Knowledge of mothers regarding child abuse in the selected rural and urban areas in Sivagangai district, Tamilnadu
OBJECTIVES: To assess the existing level of knowledge regarding child abuse among urban mothers. To assess the existing level of knowledge regarding child abuse among rural mothers. To find out the difference between urban and rural mothers knowledge regarding child abuse. To find out the association between the knowledge of urban mothers regarding child abuse and their demographic variables such as age of mothers, sex of the child, family income, education, family status, occupation, religion, type of family, knowledge gain through media, number of children's in the family, birth order of the children and place of living. To find out the association between the knowledge of rural mothers regarding child abuse and their demographic variables such as age of mothers, sex of the child, family income, education, family status, occupation, religion, type of family, knowledge gain through media, number of children's in the family, birth order of the children and place of living. HYPOTHESES: There will be a significant difference in knowledge regarding child abuse between urban and rural mothers. There will be a significant association between the knowledge of urban mothers regarding child abuse and demographic variables such as age of mothers, sex of the child, family income, education, family status, occupation, religion, type of family, knowledge gain through media, number of children's in the family, birth order of the children and place of living. There will be a significant association between the knowledge of rural mothers regarding child abuse and demographic variables such as age of mothers, sex of the child, family income, education, family status, occupation, religion, type of family, knowledge gain through media, number of children's in the family, birth order of the children and place of living. ASSUMPTIONS: Urban mothers will have more awareness regarding child abuse than rural mothers. Mothers who have adequate knowledge can prevent child abuse. Selected demographic Variable may influence the mothers knowledge about child abuse.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
Knowledge
In this study, it refers to mother's understanding and awareness about the child abuse that is acquired through friends, education, mass media and personal experience.
Mother
In this study, it refers to those who are having children in the age group between 3 to 12 years.
Child Abuse
In this study, it refers to maltreatment of children physically, emotionally and sexually by the parents, guardians, other care taker, neighbours or strangers.
Urban Area
In this study, urban area refers to those who are living in or situated houses in town or city.
Rural Area
In this study, rural area refers to those who are living in or situated houses in a pastoral or agricultural area. LIMITATIONS: The study was limited to mothers those who are having children between the age group of 3 to 12 years. The sample of the study was limited to hundred. The study period was limited to six weeks. The Setting of the study was limited to Manamadruai and Kalpiravu. PROJECTED OUTCOMES: This Study helps to assess the awareness of mothers regarding child abuse. This Study findings helpful in preventing child abuse in Selected area. This Study finding would help to identify the area that need for further teaching. It shows the difference in knowledge of child abuse between urban and rural mother.


The types of solar heat pump systems are introduced,including direct expansion type,non-direct expansion and series connection type,non-direct expansion and parallel connection type and non-direct expansion and series-parallel connection type. The heating coefficient of performance and application scope of four kinds of solar heat pump systems are compared. The economic and environmental efficiencies of solar heat pump systems are analyzed.


The investigation was given on swelled tool joint and jump out accident.Based on vision morphology analysis and dimension measure,and material tests,and failure analysis for swelled tool joint,it was found that the tool joint material was in accordance with the standard,and the failure cause of the tool joint was due to high service torque over the material yield strength during drilling.


SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) is well-remembered by historians of this generation, but their memories of him are ambivalent. Few scholars today would claim to take Freud's practical work as an historian seriously. His famous study of the origins of civilization, Totem and Taboo (1913), has long since been dismissed as conjectural and refuted by more recent scholarship.1 Yet for most psychohistorians, he is still the grand master for his pioneering model, the point of departure from which they have proceeded in developing this field.2 Nor have historians generally rejected the value of psychoanalytical technique in historical research. Peter Gay for one has shown its enduring value in the ensemble of considerations historians must entertain in their search for a comprehensive understanding of the past.3 Here I wish to take a different tack. I want to evaluate Freud as historian in light of the enormous recent interest in the role of collective memory in historical understanding. To consider Freud's theory from the vantage point of memory illuminates his theory of history in a different way. Indeed, one might argue that Freud's theory of history turns on his theory of memory. In this respect, I wish to judge his interest in history in light of two historiographical perspectives on the memory/history problem.


the adolescence has always been a challenge for parents and professors along history. This work aims at to reflect on the adolescent in its psychic time and the historical time. The contemporary produced a young with singular features and the challenge is to raise them in order to orchestrate parents and educators to deal with it.


The question of whether Buddhism supports and fosters an active concern for our ecological well-being continues to be a theme of lively interest, especially given the heightened awareness, helped by increased media coverage, of our global ecological malaise and its deteriorating situation. Contemporary Buddhist approaches to the ecological question were surveyed by Ian Harris, who lined up a fourfold typology based on interreligious sources, which he classifies as eco-spirituality, eco-justice, eco-traditionalism, and eco-apologetics (Harris 1995). Naming examples of these types while noting theoretical inconsistencies and deficiencies in each, he is particularly critical and rather dismissive of the fourth category, noting that works of this kind often 'adopt an inspirational tone that proceeds from an assumption, generally not supported by any textual, historical or cultural evidence, that the compatibility of Buddhism and environmental ethics is a self-evident fact' (Harris 1995, 181). Harris' expressed intent in critiquing the various approaches he has described is to 'aid in the construction of an authentic Buddhist environmental ethic' (Harris 1995, 184), to which he has since also made further contributions (Harris 1997, 2000, 2001). Since Harris' 1995 essay, a number of published works have appeared on 'Buddhism and Environmental Ethics,' or 'Buddhism and Ecology,' giving due attention to textual, historical, cultural, philosophical, and other aspects relevant to the matter, offering both critical as well as constructive perspectives on the ecological question. These more recent works have advanced the level of discourse on the theme, and have enriched our resources in an area that we could, tentatively and cautiously, refer to as 'Buddhist eco-theology.' By way of note, the term 'Buddhist Theology' has been proposed for use in academic circles by two well-regarded scholars of Buddhism, John Makransky and Roger Jackson (Jackson and Makransky 2000). Some scholars and/or practitioners of Buddhism may object to this terminology, pointing out that the term theos ('god' or 'God') is inapplicable in the Buddhist context. However, taking 'theology' as an academic discipline involving 'intellectual reflection within a religious


Employing two-phase homogeneous mixture model,the equilibrium phase change model and the dule time step method,the flow field of last stage in a supercritical turbine was solved by 3D unsteady numerical simulation.The result is indicated that wet steam flow is closely related to the unsteady characteristic of the flow field.It is also noted that the steady result is different from that of the time-averaged unsteady computation.Due to the interaction of the stator-rotor interface,the liquid mass flow of the unsteady calculation at the rotor exit is less than that of steady calculation.


A new correlation between microstructure and doped BaTiO3-ceramics properties is developed based on fractal geometry. The BaTiO3-based materials structure can be controlled by using different sintering temperatures and additive concentrations. In this paper, Ho2O3-doped BaTiO3-ceramics microstructure properties have been investigated. The dopant concentration ratio is from 0.01 to 1 wt% of Ho2O3. The sintering has been done by using three different temperatures (1320, 1350, and 1380 °C). BaTiO3 microstructure and compositional studies were investigated by SEM (scanning electron microscope) equipped with EDS analysis. By using the fractal objects theory, the reconstruction of microstructure configurations such as grains contour shapes and the nature of intergranular contacts has been approximately established. Using fractal tools in studying BaTiO3-ceramics microstructure has a great significance for future components technology developments, materials function integrations, and miniaturization. The complementary statistical approach contributes to the investigation of BaTiO3-ceramic grains distribution and nature of intergrain contacts, which brings a major shift in the field of electronic components and alternative energy sources.


The amount of clamp load loss due to a fully reversed cyclic service load is determined for a bolted assembly in which the fastener and the joint were both tightened initially beyond their respective proportional limits. The cyclic reversed load acts in a direction parallel to the bolt axis. During the first half of each cycle, the cyclic load acts as tensile separating force that increases the fastener tension further into the nonlinear range; it simultaneously reduces the joint clamping force. Thus, after the first one half of the cycle, the clamp load is reduced from its initial value due to the plastic elongation of the fastener. During the second half cycle, the cyclic load compresses the joint further into the plastic range; simultaneously, it reduces the fastener tension. Due to the permanent set in the compressed joint, the clamp load is decreased further at the end of the second half cycle of the service load. The cumulative clamp load loss due to the permanent set in both the fastener and the joint is analytically determined using a nonlinear model. Variables investigated in this study include the joint-to-fastener stiffness ratio, the ratio of the initial fastener tension to its elastic limit, and the ratio of the external force to its maximum tensile value that would trigger joint separation.


