The purpose of this research is to clarify characteristics of the frequency differential limen to modulated vibratory stimuli. In this study, each frequency differential limen to 15 kinds of standard stimuli is determined by psychophysical measurement. In the measurement, comparison stimuli were introduced in all four directions of the standard stimulus, and the approximation model is generated based on the measured frequency differential limen.As a result, it was confirmed that the frequency differential limen increases with an increase in the frequency. In addition, the estimation of a frequency differential limen to an arbitrary standard stimulus in the frequency area was attempted for the approximation model.


Giant pseudotumours are slowly growing expansible masses surrounded by a highly vascular capsule and containing necrotic tissue with clots. The expansive nature of tumour results in the erosion and destruction of rigid structures, displacement and compression of mobile structures, such as kidneys, large vessels and ureters. The progressive destruction of bones with nerve compression usually results in severe pain and disability. The appearance of pseudotumours in the iliac wing of the pelvis, due to psoas muscle haematoma, is rare. We report a 39-year-old male patient with severe haemophilia A, with an anti-factor VIII inhibitor who was infected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus. The patient was admitted for abdominal and gluteus pain, spreading to the iliac fossa. He had a history of repeated haematomas of the psoas muscle. On admission, he underwent abdominal radiological investigation and ultrasonography. The lesion appeared radiologically as a major lytic defect in the left iliac bone (7 · 6 cm) (top right) confirmed with nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (top left) and computed tomography (bottom). These lesions are difficult to treat surgically. The patient is currently being followed up for possible evolution of the pseudotumour.


The relationship between the localization of plastic deformation in the initial stage of deformation and in the final stage during the development of the neck is established. The role of the intensity of deformation hardening in the area of local deformation on the formation of the magnitude of relative constriction is determined.


J.-N. Ferrie — The Birth of the Mediterranean Cultural Zone in the Physical Anthropology of Northern Africa. ; The main idea in the physical anthropology of Northern Africa in the 19th century was that Berbers were a separate people distinct from Arabs and related to European populations on the northern shores of the Mediterranean. It would be erro-neous to suppose that these anthropological taxinomies of race merely came out of the necessities of colonization and had nothing to do with contemporaneous scientific paradigms. By dealing with the diffusionism of genes, anthropological research ended up dealing with cultural diffusionism: race was a sort of infrastruc- ture; and culture, a sort of superstructure. It was also the vestige of northern migrations; but interest in the vestiges of cultural practices and beliefs tended to reverse the diffusionist approach: the diffusionism of genes merely served as a grounds for cultural diffusionism. This reversai is analyzed so as to show how the question of the northern origins of Berbers (Bertholon) became the problem of the existence of a Mediterranean race (Sergi). It is thus shown how certain cultural invariants could be studied in other than conjectural ways (Westermarck).


In the event of a developmental abnormality of the vascular system of the lower limb in which the femoral system fails to develop or the axial artery fails to involute, the main vascular supply to the leg will be through a persistent sciatic artery (PSA). With an incidence of less than 0.04%, PSA can be asymptomatic, but in about half the cases an aneurysmal dilatation can ensue, and its symptomatology may include a painful gluteal mass. Cases have been reported of coagulopathy, anemia, or acute ischemia complicating PSA aneurysm. The case presented here is a clinical constellation of all three compo nents appearing together in a patient who had long been investigated for anemia and had been operated on for a bleeding duodenal ulcer (as a consequence of coagulopathy) in a different center. At hospitalization, the gluteal mass was noted on examination, and angiography showed a huge PSA aneurysm. The clinical presentation and management of this case are discussed in light of the current literature.


This work aimed to identify the impact of ICMS (Tax over Merchandise and Services Circulation) tax incentives and their influence on a company's tax planning, related to its factory expansion projects. For such analysis, the product UHT Milk was used, a commodity of great national relevance, outlining a comparison between the benefits offered by the 4 (four) main producing states, according to Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation). The study, carried out through a qualitative, descriptive and documentary analysis, in addition to investigating the practices of fiscal war from an entrepreneurial perspective, also presents, in detail, the difference in the ICMS tax impact between the different producing states, demonstrating the importance of financial planning in companies' managerial decision-making.


Objective To explore the expression and clinical significance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR γ) in breast tissue in obese patients with breast cancer.Methods Breast tissue samples were collected from 60 obese patients with breast cancer (obese group),60 normal weight patients with breast cancer (normal weight group),the expression of PPAR γmRNA and protein of breast tissue were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry in all patients,and the data was analyzed between PPARγ mRNA and protein.Results Compared with normal weight group,the expression of PPAR γ mRNA and protein of breast tissue in obese group were increased obviously(0.79 ± 0.06 vs 0.42 ± 0.04,0.55 ± 0.07 vs 0.23 ± 0.03 )(P< 0.05 ),while the expression of PPAR 3 mRNA and protein were positively correlated (r =0.81,P< 0.05 ).In obese group,the positive expression of PPAR γ was 47 cases with 10 cases (21.3%) recurrence and metastasis,the negative expression of PPAR 3 was 13 cases with 11 cases (84.6%) recurrence and metastaais,there was significant difference(P < 0.05 ).In normal weight group,the positive expression of PPAR γwas 19 cases with 4 cases ( 21.1% ) recurrence and metastasis,the negative expression of PPAR 3 was 41 cases with 10 cases (24.4%) recurrence and metastasis,there was no significant difference (P > 0.05 ).Conclusions Obese patients with breast cancer own a high expression trend of expression of PPAR γ mRNA and protein of breast tissue,which indicates that PPARγ may be play an important role in occurrence,evolvement and prognosis of obesity-related breast cancer.

Key words:
Breast neoplasms;  Obesity;  Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma


Of Studies by Francis Bacon is a classic and has been widespread since it was published. Some people have conducted researches and made comments while appreciating it. However, so far, nobody has done any systematic stylistic description from the point of view of systemic functional linguistics. This paper is devoted to a considerably comprehensive description of the essay's representational, interpersonal and textual meanings so as to find out its stylistic features and underlying meaning and to test the practicality and maneuverability of functional grammar in stylistic analysis.


Tef is a major staple crop in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Many improved Tef varieties were released from the Ethiopian research institute in the past three decades. Information on the farmers' adoption status and perception on released improved Tef technology have paramount importance for launching new and modifying Tef technology packages. However, such information is meager in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess farmers' status and perception of improved Tef technologies. A multistage random sampling technique was employed to select sample of 224 Tef grower farmers. The results were interpreted and discussed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result indicated that farmers in the study area found at the medium level of adoption of Tef production technology (i.e., the average adoption index is 0.43). The findings also confirm that farmers perception towards the relative advantages of improved Tef varieties shows that high grain yield, good germination, early mature, and disease resistance capacity were perceived as the most crucial attributes of improved Tef varieties, whereas straw quality and tolerance to lodging were perceived as the least important attributes of the technology. Therefore, efforts and commitments to be expected from plant breeders and genetic specialists to reduce lodging of Tef through hybridizing semidwarf Tef varieties.


This paper provides an outline of the Gabbay-Rodrigues Iterative Solver (GRIS). The solver can be used in decision and enumeration problems of the grounded and preferred semantics.


In this paper we study the correlation of respiration, heartbeat and blood pressure signals in 3D space using phase coupling. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that the correlation of these signals is investigated in 3D space. We produce 2D and 3D phase plots and examine phase coupling in all cases. We calculate the mutual information which is a widely used metric for estimating such correlations between two signals and the slopes of the 2D phase plots. For examining signals in 3D space we compute the multivariate mutual information. The multivariate mutual information is not a simple generalization of mutual information and reveals different information detecting the correlation among all three examined signals. Additionally to the common metrics for signal synchronization, we examined the use of the gradient, in order to extract and quantify the relations as depicted in the 3D plots. Results showed us a stronger correlation between blood pressure and heartbeat signals and a relatively small correlation between respiratory and heartbeat signals, as well as between respiratory and blood pressure signals. Also, a very interesting observation is the strong correlation among all three signals which is very clear from the 3D phase plots and is also verified from both multivariate mutual information and the gradient.


This paper presents results of comparing some available numerical methods of solving sets of nonlinear fractional order ordinary differential equations. Our study shows that although these methods are easy to implement and accurate enough when are applied to differential equations of fractional order, they have different convergence rate and approximation error. We have compared these methods by their computational complexity, convergence rate, and approximation error.


We developed a one-transistor one-resistor cell composed of one TiO2-based resistive switching (RS) device and one ZnO-based thin-film transistor (TFT). We study the electric characteristics of each component individually, and their interplay when both work together. We explored the direct control of bipolar RS devices, using our TFTs to drive current in both directions. We also report striking power implications when we swap the terminals of the RS device. The target of our work is the introduction of RS devices in large-area electronic (LAE) circuits. In this context, RS devices can be beneficial regarding functionality and energy consumption, when compared to other ways to introduce memory cells in LAE circuits.


