button and controlling the battery module to supply electricity to the atomizer and the Bluetooth module according to the pressing signal. The controller is further used for obtaining the pressing frequency and a pressing time signal according to the pressing signal of the smoking button and outputting the pressing frequency and the pressing time signal to the Bluetooth module. The Bluetooth module is used for transmitting the pressing frequency and the pressing time signal to a mobile terminal. The intelligent electronic cigarette device has the advantages of being simple in structure, low in manufacturing cost, high in expansibility and the like.


A method and an apparatus for integrating metrology by using etching treatment are provided to control and monitor easily the process. A multi-chamber system comprises a transfer chamber(105), an etch chamber(104) and a metrology chamber(110). A robot(140) is disposed in the transfer chamber and is configured to transfer a substrate between the etch chamber and the metrology chamber. And the robot comprises a robot arm, a plate having a first portion attached to the robot arm and a blade attached to a second portion of the plate. The blade has at least one adjustable member for varying an orientation of the blade relative to the plate, and a perimeter portion defining an opening. The perimeter portion has support members for supporting the substrate at a predetermined height above the perimeter portion.


The endocannabinoid system (ECS) comprises the canonical receptor subtypes CB1R and CB2R and endocannabinoids (anandamide, AEA and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, 2-AG), and a "noncanonical" extended signaling network consisting of: (i) other fatty acid derivatives; (ii) the defined "ionotropic cannabinoid receptors" (TRP channels); other GPCRs (GPR55, PPARa); (iii) enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids (FAAH and MAGL); and (iv) protein transporters (FABP family) (Pisanti et al., 2013; Iannotti et al., 2016).The ECS is currently a hot topic due to its involvement in cancer and pain. High CB1R expression correlates with poor prognosis in different type of cancers including prostate, pancreatic, colorectal, and ovarian cancer (Michalski et al., 2008; Cipriano et al., 2013; Jung et al., 2013; Messalli et al., 2014); while high CB2R expression correlated to poor prognosis in HER2positive breast cancer (Blasco-Benito et al., 2019). Endocannabinoids such as AEA and 2-AG were found upregulated in different tumors (colorectal carcinomas) compared to healthy subjects (Pyszniak et al., 2016).Despite these changes there have been variable mechanisms suggested for these endocannabinoids in terms of their antitumorigenic activity. The antiproliferative effect induced by AEA in prostate and breast cancers has been reported to be due to CB1R activation (Grimaldi and Capasso, 2011);while the apoptosis induced by R(+)-methanandamide in lymphoma cells is reported to be due to the activation of both CB1R and CB2R (Gustafsson et al., 2008).While its anticancer effect in cervical and lung tumors may be from other pathways (Eichele et al., 2009).The antiproliferative effect of 2-AG appears dependent on pathways involving CB1Rmediated p42/44 MAPK and AKT signaling. Recent studies have demonstrated a link between TRPV2 and CBD-induced autophagy in glioblastoma cells and CB2R-GRP55 heteromers as a cause of cancer cell proliferation have been found (Moreno et al., 2014; Nabissi et al., 2015). For pain, the ECS plays a role at different points in the nociception axis. AEA and 2-AG elicit long-term depression of both excitatory and inhibitory synapses increasing neural circuit output. Endocannabinoid/TRPV signaling induces the sensitization of the shortening reflex while CB1 and CB2 receptors are targeted in the treatment of pain. The current Research Topic highlights various ways the ECS can impact cancer and pain.


Background and Aims: Cerebral sinus venous thrombosis (CSVT) is a rare stroke subtype in children, with limited data on its clinical presentation, etiology, and outcomes. This case report aims to describe a case of CSVT in a child, including their clinical presentation, imaging findings, and management, to increase awareness of this rare but serious condition. Case presentation: A 13-month-old boy presented with swelling and deviation of the left eye after being hospitalized for left periorbital cellulitis. The patient was diagnosed with thrombosis of the left transverse and superior sagittal sinuses and underwent treatment with levetiracetam, folinic acid, rosuvastatin and enoxaparin followed by warfarin. Genetic testing was also performed to identify the underlying genetic basis of thrombophilia. Results: Laboratory tests showed that there was one heterozygous mutation in the β-Fibrinogen gene and three homozygous mutations in MTHFR A1298C, PAI-I-675 4G/5G, and PAI-I-844 G/A genes. Additionally, Lipoprotein (a) was measured at 89.3 nmol/L and the patient's mother had two homozygous mutations in PAI-I-675 4G/5G and PAI-I-844 G/A genes. Conclusions: It appears that the mutation in MTHFR gene is more prevalent in our region, which may be a contributing factor to the increased incidence of stroke in children and adolescents in the country. Further research is needed to determine the prevalence of this mutation and its impact on thrombophilia in the population. This case highlights the importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment of CSVT in children, as well as the need for genetic counselling and testing to identify underlying risk factors.


