Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), isolated in the late 1980s, predominantly causes myelocytic myeloid leukosis in meat-type chickens. In the past 10 years, ALV-J infection has become very widespread, causing serious problems to the chicken meat industry. Previously, we have shown that turkey cells can be infected in vitro with Rous sarcoma virus pseudotypes of ALV-J. In this paper, we extend those observations to show that turkey monocyte cultures can be transformed in vitro with acutely transforming ALV-J strain 966. We also show that turkeys are experimentally susceptible to infection with ALV-J prototype strain HPRS—103. However, neoplastic lesions were not observed in these birds, probably due to the short experimental period of 10 weeks. When inoculated into 1-day-old turkey poults, acutely transforming ALV-J strain 966 induced tumours between 3 and 4 weeks after infection. Most of the birds showed tumours involving the liver, with histopathological lesions of myelocytomatosis. The demonstration of the spread of HPRS—103 by contact among turkeys, although observed only at low levels in the present study, stresses the importance of segregation of turkey and chicken breeding operations to avoid the spread of ALV-J infection.


In their respective treatments of the amateur household play The Humorous Magistrate, Mary Polito, Jean-Sébastien Windle, and Margaret Jane Kidnie have noted several significant differences between the two extant manuscript versions.1 In addition to lacking the prologue and epilogue that appear in the Arbury 414 version (itself heavily revised), the copy purchased by Edgar Osborne omits one character entirely, a figure described by Polito and Windle as 'Scottish Jony, a horseman'.2 This omission entails the removal of hundreds of lines; none of the character's speeches are reallocated to other characters, nor are the dialogues in which he takes part reproduced even partially in the later copy's version of the play. As with any apparent omission or emendation in two versions of any playtext, the omission of Jony raises questions about the agent or agents responsible for the differences we detect; the differences themselves likewise invite consideration of the impact of such lacunae on the plays' plot and thematic content. Moreover, much like the variants found among printed plays produced and licensed for performance at the public theatres, the differences between the Arbury and Osborne copies encourage us to examine social and historical contexts as well as other literary works as factors that may have occasioned variants in the manuscripts. Polito and Windle have presented convincing cases for dating each manuscript, establishing the Arbury copy's composition between 1632 and 1637, and the Osborne's composition shortly after 1640.3 The range of likely dates for both manuscripts locates the composition and revision of the play within a period of escalating conflict between England and its neighbour to the north and growing discontent between subject and crown within England itself. Because the play offers two examples of amateur household drama in manuscript form, Jony's presence and absence may also provide insight into the lives of English subjects in the country in those years. Jony's character is


For ultrasonic NDE modeling, it is useful to be able to generate realistic rough surfaces in order to model the scattering from them. Previously, rough surfaces have been simulated, usual ly in two dimensions, by a line profile on a cross-section of the surfaces whose heights follow an ideal probabilit y distribution. Three-dimensional rough surfaces can be reconstructed by random f ields, but they are generally more difficult to generate because of the multiple directionality on he surface and expensive computational cost due to the additional dimension. However, rough surface generation, rather than li ne profile generation, is becoming more accessible due to recent investigations i n ra dom field theory and rapid increase in computation speed over the last decade. In this paper, rough surfaces are g ener ted, simulating real surfaces. Firstly, the basic theory of surface generation is ntroduced. Then, rough surfaces are reconstructed based on the statistics of real surface samples. Rough crack s can lso be generated and introduced in a finite element domain, and an example of scattering from a crack is simulated using a generic hybrid method for an ultrasonic inspection.


The ag-biotech industry underwent considerable consolidation in the last decade in part to take advantage of economics of scale and scope. The paper investigates the impact of such consolidation on inventive activity at the firm level. Careful attention is paid to the role of firm size, technology diversification and spillovers in the innovation process.


In this work, we carry out a multi-wavelength study of a sample of candidates to embedded young stellar objects (YSOs) in the galactic molecular cloud associated to IRAS 18236-1205 source. We used the Spitzer/MIPS 24 µm image to identify candidates to embedded YSOs in the molecular cloud defined by 13 CO(J=1-0) intensity maps, and compiled/carried out photometry of these sources in 2MASS, IRAC and MIPS bands. We defined two active star-forming sites in the molecular cloud: one at the location of the IRAS source, and other to the North-West of the IRAS source both associated to infrared dark couds (IRDCs). These regions shows a phenomenology according to the "Hot Molecular Core" early phase of the high mass star-formation scenario.


Policy analysis for the Congress is a timely subject. Several policy initiatives have emerged recently from the "first branch." Others have demonstrated an independent capacity for analysis that is impressive by historical standards. This article introduces a practitioner symposium of three related works on policy analysis for Congress, with appropriate commentary by a distinguished veteran. It argues that because timing is crucial in the congressional policy process, anticipation and advance preparation are central to the effective use of analysis. The other articles illustrate the stages of advance preparation-of the policy analyst, the congressional environment, and the Member for voting-in the form of case studies.


Abstract. Atmospheric correction is a necessary step for deriving surface geophysical parameters. The aim of this paper is to study the atmospheric correction of Landsat-8 imageries released by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences. A look-up table (LUT)-based atmospheric correction method on Landsat-8 OLI is proposed. The LUT is generated with 6S model with inputs including total atmospheric water vapor content, ozone, and aerosol optical thickness (AOT) from MODIS atmospheric level 2 products. The conventional method to build up the atmospheric parameter LUT usually only takes part of the factors (e.g., AOT) into consideration, whereas it is not applicable in the atmospheric correction using per pixel of MODIS products as input atmospheric parameters. Thus, a five-dimensional LUT, which considers most input parameters, is built up and has high universality for the Landsat-8 OLI sensor. Finally, spectral analysis, comparison to U.S. Geological Survey-released surface reflectance (SR) products, and field observations are used to validate the quality of the model-computed SR. The validation results indicate that the proposed method can effectively generate accurate and reliable SR results, although there is an overcorrected problem in the costal blue region when the AOT value is very high.


22, 23, and 24, I937.) Pp. IOI. Baker, George Pierce. The Formation of the New England Railroad System: A Study of Railroad Combination in the Nineteenth Century. (Published under the joint auspices of the Graduate School of Business Administration of Harvard University and the Railway and Locomotive Historical Society.) (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1937.) Pp. xxxi+283. Balderston, C. Canby. Profit Sharing for Wage Earners. (New York: Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., 1937.) Pp. xii+I57. Bernstein, E. M. Public Utility Rate Making and the Price Level. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, I937.) Pp. x+I42. Gayer, Arthur D. Monetary Policy and Economic Stabilisation: A Study of the Gold Standard. (2d ed., rev.) (New York: Macmillan Co., I937.) Pp. xv+288. Graham, Benjamin. Storage and Stability: A Modern Ever-normal Granary. (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., I 937.) Pp. Xviii+ 298. Gras, N. S. B. The Massachusetts First National Bank of Boston, I784-I934. "Harvard Studies in Business History." (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1937.) Pp. xxiv+768. Henig, Harry. The Brotherhood of Railway Clerks. (New York: Columbia University Press, I937.) Pp. X+300. Holladay, James. The Canadian Banking System. (Cambridge: Bankers Publishing Co., 1938.) Pp. XV+29I. Hull, Justus Miles. Subsidies to Education under Present Fiscal Conditions. (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.) (Philadelphia: Privately published, 1937.) Pp. ii6. Innis, H. A. (ed.). Labor in CanadianAmerican Relations: The History of Labor Interaction by Norman J. Ware; Labor Costs and Labor Standards by H. A. Logan. (Prepared under the direction of the Division of Economics and History, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.) (Toronto: Ryerson Press; New Haven: Yale University Press, I937.) Pp. XXXViii+2I2. Knight, Melvin M. Morocco as a French Economic Venture: A Study of Open Door Imperialism. (New York: D. Appleton-Century Co., Inc., I937.) Pp. X+244Konkle, Burton Alva. Thomas Willing: And the First American Financial System. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, I937.) Pp.


Mechanization of citrus harvesting drastically reduces production costs. Shaking machines are commonly used for this operation in USA and are starting to be used in Spain, yielding around 70% of total fruit to be harvested. However, it is necessary to optimize such machines in order to increase their rates of fruit detachment, reduce the damage to the bark of the trees and preserve the quality of the fruit. Computer vision systems can help in this task by registering video sequences of the vibrating motion produced by the shakers on individual fruit in the canopy until they fall down. A slow motion camera is used in this work to register video sequences. All the images that compose each sequence are segmented and processed using high speed techniques. In each of the images, the contour of the main object (fruit) is deducted and the point of the insertion of the stem detected. The XY coordinates of the fruit centroid and the angle between the vertical and the stem-centroid axis is also calculated. These parameters are the basis of a study to understand how the fruit is really affected by the shaking produced by the machine.


To date, the direct synthesis of conductive metal–organic frameworks (C-MOFs) has been a very challenging task, which limits the applications of MOF materials in the field of electronics. In this study, we have incorporated the guest molecule (iodine) into the micropores of an indium-based MOF, which resulted in an enhancement of electrical conductivity by about a thousandfold. Optical band gap energy was lowered by ∼58% through this I2 uptake process. Combined experimental and theoretical studies confirmed the presence of I2 molecules inside the pore. DFT calculations showed that the dispersive interactions between thiophenedicarboxylate linkers and I2 facilitate to hold the I2 unit inside the cavity and give higher binding energy, which give rise to a new pathway for charge transport.