We made the program which determine the atmospheric parameters from the curve-of-growth by the downhill simplex method due to Nelder and Mead. This program determines the four variables, ∆ x, ∆ y, θex, and log 10 2 α as the best point of the four variables from the starting set of 5 points of the four variables, where ∆ x is a difference between an empirical curve-of-growth and a theoretical curve-of-growth in the direction parallel to the abscissa and ∆ y is a difference between an empirical curve-of-growth and a theoretical curve-of-growth in the direction parallel to the ordinate. The objective function is taken to be the variance of lines in curve-of-growth in the direction parallel to the abscissa. This program is the combination between the program of the above downhill simplex method by Sprott and the program of the method 2 for curve-of-growth analysis by Yoshioka. The effectiveness of this program was tested by comparing the results by this program with that by the program of the method 2 by Yoshioka. The data used for the comparison are those for 86 lines of Fe I of HD187203. The following conclusions were drawn from the test. 1) The best point is obtained for the tolerance values of the objective function between 0.001 to 0.00001. 2) The best point depends on the starting set. But, the uncertainty due to the starting set is small in comparison with the one due to other cause in the curve-of-growth analysis. 3) This program is an effective method for the curve-of-growth analysis. In comparison with the program of the method 2 by Yoshioka, this program reaches the four variables in quite short steps and in quite a short time.


Children's memory errors reveal the kinds of processing that may occur during source-monitoring judgments. After symbolically enacting everyday actions using toys or substitutes, preschoolers were more likely to claim they played with a toy when a substitute was involved as the instrument of action than the reverse (Experiments 1-3). We interpret this bias as evidence for the importance of the functional similarity between actions for children's source-monitoring judgments


Objective To study the reation mechanism of ginsenosides in compatibility of Radix Ginseng Rubra with Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis.Methods Five different compound decoctions of Radix Ginseng Rubra with Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS.Results Ginsenoside Rg_1,Re,Rb_1,Rc,Rb_2,and Rd in water decoction of Radix Ginseng Rubra with Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis were hydrolyzed at a little content of Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis added.With the increasing content of Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis,the content of ginsenoside Ro decreased but the content of ginsenoside F_2 increased significantly.Conclusion The obvious increasing of ginsenoside F_2 could be responsible for the special effect of compatibility of Radix Ginseng Rubra with Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis.


Practical utilisation of renewable energy from intermittent sustainable sources such as solar and wind relies on safe, reliable, cost-effective, and high-capacity energy storage systems to be incorporated into the grid. Among the most promising technologies aimed towards this application are sodium-ion batteries(SIBs). Currently, hard carbon is the leading negative electrode material for SIBs given its relatively good electrochemical performance and low cost. Furthermore, hard carbon can be produced from a diverse range of readily available waste and renewable biomass sources making this an ideal material for the circular economy. In facilitating future developments on the use of hard carbon-based electrode materials for SIBs, this review curates several analytical techniques that have been useful in providing structure-property insight and stresses the need for overall assessment to be based on a combination of complementary techniques. It also emphasises several key challenges in the characterisation of hard carbons and how various in situ and operando techniques can help unravel those challenges by providing us with a better understanding of these systems during operation thereby allowing us to design high-performance hard carbon materials for next-generation batteries.


To surmount the difficulties innate in controlling a system that is both nonlinear and time varying, a controller based on fuzzy logic was implemented. The fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based on fuzzy logic provides a means of converting a linguistic control strategy based on expert knowledge into an automatic control strategy. It has better stability, small overshoot, and fast response. In this Paper, performance analysis of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and fuzzy logic controller in the Control of liquid flow has been done by the use of MATLAB and SIMULINK, and at the end comparison of various time domain parameters is done to prove that the fuzzy logic controller has small overshoot and fast response as compared to proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller.


In modern Chinese,the license for a verb to take both an immediate object and a complement as its backward elements is just to copy the word in the sentence.In this verb copying structure,all verbs are transitive verbs,and arguments and complements can follow them.This structure can be rewritten in "DE"-structure,we can regard the transportation only based on syntax,verbs in those sentences which can be transported can be copied,but the two sentences are not equal in logic semantics.On the other hand,in overt syntax,the computation system CHL concerns with "π"and "λ".From the lexical array and computation result,there is no such kind of sentences in which verb copying structure is made by verb "SHI "and "XIANG".


Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) for DNA and RNA amplifications in vitro has a profound impact on modern molecular biology. Since design of proper primers is crucial for the success in PCR,many parameters have been used for primer design. However,the effect of DNA polymerase binding to primer /template duplex on PCR efficiency was not taken into account in conventional primer design programs. To reveal whether or not the DNA polymerase-primer /template binding affects the PCR efficiency,here we built structural models for the Taq DNA polymerase in complex with different primer /template sequences,and designed PCR primers according to relative binding free energies calculated by MM /GBSA method. We verified our primer design approach using Human Serum Albumin(HSA) gene and Mycobacterium tuberculosis pyrF gene,and found that the PCR efficiencies of different designed primers for both tested genes correlated well with the calculated binding free energies. Our finding indicates clearly that the DNA polymerase-primer /template binding affects the PCR efficiency significantly. Thus,the calculated binding free energy could be used as a new parameter to design efficient PCR primers.


Web searching is becoming more and more complex due to increased size of information on the web. Users have to face a lot of problems in specifying their needs in the form of query. Query Reformulation techniques are required in order to provide users with the results, according to their expectations. The existing reformulation techniques suffer from the problem of not providing users with expected results in all the cases because the mechanisms used behind those techniques are not much fine and accurate. A technique for query reformulation has been presented in this paper which is based on Cross-document Structure Theory (CST) and Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST). A case study has been carried out to validate the proposed technique. The results are satisfactory as set of reformulated queries generated through this technique is semantically more close to the original query which ultimately provides more relevant data to the user.


Menopause is associated with memory deficits attributed to reduced serum estrogen levels. We evaluated whether an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve-growth factor (NGF) levels, through transplantation of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-overexpressing neural stem cells (F3.ChAT), improved learning and memory in ovariectomized rats. PD13 mouse neuronal primary culture cells were treated with estradiol or co-cultured with F3.ChAT cells; choline transporter1 (CHT1), ChAT, and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) expression was evaluated using real-time PCR. The relationship between estrogen receptors (ERs) and neurotrophin family members was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. After the transplantation of F3.ChAT cells into OVx rats, we evaluated the memory, ACh level, and the expression of ER, neurotrophin family proteins, and cholinergic system. Estradiol upregulated CHT1, ChAT, and VAChT expression in ER; they were co-localized with BDNF, NGF, and TrkB. Co-culture with F3.ChAT upregulated CHT1, ChAT, and VAChT by activating the neurotrophin signalling pathway. Transplantation of F3.ChAT cells in OVX animals increased the ACh level in the CSF and improved memory deficit. In addition, it increased the expression of ERs, neurotrophin signaling, and the cholinergic system in the brains of OVX animals. Therefore, the estradiol deficiency induced memory loss by the down-regulation of the neurotrophin family and F3.ChAT could ameliorate the cognitive impairment owing to the loss or reduction of estradiol.


Since 1958, the architect-engineer design team has been challenged to provide higher lighting levels and to preserve the interrelationship between essential environmental factors.


(1) F1 litters from wild-caught Rattus norvegicus were maintained on surplus food and water in laboratory cages. (2) A relationship between age and dried lens weight was derived by regression analysis of data from ninety-six male and 105 female rats sacrificed at various known ages up to 18 months from birth. (3) A single predictive equation (combining males and females) is recommended for practical use which relates eylens weight to a transformed measure of age. The equation is log10 (age + 22 days) = 1 313 + 0.021 (paired lens weight) where 22 days is the gestation period and the correlation coefficient is 096.


We examine the measurement of multidimensional poverty following the counting approach. In contrast to earlier contributions, dimensions of human well-being are not forced to be equally important but dierent weights can be assigned to dierent dimensions. We characterize a class of individual multidimensional poverty measures re- ecting this feature. In addition, we axiomatize an aggregation procedure to obtain a class of multidimensional poverty measures for entire societies allowing for dierent degrees of


Mental practice has been researched extensively in the field of sport psychology, but scarcely features in the medical literature. Both the magnitude of the effect and the diversity of situations over which it might be successfully applied indicate that it is potentially a very useful therapeutic tool. Used to best effect, it may foster a faster, fuller patient recovery, and hence maximise patient performance while minimising cost.


I have recently come into possession of a copy of the document popularly known as The Magna Carta. History records that King John signed the document under duress imposed by his Barons in June 1215, and at a "meadow" called Runnimede, the rebellious Barons impressed their will on the King primarily in defence of their liberties, but with extended demands for rights for all freemen.


Nisoldipine is a very potent calcium channel blocker which is used as anti-hypertensive agent. Although it is prescribed widely as oral
tablet, its use has been limited due to poor bioavailability which arises from its poor water solubility. Hot Melt solid dispersion of
poorly water-soluble drug in long chain polymer is a common approach to enhance solubility and bioavailability. However, there is
only little data available on the selection of polymer type and ratio which are critical parameters for solid dispersion. The present
study aimed to compare the effect of different polymers on nisoldipine solid dispersion and to investigate the type and range of
polymers with optimum nisoldipine solubility.


The theories of noncommutative dynamical entropy and quantum symbolic dynamics for quantum-dynamical systems are analyzed from the point of view of quantum information theory. Using a general quantum-dynamical system as a communication channel, one can define different classical capacities depending on the character of resources applied for encoding and decoding procedures and on the type of information sources. It is shown that for Bernoulli sources, the entanglement-assisted classical capacity, which is the largest one, is bounded from above by the quantum-dynamical entropy defined in terms of operational partitions of unity. Stronger results are proved for the particular class of quantum-dynamical systems--quantum Bernoulli shifts. Different classical capacities are exactly computed and the entanglement-assisted one is equal to the dynamical entropy in this case.