In PNAS, Nanavati et al. (1) study the available highresolution pollen and microcharcoal columns for the last 1,000 y along a latitudinal transect in Patagonia. The result is a serious effort to understand the degree of alteration of landscapes by the human use of fire and the introduction of nonnative plants. It is well accepted that Native American land use altered landscapes since before the arrival of Europeans, but this paper adds an articulation with relevant historical and archaeological information. Even when this evidence is not perfect, the presentation of the main cultural processes after European contact is useful, since it is the time when human influences are evident and relatively easier to track. I will concentrate my comment on the historical and archaeological evidence used to discuss some of the patterns, as well as the chronological problems exhibited by archaeological information for the last 500 y. It must be noted that, while the earliest human presence in South Patagonia altered the distribution of tool stones and affected the fauna, it produced no evident impact on the plants. Ephemeral occupations, followed by abandonment and reoccupation thousands of years later, inform about nomadic peoples with large annual ranges. The use of fire certainly was within their toolkits, as demonstrated by hearths found at most early sites, but their low-intensity occupations failed to produce detectable impact on the environment. Nanavati et al. (1) show that the human imprint on the landscapes is not always evident, and—more important—is not exclusively dependent on population size. What population increase does is to augment the number of localities where pertinent information can be searched. In that sense, more interesting than the wider range of taxa exploited by foragers during the Late Holocene is the wider range of habitats that they occupied. This is true even though retreat from the high elevations was recorded near El Sosneado during the Late Holocene and there was a sharp demographic decrease that started during the 18th century CE—particularly in North Patagonia—as a result of the European contact. The point is that human dispersal and the existence of webs of contact through which foragers were connected along different habitats, ranging from the oceanic coasts to the Andean high mountains, are probably the main cause of the swift dispersal of nonnative plants, and this is a result that does not require full settlement, but simply circulation of people.


Model simplicity in curve fitting is the fewness of parameters estimated. I use a vector model of least squares estimation to show that degrees of freedom, the difference between the number of observed parameters fit by the model and the number of explanatory parameters estimated, are the number of potential dimensions in which data are free to differ from a model and indicate the disconfirmability of the model. Though often thought to control for parameter estimation, the AIC and similar indices do not do so for all model applications, while goodness of fit indices like chi-square, which explicitly take into account degrees of freedom, do. Hypothesis testing with prespecified values for parameters is based on a metaphoric regulative subject/object schema taken from object perception and has as its goal the accumulation of objective knowledge.


Nematodes experiencing osmotic stress signal to the germ-line to prepare their offspring. Nematodes experiencing osmotic stress signal to the germ-line to prepare their offspring.


Aiming at mining multidimensional frequent itemsets from affair database,the conception of mining with multidimensional constrained is brought forward.Two algorithms are designed according to FP-growth and predication constraint,the MCMFI1 must construct FP-tree for every constraint as another algorithm MCMFI2 which based on node vector constrained have more excellent performance in searching and updating the existing FP-Tree and itemsets,but spending added memory.The analyses and experiments prove algorithms are effective.


This paper presents a dynamic approach to the real power dispatch of thermal units suitable for time periods characterized by high rates of load variation. In these cases dynamic dispatch places its look-ahead capability at the disposal of the system operators, en- abling them to predict how the present loading (MW) and its gradient (MW/min) can influence the response rate ability of the units at a future time. In the paper a discrete formulation of the dispatch pro- blem is adopted, with step variations of the loads. Dynamic constraints on the rate of change of the MW out- put of thermal units are added to the ordinary con- straints of the static approach. Besides, costs associ- ated with the act of more or less quickly changing the thermal generation are included in the model. In the solution of the problem a suitably modified ver- sion of the Han-Powell algorithm is involved in a %ompact reduced model" formulation. Furthermore, a sparseness technique, used in the construction and in the updating of the Hessian matrix of the Lagrangian function, allows us to solve large scale problems aris- ing from a minute subdivision of the dispatch interval, also in large electrical systems.


Abstract : This report describes the preparation and/or characterization of several fluorescent probes of the muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor for Torpedo californica. These probes include the following: (1) four fluorescein isothiocyante Naja naja siamensis alpha-toxin 3 derivatives labeled at either lys-23, lys35, lys-49, or lys-69. (2) a tetramethylrhodamine alpha- toxin derivative labeled at lys-23. (3) ethidium bromide, and (4) decidium. With these probes and 6-(5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonamido)hexanoic acid beta(N-trimethylammonium)ester (dansyl-C6-choline) and bis(choline)-N-(4- nitrobenzo-2-oxa 1,3-diazol-7-yl)-iminodiproprionate (BCNI), we estimated the distance between the acetylcholine binding sites and the high-affinity noncompetitive inhibitor site by using fluorescence energy transfer techniques. We, also, estimated the orientation of the snake venom alpha-toxin bound to the acetylcholine receptor with respect to the central ion channel and the plane of the membrane. (js)


The Draft SEIS is available for public review and comment. Public hearings, and a public teleconference, will be held during March and April of 2001 to receive testimony on the Draft SEIS (see back page of this newsletter for dates and locations). All comments received from the public will be considered by NMFS when preparing the final programmatic SEIS. Due to the fact that the draft SEIS is a very large and complex document, NMFS has agreed to extend the public comment period for an additional 60 days, until June 25, 2001. Comments on the Draft SEIS may be submitted by: Attn: Lori Gravel ˜ Providing oral comments at one of the public meetings or during the public teleconference (see back page for details). 1) Make comments specific and directed to a particular plan element or alternative. 2) Identify what you like about the alternatives in addition to what you don't like. 3) Identify incomplete or erroneous information. 4) Provide information on how a management plan would affect you. 5) Offer specific, reasonable alternatives that would help accomplish management goals. 1) The complete SEIS is available on-line at the NMFS Alaska Region web site: www.fakr.noaa.gov 2) The complete SEIS and the Executive Summary are available on a compact disc. 3) The complete SEIS is available in printed format (eight volumes).


The fashion industry defines an industry sector that is unique and global in character. It defines a context that can be characterised as increasingly entrepreneurial, reflecting high levels of complexity and dynamism. The dramatic shift in the scale and power of major retail buyers in the market, the advent of own brands, and the nature of sourcing and supply-chain decisions which are increasingly global in nature, are some of the issues that define this entrepreneurial context. The interactions between those managing the buyer–supplier relationships have, particularly within the past five years, changed substantially as a consequence. At the core of this is the challenge to actors in the buyer–supplier dyad to identify innovative responses to managing these interactions. The aim of this research is to explore the nature of these relationships, focusing upon UK high-street multiple-fashion retailers and their contracted suppliers, many of whom are entrepreneurial, located in different parts of the globe. The research examines implications for supply-chain strategies applied to fashion products. There are a number of important implications for 'fashion-marketing' that emerge from this research project. These are discussed under four core themes that emerged from the study, namely: power, process, partnership, and people. The research approach was qualitative, and conducted over a period of twelve months. It involved in-depth discussions with key managers in organizations on both sides of the buyer–supplier relationship. The paper ends with an agenda for future research.


A hydrophilic emulsion-templated porous polymer (polyHIPE) is synthesized by CuAAC "click" chemistry. Herein, a 4,4′-diazidostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid disodium salt-4H2O (DAS) and tripropargylamine in the mixture of water and N,N-dimethylformamide solution is used as external phase of the high internal phase emulsion template, and paraffin liquid is involved as the internal phase. The resulting polyHIPE has a well-defined interconnected pore structure, which could be tailored by changing preparation parameters, such as reagent content, internal phase volume fraction, and surfactant concentration. Thermal analysis shows that the polyHIPE is stable under 180 °C. Owing to the presence of a large number of sodium sulfonate groups from the reagent DAS and the triazoles groups produced in the reaction, the polyHIPE is proved to be a highly efficient adsorbent of heavy metal ion (i.e., up to 52 mg/g for Cu(II) ions) in water. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 2129–2135


The grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) is one of the most important citrus fruits in the Sudan. The traditional grapefruit cultivar in the Sudan is "Foster" which is a pigmented cultivar, but very seedy. The commercial importance of "Foster" around the world has declined because of its seediness. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the vegetative growth of grapefruit cultivars (as a source of scions) namely: Star Ruby, Rio Red, Frost Marsh, Flame, Little River, Red Blush, Davis, Wheeny, Pink Ruby, Sweetie and Ray Ruby. The cultivars were grafted on sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.), then they were grown on heavy clay soils in the horticultural nursery, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Sudan. Planting date was 22 February, 2014. A randomized complete block design with three replicates was used with two seedlings in each plot. The measured parameters were plant height, number of branches/plant, length of branch, thickness of branch and thickness of scion and were recorded from February to December 2015. Results showed that Star Ruby recorded the longest plants, the longest branches, thickest scion and the largest number of branches/plant. Little River cultivar recorded the least vegetative growth. The most vigorous vegetative growth was recorded by Star Ruby cultivar grafted on Vegetative growth of some grapefruit cultivars, grafted on sour orange and grown in the heavy clay soils of Gezira State, Sudan Sinnar University Journal (SUJ) Volume5, Issue No.2: (7102) 2 sour orange in the heavy clay soils of Gezira State, Sudan. It is recommended to grow Star Ruby cultivar in the heavy clay soils as a source of scion.


Although the present emolument distributing system h as made much progress in promoting the reforms and speeding the development of h igher education institutions, but there are some limits existed in the present s ystem, such as needing of huge financial support, relatively low efficiency, ove r-divided distribution units and management with difficulty. For improve the sy stem, the paper presents following suggestions: adjusting the management functio ns of the institution and the government to ensure the independent governing of the institutions, establishing the complete staff-engaging and achievement appr aisement scheme and improving the emolument distributing system.


Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by heterogeneity in genetic risk factors and immune profiles of patients and for which a cure or approved treatment is not yet available. Antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) offers a targeted treatment of T1D that selectively inhibits autoreactive T cells. So far, ASIT trials showed limited efficacy, as only a subset of patients is responsive. Thus, approaches that consider the genetic and immunological heterogeneity of T1D patients to provide more tailored treatments are needed. Using mRNA encoding multiple epitopes tailored to the NOD mouse (model of T1D), we engineered bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) by mRNA electroporation (mRNA-DCs). The mRNA is designed to enable optimal presentation of epitopes to both CD4 and CD8 T cells. Antigen presentation persisted at least three days in vivo. Markers of anergy as well as IL-10 expression were found to be upregulated in antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells after treating NOD mice with mRNA-DCs. T1D development was significantly suppressed with 3 biweekly treatments with 106 DCs containing 2 µg of antigen mRNA. Moreover, efficacy of the mRNA-DCs was enhanced when mRNAs encoding antigens and IL-27 were co-delivered into DCs by electroporation or when DCs were treated with rapamycin during differentiation. Endogenous expression of antigens may enable post-translational modifications and more prolonged presentation. Thus, we developed a promising and customizable ASIT platform to deliver multiple epitopes to exogenous tolerogenic DCs (or to endogenous APCs using a nanoparticle-based platform not covered here) that will consider the patient's immune profile for a precision medicine treatment of T1D. Disclosure R. Fite: None. R. J. Creusot: None. Funding American Diabetes Association (1-19-PMF-022 to R.F.F.)


Based on the spatiotemporal modulation of the thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity, we propose a thermal diode characterized by the rectification of conductive heat currents. By transforming the Fourier's law for the heat flux and the diffusion equation for the temperature into equations with constant coefficients, it is shown that: (i) the rectification effect is generated by the simultaneous wave-like modulation of both thermal properties, such that it disappears in absence of any of them. (ii) The rectification factor can be optimized and tuned by means of the speed and phase difference of the variations of the heat capacity and thermal conductivity. High rectification factors, greater than 86%, are obtained. The proposed thermal diode can open a new vista for developing different types of thermal wave logic components.


Minimal information is available regarding delayed adverse donor events (D‐ADEs) in plateletpheresis donors. Proactive follow up of donors for D‐ADEs is not done routinely by BTS. The aim of this study was to analyze frequency and type of D‐ADEs and its correlation with contributory factors if any.


Finite element numerical analysis can be used to solve problems of boundary values. The accuracy of model is depended on the meshing refinement. In aerospace industry, finite element analysis has been used by several researchers to know the influence of temperature distribution on the performance of additive manufactured component parts. Accuracy is better with finer mesh. Complex nature of the additive manufacturing process due to rapid heating and cooling made many researchers to adopt numerical investigation which is made easier than the experimental method. Proper modelling of the process must be thoroughly done for the numerical modelling results to be analyzed. The experiment of ternary titanium alloy of Ti-Al-Si-Cu was carried out with cladding machine of 3000 Watts (CW) Ytterbium Laser System (YLS-2000-TR). This machine is situated at the National Laser Centre in the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (NLC-CSIR). The characterization was done using the standardization ASTM E3-11 procedure. The results shiw the impart of temperature distribution on the dendritic arm spacing in the microstructures. The rate of cooling imparts on the space between the dendritic arms. The more the space, the more the influence on the coating's properties


ANSWER From the question on page 1064 The unifying diagnosis is chronic calcific pancreatitis leading to malabsorption and vitamin E deficiency. The computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen shows calcification of the body and tail of the pancreas, without any ductal dilatation, indicating chronic calcific pancreatitis. Faecal pancreatic elastase was low at 15 mg/g of faeces indicating severe exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Common mutations in CFTR, PRSS1, PST1 and SPINK1 were excluded. Following pancreatic enzyme replacement (25 000 lipase units of Creon) his gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms improved and he no longer required vitamin E supplementation. Characteristic neurological features of vitamin E deficiency include ataxia, dysarthria, peripheral neuropathy, dorsal column sensory less, but the phenotype is broad and includes dystonia, extensor plantar responses and spasticity. In patients with ataxia and isolated vitamin E deficiency (AVED, MIM 277460), oral replacement led to a stabilisation of the neurological phenotype and clinical improvement in some, but others describe a progressive deterioration with spasticity developing despite restoring serum levels to normal. The precise mechanism responsible for the neurological defect is unclear, but it may be due to impaired free radical defence, enhanced glutamate sensitivity, or a more direct effect on the expression of specific genes. Gastrointestinal conditions that have been associated with manifest vitamin E deficiency are coeliac disease, abetalipoproteinaemia and short bowel syndrome. The commonest pancreatic condition is cystic fibrosis where vitamin E levels are frequently low soon after birth due to impaired secretion of the antioxidant glutathione, which reaches epithelial surfaces through the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator channel, which is defective. Pancreatitis with exocrine and endocrine dysfunction would account for this patient's spastic paraparesis due to vitamin E deficiency and diabetes. The primary neurological presentation of chronic pancreatitis has not been previously described in the medical literature. Recognising this unusual combination will hopefully lead to early diagnosis and prevent neurological disability.


The Singapore economy is undergoing rapid structural changes with new industries emerging while old industries slow down. This means that workers have to constantly acquire new knowledge and skills to take on the new challenges in the economy. Teaching and learning in a changing economy takes on a new perspective in the light of a rising number of adult learners who work by day and become students in the evening. This paper examines the different strategies that lecturers could implement to enhance their teaching and facilitate students in their learning experiences.


The aim of the present survey is to identify and document about the medicinal and cosmetic plants used in treating dermatological diseases by the local population of the province of Sefrou in Middle Atlas of Morocco. The ethnobotanical investigations, carried out with the local population and field surveys, 87 plant species used locally in traditional medicine have been identified. They belong to 44 botanical families and were collected essentially in the study area. Most remedies are prepared as powder (32%) or with decoction (18%) and poultice (13%). External methods of administration, such as topical application or bathing were more common (89.8%) than internal methods (10.2%). These medicinal and cosmetic plants may serve to discover new natural drugs and may also be incorporated in the health care system of Morocco. Citation: Boukhiraa S., Mansouri L. EL., Bousta D., 2013. Ethnobotanical studies of some medicinal and cosmetic plants used in the province of Sefrou, Middle Atlas of Morocco. The Journal of Ethnobiology and Traditional Medicine. Photon 120, 661-670.


In 1991, the focus of law in Colombia was changed, as the state began to consolidate itself as a social and democratic state of law, leaving behind the insipid of dictatorial and inquisitorial systems, giving way to a new generation of guarantees constitutional, which tend for excellence in the protection of fundamental rights, to the maximum exponent of leaving without effect decisions that go against tune to the fundamental rights enshrined in the political letter of 1991, which welcomes the provisions of the declaration of human rights. It is praiseworthy to highlight the great success of the national assembly, by implementing the figure indicated in Article 8 (universal declaration of human rights, 1948) creating with this the action of tutelage as constitutional mandate (constitution of Colombia, art 86, 1991).
We emphasize how the primary legislator did that the tutela action is a constitutional mechanism that allows the effective guarantee of the fundamental rights of the people. This public action in its regulatory decree (regulatory decree of the tutela action 2591, 1991) as the original norm indicated that it was appropriate against judicial measures, in order to guarantee the maximum fundamental rights of the associates, since the secondary legislator contemplated the regulation of the action of guardianship, that those who set in motion the judicial system are human beings, susceptible to commit errors, then in this way fundamental rights were protected that were only within the protection orbit of that official in charge of administering justice.

The mentioned situation that was discarded by the H. constitutional court (sentence t - 543, 1992), considering that with this constitutional phenomenon was given way to debate again litigation that already made transition to res judicata, keeping this in line with the principles of res judicata, legality and legal security, likewise it ordered the closing of constitutional jurisdiction that had to apply a formula equal to the acts or administrative actions, but under the condition that these are presumed legal, and therefore the legal system has other judicial mechanisms ordinary for the protection of fundamental rights threatened or violated.

However, in its doctrinal deployment the jurisprudence of the constitutional court, opened the way for the origin of the guardianship against judicial action and against administrative acts, pointing out specific circumstances that allow in an extraordinary way the study of the origin of the action of guardianship in a manner definitive or transitory, for the sake of being able to effect its reach in protection of the fundamental rights, because it has avoided with this that procedural ritualisms, are above the inherent fundamental rights of the Colombians.


This is a revised edition of Professor Brookfield's landmark study of issues surrounding the Treaty of Waitangi first published in 1999. Here he adds an extensive epilogue addressing three recent debates relevant to his central topic: the Fiji revolutions, successful and attempted; Maori customary title to the foreshore and seabed and the Foreshore and Seabed Act of 2004; and the Rekohu Report (2001) of the Waitangi Tribunal on the conflicting claims of Moriori and Ngati Mutungu on the Chatham Islands. He deals with these complex and controversial matters with his usual careful, thorough and principled approach dealing with the broad constitutional issues and responding to comments made by other scholars. This new edition will be an essential tool for all those working in the area and for anyone interested in this vital contemporary debate.


TOday's electronic information environment is more complex than ever, and we all seem to suffer from information overload. Information literacy skills help us find and filter the information we need. In an academic environment, critical thinking skills help students to learn and conduct better research, but, outside of the University, such skills are equally useful and essential to all of us, whether voting, choosing a doctor, or buying a car. As a result, the need for information literacy has become a high priority not only in the library / information environment, but also throughout every phase of our daily life. Few who use the phrase, information literacy, have a clear idea of what it means. One good way to understand this "portmanteau term" is to define it as comprising a set of competencies. They include the ability to (1) determine how much information is needed; (2) access it effectively and efficiently; (3) evaluate critically the reliability, currency, and appropriateness of information sources; and (4) understand the legal, economic, and social issues surrounding the use of information. Using these four points as goals has challenged the University Libraries to develop library solutions for students. At Western Michigan University, one key solution is an online tutorial called Searchpath.


