Abstract: We analyzed the relationship between weather conditions and year-to-year (1981-1989) variation in the seasonal dynamics of cambial cell production (CCP) in Norway spruce in a monoculture forest area in the Czech Republic. We found that the timing of CCP greatly varied among the studied years. The onset of CCP occurred at the beginning of May and was strongly correlated with the April mean temperature. CCP ceased by the end of August. The timing of the cessation of CCP was more variable among trees and among years than its onset. The amount of precipitation positively influenced the duration of CCP and the average rate of cell production positively correlated to the minimum temperature in January-April, as well as the maximum temperature during the growing period. Our results show that the timing and the rate of CCP of xylem cells are influenced by temperature and precipitation. However, weather-xylem growth relations of spruce from temperate forests under climatic conditions are complex, since trees are known to respond less strongly to climatic average variation than influences of extreme conditions.


Trachytic rocks among the bimodal metavolcanic rocks of the Gyemyeongsan Formation and adjacent areas are investigated. Some rocks reveal very high content of iron and most rocks show very high abundances of rare earth elements and high field strength elements. Most rocks show significant Eu negative anomaly, which can be interpreted as the result of plagioclase fractionation. Lack of noticeable Nb negative anomaly indicates not-involvement of crustal material in their generation, which excludes the arc environment or remelting of continental crust from their genetic process. Metatrachytes of the Gymyeongsan Formation are plotted within the within-plate environment of the tectonic discrimination diagram utilizing immobile high field strength element Nb and Y. They also show typical characteristics of A-type magma, such as high Ga content. Considering their affinity to Al-type of Eby (1992) and their age of 750 Ma (Lee et al., 1998), they seem to have been produced by the differentiation of mantle-derived within-plate magmatism at the rift, related with the separation of Neoproterozoic supercontinent Rodinia. Possible connection of Gyemyeongsan and Munjuri Formations of the Okcheon metamorphic belt, at least part of them, to the Cathaysia block of South China during the Neoproterozoic is strongly suggested.


Preschool it is the optimal time to introduce environmental education in order to form positive behaviors of preschoolers regarding the environment. A systematic literature review of studies published from the last two decades was carried out, by using th


The purpose of this study is to develop an ACT group counseling program for the purpose of alleviating and healing the job stress and burnout of nursing care workers and to verify the effectiveness of the ACT group counseling program. To this end, the goal and theoretical model, content, operation and evaluation of the program were composed and applied according to the procedure. The main research results are as follows. First, as a result of measuring the job stress of the study subjects, there was a positive change in the group participating in the program. Second, as a result of measuring the level of job burnout of the study subjects, there was a positive change in the group participating in the program. Third, as a result of measuring the level of role conflict of the study subjects, there was a positive change in the group participating in the program. Fourth, as a result of measuring the level of over-role of the study subjects, there was a positive change in the group participating in the program. Fifth, as a result of measuring the level of role ambiguity of the study subjects, there was a positive change in the group participating in the program. As a practical implication, by including the ACT theory and practice plan in various nursing care providers training courses, the ability to respond to job burnout and job stress is increased, and ultimately, by increasing the psychological flexibility of nursing care workers, the opportunity for essential change in attitude toward work and life describe what to provide. ■ keyword :∣ACT∣Nursing Care∣Job Stress∣Job Burnout∣ 접수일자 : 2021년 06월 04일 수정일자 : 2021년 06월 25일 심사완료일 : 2021년 06월 25일 교신저자 : 김무영, e-mail : firstname.lastname@example.com 수용전념치료(ACT) 기반 요양보호사 직무 소진, 직무스트레스 완화 프로그램 개발과 적용 223


The ITGA6 gene provides instructions for making one part (the α6 subunit) of two proteins known as α6β4 integrin and α6β1 integrin. Integrins are a group of proteins that regulate the attachment of cells to one another (cell-cell adhesion) and to the surrounding network of proteins and other molecules (cell-matrix adhesion). Integrins also transmit chemical signals that regulate cell growth and the activity of certain genes.


The research on human object recognition and tracking is an important part of computer vision,which is of great practical value.It aims at making the computer accomplish some missions instead of human,such as video supervision and pedestrian flow calculation.According to the characteristics of bus passengers,a system for calculating bus passengers has been constructed and a counting algorithm based on difference statistics has been proposed in this paper.This algorithm can accomplish the mission of pedestrian calculation independently,and also can be a front algorithm of the calculation algorithm which possesses higher accuracy.The experiment result has shown the calculation accuracy of the algorithm can reach more than 85%,so it has practical application value.


A very quick and simple algorithm for the overall evaluation of the sensitivity performance of a digital filter is introduced.

To this end, it is shown that the sensitivity of the system function with respect to a given coefficient comes out equal to the output of a special digital network with unitary input. Having defined, then, an 'overall sensitivity index' as the sum of the various network sensitivities, it is shown that such an index can still be considered as the output of a digital network with unitary input. This network is composed of two subnetworks, identical to the original circuit, connected by a special set of branches.


A unified model of elementary particles based upon a renewed idea of " ether" is propos ed. In this paper a general classical theory of the relativistic elastic continuum is developed. From the result of the general theory a hypothetical relativistic elastic medium" ether" is introduced. It is an unusual elastic medium which has no mass and no energy in the unde formed state but has mass and energy in the deformed states which are due entirely to the elastic self-interaction of it. It is shown that if the ether is elastically isotropic then it has a conserving quantity called" the Lagrange spin" which has very similar property as that of the iso-spin. It is not conserved if the elastic property of the ether is anisotropic. In our model the elementary particles are viewed as the excited states of the ether and the strong, the electro-magnetic and the weak interactions of them are ascribed to the isotropic, cylin drically symmetric and anisotropic elastic self-interaction of the ether, respectively. A unified model of elementary particles based upon a renewed idea of " ether" is propos ed. In this paper a general classical theory of the relativistic elastic continuum is developed. From the result of the general theory a hypothetical relativistic elastic medium" ether" is introduced. It is an unusual elastic medium which has no mass and no energy in the unde formed state but has mass and energy in the deformed states which are due entirely to the elastic self-interaction of it. It is shown that if the ether is elastically isotropic then it has a conserving quantity called" the Lagrange spin" which has very similar property as that of the iso-spin. It is not conserved if the elastic property of the ether is anisotropic. In our model the elementary particles are viewed as the excited states of the ether and the strong, the electro-magnetic and the weak interactions of them are ascribed to the isotropic, cylin drically symmetric and anisotropic elastic self-interaction of the ether, respectively.


The instinct characteristics and advantages of low earth orbit (LEO) communications satellites have made LEO satellite communication an important trend in the future communications. For such a communication system, inter-satellite link is an essential part. However, due to its time-variant nature caused by e.g., light-of-sight (LOS) effect, Doppler frequency shift and noise, the data transmission performance of the link exhibits stochastic behaviors, which consequently challenges performance evaluation of the link's Quality of Service (QoS). The aim of this paper is to address this challenge. Specifically, we model the link using a finite-state Markov channel (FSMC). In addition, we analyze the delay and backlog performance of data transmission over the link by making use of a newly developed theory: Stochastic Network Calculus. Furthermore, numerical results are presented, from which discussion and conclusion are made providing insights on how different parameters may affect the data transmission performance of the link.


Measurements of return maps, power spectra, Poincare sections, phase-space trajectories, and current-voltage characteristics have been made with an electronic simulator which satisfies the same differential equation as a current-driven Josephson junction. The results suggest that the return map for this system is a circle map. A large number of phase-locked subharmonic modes have been found by measuring the power spectra and phase-space portraits, and intermittent chaos is normally observed in regions between the stable modes. Hopping between states is believed to play an important role in the low-voltage region. Self-similarity structure in the subharmonic modes and three observed sequences are in agreement with the theoretical work by Jensen et al.


I have two main goals in this paper. First, I develop a version of Theory of Identification for the reference of proper names, one which comes from Strawson and Evans.  The theory is not developed in detail, but its central elements are revealed, focusing on its treatment of the phenomenon of reference borrowing. At the center of this theory is Russell's Principle which, applied to the reference of proper names, states that the identification of the named object is a necessary condition for the success of reference. Secondly, I reply to the challenge posed by the semantic argument inspired by Kripke and Donnellan. This argument can be used to show that identification is not necessary for the success of reference. I defend that it is not effective against the version of Theory of Identification advocated here.


Being selected a Cannon lecturer by the American Physiological Society is a singular honor under any circumstances, but a particularly poignant one for me because of my origins in Cannon's old Department at the Harvard Medical School. In fact, when I began my career there as an instructor 45 years


Named entity relation extraction is an important subject in the field of information extraction. Although many English extractors have achieved reasonable performance, an effective system for Chinese relation extraction remains undeveloped due to the lack of Chinese annotation corpora and the specificity of Chinese linguistics. Here, we summarize three kinds of unique but common phenomena in Chinese linguistics. In this article, we investigate unsupervised linguistics-based Chinese open relation extraction (ORE), which can automatically discover arbitrary relations without any manually labeled datasets, and research the establishment of a large-scale corpus. By mapping the entity relations into dependency-trees and considering the unique Chinese linguistic characteristics, we propose a novel unsupervised Chinese ORE model based on Dependency Semantic Normal Forms (DSNFs). This model imposes no restrictions on the relative positions among entities and relationships and achieves a high yield by extracting relations mediated by verbs or nouns and processing the parallel clauses. Empirical results from our model demonstrate the effectiveness of this method, which obtains stable performance on four heterogeneous datasets and achieves better precision and recall in comparison with several Chinese ORE systems. Furthermore, a large-scale knowledge base of entity and relation, called COER, is established and published by applying our method to web text, which conquers the trouble of lack of Chinese corpora.