The present invention relates to a smart power saving device which monitors and controls electricity consumed in an electric power equipment installed in a household, a building and a city facility. The smart power saving device of the present invention comprises: a central control unit for monitoring and controlling electricity consumed in a number of electric power apparatus; an electric power control unit which is comprised in each pre-set space unit and controls electric power in an electric power apparatus in the space; a sensing unit for sensing the environment in the space; a delivery unit which delivers information collected from the sensing unit and the electric power control unit to the central control unit, and delivers a control signal provided from the central control unit to the electric power control unit. The central control unit includes a number of application service programs which integrate and process the information and provides the processed information for a user. Each module and task are realized independently so that the multiple application service programs are to be able to be added, updated and changed dynamically according to a request of the user. [Reference numerals] (IT) Internet


Dr. Entrican and colleagues (September 2 p. 487) do not mention the smoking history of the patients surviving myocardial infarction nor does the accompanying editorial suggest that smoking may in part explain "why coronary victims as a group tend to have low mean H.D.L.-cholesterol despite having high mean plasma concentrations of oestrone and oestradiol." However Arntznius et al. have described the independently additive effects of smoking and hormonal alterations due to oral contraceptive use in lowering mean H.D.L.-cholesterol values in women. Also 12 of 15 patients in the Phillips study cited by Entrican et al. were smokers though in that study no attempt was made to ascertain whether smoking per se might be linked to hyperestrogenemi. What was the estrogen status of Entricans male smoker and nonsmoker age-matched controls compared with that in smokers and nonsmokers surviving myocardial infarction??(FULL TEXT)


NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR), a novel SAR concept will be utilized to image wide swath at high resolution of stripmap SAR. It will have observations in L- and S-bands to understand highly spatial and temporally complex processes such as ecosystem disturbances, ice sheet changes, and natural hazards including earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, and landslides. NISAR with several advanced features such as 12 days interferometric orbit, achievement of high resolution and wide swath images through SweepSAR technology and simultaneous data acquisition in dual frequency would support a host of applications. The primary objectives of NISAR are to monitor ecosystems including monitoring changes in ecosystem structure and biomass estimation, carbon flux monitoring; mangroves and wetlands characterization; alpine forest characterization and delineation of tree-line ecotone, land surface deformation including measurement of deformation due to co-seismic and inter-seismic activities; landslides; land subsidence and volcanic deformation, cryosphere studies including measurements of dynamics of polar ice sheet, ice discharge to the ocean, Himalayan snow and glacier dynamics, deep and coastal ocean studies including retrieval of ocean parameters, mapping of coastal erosion and shore-line change; demarcation of high tide line (HTL) and low tide line (LTL) for coastal regulation zones (CRZ) mapping, geological studies including mapping of structural and lithological features; lineaments and paleo-channels; geo-morphological mapping, natural disaster response including mapping and monitoring of floods, forest fires, oil spills, earthquake damage and monitoring of extreme weather events such as cyclones. In addition to the above, NISAR would support various other applications such as enhanced crop monitoring, soil moisture estimation, urban area development, weather and hydrological forecasting.


Eco-environmental sustainability, a fundamental management concept, has become important in achieving competitiveness. Assessing and quantifying its benefits in terms of materials and products significantly influences future improvement and takes further resolutions. This study conducts a literature review to understand the various statistical approaches used to estimate eco-efficiency performance. The study guides sustainability analysts and practitioners in understanding various advanced approaches and techniques to assess eco-environmental sustainability. Conclusions and recommendations for future research were extracted and documented.


A group withdrawal method in the multicast transmission environment and an apparatus for supporting the same are provided to enable a set-top box of the IP multicast transmission environment to monitor whether multicast data is actually used, and then automatically perform the withdrawal from an IGMP group, if the multicast data is not used. An impedance matching part(232) solves the impedance difference between a voltage measurement part(234) and an LVDS signal voltage or amplifies a corresponding current through the LVDS signal voltage impedance matching to enhance the convenience of the voltage measurement. The voltage measurement part measures whether the voltage of each line is changed or not. A controller(238) detects the difference between the positive input voltage and negative input voltage of a fed back LVDS signal, determines that a display unit is terminated if the voltage change does not exist, and then requests the compulsory withdrawal from a corresponding IGMP group by an IGMP group withdrawal message to a multicast router of the IGMP group in which the corresponding set-top box is subscribed.


A low-order Kalman filter model based on modulation is presented to detect real-time disturbances of short-term power quality.αβ transform result of three-phase voltage is decomposed into the fundamental signal and modulation signal.Then two characteristics of modulation signal replacing each harmonic are taken as new state variables.It reduces model orders and improves speed of transient response.Considering the characteristic of filtering error which occur mutation when there is a transient signal,the method of filtering error ratio threshold is introduced to judge initiative and terminative time of transient.Then system noise matrix Q is adapted automatically in order to reduce model error and restrain radiation.Simulation results of Matlab show that the new method has higher accuracy of steady-state and faster speed of transient response than general Kalman filters and low-pass filters.


This article aims to describe the phonemes and segmental sounds of Taliabu language in Taliabu Island, North Maluku Province. This research uses descriptive methode, data collection methods and techniques are carried out using interviews, documentation, and literature study.The results of this study indicate that in the Taliabu language there are vowels, consonants, diphthongs and phonotactics. Vowels in Taliabu language, namely / a / e / i / u / o / have complete distribution, can occupy all positions and consonants, / p /, / b /, / t /, / d /, / c /, / j /, / k /, / g /, / f /, / s /, / h /, / m /, / n /, / l /, / r /, / w /, / y /, / ŋ /, mostly only occupy the initial and middle positions. Apart from vowels and consonants in Taliabu, there are also diphthongs / au /, / oi /, / ou /, and the phonotactic system in Taliabu Language is in the form of VKV, KVK, KVKV, KKVKV, KVKVKVV, KVV.


Lord Acton and the First Vatican Council: a Journal. Edited by Edmund Campion. (Studies in the Christian Movement, 1). Pp. xvi + 76. Sydney: Catholic Theological Faculty, 1975. Aust. $15. This is the first volume in a projected series, Studies in the Christian Movement, to be published annually by the Catholic Theological Faculty, Sydney. It is a journal, found recently in the Cambridge university library, maintained by Lord Acton from the time of his arrival in Rome before the first Vatican Council, in the autumn of 1869, until 24 January 1870. The editor concludes his Introduction by stating: 'Acton's religion is the last unopened box in the Chinese puzzle of his life. The journal of 1869—1870 puts that box before us and challenges us to get it open' (xvi). The metaphor is overblown, as is the following descriptive passage: 'They stream across the pages of this journal, the bishops of Vatican I, as they must once have streamed across St. Peter's square' (xii-xiii). The journal's contents are of significant value, however, for anyone who wants to pursue the political maneuvering at the council. Acton was very well-informed, although he had no official status in Rome. He was particularly indebted for his information to his brother-in-law, count Louis Arco-Valley, attache to the Bavarian legation, and to the Prussian ambassador, count Harry Arnim. It was Acton who, in turn, provided Dollinger with much of the material that found its way into the pages of the Allgemeine Zeitung.


The Saxion University of Applied Sciences recently started its "Safety at Work" project. Its objective is to increase safety in the workplace by combining and applying state-of-the-art factors from Ambient Intelligence, Industrial & Product Design and Smart Materials [1].The human factor plays a significant role in safety. Safety is related to incidents happening to people who get injured or even die. 97% of the cases in which an injury occurs [2] concerns something that happens is within someone's control. Many incidents at work are often the result of human behavior: how people interact with each other, and how people cope with risks and guidelines. Industrial environmentsneed to be organized in such a way that people behave safely in an automatic way and that safety becomes a habit. Encouraging safe behavior starts with safe products.However, in many cases this is not sufficient, and incidents still occur. Therefore, communication is often an effective medium that target people's conscious mind. One cost-effective, asynchronous, and persistent way of communicating with people is through ICT. The approach to changing behavior through ICT is termed PersuasiveTechnology. We focus on ambient aspects of safety: influencing people in an invisible (unconscious) way so as to make industrial environments safer.Literature distinguishes between individual aspects of safety (attitudes, individual differences) on one end, and environmental aspects of safety (safety climate, supervision, work design) on the other end [3, 4]. Depending on several factors, like the safety culture of a company, type of workers, and management involvement, theseaspects contribute to safe behavior. Looking at these factors, we argue that a right mix of them contributes to improving safe behavior. Hence, our main research question is: In which ways can people in work environments be influenced to behave more safe, with the use of technology?
This paper was written for and presented on the International Conference on Persuasive Technology in Sydney Australia, 3-5 April 2013.


The variability of equatorial ionosphere has been examined by using ground based geomagnetic fleld data of horizontal and vertical fleld inten- sities obtained at the isolated terrestrial equatorial station of Ibadan (07.22 - N 03.58 - E). The values of Sq daily variation rises from the early morning period to maximum at about local noon and falls to lower values towards evening. The ionospheric current responsible for the magnetic fleld variations is inferred to build up at the early morning periods and attain maximum intensity at about local noon. The daytime variation in resultant solar quiet daily variations Sq in horizontal and vertical fleld intensities Sq(H) and Sq(Z) respectively were generally greater than night time. The rising rate of the ionospheric Sq cur- rent is generally greater than the decay rate. The vertical daytime ExB drift velocity in the ionospheric F region and the daytime strength of the equatorial electrojet are inferred to have seasonal variation. The scattering of variation is more on the disturbed condition than the quiet condition. This is obviously due to the ionospheric disturbances originating from external drives, such as, space weather efiects, storms, etc. The seasonal variation is attributed to seasonal shift in the mean position of the Sq current system of the ionospheric electroject and the electrodynamics efiects of local winds. Magnitude of the annual means is greater in element H than Z at any given condition.