Objective To study the potency of CT scanning for diagnosing aneurysmal rupture and hemorrhage.Methods CT findings of 68 patients with digital subtraction angiography(DSA)proved aneurysmal rupture and hemorrhage were analyzed retrospectively.Results Among 68 patients,subarachnoid hemorrhage was found in 38,intracerebral hematoma in 11,subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with subdural hemorrhage in 1,intracerebral hematema in 5,ventricular hemorrhage in 2,hydrocephaly in 4,and cerebral angiospasm in 1.During the treatment of aneurysmal rupture,cerebral angiospasm and hydrocephaly were found in 18 and 11 cases,respectively.Conclusion On CT images,aneurysmall rupture has some characteristic findings.Simultaneously,according to the distributive feature of intracerebral hematoma,CT scans can suggest the location of the intracranial aneurysms.


This study proposes a novel multiple access method based on a spatial modulation (SM). The aim of this study is to significantly increase the number of multiple-users keeping the performance degradation low but keeping the device simple. The conventional system utilizes SM as a spatial domain modulation and thus can boost transmission rate. In contrast, this study exploits SM technique as the generator of spatial sequence for code division multiple access. It is worth noting that the spatial sequences of individual users include their own channel states which are mutually independent among users. As a result, even if several users utilize identical antenna switching pattern (spatial spreading code), the receiver can detect all users' data by exploiting the difference of channel states. Furthermore, our proposed multiple-access scheme can be combined with the conventional CDMA system. The theoretical analysis and computer simulation reveal that the proposed space-time CDMA can efficiently realize multiple access.


This paper proposes a cognitive model of shipping investment expertise by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach and judgmental process survey. Assessment of shipping assets is a complicated task includes both financial and technical aspects and requires high degree of expertise particularly for technical evaluation. As a supporting tool, a fuzzy extended AHP structured is designed by collecting expert appraisal. Multiple scenarios for the market cases are embedded by utilizing fuzzy sets for each asset. Empirical works are performed for Handymax and Panamax size bulk carrier project samples and their corresponding scenarios (i.e. high case, base case and low case).


The primary clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are fever, fatigue and dry cough. Several clinical studies reported that some patients with low or medium fever, or even without obvious symptom, rapidly progressed to severe or critical illness, including severe acute respiratory syndrome, septic shock, coagulation disorders and intractable metabolic acidosis. These patients were usually associated with significant elevated serum levels of a profile of cytokines, which is similar to SARS-2003 and MERS-2015, indicating the occurrence of cytokine storm. In the present review, we summarized previous advances in the treatment of severe cases of SARS by using traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), especially those TCM targeting cytokine storm, based on literature mining. By using data mining and network pharmacology, we also investigated underlying mechanisms and biological pathways involved in the inhibitory effects of TCM against cytokine storm. This review not only provides novel insights in the precise application of TCM, appropriate integrative use of TCM in combination with western medicine, but also contributes to the discovery of novel drugs or new therapeutic strategies targeting cytokine storm to suppress progression of COVID-19 and to improve clinical prognosis and outcomes.


The relative significance of vehicle dynamics on the dynamic component of wheel-rail interface vertical forces caused by relatively short wavelength track perturbations is estimated, based on a simple dynamic model, for a range of suspension design types. The results indicate the relative importance of suspension design on track damage. This study is analytical. However, it provides a basis for testing to ensure that the influence of suspension design on track-induced vertical loads is better documented and understood.


The present invention, the indoor unit having a main discharge port which is cold air or hot air ejected relates an air conditioner provided with a variable air volume unit; Blower that is provided in the indoor unit, the blower discharge air into the main discharge port; It is coupled to the front side of the indoor unit, the front part a suction inlet panel which is formed on at least one side; And it provided on at least one of the indoor unit, the blower and the front panel includes an intake part air flow adjustment device for varying the discharging flow rate independently from its location.