This paper develops a dependence-switching copula model to examine dependence and tail dependence for four different market statuses, namely, rising-stocks/appreciating-currency, falling-stocks/depreciating-currency, rising-stocks/depreciating-currency, and falling-stocks/appreciating-currency. The model is then applied to daily stock returns and exchange rate changes for six major industrial countries over the 1990–2010 period. The dependence and tail dependence among the above four market statuses are asymmetric for most countries in the negative correlation regime, but symmetric in the positive correlation regime. These results enrich the findings in the existing literature and suggest that analyzing cross-market linkages within a time-invariant copula framework may not be appropriate.


A circular, magnesium fluoride ring was irradiated with a Q-switched, neodymium-doped glass laser. The sudden absorption of laser energy by the ring produced an internal temperature distribution which could be closely approximated by a cosine function over half the circumference of the ring. The ensuing membrane strains were measured with semiconductor strain gages. Measured strain-time histories were found to be in close agreement with theoretical predictions.


The anomalous X-ray scattering (AXS) technique is applied to obtain the environmental radial distribution functions (RDFs) around germanium atoms in glassy (1-x)GeO 2 .xP 2 O 5 (x=0.10,0.18 and 0.28), from the intensities measured at the Ge K absorption edge using synchrotron radiation. The analysis of the shape of the RDFs shows that the distance of Ge-O pairs increases with addition of P 2 O 5 and the number of coordinated oxygen atoms around germanium atoms also increases from four with the addition


The manufacture of continuous glassfibre requires the use of a rhodium/platinum component called a bushing, which has numerous precisely shaped orifices, called jets or tips, through which the fibres are drawn. The article describes methods of producing bushings, including an novel technique from Japan


This paper presents an integrated evaluation of the new Shoulder Surfing resistant Cued Recall authentication, including usability and security evaluations, and implementation considerations. In public places, users may be at a risk of attackers stealing their passwords. Capturing the password by direct observation or recording the individual authentication session is called Shoulder surfing attack. Most of the currently designed graphical passwords are vulnerable to shoulder Surfing attack. This paper reports the design and evaluation of the Cued Click Point Graphical Password with a Shoulder Surfing defense feature.


The KdV hierarchy is a family of evolutions on a Schrodinger operator that preserves its spectrum. Canonical systems are a generalization of Schrodinger operators, that nevertheless share many features with Schrodinger operators. Since this is a very natural generalization, one would expect that it would also be possible to build a hierarchy of isospectral evolutions on canonical systems analogous to the KdV hierarchy. Surprisingly, we show that constructing a hierarchy of flows on canonical systems that obeys the standard assumptions of the KdV hierarchy is in some sense impossible. This suggests that we need a more sophisticated approach to develop such a hierarchy, if it is indeed possible to do so.


Bringing together clinicians and vision researchers from around the world, the Biennial Meeting of the International Society for Eye Research focuses on stimulating and promoting international research cooperation. This is a broad, interdisciplinary event, and in 2010 it was held in Canada for the first time. The meeting was composed of scientific symposia in 12 different subspecialties, in addition to plenary lectures, poster sessions, and young investigator sessions. This article describes some selected highlights of the meeting.


Fundamental harmonic approximation (FHA) has been widely used in loose coupling wireless power transfer (WPT) system. However, FHA will compromise the analysis accuracy due to the high harmonic components in strong coupling system. In this paper, a precise analytical method is proposed for strong coupling WPT system, and the output expression considering the contributions of the harmonic components is derived. Both simulations and experimental measurements are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Objective:To observe effect of Kudiezi injection on actue infarction.Methods:Patients were randomly divided into two groups,therapeutic group(n=42) and control group(n=36).The control group were received routintherapy only.The therapeutic group were received Kudiezi injection in addition to routine therapy.Results:The effective rate was 85.7% in the therapeutic group.There was significant statistical difference in coparison with the contrcol group.Conclusion:Early administration of Kudiezi injection in acute infarction can evidently depress the viscosity of blood.It is benefit for the restoration of acute infarction.It can reduce that acute infarction occur again.


The dissociation constants (sK) of benzoic acid, protonated (hydroxymethyl)methylamine (TrisH+), and the p-nitroanilinium ion have been determined at 25° in the 'isodielectric' methanol–propylene glycol solvent system by e.m.f. measurements of suitable galvanic cells in the first two cases, and by spectrophotometric measurements in the case of the latter. The solubilities of the uncharged species, benzoic acid, Tris, and p-nitroaniline, have also been determined at 25°. The solvent effects on the proton transfer processes of these acids have been discussed in terms of the free energies of transfer of the different species concerned from methanol to the other solvents. 'Electrostatic effect' differences being negligibly small between these isodielectric media, specific solute–solvent interactions dictate the overall proton transfer behaviour of these acids.


We compare the lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) and the gas-kinetic scheme (GKS) for direct numerical simulation of decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence. Although both methods are derived from the Boltzmann equation thus share a common kinetic origin, numerically they are rather different. The LBE is a finite difference method, while the GKS is a finite volume one. In addition, the LBE is limited to incompressible flows with the Mach number Ma < 0.3, while the GKS is valid for fully compressible fluids without the low-Mach-number restriction. In this study we use the generalized lattice Boltzmann equation (GLBE) with multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) collision model, which overcomes all the apparent defects in the popular lattice BGK equation. We use both the LBE and GKS methods to simulate the decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence. We compared the time evolution of kinetic energy, dissipation rate and other higher order statistical parameters. Our results show that both the LBE and GKS yield quantitatively similar results for low order statistical quantities and there are differences in higher order statistical quantities. In general, kinetic methods for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are derived from the Boltzmann equation, as opposed to conventional CFD methods based on direct discretizations of the Navier-Stokes equations. Two distinctive features of kinetic methods immediately appear. First, kinetic methods can include extended hydrodynamics beyond the validity regime of the Navier-Stokes equations, because they are based on kinetic theory. It is known that the Boltzmann equation provides the theoretical connection between hydrodynamics and the underlying microscopic physics. Kinetic methods are often called mesoscopic methods for they can relate the macroscopic conservation laws to the underlying microscopic dynamics. And second, the Boltzmann equation is a first-order integro-partial-differential equation with a linear advection term, while the Navier-Stokes equation is a second-order partial differential equation with a nonlinear advection term. The nonlinearity in the Boltzmann equation resides in its collision term, which is local. This feature may lead to some computational advantages. 1 For these two reasons, kinetic methods have attracted some interest recently. Due to their mesoscopic nature, kinetic methods are particularly appealing in modeling and simulations of complex 2 and non-equilibrium 3–6 flows. There are a number of kinetic or mesoscopic methods, such as the lattice gas cellular automata (LGCA), the lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE), the gas-kinetic schemes (GKS), the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), and the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD). Among these methods, the LBE and GKS methods are specifically designed as numerical methods for CFD: the former is for low-Mach-number flows while the latter is for fully compressible flows. Both methods have been applied to simulate viscous flows, 7,8 heat transfer problems, 9,10 shallow water equations, 11 multiphase 12–15 and multicomponent 16–20 flows, magnetohydrodynamics, 21–23 and microflows. 3,24–26 Although both the LBE and GKS methods share a common kinetic origin, they are quite different otherwise. First of all, the LBE is a finite difference (FD) method while the GKS is a finite volume (FV) one. Second, the LBE is a system evolving on the discrete phase space ,


BACKGROUND
Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease that is affecting anagen hair follicles. The triggers of autoimmunity in patients with alopecia areata remain unknown.

MAIN OBSERVATION
A 13-year-old boy developed multiple hairless patches of focal hair loss with typical clinical and trichoscopy features of alopecia areata. Mycology examination of the scalp hair and epidermal scrapings reveled massive growth of Alternaria chlamydospora.

CONCLUSION
We hypothesize that fungal antigens (e.g. antigens involved in fungal melanin synthesis) may be possible triggers, contributing to autoimmune reactions in patients with alopecia areata. We discuss research data, which may indirectly support this hypothesis, however the concept has yet to be verified.


The author examines some aspects of the reform to which American counter-intelligence has been subjected since the beginning of the 21st century. The article contains a detailed analysis of the «National Counter-intelligence Strategy – 2016», which in many ways represents a balanced and realistic document that reflects the serious concern of the US leadership to the state of affairs in the field of national security. The Strategy 2016 identifies five main objectives (mission objectives) in the field of counter-intelligence national security. It also formulates two problems that, according to the developers of the document, should help to achieve these objectives.


ALTHOUGH physicians tend to concentrate on pain when treating RA, most patients are concerned with mobility, and in particular, their ability to undertake domestic duties outside the house [1]. Despite the functional problems of arthritis, there is a surprisingly small literature on the problems patients face and how these may be overcome, with the bulk of the published work being on the aetiology, and the drug and surgical treatment of the disease. In the standard texts on RA the disease is described as a disease of middle age, affecting mainly women [2, 3], but it is a disease of low incidence but, because of the low mortality, high prevalence [4]. This means that many patients will experience increasing problems with mobility, not only because of disease progression, but because of ageing and the occurrence of intercurrent disease. Lachmann describes in this issue 11 patients with RA who have had amputation of the lower limb. She points out that compared to a control group, matched for age, sex, and time of amputation, the outcome for the RA patients is much worse, not only because they are less mobile, but because the arthritis flared during walking training. Because RA is a potentially disabling disease it can adversely affect the outcome of other medical episodes and have profound effects on the life of the sufferer.