Automatic target detection (ATD) systems process imagery to detect and locate targets in support of intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and strike missions. Accurate prediction of ATD performance would assist in system design and trade studies, collection management, and mission planning. Specifically, a need exists for ATD performance prediction based exclusively on information available from the imagery and its associated metadata. In response to this need, we undertake a modeling effort that consists of two phases: a learning phase, where image measures are computed for a set of test images, the ATD performance is measured, and a prediction model is developed; and a second phase to test and validate performance prediction. The learning phase produces a mapping, valid across various ATD algorithms, which is even applicable when no image truth is available (e.g., when evaluating denied area imagery). Ongoing efforts to develop such a prediction model have met with some success. Previous results presented models to predict performance for several ATD methods. This paper extends the work in several ways: extension to a new ATD method, application of the modeling to a new image set, and an investigation of systematic changes in the image properties (resolution, noise, contrast). The paper concludes with a discussion of future research.


In Australia, enteric methane from ruminants represents 11% of total agricultural GH emissions. Practical ways of reducing methane emissions from ruminants in Australia are required to enable the livestock industries to reduce their carbon footprint. When rumen microorganisms ferment feed organic matter, they generate the reduced cofactor NADH which is in equilibrium with rumen H2. In ruminants, the H2 is normally removed by the reduction of CO2 to form methane. However, NO3 (present in some fresh pasture forage) has a higher affinity for H2 than CO2 and, when it is present, H2 is first used in the reduction of NO3 to NO2 and NO2 to NH3 thereby reducing the production of methane from CO2. After reviewing the literature and considering the potential for NO2 poisoning, Leng (2008) concluded that supplementation of ruminants with NO3 (as an alternative to urea) is entirely feasible. This study therefore examined digestion, microbial growth and methane production in sheep given a diet of chaffed oaten hay supplemented with iso-nitrogenous amounts of KNO3, urea, or both N sources. Eight Merino wethers (38.6 kg, SE 2.4; aged 3 years with long-established rumen fistulas) were housed in metabolism cages in 2 rooms (15-20C, continuous lighting) and allocated to 2 treatment groups. Two isonitrogenous diets based on chaffed oat hay were prepared. A diet with 4% added KNO3 was prepared by sprinkling a solution of KNO3 onto the hay while it was stirred in a rotary feed mixer. Another diet (0% KNO3) was similarly prepared using a urea solution so that 5.54 g N was added per kg hay for both diets. The sheep were gradually acclimated to the NO3 containing diet over 18 days. The daily ration (1 kg/d air-dry feed) was delivered to both groups of sheep in equal portions each hour by automatic feeders during a 4-day digestibility trial, and every 2 h while the sheep were in respiration chambers to determine their methane output.


The method of predicting the blasting fragmentation is presented based on the simulation test of smaller field. Through regressional analysis, the predicting equation of blasting fragmentation is established between blasting fragmentation distribution and seven variables including the rock-crack, sorts of explosive, borehole space, excessive borehole etc. At the same time, according to the above predicting equation, the calculation formulae of block rate, average degree of fragments and p_(80), k_(50)are obtained, the equation has been verified by some practical blasting, so it is valuable in predicting fragmentation distribution and optimizing the blasting in practice.


The influence of the ambient temperature in engine room and the amount of engine room ventilation on the operation of marine main diesel engine was analyzed briefly, and the countermeasures of the start of cold engine and the engine precautions under extremely cold ambient temperature condition were introduced, for example,scavenge air bypass/blow-off and exhaust gas bypass. Finally, the management measures of engine room ventilation system were given.


The aim of study is to investigate candidate teachers' metaphors about project concept in Turkey. Study group of research is 171 candidate teachers enrolled 2011-2012 educational terms one of the faculty of education in Turkey. Data was obtained from the c andidate teachers' completion of the sentence " Project is like ..., because ... ". For analysing the data quantitative and qualitative research methods were used. At the results of research, 79 different metaphors were determined about Project in which 9 conceptual categories. The most produced metaphors' categorizes that as a constantly developing (14 metaphors), as a being a useful (14 metaphors), as a need to effort (12 metaphors), as a leading the way and target (10 metaphors), as a need to harmony and collaboration (9 metaphors) respectively. Some regulations, at school of education for being accurate perception and positive attitude toward project, will provide effectively implementing of "scientific research project" which is important educational tool s for gifted education.


Introductionin march 2012, atop a hill on Balliceaux island in St Vincent and the Grenadines, Belizean-born Garifuna healer Lucia Ellis gave thanks for being alive. Balliceaux is an inhospitable place, devoid of fresh water, natural shelter and consumable plant life. In July 1796, British forces interned 4,776 prisoners on this desolate island, which was hours away from St Vincent even on a frigate. An epidemic swept through the camp and only 2,248 prisoners were still alive by March 1797, when they were exiled to Central America. Lucia, like the Garifuna people of Central America and the diaspora today, descends from these survivors.1Lucia spoke during a pilgrimage to Balliceaux, which was organised by St Vincents Garifuna Heritage Foundation. The participants included Garifuna and Caribs from St Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Honduras and the United States, as well as non-indigenous Vincentians and academics from the Caribbean, North America and Europe.2 Indigenous Vincentians shared stories of the discrimination they endured in St Vincent. I grew up in Barbados, half an hour by plane from St Vincent. Legend has it that Africans from a wrecked slave ship bound for Barbados escaped in St Vincent and became ancestors of today's Garifuna people. Nevertheless few Barbadians know of the Garifuna or think much about Barbados's pre-colonial history as part of an indigenous system of life, yet Barbados and St Vincent share a genocidal history that forms a key basis of modern statehood. This essay is about the Garifuna/'Carib' people between 1492 and the late eighteenth century. Most of the analysis centres on the sub-archipelago of southeastern/Lesser Antillean islands that was their ancestral territory, known in the early colonial period as the Carib bees, Charaibes, Caraibes and Caribes. 3 The Lesser Antilles' histories of enslavement and colonisation fit the 1951 United Nations definition of genocide as an attempt to "destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group".*The late Michel-Rolph Trouillot observed that "the word history offers . .. an irreducible distinction and yet an equally irreducible overlap between what happened and that which is said to have happened . . . The ways in which what happened and that which is said to have happened are or are not the same may itself be historical." s For Trouillot, a full grasp of a historical event's meaning requires exploration of its two-sided historicity, made up of "the materiality of the sociological process (historicity 1) [which] sets the stage for future historical narratives (historicity 2)".61 examine the 'two-sided historicity' of three acts of annihilationist violence committed between 1493 and 1797 by (in order of occurrence) the Spanish, the French and the British against indigenous Lesser Antillean people.I explore these three incidents as acts of genocide (historicity 1), as well as the material for a genocidal historical narrative (historicity 2), which is a version of history that seeks to complete the work of the original act of genocide, even if that may not be the intention of those who repeat the narrative. These three encounters were part of imperial Europe's 'Carib archive', which transformed the defeat of even the smallest Carib contingent into a moment representing the annihilation of the Carib people "in whole or in part". The translation of military defeats into widely recognised symbols of racial annihilation helped colonial authorities to dispossess the descendants of Caribbean aboriginal people of legal claims to redress or rights based on Carib ancestry.Taino activist Jorge Estevez condemned historians' "'paper genocide'. . . With the stroke of their pens, the legacy of my ancestors was wiped out."7 This paper illustrates that genocidal anti-Carib narratives survive because a diverse range of agents who engage publicly with the past reproduce them - historians, of course, but also filmmakers, visual artists, poets and government officials. …


In a recent paper some experiments on the rate of evaporation of positive ions of the alkali metals from a hot tungsten surface were described, and, from the temperature coefficient of the evaporation rate the positive ion work function, the work required to remove a positive ion from the surface, was derived. In the experiments described here the method has been extended to investigate the rate of evaporation of potassium atoms from a tungsten surface, and the atomic work function has been measured. Theory . Consider a hot tungsten surface on which an atomic beam of potassium is incident, and let a negative field be maintained at the surface to prevent positive ions from evaporating. Under these conditions potassium can leave the surface only in the atomic state and the surface concentration will thus go on increasing until the rate of evaporation is equal to the supply in the incident beam, when an equilibrium state will be set up. The equilibrium surface concentration N a ∞ will be given by N a ∞ = Q/ a , where a is the atomic evaporation rate for unit surface concentration, and Q is the intensity of the incident beam. The corresponding ionic surface concentration is N p ∞ = f N a ∞/ g = f Q/ ag , where f and g are quantities such that f N a ∞ is the number of adsorbed atoms which are converted into ions and g N p ∞ is the number of adsorbed ions which are converted into atoms on unit area of the surface per second. We shall, therefore, have f / g = ½ exp(—I s e / k T), where I s is the surface ionization potential, and the numerical factor ½ arises from the different weights to be attributed to the potassium atom and ion.


The three-dimensional (3D) deployment behavior of a shape memory polymer (SMP) was quantitatively characterized using 3D shape descriptors. 3D shape descriptor is a numerical value which represents and analyzes the shape information of a given 3D shape. A 3D deployable antenna was designed and fabricated using an epoxy-based SMP. First, the folding behavior of the antenna was observed during deployment in a device. At this time, its entire shape was scanned, processed, and converted into surface data. Two-dimensional (2D) (area and circularity) and 3D (compactness and cubeness) shape descriptors were calculated from the surface data and compared to determine if the 3D folding behavior of an SMP antenna could be adequately described by 3D compactness, which represents how compactly the SMP antenna was able to fold. In addition to 2D shape information, these data provide height information, resulting in a more accurate and sensitive characterization of the folding process. Finally, the 3D deployment behavior (folding-unfolding) of the SMP antenna was analyzed using a 3D descriptor. The shape fixation and recovery ratios of the SMP antenna according to the 3D descriptor were 100% and 99.5%, respectively, whereas those values evaluated with a one-dimensional descriptor, such as uniaxial strain, were 98.0% and 79.1%, respectively. These results demonstrate that a 3D descriptor (compactness) can adequately assess shape memory performance.


