The use of exhaust gas recirculation in internal combustion engines, obtained by means of variable valve timing techniques, has represented a good alternative to reduce in-cylinder gas emission and the specific fuel consumption, consequently improving thermal efficiency. The control of valves opening and closing times, especially when keeping some overlapping, may permit the residual gases trapping, what makes the cylinder temperatures lower and reduce engine-out emissions, mainly of nitrogen oxides. Besides that, these techniques allow load control, what can eliminate the necessity of throttling and hence pumping losses. Based on this, this paper presents an analysis of the use of variable valve timing focused on trapping some residual gases in a spark ignition engine. It has been used a four valve Single Cylinder Research Engine – SCRE with direct injection. It was adopted a volumetric ratio equal to 15:1, an engine speed of 2500 rpm and the ethanol as fuel. Valves timing were changed taking into account the maximum fraction of exhaust gases which could be used without compromising mixture inflammability. Changes in performance were analyzed and the importance of controlling the amount of recycled exhaust gases was finally evidenced.


The constitutional court recognizes that judicial congestion is one of the aspects that violate the structure of the administration of justice in the country. Although it includes the tutela action within the causes of judicial congestion, it recognizes that this obstruction to the justice system is exacerbated by those complex processes that demand more time for the evaluation of the evidence or because they must deepen further normative analysis. Other causes of this problem, according to the constitutional court, lie in a lagging legal system, budget deficit, inadequate procedural mechanisms, insufficient or covered with excessive formalism or a lack of efficient development of the process (Judgment T-441,2015)


ASCA is a broad band (0.3 12 keV) x-ray astrophysical observatory in which various instruments operate with high throughput and high spectral resolution. Detailed examination of the method in which photoelectronic interactions occur in the Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) of the Solid-State Imaging Spectrometer (SIS) on ASCA reveals a sudden variation in the nearly linear CCD signal output versus energy input curve near the silicon K-edge. The focus of this thesis is the modeling of the behavior of the SIS CCD at the silicon K-edge, first by theoretical analysis, and then by analysis of X-ray spectral data already acquired from the instrument. The relationship between CCD signal out and incoming photon energy at the silicon K-edge in the ASCA detectors is studied in detail in order to define and analyze the behavior of the CCD in this range. The results from this study showed that theoretically, a one to two percent deviation between incoming energy and output pulseheight should exist in the CCD. Although the nonlinearity was consistent with the available data, insufficient signal-tonoise in this data restricted the definite quantification of this disparity. Thesis Supervisor: Mildred S. Dresselhaus Title: Institute Professor


The present invention discloses a screen control apparatus and a control method for a screen baseball. The device screen holes shutter; Rotating portion including a first rotary shaft and second rotary shaft are disposed in a state of being spaced apart from the both side portions of the screen holes shutter; Drive unit connected to the rotary part; And the interworking unit connected to said rotary part and on both sides, each of said screen holes shutter; at the center of the screen moves in the horizontal direction according to the rotation direction, located in front of said screen holes shutter of and wherein the screen holes shutter driving unit to characterized in that for opening and closing the screen hole. When in the present invention, after passing through the screen holes found on the pitching machine it can be a malfunction of the pitching machine before the batter tread the pedal for blow not been fired by the ball is optionally passed through the screen holes screen baseball system in a real game thereby improving the reliability of safety. In addition, a ball game, the batter being hit is committed alone screens are prevented from being transmitted far Pitching Machine Pitching Machine is a failure of prevention and improved durability.


AIM: The main goal of this study was to investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of Peridinium umbonatum and its relationship with the physical and chemical water variables of the pelagic and littoral zones of Lagoon Bonita, located in Brasilia, Distrito Federal; METHODS: Samples were collected at three stations: two in the littoral zone and one in the pelagic zone, every 15 days from April 2005 through March 2006; RESULTS: P. umbonatum was the only member of class Dinophyceae recorded during the entire seasonal cycle, with few exceptions, in both the littoral and pelagic zones of Lagoon Bonita. The highest biovolume (7.5 mm3.L-1) of this alga occurred near shore at the beginning of the rainy season, in November 2005. Smaller values of P. umbonatum biovolume were recorded in May and June 2005, typical dry months; CONCLUSIONS:  P. umbonatum and the phytoplankton community as a whole had higher biovolumes in the two littoral zone sites, at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rains. Both, the temporal and spatial scales were relevant in the presence of P. umbonatum, and the spatial heterogeneity was the dominant factor along the study period. The plant community structure, mainly submersed macrophytes, has affected the P. umbonatum population dynamics that took place at shallow, nutrient-poor conditions, small-size lake, which matches with habitat template described to Lo functional classification established by Reynolds et al. (2002).


Objective To investigate the optimum extraction of oil from Trichosanthes kirilowii seeds by microwave and supersonic wave.MethodsThe orthogonal experiment was applied to the analysis of extraction parameters such as solvent,ratio of material to solvent,radiation time and power.ResultsThe following optimum conditions for the microwave extraction were petroleum ether as solvent,ratio of material to solvent 1:7,radiation time 7 min,and microwave power 480 W.The following optimum conditions for the supersonic wave extraction were petroleum ether as solvent,ratio of material to solvent 1:7,and radiation time 50 min.ConclusionThe microwave extraction is a better method and the extraction rate can get to 54.54%.


The paper presents 1) the numerical results of RANS (Reynolds Averaging Navier-Stokes) simulations for two versions of the premixed combustion GE10 burners: the old one with non-premixed and modified one with swirled premixed pilot flames; and 2) the numerical results of joint RANS/LES (Large Eddy Simulation) modelling of the ONERA model burner and a simplified GE10 combustor. The original joint RANS/LES approach is based on using the Kolmogorov theory for modelling sub-grid turbulence and combustion intensity and using RANS numerical results for closure the LES model equations. The main conclusion is that developed joint RANS/LES approch is the efficient timesaving tool for simulations both the average and instantaneous fields of parameters in gas turbine and boiler burners with premixed combustion.


Sonar systems are the chief means of detecting submerged submarines. These systems are becoming larger as greater detection and tracking ranges are desired. The usefulness of these large systems is dependent upon the ship design and their installation in the ship. This paper mentions the various types of sonar systems used aboard naval ships; discusses the objectives of the sonar system engineer; and points out many of the areas in which the sonar system and ship design influence one another. The need for Interfacing between the ship designers and the sonar system engineers is stressed.


ClnIcNr.N, R., aNo J. Karpr. 1979. Quantification of the sediment phosphorus available to aquatic macrophytes. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 36: 1002-1005. The specific activity of phosphorus taken up by three species of submergent macrophytes grown in partitioned containers and rooted in 32P-labeled sediments was shown to be identical to the specific activity of the sediment mobile phosphorus as measured by two techniques. Therefore, the mobile phosphorus, as determined by isotopic dilution, represents the total pool of sediment phosphorus available to macrophytes. The ability to measure and to speciflcally label this pool will allow the testing of hypotheses concerning the role of macrophytes in phosphorus cycling.


In order to establish the transgenic plant system,the cotyledons of muskmelon as explants,regenerated plantlets were used in culture.Shoots regeneration were induced on MS medium as basic medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.3 IAA mg/L.The highest frequency shoot regeneration observed is 78%.To achieve the high rate of rooting,the concentration of hormones 6BA was gradually decreased during the whole growth period.The 1/2 MS medium with 0.3 mg/L NAA was used for this propose.On the basis of regeneration protocol of Xinjiang muskmelon,two genes were transferred into muskmelon plant and selected of kanamycin in the medium.After kanamycin resistant plants were obtained,Integration of these genes into the genome of muskmelon plant was confirmed by PCR,Southern hybridization analyses.


The diameter of a directed graph is the maximum of the lengths of the shortest paths between all pairs of vertices. A directed graph is said to be tightly oriented if it has the same diameter as its undirected image graph. Our main result is tight orientations for all sufficiently large toroids, except those whose sizes in both dimensions are odd. We also prove the impossibility of tightly orienting all the toroids for which we do not present tight orientations, and we give partial results for dimensionality higher than two.


Research on media broadcasts has often focused on the interactional work engaged in by news interviewers and program hosts. In this report, I contribute to this line of inquiry by describing the work of the moderator of a Japanese roundtable discussion program that is known for its argumentative character. More specifically, in the analysis, I concentrate on an interactional progression consisting of three linguistic practices—naming, the particle ne, and short response tokens—that is employed by the moderator to maintain control of the program's interaction. I show that this sequence enables the moderator to place panelists on specific sides of an issue and ultimately provide them with opportunities to argue directly with one another, thereby creating, at a local, interactional level, the argumentative nature for which the program is known.


One of the central issues in software and system engineering over the last couple of decades has been to develop languages, methods and tools for the reliable construction of reactive systems, those whose complexity stems not necessarily from complicated computation but from complicated reactivity over time (Harel and Pnueli, 1985). Such systems are usually highly concurrent and timeintensive, and can exhibit hybrid behavior that is predominantly discrete in nature but has continuous and stochastic aspects too. The structure of these systems consists of many interacting, often distributed, components. Very often the structure itself is dynamic, with its components being repeatedly created and destroyed during the system's life span. The heart of the problem is the need for good approaches to modeling and analyzing the dynamic behavior of such systems. In the last decade or so, we and others have carried out work on viewing biological systems as reactive systems, and on modeling and analyzing a variety of sample pieces of biology. This approach is based on three premises (Harel, 2003): (i) that satisfactory frameworks exist in software and systems engineering for reactive system modeling and design; (ii) that biological research is ready for an extremely significant transition from analysis (reducing experimental observations to elementary building blocks) to synthesis (integrating the parts into a comprehensive whole), a transition that requires mathematics and computation; and (iii) that the true complexity of biological systems specifically multi-cellular living organisms --- stems from their reactivity.