A control system for a brushless DC fan includes a microcontroller (5), a brushless DC motor (7), a bridge rectifying circuit (1), a voltage regulating module (4) for regulating the driving voltage of the motor (7), an MOS transistor driving module (6) for driving the motor (7) in the manner of controlling the switching on of the MOS transistor, and a back electromotive force (EMF) detecting module (8). The power loss is reduced by using the brushless DC motor (7) instead of an AC motor. By controlling the input voltage of the brushless DC motor (7) so as to control the rotational speed of the motor (7), the switching frequency and input voltage of the MOS transistor are decreased and an ultra-quiet effect can be achieved. Compared with detecting the rotor position by hall sensors, the cost of production and maintenance can be reduced and the commutating points of the motor (7) can be calculated more accurately by detecting the back EMF of the brushless DC motor (7) by the back EMF detecting module (8) and computing the rotor position of the brushless DC motor (7) by programs.


This book has three aims: to examine critical issues in current thinking about learner autonomy and teacher education; to give examples of a number of classroom approaches to the development of learner autonomy in the EuroPAL countries; and to present the work of various teacher educators and research that focuses on teacher development for learner autonomy. Concerned exclusively with language teaching and learning in secondary schools, the book is one of the products of the EuroPAL project, funded by the SOCRATES programme.


The Ongoing Assessment Project (OGAP) is a learning trajectory-oriented formative assessment program that develops teachers' abilities to understand and apply research-based developmental trajectories in math content areas to deepen their thinking about their students. In OGAP, teachers learn to use a learning progression framework to continually assess and adapt their instruction to students' developing understanding, aiming to move them towards more sophisticated strategies in a range of multiplicative contexts. For this reason, OGAP puts a premium on students' precision of answer (including correctness and unit labeling) and sophistication of solution response. In this study we examine the multi-year impacts of OGAP on grades 3-5 student correctness and solution sophistication in multiplication on an open-ended assessment created by the Consortium for Policy Research in Education (CPRE) as part of a randomized experimental study of OGAP in Philadelphia schools. In order to assess the intervention's impact on student learning in both correctness and sophistication, the research team developed an assessment measure with three vertically-equated grade-specific forms composed of open-ended items. The assessment asked students to show their work to allow for analysis of their correctness, strategies, and errors. The results show strong and consistent first year effects on student correctness and solution sophistication multiplication outcomes in all three grades that were assessed. However, these results did not persist during the second year of OGAP treatment, which focused on fraction, when controlling for end of first year results. When examining the second-year multiplication results using the baseline measure, the treatment impacts were present, reinforcing the strength of the first year effects. The next step is to examine year 2 effects in fractions, which was the focus of the second year of OGAP professional development. Additionally, since student and teacher turnover are manifest in Philadelphia, and consequently both students and teachers had different levels of exposure to OGAP, additional analyses are needed to incorporate student and 1 This paper is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DRK-12 1316527. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.


This essay brings the political theory of Hannah Arendt into the company of several key debates in democratic theory. Though she is most renowned for her theory of political action, it is my contention that Arendt's concept of World can productively change the very terms by which democratic politics is most often understood and questioned. This essay takes up this matter by way of a thorough exploration of World alienation, the subject with which Arendt began and concluded her seminal work of political theory, The Human Condition.


The present study analyses the growth-structural change-poverty linkages within the framework of the New Structural Economics using Indian data for the period since 1951-52. It finds that the relationship between growth, structural transformation and poverty reduction is complex and is characterized by various issues and challenges. It is influenced by country-specific idiosyncratic attributes as shaped by the broader growth strategy adopted by the government, its implementation, and its developmental outcomes. Failure to anticipate challenges in the development path adopted by the government is a chief cause of failure in reducing poverty. The study calls for informed state interventions to steer the economy to a sustained and inclusive development path. *The paper is prepared for presentation at the Inter-Agency Expert Group Meeting on "Employment and Decent Work for Poverty Eradication, in Support of the Second UN Decade for the Eradication of Poverty (2008-2017)" Bangkok: 4-6 May 2016


This article examines the influence of oil prices on the GDP in the various model and data specifications. The goal is to identify whether the oil prices exhibit significant influence on the selected macroeconomic indicators. Data show that oil prices are significant in the relation to the GDP growth. The differences between the various asymmetric or nonlinear oil price measures are not very profound. Furthermore, the data specification appears to be an important factor. Interannual data provide more stable estimation results and better explain the variance in the GDP growth than interperiod data. The oil-GDP relationship is mostly unidirectional from oil to GDP.


We study Neptune's smooth radio emission in two ways: we simulate the observations and we then consider the radio effects of Neptune's magnetic multipoles. A procedure to deduce the characteristics of radio sources observed by the Planetary Radio Astronomy experiment minimizes limiting assumptions and maximizes use of the data, including quantitative measurement of circular polarization. Study of specific sources simulates time variation of intensity and apparent polarization of their integrated emission over an extended time period. The method is applied to Neptune smooth recurrent emission (SRE). Time series are modeled with both broad and beamed emission patterns, and at two frequencies which exhibit different time variation of polarization. These dipole-based results are overturned by consideration of more complex models of Neptune's magnetic field. Any smooth emission from the anticipated auroral radio source is weak and briefly observed. Dominant SRE originates in complex fields at midlatitude. Possible SRE source locations overlap that of "high-latitude" emission (HLE) between +(out) and −(in) quadrupoles. This is the first identification of multipolar magnetic structure with a major source of planetary radio emission.


The object-oriented software development paradigm has reached the mainstream application market very soon after its boom in research institutions. However, the lack of an organized work plan has spelt the doom of those who jumped on corporate object orientation without a precise growth plan. Many are the choices that have to be undertaken in such an environment, and some of them affect the fabric of software development in the very core of the business. Object orientation, however, promises to relieve the company from the ever-increasing necessity to adapt every product as soon as a requirement change occurs, by limiting the changes to a restricted number of well-identified code fragments.This paper presents an account of how object-oriented software development was introduced in our company, the foundation of our understanding object orientation, and the hurdles we overcame in the process of building a reusable application framework.


Introduction: Breastfeeding is associated with decreased ovarian cancer risk, yet the biological mechanisms are not fully understood. We conducted an agnostic investigation of tumor immune profiles to better understand the role of the tumor microenvironment in the protective association between breastfeeding and ovarian cancer risk.
 Methods: Multiplex immunofluorescence was used to measure the abundance of T cells and B cells in ovarian tumor samples on tissue microarrays from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; n=337), NHSII (n=127), and New England Case Control Study (NECC; n=214). We averaged the percent of cells within the tumor epithelium that were positive for the immune cell of interest across 3 cores per tumor and categorized tumors as having high or low immune cell abundance based on the median value across all tumors. Controls were non-cases and did not provide tissue samples (n=2,045). Self-reported history of breastfeeding was used to define ever/never and total duration of breastfeeding. Polytomous logistic regression models adjusted for age, birth cohort, race, parity, oral contraception use, and study, was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for breastfeeding and ovarian cancer risk by immune cell level.
 Results: Overall, breastfeeding was associated with a reduced risk of tumors with low, but not high, subtypes of T cell abundance. Among parous women, history of ever breastfeeding decreased the risk of tumors with low helper T cells (CD3+CD4+; ORlow: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.41-0.77), but not high helper T cells (ORhigh: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.63-1.35; p-het=0.06). For total B cells (CD19+), having ever breastfed was associated with decreased risk of both low (ORlow: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.47-0.87) and high abundance in the tumor (ORhigh: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.62-0.96, p-het=0.67) among parous women. Similar results were observed for CD138+ plasma cells (ORlow:0.76, 95% CI: 0.56-0.99; ORhigh: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.37-0.94; p-het=0.34). Longer duration of breastfeeding was associated with decreased risk of developing tumors with low abundance of total B cells (CD19+, p-trend=0.02) and regulatory B cells (CD19+TNFR2+, p-trend=0.05), but not high abundance of CD19+ or CD19+TNFR2+ (p-het=0.01 and 0.03, respectively).
 Conclusion: These results indicate that among parous women breastfeeding is associated with reduced risk of ovarian tumors with low infiltration of helper T cells while no heterogeneity was observed for risk by total B cells or plasma cells. Longer breastfeeding duration was associated with reduced risk of tumors low in regulatory B cells (CD19+TNFR+) with a dose-dependent response. Together, these results suggest breastfeeding may play a role in the activation of the tumor immune response. Further efforts are ongoing to disentangle the relationships between breastfeeding and parity with the tumor immune microenvironment.
 Citation Format: Jennifer Mongiovi, Mary Townsend, Allison Vitonis, Ana Babic, Jonathan Hecht, Jose Conejo-Garcia, Brooke Fridley, Shelley Tworoger, Kathryn Terry, Naoko Sasamoto. Breastfeeding and ovarian cancer risk by tumor immune profiles [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3017.


ABSTRACT A new three-dimensional potential energy surface (PES) of the Ar–N2 van der Waals complex is constructed using the neural network method based on ab initio data points at the CCSD(T) level. The aug-cc-pVQZ basis set is employed for all atoms with midbond functions. The vibrationally averaged PES V00 is characterised by a global T-shaped minimum which occurs at R = 3.715 Å, θ = 90.0° with a well depth of 98.779 cm−1. Based on our three-dimensional PES, bound-state calculations are performed for three isotopomers of Ar–14N2, Ar–15N2, and Ar–14N15N, and several intermolecular vibrational states are assigned by analysing the wavefunctions. Moreover, the averaged structural parameters are calculated and the pure rotational transition frequencies with J = 0--6 are predicted. The spectroscopic constants are determined by fitting the rotational energy levels. The theoretical results are in good agreement with experimental data and this work gives more accurate results than those determined previously for the Ar–N2 complex.