Within the genus Populus, about 30 species are classified into six sections, of which some are cross-compatible. Besides naturally occurring hybrids, huge breeding programs have led to a high number of artificially produced hybrids, for which the determination of genetically involved species by morphological characteristics is often difficult. This necessitates the use of molecular markers for the identification of both maternal as well as paternal species, and in the case of complex hybrids, the genealogy. For this reason, we developed new chloroplast and nuclear markers for the differentiation of up to 19 poplar species, with one to 32 individuals per species regularly used in breeding programs based on already known barcoding, other chloroplast regions, and nuclear genes of interest. We developed methods to identify species by either species-specific nucleotide variations or, when no initial information for the species was given, by using a set of markers either in a procedure of exclusion or in a multiplexed marker set. The developed markers can all be used with low-cost equipment, and some can additionally be applied using a genetic analyzer. We combined these markers in multiplexes for a very fast and easy-to-use application for the identification of poplar species and their hybrids.


"All behaviour has meaning" is one of the central tenants of dementia care research and education. Yet, the question, "What is behaviour?" is often left unasked within dementia care research, education, practice and policy. Drawing from perspectives in cultural gerontology, interpretive sociology and critical disability studies, this presentation theorizes 'challenging' assumptions about behaviour in discourses of dementia care. Our constructivist conceptual analysis of behaviour leads to a consideration of the behaviourist tradition in psychology, and the biopsychosocial model of dementia care and Thomas Kitwood's and Carl Rogers' seminal works on meaning, personhood and relationships. Within this tradition and these works, what behaviour means and why it matters is informed by ideas about adaptation and adjustment; concepts which posit behaviour as an expression (and measure) of the 'person-environment fit', and by virtue of that, a means of recognizing some people as out of place. Through unpacking the meaning of behaviour as a 'challenging assumption' in dementia care, we trace the relations between behaviour and personality. We contend that scholarly work of this nature within gerontology is critical to understanding the social significance of person-centred dementia care, and the challenges and opportunities a behaviourist approach poses for recognizing personhood in dementia.


A tomographic method flow distribution estimation from the data of time of flight of pulsed sound waves among fixed stations is examined for the case of plane flow detection in a water tank. The errors due to the limited number of stations and the effects of the use of a pseudoinverse method are examined under practical conditions. Experimental results showed the usefulness of the method in these cases.


Abstract : The Army is currently transforming at a breakneck pace to ensure it remains relevant and ready to meet the future threats and challenges of the new century. These monumental changes cut across the DOTMLPF (doctrine, organization, training, modernization, personnel and facilities). Quality training has and will always be a vital component of the Army's success. As the Soldier remains the centerpiece of the Army's formations, the Army must transform its training strategy to ensure that each Soldier is both tactically and technically proficient. Based on the historic changes associated with Army transformation, the Army is also revising its Non-commissioned Officer professional development program, but only has plans to modify its strategy as it pertains to tactical and leadership training. The Army must develop and implement a new technical training strategy to ensure that Soldiers remain technologically competent and can successfully function in the future force. It must, therefore, put as much effort and resources into training transformation as it does into the other elements of the DOTMLPF.


Three novel thin-film composite (TFC) nanofiltration membranes are prepared using an ultrafiltration membrane (UFM) of organic polymer resin polyacrylonitrile followed by a mineralization process. The UFM was hydrolyzed (H-UFM) and then transferred in dopamine (DA) and tris buffer (TRIS) solutions. DA–TRIS coating is further favorable for the growth of nanoparticles (NPs), titania (TiO2), and zirconia (ZrO2) on membrane piece surface. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was combined with an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) in order to provide important insights into the arrangement and potential functions of NPs, due to their unambiguous chemical signal, for possible characterization and modification of materials at the atomic scale. Depending on whether the top layer is made of TiO2, ZrO2, or both, the membranes are called, respectively, TFC-NFTitan, TFC-NFZircon, and TFC-NFTitanZircon. The three membranes under the optimized preparation conditions (30 °C, 12 h of hydrolysis time, and operating pressure of 0.6 MPa) exhibited high rejection and permeation performance. TFC-NFTitanZircon showed the highest rejection (89–95%) for divalent cations with the salt rejection sequence of , while the permeate flux is not less than . All three membranes demonstrated long-term durability under 120-h testing.


Objectives : The objective of this study is to find out the method and effects of fire needling on frozen shoulder in China. Methods : We searched journals using the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI) and PubMed. The keywords were a combination of "fire needling", "fire nee...


Like all articles in BMC journals, this peer-reviewed article was published immediately upon acceptance. It can be downloaded, printed and distributed freely for any purposes (see copyright notice below). which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Several common aspects of endothelial phenotype, such as the expression of


This article demonstrates how a cultural reading of consumption that focuses on the meaning and materiality of domestic indoor microclimates can contribute to conceptual developments in the field of practice theory that refocus attention on cultural patterns, including prevailing norms and prescriptions regarding indoor temperature and thermal comfort. Drawing on evidence collected during a research-led change initiative that encouraged people to reduce energy use in the home by lowering indoor temperature to 18°C, we deploy the heuristic device of "indoor microclimate as artifact" to show how the manifestation of this new artifact initiated significant changes in everyday practices that revolve around heating. We observe that these changes may also spill over into the public sphere – from home to workplace. By making the microclimate a tangible and visible thing, we describe how people appropriate and appreciate this new object of consumption, what it says about different bodies in diverse and bounded spaces, and what the artifact as a commodity reveals about broader systems of heating and energy provision, and associated actors. Due to the increasing spread of central heating and the growing importance of complex technological devices to monitor and control indoor temperature, heating is no longer a practice in and of itself for many urban dwellers in Europe. However, when people appropriate the indoor microclimate, new heating-related practices emerge that can lead to energy sufficiency. We thus argue that by deliberately "materializing" domestic indoor microclimate as part of a change initiative, more sustainable forms of energy use can be made to matter.


In order to resolve the low efficiency problem in machine learning,the parallel technology was inducted into for concept learning.After discussing the hypostasis of concept learning,feasibility and foreground of parallel concept learning were analyzed.Factors to be considered in building a parallel concept learning system were discussed;a specific instance— — concept description lan-guage was given;and finally,a parallel concept learning system based on this language was presented and its architecture and algorithm were discussed in detail.


Climate change changes the pathway to reach sustainable development. However, the spirit of sustainability is neglected in Taiwan’s education system, which ignored the relationship between climate change and sustainability. This study aims to re-examine the content of climate change education, integrate the concepts of sustainable development, climate change adaptation and transition niche in 12-Year Basic Education Curricula, in order to fill the gap between the international sustainable development trend and climate change education. The methods are literature review and data-gathering methods to understand the connotation through the implementation of international education for sustainable development and climate change education. Furthermore, climate change literacy questionnaires which examined the content validity by the experts were analyzed the sustainability assessment and indicators. At last, the combination of international sustainable development concepts, literacy surveys, questionnaires, is proved to be an effective design for climate change literacy of high school students.  As a result, these can be used as an important framework for designing effective educational strategies to improve students’ climate change literacy and raise their sustainability performance in their daily life.

Key Words: Education for sustainable development、Climate change education、Sustainability assessment and indicators、Climate change literacy


Invariance of the two component neutrino equation under continuous coordinate transformations was examined. The widest group under which the equation was invariant was found to be the relativistic conformal group. Explicit expressions for the transformed wave function ard equation are given. It is shown that, in contrast to the four component case, the wave function and its complex conjugate cannot mix. (auth)


A new heterogeneous catalyst based on a chemically modified mesoporous silica gel and possessing immobilised chromium ions has been prepared and successfully applied to the aerial oxidation of alkyl aromatics at atmospheric pressure and in the absence of solvent.


The growing relationship between prey and their predator is one of the important aspects in the field of ecology and mathematical biology. On the other hand, the utility of fractional calculus in different types of mathematical modelling have been applied extensively. In this paper, a fractional order prey–predator model is developed with the consideration of Holling type-I and Holling type-II functional response of the predator. As infection spreads through prey, the prey population is divided into two parts. In addition, we exploit the effect of harvesting to control the excessive spread of the infection. The existence and uniqueness criteria, the boundedness of the solution of the proposed model are investigated. A number of five possible equilibrium points of the proposed model are determined along with the feasibility conditions for each equilibrium points. The local stability at these equilibrium points and global stability at interior equilibrium point are investigated. Numerical simulation is presented with the help of modified Predictor-corrector method in MATLAB software to understand the dynamics of the proposed model.


Polarimetric scatterometer is new type of scatterometers which can further improve the wind retrieval performance by using the fully polarized signals echoed from the ocean surface. An end-to-end system simulation software is proposed and developed for the conically scanning fully polarized scatterometers in this paper. The simulation software can generate the simulated backscatter coefficients and perform wind vector retrieval. Simulation experiments indicated that compared with the traditional co-polaried scatterometer, about 4° improvement in wind direction retrieval can be achieved by the polarimetric scatterometer under the same input system parameters. Moreover, some backscatter measurement data from an aircraft flight test in China Sea were processed to verify the odd-symmetry property of the polarimetric correlation coefficients.