A guide to assistive technology on computers in Egan Library, and our collections with enhanced accessibility features. If you have low vision, hearing, or keyboarding difficulty you may find the info here useful.


Let x t be a diffusion process observed via a noisy sensor, whose output is yt We consider the problem of evaluating the maximum a posteriori trajectory {xs0≤ s ≤ t Based on results of Stratonovich [1] and Ikeda-Watanabe [2], we show that this estimator is given by the solution of an appropriate variational problem which is a slight modification of the "minimum energy" estimator. We compare our results to the non-linear filtering theory and show that for problems which possess a finite dimensional solution, our approach yields also explicit filters. For linear diffusions observed via linear sensors, these filters are identical to the Kalman-filter


The emulsification of oils containing hydrophobic solid particles of high concentration (between 5 and 30 wt %) is important for several technologies. However, this process presents a serious technological challenge, because the particles modify the bulk and surface properties of the oily phase in a way that impedes emulsification. For example, the silica-charged silicone oils (so-called "compounds") show much higher viscosity and non-Newtonian behavior when compared to the oils, from which these compounds are prepared (1,2). The high viscosity and the yield stress of the compounds impedes the deformation and break-up of the compound drops during emulsification. In addition, the hydrophobized silica particles adsorb on the oil-water interface and protrude into the aqueous phase (3,4), thus facilitating the drop-drop coalescence during emulsification. Therefore, both the modified bulk and surface properties of the oils by the silica particles, lead to difficult emulsification of the silica-silicone oil compounds. The major aim of the current study is to find appropriate conditions for emulsification of such compounds. To achieve this aim we performed experiments to find: (1) Appropriate conditions for drop breakup, in the absence of drop-drop coalescence. In these experiments we used very viscous silicone oils without particles. (2) Appropriate conditions for preventing drop-drop coalescence, despite the presence of silica particles in the compounds.


OF DISSERTATION INVESTIGATING CAUSES OF REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATIONS Atmospheric CO2 concentrations are rapidly increasing due to anthropogenic activities; however, only about half of the emissions have accumulated in the atmosphere, and the fate of the remaining half remains uncertain. Since atmospheric CO2 concentrations contain information regarding carbon sources and sinks, it is important to understand CO2 variability. This study investigated causes of atmospheric CO2 variability, focusing on the relationship between CO2 concentrations and clouds, the impact of heterogeneous land cover and agricultural production, and the effect of redistributing fossil fuel emissions. Due to global coverage and sheer data volume, satellite CO2 concentrations will be used in inverse models to improve carbon source and sink estimates. Satellite concentrations will only retrieve CO2 measurements in clear conditions, and it is important to understand how CO2 concentrations vary with cloud cover in order to optimally utilize these data. This study evaluated differences between clear-sky and mean concentrations on local, regional, and global scales. Analyses of in situ data, regional model simulations, and global model output all revealed clear-sky differences that were regionally coherent on sub-continental scales and that varied both with time and location. In the mid-latitudes, clear-sky CO2 concentrations were systematically lower than on average, and these differences were not due to biology, but rather to frontal convergence of large-scale gradients that were covered by clouds. Instead of using satellite data to represent temporal averages, inverse models and data assimilation systems that use satellite data to calculate carbon


Robert L. Stephenson*, Ashleen J. Benson, Kate Brooks, Anthony Charles, Poul Degnbol, Catherine M. Dichmont, Marloes Kraan, Sean Pascoe, Stacey D. Paul, Anna Rindorf, and Melanie Wiber Canadian Fisheries Research Network, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton New Brunswick, Canada Fisheries and Oceans, St. Andrews Biological Station, 531 Brandy Cove Rd.,St. Andrews NB E5B 2L9, Canada Landmark Fisheries Research, Coquitlam British Columbia, BC V3H 2W2, Canada School of Sociology, ANU College of the Arts and Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia KAL Analysis, Prahran East, VIC, Australia School of the Environment and School of Business, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H3C3, Canada Innovative Fisheries Management, Aalborg University, Skibbrogade 3, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark Cathy Dichmont Consulting, 47 Pioneer Road, Sheldon, QLD 4157, Australia The College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, QLD, Australia Wageningen Marine Research, Haringkade 1, 1976 CP, IJmuiden, The Netherlands CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, EcoSciences Precinct, Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, Australia Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia Canadian Fisheries Research Network, Fisheries and Oceans, St. Andrews Biological Station, 531 Brandy Cove Rd., St. Andrews, NB E5B 2L9, Canada DTU Aqua National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Jægersborg Alle 1, Charlottenlund Castle, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark Department of Anthropology, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada *Corresponding author: tel: þ1 5065295882; fax: +1 5065295862; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


Seagrasses are sentinel species whose sensitivity to changing water conditions makes them an indicator for sea level rise and climate change. The biological processes and physical characteristics associated with seagrass are known to affect acoustic propagation due to gas bodies contained within the seagrass tissue as well as photosynthesis-driven bubble production that results in free gas bubbles in the water. In this work, acoustical methods are applied to monitor seagrass biomass and gas ebullition with an autonomous field-deployed system using broadband acoustic measurements. Supporting environmental measurements including water temperature and salinity, dissolved oxygen, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were also collected and used to interpret the acoustic data. A ray-based propagation model that includes losses due to the dispersion, absorption, and scattering of sound is applied to relate the measured acoustic signals to the gas bodies in the seagrass tissue and free bubbles in the water. This talk will present preliminary results from the first six months of a year-long deployment of the acoustic system in a dense seagrass meadow dominated by Thalassia testudinum (turtle grass) in Corpus Christi Bay, Texas (Gulf of Mexico). [Work supported by NSF.]


The buildup of phosphorus (P) in the soil is a major factor limiting the operating life of a wastewater land treatment system. In this study, we evaluated changes of chemical properties, P profiles, and adsorption isotherms in the soils of a Muskegon wastewater land treatment system, which has received wastewater for (cid:24) 30 years. It was found that the pH in the 15-cm topsoil increased from (cid:24) 5 - 6 in 1973 to (cid:24) 7.4 - 7.8 in 2003; a large amount of salt (e.g., Ca, Mg) in wastewater was adsorbed by the soil; the soil Al content (either exchangeable or oxalate extractable) decreased,whiletheoxalate-extractableFecontentremainedatthesamelevel.Ca-boundPaccountedfor g 70% of the total P adsorbed in the soil. The soil P adsorption capacity increased and was positively correlated with the concentration of exchangeable Ca in the soil. A higher concentration of exchangeable Ca was found in the 15-cm topsoil, where a higher total organic carbon was present. More P was accumulated in the upper soil than in the deeper soil. The adsorption of Ca in wastewater by the soil may extend the life expectancy of the Muskegon land treatment system. of this study challenge the current knowledge on P fate and transport in soils of land treatment systems.


Purpose: The study proposes extended application of reviewing and developing international quality assurance system for useful and practical quality stabilization of foreign military product. There are several problems with quality assurance activities for foreign military products. To improve theses problems, this study researches measures and effects of entrustment of quality assurance activities to suppliers group abroad by utilizing the system.
Methods: In order to carry out the research, consignment system for international quality assurance activity of advanced country has been analysed through this study. By applying the consignment system to the case of foreign military product, the possibility and effects of consignment is researched.
Results: Through this study the procedure and substance of the international quality assurance system is verified. The quality assurance activities were consigned to suppliers group by utilizing the system, thus application basis for international quality assurace activities is established.
Conclusion: Defense Import through The Quality Assurance System of trade countries using the International Quality Assurance System suggests the solution to endemic problems. The Introduction Military Product with the Quality Assurance System of Korean Government improves the competitiveness of defense export.


This study aims to optimize the flow channel design for a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cell (PEMEC) to minimize the pressure drop across the cell. The pattern of parallel flow channels is considered with a dual-porous layer structure sandwiched between the flow channel plate and the catalyst layer. Four geometric factors are considered in the optimization analysis, including the width of the flow channel, the depth of the flow channel, the particle diameter of the large-pore porous layer, and the particle diameter of the small-pore porous layer. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to simulate the flow field, and based on the results of the CFD simulation, the Taguchi method is employed to analyze the optimal flow channel design. The importance of the factors is further analyzed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. Three inlet velocities are assigned in the Taguchi analysis, which are 0.01, 0.1332, and 0.532 m/s, and then an orthogonal array is constructed and analyzed for each inlet flow condition. It is found that the optimal combination of the factors is the depth of the flow channel 1 mm, the width of the flow channel 3 mm, the particle diameter of the large-pore porous layer 0.212 mm, and the particle diameter of the small-pore porous layer 0.002 mm. The pressure drop across the PEMEC is minimized at the condition with the optimal combination of the factors. The ANOVA analysis shows that the depth of the flow channel exhibits the most significant impact on the pressure drop, while the other factors play minor roles only.