This chapter analyses the relationship between civicness and citizen participation in social services. There is a lot of debate on the contribution of civic behavior and civic culture to public service performance. This chapter looks at the reverse direction: how does citizen participation contribute to civicness? It is argued that citizen participation has more chances to be successful and augment civicness, when certain conditions are met: when participation is structured rather than laissez-faire, if it is experience rather than expertise-based, if representation is substantial rather than merely descriptive, and if public and personal/group interest are distinguished and treated as something that all involved struggle with rather than as a problem of citizens only. These conditions are argued to be important on the basis of analysis of literature on citizen participation; whether they are indeed effective in practice needs to be subject to empirical research. Citizen participation and civicness in social service organisations are supposed to be closely connected. Citizen participation is considered to contribute to civicness, both of citizens themselves and of social service organisations. Only when the voices of citizens are included, and citizens are given the power to really exert influence in socials service organisations, do these organisations have a chance to become civic.


Improved Fumigants Chioropicrin, Vorlex and Vapam continue to control internal decay of pressure-treated Douglas-fir poles 12 years after application. Fungitoxic quantities of chloropicrin are present in the wood as high as 2.4 m (8 feet) above the groundline. Solid methylisothiocyanate (MIT), which goes directly to a vapor, is somewhat more effective in controlling decay than is Vorlex MIT is the active ingredient of Vorlex. Gelatin capsules containing chioropicrin or MIT offer new opportunities for improved fumigation of poles. MIT is readily released in moist wood, but chioropicrin capsules require wetting after they have been placed in the wood or they must be mechanically ruptured for maximum effectiveness. Although chioropicrin and MIT are adsorbed by wood after adequate aeration, the fumigant-treated wood may be attacked by decay fungi. Encapsulated MIT, is being compared to Vapam in pressure-treated Douglasfir transmission poles near Buffalo, NY. Controlling decay of cedar sapwood Six decay fungi have been identif led from sapwood and three from heartwood, of decay in cedar poles. Five waterborne chemicals have been selected as potential substitutes for the 10% pentachlorophenol-diesel oil solution currently used to spray cedar sapwood. Of these, 3-iodo-2-propynyl-butylcarbamate equalled or exceeded the pentachlorophenol solution in effectiveness at depths to 15 mm in the endgrain of


This exhibition introduces the Public Collaboration Lab (PCL), a one-year research project that explores the potential for, and value of, strategic collaboration between design education and local government to better engage council staff and the citizens they serve, in the development and application of design-led approaches to social challenges and to inform policy. It displays a selection of practice-based PCL collaborative design engagement tools that provide a site for argument, debate and exchange between participants in the process of creative engagement. Taking these tools as a starting point, the mini-workshop explores the various definitions of such tools (thing, boundary object, cultural probe, etc.), discussing their role in participatory design research.


It must initially appear improbable that disciplinary fields constituted around critiques of capitalism and colonialism have given a meager reception to liberation theory. I will return to a tendency among postcolonial critics to disown liberation discourses and practices, and indeed all forms of anticolonialist rhetoric and organization. But first I want to consider why so few of the major Marxist metatheorists in Europe undertook to examine the roads taken by Marxism on colonial terrains. Even if we allow that analyses inspired by Leninist strategies for class and anti-imperialist struggles diverged from the epistemological and aesthetic concerns of Marxisms in the advanced capitalist countries, this indifference takes its place within the wider and longstanding exclusion of non-western knowledge from the canons compiled by metropolitan scholars. In a wide-ranging and provocative essay Goran Therborn acknowledges that Marxism became "the main intellectual culture of two major movements of the dialectics of modernity: the labour movement and the anti-colonial movement" (1996: 74). Yet when considering "Marxism in the New Worlds," he underestimates the creativity and innovations of Latin American and Asian Marxisms, makes remarkably flimsy allusions to its Chinese form, and joins a larger constituency in rejecting Africa as a player in the discourses of Marxism and modernity. Thus while singling out the Martinican Fanon for his capturing of the violent traumata of modernity in the colonial zone, he goes on to assert that most important Marxist intellectuals of Africa tend to be non-black: Black African culture very different from the Marxist dialectic of modernity, has not (yet) been able to sustain any significant Marxist intelligentsia. (78)


Not a little number of patients accidentally swallow PTP (press through package or blister package of tablets) pieces. PTP pieces account for about ten percent of all foreign bodies in the esophagus in Japan.Author reported 24 cases of misswallowing of package pieces of medical tablets (23 cases swallowed PTP and one case swallowed SP-strip package-) treated in his clinic during the period of 1966 to 1987, and discussed the ingestion of PTP pieces by means of case-control study.The results were summarized as follows.1) The patients, who misswallowed the package pieces of tablets, had no significant property in their physical state and the manner of internal use. The ingestion of PTP pieces, as a"human error"through the carelessness, happened in the ordinary patients who took the ordinary medical tablets in the ordinary manners.2) The background of PTP ingestion was supposed to be the decline of psychological importance of the internal use.3) Modification of the package of tablets or change of the present dispensing system may prevent the ingestion of PTP pieces.


Based on physical simulation, the effects of property parameters and technological parameters on deformability are studied in sheet metal drawing. It is emphasized especially on two stage deep drawing. Simulation results show that both property parameters and technological parameters influence much more on two stage drawing than one stage drawing. They also show that two stage deep drawing and one stage deep drawing influence each other, and should not be considered separately.


Patient characteristics, treatment and prevalence/incidence of the type 2 diabetes population in Sweden : a nationwide study from 2006 to 2013


2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a widely applied herbicide introduced to the environment and becomes a pollutant. This organic pollutant is toxic and persistent,and called xenobiotic cause of its non nature characteristic but can be degraded by activated sludge after an acclimation period. Several experiments were conducted in this study to determine the effects of factors on 2,4-D acclimation period and also the degradation time. Factors considered here include the initial concentration of 2,4-D and activated sludge, starved activated aludge, a biogenic substrate and similar substrate added prior to 2,4-D. The length of acclimation time is directly proportional to the incrasing of initial activated sludge concentration and inversely proportional to the increasing of initial 2,4-D concentration.However it also depends on the combination of them in one. A combination of 100 mg/1 of initial 2,4-D concentration and 20 mg/1 of initial activated sludge was chosen as the most appropriate to conduct all experiments to explore the effects of starved sludge , of sucrose and phenol on lag period of 2,4-D degradation. Lacking of nutrient for 5 to 10 days is an advantage for shorten length of acclimation period and increasing rate of degradation. The presence of sucrose and phenol in solution before adding 2,4-D also have significant effect on lag phase. Activated sludge added with 100 mg/1 or 200 mg/1 of sucrose 3 days prior to adding 2,4-D can sharply accumlated degradation capacity so that the acclimation phase under this condition is the shortest. With phenol,the reduction in lag time of activated sludge to 2,4-D was directly related to the concentration of phenol added. 100 mg/1 phenol added and degraded defore adding 2,4-D can reduce acclimation time from 72 hours to 14 hours.


Objective:To compare the differences in efficacy and side effect between Sertraline and Clompramine.Methods:80 OCD patients were randomly divided into Sertraline group(n=38) and Clomprmine group(n=42),and observed for 12 weeks,by Yale-Brown OCD scale,HAMD and HAMA.Results: No difference in changes of Yale-Brown OCD scale,HAMD and HAMA between Sertraline and Clompramine was found.The side effects and dropout due to side effects of Sertraline were less than that of Clompramine,no difference due to ineffectiveness between Sertraline and Clompramine was found.Conclusions: Sertraline resembles Clompramine in treatment of OCD with light side effect.


In a monolithic gate driver, a power consumption is reduced as compared with a conventional one without lowering a voltage of a scanning signal to be applied to a gate bus line as compared with a conventional one. A stage constituent circuit includes first-node to third-node, a thin-film transistor (M7) that changes a potential of a scanning signal toward a VDD potential when a potential of the first-node is in a HIGH level, a thin-film transistor (M6) that changes a potential of a different stage control signal toward a potential of a clock (CKA) when a potential of the second-node is in the HIGH level, a capacitor (C1) that is disposed between the first-node and the second-node, and a capacitor (C2) that is disposed between the second-node and the third-node. The potential of the first-node is raised on the basis of a different stage control signal output from the stage constituent circuit in the different stage, and then the potential of the second-node and a potential of the third-node are sequentially raised. Herein, an amplitude of the clock is set to be smaller than an amplitude of the scanning signal.


Therapeutic effect of lycopene-rich tomato juice against evoked cardiac disorders in rats fed on fried potato in oxidized frying cotton seed oil (20% w/w ) for 4-weeks was studied using lycopene at a daily dose of 1 mg/Kg body weight.
Total lipids, total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) were estimated in different animal groups. Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as well as serum calcium, potassium and magnesium were determined
The obtained results revealed that, feeding on fried potato in deep oxidized frying oil induced a notable increase in lipid profils and LDL-c associated with a marked elevation in specific heart enzymes, LDL, CK, ALT and AST activities. These biochemical alterations ameliorated when lycopene was administered to rats fed fried potato in oxidized frying oil.


A new algorithm based on fourth-order cumulant matrix is presented for uniform linear array. There are massive redundant data in the fourth-order cumulant matrix for MUSIC-like algorithm.So a new method of constructing the fourth-order cumulant matrix is created in the proposed algorithm.In the case of keeping the array extension ability,the fourth-order cumulant matrix constructed using the new method eliminates massive redundant data of the fourth-order cumulant matrix in MUSIC-like algorithm and reduces the order of the matrix.So compared with MUSIC-like algorithm,the proposed algorithm not only has the same performance of DOA estimation,but also brings the benefits of significant reduction of computational complexity.Computer simulations are carried out to illustrate the validity of the new method.


Abstract Many academic libraries make streaming video content available to their users on the Kanopy platform. This article explores how libraries have approached Kanopy's various access models, of which the most common are a patron driven acquisition (PDA) access model and a mediated access model. The author examines her institution's switch in models in light of budgetary concerns and concludes that the change to mediate access has not led to significant delays in providing access to requested materials.