Salt stress as a major adverse factor can lower leaf water potential, leading to reduced turgor and some other responses, and ultimately lower crop productivity in arid and semi arid zones. In In this study, Seedlings of Anethum graveolens were subjected to 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM NaCl. Changes in morphological traits, proline content, total phenol and activity of antioxidant enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in shoot and root were evaluated. As a result, APX and PPO activities in root and shoot significantly increased while root and shoot dry weight decreased progressively. The total amount of the phenolic and free proline also increased after the NaCl treatment. The increase was dose-dependent. The highest amount of free proline achived at 100mM NaCl which was about 9-fold and 3-fold higher than control in root and shoot, respectively. higher than control. Our results support the idea that the activities of APX and PPO and accumulation of total phenol and proline is associated with salt tolerance as oxidative responses.


Two assertions about the effects of economic class on use of physician services are tested. It was expected that the net price of services would be more highly related to use among the poor than among high income persons, and that noneconomic predisposing factors would be more highly related to preventive use than to all types of use combined. These assertions were tested using data from a household survey of the Baltimore Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. Multivariatc analyses of two dichotomous dependent variables support both assertions.


Contemporary fashion insists fashion designers individualism within their own creativity in aesthetic rather than adopting trends in other ways. Women's fashion has been coincided with 'feminism' regarding the norm of the 'beauty' depends on each different society through the decades. However, diversity in fashion has been opened up its new era after the Avant-Garde and the Post-Modernism in the Twentieth Century. This research focuses on interpretation of 'ridiculousness' in women's fashion in open concepts. The study covers the philosophy of the Comic theory to define the definition and draw the aesthetic values of ridiculousness. Women's fashion designs were sorted through the fashion web-site (www.style.com) and fashion texts to collect representative visual samples. Ridiculousness has been discussed from the ancient period and it juxtapositions the meanings of the ugliness, defection, aggressive form, irony, and the freedom from the constraint etc. Also, the aesthetic values of contradiction and deviation that exists within. Contradiction involves a new perspective, humor, and comical element ruled by incompatible aspects' reconciliation or antagonistic relationship. Following that, deviation comes with the meaning of freedom from the restrictive discipline and aspires towards a utopian world. Since the beginning of the Twentieth Century, there has been more individual expression and an idea in fashion construction and break away from the notion to show comical personality which contains designer's belief and creative ability. Ridiculousness in fashion reinterprets criterion empowered by the old system of the society as well as conservative ideas about women's fashion and it makes fashion to be able to get closer as an art form. Furthermore, it concludes that contemporary fashion allows wide possibilities which can create differentiation and new development to appeal true self. Therefore, designers who seek for their own unique expression and technique regarding their on perspectives in fashion and their efforts will lead the future fashion world with the extraordinariness.


The ($\ensuremath{\alpha},2\ensuremath{\alpha}$) reactions on $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ at 42.8 and 49.2 MeV and $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ at 46.0 and 52.5 MeV have been studied in order to test the validity of the impulse approximation. The experimental data are consistent with this approximation, but the over-all agreement is much worse than in the case of the ($\ensuremath{\alpha},2\ensuremath{\alpha}$) reaction on $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$.


"The 'New Perspective' on Appraisal: Evaluation in the Book of Judges as Revealed by the Narrative Appraisal Model" Mary L. Conway McMaster Divinity College Hamilton, Ontario Doctor of Philosophy (Christian Theology), 2013 lV The book of Judges fairly bristles with 'heroes' of ambivalent moral character, and acts of dubious propriety, such as Gideon's use of signs to determine YHWH's will, Jael's murder of Sisera, and the sacrifice of Jephthah's daughter. The terse narrative and the reticent narrator frequently leave the ethical character of these actions in doubt. My goal in this dissertation is to identify evidence available in the text, both literary and linguistic, in order to evaluate the characters and actions of various participants in the narratives of the "major" judges. On the basis ofthis evidence I will not only draw evaluative conclusions about the characters of the judges and the Israelite people themselves, but also about their varying perceptions of YHWH that these characters hold. In order to facilitate these goals, I will take an interdisciplinary approach. I will employ the concept of narrative perspective from literary criticism and consider the evaluative stance of the implied author, the narrator, and the various characters in the narrative. I will also draw heavily on the Appraisal Theory of J. R. Martin and P.R. R. White, which in turn derives from Systemic Functional Linguistics. By merging these two approaches I will develop a new model which I call Narrative Appraisal which will then be applied to the Hebrew text of Judges. The Narrative Appraisal Model can clarify individual evaluative instances as well as patterns of linguistic features at the level of discourse that elucidate the implied author's stance. The lexicograrnmatical and ideational evidence produced by this methodology reveals contrasts and trajectories within and across the narratives which, when analyzed, give insight into the characters of the Israelites, the character of YHWH, and the relationship between the Israelite people and their God. It also helps to identify the unifying ideological stance of the book. In simplified terms, this ideology affirms the holiness, justice, mercy, and faithfulness of YHWH, the need for the Israelites to maintain absolute loyalty and obedience to him, the legitimacy of discipline, the engrained tendency of humanity to defy their God and follow their own ways, the ultimate failure of human leadership in the form of judges, and the essential need for YHWH to intervene with a new model of leadership.


Earlier diagnosis of symptomatic cancer has become increasingly recognised as holding the key to better cancer outcomes. Many Western governments have prioritised actions to achieve earlier diagnosis of cancer. England revised its cancer policy in 2007 to address this, with a National Awareness and Early Diagnosis Initiative (NAEDI) to drive forward research, development, and service improvement. Actions to improve care in England were led by the National Cancer Action Team (NCAT) through Cancer Networks (now NHS Improving Quality and Strategic Clinical Networks), with GP cancer leads playing a key role to influence general practices. Public awareness of cancer has been raised through a sustained programme of media campaigns, currently led by Public Health England.

The purpose of this article is to show how research to improve diagnosis of symptomatic cancer undertaken by the authors, together and in collaboration with others, has influenced policy and practice. Close engagement with the research community has been a feature of NAEDI throughout, and the research of this collaborative group has been supported via a designated NAEDI funding stream, through an National Institute for Health Research funded programme grant (DISCOVERY), and through the Department of Health's Policy Research Unit for Cancer Awareness, Screening and Early Diagnosis.

The Cancer Reform Strategy identified public awareness of 'cancer warning signs' and attitudes to help seeking as key domains for promoting early diagnosis. This resulted in development of a validated instrument, the Cancer Awareness Measure (CAM),1 followed by the Awareness and Beliefs about Cancer scale (ABC), which added questions on beliefs.2 The first national CAM survey found low public awareness of warning signs, with average recall of 2.4 symptoms, and most responders recalling only 'lump'. Awareness was lower in men, the younger and oldest age-groups, and people of lower socioeconomic status and from ethnic minority backgrounds, and …


IW And-type dwarf novae are recently recognized group of cataclysmic variables which are characterized by a sequence of brightening from a standstill-like phase with damping oscillations often followed by a deep dip. We found that the supposed classical nova BC Cas which erupted in 1929 experienced a state of an IW And-type dwarf nova in 2018, 89 yr after the eruption. This finding suggests that high mass-transfer rate following the nova eruption is associated with the IW And-type phenomenon. The mass of the white dwarf inferred from the decline rate of the nova is considerably higher than the average mass of the white dwarfs in cataclysmic variables and the massive white dwarfs may be responsible for the manifestation of the IW And-type phenomenon.


The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of (E)-1-(4-flourobenzylidene)urea (4FBU) was recorded and analyzed. The optimized geometrical parameters were calculated. The complete vibrationally assignments were performed based on PED analysis with the help of SQM method. NBO analysis was carried out to explore the various conjucative/hyperconjucative interactions within the molecule and their second-order stabilization energy. The HOMO and LUMO energy gap was studied. All theoretical calculations were performed based on B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) level of theory. The first order hyperpolarizability (β0) and related properties (β, α0, Δα) of 4FBU were calculated. Besides, FMOs, MEP, Mulliken atomic charges and various thermodynamic parameters such as entropy, heat capacity and enthalpy were also calculated.