The analysis of the phenomenon of self-actualization in the works of Russian and foreign scientists is given in the article. Special attention is paid to the determinants of self-realization in different periods of ontogenesis, as well as the description of the conditions necessary for the formation of self-realization. On the basis of the retrospective analysis and generalization of scientific approaches to explore the essence of self-realization criteria of the studied phenomenon, given the characteristics actualizing personalities. Self-realization is interpreted as a set of instrumental style and motivationally-semantic features, ensure the success of personal expression in various spheres of vital activity in the process of ontogenesis. Summarizing the materials analyzed the author comes to the conclusion about the need to study the phenomena from the point of view of system approach for detailed, in-depth and comprehensive analysis of the peculiarities of the phenomenon of self-realization that gives an opportunity to reveal its structural relations and the internal mechanisms.


Review(s) of: Rumours of Glory, by Bruce Cockburn, (New York: HarperCollins, 2014); Rumours of Glory, by Bruce Cockburn, 9 Disc Box Set (2014: True North Records).


Modern thinking about children's health, as embodied in the framework of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health – Child and Youth Version, requires that we be attentive to the 'context' of children's lives, namely their families and the well‐being of their families. Family‐centred services provide both a guide to the 'processes' of service by service providers and measurable evidence‐based outcomes that link better 'processes' with better parental 'outcomes'. This brief paper provides an overview of these topics, arguing that the themes we address in services, and the way we do that, can have important effects on families, and by extension, on their children.


This article presents an on-line simulation exercise for cadets at military colleges in Canada, Norway, and the United States in 2019. The pilot project aspired to learn whether it is possible within a normal professional military educational program to gain cross-cultural and international relations competence by creating peer-to-peer contact between cadets on digital platforms. Working across language and cultural barriers in an international environment is a valuable professional skill, but military academies face constraints of regulation, cost, scheduling, and organizational culture which can preclude multinational simulations, however valuable these might be. This article describes the background research and preparations, method of execution, constraints on the conduct of the pilot project, considerations for future events, and advantages or learning opportunities identified in running the pilot. It concludes with suggestions for future military peer-to-peer simulations.


A promising control scheme for control valves operation of the steam turbine of JSC "UTZ" is considered from the point of view of its influence on the dynamic overload of rotational speed during load shedding in comparison with the traditional scheme.


We synthesized polymethacrylate containing imidazolium salts via three aromatic rings in the side chain. A smectic phase is shown for the polymer having imidazolium salts with Br anion. Temperature dependence of ionic conductivity for the polymers is observed. The ionic conductivity of the polymers increased with increasing temperature. The ionic conductivity of the polymersis about 10−9–10−8 Scm−1 near room temperature. The highest ionic conductivity of the polymers is about 10−5 Scm−1 at 130°C.


of their cognitive capabilities, and form a critical attitude to information. The importance of the use of interactive methods for the formation of critical thinking skills, problem analysis, collective cooperation and a creative approach to problem solving has been analyzed. As a result of the implementation of these meth - ods, there is an increase in the quality of educa - tion and students' readiness for the challenges of modern journalism. Key


Viral hepatitis is a general category for a diverse but related group of infectious agents that are extremely common in Sub-Saharan Africa in general and Cameroon in particular. Hepatitis viruses B, C, and D can all be transmitted via sexual contact. Percutaneous and premucosal exposure to infective body fluids e.g. blood, saliva, semen, and vaginal fluids, are primary transmission routes. Hepatitis A (HAV) is not a sexually transmitted disease but is included in this section for completeness.


Thermodynamic-driven filament formation in redox-based resistive memory and the impact of thermal fluctuation on switching probability of emerging magnetic memory are probabilistic phenomena in nature. Therefore, process of binary switching in these nonvolatile memories are considered stochastic that varies from switching-to-switching. Moreover, position-dependent, spatially correlated, and distance-dependent variation in these electron devices, like advanced CMOS processes, provide rich in-situ spatiotemporal stochastic characteristics. Based on a partial characterization of the switching variation, this preliminary work presents highly scalable neuromorphic hardware based on crossbar array of 1-bit resistive elements as distributed stochastic synapses. The network shows the ability to emulate selectivity of synaptic potentials in neurons of primary visual cortex to the orientation of a visual image. The proposed model could be configured to accept a wide range of emerging non-volatile memory technologies.


It is proved that geophysical techniques are prompt,accurate and economically effective for detecting unexploded ordnance(UXO).This paper summarizes the characteristics and effects of defection for UXO with geophysical techniques in the world today,including ground-based high precision magnetic survey,electromagnetic methods,geological penetrating radar(GPR) and micro-gravity.It also introduces the development of detection for UXO using airborne magnetic and electromagnetic surveys abroad.Finally it gives some suggestions and caution for carrying out detection for UXO on the basis of practice and previous experience.


As the demand for online postgraduate education is continuously rising, authors Swapna Kumar and Kara Dawson challenge the assumption that online professional doctoral programs are less rigorous than traditional ones and offer a model for post-graduate digital education in which scholarly thinking is embedded in the research and practice of the professional.


To fully extract information of panel data from special dimension and time dimension, we provide a multivariable panel data ordinal clustering method based on the Fisher ordinal cluster theory. The innovation of this paper is that we reconstruct Ward function by Frobenius norm and make empirical research on identifications of competitive strategies and strategic evolution by using the financial data of appliance-wiring listed companies. We first reduce strategic variables of total asset turnover ratio, fixed asset turnover ratio, Gross margin, R & D propensity and turnover ratio of operating expense on income by factor analysis and make ordinal clustering according to factor scores. Then, we find the turning point in the fitted curves of pure technical efficiency calculated by Malmquist DEA for the companies that are consistent with the strategic turning points of the ordinal clustering result. The empirical results illustrate that the method is valid in identifying competitive strategies and identifying the time at which competitive strategy began to evolve. In sum, both low-cost and differentiation strategy exist in the appliance-wiring industry, but, some listed companies have no obvious strategy. Strategic evolution exists in some appliance-wiring listed companies.


Exploring the roots of Pentecostal theology, the article contends that it is an oversimplification to understand Pentecostalism as a linear extension of the Wesleyan Holiness revival movement of the nineteenth century. Next to other influences, such as fundamentalism and Keswick theology, it is argued that the modern Pentecostal movement owes a considerable debt to the Reformed tradition. This view is substantiated by invoking the theology of John Calvin, Theodore Frelinghuysen, Jonathan Edwards, Edward Irving, Charles G. Finney, and Abraham Kuyper. However, a central issue with regard to Reformed theology remains in cessationism, a view which is debated in this article by following the works of Jon Ruthven.


In recent years, international policy-making bodies, including UN agencies and major donors, have been vocal in demanding gender-disaggregated water-use data, a requirement that is also receiving attention in academic research. Although the data sought is presumably macro-scale official statistics of sectoral water consumption divided into male/female categories, the structure of such data and the means of collecting them remain unclear. The demand for gender-disaggregated data has arisen at a time when feminists have urged researchers to exercise caution in how they generate data, what might be considered as data, and what that information signifies to the users. Feminist scholars also caution against the "knowledge effect" produced by numerical data: an overwhelming conversion of complicated and contextually variable phenomena into unambiguous, clear, and impersonal measurements. Heeding their concerns, I argue in this article that the generation of official statistics cannot be the aim; in order to understand gendered water use, particularly at the microscopic scale of the household, tools must be consistent with broad feminist goals and ideologies. This would necessitate not merely the aggregation of statistical data – referred to here as "counting" – but also consideration of the circumstances in which it occurs and its envisioned purpose and authorship, typified by questions such as "where does the counting take place?", "who counts?" and "what purpose is the counting for?". This research reflexivity and transparency is crucial, lest the numbers subsume decades of hydro-feminist insights by reducing gender equity to simplistic and replicable technologies. To substantiate my argument, I give examples of two recent "counting exercises" undertaken in India and Australia that were based in feminist philosophy and practice.


This thesis discusses three aspects of Chinese tulou heritage management. Tulou are traditional fortified multifamily dwellings prevalent in southern Fujian. It first examines the tulou interpretation prevailing in southern Fujian. Based on building studies, oral history, genealogies and interviews, it tries to reconstruct a relatively complete landscape biography to describe the essential episodes of built environment evolution in the Hekeng River Valley. This biography highlights the part non-tulou architecture and non-agricultural economic forms have played in the evolution of the settlement environment. It then discusses the regulations and laws which may have direct impact on not only the built heritage but also the life of local lineage society. It criticizes the harsh control of the local government over local people's built heritage and their environment in the name of heritage preservation. It then moves on to examine the roles of different stakeholders in the heritage framework concerning the use of local people's built heritage. It explores the possibility of reaching equilibrium among all the heritage players in the form of contracts, and offers some suggestions to the stakeholders getting involved in the tulou management issues.


In preparat ion for this d iscuss ion, the author reviewed the informat ion submitted by more than 36 day and resident c a m p s from outs ide the N e w York area. Through his o w n direct exper ience there was also available detailed information on 35 resident c a m p s under various Jewish sponsorships and s o m e 30 days c a m p s conducted by J e w i s h c o m m u n i t y c e n t e r s a n d Y M Y W H A s in the N e w York area.