This paper presents a new method of implementing efficient 2–D FIR filters based on impulse respanse rounding. The new method reduces the computational time significantly as compared with the conventional method. In this paper, the design and application of the new method is discussed in detail. The advantage of the new method is demonstrated by an example of processing garment surface signals for objective evaluation of garment appearance.


In this article we study the security conditions of exams conducted in online environment. A statistical package is used to detect the security of online exams and the level of students cheating compared to the classical hardcopy type of exams. Two female sections of a management core course were employed in this study. Six different tests were given to the students. Section enrollment ranged between 28 and 35 students. The electronic testing deployment system under study is the one used at United Arab Emirate University (UAEU), namely the Blackboard learning system (Release 6.0). As far as cheating level and security issues, the results indicate very little difference between the traditional type of testing and the electronic online type.


The description and differentiation of habitat types is a major concern in ecology.  This study examined relationships between Bonobo Pan paniscus nesting patterns and forest structure in the Lake Tumba Swampy Forests. Data on presence of fresh Bonobo nests, canopy cover, canopy structure, tree densities and tree basal areas were collected systematically along 134 transects at 400m and 800m intervals, and the leaf-covered area (LCA) was calculated for each of seven forest types. I observed a significant correlation between bonobo nests and mixed mature forest/closed understory forest type (r=-0.730, df = 21, p <0.05), but not mixed mature forest/open understory, old secondary forest and young secondary forest.  Basal areas of non-nesting trees along transects did not differ significantly from those in sites where bonobos nested.  Higher LCA (55% and 55%) occurred in nesting sites when compared with non-nesting sites (39% and 42%) at elevations 4–8 m and 8–16 m above the soil.  There was greater leaf cover in the understorey at sites where bonobos did not nest, while there was greater leaf cover in the mid-storey at sites where bonobos did nest.


In this research, the antibacterial property of both crude and membrane processed seed extracts were investigated against Escherichia coli, Pseudosomonas aeruginosa Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The defatted seeds were prepared with water and the water extract obtained was passed through 0.45?m microfiltration membrane system. The antibacterial activity was done using the agar well diffusion. The effect of concentration of the extracts were determined, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) as well as Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was carried out. The result showed that the diameter inhibition zone ranges from 13mm to 30mm and increase in the seed extracts showed a corresponding increase in the inhibition of the bacterial strains. Statistical difference was found (P = 0.002) when the mean of antibacterial activity of the membrane processed seed extract against the bacterial strains was compared with the crude seed extract. Statistical results showed that membrane processed extract was more effective than the crude extract. The results of MIC and MBC values of membrane processed extract seed obtained shows that it was bactericidal against Pseudosomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and bacteriostatic against Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus respectively.


This article is a review of the role and importance of stock indices in encouraging and supporting financial innovations over the last 40 years. The analysis highlights the role of indices, financial engineering, statistical analysis, and the development of modern computing. It is based on an address at a conference on Financial Innovation sponsored by Rutgers University, New York City, November, 2004.


The aim of this paper is to develop a method to validate an equivalent internal circuit of the induction machine for advanced signal processing including fault diagnosis. The proposed method is based on the computation of the stator and rotor current spectra. An experimental set-up for a 11 kW induction machine was developed in order to get numerical data for axial leakage flux, voltages and currents from the stator side. The comparison between the simulation, the analytical computation and the experimental results shows the model capability to reproduce the electromagnetic phenomena in the induction machine. The proposed model can be used to design electrical fault detection devices with low cost and non-invasive sensors.


2555 Background: DT01 is a double stranded DNA oligonucleotide conjugated to cholesterol, which mimics "false" double strand breaks (DSB). DT01 triggers DNA repair proteins trapping, thereby inhibiting their repair activity. In non-clinical studies, DT01 showed antitumor activity as a single agent and in combination with radiotherapy (RT) in several tumor types including melanoma. No NOAEL could be defined. Methods: Subcutaneous peritumoral and intratumoral injections of DT01 were evaluated in combination with RT in a first-in-human phase I trial in patients (pts) with unresectable in-transit metastases of melanoma. Each pt received RT at a standard dose (3Gy/d 5 days/week for 2 weeks) on all selected tumor lesions, while only one or two tumor lesions were treated with DT01 3 times a week during both weeks of RT. A 3+3 dose escalation design was used. DT01 dose levels explored were 16, 32, 48, 64, and 96 mg. RT was given using a rectangular field by a linear accelerator. Tolerance was assessed using NCI C...


The aim of the study is to find out the communication management of Islamic Sharia Agency in Applying Women's Islamic Fashion in Banda Aceh. The result shows that the most girls' appearance in Banda Aceh still does not apply the rules as socialized by the Islamic Sharia Agency. The mismatch between the applications in appearance with the rules for Islamic appearance is certainly not only seen as a single violation, but more understood as a whole reality, as a social reality of communication. The reality of life is very dynamic and constantly changing. Changes in the way students look must be balanced with the rules in force. Offsetting can be circumvented through communication management.


This article offers the results of an analysis of SBDC client evaluations in Iowa. This analysis reveals a high evaluation of faculty and staff at SBDC's relative to other consultants and points out positive relative sales and job increases as a result of the program. It also concludes that there is a relative improvement in results with Increases In counseling hours and, particularly, hours spent on planning.


Large Scale Grazing Systems (LSGS) are cultural landscapes emerging from the interaction of human behaviour and natural resources. They are broadly defined as extensive systems of grassland management located mainly in harsh environments and marginal areas. LSGS represent a community of livestock farmers sharing productive forms, traditions and cultural values that, in turn, shapes the environment [1,2]. LSGS have changed over time under different disturbances and pressures and the path of change is an essential part of their identity.


Cold repeat binding factor (CBF) proteins, specifically binding to the cold repeat (CRT)/dehydration-responsive element (DRE), have been identified as a group of important transcription activators of plants which regulate the expression of genes in response to the cold, drought and high-salt stresses. PtCBF5 from Populus tomentosa was cloned by RT-PCR methods, GenBank accession No. DQ354395. It contained an ORF of 696 bp encoding 231 amino acids domain that showed the typical characteristics of CBF gene family. The transcripts of PtCBF5 were the most abundant mRNA products in leaves, however relatively scarce in stem and roots using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The shoots were treated with low-temperature, dehydration, NaCl, and ABA (abscisic acid). PtCBF5 gene could be greatly induced by low-temperature and dehydration stresses. Expression of PtCBF5 gene was increased in 30 min after freezing or drought treatments, and reached to a peak after 2 h in freezing or 6 h in dehydration. PtCBF5 may play very important roles in early signal transduction related to the cold and dehydration stresses.


Abstract This paper will focus on the management and improvement of equipment availability with better prevention of failures. It is focused on one of process control tasks: preliminary risks analysis. The result from this study is a method which empowered engineers and managers decision about actions to implement regarding negative events in their manufacture. The article proposes a risk based maintenance method, which relies on the regular and automatic update of equipments' risk analyses including equipment failure history. The associated aided decision tool is presented. The article is structured in four parts. After a risk management domain literature overview, the paper presents the new risk based maintenance method. A case study in semiconductor industry shows that FMECA can be employed in a dynamic way for managing maintenance activities. The alternative model simplifies and makes more reliable risks identification and estimation. Results and a short discussion end the article


As a kind of deep-sea exploration equipment, deep-sea submersible can fundamentally satisfy the deep-sea exploration mission, and it is the commanding point of marine technology development. For deep-sea submersible, the reasonable selection of manned cabin material is one of the most important factors to ensure the safety of submersible in severe environments. Titanium alloy is a key material for deep-sea engineering equipment due to its excellent material properties. The titanium alloy of pressure-resistant structure will bear creep-fatigue load when submersible is diving, rising and working underwater for a long time. Therefore, the research on creep-fatigue behavior of titanium alloy in deep-sea manned submersible has practical significance. Ti-6Al-4V ELI has a wide range of application in aerospace and deep-sea equipment because of its great plasticity, toughness, weldability, and long service life. The paper simulates the changes of load acting on Ti-6Al-4V ELI by applying trapezoidal wave at room temperature and multiple stress levels. The creep curves of Ti-6Al-4V ELI during the dwell-time stage are obtained by using creep parameters. It can be found that the addition of fatigue in the dwell-time process will decrease the overall creep strain of Ti-6Al-4V ELI, but it can increase creep rate to some extent. In addition to the creep-fatigue behavior of titanium alloy, crack analysis is also carried out in paper. By adding small crack to the spherical shell, the stress intensity factor and J-integral of crack are obtained under given stress. The numerical calculation results provide a research perspective for designers in choosing pressure-resistant materials for deep-sea equipment.


This case study explores the nature and impact of an international student mobility initiative within Social Work and Human Services at James Cook University (JCU), in Northern Australia. This initiative sits within a discipline-wide program of internationalisation that aims to increase students' understanding of the complex global context in which they will practice as social workers and to facilitate, motivate and empower them to contribute to the goals of global social justice, potentially as agents of social change. This mobility project is just one of a number of internationalisation activities undertaken by the discipline, including the development of international reciprocal partnerships, collaborative international conferences, international staff exchanges, and research and publication collaborations with international partners. In 2014, international student exchange experiences were incorporated into one elective unit in the Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) degree: WS2008: International Exchange, thus integrating the mobility project into the curriculum.


Three kinds of templates were used to prepare porous boron doped TiO2 based photocatalysts by sol-gel method. Adsorption of methyl orange on the materials maintained with very slight variation in template adding concentration. With increasing PEG1000 concentration, photocatalytic activity of the material presented obviously variation. The optimal concentration appeared at 0.08 mol/l, where methyl orange degradation rate was 24.7%. When PEG400 concentration was 0.14 mol/l, photocatalytic degradation rate of methyl orange on the material was 17.9%. In the template concentration range from 0.06 mol/l to 0.16 mol/l, degradation activity occurred at CTAB concentration of 0.10 mol/l showed the optimal value of 31.1%, which was the highest among the three kinds of templates.