During the past 20 years, median overall survival (OS) for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) has steadily improved from 10 to 12 months to greater than 24 months, due in large part to approval of eight new therapeutic agents. Yet, as we have observed in other diseases, the benefits of empiric therapies without regard to molecular subtype has limits, and CRC remains a leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. In the article that accompanies this editorial, results of the PEAK (Panitumumab Efficacy in Combination With mFOLFOX6 Against Bevacizumab Plus mFOLOFOX6 in Metastatic CRC Subjects With Wild-Type KRAS Tumors) trial are reported. In this phase II study, 285 patients with previously untreated, KRAS exon 2 wild-type, metastatic CRC were randomly assigned to receive FOLFOX (infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin) plus panitumumab versus FOLFOX plus bevacizumab. The specified primary objective was to estimate progression-free survival (PFS) for panitumumab relative to bevacizumab in combination with FOLFOX. In this regard, PFS was similar between the panitumumab and bevacizumab arms, with median PFS times of 10.9 and 10.1 months, respectively. Thus, the primary result of this trial does not suggest a difference in controlling disease progression for one regimen versus the other in the primary analysis population. However, further results of interest are provided in secondary analyses, including evaluation of additional end points and examination of patient subgroups stratified by extended RAS testing (KRAS and NRAS exons 2-4, but not BRAF exon 15). In the first-line treatment of metastatic CRC, studies have demonstrated similar efficacy for FOLFIRI (infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan), FOLFOX, and CAPOX (capecitabine and oxaliplatin). However, whether to add an inhibitor of angiogenesis, such as bevacizumab, or a monoclonal antibody to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), such as cetuximab or panitumumab, to first-line treatment programs has remained unclear. Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor A that has demonstrated improved PFS and OS when added to IFL (bolus fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan) and improved PFS with a trend toward improved OS when added to FOLFOX or CAPOX in the first-line treatment of metastatic CRC. Given that validated predictive biomarkers are not available for antiangiogenic therapy, bevacizumab-containing treatment programs have been widely adopted for patients with metastatic CRC, independent of tumor mutations identified by genomic profiling. The efficacy of anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies first emerged in the setting of previously treated metastatic CRC, and two randomized trials demonstrated modest improvements in survival for cetuximab or panitumumab as monotherapy compared with placebo. Soon after these results became available, mutations in exon 2 (codons 12 and 13) of the KRAS oncogene emerged as predictive biomarkers for intrinsic resistance to anti-EGFR therapy. KRAS encodes a small GTPase protein that integrates signals from cell surface receptors such as EGFR to regulate cell growth and division. Mutations in KRAS lead to persistent binding of GTP and constitutive activation of the protein. In a multitude of studies, the presence of these mutations was noted to confer resistance to anti-EGFR therapy, rapidly leading to a change in practice whereby these agents were limited to patients without KRAS exon 2 mutations. Nevertheless, clinical trials have not consistently demonstrated benefit to anti-EGFR antibodies in the first-line setting, even among patients with KRAS exon 2 wild-type tumors. The CRYSTAL (Cetuximab Combined With Irinotecan in First-Line Therapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer) trial evaluated the addition of cetuximab to FOLFIRI, demonstrating improved PFS and OS among patients with KRAS exon 2 wild-type tumors receiving cetuximab. The PRIME (Panitumumab Randomized Trial in Combination With Chemotherapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer to Determine Efficacy) study randomly assigned patients to FOLFOX with or without panitumumab, demonstrating improved PFS and a trend toward improved OS for the panitumumab arm among patients with KRAS exon 2 wild-type tumors. However, the NORDIC-VII and MRC COIN studies demonstrated no improvements in outcome measures for the addition of cetuximab to a fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin in this same molecularly defined patient subgroup (NORDIC-VII: 5-Fluorouracil/Folinate/Oxaliplatin [FLOX Regimen], Given Continuously or Intermittently, in Combination With Cetuximab, in First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer; and MRC COIN: Medical Research Council Continuous Chemotherapy Plus Cetuximab or Intermittent Chemotherapy With Standard Continuous Palliative Combination Chemotherapy With Oxaliplatin and a Fluoropyrimidine in First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer). Given that anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies clearly have activity against CRC, the mixed results from these studies have left us to ponder whether more comprehensive analysis of the CRC genome JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY E D I T O R I A L VOLUME 32 NUMBER 21 JULY 2


This paper was commissioned by the Foresight programme of the Office of Science and Innovation, Department of Trade and Industry © 2007 Queen's Printer and Controller of HMSO; published with permission Journal compilation © 2007 The International Association for the Study of Obesity. obesity reviews 8 (Suppl. 1) , 45–49 45 obesity reviews (2007) 8 (Suppl. 1) , 45–49 OnlineOpen: This article is available free online at www.blackwell-synergy.com  Blackwell Publishing LtdOxford, UKOBRObesity Reviews1467-7881© 2007 Queen's Printer and Controller of HMSO; published with permission; Journal compilation © 2007 The International Association for the Study of Obesity ? 20078 ••4549Review Article Obesity and early life D. J. P. Barker


Physicians now have 14 different approved anti-HIV drugs to treat the disease, and the possible combinations can be overwhelming to both patients and doctors. In addition to these drugs, other agents, such as hydroxyurea and IL-2, may be added to the treatment regimen. Several tables group the approved drugs by drug class and include the generic name, brand name, common abbreviation, and standard dose for each drug. A table illustrates common drug interactions, and another specifies overlapping toxicities associated with HIV-related medications. The issues of drug metabolism, combination therapies, pill burden, and storage are also addressed.


In June 1966, the military took over the government of Argentina. A year later, after political stability had been achieved, inflation checked, and economic confidence more or less restored, the new regime, headed by Lieutenant General Juan Carlos Ongania, began giving serious attention to what might be called Argentina's &dquo;war on poverty,&dquo; that is, a war on the urban housing crisis, especially in greater Buenos Aires, a megalopolis of


The incidence of emerging infectious diseases in humans has increased within the recent past. From SARS to EBOLA, CHIKUNGUNYA to AVIANFLUE, SWINE FLU to ZIKA now we are at a stage of new pandemic disease i.e. COVID-19. The world health organization stated in its 2007 report that infectious diseases are increasing at the high rate and the potential for emerging infectious diseases to spread rapidly and cause globally epidemic is a major concern. At present time human history is observing a very strange time fighting with invisible enemy - the novel COVID-19. Initially observed in the Wuhan province of China now spreading much faster around the whole world. Due to this virus, the world can face great depression. There will be instability in whole market. It is a threat to the whole of mankind and their livelihood.How government will cope up with great depression after the end of COVID-19 is a big question, how government will provide employment to all those people who left their job. How government will regain its GDP growth. But we should not panic. We should cooperate our government, we should take all necessary precautions to keep our self-safe and healthy.


A novel benzocyclobutene-fimctionalized poly(m-phenylene) was synthesized. This polymer showed good solubility and film-forming ability. When being heated at high temperature, the polymer film converted to an insoluble cross-linked network structure and did not show any cracks. Thermogravimetric analysis of the polymer film exhibited a weight loss of 5% at 547 degrees C and a char yield of 71% at 1000 degrees C in nitrogen. Moreover, the cured film had good dielectric and mechanical properties. In a range of frequencies from 0.10 MHz to 30 MHz, the cured film showed dielectric constant of less than 2.7, which was comparable with these of polyimides, polycyanates and the SILK resins. On a nano indenter system, the cured film showed an average hardness of 1.05 GPa and a Yong's modulus of 39.18 GPa. Those data imply that the polymer could be used as the varnish for enameled wire, sizing agents for high performance carbon-fiber, and encapsulation resins in microelectronic industry. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


Women shared an equal status and enjoyed liberty and all societal sanctions with men in ancient days. Due to cross cultural effects the role of women has been declined. It is the need of hour to bridge this gap through education because it is one of the global needs in the areas of empowerment. Pt.Jawahar Lal Nehru Said that "If you educate a man you educate an individual, if you educate a woman you educate a whole family". Itshows that the Education of women plays a vital role in the development of any nation. It helps not only in the development of nation but also improving the quality of life at home and outside. Women are nearly half of the human capital in the society. Women play many distinct and important roles in the society. Without women equal evolvement development process at every level will be not possible. Education is important for everyone. Education gives freedom to women from the clutches of inequalities. Education is a tool to reduce gender inequalities and share in decision making and contribution to national development. Educated women impact the whole family across the generations tremendously.


The main scope of this paper is the implementation of a method for production scheduling, using advanced model checking tools. This method makes use of timed automata to model complex production scheduling problems such as the job-shop and the open-shop scheduling problems. By modelling scheduling problems using timed automata, feasible schedules correspond to paths in the automata, while finding the optimum schedule corresponds to finding the shortest path in an automaton. Several algorithms and heuristics have been proposed for finding the shortest paths in timed automata, which are mainly based on the implementation of graph algorithms that search the transition graph. In our work, an advanced model design and checking tool, called UPPAAL, has been used to implement and test the above method on a number of different models and to show the effectiveness of such an approach in terms of finding optimal or near to optimal, schedules in polynomial time, even for large-scale problems.


IL-17–producing Th17 cells have gradually become considered as key factors in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Although the involvement of certain microRNAs in the development of MS has been reported, their role in Th17-driven autoimmunity is still poorly understood. In this study, we identified microRNA (miR)-15b as an important factor in Th17-associated effects and determined that the expression of miR-15b is significantly downregulated in MS patients and in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Overexpression of miR-15b alleviated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, whereas knockdown of miR-15b aggravated it. We demonstrated that miR-15b suppressed Th17 differentiation both in vivo and in vitro. We also found that O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase is a potential target of miR-15b, enabling it to affect the transcriptional regulation of retinoic acid–related orphan receptor γT through O-linked N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation of NF-κB. These results contribute to the importance of miR-15b in Th17 differentiation and the pathogenesis of MS.


In Network Control System(NCS),the network-induced delay is usually random,and packet dropout often presents in both the backward and the forward channels.Aiming at this problem,stabilization is studied for NCS with random time delay and asynchronous packet dropout.Uncertain systems matrix is used to avoid the influence of random time delay existed in both S-C and C-A channels,and then NCS is modeled as an asynchronous dynamical system with four rate constrains on events by considering packet dropout.The state feedback exponential stability is proposed for the closed-loop NCS.A state feedback controller that depends on S-C packet dropout rates(packet dropout rates from sensor to controller),and C-A packet dropout rates(packet dropout rates from controller to actuator)is designed.An illustrative example of wireless transmission NCS in the Internet of things is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Four principles of social marketing—product, price, promotion, and place—were
applied in efforts to select goals, message elements, and locations to communicate to
Georgia farmers about skin cancer prevention and detection. A representative sample of
Georgia farmers (N = 448) responded to a telephone survey which evaluated their
performance of skin cancer control behaviors, the "product" to be promoted in
Georgia's Harvesting Healthy Habits program. It was found that farmers lacked
important knowledge about skin cancer prevention and detection practices, and had
personal and physical barriers likely to inhibit performance of the practices. Despite
these barriers to performance, farmers were confident about their ability to detect skin
cancer, although they held reservations about being able to practice prevention. These
issues should be addressed in the design of messages to promote skin cancer control to
Georgia farmers. Respondents also reinforced previous formative evaluation research,
demonstrating that farmers seldom received information to encourage, or "promote,"
skin cancer control, even from health care providers.When Georgia farmers did receive
skin cancer prevention and detection information, they were more likely to adopt the
product of skin cancer control. Further, the site where most Georgia farmers were likely
to be available to receive such promotion was feed and seed stores, a location not
previously identified for this purpose.