Key messages • This paper brings together evidence on the links between social norms and sexual and reproductive health (SRH), as well as between social norms and women's economic empowerment (WEE), with a particular focus on Cuba. Social norms intersect with SRH and WEE in multiple ways and can contribute to the success or failure of interventions targeted at each of those two areas. While some social norms are disabling or discriminatory, others are enabling or more positive.


This study aims to describe proportional reasoning skills and students' difficulties in solving proportional reasoning problems. The population of this research was 3480 seventh-grade students of state junior high schools in the Yogyakarta region. The samples were 158 students chosen using proportionate stratified random sampling that represent four categories of school (very high, high, medium, low) based on the average scores of the national examination in mathematics in 2016. Data were collected through essay tests and interviews. Data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The result showed that the students in very high and high category schools had moderate proportional reasoning ability. Students in medium and low category schools had low proportional reasoning ability. Students' difficulties in solving proportional reasoning problems vary based on the type of the problem, such as the difficulty in finding the multiplicative relationship contained in the problem, the difficulty in understanding the value of inverse proportion, and the difficulty in explaining the obtained solution of the problems.


We synchronized the kinetic and the strain-driven growth instabilities in the SiGe∕Si(001) heterosystem to implement a two-stage self-organization scheme for the fabrication of long-range-ordered SiGe islands. In the first step, a homoepitaxial Si buffer is grown under optimized step-bunching conditions on a 4° miscut Si(001) substrate. In the second step, SiGe is deposited under conditions that yield three-dimensional island growth in registry with the underlying step-bunching template. By varying the deposition temperature of the SiGe layer, the nucleation phase of the islands could be resolved: At 4° miscut along [110] the slope of the step-bunching areas is most favorable for their disintegration into trains of adjacent (1¯05) and (01¯5) facets upon pseudomorphic overgrowth with SiGe. This strain-driven step meandering instability is a precursor of the SiGe islands, which evolve during further coarsening. At high enough deposition temperatures, we find face-centered, rectangular island ordering that i...


We evaluated an 82-year-old man with a 3-week history of acute onset of excessive tearing and mild difficulty closing the right eye. Past medical history included a squamous cell carcinoma of the right pre-auricular region, which had been excised 2 years earlier (1.8 cm in diameter, tumor-free margins). He subsequently underwent regular follow-up visits without evidence of recurrence. Neurologic examination revealed mild weakness of the right orbicularis oculi and frontalis muscles. General examination was unremarkable, including skin inspection and palpation of cervical and submandibular lymph nodes and of the right parotid gland. Needle electromyography (EMG) demonstrated prominent fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves in the territory of the temporal branch of the right facial nerve (orbicularis oculi and frontalis muscles), with markedly decreased recruitment in those muscles. EMG of the right orbicularis oris and mentalis muscles was normal. A 3-Tesla contrast-enhanced MRI scan of brain, temporal bones, face, and neck was normal. Over the next 8 weeks, the patient's right facial palsy (FP) became complete (grade VI on the HouseBrackmann scale). He also reported sensory impairment in the territory of the right great auricular nerve. Needle EMG demonstrated worsening, with prominent fibrillation potentials, positive sharp waves, and no recordable voluntary motor unit potentials in the right orbicularis oculi, frontalis, orbicularis oris, and mentalis muscles, but with sparing of the posterior auricular muscle, suggesting a possible extracranial lesion. A repeat contrast-enhanced MRI scan and a subsequent positron emission tomography (PET) scan were normal. The patient then underwent a transcervical transparotid incisional biopsy of the main trunk of the right facial nerve, of its temporal and zygomatic branches, and of the great auricular nerve. Histopathologic examination revealed extensive perineural invasion of the facial nerve and the great auricular nerve by a poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (Fig. 1A and B). The patient was offered a radical surgical treatment, but he declined. He was then treated by external beam radiotherapy. The FP was still complete 2 years after onset. Perineural spread (PS) of head and neck skin cancer is well recognized even if rare (5% of cases), with squamous cell carcinoma being the most common type. Cancer invades nerve sheaths and spreads in a contiguous fashion within the perineurium, without lymphatic or hematogenous spread. Spread of the tumor can be either centrifugal or centripetal, sometimes with apparent skip areas. Once the tumor cells reach a ganglion, a branch point, or are close to a contiguous nerve, they can spread proximally, distally, or along the contiguous nerve. Clinical evidence of such spread manifests as cranial neuropathy in 30%–40% of patients with pathologic evidence of PS; the fifth and seventh cranial nerve are most commonly involved because of their extensive distribution, but virtually all cranial nerves can be invaded, including the oculomotor nerves and the lower cranial nerves. There are rare case reports in the literature of an isolated FP as the sole presentation of PS from a previously excised head and neck cutaneous malignancy. In the absence of cutaneous signs of disease recurrence, these patients can be misdiagnosed as having Bell's palsy. Our case highlights some clinical clues of a neoplasm as the cause of an FP in a patient with a history of a previously excised head and neck skin lesion. The selective and partial involvement of individual branches of the facial nerve is suggestive of a neoplastic etiology, in contrast to the total facial nerve involvement typical of Bell palsy. A slowly progressive course or the lack of recovery should also raise suspicion for a neoplasm. The progressive involvement of multiple cranial nerves mandates extensive investigations to rule out an underlying invasive disease. It has been suggested that communicating branches between the facial nerve and the trigeminal divisions or the cervical plexus may allow the spread of carcinoma of the skin between the motor and sensory systems of the head and neck. Our case highlights the presence of well-described anastomotic branches between the facial and the great auricular nerve. Other factors may delay the clinical suspicion of PS as the cause of FP. The primary tumor may have been excised long before (2 years in our case); in some cases the patient may report an erroneous diagnosis of a benign skin lesion. Furthermore, there are often no skin VC 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


The invention discloses a method and device for automatically selecting extra-high voltage alternating-current and direct-current drop points. The method comprises the steps of reading in optional alternating-current and direct-current drop points nearby a transformer substation according to electric power system load flow data files, using circuits between the optional alternating-current and direct-current drop points and the transformer substation as data of newly-added circuits, counting the number of the optional alternating-current and direct-current drop points, determining the number of particles and the number of iterations of a particle swarm point selecting portion according to the number of the optional alternating-current and direct-current drop points, initializing the particle swarm point selection portion, generating position vectors of point selection particles, updating the alternating-current and direct-current drop points, determining the number of particles and the number of iterations of a particle swarm line selection portion, and the like. According to the method and device for automatically selecting the extra-high voltage alternating-current and direct-current drop points, an alternating-current and direct-current drop point access system and a corresponding wiring mode are considered at the same time, and compared with an existing method, the method is more comprehensive and better in economical performance of the obtained result.


Virtual reality (VR) has garnered increasing attention as a pedagogical tool for language learning. Yet, despite the many affordances of using virtual reality learning environments (VRLEs), there remains a paucity of research investigating the use of VRLEs for English for academic purposes (EAP). While BALEAP '19 conference presentations related to VR were well attended, suggesting there is interest in VR and EAP, many practitioners and researchers may be hesitant to explore using VR for EAP due to difficulties in selecting suitable equipment, understanding VR related terminology, and selecting or creating appropriate VRLEs for their pedagogical and research purposes. The objective of this article is to reduce the difficulty of some of these initial obstacles by providing overviews of relevant literature, VR terminology, technology, and software, as well as providing examples of potential uses of VR for EAP and a framework for investigating VR in EAP pedagogy and research.


Throughout the history, scholars who investigate Wang bi already make great achievements. Based on "Lao-zi Zhu," scholars incorporate Wang bi's thoughts into Daojia of early Qin or even metaphysics. Nevertheless, the debate about the connotation of Wang bi's thought does not quiet down vet when Wei Jin metaphysicians discuss the topics as "communication of Confucianism and Daojia" "annotation of I-Ching based on Lao-zi's idea," "Zi-Jeng and Ming-Giao" and so on. Moreover, being a thinker who is particular about method and systematic thinking, we believe that Wang bi is not only an intermediary between Confucianism and Daojia but also enthusiastic to assume his own character. Therefore, how to properly analyze the connotation of Wang bi's "Lao-zi Zhu" becomes an important task. The researcher employs "thread of thought" as research method in order to present the issues of Wang bi's thought vertically but not horizontally as habitually practice in the field. Thus, the issues discussed are aggregations of ideas with causality but not either-or among issues and categories. The motive of the thread development is not because of the time succession but the expansion of the meaning or the permeation into different domains. As mentioned above, this study will explore the development and connotation of thread of thought in Wang bi's "Lao-zi Zhu" based on "contradiction of physical phenomenon," "establishment of ontology," and "practice of metaphysical rule."