In this paper we study the problem of of integrating abduction and learning as they appear in Arti cial Intelligence. A general comparison of abduction and induction as separate inferences and elds in AI is given. Based on this analysis we study their possible interaction and integration. We introduce the notions of of abductive concept learning as a framework for learning with incomplete background theories. Together with this we propose a general methodology for incorporating abduction in inductive concept learning that allows us to exploit more fully in the learning process the knowledge contained in the background theory. This basic methodology extends in a natural way to the more general context of theory revision.


ABSTRACT Internationally, Intercultural Understanding (ICU) is increasingly prevalent in the field of education. The recent evidence base includes a growing academic literature and examples of specified education policy and curricula. In regards to leveraging ICU, research suggests a multi-level and longitudinal approach is needed to ensure effective and sustainable school change. Significant gaps exist in the literature about the contextual factors across all school levels that facilitate or impede the development of ICU. These gaps include research and action pertaining to school leadership. This paper draws from interviews and visual data generated in a large Australian study and focuses on the centrality of a single architectural feature of the school, the school foyer, and how principals grapple with the (re)design of these spaces to assert themselves as interculturally capable schools. Discourses of educational leadership have historically relied on well-worn leadership models of operational practices rather than explicitly framing an understanding of diversity to support intercultural capabilities. During a period of mandated Australian curriculum reform and assessment, this paper offers another way of 'Doing Diversity' of interest to policy makers and school leadership keen to embed ICU in their schools while highlighting the significant role school leaders have in progressing ICU.


The objective was to determine the reliability of the VO2Max estimate on a treadmill using the measured (HRpeak) vs. the predicted (HRpredicted) maximum heart rate (HR). Eighteen men (27.5 ± 7.1 years, 73.7± 12.6 kg, 174.8 ± 10.2 cm) performed, in the first visit, a progressive test to determine the HRpeak. In the two following visits, submaximal aerobic tests were performed on a treadmill with a 6 min at 75% HR reserve. VO2Max was estimated by means of the equations of HR, VO2 reserve and the ACSM running equation. The intraclass correlation coefficient and the typical error of measurement using HRPredicted and HRpeak were 0.89, 2.43 ml.kg-1.min-1 (5%) and 0.83, 2.43 mL.kg-1.min-1 (4.9%), respectively. There was no significant difference (t test) between the estimates of VO2Max from the HRpeak and HRpredicted. The use of the HRpredicted was considered appropriate for VO2Max estimation, with a small typical error of measurement.


The University of Colorado at Denver robotics society is constructing an autonomous ground vehicle (AGV) capable of accomplishing the Association of Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI) competition objectives. The design presented features an engineering focus on a statistical, vision based discrete-time control system optimized for an exterior robotic vehicle. A simple robust strategy incorporates ultrasonic ranging to make this vehicle capable of negotiating the features presented in the autonomous challenge. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


This paper presents some results of a Swedish survey to collect the opinions of experts on drugs and driving about various methodological issues. Its results will provide a basis for guidelines aiming to improve the quality of future research. The survey was especially concerned with the methodology of research to assess the effects of drugs on driving performance. 87 questionnaires were sent out, mostly to the USA and the UK, but also to Europe and Australia; of the 40 that were completed, 11 replies came from the UK, 19 from other European countries, 8 from the USA, and 2 from Australia. The questionnaire addressed 13 major topics, from three interdependent problem areas: (1) the power of the test; (2) interpretation of results; (3) generalisation of conclusions. A proposition was made about each topic, and experts were asked whether they agreed (most of them usually did), and how they would qualify their opinions. The 13 topics were: (1) age and gender of subjects; (2) how far healthy volunteers or patients should be used; (3) drug doses; (4) durations of drug treatments; (5) control conditions; (6) choice of performance tests; (7) reliability; (8) validity; (9) laboratory tests, simulators, and actual driving tests; (10) study purpose and hypothesis; (11) sample size; (12) power of statistical tests; (13) transfer of all test scores to a common scale. For the covering abstract see IRRD 866577.


A trans-national optical fiber time transfer link, based on the White Rabbit Precision Time Protocol has between established between the UTC timescale realizations of the Belgian Metrology Service (SMD) in Brussels, Belgium and the ESTEC Radio Navigation Laboratory in Noordwijk, The Netherlands. The link consists of a single fiber covering a span of approximately 260 km. For verification, the optical fiber time transfer is compared with GPS-based common view time transfer. The results of the two techniques agree well within the combined uncertainties. The estimated uncertainty for the optical fiber time transfer is 0.2 ns.


/ ABSTRACT Worldwide economic productivity is examined in this paper. There are seven major sections. Section 1 is an fntroduction which'discusses how as the seventies came to, i-close without producing a strong and sustained recovery from global'Aconomic . ,recegtion,4 the spotlight of public concern focused on the problem .of productivity.,Treds which have affected productivity are discussed and ways ofweasuring productivity are-examined: Section 2 discusses why productivity is important. Higher productivity is a mechanism for imprdking the material quality of life.,A rise in output per hour of work can finance increases in income, help restrain inflation, and enhance the competitiveness of producfs'in the international market place. Structural shifts in the economy are the focu% of the third. . section. For national-economies, the major cause of higher productivity has been structural change, the wholesale movement of workers out of less productive sectors of the economy into more productive ones. The fourth 'section examines changing relationships among the factors of production. At the root of the current crisis in labor productiVity is an abrupt change in the r prices of the factors of production. Productivity and emplo ent are the topic of section'5. The major impact'of microelectr,onic on labor productivity and hence on jobs is examined. Section 64giscusres disbtibuting the gains from higher productivity. Examined 'are the ideas of a guaranteed income, labor displacement because of aitomation, shorter work weeks, longer vacation time, and early retirement. The concluding section looks at "The Productivity Prospect."ARM)


A new interstitial acrocirrid, Actaedrilus yanbarensis gen et. sp. nov., is described from Okinawa-jima Island, Japan. Individuals of the new genus and species were collected from the interstices of subtidal coarse sand (about 1 m depth). The new genus is comprised of the new species and A. polyonyx (Eliason, 1962) comb. nov. and it is characterized by the presence of two pairs of long branchiae, non-retractile head, minute body, and short club-shaped palps. We infer the phylogenetic position of A. yanbarensis gen. et sp. nov. within Acrocirridae using five gene markers (COI, 16S, 18S, 28S, Cyt B).


I made the link to module 4 active. It took sometime for people to get into groups for the Module 3 reading so I was


Objective: To study the optimum media composition and fermentation conditions for exopolysaccharides production by Cordyceps militaris.Methods: Mycelium biomass was determined by dry-weight method.The levels of polysaccharides were determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method.Results: The optimum media composition was 6% sucrose,0.2% KNO_3,2% yeast extract,0.02% MgSO_4·7H_2O,0.04% K_2HPO_4 and 0.002% FeSO_4·7H_2O.The fermentation conditions were 6% of inoculation volume,initial pH7.0 and fermentation temperature 24 ℃.Conclusion: The yield of exopolysaccharides was 4.84 g/L and mycelium dry weight was 21.12 g/L under the optimized conditions.


Gerbillinae is the second largest subfamily (after Murinae) in the Muridae family comprising ~16 genera and more than a hundred species. Phylogenetic relationships among the main taxa of gerbils are still not fully understood. In particular, a major issue is the phylogenetic position of the monotypic genus Ammodillus (endemic to the Horn of Africa), which according to morphological data may be one of the earliest offshoots from the gerbilline stem; however, its precise affiliations have been unknown due to the lack of genetic data. Here, by means of a multilocus dataset including one mitochondrial and five nuclear markers, we for the first time elucidated phylogenetic placement of Ammodillus and provided the most complete tribal phylogeny of Gerbillinae to date. Phylogenetic reconstructions robustly supported Ammodillus as a sister taxon to all other living gerbillines and suggested that the separation of the ammodile lineage dates back to the Middle/Late Miocene boundary (~11.7 Mya). The results are consistent with subdivision of the subfamily into four tribes: monotypic Ammodillini, Gerbillini (including Taterillus), Desmodilliscini (including Pachyuromys) and Gerbillurini. In the light of the new data, we discuss possible scenarios of Gerbillinae origin, highlight Ammodillus as a relatively ancient—albeit morphologically advanced—lineage that has never gained diversity and propose the term 'ancient singleton' for a taxon with a persistently low diversification rate.


Polysubjective management is considered as pedagogical condition of pedagogical support, activating effect of internal factors of the development of social activity of students. Disclosed are the structure, subjects, stages of polysubjective management and methods of influence on students of the subject position of self-government and co-management.


ABSTRACT This article surveys changes at the economic, philosophic, social and political levels to argue that a new agenda for educational policy is taking place in the western world, particularly in the UK and the USA. Driven by the needs for a high tech rather than a low wage economy, by perceived breakdown in the social fabric of society (partly as a consequence of previous New Right policies) and with an underpinning argument at the philosophic level which argues for a new orientation to the conception of the nature of moral thinking, this article argues that what is emerging is an approach to education based upon the notions of communitarianism and character education. Whilst such an approach has the potential to re‐invigorate individuals' sense of responsibility to their communities, as well as provide a greater sense of meaning and direction to policy aims, it is argued in this article that it also has the possibility of centralising decision making, of increasing the likelihood of illiberalism tow...


Over a decade ago, the United Nations (UN) Security Council added Yassin Abdullah Kadi's name to a list of hundreds of individuals suspected of associating with Al-Qaida and the Taliban. The Security Council directed UN Member States to freeze the listed individuals' assets and to limit their travel. The Council of the European Union (EC) subsequently passed regulations giving direct effect to the UN sanctions regime. In 2008, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) annulled one such implementing regulation, but assigned responsibility for remedying considerable due process defects inherent in the regime to Community institutions rather than the UN Security Council. Leaving this task to the European Union (EU) presents a logistical impossibility. Instead, the Security Council should create a court to review its own listing decisions and ensure fair procedure. The ECJ should allocate responsibility to the Security Council, while preserving the EU legal order's autonomy. In Kadi II, Mr. Kadi's current appeal, the ECJ has the opportunity to indicate that it would accept the authority of a court dedicated to hearing challenges to listing decisions, provided it satisfies the European Court of Human Rights' definition of an independent and impartial tribunal under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights.