Distributed intelligent systems can be distinguished by the models that they use. The model developed focuses on layered multiagent system conceived of as a bureaucracy in which a distributed data base serves as a central means of communication. The various generic bureaus of such a system is described and a basic vocabulary for such systems is presented. In presenting the bureaus and vocabularies, special attention is given to the sorts of reasonings that are appropriate. A bureaucratic model has a hierarchy of master system and work group that organizes E agents and B agents. The master system provides the administrative services and support facilities for the work groups.


The article provides brief media criticisms for the press coverage of events in the news as of March 1, 2014. Cable television news station MSNBC interrupted a live interview with a U.S. national security expert to cover news about the arrest of pop singer Justin Bieber. Television journalists Katie Couric and Piers Morgan interviewed transgender activists Carmen Carrera, Laverne Cox, and Janet Mock. British magazine "Bath Magazine" plagiarized the cover of "Boston" magazine's cover.


Commercialization of 5G will enable transformation of university education. This study identifies five attributes (device type, learning place, learning content, learning field and expense payment) and corresponding levels to study the impact of 5G in the future of university education. The attributes and the levels are then combined into few 5G education service alternatives for respondents to rank. 102 students ranked the alternatives based on their preferences and intent to use. Results indicate that the intent to use 5G-based education service was high with 86% and the most important factor was expense payment (37%), followed by learning field (26%), learning content (24 %), device type (8%) and learning place 95%). Specifically, students preferred smart device, practical and experiential content, ubiquitous (no limitation of space and time) learning, practical education and free rate when adopting 5G-based education service. These will provide implications to accelerate adoption of and exploitation of 5G for innovating university education.


The fundamental goal of the current study is to determine the mean activity concentrations of natural and artificial radionuclides of 226 Ra, 232 Th, 40 K, and 137 Cs using gamma spectrometry for three locations, in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq, which are significant and vital countries in the Middle East. The mean absorbed dose rate equals 22.35, 28.96, and 43.34 nGy h -1 for Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq. The results are consistent with international reports. The dose contribution percentages for investigated locations are 24 %, 30 %, and 46 % for Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq, respectively. The obtained results were clarified by statistical measurements using one-way ANOVA test to determine the distribution and differences between the averages of the three groups under study, as they may be influenced by geological variations and human intervention. It was found that the Iraq samples followed a symmetrical, standard normal distribution, while samples from Egypt and Saudi Arabia did not. Statistically significant differences were found between the data from the three countries.


The present invention relates to carboxylic acids and esters moiety attached to a carbon chain of carbon length from 2 to 24, wherein the chain contains at least one dioxanone ring system, the dioxanone from two adjacent carbons in the chain at least one carbon of the formed are and / or wherein the chain is substituted with pendant dioxanone ring system. In a preferred embodiment, the carbon chain is a fatty acid residue. Carbon of the chain, optionally, it can be substituted, may be saturated or unsaturated. If two or more of the ester moiety present, the present invention, as the polyester (e.g., triglyceride) containing a plurality of carbon chains respect, each strand, the triglyceride contains at least one dioxanone ring system, derived independently, the dioxanone is formed from at least one to two adjacent carbons of the chain. The present invention further relates to a method of preparing a composition of the dioxanone-containing fatty acid derivatives. The invention further coating formulations that utilize compositions or fatty acid derivatives containing dioxanone and polymers, and methods of making such coatings and polymers.


One of "Pennsylvania Farmer" John Dickinson's earliest public documents, recently processed by the John Dickinson Writings Project, is titled "Letter to the Inhabitants of the Frontiers on their intended Expedition ag[ains]t the Indians under the Protection of the Gov[ernmen]t." Dickinson wrote this seventeen-page draft to convince the Paxton Boys, who had recently slaughtered a group of peaceful Conestoga Indians, not to do the same to the Moravian Indians in protective custody in Philadelphia. Although "hidden" in plain view in the Delaware Public Archives, this document has not surfaced in past attempts to publish Dickinson's writings, nor is it included in John R. Dunbar's The Paxton Papers (1957). Though undated, the content of the missive indicates that it was written no earlier than January 6, 1764, and that it may have been a response to the Paxtonians' Declaration and Remonstrance, read in assembly on February 17. The letter does not appear to have been published.


The national debate over the nation's physician workforce continues. 1 There is increasing consensus that we are educating too many physicians, and a general agreement exists that this excess is reflected in too many subspecialists. 1,2 Some believe that market forces of supply and demand will ultimately resolve the generalist-subspecialist dilemma. Indeed, salaries for generalists are rising, income for subspecialists is falling, and managed care organizations are increasingly requiring subspecialists to serve as primary care providers or laying them off. Medical students seem to be responding to the marketplace by indicating an increasing interest in generalist careers. Within the relatively short period of time between 1992 and 1994, graduating seniors have increased their interest in generalism from 14% to 23% (unpublished data, Association of American Medical Colleges, 1995). Those who favor regulation argue that the market moves too slowly and that the patient care needs of academic health centers continue


The health system reform in China was practicing. The goal of reform was to establish an universal coverage system. Universal coverage institutional framework was heavily influenced by any factors. They were why we must establish this system, what was the system, how to do and who established it. According to the international environment, governance, economy development, social transfer, social policy, changing values and transfer lifestyle, the article presented the reasons for establishing universal coverage in China.


According to media reports, on 17 June 2014, the Swiss Nationalrat (the larger of the two chambers of the Swiss Federal Parliament, comprising 200 members) passed a motion that the requirement for network neutrality be enshrined in the Fernmeldegesetz (Telecommunications Act) by a 111-61 majority, with 18 abstentions.


ABSTRACT:
 Mangrove forests provide an important ecosystem service of safeguarding human societies from natural disasters along tropical coastal zones. With recent major coastal disasters, including the South Asian tsunami in 2004 and the observed protection buffer that mangroves have provided, valuating mangrove ecosystems for protecting coastal areas from natural disasters is a necessity for appropriate conservation planning of ecosystem services. In this article, I assess the avoidance and replacement costs of mangrove ecosystems in South Asia, in reference to the South Asian tsunami of 2004. The findings demonstrate that the coastal protection value of mangroves exceeds direct-use values of mangroves, such as forest harvesting and mariculture, by over 97%. Mangrove ecosystems are highly valuable for protection against natural coastal disasters, and their conservation and restoration are needed to maintain national and global natural capital.


The statistics of atmospheric stability and non-dimensional wind profiles are studied using the standard surface-layer theory at Egmond aan Zee in the North Sea. Measurements at 21, 70 and 116 m are used to validate the theoretical profiles. Charnock's relation is used to estimate the sea surface roughness. Bulk Richardson number is used to estimate the Obukhov length. The measured sea water temperature has a positive bias of 0.82?C resulting in the dominance of unstable conditions and a poor agreement of the theoretical wind profiles with the measurements. The conditions at Egmond aan Zee are dominated by unstable and neutral stabilities. The theoretical wind profiles agree very well with the measurements in the unstable and neutral conditions. In stable conditions, the wind profiles are over-predicted significantly as the height increases. The scaling of the wind profile with respect to the boundary layer height is necessary under stable conditions and the addition of another length scale parameter is preferred.


The present invention generally relates to a filter apparatus than improvements to allow safe filtration and replacement of the filter more secure in particular. Filter apparatus according to the present invention is configured to filter the fluid flowing to the fluid ducts and out. The filter device comprises at least one filter element to form at least a portion of the comprising a vessel, wherein at least one of the walls is a wall having one or more walls. The container forms an interior configured to collect the glossy substance in the fluid. In addition, the vessel to provide fluid communication between the interior and the fluid duct of the filter device comprises means arranged for the filter device from the at least one opening of the at least one opening and the opening connecting it possible to sealingly the fluid duct and removed do. Opening connected to the fluid ducts comprise a structure being and / or the closing means to close when the filter device is removed from the fluid duct.


The development of unsteady temperature distributions in semitransparent scattering materials under the influence of arbitrary incident radiative flux with other than specified temperature boundary conditions is considered. Specifically, such a problem is considered for an approximate radiative transfer model which allows analytic solutions. The model represents the unsteady, one-dimensional, radiative heating of a weakly absorbing, semitransparent medium with specified conductive heat flux at one boundary. The radiation field is modeled using an approximation to the radiative heat flux obtained by solution of the Kubelka-Munk differential equations.


This system was introduced to ensure that taxes are collected, and it Is an important example of the principle of limited liability of shareholders. Under this system, an the oligopolistic shareholders supplementarily bear liability for payment of tax where the ability of the corporation to pay the tax falls short. Since this system expands liability for tax payment to those third parties who meets the requirements prescribed under the law, it may be a material infringement of the property rights of the oligopolistic shareholders who is the third party, even though this system greatly contributes to the security of the collection of taxes. Therefore, the fairness of the secondary liability for tax payment by oligopolistic shareholders should be secured, and the system should be operated only to the extent that it is recognized as fair. In this essay, I will review the secondary liability for tax payment borne by oligopolistic shareholders on the basis of the aforementioned background, and I have presented some recommendations for improvement.