The paper considers the task of increasing the durability and safe operation of the device by eliminating the resonant beat of the vibration equipment during the starting torque. During the operation of automobiles, contaminants form on the surface of individual parts and assemblies, their high-quality cleaning is achieved by chemical and mechanical action on these contaminants. The use of more active chemicals is more costly and pollutes the environment. Therefore, it is desirable to achieve an increase in the efficiency of washing and cleaning by increasing the mechanical effect on pollution. It is proposed to improve the equipment for the vibrational cleaning of contamination of parts, which allows to ensure the elimination of resonant beating of the vibrating equipment during the application of the starting torque. The disadvantage of existing technologies is that during the washing and cleaning of parts with the help of vibrating machines, a phenomenon of resonance occurs, that is, a momentary beating occurs, which destroys bearing assemblies and seals, and there is a possibility of chemical liquid spilling out. To ensure the durability and safe operation of vibration devices, it is necessary to eliminate the resonant beating of the vibration equipment during the application of the starting moment. The technical result, which can be obtained when using a device for resonance-free vibration cleaning of contamination of parts, allows to ensure the elimination of resonant beating of vibrating equipment during the starting moment. The proposed technology for non-resonant vibration cleaning of contamination of parts, which contains a frame bath, flexible flange and membrane, metal washers, rubber gaskets and a vibration unit with a rotary hydraulic imbalance, in the process of operation, allows to increase the durability and safety of the device by eliminating the resonant beating of the vibrating equipment during starting moment.


Until 2003, there are 22 published agricultural sci-tech periodicals in Guangdong, which takes 13.3% of sci-tech periodicals in this province. This paper analyzes the person situation, characteristics and major existing problem of Guangdong agricultural sci-tech periodicals. It also proposes the promotion countermeasures for the industrialization management of Guangdong agricultural sci-tech periodicals.


This paper focuses on several aspects of discourse analysis, more specifically speech acts theory, which are important in the work of translation / interpretation from English into Romanian. An accurate reconstruction in the target language implies more than knowing and finding the most appropriate equivalents, but also interpreting the meaning in context offering as much as possible from the 'hidden substance' of the speaker's discourse. For such interpretation, there are rules, principles of communicative interaction, and set types of speech acts which may help the translator / interpreter to fulfil his work with professionalism and at a high standard.


Photoelasticity is a stress measurement method extensively used in test laboratories of materials. This method can be a reference to validate numerical calculation of stress and strain distributions, however we need to evaluate errors and uncertainties to know the reproducibility of the method in order to compare with numerical calculation. Some transparent materials present birefringence when they are stressed. In a first approximation the birefringence depends of the stress in a linear way, the proportionality constant is known as stress-optic constant. When polychromatic light is used the wavelength becomes other important parameter for the method. Therefore the stress-optic constant is a source of error and uncertainty, also the resolution of the wavelength is a second source of error and uncertainty. In this work we present an evaluation of the sources of errors and uncertainties of the photoelasticity method for stress and strain measurements.


The characteristics of observations of strata pressure is discovered to supply the scientific evidences for management of roof as a result of observtion and measuring of strata pressure in fully mechanized caving face


A three-phase inverter-based Active Filter (AF) controlled by Instantaneous real and reactive power theory (PQ theory) based hysteresis and PI controllers are presented in this paper. An Inverter based AF is used to reduce the harmonics caused by non-linear loads in the source voltage and current by injecting the compensating currents. The hysteresis Controller generates the gate pulses required for the operation of AF. Instantaneous real and reactive power theory (PQ theory) monitors the active and reactive powers and generates the reference current accordingly. PI controller regulates the voltage of the DC link capacitor. The MATLAB Simulink model has been designed for the proposed approach and the THD is reduced significantly.


Distinguishing and understanding the representation style of any democratically elected official is challenging task. When that elected official holds the office of the President of the United States, the scope of duties and powers to a nationwide constituency constructs a distinctive application for the study of representation. This paper will suggest that when combining his use of unilateral actions with public relations style imagery, President George W. Bush represented the nation in a gyroscopic manner (Mansbridge 2003), which presented clear leadership messages to the American people, allowing him to take center stage in the American political landscape. Further, this paper will analyze how the unilateral president, along with the imagery used when going public, is able to create a clear representation style, one which was a successful tool for President George W. Bush. To accomplish this goal, this paper will analyze the unilateral president and the public president. It will then describe and define Mansbridge's theory of a gyroscopic representative, explaining what makes a gyroscopic president and how that technique is a useful political tool. Next, this paper will provide a selective case study of President George W. Bush, explaining how he acted in a manner that was gyroscopic and how doing so benefited or hurt his presidency. Finally, this paper will analyze some of the ramifications of the gyroscopic presidency, such as the polarization of the White House and its effect on the American political climate.


This study introduced the standard list of tissues which was devised and recommended by the Society of Toxico-logic Pathology(STP)and was used for evaluating histopathology in repeat-dose toxicity and carcinogenicity studies,and that is used to support the registration of new pharmaceutical products.The recommended tissue list is intended to be used for all types of repeat-dose toxicity and carcinogenicity studies,regardless of the route of administration,species or strain of mam-malian laboratory animal,duration,or class of drug to be tested.The study compared the standard list with the relative regula-tion or active guidelines in 'long –term toxicity test of chemicals technique guideline' and 'long –term toxicity test of Chi-nese traditional medicine and natural drugs technique guideline'.