Early life histories of clean and contaminated n-heptane droplets injected into high-temperature air (1000 K, 10 atm) at a Reynolds number of 100 are examined in an effort to determine the effects of surfactants on droplet behaviour. Transient variations in droplet shape, mass, and velocity, and all effects due to liquid-phase motion and heating, and variable thermophysical properties are included in this numerical study. A detailed analysis of droplet oscillation, surfactant transport, interfacial stresses, liquid-phase motion, droplet drag, and heat and mass transfer is presented along with engineering correlations which may be useful in spray modelling.


This paper introduces a low cost temperature control experimental platform for hardware-in-the-loop simulations. It is developed based on the thermal electronic elements to emulate a temperature control loop in a chemical process. The novel aspect lies in the discovery and discussion of some interesting characteristics of this hardware setup through experiments, which includes the fractional order inverse response behavior, the "open loop linear while closed loop nonlinear" behavior and so forth. These phenomena provide more physical evidences for revealing the value of fractional calculus.


Leni Riefenstahl, who died in 2003, will always be remembered for her film of the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. After the war, Riefenstahl was shunned by the film industry both in Europe and America, despite a 1952 court ruling proclaiming her not guilty of supporting the Nazis in a punishable way. Winner of the Boardman Tasker Award, this is a fine and balanced study of a still-controversial figure.


Objective To explore coronary flow reserve (CFR) in elderly patients with hypertension.Methods Seventy six elderly (aged 60~72 years) hypertensive patients with normal coronary angiography were divided into hypertensive patients without left ventricular hypertrophy(non LVH) (group A,n=32) and hypertensive patients with LVH(group B,n=44).They received electrocardiogram dipyridamole test and stress rest 99m Tc MIBI scintigraphy.Results SPECT perfusion imging showed that stress induced myocardial ischemia in 3 cases(9.4%) of group A and 13 cases (29.5%) of group B (P0.05).Electrocardiogram dipyridamole test showed positive in 1 case (3.1%) of group A and 7 cases (15.9%) of group B,suspicious positive in 3 cases(9.4 %) of group A and 9 cases ( 20.5 %) of group B (P0.05).No case in group A and 8 cases ( 18.2% ) in group B (P0.01) showed positive or suspicious positive electrocardiogram dipyridamole test accompanied by stress induced myocardial ischemia in SPECT perfusion imaging.Conclusions The study suggests that CFR was decreased in elderly hypertensive patients.The decrease was especially remarkable in hypertensive patients with LVH.The functional and stuctural changes in coronary microcirculation may be the cause of decrease in CFR in patients with hypertension.


As the solar radiation time,solar radiation intensity and air temperature are the main influencing factors of PV array output power and there is strong correlation in output power among the similar days,a forecasting model of PV array output power is designed based on similar days and RBFNN(Radial Basis Function Neural Network),which takes the difference of meteorological feature vector between the nearest similar day and the day to be forecasted as the input variable of RBFNN and its output as the forecasted PV array output power.The proposed model is trained and verified with the measured power dada of a PV array in Northwest China.Its mean absolute percentage error obtained is 13.82 % and its root mean square error is 0.405 4,showing its high accuracy.


We discuss the conveigence under Foul ier conditions of the eigenfunction expansions asscciated with the system together with the boundary conditions AI # (0) 4A s ' (0) = 0 where Ai and 13 are 2 x 2 symmetric maniocs with real constant elements and # (x) is the column vector with components u (x) and v (x).


The dedicator of cytokinesis 5 (DOCK5) is associated with obesity. However, the mechanism by which DOCK5 contributes to obesity remains completely unknown. Here, we show that hepatic DOCK5 expression significantly decreases at a state of insulin resistance (IR). Deletion of DOCK5 in mice reduces energy expenditure, promotes obesity, augments IR, dysregulates glucose metabolism, and activates the mTOR (Raptor)/S6K1 pathway under a high‐fat diet (HFD). The overexpression of DOCK5 in hepatocytes inhibits gluconeogenic gene expression and increases the level of insulin receptor (InsR) and Akt phosphorylation. DOCK5 overexpression also inhibits mTOR/S6K1 phosphorylation and decreases the level of raptor protein expression. The opposite effects were observed in DOCK5‐deficient hepatocytes. Importantly, in liver‐specific Raptor knockout mice and associated hepatocytes, the effects of an adeno‐associated virus (AAV8)‐ or adenovirus‐mediated DOCK5 knockdown on glucose metabolism and insulin signaling are largely eliminated. Additionally, DOCK5–Raptor interaction is indispensable for the DOCK5‐mediated regulation of hepatic glucose production (HGP). Therefore, DOCK5 acts as a regulator of Raptor to control hepatic insulin activity and glucose homeostasis.


Abstract Kyrgyzstan was one of the last post-Soviet countries to ratify the UN Convention on Rights of People with Disabilities (UN CRPD) in 2019. The disability movement played a significant role in advocating for the adoption and ratification of the UN CRPD. Interviews with disability activists and a desk review of documents trace the trajectory of the disability movement in Kyrgyzstan. As post-ratification events demonstrate, a narrow interpretation of the Convention results in the misrecognition of the voices of people with disabilities, who are prevented from meaningful engagement and participation in the policymaking process. The essay cautions against equating ratification with recognition.


We describe here the design, experimental characterisation, and analysis of GaN-Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/N HFET structures in which the piezoelectric effect is employed to achieve a marked enhancement of the effective Schottky barrier height. Specifically, a two-layer GaN-Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/N barrier is employed, within which the piezoelectrically induced polarization charge acts to increase the electrostatic potential, and consequently the barrier height for gate leakage current in the HFET. This can be accomplished with no increase in barrier thickness, and consequently little if any change in gate capacitance, and with only a minor impact on carrier concentration in the channel. It is anticipated that this will allow gate currents to be significantly reduced in nitride HFETs with little if any penalty exacted in terms of channel conductance, transconductance, and other device properties.


This study aims to analyse the determinants of audit report lag (ARL) in companies listed on the Dow Jones Stock Index and identify whether the companies audited by an auditing firm with expertise in the audited sector have a lower ARL than the others. We applied a panel data regression model with all companies listed on the Dow Jones Stock Index. We collected data from several variables, during the years from 2013 to 2017. We collected the data at the website of each company, in the reference forms and in the standardised financial statements. Other data we collected at the website Edgar Online. We started with the hypothesis that companies audited by expert auditors have a lower ARL than the other companies. The importance of this research lies in the fact that reducing the ARL enables the disclosure of financial statements in time and facilitates the investors' decision-making process.


Background: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are an independent predictor of survival in metastatic breast cancer patients and patients with ≥5 CTC per 7.5 mL of whole blood (WB) have a poor prognosis and overall survival than patients with fewer than 5 CTC. Dendritic cells (DCs), the most efficient antigen presenting cells (APC), are essential for a robust host immune response. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between CTCs and the immunophenotype and function of DCs in breast cancer (BC) patients. Methods: This ongoing prospective study consists of 47 patients, 26 with metastatic breast cancer, 19 with inflammatory breast cancer; and 2 with locally advanced breast cancer, with a median age of 52 years (range: 34-71 years). Primary tumor characteristics of patients included 28 hormone receptor positive, 18 HER2 amplified, and 12 triple receptor negative. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis was used to enumerate circulating DC subsets, myeloid (mDC) and plasmacytoid (pDC), that express costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, and CD86). Additionally, we assessed the ability of DCs to synthesize interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12, interferon-alpha (IFN-a) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a constitutively and following activation with toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. CTCs were enumerated in 7.5 mL of WB using CellSearch (Raritan, NJ). Results: CTCs were detected in 26 patients (range from 1 to 1009) including 12 patients with ≥5 CTCs. Compared with patients with Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-02-04.


ABSTRACT What caused the surprising electoral success of an Islamist party in one of Indonesia's most Catholic regions, and why was this success short-lived? This article argues that in Ngada district on Flores Island in 2014 the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) deftly mobilised local voters not because of its own organisational and programmatic discipline but because of its "project of commonness", or adaptation to prevailing local patterns of personalistic local electoral competition. The party's growing popularity in Ngada, however, paradoxically fell after it sought to build solid and coherent relations with the electorate in preparation for the subsequent election. The case of the PKS in Flores thus suggests that under certain conditions, in which voter–party linkages are highly fragmented and cleavage-based politics remain undeveloped, party institutionalisation can harm electoral performance.


Abstract A potentially efficient description of the atmospheric circulation is investigated in the context of a barotropic spectral model, truncated to T21. The model circulation evolves around a realistic winter climate and has a reasonable low-frequency variability. This study is motivated by the observation that the atmosphere continuously generates coherent structures, which perhaps are better represented by empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) than by spherical harmonics. Therefore, the proposition is made to project the dynamical equations onto the dominant EOFS. Ambiguities in the formulation of an EOF model are clarified. Careful attention is paid to the integral constraints of an EOF model. As a reference for the performance of the EOF models, a T20 version of the T21 model is used. The T21 model has 231 variables; the T20 version 210. Deterministic predictions of the flow of the T21 model by the EOF model truncated to only 20 EOFs turn out to be substantially better than the predictions by the ...


Liver transplantation (LT) using grafts from donation after circulatory death (DCD) is evolving to standard of care in many countries. Various transplant centers have developed a protocol for DCD‐LT. The existence of numerous protocols may cause inconsistencies. Knowledge of these differences may help improve the outcome of DCD‐LT.