Rakita, Milan. Ph.D., Purdue University, December 2013. Mechanisms of Microstructure Formation Under the Influence of Ultrasonic Vibrations. Major Professor: Qingyou Han. Positive effects of ultrasound on crystallization have been known for almost 90 years. Application of ultrasound has been very successful in many industries, most notably in chemistry, creating a new branch of science – sonochemistry. However, ultrasonication has not found wide commercial application in the solidification processing. The reason for that is the complexity of underlying phenomena and the lack of predicting models which correlate processing parameters with the properties of a product. The purpose of this study is to give some contribution toward better understanding of mechanisms that lead to changes in the solidifying microstructure. It has been found that, under experimental conditions used in this work, cavitation-induced nucleation is the major contributor to the grain refinement. Ultrasonication at minimal supercoolings is expected to give maximal grain refinement. Dendrite fragmentation has not shown to be a significant contributor to the grain refinement. Dendrite fragmentation is maximal if done by bubbles that come in contact with the solidifying phase, or that are created there. Alloys/solutions with long solidification interval, or wide mushy zone, are expected to exhibit more dendrite fragmentation. Bubbles are recognized as a crucial feature in ultrasonication. Their size distribution in the liquid phase prior to ultrasonication dictates the cavitation threshold and intensity of cavitation. For the first time, radiation pressure has been recognized as potentially significant factor in grain refinement. In the experimental setup used in this study, acoustic pressure at the main (driving) frequency is not substantial to cause significant fragmentation, and only dendrites close to the sonotrode were fragmented. However, application of ultrasound with frequencies that are


book, it is unsurprising that no contributing author is entirely against the uniting of theory and history. Certainly, a range of considerations and practical difficulties bringing theory and history together are well problematized and explored in a number of chapters. The reader finishes this book with a sense of the potential for interdisciplinary research both between theory and history, and with wider disciplines. One is left with the feeling that interdisciplinary researchers now have some additional material to add to their arsenal, and should feel bolstered in their belief that legal theory and history are excellent bedfellows. However, sceptics of interdisciplinary approaches are far less likely to read this book at all and where they do, there is enough counter material in later chapters of the book to enforce the belief that theory and history are essentially incompatible, or that one serves the other rather than being equal partners. Certainly, legal history is presented time and again as a useful contributor to legal theory. What this book does very well is to highlight the spaces within which there is potential for research. It is too soon to say whether this book will initiate a more substantial intellectual movement, bringing together legal theory and legal history, but it is certainly a very good start. One way Lobban and Del Mar may effectuate such a movement might be through greater inclusivity in any future editions of this book, or future events in the field. Pirie and Douglas-Scott are the only two female contributors to this book which continues a trend in recent legal history collections of female colleagues being notably absent. Given that one of the aims of this book is to bring researchers together, the dearth of female contributors is worthy of consideration. This book provides well-researched and well-written weapons for the arsenal of the interdisciplinary researcher, but the long-term effectiveness of this collection will very much depend on how many sceptics of interdisciplinary research the book reaches. I shall certainly be recommending it to my legal theorist colleagues.


Objective:To investigate and analyze the metabolic syndrome patient's periodontal condition in Liaoning province. Methods:120 metabolic syndrome patients were requested to fill a questionnaire. Periodontal status was evaluated by measuring probing depth(PD),clinical attachment level(CAL),sulcus bleeding index(SBI),Simplified oral hygiene index(OHI-S)and mobility(M). Results:The prevalence of periodontitis was 95.0%. 20 subjects suffered with initial periodontitis.156 subjects suffered with moderate to advanced periodontitis. The mean PD and CAL of 120 subjects were 2.92±0.67mm and 2.87±1.31mm.57.1% of subjects lost at least one tooth. The factors related to periodontitis were age,gender,smoking,resident district,fasting plasma glucose,oral glucose tolerance test,2h plasma glucose and total cholesterol. There was no relationship between the severity of periodontitis and education. The majority of subjects didn't experience any periodontal therapy. Conclusion:Periodontal status was significantly worsened in patients with metabolic syndrome. It was very important to develop an education program on oral healthy for metabolic syndrome patients in Liaoning province.


The development of the voice signals is used to diesel engine fault diagnosis virtual instrument based on fractal theory.The build of hardware terrace and the design of software terrace based on mix-programming by LabVIEW and MATLAB were described.The software terrace composed by four modules,the collect of voice signals,the pretreatment of signals,the distill of fault character and the fault diagnosis.The G-P computational method of fractal correlation dimension was expatiated in the distill of fault character module.The tests of the diesel engine fault diagnosis show that the correlation dimension of diesel engine voice signals varies with the change of engine operating conditions,and it can be used as a characteristic parameter in fault diagnosis,so this virtual instrument can diagnose the fault rapid and effective.


SOIL conservation issues resurfaced in the United States during the 1970s when crop acreage expanded by more than 20 percent to meet a 132 percent rise in agricultural exports. This large, rapid expansion in cropland acres generated concern that increased soil erosion might impair the nation's long-term foodproducing capability.

In recent years the agricultural market situation has changed dramatically, but erosion persists. And concern about erosion has not subsided. Indeed, many people view the current period of overproduction as an opportunity to deal with the erosion problem.

Proposals for solving the problem generally fall into two categories. One group of proposals presumes that society can and should expect farmers to practice conservation in exchange for farm price supports and other assistance. A typical proposal in this category is cross-compliance between conservation and commodity programs. In reality, minimal cross-compliance is now required: Acreage reduction programs require the idled acres be put to some approved conservation use. The usual stipulation is that the farmer plant a cover crop on the idled land.

Other proposals go further, for example, by expecting the farmer to pay for improved conservation practices in exchange for program benefits, so long as the …


Energy and angular doubly differential cross-section data of fragments (secondary charged particles heavier than α particle) production for proton- and neutron- induced reactions are of importance for dosimetry and the evaluation of radiation effect such as single event upset (SEU) by cosmic ray because of their large local ionization. However, experimental data on the fragment production are very scarce due to experimental difficulties of fragment detection, i.e., low yield, and large energy loss in samples. For the reason, almost all of past experimental data were obtained by the activation method that does not provide energy and angle information. Furthermore, theoretical calculation treating fragment production is very few and uncertain. Therefore, it is important to obtain reliable experimental data of differential cross section of fragment production. Typical methods for the charged-particle production cross-section measurement are 1) the activation method and 2) the counter telescope method (∆E-E method). The activation method can be applied only to some reactions that result in radioactive residual nuclei and does not provide the energy and angle information. The method of 2) has been applied for the secondary light charged-particle measurement generally. In the case of fragment measurements in ten's of MeV energy region, the application of the method is very difficult due to the energy loss in the ∆E detector and the small detector solid angle. Therefore, an experimental method adequate for fragment measurement is required. For fragment detection, we adopted 1) a Bragg curve spectrometer (BCS) providing almost all information on the particle with a single counter and 2) an energy-time of fight (E-TOF) method having the capability of mass identification in almost whole energy region


The activity of the extracellular enzymes β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, phosphatase, and leucine-aminopeptidase were measured on the epilithic biofilms of the Breitenbach. Differences in the degradative enzymatic metabolism between microhabitats were observed. V max values for the four enzymes were higher in the open, higher water velocity site (A), than in the open, low water velocity site (B) and the forested site (C). The higher algal biomass accumulated at site A might provide a higher substrate availability enhancing the hydrolytic capacity of the heterotrophs. A different organic matter source is suggested at site C as a result of the important leaf fall input during the study period (October-November 1995), expressed by the high polysaccharide degradation capacity and a lower β-xylosidase: β-glucosidase ratio at this site. On average, turnover times of substrate hydrolysis (T t ) for the four enzymes were: 80 hours (β-xylosidase), 19 hours (phosphatase), 17 hours (β-glucosidase) and 5 hours (aminopeptidase) indicating slow recycling of hemicellulosic compounds in contrast to the faster utilization of proteinaceous compounds.


A regional and statistical based algorithm for texture image segmentation was proposed. The Voronoi tessellation was used for partitioning the domain of an image into sub-regions corresponding to the components of homogenous regions, to which the texture image needs to be segmented. Bivariate Gaussian Markov random field(BGMRF) model, static random field, and potts model were employed to characterize the interactions between two neighbor pixel pairs in a sub-region, and among sub-regions, respectively. Following Bayesian paradigm, a posterior distribution, which models the texture segmentation for a given texture image, was obtained. A metropolis-hastings algorithm was designed for simulating the posterior distribution. Then, texture segmentation was obtained by maximum a posterior(MAP) scheme. The proposed algorithm was tested with both of synthesized and real texture images. The results are qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated and show that the proposed algorithm works well on both of texture images.


Language change is universally acknowledged and has become the major tenet of sociolinguistics. Language change occurs in different ways and places for different reasons. The social factors which language change is tied to are complicated complex including: social class, sex, age and so on. Among them the first three are seen as fixed categories that remain stable in the research of language change and also are the factors will be discussed in this paper. The purpose of this piece of paper is to examine the language change affected by the three main social factors and the standardization and to provide a clear and helpful overview of the relationship of language change and society. It will also point out the weak points in every aspect therefore provides more insight to the further researches in this field.


The utility model relates to a multi-shell-side and tube side multi-media mixed heat exchanger, which mainly solves the technical limited problems of existing tube heat exchangers. Tube-side heat exchanging pipe bundles of the heat exchanger are divided into groups, each group pf the pipe bundles is filled with different tube-side media, and respectively independent inlets and outlets of the tube-side media are arranged on a tube box, thereby truly realizing simultaneously heat exchanging of a plurality of media in the same machine, solving the problems of reduced heat exchanging efficiency caused by heat conducting of split-side insulation boards of a multi-shell-side heat exchanger and a multi-tube-side multi-media heat exchanger under different temperature media, and reducing heat loss. A shell-side cylinder space of the heat exchanger is arranged in a partition manner by the split-side insulation board to form serially connected area passages to be used for accelerating shell-side flowing speed and increasing heat exchanging efficiency.