Biodiesel is a mixture of fatty acid alkyl esters obtained by the reaction of triglycerides of vegetable or animal origin with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. In this work the biodiesel has been taken as non edible type in nature. The problems of this oil are attributed to high viscosity, low volatility and polyunsaturated character of vegetable oils. Hence, process of transesterification is found to be effective method of reducing viscosity and eliminating operational and durability problems. The comparative performance on the basis of physicochemical property of biodiesel and base fuel is also presented in this work. The advantages effect of biodiesel as compare of base fuel has been also


With the development of computer Internet and multimedia technologies, use pull mode of P2P to streaming media transmission technology to provide real-time streaming video and audio stream to the public through the Internet. It can make IPTV as a personalized, real-time, interactive servicing media. IPTV is television broadcasting services based on the IP protocol. Use television or personal computer as a display terminal; provide users with digital broadcast television, video services, information services interactive communities, interactive entertainment, electronic commerce and other broadband services through the broadband network. This paper first introduces the concept of P2P and its pull mode structure, then mainly analyzes the implementation and major applications of IPTV technology.


The voluntary environmental agreement is the innovation result of the environmental regulation game between the government and enterprises based on cooperation.Its smooth implementation needs the flexible decision the making and operational mechanism,the smooth negotiation mechanism and the facile information disclosure mechanism,at the same time,the government should make greater effort to publicize the information and provide the technology support,from legal responsibility to avoid the uncertainty and the risk so as to ensure its smooth implementation.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the association between mother‐child and father‐child communication and children's life satisfaction, and the moderating effect of communication with stepparents.Design/methodology/approach – Data from the 2006 Health Behaviour in School‐aged Children: WHO‐collaborative Study in Scotland (n=4,959) were analysed using multilevel linear regression analyses.Findings – There was an association between both mother‐child and father‐child communication and young people's life satisfaction. Relationship with mother was particularly important, especially among girls. Among boys, not living in a traditional two‐parent family was a predictor of low life satisfaction, even when communication with one or more parents was easy. This effect was independent of economic disadvantage. The quality of the relationship with stepparents moderated these associations very slightly and in single father families only.Research limitations/implications – Strategies at the populat...


This article,through the statistical analysis and qualitative study of the domestic star hotel room' security satisfaction based on customer perception,preliminarily determined eight factors of influencing customer satisfaction level.According to the relative degree,they are the hotel degree,industry management supervision,hotel business years,details service consciousness,hotel type,local hotel development level,local security level and the size of the hotel.And it put forward the related proposal to improve the level of hotel safety management.


Clinical case: here is the case of a dizygotic twin pair diagnosed with chronic narrowangle glaucoma in 2994. Their father had died blind and a daughter of one of them was later diagnosed as a chronic open-angle glaucoma patient. A specific protocol allowed determining the zygocity of the twins. The intraocular pressures in the four eyes of the patients were measured with applanation tonometry and ranged 26-32 mmHg, narrow anterior chambers and camerular angles, computerized tubular perimetries in three eyes around central 5° and another tubular perimetry of central 10°, with developing atrophies in the four eyes. Both patients underwent bilateral trabeculectomy and the control over their glaucoma disease was kept. Conclusions: It is necessary to look for other people affected in a family setting where there exists diagnosis of chronic narrow-angle glaucoma.


The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity is increasing in Malaysia
 and currently nearly 10% of children aged between 6 months and 12 years are
 overweight and almost 12% are obese. Early interventions to prevent excess
weight gain are needed. ToyBox Study Malaysia is a feasibility project, funded
 by the Medical Research Council Newton-Ungku Omar Fund, to assess the
 practicalities of adapting the existing European ToyBox Study intervention
programme to the Malaysian kindergarten setting. The main aims of all ToyBox
 programmes are related to improving four key energy balance-related behaviours,
 namely drinking water, eating healthy snacks and meals, reducing sedentary
behaviour and increasing physical activity. Using stratified sampling, the
 ToyBox Study Malaysia intervention will be delivered and compared to usual
 practice by assessing behaviour, physical activity and health-related outcomes as
 measured by questionnaires, accelerometry and anthropometry. It is hoped that the evidence-based ToyBox Study Malaysia will help to achieve healthier energy
balance-related behaviours in the children and their families and provide lifelong benefits to health. This article provides information on the dietary patterns,
physical activity levels and prevalence of overweight and obesity in Malaysian children, and the approach of the ToyBox Study Malaysia.


− Moringa oleifera Lam ( M. oleifera , Moringaceae) is a tree of the Moringaceae family that can reach a height of between 5 and 10 m. The current paper presents cytotoxic effect of M. oleifera fruits and its flavonoids 1 and 2 . The viability of HCT116 human colon cancer cells were 38.5% reduced by 150 µ g/mL of ethanolic extracts in a concentration-dependent manner; in addition, we observed the apoptotic features of cell shrinkage and decreased cell size. Bcl-2 family proteins were regulated as determined by Western blotting analysis, suggesting that M. oleifera fruits and their flavonoids 1 and 2 induced apoptosis through an intrinsic pathway. Based on our findings, 70% ethanolic extracts of M. oleifera fruits and flavonoids 1 and 2 might be useful as cytotoxic agents in colorectal cancer therapy.


Phonetic categories become language specific across the first months of life. However, at the onset of word learning there are tasks in which infants fail to utilize native language phonetic categories to drive word learning. In 2005, we advanced a framework to account for why infants can detect and use phonetic detail in some tasks but not in others (Werker and Curtin, 2005; see also Curtin and Werker, 2007). In this framework, PRIMIR (processing rich information from multidimensional, interactive representation), we argue that by their first birthday, infants have established language‐specific phonetic category representations, but also encode and represent both subphonetic and indexical details of speech. Initial biases, developmental level, and task demands influence the level of detail infants use in any particular experimental situation. On some occasions phonetic categories are accessed, but in other tasks they are not given priority. Recently, we have begun studying infants who are exposed to two ...


In this short article I introduce the mvp package, which provides some functionality for handling multivariate polynomials. The package uses the C++ Standard Template Library's map class to store and retrieve elements; it conforms to disordR discipline for coefficients. The package is available on CRAN at https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=mvp.


We firstly propose a novel U-shape resistive cell structure which is the best fit for generating low power resistive random access memory (RRAM) with forming-less process. We find that irregular resistive switching behavior in the initial transition and the characteristics associated with it. Controlling the conducting filament (CF) dimension and deposition orientation of resistive material are expected to reduce the distribution and forming voltage, which enables low power RRAM to be feasible without forming state. Simple fabrication flow and device performances are also evaluated in the aspect of forming-less process. Numerical simulation is performed using random circuit breaker model (RCB) to confirm the proposed structure.


Introduction. The signifi cance of ADAMTS-13 extends beyond its key role in the pathogenesis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP); there is evidence of a relationship between a decrease in the ADAMTS-13 activity and thrombotic events in acute myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Aim. To generalise available information on the structure and function of the metalloprotease ADAMTS-13. General findings. The biological function of ADAMTS-13 consists in the cleavage of ultra-large von Willebrand factor (vWF) multimers. The fact that its defi ciency causes the development of TTP provides a basis for understanding the function of vWF–cleaving protease. ADAMTS-13 has a domain structure. The functional roles of most ADAMTS-13 domains, as well as the key role of the ADAMTS-13-vWF interaction in the regulation of haemostasis, are defi ned. The conformational activation of ADAMTS-13 by vWF constitutes an important aspect of its function. After getting into the bloodstream, ultra-large vWF multimers quickly adopt a closed conformation, which becomes very resistant to ADAMTS-13 proteolysis in the absence of shear stress. Ultra-large plasma vWF multimers regain their sensitivity to ADAMTS-13 after being exposed to high fl uid shear stress, which unfolds the central vWF-A2 domain. The unfolding of a vWF molecule under shear stress conditions reveals previously hidden exosites in domain A2, which gradually increase the binding affi nity between ADAMTS-13 and vWF. The mechanism underlying the production of autoantibodies against ADAMTS-13 is unknown and requires further study. The masking of cryptic epitopes in the closed conformation of ADAMTS-13 prevents the formation of autoantibodies. Early antigen recognition of ADAMTS-13 occurs through surface-exposed epitopes in the C-terminal domains. More detailed information on the mechanisms underlying the interaction between ADAMTS-13 and the vWF can improve the understanding of mechanisms involved in the regulation of the coagulation system. Conflict of interest: the authors declare no confl ict of interest. Financial disclosure : the study had no sponsorship.


This one day intensive course, open to all foundation and specialist trainee doctors and held at the Royal London Hospital, focuses on the practical skills needed to cope with common urological emergencies. The course was developed several years ago in response to changing trends in surgical training. Its aim is to help candidates develop a simple and practical approach to managing urological emergencies, within the context of the multidisciplinary team.