OF THE DISSERTATION Molecular Simulations of Rheological, Mechanical and Transport Properties of Solid-Fluid Systems By YANGYANG SHEN Dissertation Director: Prof. M. Silvina Tomassone In this dissertation, two distinct but relevant systems are chosen as representatives of interesting solid-fluid systems. Molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo techniques are applied to investigate the rheological, mechanical and transport properties of these systems. Firstly, polyethylene melt embedded with silica nanoparticles is examined to be of our interest. Since it is computationally impractical to model a complex system with a molecular description, a multiscale modeling approach, which combines both atomistic and mesoscale simulations, is employed to efficiently represent and study the polymer nanoparticle systems. Based on a coarse-grained force field for polyethylene, a novel method is developed for determining the solid-fluid interaction at the spherical interface. Our coarse grained model is designed to mimic 4 nm silica nanoparticles in polyethylene melt at 423K. A series of MD simulations are performed to investigate the factors that control the homogeneity of nanofillers inside polymer matrix, also in the presence of


Novel GeS2-Ga(In)(2)S-3-CuI chalcohalide glasses were prepared successfully. These glasses have relatively high glass transition temperatures up to 452 degrees C but narrow glass-forming region, and a wide range of transmission approximately from 0.50 to 12.5 mu m. The structural evolvement of the glasses was studied by Raman spectroscopy. Finally, third-order optical nonlinearities were investigated utilizing Z-scan technique at the wavelength of 800nm. Both nonlinear refractive index n(2) and nonlinear absorption coefficient beta show an increasing tendency with increasing CuI content or substituting In for Ga, and structural dependency of n(2) has also been discussed. A minimum figure of merit FOM = 2.237 was obtained.


Superhydrophobic surfaces have broad application prospects in several fields due to their excellent hydrophobic properties, but the traditional methods of manufacturing superhydrophobic surfaces are time-consuming and laborious, the surface wear resistance is poor, and the chemical reagents contain toxic substances, making it difficult to promote the use of superhydrophobicity inexpensively.

To solve the problems of high cost, instability, and poor mechanical properties of superhydrophobic structures, we explore the preparation methods of superhydrophobic surface structures to improve the surface superhydrophobicity and reduce manufacturing and usage costs.

This paper provides an overview of the literature on preparing superhydrophobic structures and improving superhydrophobic properties. Based on the summary of the research results of other scholars, this paper focuses on the preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces by carbine-co-polymerization covalent grafting chemical reactions and the improvement of superhydrophobic properties by durable opaque coatings with vacuum-deposited layers.

These two methods are simple to operate and circumvent the problem of oxidative degradation of compounds in the natural environment to produce environmental pollutants. The method I produces a low surface energy stratified micro-nano composite structure on the fiber surface of the fabric by carbon copolymerization covalent grafting reaction. The method II prepares a durable opaque coating with a vacuum-deposited layer, particularly useful on mechanical components or for any other applications not requiring an optically clear coating.

This paper provides an important basis for optimizing the preparation process of superhydrophobic structures, synthesizing and developing environmentally friendly superhydrophobic materials, extending the service life of superhydrophobic materials, and provides specific guidance for improving the superhydrophobic properties and durability and enhancing the combination of superhydrophobic surfaces with additional functions.


The Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative is developing advanced technologies to allow for the safe and economical disposal of waste from nuclear reactors. An important element of this initiative is the separation of key radionuclides . One of the systems being developed to separate key radionuclides is the UREX+1 process. The Tc and Cs/Sr solutions from UREX+1 process will require treatment and solidification for managed storage. This paper illustrates the benefits of HIPed tailored ceramic waste forms, to provide for the immobilization of separated Cs, Sr and Tc. Experimental data are presented for a Cs and Sr-bearing hollandite-rich tailored ceramic prepared with 12 wt% waste (on an oxide basis). Normalized MCC-1 type leach testing at 90oC for 28 days revealed extremely low Cs and Sr release rates of 0.003 and 0.004 g/m2/day respectively. Experimental data on the immobilization of Tc in titanate ceramics containing up to 40wt% TcO2 are also be presented.


Abstract A copper(II) macrocyclic Schiff base complex (ML) was synthesized by condensation between 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diammine and 2,6-diformyl-4-butylphenol with the aim to modify the surface of widely used magnetically separable nanocatalyst Fe3O4@dopa. ML was characterized by physicochemical techniques and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The newly synthesized heterogeneous catalyst Fe3O4@dopa@ML was characterized by SEM, TEM, PXRD, EDX, TGA, etc. ML showed stability in aqueous medium and utilizing this unique property, the heterogeneous catalyst Fe3O4@dopa@ML was used for catalyzing epoxidation, nitroarene reduction and C–C coupling (Henry reaction) in aqueous medium. The separation method of the prepared nano-catalyst is very easy and can be done with an external magnetic field. The experimental findings suggest that Fe3O4@dopa@ML is a versatile "green catalyst." Graphical Abstract


Present situation of fertilization for 100 solar-greenhouses,which have been cultivated for 1~10 years,was investigated.The results demonstrated that the kinds of fertilizers were very clutter,up to 102;N,P and K application rate were too high as 2 965.3,1 045.2 and 3 703.4 kg/hm2,respectively;N,P and K application ratio failed to match their requirements by vegetables.To solve the existing problems,corresponding suggestions were put forward.


With the development of networked storage, the USN converging NAS and SAN appears, USN has many virtues: high performance, low lost and so on, but its security becomes more complex. Considering the situation, with making a deeply research on the performance, characteristic, and the architecture of the USN, the paper designs and implements a USN-based security algorithm, in which, the encryption and decryption are performed on the client,
and the USN server only provides identity authentication for user and the integrity verification for data. The test result indicates the algorithm can prevent many kinds invalid attacks, and make few influences on performance of the USN.


Evaluating clinical learning can be both challenging and frustrating, filled with questions such as: Am I being fair? What are reasonable expectations for novice nurses? How do I provide feedback that is both compassionate and constructive? One way to address these questions is from a coaching perspective in which student learning is addressed from a strengths-based approach and not one that focuses on identifying and analyzing problem areas. A strengths-based approach creates a partnership where the clinical instructor and student focus on exploring the student's skills, initiative, and capabilities. The clinical instructor serves as a coach who guides students during their journey toward professional transformation. Coaching uses information exchange, modeling, and regular meetings to review performance, rehearse challenging new skills, or enhance decision making. Over time, the clinical instructor will address each aspect of a competency and the knowledge/skills needed to achieve it. Through this process, the student realizes the complexity of the topic at hand and receives encouragement to sustain the commitment needed to reach a successful outcome. The coaching process relies on the regular provision of clear feedback on student performance, noticing which parts are adequate or exemplary and which need strengthening. Four strengths-based coaching strategies with simple examples for using them follow.


The Ar+‐sputter‐induced ''cone evolution'' on Mo‐seeded Cu is known to entail the growth of hillocklike crystallites on the cone surface. Such crystallites have now been identified as Cu, by means of high‐resolution energy dispersive x‐ray analysis. The Cu crystallites grew selectively on the Mo lattice of seed layers, and sometimes at the seed‐layer apex which suffered from head‐on ion impact during sputtering. The crystallite growth was thus not a direct consequence of ion impact, leading to a hypothesis that a viscous overlayer of Cu on the growing Mo lattice condensed into dewdroplike crystallites upon switching off the ion beam.


Abstract The purpose of this article was to present the principles and experimental examples of an adsorption process for separating gas mixtures characterized by the following features: the mixture to be treated contains a major component and a minor component, it is desired to produce a fraction of the pure major component and a fraction enriched in the minor component, the adsorbent and the operating conditions are chosen in such way that the major component is essentially not adsorbed, no carrier or purge gas is used, and the regeneration of the adsorbent is obtained with the gas mixture feed heated at a suitable temperature. The experimental example given deals with a mixture of n-pentane/isopentane on a Linde 5A molecular sieve. The process is based on the coupling between temperature and adsorption, as are other temperature swing processes such as cycling zone adsorption. A proper choice of parameters of the temperature modulation (low and high temperature, durations of cold and hot step) leads to ...


The paper considers lines of development of unified cross-channel information solutions as they define the necessity to form intelligent information system with flexible orientation towards client's needs. Being thus formed, the product offers may lead to the following changes: merging of a mass of products or services previously unused by the client into a common information massif; using active predictive analytics, merging potentially possible product for the client that they may potentially use on the basis of their transaction and purchase history; formalizing a range of products or services that potentially improve client's quality or life or personal status; offering of alternative or packaged products that take into account future expectations of client and their potential needs. The author believes that a strategically important reference for development of intelligent cross-channel information solutions may lie in creating an adaptive architecture of cross-channel interactions with clients within the framework of existing information system while conforming to the following principles: changes into and coordination of already existing cross-channels within the boundaries of existing development strategy; Forming investments for creation of a new architecture of cross-channels embedded into existing business projects; Lack of cross-channel priority on the basis of its applicability for the client, determining a need for continuous monitoring of client-related information and products and services the client uses. As a tool for this, the paper proposes to develop a complex technique of intelligent verification of client interaction cross-channels.


Velocity.attack angle and track of flight projectile are important to research flying pose of projectile,by re- searching digital image sequence of flying projectile.This paper measures attack angle of flying projectile,with fractal theory and arithmetic of fast fuzzy edge detection in welding line edge extraction.