In this paper we present the description and the first results of a pilot experiment in which participants were requested to mimic the production of sonic elements trough different control modalities. Results show different degrees of dependence of the control temporal profiles with the dynamic level and temporal ordering of the stimuli. The protocol and methodology here advanced may turn useful for ameliorating existing mapping strategies for gesture based interactive media, with particular emphasis to adaptive control of physics-based models for sound synthesis.


Field Sampling Field sampling in the lake has been conducted on Nov 7, 1997. The date was fixed keeping in mind the pass of the satellite over the study area during field sampling so that accurate relationship of chlorophyll -a with sensor records may be established. IRS-IC passes over the same area after 24 days. Water samples were collected from various points inside the lake and brought for laboratory sampling. To accurately mark the location of sampling station inside the lake, a Global Positioning System (GPS) (SOKKIASpectrum) was used. Water samples from 45 different locations were collected. These samples were then tested in laboratory for chl-a concentration. The chl-a concentration has been determined by the spectrophotometric method (APHA-AWWA-WPCF, 1985).


We predict that the phase-dependent error distribution of locally unentangled quantum states directly affects quantum parameter estimation accuracy. Therefore, we employ the displaced squeezed vacuum (DSV) state as a probe state and investigate an interesting question of the phase-sensitive nonclassical properties in DSV's metrology. We found that the accuracy limit of parameter estimation is a function of the phase-sensitive parameter φ − θ/2 with a period π. We show that when φ − θ/2 ∈ [kπ/2, 3kπ/4) (k ∈ Z), we can obtain the accuracy of parameter estimation approaching the ultimate quantum limit through using the DSV state with the larger displacement and squeezing strength, whereas φ− θ/2 ∈ (3kπ/4, kπ] (k ∈ Z), the optimal estimation accuracy can be acquired only when the DSV state degenerates to squeezed-vacuum state. © 2021 Optical Society of America


Online Social Networks (OSN) have changed the way information is produced and consumed. Organizing and retrieving unstructured data extracted from these platforms is not an easy task. Galean is a visual and interactive tool that aims to help journalists and historians, among others, analyze news events discussed on Twitter. In this tool, news events are visually represented by the very countries from where the news originated, the date when they happened and their impact in the OSN. Galean considers countries as entities, as opposed to mere geographical locations as most of the tools in the state of the art. As a consequence, it allows users to explore and retrieve news not only by their geographical and temporal context, but also by the relationship among countries. With this tool users can search for behavioral patterns of news events and observe how countries are associated in specific events. We expect our work to become a public tool that helps conduct historical analyses of social media news coverage over time.


Written by key people in the field, this timely and accessible book argues that treating policy's movement as an active process of 'translation', in which policies are interpreted, inflected and re-worked as they change location, is of critical importance for studying policy.


Gelled waxy crude oil is a soft material with very complex rheological behavior that plays a critical role in one of the most concerning problems in the flow assurance of deep-water petroleum development—i.e., pipeline restart. Because the rheological behavior of gelled waxy crude oil is very dependent on shear history, it may hopefully reduce the pipeline blocking risk if a transitory startup of the pump (known as transitory restart) is implemented during the pipeline shutdown period and causes the nearly gelled oil to flow. The essence of transitory restart is the influence of pre-shear on the structural behavior of gelled oil. In the present work, transitory restart was simulated by a rheometer to study the structural behavior of crude oil after being pre-sheared with and without subsequent cooling. Numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the effect of structural behavior on pipeline restart. The results show that the gelled crude oil structure is incompletely recoverable once broken in the isothermal condition. As a benefit from the incompletely recoverable behavior, pre-shear can reduce the structural strength of gelled oil and cause the structure to break down more rapidly. Based on this mechanism, transitory restart can reduce the minimum pressure difference required for successful restart and save restart time. In addition, it is found that the propagation velocity of the yield cross-section gradually decreases during the restart process rather than always being equal to the speed of sound in crude oil. The attenuation of the propagation velocity of the yield cross-section decreases with increasing structure strength of crude oil and increasing restart pressure.


The present invention, the oxidizing agent, air breathing internal combustion engine (1a, 1b) operated by mixture of air / hydrocarbon with a supply of oxidant and fuel, propellant tanks of the rocket engine (16) (3) characterized by being performed by a separate tanks and circuits from a pump (2) actuation device of the rocket engine (16) of the spacecraft. The present invention includes at least 2 groups pump, each of which is actuated by the apparatus of the present invention, to regulate the rotational speed of the pump individually, the operating parameters of the internal combustion engine driving the pump so as to vary independently constructed, it is applied to a fuel supply device for a rocket engine comprising a control means of these internal combustion engines. .The


Cosmopolitanism and Identity Abstract Cosmopolitism is a complicated concept and has different properties. Pure tangible objects in the world are worth more than those mixed. This character distinguishes objects and gives them a special value. Is the same situation true in the spiritual and moral worlds? Already, every object finds its value in their value world. In particular, this also applies in the real social world in general. Social world has a meaning because of living with others. So, our world enriches with disparateness and this situation adds new values to our life. For this reason It is very importance to know how to keep different cultures together. In general, we mainly reserve a share in a narrow mentality for ourselves. But, when we look to the events from other people's perspectives we discern different realities. Today, we face many chaos and social problems. The cause of it that we could not endure living together with others and do not have toleration culture about different groups. Such a behaviour stems from psychological weakness and keep ourselves in the forefront in ethnical issues. Whereas all great success in the history has been obtained by civilizations and leaders who had understood the differentiations as richness. In this subject culture as life philosophy and value of law are quite important concepts. Most important issues will lead us to success and understanding of law in this issue. With this approach we have to behave most suitable attitude to the life and human being without hegemonic or ethnic perspective.


Flood disaster has become a national disaster that often occurs in the world today. Indonesia is one country that has a lot of flooding. The cause of the flooding is human error in environmental care. To overcome floods in the short term is to build a flood disaster mitigation system to anticipate more victims. This study aims to create an SMS gateway-based flood notification system. This mitigation system was built using ultrasonic sensors and rain sensors as input components, Raspberry Pi mini-computers as processors and GSM modems as outputs. This research resulted in a prototype of a flood notification system that can send SMS when floods occur. Tests have been carried out by varying the height of the water, which is between 0cm to 20cm. SMS will be sent to users when the water level is at 5cm, 10cm, 15cm, and 20cm. In prototype testing used a scale between 0 cm to 20 cm. From several tests conducted, the system has been able to send SMS to users. This research has provided innovations in the field of flood disaster mitigation using GSM communication systems and Raspberry Pi-based data processing.


Abstract : The program was funded to conduct balloon field operations from Fort Churchill, Manitoba and from Thompson, Manitoba, Canada. The contract also called for the delivery of three balloons to be used in the program. Raven provided a field crew, suspension and rigging hardware, aircraft and helicopter tracking, parachutes, balloon telemetry and control instrumentation, electronic tracking, and reports and documentation as necessary. This report describes individual flights, equipment used, flight data, and various program information. (Author)


This essay offers a reinterpretation of the origins of Islamic printing as part of the new global technological and cultural exchanges of the early 19th century. With a special focus on Iranian printers, it reconstructs the interactions of the individual agents of this technological transfer with their European partners. In particular, it traces the emergence of cultural and technological "middlemen" in government employment who traveled to European cities to acquire printing. The "transculturalism" that these middlemen developed was a necessary qualification for success, and here their interaction with missionary organizations and their Arabic typographers proved crucial. They accessed the mass-produced, portable iron handpress, the global proliferation of which in the early 1800s linked pioneer Iranian as well as Indian and Egyptian printers to contemporary developments in England, New Zealand, and America. Islamic printing emerged as less a "late development" than part of the wider globalization of printing that accompanied the Industrial Revolution.


The removal effect of raw wastewater treatment by anaerobicSBR was investigated, and the removal effects of wastewater COD, ammonia and orthophosphate were studied. Then the raw wastewater decolonization was implemented. The results showed that influent COD, ammonia and orthophosphate was at about 2000 mg/L, 80.7 mg/L and 7.1 mg/L, the removal efficiency of COD, ammonia and orthophosphate was at 96.5%, 95.3% and 97.2% respectively. When the raw wastewater color is about 200 times with PAC adding dosage 10~40 mg and activated carbon adding dosage 1.5~3.0 g, the effluent color can decrease lower than 50 times.


The Critical Path Method(CPM) is an effective tool used for planning and scheduling, One of the strong point in the CPM is what it can calculate float Float can be used without having an effect on overall schedule of project However, concept and scope about ownership is not defined yet because it is a by-product of the project Thus participants have had many disputes in using float because of their interests In recent years, a few the ones have evolved m an attempt to solve this problem But the previous research did not make a reasonable distribution of float because their criteria of distribution was based on ratio for total project time Actually, an application of float is achieved by participant's delay risk Therefore, this paper proposes a framework for the assessment of the delay risks and criteria for float distribution using delay risks Furthermore, this paper proposes distribution method by linear programming that is able to distribute reasonably and systematically using the value of risk assessment.