Like many other junior doctors I had relatively little opportunity to gain experience in this important specialty as a medical student or house officer. While working in accident and emergency I realised how common urological emergencies are and resolved to improve my knowledge and skills before …


The recent debate over the Oakland (California) public schools' Ebonics proposal attracted considerable national attention, yet the ethnically identifiable language of African Americansand what to do about it-has long been the subject of controversy. This article discusses historical and contemporary issues surrounding this debate and suggests lessons to be learned from it. Chief among the former is whether teachers should negate Ebonics or use it as a bridge for teaching Standard English. Chief among the latter is the need for schools to identify strategies for teaching Standard English to Ebonics speakers that validate these students' language and culture. INTRODUCTION The national debate during late 1996 and early 1997 on the subject of Ebonics-a learned variety of English spoken by many, though by no means all, African Americans-has served to re-open the national conversation on the nature of English as spoken by many African American children and the role of schools in addressing this issue. All too often, this conversation has been clouded by emotional, ill-informed rhetoric. However, three facts should undergird all discussions on the language of African American children: (a) many African American children speak a variety of American English that differs from Standard English; (b) some African American children are bidialectal-that is, they speak more than one dialect of English (e.g., Ebonics and Standard English); and (c) many African American children are not proficient enough in Standard English to facilitate academic success and career mobility. The controversy over the legitimacy of the language systems that many African Americans use is not new, nor is the question of how the educational community is to contend with the issues this controversy raises. Though many educators remember the "Black English" debates of the 1960s, the language systems of people of African descent have been a source of debate and controversy since the first contact between European and African people. To suggest that the problem is rooted in ethnocentrism and in the relegation of people of African heritage to second-class status in the United States is not a stretch in logic. Indeed, it is the case around the world that the status of a group's language within the larger society is often tied to the group's social status. Further, it is often the case that some members of lower-status groups elevate the status of the dominant group's language while devaluing that of their own group's language. This is especially true for those members of lower-status groups who have managed to assimilate into the dominant group. At the same time, some members of lower-status groups work assiduously to retain their language, either as an act of defiance or as an effort to preserve the continuity of their culture. These and other social forces are at work in the current Ebonics debate. THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT As stated earlier, the debate surrounding the legitimacy of the language systems utilized by Americans of African descent is not new. The diaries of European seamen and others from the era of early African explorations contain unflattering references to the languages spoken by the African people they encountered (Rickford, 1987). Judging by similar accounts from the era of slavery through that of the minstrel shows of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the dominant popular culture marginalized African American language systems, representing them as divergent from normal and even legitimate human communication. African American speech was often caricatured as buffoonery, child-like, and ignorant. This stereotype has continued throughout the 20th century in film, radio, and television (Bogle, 1973), although in more recent years, the vernacular language systems of African Americans (including slang) have been glamorized in the popular culture. In the early 20th century, some members of the academic community suggested that African American speech patterns resulted from linguistic deficiencies. …


Aim:To explore the value of the improved percutaneous dilational tracheostomy (IPDT) in emergency and intensive case unit (ICU).Methods: A total of 80 critical patients who require tracheostomy were divided into IPDT group and operation tracheostomy (OT) group Compared the mean time, complication, security and cost in the 2 groups.Results:The meantime to perform IPDT was(7 8±4 1) min and the mean time to perform OT was (26.4±14.6) min,which had significant differences( P 0 01).1 patient died in OT group of the operation but none in the IPDT group.Conclusion: It is found that the IPDT group is more quickly, safe and easy, and the cost was less.It may be widely used in general hospital.


With the introduction of Navigation Message Authentication (NMA), future Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) prevent spoofing by simulation, i.e., the generation of forged satellite signals based on public information. However, authentication does not prevent record-and-replay attacks, commonly termed as meaconing. These attacks are less powerful in terms of adversarial control over the victim receiver location and time, but by acting at the signal level, they are not thwarted by NMA. This makes replaying/relaying attacks a significant threat for GNSS. While there are numerous investigations on meaconing, the majority does not rely on actual implementation and experimental evaluation in real-world settings. In this work, we contribute to the improvement of the experimental understanding of meaconing attacks. We design and implement a system capable of real-time, distributed, and mobile meaconing, built with off-the-shelf hardware. We extend from basic distributed attacks, with signals from different locations relayed over the Internet and replayed within range of the victim receiver(s): this has high bandwidth requirements and thus depends on the quality of service of the available network to work. To overcome this limitation, we propose to replay on message level, including the authentication part of the payload. The resultant reduced bandwidth enables the attacker to operate in mobile scenarios, as well as to replay signals from multiple GNSS constellations and/or bands simultaneously. Additionally, the attacker can delay individually selected satellite signals to potentially influence the victim position and time solution in a more fine-grained manner. Our versatile test-bench, enabling different types of replaying/relaying attacks, facilitates testing realistic scenarios towards new and improved replaying/relaying-focused countermeasures in GNSS receivers.


Prevalence of several diseases especially mastitis in dairy animals causes reduction in milk production leading to heavy economic loss to the dairy farmers. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a minor whey non-heme iron binding protein produced by the mammary gland may serve a dual role, protecting both the mammary gland and the neonatal intestine from infection. The characterization of lactoferrin gene promoter region has been described in Bos taurus cattle, but there are no reports available in Bos indicus cattle which are widely distributed in Indian sub-continent. About 1kb sequence of lactoferrin gene was generated and the BLAST analysis revealed 99% sequence homology with the exotic cattle sequence. The phylogenetic analysis showed clustering of indicus and taurine cattle together in a single node indicating 5' regulatory region of lactoferrin gene is highly conserved in these two sub-species. A total of 13 putative transcription factor binding sites were indentified. Although it seems unlikely that all the putative transcription factors identified in the promoter region exert their individual effects, some may actually influence the regulation of bovine lactoferrin gene expression in various tissues especially in mammary gland which need to be further assessed for their functional significance.


The data are solicited from the ten campuses of the University of Hawai'i and rely on internal data-gathering procedures and systems. Distance delivery includes off-site delivery, in which faculty drive or fly or are hired to teach at a site other than their home campus, and technology-assisted delivery. The breakdown by mode of technology-assisted delivery includes: ITV(2-way interactive video, which combines data for HITS and Skybridge), online (which includes Internet and WWW), cable television, and mixed modes, in which two or more modes, or new modes of technology such as DVD, are used.


Draft section 7 differs significantly from the current section 7 in that it utilises the limit state design approach. The draft rules for the design of steel structures are closely based on those for the draft limit state revision to as 1249, saa steel structures code, which comprises the first major technical revision of this code since 1968. As stated in the preface to the draft commentary: "the considerable advances since then (1968) in materials and construction technology and the increased application of computers to modelling and analytical techniques has realised an improved understanding of both material and member behaviour in complete structures. This has led to more sophisticated design procedures which are now readily available to design office staff". It was intended that the draft rules for the design of composite structures would be based on the limit state revision and expansion of as 2327, saa composite structures code, which currently only encompasses simply supported beams. However, this limit state revision has now been postponed for at least one year. The resulting draft rules have been taken from a number of sources including the current section 7, eurocode 4, British bridge code BS 5400, part 5, and the recommendations of the European convention on constructional steelwork (eccs) on composite structures. For the covering record of the workshop, see IRRD no 814823.


Researchers at Sandia National Laboratories have been investigating large-scale pool fires, both experimentally and numerically, for several years, because of the risk that these fires pose to critical engineered systems during transport accident scenarios [1]. In addition, Sandia recently implemented an insulated, water-cooled fiber optic probe that used a combined HeNe-laser-absorption, 2-color emission technique to determine soot volume fraction distributions and soot temperatures over a 2-cm sampling distance within 5-m diameter JP-8 pool fires [2].