In the present article, we are interested in the identification of canonical ARMA echelon form models represented in a "refined" form. An identification procedure for such models is given by Tsay (J. Time Ser. Anal.10(1989), 357-372). This procedure is based on the theory of canonical analysis. We propose an alternative procedure which does not rely on this theory. We show initially that an examination of the linear dependency structure of the rows of the Hankel matrix of correlations, with originkin Z (i.e., with correlation at lagkin position (1, 1)), allows us not only to identify the Kronecker indicesn1, ?, nd, whenk=1, but also to determine the autoregressive ordersp1, ?, pd, as well as the moving average ordersq1, ?, qdof the ARMA echelon form model by settingk>1 andk<1, respectively. Successive test procedures for the identification of the structural parametersni,pi, andqiare then presented. We show, under the corresponding null hypotheses, that the test statistics employed asymptotically follow chi-square distributions. Furthermore, under the alternative hypothesis, these statistics are unbounded in probability and are of the formN?{1+op(1)}, where?is a positive constant andNdenotes the number of observations. Finally, the behaviour of the proposed identification procedure is illustrated with a simulated series from a given ARMA model.


This paper analyzes the probabilities of economies to lie into the middle-income trap by using a Logit Panel Data model. We define the trap with more encompassing criteria: average GDPs per capita relative to the US one and GDP per capita growth rates for ten-year averages in both cases. To determine those probabilities, we include two different sets of covariates. Firstly, a set of covariates that might be influenced by policymakers, e.g., inflation, exports, and education. Secondly, another set of covariates that are independent of policymakers' influence; a trend, a dummy for the international financial crisis, growth rates of world leader economies (US and China), growth rates of continental leader economies, and dummies by continents. We find that domestic variables are essentialto determine the probability of lying into the middle-income trap. Also, the independent covariates are significant. The trend shows that the trap is a stable equilibrium where economies tend to stay for a long time. A global economic crisis can push the countries out of the trap, but the impulse makes them back to lower-income stages. Our model also finds that regional linkages with surrounding economies are essential for middle-income economies Keywords: Middle-Income Trap, International Economics, Logit Models, Panel Data


This essay examines the trajectory of Western avant-garde movements in the 20th century, especially the relationship of group formation, typical of these avant-gardes, to the individual talent. I classify movements like the Russian avant-garde and Italian futurism according to various criteria and trace their rise and fall. How, for example, does Marcel Duchamp relate to the Dada movement and how did Dada dissolve? After surveying avant-garde movements broadly in the first part of the essay, I turn to the case of a contemporary avant-garde movement, Language Poetry. The essay details the theoretical principles of the Language movement, founded in the late 1970s, and then studies the way this radical movement has evolved over the past twenty years. Language poetics, closely related to French Post-Structuralist aesthetic and Marxist ideology, was gradually assimilated into the mainstream and its stylistic features absorbed into more conventional modes. The movement is now essentially over, but it has produced a number of important poets, for example, Susan Howe and Charles Bernstein, Lyn Hejinian and Steve McCaffery. These poets typically transcend the movement of which they have been a part, and eventually find their own mode and style.


Bone-joint tuberculosis is one lytic bone lesion caused by Tubercle bacilli. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α interferon (IFN)-γ can mediate bone formation and osteoclasts. This study aimed to investigate the effect of these factors in the effect of Tubercle bacilli on osteoclast formation and bone absorption. Bone marrow mononuclear cells were separated and generated for osteoblast-osteoclast co-culture system. The effect of Mt sonicate on osteoclast formation and bone absorption was observed, with the correlation analysis between TNF-α and IFN-γ concentration. Real-time PCR was employed to detect mRNA expression of receptor activator NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in osteoblasts. Immunofluorescence was used to quantify NFATc1 protein level. Antibody against TNF-α and IFN-γ was applied for observing bone absorption. Mt sonicate significantly enhance osteoclast formation and bone absorption and facilitate secretion of TNF-α and IFN-γ. It can also elevate mRNA expression of RANKL and OPG in osteoblast and decrease NFATc1 in osteoclast. The block of TNF-α or IFN-γ significantly weaken Mt sonicate-induced osteoclast formation and bone absorption, facilitate OPG expression, and decrease RNAKL and NFATc1 expression. Tubercle bacilli induced release of TNF-α and IFN-γ is important for bone absorption. TNF-α and IFN-γ interfere the interaction between osteoclast and osteoblast, causing bone destruction, via the modulation on the expression of OPG and RANKL in osteoblast.


States that manufacturing lines cannot be used for production during commissioning and that it is therefore always the goal to reduce the necessary efforts to a maximum extent. Starts with a description of the state‐of‐the‐art in this field based on the situation in the automotive industry. Additionally lists RTD fields to overcome these problems. Goes on to present methods and software tools aiming at a tremendous decrease in efforts required today.


The serological characteristics of the cold autoantibody antiSp, have been described by MARSH and JENKINS [l]. The antibody reacts with a public antigen and despite tests on 20,300 normal people, no negative or weakly reacting red cell samples were found. The Sp, and I group systems were found to differ in a number of important aspects, the serological features making it probable that the two systems are independent. Some of the evidence suggested that the Sp, antigen may be a fundamental species antigen on human red cells, and the nomenclature was chosen accordingly. The majority of cold auto-antibodies react with specificity within the Ii system, a small minority behave as anti-Sp,. The most striking feature that differentiates Ii from Sp, antibodies is their activity against red cells treated with proteolytic enzymes. While Ii antibodies are enhanced by these techniques, the Sp, reaction is markedly reduced, sometimes to the point of complete suppression. This report defines the degree of enzyme modification necessary to induce denaturation of the Sp, antigen and describes the in uitro effect of T-activating bacterial enzyme filtrates.


Despite contributions from current literary and social-scientific approaches to Mark's Gospel, much exciting work remains to be done from the perspectives of the history of religions and tradition-history. Collins' assessment of the major turning points in Mark's narrative sheds light on its characteristic themes and open questions.


In this paper,the shortcomings of traditional teaching methods in science and engineering education are analyzed and the importance of research learning discussed.Research learning method has been proved effective in the practice of training innovative talents.


Cryopreservation is widely used in many assisted conception units. Semen cryopreservation is the only proven method that offers many couples the chance to have children. However, spermatozoa are exposed to physical and chemical stressors during freezing and thawing that result in adverse changes in membrane lipid composition, sperm motility, viability, and acrosome status. Wang et al. (Proteomics 2014, 14, 298–310) evaluate the protein content of freeze‐thawed sperm samples relative to that of fresh sperm samples from the same normozoospermic donors. Four proteins are verified via Western blot and immunofluorescent staining, which are putatively involved in spermatozoon dysfunction. These marked differences demonstrated by Wang et al. suggest that dysfunctional spermatozoon after cryopreservation may be due to protein degradation and protein phosphorylation.


Field-independent and field-dependent students listened to a taped lecture under one of four study technique conditions: (a) no notes, (b) student's notes, (c) outline framework plus student's notes, and (d) complete outline plus student's notes. After listening to the lecture, all students were permitted a 10-minute review period, which was followed by a 20-item multiple choice test. Analyses of test performance and notes taken yielded results consistent with field independence-dependence theory. In particular, analyses of the significant interaction of Cognitive Style × Study Technique revealed that field-independent students performed better than field-dependent students under the student's notes condition. Also, field-dependent students performed significantly worse under the student's notes condition than did field-dependent students under the complete outline condition. Notes of field-independent students were more efficient and tended to be in an outline format more often than notes of field-dependent students. The results are discussed in terms of explanations of performance differences, relevance for future notetaking research, and implications for educational practices.


Field experimentation was conducted during 2006-07 at 3 locations to study the effect of foliar application of micronutrients, viz. zinc sulphate (ZnSO 4 ), ferrous sulphate (FeSO 4 .7 H 2 O) and manganese sulphate (MnSO 4 ) each at 4 levels, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8% including a control, on growth and flowering of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) at Coimbatore, Hyderabad and Solan. At Coimbatore, foliar application of FeSO 4 0.8% (T 4 ) recorded longest flowering duration (42.69 days) and maximum flower yield (124.21 g/plant, 1.67 kg/plot) over the control (85.29 g/plant and 1.36 kg/plot). At Hyderabad, duration of flowering was recorded maximum with foliar spray of FeSO 4 at 0.2% (62.3 days) which was at par with ZnSO 4 or MnSO 4 at 0.4% (61.0 and 60.3 days, respectively) and the number of flowers per spray was increased by all the micronutrients at lower level (0.2%). The treatment MnSO 4 (0.4%) also resulted in recording maximum average flower weight (2.17 g) and more number of flowers/plant (200). At Solan, foliar spray with MnSO 4 (0.6%) thrice recorded significantly maximum number of side shoots/plant over all other treatments. FeSO 4 .7 H 2 O at 0.2% recorded maximum number of flowers/spray, followed by ZnSO 4 at 0.6% or 0.2% and FeSO 4 at 0.6% which were at par with each other.


It has been shown that speech spectrograms can be read by trained experts. In this work, we regard the speech spectrogram image as a written text in some unknown language and perform segmentation in order to capture the energy associated with each formant. We propose an algorithm based on Mathematical Morphology operators and mainly on the watershed transform. The result is robust segmentation for wideband speech spectrograms that can be later used for automatic speech recognition. We show results of experimental runs for different phoneme classes.


Detailed research of typical paleo-reservoir and remnant oil/gas reservoir in the depression of southern Guizhou bears great significance in exploration of sea-facies carbonate layers.This paper analyzed geochemistry and oil source of Cambrian-Permian oil seepage and solid bitumen in the region of southeast Guizhou by using carbon isotope,saturated hydrocarbon chromatography,saturated hydrocarbon GC-MS,and aromatic hydrocarbon GC-MS.The results indicated that No.47 oil well at Huzhuang and oil seepage hosted in the Silurian sandstone at Luomian as well as the slid bitumen of Ordivician O1h member in the Majiang area are of the same oil source,mainly originating from high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks of the Lower-Cambrian Niutitang Formation,while the oil seepage of P1m in Majiang is obviously different from that of No.47 oil well at Huzhuang,it comes mainly from the high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks of the Lower-Permian Qixia Formation.