The novel catalysts for ethylene polymerization,late transition metal catalysts based on Ni(Ⅱ),Pd(Ⅱ) incorporating α- diimine ligands and Fe(Ⅱ),Co(Ⅱ)incorprating pyridine diimine ligands have been reviewed. Their composition and structure、the mechanism of catalysis for ethylene polymerization、the influence of their ligands bulk and reaction conditions for the polymerization have been discussed respectively according to the difference of their ligands.


Objective To evaluate the left ventricular long-axis(LVLA) function in patients with essential hypertension(EH) complicating type 2 diabetes mellitus(type-2 DM) by using two dimensional strain imaging and investigate its clinical significance. Methods This study consisted of 30 healthy volunteers(group Ⅰ),35 with EH(group Ⅱ) and 35 with EH complicating type-2 DM(groupⅢ).Two-dimensional grey-scale dynamic images were recorded from the apical four-chamber view,two-chamber view and LVLA.The global peak systolic longitudinal strain rate(GSrL S),the global peak early diastolic longitudinal strain rate(GSrL E) and the global peak LV systolic longitudinal strain rate during atrial systole(GSrL A) were measured using two dimensional strain imaging. Results Compared with groupⅠ,the GSrL S and GSrL E in group Ⅱ decreased(F=15.58,17.11;q=3.39-4.48;P0.01) while GSrL A increased(F=14.74;q=3.46;P0.05).Compared with groupsⅠandⅡ,GSrL S and GSrL E in group Ⅲ decreased(q=3.76-8.28,P0.01),while GSrL A increased(q=4.35-7.64,P0.01). Conclusion Two-dimension strain imaging technique can quantitatively detect the whole strain of myocardium of left ventricle,and accurately evaluate early changes of function of LVLA in patients with EH complicating type-2 DM.


The lung is a vital organ which by nature of its function is more exposed to the external environment than any other organ in the body. Its defenses against inhaled inanimate or live (infectious) particles include both specific and nonspecific mechanisms, the former being the immune response. Prominent among the pulmonary diseases caused by the inhalation of infectious agents is tuberculosis. Tubercle bacilli have long been associated with chronic granulomatous inflammation of the lung.' Koch's classical studies established that animals infected with tubercle bacilli become specifically sensitized in that on intradermal injection with tuberculoprotein, they react with a specific inflammatory response.2 This dermal tuberculin hypersensitivity reaction was later recognized as a manifestation of a particular type of immunological response called delayed hypersensitivity. While tubercle formation and tuberculin hypersensitivity became the hallmark of tuberculosis, the relationship between the two remained a mystery. Numerous investigators employing different lipid fractions of tubercle bacilli showed the formation of granuloma-like inflammations in normal animals. Tuberculoproteins, however, were devoid of such activity and it was therefore concluded that, in tuberculosis, granuloma formation is due to the irritative action of the lipid constituents of the bacilli.3-5 After the discovery of the beryllium and zirconium granulomas 6, 7 it was conceded that granuloma formation in certain circumstances is a manifestation of hypersensitivity, yet its relationship to the delayed hypersensitivity immune response remained unclear.8-10 Schistosomiasis is a helminthic disease characterized by chronic granulomatous inflammation. These granuIomas form around the parasite eggs which are deposited in the blood stream and lodge in the tissues of the infected host. Because of its size (150 X 60 p ) the schistosome egg cannot be ingested by macrophages. It contains a living, antigen-secreting embryo which does not replicate in the mammalian host but is disseminated by the blood stream. Schistosome eggs isolated from infected livers and injected intravenously into mice evoke large, typical granulomas consisting of lymphocytes, macrophages, epithelioid and occasional giant cells and eosinophils in 8-16 days.ll The lesions in the lungs are well circumscribed and their diameters can be measured in stained histologic sections by means of a device fitted onto the eyepiece of the microscope. Using this system it was demonstrated that granuloma formation was both accelerated and augmented after previous exposure to eggs, that the reaction was specific (no enhanced reaction occurred when mice were previ-


The addition of hydrolyzed collagen in wheat flour can contribute to increase the protein content of a bakery product and promote the improvement of physicochemical and rheological parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the technological characteristics, physical and physical-chemical properties of wheat flour added of hydrolyzed collagen for the production of breads. We analyzed the effect of adding a percentage of 1.5%; 3.0%; and 4.5% in wheat flour in wheat flour quality and breads developed. It was found that the protein content when the concentration of collagen was elevated, the sample with 4.5% of collagen obtained 14.93% of protein content. The hydrolyzed collagen increased the index gluten content, resistance to extension, development time and stability of the dough, however, it decreased the percentage of water absorption of flour. There was an increase in the volume of the breads and reduced hardness, which ranged from 10.50 (N) to the bread without addition of hydrolyzed collagen to 8.50 (N) when the incorporation was 4.5%. The breads obtained averages greater than 7.0, therefore, within the acceptability range in all sensory attributes evaluated. In baking tests the breads without the addition of collagen hydrolyzate obtained 73,69 points, with the addition of different concentrations of collagen, the values were decreased to 64.51 points to the sample with 4.5%. Therefore, the addition of hydrolyzed collagen in bread formulations becomes an alternative to enrichment of the product, increasing the protein content, without harming significantly the rheological properties of the flour and the bread quality aspects.


The review summarizes experimental data on the phase formation, structure and properties of new complex oxide compounds group – triple molybdates containing tetrahedral molybdate ion, two different singly charged cation, together with tri- or divalent cation. The several structural families of these compounds were distinguished and it shown that many of them are of interest as luminescent, laser, ion-conducting or nonlinear optical materials.


A new ceramic mould design and manufacturing technique is proposed on the basis of the traditional process by incorporating rapid prototyping and reverse engineering in CAD/CAM.The CAD/CAM-based technique has been used in the manufacture of a purple clay teapot prototype as an example by reverse engineering.Results show the technique can effectively shorten the design and manufacturing process,thus greatly improving the ceramic production efficiency.


This work presents a study based on patent filings as a resource for identifying technological trends in the field of radiation dosimetry for a view of the state-of-the- art techniques, in addition to the main actors involved and patent search process in the area of ionizing radiation. It aimed to make an analysis of patent portfolios to outline an application scenario for the knowledge developed in the area. It was carried out through consultation using the Questel Orbit search and analysis system having the word "dosimetry" and its similars, by semantic similarity, for the years between 1999-2019. The results are discussed regarding the main deposits, depositors, time evolution, technological segments and geographic coverage. They point out that companies that operate simultaneously in the area of energy power generation and medical applications have a significant contribution to the production of patents. Studies focused on the development of dosimetric systems move several technological segments, mainly environmental and medical technology.


Asbestos is one of the materials causing ecological stress. Due to its health harmfulness, an effective, ecological, and economic decomposition is highly desirable. One of the decomposition possibilities is a chemical decomposition, which could compete with commonly used thermal decomposition. The chemical decomposition can be accomplished both with the use of pure chemicals and waste chemicals from production technologies. This work deals with the use of technological wastes containing hydrofluoric acid or fluorides. Fluorides release hydrofluoric acid in the acid medium, which acts as the main decomposition medium. The source of fluorides was waste from the glass and metallic material industry. The efficiency of degradation processes was studied by mass analysis. Materials and decomposition products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction.


The purpose of this study is to verify the differences in occupants' attention depending on indoor air temperature and to examine the time variance. The experiment was conducted from March 21 to April 17, 2011 in the artificial climate chamber with the air temperature controlled as 24.0℃ or 20.5℃. Subjects were 32 healthy males aged from 21 to 29 without medical history of neuropsychiatric disorder. Those subjects took the test on continuous performance(CPT) and academic performance while their electroencephalograms(EEGs) were being measured for 70 minutes. 7 spots (Fp1, Fp2, T3, T4, Cz, Fz, Pz) of frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe were measured and sorted out according to frequency through power spectrum analysis and, followed by the analysis on attention ((SMR+M.Beta)/Theta) and relative power. As the result, a slightly cooler thermal environment would be favorable than a comfortable thermal environment 70 minutes performance of attention task.


A February afternoon in medical outpatients. Seventeen follow ups and six new patients. And there was a new senior house officer (SHO) to show the ropes to. A German, from Dresden.Very nice chap, unusually curious about war time England. Yes, there had been some excitement in this fenland market town about one particular incident at that time. In fact, one of the clinic patients expected that day had previously told me about it. Billy B had been on antiaircraft duty in Grantham in 1942 defending a tank factory. They had seen almost no action, but one night a stray German bomber on the way home from Coventry had famously been …


The present paper aims at investigating the photocatalytic degradation of aqueous phenol solution in the fixed bed photo reactor by using the cement adhesive catalyst TiO 2 under a high pressure mercury lamp. The relation between the photo degradation and some other factors have also been studied in this paper in terms of the content of dioxide titanium, the initial pH in phenol solution, water flow as well as the concentration of Fe 3+ through an orthogonal test. The testing results we have gained indicate that phenol is remarkably photolized under the condition of the experiment and the degradation efficiency proves to be as high as over 80 percent, which has greatly contributed to the determination of the optimal process parameters of treatment. In addition, the fixed catalyst of TiO 2 would not fall off after being illuminated for 70 h and the TiO 2 had no significant loss in the photocatalytic activity. Thus, the test can be used as a new method to prepare immobilized TiO 2 photocatalyst.