The incidence of Bacillus cereus, psychrotrophic character and the ability of isolates to produce haemolysin were investigated to evaluate their health potential in some dairy products. In total 125 samples (skim milk powder, white soft cheese, processed cheese, Kareish cheese and rice with milk) were analysed. Of these (39.2%) contained B. cereus. The viability of (reference and isolated strains) B. cereus and toxin production in sterilized milk was examined during storage at 10°C for 7 days. The two tested strains, when inoculated in milk with 10 5 cfu/mL, were shown to be capable of producing toxin at the end of the storage period. The antimicrobial activity of 7 strains of lactic acid bacteria against B. cereus was tested to select the effective starter to control the pathogen. Lactobacillus reuteri followed by Lb. rhamnosus were the most effective probiotic cultures. The choice was a mixed culture of Lactococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis as a starter culture and Lb. rhamnosus as a probiotic culture (1:1) to use in manufacture of Tallaga cheese. The use of this starter resulted in reduction of viable count of B. cereus and so, no toxin was detected in these cheeses. In contrast, in the control cheese (inoculated with 10 5 cfu isolated strain of B. cereus), the viable counts of B. cereus increased and released detectable amount of enterotoxin at the end of refrigerated storage.


The stability of the Inclusion compound of propolis flavonol-HP-β-CD was studied in different conditions.The results showed that the Inclusion compound of propolis flavonol-HP-β-CD was relatively stable temperature below 70 ℃ and in the range of pH5-10.Sn2 +,Cu2 + and light affect them obviously on their absorbency,but Fe3+and Al3+had a stabilizing effect.Zn2+and some food additives affect them less.The Inclusion compound of propolis flavonol-HP-β-CD had relatively good anti-oxidant property and anti-reduction.


It is known that head seas cannot travel without deformation along a horizontal cylinder of full constant cross-section. Calculations are given which indicate that the waves are refracted away from the axis of the cylinder. Similar refraction effects are found for waves generated by a pulsating source on the cylinder, and also for the Kelvin wave pattern generated by a long ship of nearly constant cross-sectiop moving with constant speed in the axial direction.


Abstract Objective To explore theory-guided randomized controlled trials aimed at improving adolescents' oral health and evaluate their effectiveness. Design Multiple library databases with search criteria for articles between 1990 and 2019. Main Outcome Measures Searched references were coded and screened for theory-guided interventions for adolescent oral health. Characteristics of each study (study sample, adopted theory, outcome measures, length of follow-up and main findings) were extracted and the quality of the eligible trials assessed. Effect sizes for theory-guided interventions for different follow-up periods were analysed and compared with traditional oral health education. Results About 2135 results were uncovered, 64 were extracted for further screening, and 10 studies were eligible for inclusion. For plaque presence outcomes, no statistical difference was observed between theory-guided interventions and traditional interventions at 3 months (MD: –5.94, 95% CI: –16.39 to 4.51). When the duration of observation was extended to over one year, a significant reduction was found (SMD: –0.25, 95% CI: –0.46 to –0.04). Conclusion Theory-guided interventions for improving oral hygiene status appear to be more effective than traditional interventions for adolescents in the long term. However, more comprehensive studies are required for validation to support the implementation and adoption of these programs in the clinical setting.


The fluoridated hydroxyapatite (FHA) was used to enhance the anti-carious effect of human tooth. Both the treatment method and the optimizing molar ratio were naturally the key of the sintering effect. In current studies, we have investigated the molecular characteristics and the sintering mechanism of sintered FHA composites based on HA-CaF2 system. The molecular characteristics of the FHA composites assayed by Fourier transform infrared spectros- copy (FT-IR) techniques. The FHA composites were prepared by sintering different combinations of HA and CaF2. FHA composites show the OHFHO and/or the OHF hydrogen absorption band under the FT-IR analysis. With grad- ual increase of CaF2 content, the sequence of FT-IR bands show OHF stretching mode vibration first, then followed by OHFHO liberational mode vibration and, finally, the OHF liberational mode vibration. Therefore, according to sintering theory and FT-IR analysis we established an apatite supramolecular model to provide molecular characteris- tic foundation for sintered FHA structure.


We perform an empirical comparison of learning algorithms used to reconstruct networks of genes, represented by directed acyclic graphs. We compare approaches designed for categorical and continuous data and study the impact of including prior information. Our results suggest that categorizing continuous gene expression measurements and including, even vague, prior information can significantly improve the predictive accuracy of learned models.


The article provides a definition of «introduction of the innovation project», discusses the factors and conditions of increase of its efficiency. For the successful realization of innovative projects it is necessary to develop the system of targeted programs


. The opinions of researchers regarding formative assessment as a factor in the modernization of the educational process in primary school are analyzed. Given its own interpretation, formative assessment is considered by as a form of assessment that is based on set goals, valuable for teachers and pupils, provides a close connection with the future and is exclusively positive. Regulatory documents and opinions of scientists regarding the essence of the concept of «thematic diagnostic work» were analyzed. Thematic diagnostic work is mainly interpreted as a means of feedback regarding the mastery of part of the expected/mandatory learning outcomes of pupils for monitoring, regulation, studying the dynamics or correction of the educational process. In the context of the study, the role and task of thematic diagnostic works, the content, volume, forms and types of tasks in relation to individual educational fields were considered, the recommended frequency and number of such works were established. The specifics of conducting and evaluating thematic diagnostic works are highlighted, the role of evaluative judgments and feedback in evaluating the results of schoolchildren is shown. A survey of primary school teachers was conducted in order to gain awareness and use information about the essence and features of thematic diagnostic works. The survey was conducted on the basis of Odessa Regional Academy of In-Service Education during face-to-face training in the on-line mode of the course «Formative assessment in primary school: techniques and tools». For survey results, the vast majority of primary school teachers are oriented in the essence, meaning, features of compiling, conducting and evaluating the results of the thematic diagnostic work. In our opinion, this is due to the fact that teachers actively attend professional development courses, systematically participate in various trainings, master classes, meetings of pedagogical studios and work independently with methodical literary sources. However, it was noticed that certain categories of teachers still need explanatory work regarding the specifics of the development and evaluation of thematic diagnostic works, systematic individual consultations, specially organized events for the exchange of experience, passing courses for improving the qualifications of this issue, constant supervisory and introspective work etc.


This paper uses an original dataset from a survey conducted in Switzerland in 2007 to explore the dynamics of education policy preferences. This issue has largely been neglected in that most studies on welfare state attitudes do not look at preferences for education. We argue that education policy preferences vary along two dimensions: the distribution of resources across different sectors of the education system (that is, vocational training versus academic education) and the level of investment in education both from public and private sources. With regard to the former, the findings suggest that individual educational experience matters most, that is, individuals prefer to concentrate resources on those educational sectors that are closest to their own educational background. With regard to the latter, we find that affiliation to partisan ideologies matters much more than other variables. Proponents of the left demand more investment both from the state as well as from the private sector and oppose individual tuition fees.


The acceptability of appropriate SARS-CoV-2 pandemic measures including vaccinations is currently being hampered due to significant misinformation all over the globe, also known as the "infodemic" within the pandemic. We asked the following two research questions: (1) What is the current extent of the global infodemic preventing populations from receiving adequate healthcare including COVID-vaccinations? (2) Which are appropriate countermeasures to manage the infodemic in order to guarantee adequate healthcare in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic? Pubmed and Cochrane Library were accessed on 29 October 2021 and searched for reviews and systematic reviews on "COVID-19" and "infodemic". The literature identified was analyzed with methods of qualitative research focusing on (1) mechanism, (2) impact, and (3) countermeasures to confront the infodemic. The world-wide infodemic is being recognized as a multifaceted problem beyond health and human rights, extending into global political spheres such as societal cohesion and security. The mechanism of the COVID-19 infodemic involves specific factors related to the situation, sender, instrument, and recipient. Although freedom of expression and the right to seek, receive, and impart information through any media is a fundamental human right, the infodemic has a substantial impact on health, another fundamental human right, by causing stress, deception, violence, and harm. Mixed-synergistic pre-impact, trans-impact, and post-impact countermeasures can be taken; the most important is building and maintaining trust.


The presence of the soil-borne fungus Macrophomina phaseolina which causes crown and root rot of strawberries has recently been reported in Huelva, Spain. The response toward this pathogen of the cultivars: 'Camarosa', 'Candonga' and 'Ventana' (the most common strawberry cultivars planted in this area) was characterized by artificial inoculation under greenhouse conditions. Six isolates were used in two pathogenicity assays with different inoculation methods: i) by inserting a fungus-colonized toothpick into each crown and ii) by pouring a sclerotia suspension into the pots. The areas under the disease progress curves were used as a disease severity measure for statistical comparisons. For the toothpick inoculation method there were no differences on severity between cultivars or isolates. For the sclerotia suspension inoculation method, results indicate that characterised cultivars manifest different susceptibility to crown and root rot caused by M. phaseolina depending on the isolate.


A general electrodynamic theory is developed for dispersion characteristics of spin-electromagnetic waves (SEWs) propagating in multiferroic multilayers. The derivation is based on the full set of Maxwell's equations taking into account retardation effects. The multilayers are considered to be composed of an infinite number of ferrite and ferroelectric layers having arbitrary thicknesses, as well as arbitrary magnetic and electric parameters. As an example, spectra of SEWs are calculated and analyzed for a heterostructure containing two thin ferrite films separated by a thin ferroelectric film. An electric field tunability of the SEW dispersion characteristics at gigahertz frequencies is shown, providing an efficient control of SEW wave-numbers important for applications.