German discourse particles (DiPs) do not add truth-conditionally relevant meaning but are elements of speaker attitude and indicate a relation between the information in their scope (p) and another piece of information (q) in the context. The DiP ja (literally 'yes') was claimed to be felicitous with a proposition p that the speaker believes common to both speaker and hearer, or immediately verifiable. However, formalizations modeling this into the use conditions of ja fall short on the DiP's discourse function, which is to indicate that p is not used to address the current Question under Discussion but stands in a relation to q (pRq), where q is the information that the speaker makes another context update, pRq is intuitively explanatory, and p is not necessarily known to anyone but the speaker. Regarding prerequisite grammatical properties of the DiP's host constructions, data show that ja is not restricted to assertive, root-like environments and defies predictions about not being able to appear in the scope of descriptive operators. Instead the data suggest that the DiP's licitness in surprising positions depends on information-structural factors.


The chelation  reaction  cyclophosphamide (CPM),an  anti-cancer biological  alkylating agent  of  nitrogen mustard  group  with  Cu(l1)  and  Co(ll),  has  been  investigated potentiometrically. The stability constrants have been  reported  at temperatures 21°C  and  41°C  +/1 1°C  and  u=0.05M 0.10M  and 0.2OM (KNO3)  1.1  stoichiometry of  metal  liand  interaction  has been confirmed by conductometry.  Negative values of  G and  positive values of  S  indicate  stable  complex  formation.


Local governments across the Canadian province of British Columbia have begun to implement measures to achieve energy and greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. Among these, a handful of communities have emerged as leaders, supported by a network of organisations across sectors and scales. This study uses a social network analysis approach to explore the nature and extent of this network, coupled with qualitative interview data to determine its effectiveness. The study reveals that while the network is providing important resources and information, leading governments require specific forms of support to push innovative policies and actions further. In addition, though a shared vision of integrated local energy systems is emerging across the province, the lack of a systemic integration of goals across scales has created significant legislative barriers at the local scale.


ABSTRACT In this work, the optical and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of YAlO3: Ni2+ nanophosphors are calculated based on the semi-SCF d-orbit model and the point-charge-dipole ligand model with the complete diagonalization (energy matrix) method. The calculated results indicate that the local structure of YAlO3: Ni2+ nanophosphor is D2h symmetry and the bond length , , the bond angle ϕi = 84.96o. At the same time, the calculated results also show that the Ni2+ ions are suggested to replace the host Y3+ or Al3+ ions. The reasonableness of the substitutional site and defect structure of Ni2+ at Y3+ and Al3+ site are discussed. The present theoretical data of the optical and EPR spectra are also consistent with the experimental values.


Abstract. The Galapagos Marine Reserve was established in 1986 to ensure protection of the islands' unique biodiversity. Unfortunately, the islands are polluted by marine plastic debris and the island authorities face the challenge to effectively remove plastic from its shorelines owing to limited resources. To optimize efforts, we have developed a methodology to identify the most effective cleanup locations on the Galapagos Islands using network theory. A network is constructed from a Lagrangian simulation describing the flow of macroplastic between the various islands within the Galapagos Marine Reserve, where the nodes represent locations along the coastline and the edges the likelihood of plastic leaving one location and beaching at another. We have found four network centralities that provide the best coastline ranking to optimize the cleanup effort based on various impact metrics. Locations with a high retention rate are particularly favorable for cleanup. The results indicate that using the most effective centrality for finding cleanup locations is a good strategy for heavily polluted regions if the distribution of marine plastic debris on the coastlines is unknown and limited cleanup resources are available.


Dear Editor; We read with great interest the article by Koerber and colleagues1 titled "Prophylactic Pulmonary Vein Isolation (PVI) during Cavotricuspid Isthmus (CTI) Ablation for Atrial Flutter (AFl): A Meta-Analysis" about the importance of the prophylactic PVI during CTI ablation on long-term atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence without significantly increasing major complications. Despite the increased procedure and fluoroscopy times, there was no significant increase in major complications.1 We want to address some points that merit more attention and would like to hear author's opinions about the importance of prophylactic PVI in the current era of only symptomatic relive of AF ablation.2–4 Although CTI is considered curative therapy for typical AFl, many patients develop an AF after ablation during a long-term follow-up period and maintained over time.5 It seems probable that the variability in the reported incidence of postablation AF is related in large part to varying intensities of monitoring. Although no patients had a prior diagnosis of AF in these studies, it is certainly possible that many were already having silent episodes prior to ablation.6 As authors stated, both the REDUCE AF7 (Pulmonary Vein Isolation to Reduce Future Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Undergoing Typical Flutter Ablation: Results from a Randomized Pilot Study) and the PREVENT-AF (Prophylactic pulmonary vein isolation during isthmus ablation for atrial flutter)8 trials reveled that prophylactic PVI reduced new-onset AF and burden in patients with lone AFl during clinical follow-up, with consequent reduction in hospitalizations and need to perform repeat ablation for AF. As expected, the procedure times were longer with combined approach. The main finding in current meta-analysis also was the significant reduction in recurrent atrial arrhythmias with prophylactic PVI at the time of CTI for typical AFl among subjects without a prior history of AF.1 AFl and AF could be manifestations of a more general electrophysiologic disease,9 perhaps; these results are not unexpected if we consider the pathophysiology of the both atrial diseases, which may share common triggers and arrhythmogenic substrate in a background of biatrial fibrosis. Therefore, the eradication of the flutter circuit will not prevent the eventual manifestation of AF.10 However, no ablation is free from risk and these must be weighed against the potential benefit, and the only AFl patients at very high risk of AF might theoretically benefit from prophylactic PVI.6 TheHATCH score (which is based on hypertension, age ≥75 years, transient ischemic attack


The capsule endoscope (CE) and the double-balloon endoscope (DBE), were developed to visualize the entire small intestine, have substantially altered diagnostic options in patients with small intestinal diseases. The CE provides clear, natural images of the entire small intestine and allows for the visualization of even minute lesions, such as solitary red spots and minor erosions. However, the major disadvantages of the CE are that it sometimes fails to reach the cecum, can become trapped in the intestine, and does not allow biopsy or treatment. The DBE can reach beyond the ligament of Treitz when inserted orally, and can reach beyond the ileocecal valve when inserted anally; therefore, real-time visualization of the entire small intestine is possible when the oral and anal approaches are combined. The DBE provides sharp endoscopic images, but its main advantage lies in its four-directional angle of operation and special instrument channel that allow both directed biopsies and treatments, such as the resection of polyps and the dilation of strictures. However, the major disadvantages of examination with the DBE when compared with the CE are that it requires sedation, often requires fluoroscopy, and cannot be performed without additional support staff. Therefore, the CE can be used to screen for small intestinal pathologies, and the DBE can be used for the optimal diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. Both the CE and DBE should be established as gold standards in the diagnosis and treatment of small intestinal lesions.


posed at five sites, where Sites 1 and 2 were located at the south-west side of the building, Side A, facing the sea, and Sites 3, 4 and 5 were located at the north-east side, Side B, behind the sea. They had been exposed since '94.11 and renewed every 1•`4 months until '96 .11. The outputs of ACM sensors were measured every 10 minutes together with temperature and relative humidity (RH). The amount of deposited sea salt, WS, was also determined based on ACM sensor outputs combined with RH data. The 22Cr-0.8Mo steel specimens were rusted only at Sites 1 and 2 when WS increased more than 1 g/m2, during a single exposure period, '95.4.18-'95.6.22, in the whole exposure period of 2 years ('94.11•` '96 .11). The day, when WS exceeded 1 g/m2 and make the steel rusted, could be identified based on the effective coefficient of wind-force energy in a day, ƒ¿*D.


resistant hypertension. Recent clinical results suggest that a four quadrant coverage is necessary to achieve optimal denervation. Theseresults also suggest that increasing the number of ablation lesions improves denervation effectiveness. In the present study we evaluated the lesion characteristics and degree of arterial, circumferential coverage with RF ablation using the EnligHTNTM Multi-Electrode Renal Denervation System in the domestic swine animal model. AND and cor- onary arteries but also coronary veins. The aim of this study to clarify the anatomy of the crossing points and adjacent cardiac wall of coronary arteries and veins and to discuss the clinical relevance. METHODS RESULTS Seventy-six coronary CTA images were retrospectively reviewed using the slab maximal intensity projection technique. Three vessel pairs were investigated: (i) the left circum fl ex artery (LCx)/coronary sinus (CS), (ii) the diagonal branch/anterior interventricular vein, and (iii) the atrioventricular node branch (#4AV)/posterior interventricular vein. Pattern A was de fi ned when arteries ran between the vein and the muscle; pattern V was when the vein ran between the artery and the muscle. Pattern A was detected in 72%, 33%, and 93% of crossing points (i), (ii), and (iii), respectively. The A-V-A was the predominant pattern com-bination, accounting for 41% of the patients. The LCx/CS crossing point was adjacent to the anterior (58%), lateral (34%), or posterior (7%) wall, with distances between the LCx ostium and the crossing point of 24 (cid:1) 7.8, 39 (cid:1) 11, and 52 (cid:1) 20 mm, respectively. spasm or occlusion by radiofrequency ablation within the CS, (b) prevent LCx occlusion by the intra-CS implant of the Carillon (cid:3) Mitral Contour Sys-temTM, and (c) predict the dif fi culty of wiring during percutaneous coronary inter- vention at the crossing point.