A simple and rapid process for deposition of high refractive index films of ZnS/PVP nanocomposite (NC) is described. Precursor films are dip-coated on glass/quartz substrates from methanolic solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) containing Zn+2–thiourea (TU) complex. ZnS/PVP nanocomposite films are produced by heating the solid precursor at 200°C for 10 min in air. Heat treatment converts the Zn+2–TU complex to ZnS by thermolysis in situ PVP. The transmission spectra of the films (typically 700 nm thickness) in the wavelength range of 200–1000 nm showed an absorption edge near 300 nm due to ZnS nanoparticles and high transmission of 97% beyond 400 nm. ZnS nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in PVP matrix having sizes of about 3–4 nm. For ZnS loading of 45% by weight, the refractive index of ZnS/PVP is 1.65 which is in between that of PVP (1.48) and ZnS (2.36). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of the composite showed that there is a strong interaction between ZnS nanocrystals and PVP. The root mean square (RMS) roughness of the films is about 3 nm as determined by atomic force microscope (AFM).


Phosphorylation of human Treslin by Cdk is essential for its association with TopBP1 and for the initiation of DNA replication in S phase.


As part of the 1993 US/Russian Government-to-Government Nuclear Material Protection, Control, and Accounting (MPC and A) initiative, the US government has proposed a series of site visits to both countries to address nonproliferation concerns and to reduce the potential theft or diversion of direct-use materials in Russia. In 1994, four exchange visits were made between the Hanford Site, which is located in Richland, Washington, and the Mayak and Tomsk Sites in Russia. The two Hanford visits were historical in the sense that no Russians had previously been inside a plutonium storage facility in the United States. The reciprocal visit to the Mayak nuclear complex in Russia provided the US delegation with numerous insights to these facilities and their respective safeguards programs. The reciprocal visit to the Tomsk Site in central Siberia provided the US participants with many insights to the issues surrounding the cutoff of plutonium production and storage of plutonium. This paper describes the specific activities undertaken by exchange participants during the visits. In addition, several conclusions regarding the overall US/Russian exchange program are provided.


In the present work, experimental investigation has been undertaken to analyze the heat transfer performance of nanofluids used as alternate coolant to conventional fluid in a cooper minichannel heat sink. Alâ''O₃-water, Alâ''O₃-ethylene glycol,TiOâ''-ethylene glycol,MgO-water and ZnO-water nanofluids were used to evaluate their comparative thermal performances. The copper minichannel heat sink 30mmx30mmx4mm consists of seven parallel minichannels of length 30mm with a cross section area of 2mm in width and of channel height 2mm for each channel was used in this investigation. Nanofluids as coolant were tested at different volume concentration ranging from 0.5% to 2.5% was passed through the minichannel heat sink attached with a heat source. The results showed that the thermal conductivity of nanofluids enhanced significantly by increasing the volume concentration of nanoparticles in the base fluid. From the comparative results, the Alâ''O₃-water nanofluid cooled heat sink showed better heat transfer and hence outperforms the other nanofluids. This nanofluid can be recommended for electronic cooling system as an alternate coolant to conventional fluid.Â


In this paper, we study a special type of cutoff regularization in the coordinate representation. We show how this approach unites such concepts and properties as an explicit cut, a spectral representation, a homogenization, and a covariance. Besides that, we present new formulae to work with the regularization and give additional calculations of the infrared asymptotics for some regularized Green's functions appearing in the pure four-dimensional Yang–Mills theory and in the standard two-dimensional Sigma-model.


This paper aims to provide insight into the process of equipment supply for the teaching of science, particularly on the secondary level. First it discusses the possible reasons for equipment supply projects to fail. As an interesting opportunity, it describes the development and use of low-cost and/or locally produced equipment. The paper discusses advantages and limitations of low-cost and/or locally produced equipment, supply strategies, possibilities of low-cost experiments, and provides examples of existing international cooperation in this field. The case studies present examples of different approaches to science education equipment development and supply in four developing countries: the Zimbabwe Secondary School Science Project (ZIM-SCI) science kits; mobile laboratory for rural schools in Sri Lanka; science centers in Colombia; and development of sophisticated equipment for senior secondary and undergraduate level in India. On the basis of the discussion and the examples from case studies, the paper also includes recommendations for education projects with teaching equipment component. To provide additional information on local development of the equipment for science education, brief summaries of the activities from 17 developing countries are added. Other appendices include a list of selected source documents for low-cost science equipment manufacture and experimentation, and a list of selected international journals where other information might be found.