Monodisperse SiO2 particles were synthesized by Stber method.The SiO2 particles were modified by butanedioic acid.And SiO2 colloidal crystal was fabricated by the vertical deposition method.The crystal formation,micromorphology and electrical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),Scanning electron microscope(SEM) and Zeta potential instrument.The results show that the SiO2 particles are monodisperse non-crystalline solid particles with the particle size in 150~360nm.Zeta potential instrument indicates that the zeta potentials of the SiO2 specimens with different particle sizes reach the maximum values when the modified amount of butanedioic acid is 1.5g in the 50mL acetonitrile solvents.And the colloidal crystal prepared by modified SiO2 microspheres has more ordered structure.


From 1996 June 10 to 1996 July 29, the International AGN Watch monitored the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 7469 using the International Ultraviolet Explorer, the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer, and a network of ground-based observatories. On 1996 June 18, in the midst of this intensive monitoring period, we obtained a high signal-to-noise snapshot of the UV spectrum from 1150 to 3300 Å using the Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) on the Hubble Space Telescope. This spectrum allows us to disentangle the UV continuum more accurately from the broad wings of the emission lines, to identify clean continuum windows free of contaminating emission and absorption, and to deblend line complexes such as Lyα + N V, C IV + He II + O III], Si III] + C III], and Mg II + Fe II. Using the FOS spectrum as a template, we have fitted and extracted line and continuum fluxes from the IUE monitoring data. The cleaner continuum extractions confirm the discovery of time delays between the different UV continuum bands by Wanders et al. Our new measurements show delays increasing with wavelength for continuum bands centered at 1485, 1740, and 1825 Å relative to 1315 Å with delays of 0.09, 0.28, and 0.36 days, respectively. Like many other Seyfert 1 galaxies, the UV spectrum of NGC 7469 shows intrinsic, blueshifted absorption in Lyα, N V, and C IV. Soft X-ray absorption is also visible in archival ASCA X-ray spectra. The strength of the UV absorption, however, is not compatible with a single-zone model in which the same material absorbs both the UV and X-ray light. Similar to other Seyfert galaxies, such as NGC 3516, the UV-absorbing gas in NGC 7469 has a lower ionization parameter and column density than the X-ray-absorbing material. While the UV and X-ray absorption does not arise in the same material, the frequent occurrence of both associated UV absorption and X-ray warm absorbers in the same galaxies suggests that the gas supply for each has a common origin.


The overfit problem in empirical learning and the utility problem in analytical learning both describe a common behavior of machine learning methods: the eventual degradation of performance due to increasing amounts of learned knowledge. Plotting the performance of the changing knowledge during execution of a machine learning method (the performance response) reveals similar curves for several methods. The performance response generally indicates a single peak performance greater than that attained by popular pruning techniques. The similarity in performance responses suggests a parameterized model relating performance to the amount of learned knowledge. Given this model, a model-based adaptive control (MBAC) approach can be used to update the model based on feedback from the performance element and make control decisions regarding the amount of knowledge to be learned or unlearned.
In view of the large number of alternative learning methods, a more general utility problem exists in determining not only the correct amount of learned knowledge, but also the correct method for learning this knowledge. Relying too heavily on one particular learning method may result in less than optimal performance achievement. Overcoming this general utility problem requires a new control mechanism for determining the correct learning method and amount of learned knowledge in order to achieve the performance objectives of the task. Maintaining models for several learning methods allows the MBAC approach to decide the appropriate type of learning, in addition to the amount.
Experimentation analyzes the ability of the MBAC approach to converge upon the peak of the performance response and avoid generation of low utility knowledge. Results indicate that a quadratic model is sufficient to fit the peak of the performance response and that MBAC using the quadratic model performs well at selecting the best learning method for a given learning task. More formal analysis of the performance response supports the quadratic model for controlling how much knowledge to learn as opposed to which knowledge.


Although studies have demonstrated that change talk (CT) and sustain talk (ST) are related to behavior change in multiple addictive behaviors, few have investigated the relationship between change talk and outcome in health promotion. This is the first study to investigate whether CT and ST are related to HIV medication adherence in a sample of individuals recruited to participate in an ART adherence intervention. MI session tapes from 92 HIV-positive patients were coded for frequency of utterances expressing desire, ability, reasons, need, commitment, other, and taking steps to adhere/not adhere to an ART medication regimen. Strength of language as well as summary scores for both frequency and strength ratings were calculated. Adherence was assessed at Week 2 and Week 12. There was a significant relationship between Total ST and adherence at Week 2. Additionally, multiple regression with bootstrapped standard errors showed that Taking Steps ST was negatively related to adherence at both Week 2 and Week 12. Finally, Taking Steps Strength was related


SummaryA single bee in each experiment was trained to walk to a syrup supply at the far end of a tube 1–3 m long outside an observation hive. The orientation of recruited foragers could be attributed to the scent of the food source and also (to a lesser extent) to the information provided by the angle of the dance performed.


Standing somewhat apart from the other articles in Moeller's collection is Josef Mooser's intriguing study of two neighboring regions in Westphalia in the first half of the nineteenth century. Mooser, too, is interested in protest, but the unrest he examines is not discontent that found expression in political parties and pressure groups, organizations not yet existing in the period he studies. Instead, he uses wood theft as an index of resistance against the ending of common rights. He finds in the two regions examined, one proto-industrial and the other not, contrasting patterns of protest. In the first instance, the conflict is between peasants and landless lower classes, in the second, between lords and peasants. As Moeller notes in his introduction, the history of rural Germany has been comparatively neglected in recent decades. The articles he has chosen provide a convenient sample of current research on at least one important aspect—the social history of agarian politics—of developments in the German countryside in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Moeller himself enumerates some of the many questions left unanswered.


Flexible capacity of production system gets in times of short-time working and economic crisis an increasingly important status. Therefore, models to handle flexible capacity of production systems are necessary. In production planning queuing theory is a widely applied modeling approach. Since classical M/M/1 queuing models neglect flexible capacity this work implements two production rates in an M/M/1 queuing model. Whenever the queue length is more than k, the system runs at high speed otherwise low speed is used. The aim of this paper is the calculation of the state probabilities of the Markov chain. The state probabilities are the basis for developing an approximation for the production lead time which is dedicated to further research. Finally, a simulation study for the evaluation of state probabilities for flexible capacity with one and two switching points is conducted.


To T. S. Eliot's question "What does Mr. Pound believe?" Pound's answer is explicit and categorical: "I believe the Ta Hio" (Da Xue). Confucianism, Pound believes, offers a solution to the West that, from its political institutions to its economic system, has fallen into chaos and disorder. Ideology and aesthetics are inextricable. Pound also sees in Confucianism a way of making poetry in articulating his vision of a new earthly paradise. In The Cantos, Pound covers numerous people and cultures across times and space, and Thomas Jefferson and John Adams stand out as two of Pound's preeminent Confucian heroes. Pound's view of Jefferson and Adams, of course, involves his views on politics, economics, law, and history—a host of complicated issues that cannot be all accounted for by his reading of Confucianism. Similarly, Pound's poetics is also influenced by various traditions. This study, however, focuses on the extent to which Pound's Confucianism has contributed to his reading of Jefferson and Adams and to his poetics. It specifically examines the relationship between Pound's Confucianism and his poetic form in presenting Jefferson and Adams—that is, how the poet brings his Confucianism to making heroes out of history, and how his poetic form serves to express his Confucian world-view.


Encroachment of pinyon ( Pinus spp) and juniper ( Juniperus spp. ) woodlands in western North America is considered detrimental due to its effects on ecohydrology, plant community structure, and soil stability. Management plans at the federal, state, and private level often include juniper removal for improving habitat of sensitive species and maintaining sustainable ecosystem processes. Remote sensing has become a useful tool in determining changes in juniper woodland structure because of its uses in comparing archived historic imagery with newly available multispectral images to provide information on changes that are no longer detectable by field measurements. Change in western juniper ( J. occidentalis ) cover was detected following juniper removal treatments between 1995 and 2011 using panchromatic 1-meter NAIP and 4-band 1-meter NAIP imagery, respectively. Image classification was conducted using remotely sensed images taken at the Roaring Springs Ranch in southeastern Oregon. Feature Analyst for ArcGIS (object-based extraction) and a supervised classification with ENVI 5.2 (pixel-based extraction) were used to delineate juniper canopy cover. Image classification accuracy was calculated using an Accuracy Assessment and Kappa Statistic. Both methods showed approximately a 76% decrease in western juniper cover, although differing in total canopy cover area, with object-based classification being more accurate. Classification results for the 2011 imagery were much more accurate (0.99 Kappa statistic) because of its low juniper density and the presence of an infrared band. The development of methods for detecting change in juniper cover can lead to more accurate and efficient data acquisition and subsequently improved land management and monitoring practices. These data can subsequently be used to assess and quantify juniper invasion and succession, potential ecological impacts, and plant community resilience.