Abstract The importance of ages 0-3 years of child life is considered the cornerstone of all dimensions of health for the rest of the child's life, which is the period in which children grow rapidly and there are many changes in every aspect of development. The purpose of this study is to learn the factors that are relevant to the design of toys for kids aged 0-3 years from development, behavior of children, and the characteristics of children's toys that are suitable for the ages, including safety. The researcher studied the guidelines for the design of kid's toys that were appropriate to the age range. This research is a combination that uses both quantitative and qualitative methods. The results of the study after trying playing toy sets from the study of toy design factors in kids aged 0-3 from 230 samples by observing behavior from a total of 80 children, then synthesizing the data for use in the design process, and evaluating by the parents of 150 children, found that it was at a good level, with average value (x̄= 4.17, SD = 0.39). When comparing with playing toy samples from the Toy Industry Association of Thailand, it was found that there was a moderate level of satisfaction with the mean of 3.42 (x̄= 3.41, SD = 0.61), and statistically significant at 0.05 level in all aspects. In conclusion, toys for kids in the age range of 0-3 years resulting from the study of 3 factors in toy design: development and behavior, playing methods, and safety are important links between each other. Development and behavior of children are consistent with the play methods because they affect the physical development of children by age, and safety in the design of toys is able to prevent the danger that could occur to kids.


Land use and land-cover changes (LULCC) are one of the important causes of urban climate change, often represented by urban heat islands (UHI) in megacity areas, including Jakarta-Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of LULCC on the UHI phenomenon in Jakarta city by employing the remote sensing technique. This study is significant as a means to monitor climate change due to urban development, and would be useful to urban planners.We have analyzed the LULCC and UHI phenomena in Jakarta using Landsat satellite data in 1989 and 2002. Principal methods employed in this research are unsupervised classification, overlay matrix, boxplot statistical analysis for LULCC and thermal remote sensing for surface temperature (Ts) estimation. LULCC that indicated in 1989 was dominated by vegetation (26655 ha), but in 2002 dominated by residence (27399 ha), resulting from the expansion of the residence area (3407 ha), industry (1549 ha) and waterbody (262 ha) along with the decrease of vegetation area from 26655 to 21437 ha (-5218 ha). In both 1989 and 2002, distribution of UHI with high Ts (larger than 30°C) is seen in the central area of the city where buildings, roads, and other non-vegetation surface types are dominant. The area of UHI in 1989 is around 8453 ha, but in 2002 expanded to 56834 ha. The lower surface temperature found in vegetation and waterbody areas.


UCRs are a subset of conserved sequences (100% between orthologous regions of human, rat and mouse genomes) located in both intra- and intergenic regions. There are 481 UCRs described and more than 50% of all the UCRs (256/481) has been classified as non exonic (with no evidence of coding protein), while the other 47% have been designated either exonic (overlap mRNAs of known genes), or possible exonic (with no clear evidence of overlap with protein coding genes) (Bejerano et al, Science 2004). Recently, our group reported that a subset of transcribed UCRs is aberrantly expressed in leukemia (Calin et al, Cancer Cell 2007). Because of the high degree of conservation, the UCRs are likely to be functional and may be involved in the phylogeny of mammals. Since hematopoiesis is regulated by signaling pathways and transcription factors that are highly conserved throughout phylogeny, we hypothesize that UCRs may be differentially expressed in hematopoietic tissues and may play a role in the regulation of this process. In this study we analyzed the UCRs expression in normal hematopoiesis by performing microarray analysis of hematopoietic precursors (HPCs) obtained by culturing human bone marrow (non-mobilized) CD34+ selected cells with different cytokine combinations for 2 weeks to stimulate differentiation to the erythrocyte (E), megakaryocyte (MK), monocyte (M) and granulocyte lineages (G). The following cytokine combinations were used: E (TPO/SCF/IL-3); G (G-CSF, GM-CSF, SCF, IL-3, IL-3); MK (TPO, SCF, IL-3) and M (M-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-3 and SCF). Differentiation to the selected lineages was monitored every 3 days using morphology, special staining (benzidine) and flow cytometry analysis using appropriate lineage specific antibodies. Human bone marrow CD34+ and peripheral blood (PB) CD3+ (pan-T cells) and CD19+ (B-lymphocytes) selected cells were obtained from 3 different donors. Total RNA was obtained from the E and M cultures at days 7, 9, 11 and 14; G (days 10 and 14) and MK at day 14 and was hybridized in duplicate to the UCRs microarray chip (OSU version 4). After normalization of the array data with quantiles we analyzed the data using the BRB tools. Unsupervised analyses of the data revealed that samples segregated mainly in 6 main clusters corresponding to the M, E, G and Mk lineages, PB lymphocytes and CD34+ cells. Next we performed a series of two class analysis where we compared the UCRs expression of CD34+ cells vs. differentiated cells (E, G, MK, M, T and B-lymphocytes) one at a time (i.e. CD34+ cells vs. E). In table 1 we showed the top UCRs differentially expressed between in vitro differentiated HPCs/PB lymphocytes and CD34+ cells (+ or − sign reflects if the UCRs is in the sense (+) or antisense orientation (−). Table 1 These signatures were highly predictive since only few UCRs (mean 24) were able to predict the lineage of origin with no error (mean percentage of correct classification: 100%) after cross validation using multiples algorhytm (Class prediction within BRB). We validated the array results for uc.283+, uc.285+ and uc.161+ in a panel of differentiated CD34+ HPCs and CD34+ cells using qRT-PCR. In summary we have characterized the UCRs expression during hematopoietic differentiation of HSC and identified distinctive signatures associated with particular lineages. This research has the potential to identify novel regulators of hematopoiesis and may give insights into basic biology of gene expression and cell fate determination.


Layered heterostructure materials with two different functional building blocks can teach us about emergent physical properties and phenomena arising from interactions between the layers. We report the intergrowth compounds KLa$M$$_{1-x}$Te$_{4}$ ($M$ = Mn, Zn; $x\approx$ 0.35) featuring two chemically distinct alternating layers [LaTe$_3$] and [K$M$$_{1-x}$Te]. Their crystal structures are incommensurate, determined by single X-ray diffraction for the Mn compound and transmission electron microscope (TEM) study for the Zn compound. KLaMn$_{1-x}$Te$_{4}$ crystallizes in the orthorhombic superspace group $Pmnm$(01/2${\gamma}$)$s$00 with lattice parameters $a$ = 4.4815(3) A, $b$ = 21.6649(16) A and $c$ = 4.5220(3) A. It exhibits charge density wave (CDW) order at room temperature with a modulation wave vector $\mathbf{q}$ = 1/2$\mathbf{b}$* + 0.3478$\mathbf{c}$* originating from electronic instability of Te-square nets in [LaTe$_{3}$] layers. The Mn analog exhibits a cluster spin glass behavior with spin freezing temperature $T_{\mathrm{f}}$ $\approx$ 5 K attributed to disordered Mn vacancies and competing magnetic interactions in the [Mn$_{1-x}$Te] layers. The Zn analog also has charge density wave order above room temperature with a similar $\mathbf{q}$-vector having the $\mathbf{c}$* component ~ 0.346 confirmed by selected-area electron diffraction (SAED). Electron transfer from [K$M_{1-x}$Te] to [LaTe$_{3}$] layers exists in KLa$M_{1-x}$Te$_{4}$, leading to an enhanced electronic specific heat coefficient. The resistivities of KLa$M_{1-x}$Te$_{4}$ ($M$ = Mn, Zn) exhibit metallic behavior at high temperatures and an upturn at low temperatures, suggesting partial localization of carriers in the [LaTe$_{3}$] layers with some degree of disorder associated with the $M$ atom vacancies in the [$M_{1-x}$Te] layers.


Keywords . Odor, Pigs, Diet, Manure, Protein, Amino Acids, Fermentable carbohydrates Odor from pig manure creates a serious nuisance for people living near pig farms. Odor is a mixture of various compounds, of which 4 groups may be the major contributors: sulfurous compounds, indolic and phenolic compounds, volatile fatty acids, and ammonia and volatile amines. Odor is evaluated both sensorily (odor concentration, intensity and hedonic tone) and chemically. Odor originates mainly from microbial conversion of protein (CP) and fermentable carbohydrates (FC) in the intestine of pigs and by microbial conversion of urinary and fecal compounds in the manure. There is increasing interest in reducing odor at the source by altering diets. In four different experiments, dietary factors were investigated for effects on odor emission, odor intensity and hedonic tone and ammonia emission from growing and finishing pigs' manure. Lowering dietary CP level from 18 to 12% and supplementing essential amino acids (AA) reduced odor emission by 80%. Supplementing sulfur-containing AA at a level of three times the animal requirement increased odor emission by 723%. Diets with low levels of CP and sulfur-containing AA increased odor hedonic tone (producing less unpleasant odor). Dietary CP and FC had an interactive effect on odor emission. At a high dietary CP level, increased FC level decreased odor emission, while at a low CP level, increased FC level increased odor emission from pig manure. Ammonia emission from pig manure was reduced by a low dietary CP level and supplementing most essential AA and by increasing dietary FC. The correlation between odor emission and ammonia emission was low and deemed non-significant. Dietary approaches which are efficient in reducing ammonia emission may have no or even opposite impacts on odor reduction. From our studies, we can conclude that sulfurous compounds were the most important odorous compounds causing odor nuisance. When minimal diet requirements are met, dietary alterations did not affect animal performance. Altering multiple dietary factors and evaluating their correlations affecting odor production and emission is more efficient in odor nuisance reduction than altering a single dietary factor. Dietary alterations are shown to be very effective in reducing odor nuisance from pig manure.