The purpose of this thesis project will be to investigate Hawaiian culture's emergence— through hula specifically—in Japanese culture and how Japanese culture has adapted to it. Specifically, this project will focus on whether hula in Japan remains pure and close to its Hawaiian roots rather than transformed. Hawaii and Japan are both island cultures, but differences have developed in how hula is portrayed, whether it be more for the entertainment aspect or the cultural aspect. In hula, numerous performance elements symbolize aspects of Hawaiian culture: from the formation of the dancers (representing working together in a community) to the dancers' adornments (representing a goddess, an island, or even the subject of the mele, or song, itself). Research on Hawaiian and Japanese cultural similarities, such as similarities in spiritual mythology, will reveal the factors that contribute to the continued popularity of hula in Japan. Similarities and differences in hula being taught in Hawaii versus being taught in Japan, such as commercializing hula into an industry, will also be evaluated. Insight from well-recognized kumu hula, or hula teacher, Shane Kamakaokalani 'Maka' Herrod, who teaches both in Hawaii and Japan, will also be used to have an inside perspective on how hula hālau, or hula schools, in Japan differ from those in Hawaii. A Brief Introduction and History Growing up, I have always been involved in hula and other Polynesian folk dances such as Tahitian dancing and Maori Poi dancing. During my 18 years of dancing hula under instruction, I was part of two hālau. I first danced with Healani's Hula Hālau & Music Academy under the instruction of Kumu Hula Beverly Muraoka. I danced with her for about eight years, but unfortunately, Aunty Bev couldn't keep offering classes in Kapa'a, where I lived, and my parents couldn't bring me to the next closest location, Līhu'e, in time to attend class there. I then started dancing for Na Hui O Kamakaokalani, which was under the instruction of Shane Kamakaokalani 'Maka' Herrod. Last summer, I started dancing hula professionally in the Smith Family Garden Luau. Since I graduated high school and moved to the mainland to attend college, hula still remains a part of my life. Throughout my college career, I have been actively involved in helping to put on Western Oregon University's Hawaii Club's annual Luau for the past four years. Throughout those four years, I have taught and choreographed a few hulas for the show as well as serving as the club's secretary for two years. One of my hula teachers, or kumu, Uncle Maka, regularly flies to Japan and teaches with a hālau there. When I traveled to 'Oahu for a hula competition, 1 Similar to 'Mr.', 'Ms.', or 'Mrs.' when addressing a teacher, haumana in halau address their kumu as 'aunty' or 'uncle' as a sign of respect. 2 Hula classes were being held at three locations: Kalaheo, Līhu'e, and Kapa'a. there were a few Japanese hālau along with hālau from the mainland that were also competing, and it was interesting to see their performances and how far hula has traveled. Seeing that hula has been especially recognized in Japan has inspired me to write this paper. Hula is clearly not exclusive to Hawaii anymore. Figure 1. Left to right: Aunty Beverly Muraoka and Uncle Maka Herrod In both Hawaii and Japan, hula not only serves as a form of entertainment, but it also serves as a tool to record history. Hawaii's history is preserved in the chants and tales that we hear from our kupuna, or ancestors. Myths and legends passed down through generation after generation narrate how hula became known to the Hawaiians, that the beginning of hula links back to the Hawaiian gods and/or goddesses. According to a Learning Community Center on Hawaiian History, the most widely known story is the involves the goddess Pele and her sister Hi'iaka: The first hula was born when Pele begged her sisters to dance and sing for her. Only Hi`iaka stepped forward to perform. She danced for Pele using movements she'd practiced with her good friend Hopoe (Origins of Hula, 2016). There are many more versions of this tale that have been passed down through the generations, and some versions involve the goddess Laka, who is believed to be the keeper of hula dances. All this aside, in her article, Hula: The Soul of Hawaii, Tracey Lakainapali states that "The origins of hula are open to interpretation. Some believe it came from the ancient civilization of Mu, some claim it was homegrown, while others trace it to Tahiti or some other foreign land". Regardless of the source of origin, hula remains to be a way of life for the people of Hawaii and an everlasting tool to perpetuate the Hawaiian culture. Like my Kumu Hula, or hula teacher, Shane Kamakaokalani 'Maka' Herrod says, "Hula is the heartbeat of Hawaii". Surprisingly, for a component that is so essential to a culture, hula was not always present within the Hawaiian culture. After the arrival of Captain Cook and Protestant missionaries in 1778, performing hula in public was frowned upon and hula was gradually forgotten (Ka'imi Na'auao O Hawaii Nei Institute, 2005b). For such a modest community, there is no doubt that there was definitely some culture shock when Protestant missionaries walked off the ships and saw the natives swaying their hips in little to no clothing at all. A common misconception is that hula was banned by the missionaries, however, the missionaries never had the authority to enact such a law. In fact, it was Queen Ka'ahumanu who established the law after she converted to Christianity. Even then, the law had almost no effect as the people continued to dance hula. They just didn't do it in public. It wasn't until the reign of King David Kalakaua fifty years later, that hula became publicly known again. Known as the "Merrie Figure 2. Believed to be the oldest hula photograph—an ambrotype— circa 1858, a time of much modesty and severe regulation. Dancers were described as "overdressed" (Hopkins, 44). Monarch", Kalakaua was popular for always encouraging hula performances at many gatherings and festivities where he was involved. Every year in Hilo on Hawaii, the Big Island, The Merrie Monarch Festival, a weeklong event, is held to celebrate Hawaiian culture and showcase the heartbeat of Hawaii's people. According to the Official Merrie Monarch Festival website, "The Merrie Monarch Festival began in Hilo, Hawaii in 1963 [...] [as] a way to attract tourists [since] Hawaii Island needed an economic boost after suffering from a tidal wave and business downturn". Using the Merrie Monarch Festival not only served as a tool to showcase hula to the world but it also served as a tool to commercialize the culture. It wasn't until 1968, when Dottie Thompson took over the Executive Director position of the festival and changed the theme of the event. In previous years, the festival consisted of events dedicated to King David Kalakaua, including a 'Best Beard Look-Alike' contest and a reenactment of his coronation. When Thompson became Executive Director, she had a vision to continue what Kalakaua had done in the past. She brought the best hula dancers together to share their gift of hula. Throughout the years, many outer-island hālau, or hula schools, have travelled to Hilo to perform and showcase their passion for hula on the stage. Hālau from at least California and Japan are known to be invited to perform at Merrie Monarch each year. Hālau Hula 'O Lima Nani, a hālau from Osaka, Japan was invited to perform at The Merrie Monarch Festival Hō'ike in 2012, which can be described as a showcase for hula and all of the folk dances around the Pacific. The Hawaiian word "hō'ike" means "to exhibit". The event also allows dancers to perform without competing. To attend, participate, or even compete in the Merrie Monarch Festival is a high honor for every hula dancer because the competition can be compared to the Olympics of the hula world. There is a difference between dancing in a hula hālau and dancing hula professionally. 2016 Miss Aloha Hula winner, Kayli Ka'iulani Carr, who also dances hula professionally explains that "dancing for tourists is like American Chinese and not the authentic Chinese food" (Great Big Story, 2016). Kumu Hula Ke'ano Ka'upu of Hālau Hi'iakaināmakalehua further illustrates, "At hotels, here is what you'll see. Beautiful men and women, brightly colored hair pieces and leis, which are all plastic. But you won't see the skill, you won't see the love that you would at the Merrie Monarch Festival" (Great Big Story, 2016). Aspiring to be a participant in the Merrie Monarch Festival demonstrates Japanese commitment to keeping hula 'authentic' as well as their passion for Hawaiian culture. Figure 3. Still of Hālau Hula 'O Lima Nani performing Hemolele 'O Kilauea at The Merrie Monarch Festival Hoike 2012 There are two major styles of dancing hula. Hula kahiko is known to be the more traditional style. In ancient Hawaiian times, hula kahiko was performed as a sacred ritual to give praise and thanks to the gods (Lakainapali 2004). It was also performed to uphold traditions and pass down years of knowledge from one generation to the next. The instruments used to accompany the hula also hold more meaning than just pretty sounds to accompany the chant, mele, or song. The instruments can also add more meaning or increase the intensity of the performance. Hula kahiko is often accompanied by a percussion instrument, and an oli, or chant. Sometimes, there is no accompaniment by a percussion instrument at all, and it is up to the dancers to keep the beat as they chant and dance at the same time. In hula kahiko, traditional instruments that are used include the ipu, pahu hula, and the kilu (Ka'imi, 2005d). The ipu, a hollowed gourd used as a percussion instrument, is the most common instrument used and has two sizes, the ipu and ipu heke. The ipu is more commonly used by the dancer while the ipu heke, which ha


In this paper copulas are used to generate bivariate discrete distributions. These distributions are fitted to soccer data from the English Premier League. An interesting aspect of these data is that the primary variable of interest, the discrete pair shots‐for and shots‐against, exhibits negative dependence; thus, in particular, we apply bivariate Poisson‐related distributions that allow such dependence. The paper focuses on Archimedian copulas, for which the dependence structure is fully determined by a one‐dimensional projection that is invariant under marginal transformations. Diagnostic plots for copula fit based on this projection are adapted to deal with discrete variables. Covariates relating to within‐match contributions such as numbers of passes and tackles are introduced to explain variability in shot outcomes. The results of this analysis would appear to support the notion that playing the 'beautiful game' is an effective strategy—more passes and crosses contribute to more effective play and more shots on the goal.


DOI: 10.30699/jergon.6.1.65 Article Info Received: Accepted: Published Online Journal of Ergonomics | ISSN: 1735-1960 Corresponding Information Original Article Homayounfar M, Fadaei Eshkiki M, Sedaghat R. The Effect of Safety Management System Practices, Ethical Leadership and Self-Efficacy on Safety Behaviour of Workers in Hard and Harmful Jobs in Manufactiring Industries of Guilan Province. J Ergon. 2018; 6 (1): 65-74 The Effect of Safety Management System Practices, Ethical Leadership and Self-Efficacy on Safety Behaviour of Workers in Hard and Harmful Jobs in Manufactiring Industries of Guilan Province Mahdi Homayounfar1 , Mehdi Fadaei Eshkiki1*, Rouzbeh Sedaghat2 18 May 2018 29 July 2018 29 July 2018 Use your device to scan and read the article online Mehdi Fadaei Eshkiki Assistant Professor of Industrial Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad Univerdity, Rasht, Iran E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Copyright © 2018, Journal of Ergonomics. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-noncommercial 4.0 International License which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited Introduction: Safety and safety behaviors are one of the most critical issues ahead manufacturing industries in developing countries, especially in hard and harmful jobs. This research has been conducted to investigate the affecting elements on safety behaviors of workers in hard and harmful jobs in manufacturing industries of Guilan province. Methods: The method of this research is descriptive and its purpose is practical. The statistical population of the research includes workers in hard and harmful jobs in casting and pressing department of manufacturing industries of Guilan province. 384 workers were chosen as sample through non-random sampling and using Morgan table due to the unavailability of the people. Required data were collected using the questionnaire. The questions of safety management system practices are from Chen and Chen, the questions of ethical leadership are from Cheng et al., the questions of self-efficacy are from Schwarzer and Jerusalem and the questions of safety motivation, safety compliance and safety participation are from Neal and Griffin. After the validity (content) and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed, and the research variables were described using SPSS 21, the hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling method and based on LISREL 8.5. Results: Findings verified the effect of safety management system practices on safety compliance and motivation; ethical leadership on safety acceptance and participation; self-efficacy on safety motivation and acceptance; and safety compliance on safety acceptance and participation; however the effect of safety management system practice on safety compliance, self-efficacy on safety participation and ethical leadership on safety acceptance were not. The results indicate that the model variables explains 68.8% of safety behavior variations. Conclusions: Self-efficacy has the highest indirect effect on safety behavior (safety acceptance and participation); this happens due to safety motivation. Thus, empowering the self-efficacy will increase safety behaviors.