In this paper, frequency of distorted signal in power system has been estimated with particle extended Kalman filter. Base of particle algorithm, extended Kalman filter and particle extended Kalman filter are mentioned. For selecting state variables, a nonlinear time-variant sinusoidal signal is developed then a particle extended Kalman filter is applied to detect the frequency variations. Several tests are performed to show the performance of PEKF algorithm. Comparison of PEKF with EKF reveals the PEKF preference. Also, these tests prove the fast speed, good accuracy and robustness against noise. These advantages illustrate that PEKF is more suitable for power system applications.


This paper presents an acute study of inductively coupled wireless power transmission link in rodents, which will eventually be used for peripheral nerve implants. Experimental results in rat for two different coil realizations - circular wire-wound coils and square planar printed coils are presented showcasing power delivery and effects of coil misalignment.


This paper considers the use of machine learning methods to forecast the probability of a power outage at a substation. The data on power outages for 2 years were analyzed. They contained information about the substation where the emergency power outage occurred and information about the weather. A solution is proposed for forecasting the probability of a power outage caused by weather factors. The features for compiling training and test samples are determined, an analysis is carried out to select the appropriate algorithm for training the model. A model was trained for further use in forecasting the probability of outages.


In order to improve the erosion capacity of a supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) jet, the influence of a nano-silica additive on the rock erosion characteristics was experimentally investigated. By impinging the SC-CO2 jets with nano-silica mass fractions of 0 wt % (pure SC-CO2 jet), 3 wt %, 6 wt %, 9 wt %, 12 wt %, 15 wt %, and 18 wt % on specimens of red sandstone, the erosion volumes under various operating conditions were measured and analyzed. Results show that an appropriate amount of nano-silica additive can greatly enhance the erosion ability of a SC-CO2 jet. The effect on the erosion ability largely depends on the operating conditions. For instance, when the other conditions are fixed, 6 wt %, 9 wt %, 12 wt %, and 15 wt % were the optimum mass fractions, successively, with the inlet pressure increasing from 30 MPa to 60 MPa. With the increase in ambient pressure, the optimum mass fraction is unchanged under the constant inlet pressure, while it increases under the constant pressure drop. Additionally, the optimum mass fraction decreases when the fluid temperature increases. In addition, the optimal standoff distances are about five times the nozzle diameter of the nano-silica SC-CO2 jet, and three times for the pure jet. This research provides a new method for effectively enhancing the rock erosion performance of a SC-CO2 jet.


This study discusses the impact of trauma in Tarutung, North Tapanuli Regency, which has been hit by a natural disaster, namely an earthquake that has damaged environmental conditions and traumatized people in the area.  Therefore, mental/emotional recovery is needed so they don't fall into fear.  Not only children, but also adults will be traumatized by the natural disaster.  Adults can be nurtured and given training not only to get rid of their trauma but how to train adults to be responsive and alert if disaster strikes again and how to take action and attitudes to achieve life safety.  The purpose of Trauma Healing Guidance is for victims to be able to think positively when remembering the traumatic event.  The writing of this journal article uses qualitative research methods with a descriptive approach, which is to describe in depth what is objectively in accordance with the results of observations in the environment affected by the earthquake.  Coaching is done by directing adults to adjust to their fears (think positive), motivate them, invite them to do daily routines.  Therapy that can be done in the form of behavior or attitude therapy, mental therapy, and action therapy as well as counseling.  In a biblical perspective, in Proverbs 3:25-26, worship is carried out to maintain human spirituality, including adults.


Abstract: All over the world, miscanthus is positioned as an extremely promising and rapidly renewable cellulose- containing raw material for the production of a large number of substances of chemical and biotechnological synthesis. The Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies of the Siberian Branch оf the Russian Academy of Sciences has been developing its own methods of treating miscanthus using diluted solutions of nitric acid. While the amount of a waste solution (liquid phase) is 20 times greater than the target product — a solid phase -- intended for enzymatic hydrolysis and further microbiological synthesis of bioethanol, bacterial cellulose and other valuable products. The hypothesis states that a nitric acid solution after treatment with miscanthus, which was neutralized with ammonium hydrate (hereinafter referred to as the preparation), is a combined lignohumic fertilizer. Testing this hypothesis has required studying the growth-regulating activity of the preparation using the example of sowing pea seeds. The results show that, depending on the degree of dilution and the exposure time, the preparation acts in two ways: either as a stimulant or as a growth inhibitor. Thus, at a dilution rate of 1:10, the preparation acts as an inhibitor, and at a dilution rate of 1:1,000,000, its effect ceases. The working range includes the dilution rate between 1:100 and 1:10,000, when an increase in germination energy and rate is observed by 2–6% compared to the control and root growth is stimulated by 21–29%, i.e. an auxin-like growth-stimulating effect is observed. With prolonged endurance during the 4th day, the preparation showed a growth-inhibiting effect, indicated by the decrease in the germination energy and rate, the length of the stems and roots of the sowing pea. The new preparation showing growth-stimulating activity under certain conditions, supposedly confirms the hypothesis that it is a combined lignohumic fertilizer.


In a dispersion polymerization, the monomer is miscible with the reaction medium, while the resulting polymer is insoluble under the same conditions. The macroscopic precipitation of the polymer is prevented by a steric stabilizer. Methyl methacrylate was polymerized in decane in presence of polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-co-propylene) and spherical dispersion particles of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were obtained. The static light scattering yielded molar masses of particles in the range 4 × 107 to 7 × 109 g mol−1. Dynamic light scattering provided the hydrodynamic radii from 60 to 190 nm and also information on the non-uniformity of the particles. The relations between the characteristics of the dispersion particles (concentration of components, particle mass and dimensions, molar mass of PMMA chains, surface density of stabilizing chains, etc.) were looked for. The kinetics of polymerization seems to be only little affected by the colloidal character of the system.


Tin oxide thin film have been deposited on oxided silicon substrates using a r.f. reactive sputtering process with a tin target in a mixed gas environment. Pd and Sb_2O_3 were light doped in thin films to enhance the sensibility. The resulting films have been characterized structurally using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). XRD has demonstrated that the tin oxide thin films have rutile SnO_2 structure and that the small range dopants did not change the crystallite structure. SEM has demonstrated that the dimensions of tin oxide crystallite were less than 150 nm. With the annealing temperature elevated the crystallites enlarged in dimensions. The average crystallite size was estimated with use of the Debye-Scherrer equation. The reasons that brought about the difference of crystallite size between estimated with the Debye-Scherrer equation and observed by SEM were discuss. After sintering at temperature of 700 ℃ the thin film doped with atomic 2% Pd and 2% Sb showed high sensitivity to alcohol vapor.


The preparation and characterization of thin Cu/Al films is described. The single source evaporation process is treated theoretically and the calculated composition profile for a film prepared by evaporation of 5 wt% Al alloy is compared with the experimental data.


Background: The management of young individuals seeking medical attention due to progressive hip pain as a result of secondary osteoarthritis and who want active and pain-free hip was challenging in past. The actual incidenece of secondary osteoarthritis is difficult to ascertain. Young individuals with secondary osteoarthritis hip due to developmental dysplasia of hip, coxa plana (Legg-Calve-Perthes disease), post-traumatic, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, Paget disease, Haemophilia, Avascular necrosis of femoral head, and so on can be effectively managed with primary uncemented total hip replacement (THR) with good functional outcome in short-term follow-up. This will increase the revision THR rate later. Long-term follow-up is required to watch for prosthesis-related complications Materials and Methods: Material includes 64 patients who attended our OPD from Oct 2013 to Dec2017 and all of them were diagnosed to have secondary osteoarthritis hip with poor hip function as assessed by Harris hip score. All of them underwent uncemented total hip replacement (THR) through posterior/anterolateral approach to hip. Conventional HA-coated stem and acetabular components were used. They were post-operatively assessed at regular intervals with Harris hip score and were found to have excellent functional outcome with high level of patient satisfaction. Result: All patients have excellent Harris hip scorepost-operatively. Patients became independent and were able to carry out day-to-day activities with ease. No complications were noticed. The dramatic change in their hip function was appreciable even on the day of surgery itself. Conclusion: We conclude that uncemented THR using conventional HA-coated components is an excellent surgical modality for the management of secondary osteoarthritis in young individuals with poor hip function. The functional outcome is promising and makes patient independent and pain free. The said procedure is cost-effective and reliable based on excellent hip function achieved in immediate post-operation. Long-term follow-up is recommended.


In his seminal text Friction and Wear of Materials, Ernest Rabinowicz defines wear as "the removal of material from solid surfaces as a result of mechanical action" [1]. The wear problem is incredibly important from an economic perspective; in the manufacturing industry, cost is in direct proportion to the frequency with which a particular component must be replaced. In many applications, worn machine elements can result in catastrophic failure of a part or entire system. Wear as a phenomenon is undertheorized, a deficiency Rabinowicz attributes to the pervading idea among researchers that wear is a chaotic process, so complex that it cannot be robustly characterized or predicted. The undercharacterization of wear is especially true for Friction Stir Welding (FSW), a solid state welding process developed by The Welding Institute and currently used by NASA for structural welds on the Space Shuttle external tank, Ares I upper stage, and Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle. Traditionally fabricated from tool steels, FSW tools have a nearly infinite life when used to join Aluminum alloys. Tool wear in FSW is a phenomenon unique to high strength alloys, having been documented in the literature only for FSW of steels and metal composites [2].