A statistical model is proposed to address the problem of two-phase coexistence near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) in Pb(Zr 1-x Ti x )O 3 solid-solution series. Functional forms for the molar fractions of tetragonal and rhombohedral phases inside the coexistence region are obtained, which may be used to replace the lever rule to describe the phase mixing in a complete binary solid-solution series without solubility gap. The model predicts that the width of this coexistence region is inversely proportional to the volume of each element in the statistical ensemble


Anyone interested in increasing understanding of North American Indians should be grateful to Chelsea House Publishers for the high standards they are setting in their series for young adults, Indians of North America. Currently projected at 53 volumes total, Indians of North America is broadly conceived. The series will range from the Eskimo to the Tarahumara, the Aztec, and the Maya. Not all volumes will deal with specific groups. Volumes are scheduled on American Indian Literature, the Archaeology


Background The recent National COPD Audit: Pulmonary Rehabilitation (PR) report1 indicated completion of PR was associated with a survival advantage at 180 days. We investigated whether this was related to the effects of PR or to confounding due to differences in case-mix severity. Methods PR services across England and Wales provided data for all consenting patients assessed for PR between Jan and April 2015. Mortality data were extracted from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) from Jan 2015 – Jan 2017. Time to event analysis was performed until Jan 2017 using Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for baseline gender, age [yr], FEV1 [L], Body Mass Index (BMI) category, MRC dyspnoea grade, smoking status, presence of co-morbidities and Incremental Shuttle Walk distance (ISWT) [m]. Results 1755 patients had complete datasets for all components of the model: 53% male, mean [SD] age 69 [9] yrs, FEV11.38 [0.59] L, median BMI category 'overweight', MRC 1: 2%, 2: 21%, 3: 38%, 4: 32%, 5: 7%, 7% never smokers, 71% ex-smokers, 22% current smokers, 92% other co-morbidity, ISWT 212 (135) m. n=67 patients who likely died before completion of PR were removed (date of death Jan – May 2015). The unadjusted mortality rate was 7.2% for those who completed PR vs 7.8% for those who did not, p=0.74 [figure 1]. Completion of PR was not significantly associated with mortality after adjustment, HR (95% CI) 1.03 (0.69 to 1.05, p=0.88) whereas older age 1.03 (1.01 to 1.05, p=0.008), male gender 1.87 (1.30 to 2.70, p=0.001), higher FEV10.69 (0.48 to 0.98, p=0.04), higher BMI category 0.72 (0.62 to 0.92, p<0.001), higher ISWT distance 0.99 (0.995 to 0.997, p<0.001) were all prognostic indicators in the final model. Abstract S7 Figure 1. Survival of patients with COPD after assessment for PR. *patients who died Jan–May 2015 (0–20 weeks of the X axis) were excluded as they were unlikely to have completed PR Conclusion Cumulative mortality following PR is not significantly different between completers and non-completers after adjustment for baseline case-mix severity. However, exercise performance remains a modifiable prognostic indicator. Referencehttps://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/pulmonary-rehabilitation-beyond-breathing-better


The free volume theory of the liquid state is extended to multicomponent mixtures by using the method of moments in the treatment of the order‐disorder problem. Retention of only the first moment yields an approximation to the partition function which has recently been studied by Prigogine and Garikian and by Prigogine and Mathot. An approximation equivalent to retaining the third moment is given, and the calculation of the thermodynamic functions from the first moment approximation is discussed.


The Haloxylon ammodendron natural desert forest is an important vegetation formation and has a large distribution area in Junggar Basin, Xinjiang Province, China. In this paper, H. ammodendron populations were mapped, characterized and the spatial distribution patterns and spatial associations of H. ammodendron among different life stages (seedlings – S, juveniles – J, mature – M, overmature – O) were analyzed using O-ring univariate O11(r) and bivariate O12(r) statistics. We found that: (1) H. ammodendron was a regenerating population. (2) H. ammodendron (S), H. ammodendron (J), and H. ammodendron (M) showed significant aggregations at scale 0-8 m, 0-27 m, and 0-35 m, respectively, whereas H. ammodendron (O) tended to have random distributions at almost all scales. (3) The spatial associations between different life stages of H. ammodendron tended to turn from positive to negative if their size differences are enlarged increasingly. Strongly positive associations were found at small scales for only two pairs: H. ammodendron (S)-H. ammodendron (J), H. ammodendron (J)-H. ammodendron (M).


The current invention relates to a moisture-hardening composition that contains, in addition to a silane-functional polymer with end groups of formula (I), a reaction product that can be manufactured from an amino silane with primary amino groups and an alkene that is free of silane groups. The compositions are characterized by improved expandability with concurrent high reactivity, good adhesion characteristics, and high tear strength and are suited especially for use as elastic bonding substance or sealant.


The discovery of ferroelecticity in mammalian tissue makes researchers wonder what its purpose is and what it may be useful for.


Public transportation services make an important contribution to the nation's economy. However, the public transportation system was significantly impacted both during and after the Covid-19 outbreak. To minimize these impacts, it is important to know the users' sentiment and improve the service quality accordingly to change the users' attitude towards public transportation systems. Natural language processing is used to make meaningful inferences about user sentiment using various analysis techniques. Historically, surveys have also been used for years to learn users' opinions about transportation services. In this study, this traditional method was used to determine the satisfaction of public transportation users. The categorization model employed in the system developed as part of this work is based on algorithms such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Random Forest (RF), and Multi Logistic Regression (MLR). The dataset contains information gathered from the online survey. Of the models created utilizing the training dataset, it was discovered that the LSTM model offered the highest accuracy. Users' comments can help improve public transportation operators' operations, improve service quality, and monitor actions accordingly. Therefore, in this study, users' emotions were classified as positive, negative, or neutral based on the comments.


During biodegradation, microorganisms can directly metabolize surfactants for energy and nutrients or co-metabolize them with other compounds. Maximum growth of the bacterial consortium on SDS was seen between 30 and 35 °C, while the optimal pH range for bacterial consortium growth was between 6.5 and 7.5. As for the nitrogen source, 2 g/L of ammonium sulfate was optimum in supporting the growth of SDS. The greatest growth rate of the bacterial consortium was recorded at a concentration of between 1 and 1.5 g/L of SDS (p<0.05). At 2–3, g/L of SDS, the bacterial consortium grew more slowly, and at 5 g/L, growth was severely inhibited. Almost complete degradations of SDS were observed in 3, 5 and 6 days at 0.5, 0.75 and 1 g/L SDS, respectively while higher concentrations showed partial degradation with no degradation observed at 2.5 g/L SDS after 6 days of incubation. In this study, the maximum growth rate, or max, Ks, and Ki were 0.517 h-1 (95% confidence interval of C.I. from 0.404 to 0.629), 0.132 (g/L) (95% C.I. from 0.073 to 0.191) and 0.909 (g/L) (95% C.I. from 0.544 to 1.273), respectively. Heavy metals like mercury, copper, and chromium can severely stunt growth if they are present in the environment. It was discovered through research into growth kinetics that Haldane substrate inhibition kinetics may be used to model the growth rate. This bacterial consortium has the right properties for the bioremediation of SDS-polluted environments.


The underpotential deposition of copper on Pt(31 1)=Pt[2(111 )x(100)] stepped surfaces has been studied and the results are compared with those for the same processes on Pt(1 11) and Pt(100). We find that the adsorption/desorption of copper on the (111) (terrace) and (100) (steps) sites of this surface takes place at different potentials so that selective adsorption on terrace or step sites is possible. The potentials, and their relative position, are different from those on Pt(1 11) and Pt(100) surfaces. These differences are ascribed to competitive effects from the anions which adsorb more strongly on the (100) than on the (11) sites. In addition, the presence of halides (C1-, Br-) dramatically affects the electrodeposition process. Accesion For NTIS CRA&l DTIC TAB Unannounced El Justification .................. ..... By ............................. Distribution I uAvailability Codes iAvailI and I or Dist Special INTRODUCTION There have been numerous studies devoted to the phenomenon of underpotential deposition (UPD) of copper on platinum basal single crystal electrodes, especially on Pt(l II) [1-16]. In these studies much emphasis has been placed on the effects of halides as well as other adsorbates on the deposition and stripping processes. However, there is a lack of information regarding this same surface process on platinum stepped surfaces. Scortichini and Reilley studied the upd of Cu on Pt(331) [171 and Pt(31 1) [17,18] along with platinum basal single crystal electrodes. However, the pretreatment of the electrodes was not the most appropriate, especially in the case of Pt(31 1), so that surfaces with a large number of defects resulted. As a consequence of this lack of order, the corresponding voltammetric profiles were rather featureless. This precluded any quantitative or semiquantitative interpretation of the data. In spite of this, these studies are interesting from both fundamental and technical points of view. The use of stepped surfaces of varying terrace width may have profound effects on electrodeposition since it will affect the step-site density. Step-sites are known to act as very active sites in metal adatom deposition and studying how the deposition varies as a function of the stepdensity may provide a wealth of information. For example it would be most interesting to determine if there is a threshold value in the step-site density where significant changes are evident. In this paper, we present experiments on the underpotential deposition of copper on a Pt(31 1)=Pt[2( 11)x(100)] electrode surface. This is a stepped surface with (100) steps and (111) terraces and with the additional characteristic that it represents the turning point of the zone so that monatomic steps and terraces can be interchanged in the step/terrace notation. Thus, this surface represents one where there is the same number of step and terrace sites. We maintain the aforementioned step-terrace notation based on the electrochemical behavior described previously for platinum surfaces in this zone [191. In addition, we also investigated the effects of chloride and bromide since it is well known that their presence can dramatically affect the upd of copper on the platinum basal single crystals [2,9,11,12,14-161. Of particular interest will be to test if the