This chapter focuses on Taufiq ʻUkasha, a talk-show host and minor parliamentarian in the ruling National Democratic Party (NDP) before the revolution, re-created in the protracted state of antistructure after the fall of the regime as a "media personality" and advocate for a cult of Egyptian militarism. He became a primary spokesman for the counterrevolution, and ultimately a political force in his own right. ʻUkasha was often seen during his moment in the political limelight as an appendage of SCAF. He showed a remarkable ability to emerge onto the political stage at a particular moment—specifically, from near the end of 2011 until the rise of Sisi in the summer of 2013. But his political capacities depended crucially on a well-publicized "loose cannon" media persona. It was never likely that ʻUkasha would achieve meaningful power, but he does exemplify potentialities of revolutionary liminality not well captured by viewing a revolutionary situation as a theater in which contention occurs between established political actors. Ultimately, ʻUkasha emerged as a Trickster within the larger arc of the revolution.


Ectodermal dysplasia is a large complex group of disorders resulting in abnormal development of two or more ectodermal structures. Oral manifestations include partial or complete anodontia and poor bony bases affecting aesthetics and function. Dental management in such patients is difficult and requires intervention throughout the growth period of the patient, until a definitive treatment is rendered. This case report describes the prosthetic rehabilitation of a young patient with total anodontia, which is a rare event in contrast to partial anodontia. A unique approach was devised to improve the retention and stability of compromised ridges. Conventional dentures were delivered to the patient with like-pole magnets incorporated in the occlusal surface of posterior denture teeth of upper and lower denture facing correspondingly which resulted in repulsive force. This enhanced retention and stability of the dentures.


Digital interactive media has become prevalent and has been widely applied in educational and industrial circles. Interactive media has brought great influence and expectations to the concept of "combining education and entertainment" in art education. Interaction emphasizes the audiences' operation and independent exploration, allowing them to understand and appreciate the history, culture, and social background or artistic creation through games in order to further recognize the beauty of the forms and the artists' intention, enhance the aesthetic experience, and even participate in the creation. Proper use of interactive media can enhance the aesthetic experience. However, how to apply it appropriately, as well as how to develop user friendly interactive design allowing the audience to easily and enjoyably interact with the authors and perceive the aesthetic experience are the two questions to be explored in this paper. This paper shares the author's recent experience of viewing the two art exhibitions-"River of Wisdom: Moving of the Riverside Scene at the Ching-ming Festival" and "Landscape Reunited-Huang Gongwang and Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains"-and then reflects on and offers suggestions for the application of interactive technology for art appreciation from the perspective of an art educator.


In view of the advantage of ultrasonic motor low-speed and large torque,single ultrasonic motor is adopted to drive a two-legged walking robot.PRO/E is selected for the structural design.Model simulation and kinematic dynamics analysis are carried out on the model by ADAMS,and key sizes of the robot are optimized.Research proves that this machine is reasonable and feasible,which provides an important basis for the manufacture of physical prototype in the future.


A series of polyurethanes from polyols derived from Momonas (castor - Ricinus communis ) oil were prepared, and their thermal stability in air and nitrogen assessed by thermogravimetric analysis. The IR spectroscopic analysis of the oil have also been performed. The resins are formed by the reaction of oil with 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate. The synthesized resins have been characterized by IR spectroscopic analysis, TGA analysis and 1 H RMN. Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in biomaterials derived from renewable resources. One major initiative has been the synthesis of a wide range of biopolymers from annually renewable and environmentally benign starting materials obtained from agricultural and animal sources (). These materials often possess thermal and mechanical properties comparable to or better than those of widely used industrial polymers. As such, they might replace petroleum-based polymers resulting in waste reduction and overall petroleum resource preservation. Vegetable oils are one of the cheapest and most abundant, annually renewable natural resources available in large quantities from various oilseeds. Vegetable oils are excellent renewable source of raw materials for the manufacture of polyurethane components such as polyols. The transformations of the double bonds of triglycerides of oils to hydroxyls and their application in polyurethanes have been the subject of many studies (2). The main technological advantages of these polyurethanes from vegetable oils are high strength as well as stiffness, environmental resistance and long life. In the present study we report the preparation of A polymer using Castor Oil (mamona - Ricinus communis ) with two different molar ratios of 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI). Various physical properties of the oil have been determined. The IR spectrum supports the presence of both saturated and unsaturated acids in the oil. 1 H NMR spectrum of the oil shows protons of terminal methyl group at � = 0.85-0.90 ppm and -CH2- group attached next to the terminal ethyl group at � = 1.60 ppm. The peaks at � = 1.25-1.30 ppm for protons of all the internal -CH 2- groups present in the fatty acids chains. The -CH 2- protons of glycerol found at � = 4.1-4.3 ppm and the protons for -CH- of glycerol and unsaturated carbons appear at � = 5.33-5.35 ppm. From 1 H NMR spectra of the resins, it is confirmed the presence of the following peaks at � = 0.85-0.89 ppm for terminal methyl group of the fatty acids chains, and � = 1.59-1.60 ppm may be due to the protons of -CH 2- group attached next to the above terminal methyl group. The peaks at � = 1.15-1.30 ppm for the protons of all the internal -CH 2- groups present in the fatty acids chains. The peaks for protons of unsaturated carbons appear at � = 5.33-5.34 ppm. The -CH 2- protons of glycerol moiety found at � = 3.59-4.79 ppm whereas the proton for -CH- of glycerol unit observed at very high value of � = 6.32 ppm may be due to desheilding effect by the diiso. Dynamic TGA curves in nitrogen of all oil based polyurethanes are shown in Figure 1. Whereas, oil-based polyurethanes show two step degradation. Derivative TGA curves of the same polymers reveal actually two and three main degradation processes,The first step is associated with the first 10% of the weight loss, and the second with the remaining 90%. The shapes of the weight loss curves of all polyurethanes are almost identical, and overall differences in thermal stability appear to be small.


The article presents the results of clinical trials of microelement mixture «Hermakap» containing nano carboxylate germanium on poultry organism that provides oxygen transportation in organism tissues, improves the conductivity of nervous impulses, facilitates the productivity increase of animals and poultry, stimulates the growth and the development of organism, possesses immune correlative peculiarities, increases immune response of animal organism to vaccine administration, facilitates the induction of gamma interferons that possess antiviral and antitumor protection. The results of clinical trials demonstrated that the administration of the medicinal product Hermakap to broilers in the dose of 0,01 µkg/sm³ 5 days before and 5 days after the vaccination against viral diseases of poultry caused the increase of specific antibodies against infectious bursal disease virus, avian infectious bronchitis and herd immunity to Newcastle disease and also the increase of manufacture indices. The administration of the medicinal product to sandgrouses improves their physiological state, positive;y influences the productivity and poultry survival.


The primary purpose of this study is to determine the level of mobile phone applications in university classrooms in Jordan. A sample of 313 undergraduate students participated in the study by completing the researchers' designed questionnaire, which is composed of 13 items. The results of the study indicate that participants perceived a high level of mobile phone use for five items, a moderate level of use for five items, and a low level of use for three items. Overall, the students under study used mobile phones mainly to exchange education-related messages and academic files with classmates, search the Internet and library databases for academic materials, and hold discussions with classmates about missed lectures. Moreover, based on a t-test, significant differences were not found in the students' perceptions based on gender. The study ends by offering a number of recommendations for the field of study.


In this paper we find some properties of distinguished prime submodules of modules and prove theorems about the dimen- sion of modules.


1. Practically all countries in the early stages of economic development rely heavily on the export of a few primary commodities to obtain the necessary foreign exchange for their imports. Fluctuations In the prices of these commodities on world markets are generally reflected in fluctuations in the export earnings of the primary producing countries concerned and therefore in their capacity to import. As the rate at which these countries can diversify their economies and reach a higher standard of living depends to a very large extent on imports of capital equipment and other necessary goods, the problem of the stabilization of their export earnings and more particularly of the prices of their export commodities is of particular concern to them.


In order to improve the precision and automatization of the characteristic test,the comprehensive characteristic testing software system of pump was researched and developed.The system adopts upper-lower computer test mode,and collects the pump characteristic parameters by using the sensors.Through serial communication of RS-232,the data are transferred from the lower computer to the upper computer.Not only the upper one can show it in the graphical interfaces and carry out data processing,but also the lower one can deal with the acquired data independently,then the comprehensive characteristic of pump can be obtained conveniently.This paper mainly describes its basic structure,main function,the technique to realize serial communication between lower and upper computer,and application cases.


In most network asset procurement exercises, network configurations are predefined by the auctioneers. Bidders can neither propose different network configurations nor can they submit bids on a group of network links. We believe the market itself can be designed better. We present a lot structure and an auction design where bidders might propose and build different network configurations and where bidding for packages is a possibility. We demonstrate why the auction design in this paper should be considered for future network procurement exercises through an example, inspired by UK offshore electricity transmission assets, to illustrate our idea.


Alumina layers were grown from trimethylaluminum (TMA) and water, ozone as well as an oxygen plasma as co-reactants in low temperature spatial atomic layer deposition (ALD). The influence of the amount of precursor, the precursor exposure duration, and substrate temperature were investigated with respect to the growth rate while employing different oxygen sources. The TMA/water process provided alumina (AlOx) films with superb film quality as shown by infrared measurements. Ozone-based processes allowed lower substrate temperatures. Nevertheless, carbon residuals in different binding states were found within the bulk material. However, the carbon impurities have no impact on the barrier performance, since 50 nm AlOx grown by TMA either with water or ozone exhibited a water vapor transition rate in the range of 10−6 g/m2/day. However, when our home-built microwave plasma source was applied in a remote configuration, the water vapor transition rate was one order of magnitude higher due to a reduction in fil...