In recent years the busy dermatologist wishing to photograph clinical material in his office or clinic has often turned to a number of supposedly automatic and foolproof camera assemblies designed to eliminate the need for calculation of any kind on the part of the operator. The unsatisfactory materials with which so many dermatologic speakers and writers attempt to illustrate their work attests clearly to the inadequacy of any "automatic" device within the means of the average physician. There are several simple methods used by professional photographers which will prove far more satisfactory, both in cost of equipment and in final results. The purpose of this paper is to outline one such procedure, a technic known as "open flash," which is suitable for both black and white and color photography, produces excellent results with a minimum of equipment, and can easily be employed by the dermatologist as an office procedure. Open


Many researches use T-S fuzzy models to accurately represent nonlinear dynamic systems. However, T-S fuzzy makes the implementation of fuzzy controller more complex as system order and nonlinearities increase. Thus, the present work is aimed to overcome these limitations by using an Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Rule-Based System in which the membership functions and the number of rules can be freely chosen simplifying the implementation of the technique. To this end, it is established a direct state feedback control with reference tracking to generate the nonlinear control action using parallel distributed compensation techniques with no need to include T-S fuzzy models to describe the dynamic system. The proposed strategy is applied to a synchronous generator and also to a magnetic levitation system. From the results, it was verified that IT2FRBSs are able to stabilize the systems analyzed at different equilibrium points with higher performance and less settling times, given the uncertainties in the linearized model. In fact, the IT2FRBS proved to be a proper way to accomplish this task, because fuzzy logic control itself does not depend on an accurate model.


It is proposed that a CH3F–D2–F2–CO2–He molecular system should be used to develop purely chemical amplifiers for pulsed infrared laser radiation energy. In these amplifiers, the laser photons participate directly in the chemical process, initiating the formation of active centers of the chain. It is shown that a photon-branching chain reaction may take place in this system, in which the number of photons emitted during propagation of the chain is greater than the number of photons consumed in the formation of an active center. An estimate of the energy gain for a single amplifier state is in the range 10–1000.


The open-pit mine semi-continuous mining technology taking self-moving crusher station as the core has expansive development space. Work characteristlcs are mobility and flexibility, heavy load working condition, high reliable operation and open-pit low temperature operation. In addition to the key technical bottlenecks affecting self- moving crusher station independent research and development successful application, industrialization demonstration application is the key link of successful application. The article elaborates the opinion on several key problems to be solved in 3000t/h self-moving crusher station independent research and development.


In these days automation using wireless communication has made the systems more smart and automated. The use of wireless communication has made the monitoring remote parameters easy. In medical domain, monitoring the patients parameters play an important role in diagnosing and giving appropriate treatment. In the existing system patient is monitored using bedside monitoring station with wired sensors, which makes the patients to be periodically monitored by the doctors/ nurses. This paper describes system which uses sensors to measure various parameters of the patient like temperature, Blood pressure wirelessly using Wireless Sensor Nodes (WSN) and update the status to Raspberry PI based server. The server updates the information using Local Area Network (LAN), so that the doctor can monitor the patient's status anywhere within the Local Area Network and also sends an alerting SMS to a predefined mobile number if a parameter crosses the threshold. Keywords— Local Area Network (LAN), Automation, Wireless Sensor Nodes (WSN), Blood Pressure (BP).


Accessions from the Watermelon Germplasm Bank collected in three different regions of the state of Bahia were characterized using morphological and molecular descriptors. The cultivar Crimson Sweet was added to the group as a check genotype. The field trial was carried out at the Experimental Station of Embrapa, Petrolina-PE. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed. Samples of five to eight individuals from each of the 43 accessions were analyzed by RAPD technique, using six primers. Jaccard mean similarity coefficients among accessions and grouping by Tocher method were estimated. There were significant differences among accessions for all descriptors, except for the number of fruits per plant. Eight morphological descriptors (length of the main stem and fruit stripe pattern, soluble solid content, shape, weight, external color, and rind thickness at the flower scar and at the distal region) retained 79% of the variation observed among accessions. When the multivariate analysis was performed including cultivar Crimson Sweet, only two groups were formed: a group with solely the cultivar itself, and another with all the other accessions. When the cultivar Crimson Sweet was not included, the multivariate analysis showed nine groups of accessions, with a single group containing 69% of the accessions. Sixty-four RAPD markers were identified, out of which 31 were polymorphic. When accessions were grouped based on this molecular information, 28 groups were formed, 24 of them with a single accession. None of the groups with more than one accession contained individuals with the same geographical origin. RAPD markers revealed expressive polymorphism in several accessions, which is a good indication that such class of markers could be used in the characterization of accessions in watermelon germplasm banks.


Quantum key resources in quantum satellite networks are fundamental to confidential data forwarding, which highly depends on the network topology. In this paper, we propose a network topology construction scheme via formulating the dynamic link establishment among network nodes as an integer linear programming to maximize the number of available quantum keys in the topology. Then we solve this topology optimization problem through subgradient method based on the Lagrange duality theory. Under the optimized topology, we further propose a key-based routing and resource allocation (KRRA) algorithm to forward secret keys for ground stations. The simulation results show that our scheme performs better than the benchmark method with the minimum route distance in terms of the number of quantum keys and the success probability of real-time secret key forwarding service.


It is argued that radical social reform is needed. Social customs and cultural perceptions must be changed in order for womens status in Iran to be improved. Change must be apparent in religion culture law and education. The educational system reinforces the stereotype of womens role as serving and sacrificing. Information in school textbooks and in mass media programming must reflect a more positive picture of womens role in the family in the job market and in social life. Three types of women as social actors are identified as having distinct social and cultural identities and class backgrounds. There are traditional Islamists modern Islamists and modern secularists. Traditional Islamists are usually middle class and believe the "sharia" is the sole legitimate source of law the guiding principle of womens status. Most women professionals trained before the Islamic revolution are modernist secularists. Modernist Islamists are middle class highly educated and active in the job market. These women have a modern reading of the sharia and aim to facilitate womens access to the public sphere. This paper examines the occupational determinants of womens status. The role of modernists whether Islamic or secularist is traced from the period after the Islamic revolution and after 1986 through the period of reconstruction. Throughout both periods women in Iran experienced income disparities and inequalities in job privileges. After the revolution the sharia was implemented and gender inequality was institutionalized. Many professional women who were accused of holding Western values were forced out of the labor market. The state ideology on women was perpetuated in television programming and in the cinema. The rate of unemployment of urban women increased from 11% in 1976 to 30% in 1986. The high unemployment occurred despite womens higher educational status. By 1986 there was a shortage of professionals and an end to the purge of women professionals. Women were more active in the public sector after 1986 and the result was many positive effects in public and private spheres.


Background: Infection with H. pylori can cause duodenal ulcers and gastric adenocarcinoma. The definitive mode of transmission is unknown. To confirm previous research showing that using a narrow-mouth water vessel and water disinfectant prevented infection in children, we are determining whether special vessel use can prevent H. pylori re-infection in a treated population. Methods: We tested residents of 2 villages for H. pylori using urea breath tests (UBT). Special vessels and water disinfectant were distributed to one village and their use is monitored monthly; the other village received no intervention. Twice daily directly observed therapy (DOT) for the recommended 10 days with lansoprazole, clarithromycin and amoxicillin was offered to persons testing positive. UBTs were repeated at 2 months; H. pylori-positive persons were retreated. Village re-infection rates will be determined by UBT and compared after 1 year. Results: We tested 1,065 (97%) of 1,093 residents of 2 villages; 849(81%) were positive and village prevalence rates were similar. Prevalence ranged from 12% in children = 14 years. 849 persons with positive tests, 699 (82%) received treatment. Of these, 552 (79%) had follow-up UB Ts, 484 (87%) of which were negative. Eradication rates were 94% with 20 treatment doses, 94% with 15-19 doses and 85% with 10-14 doses. Vessel use rates ranged from 87%-100%. Conclusions: H. pylori treatment in this high-prevalence population was effective with 10 or more doses and DOT, suggesting that, for compliant patients, recommended treatment duration could be shortened to 7 days, thereby reducing costs and improving compliance. Use of the vessel remains high after 6 months; H. pylori re-infection rates will be determined in June 2001.


Social Science Research in India M N Srinivas The lack of a field-work tradition in the social sciences, excluding social anthropology and sociology, has had adverse results on their growth and development.


parents have many alternatives to choose from beyond the local public school. Dixon Middle School is providing choices within the school to meet student needs. effective new approaches and programs that operate within schools. Even the most ardent and articulate spokespersons for education express concerns and reservations about our schools. A s Nel Noddings (1995, 368) stated, "The traditional organization of schooling is intellectually and morally inadequate for contemporary society. We live in an age troubled by social problems that force us to reconsider what we do in schools. Too many of us think that we can improve education by merely designing a better curriculum, finding and implementing a better form of instruction, or instituting a better form of classroom management. These things won't work." sist, sometimes following students throughout their educational lives. These "rotten apple" teachers (Archer 1998) have cumulative effects on students. For these and other reasons, the general public is starting to question if the traditional school can accomplish its real mission. Parents can become skeptical, doubtful, and occasionally hostile toward teachers and schools. Unfortunately, many of them fail to consider the options within the regular school rather than external to the school. The public schools have made substantial efforts to provide choice and variety in program offerings that allow for alternative ways to teach and learn ap-


THE STATE OF THE JEWS: A MULTIFACETED ANALYSIS The State of the Jews: A Critical Appraisal, by Edward Alexander, Transaction Publishers, 2012,248 pp.Reviewed by Sarah SchmidtIn Ihe State of the Jews, Edward Alexander, professor emeritus of English at the University of Washington, has collected twenty-seven previously written brief essays in an attempt to make a strong case primarily against Jewish intellectuals who never seem to question their almost automatic equation of Judaism with liberal values, those who have forgotten that the primary duty of the Jewish people is to survive. Most of the essays are book reviews published originally in American journals and newspapers, mainly in the Chicago Jewish Star, and together they form a strong indictment of liberal beliefs in general, and particularly of those opposed to the survival of the Jewish people. In the process Alexander takes aim not only at the usual suspects-Noam Chomsky, Tonyjudt et al.-but also at "the Pharaoh who knew not Joseph," in the guise of American president Barack Obama.Alexander s overall thesis stems from a quote by the prophet Ezekiel: "And [I, God] shall put my spirit in you, and ye shall live, and I shall place you in your own land..." By the state of the Jews, therefore, Alexander means the Land of Israel, the people of Israel, and the relation between the two. His "critical appraisal" takes the form of his attempt to present things as he feels they really are, to probe the motives of those who criticize either the state or the people of Israel. Although Alexander covers a wide range of subjects, this review will focus on three of his essays, those that particularly caught the reviewer s interest and that not only reflect Alexanders mastery of Jewish and Zionist themes but also his conservative view of American politics.YEHUDA HALEVI AND MEDIEVAL ZIONISMAlexander s review of Hillel Halkin's Yehuda Halevi connects this book, published in 2010, with Halkin's earlier work, Letters to an American Jewish Friend, published in 1977. Letters is an impressive polemic, one that claims that only Israel will guarantee the Jewish future, makingit incumbent on any Jew concerned with survival to move to the country where "once again we are a people speaking in our own language and living on our own land." In fact, it was a book that heavily influenced my family's decision to move to Israel.Halkin is one of Israel's foremost translators, as well as a frequent (and according to Alexander "astute") commentator on politics, one who is often critical of Israeli leftist positions. His new book is not only a biography of Halevi, but also a political argument reinforcing Halkin's thesis in Letters·. Jews should not only dream and pray for the restoration of Jewish independence, but also be willing to leave their comfortable lives in the Diaspora to join in the work of helping shape the future of the Jewish state and of the Jewish people.In Halevi's masterpiece The Kuzari, the rabbi against whom Halevi is debating rationalizes that exile is God's plan for the Jews, so that they can serve as numerous "lights" unto the nations. In both books Halkin argues against this concept of "Diasporism." It reminds him of the current anti-aliyah temptations inherent in living the easy life. Although leftist critics have claimed that it was Halevi's good fortune to be murdered before he reached Palestine, so that he never had a chance to become disillusioned with his dream, Halkin responds to these cynics by restoring Halevi to his rightful place in Jewish history as one ready to forgo "all the best of grand Spain/ for one glimpse of Jerusalem's dust."A COMMENTARY ON COMMENTARYRunning Commentary: The Contentious Magazine that Transformed the Jewish Left into the Neoconservative Right is the story of a magazine and the people who created it. Benjamin Balint's critical history of the journal takes its title from the "act of Affirmation" that appeared in the inaugural edition in 1945, a time when World War II had ended, the age of nuclear destruction had begun, and the destruction of European Jewry was a matter of common knowledge. …


This article argues that the proper starting point is to provide protection for gay men and lesbians against discrimination and harassment. Until there is such protection, any attempt to use Title VII to regulate same-sex sexual harassment will intensify the privileging of one kind of same-sex interaction over another: straight subordinates will be protected from gay supervisors, while gay subordinates will not be protected from straight supervisors. The result will be increased tolerance not for expressions of gay and lesbian sexuality, but for expressions of heterosexism and homophobia in the workplace.Part I of this article examines the development of the sexual harassment cause of action as a form of discrimination on the basis of gender. It argues that same-sex sexual harassment does not fit within the theory of traditional sexual harassment. Part II chronicles the courts' historical exclusion of discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation from Title VII's coverage. Part III analyzes the cases that have addressed the issue of same-sex sexual harassment. Part IV examines other areas of sexuality that the state has the power to regulate. The article concludes that applying Title VII to same-sex sexual harassment would rely on and perpetuate society's commitment to regulate, if not to prohibit, any "abnormal" expressions of sexuality.


The reasons for the weakening of the cardiovascular system after physical exertion, according to Kaur and Grosse (Zeitsch. F. Kreislauf. No. 24, 1928), lie in a lack of oxygen in the body and in a reduced stroke volume of the heart (Schlagvolumen)


UDI-A is a consortium led by NOVA University of Lisbon in partnership with European and African institutions which aims at improving the scientific and academic profile of four Universities – two in Angola and two in Mozambique -, with a strong emphasis on social entrepreneurship. This article aims at understanding the experiences, motivations and criticism of African participants (Champions), valuing the voices of participants from the Global South, whose narratives are often overlooked by scholarly work on capacity building and partnerships. This article presents data collected between March and April 2018, resorting to qualitative methodologies (participant observation, semi-structured interviews, a focus group and content analysis) put in place to analyze the experiences of The interviews and the focus group were fully transcribed and the transcripts were analyzed through thematic analysis. The results indicate that the early motivations of Champions are manifold, encompassing research, teaching and entrepreneurship, as well as the possibility of developing research partnerships and community-based intervention projects. The contact with innovative teaching methods was recognized by Champions as a positive aspect. In the conclusion we provide some suggestions on how to reconfigure capacity building exercises.


Ball marks result from golf ball impact on putting greens, and recovery of the surface may depend upon the repair strategy employed. Our objective was to compare three ball mark repair techniques for their influence on golf green surface quality and 'L-93' creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) recovery. Studies were conducted on a practice putting green on a golf course (Study I) and on a research green (Study II) near Manhattan, Kansas. Ball marks were made by a golfer striking golf balls with a pitching wedge from 100 m in Study I and from 70 m in Study II. Five treatments were imposed on the ball marks immediately after they were created: (i) no ball mark (control); (ii) unrepaired ball mark; (iii) Greenfix tool; (iv) traditional ball mark repair tool used improperly; and (v) traditional ball mark repair tool used properly. In both studies, ball marks repaired properly with the traditional tool or with the Greenfix, recovered completely in 16 to 21 days; recovery was 4 days faster with the Greenfix tool than the traditional tool in Study I. Marks repaired with the Greenfix had poorer surface quality due to the presence of an uneven surface at 3 days after the ball mark was made (ABM) in Study I and up to 10 days ABM in Study II. Using the traditional tool improperly resulted in the poorest surface quality at > 17 days ABM due to a persistent ball mark scar and poor turf quality in the mark area. Improperly repaired marks required > 38 days for recovery, 19 days longer than unrepaired marks in Study I, and at least 8 days longer than unrepaired marks in Study II. Proper use of the traditional tool or use of the Greenfix allowed for most rapid improvement in creeping bentgrass surface quality and fewest days to recovery; however, improper use of the traditional tool reduced surface quality and doubled the time for surface recovery compared to its proper use.


Summary form only given. Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) are high-energy photon bursts originating from the Earth's atmosphere [Fishman et al., Science, 264, 1313, 1994]. Measurements have correlated TGFs with initial development stages of normal polarity intracloud lightning that transports negative charge upward (+IC) [e.g., Lu et al., GRL, 37, L11806, 2010; JGR, 116, A03316, 2011] and it has been suggested that long unbranched +IC lightning leaders could produce a suficient number of energetic electrons during their stepping processes to explain TGFs [Celestin and Pasko, JGR, 116, A03315, 2011]. Moreover, neutron bursts have been observed in association with lightning [e.g., Shah et al., Nature, 313, 773, 1985; Shyam and Kaushik, JGR, 104, 6867, 1999; Bratolyubova-Tsulukidze et al., Adv. Space Res., 34, 1815, 2004]. Additionally, the large amount of energetic photons in TGF events has been suggested to be responsible for the production of neutron bursts [Babich et al., JETP Lett, 84, 285, 2006; Carlson et al., JGR, 115, A00E19, 2010].In the present study, we simulate the acceleration of electrons during the negative corona Hash stage of stepping negative lightning leaders. Energetic photons are produced by these runaway electrons either producing gamma-rays or lower energy X-rays depending on the electric potential difference in the leader head region. We have developed a Monte Carlo model that simulates neutron generation through the photonuclear interaction in the atmosphere. In this work, we quantify the properties of the neutron source possibly generated by different lightning discharges and we also investigate the possibility of neutron generation from typical negative cloud-to-ground lightning discharges.


Extensive work on radical ESR (electron spin resonance) materials has led to the discovery of a number of products exhibiting intense and narrow ESR lines, suitable for magnetometry. These materials can be classified using a convenient figure of merit. Two of them were used in two specific architectures for a scalar magnetometer-(FA/sub )/2P((fluoranthenyl)/sub 2/PF/sub 6/)-/sub 6/ with a resolution of 1 nT-Hz/sup -1/2/ (white noise) and a vectorial magnetometer (AcTCNQ/sub 2/) with a resolution of 0.2 nT-Hz/sup -1/2/ (white noise). These magnetometers can be used in high gradients (usual indoor environments) and have bandwidths which can be extended from DC to several kHz. >