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PHOENIXVILLE - Meeting with the rest of the Phoenixville Area School Board Sunday, the last day of June and last day to finalize a budget for 2013-14, President Joshua Gould addressed everyone.
'We have six-and-a-half hours to pass a budget by law,' he said. 'We're going to stay here and vote on it until we pass it.'
In a conflict of two viewpoints involving how much reserve the district needed and determining the risks involved, the board passed a $78,721,839 budget which carried a 1.42 percent tax hike.
The mill rate increased from 28.24 to 28.64, meaning a property assessed at the district median of $133,540 would see an annual tax increase of roughly $53.
'I wish we could have come up with a budget that has no tax increase. We all know times are tough,' Gould told The Mercury Tuesday. 'But we've been able to keep the tax increases very low for the last three years without taking undue risks and while continuing to improve the quality of education for our students.'
Board member Irfan Khan saw things a different way, as he told The Mercury Wednesday.
'I'm not happy. I think that we have done the taxpayers a disservice by not taking the surpluses in the 2013 cycle and offsetting the 2013-14 budget cycle,' he said.
The main point of contention when it came to finalizing the budget at the special public meeting Sunday was whether eliminating an unassigned fund balance built into the 2013-14 fund balance was taking too much risk and/or damaging the district's bond rating.
The baseline budget the board worked off of was one approved in May with a $79,021,839 line carried a 1.88 percent tax increase.
Khan championed an amendment eliminating the unassigned fund balance from the operating budget, roughly $1,004,079, as he had when the budget did not pass earlier June 7.
He cited surpluses of $3 million over the past five years and said the district kept its unassigned reserve balances at the maximum allowed by the state, 8 percent of the total fund balances, totaling $16 million, in 2012-13.
'I believe that $16 million is a sufficient reserve balance to mitigate risk,' Khan said. 'I don't see the reason we need to take $17 million, especially since we had a surplus for the 2012-13 cycle.'
Khan maintained that if his amendment went through, bringing the tax increase for 2013-14 close to zero, it would not affect programs within the district for the coming year, although Board Vice President Jan Potts had concerns about future budgets beyond 2013-14.
Gould opposed Khan draining the unassigned fund balance.
'I would love to get to zero and I'd love to find a way to do it,' he said. 'In my opinion, this isn't the way to do it. This is a matter of risk and how much risk we are willing to accept and I'm not willing to cut out the entire (reserve) account that's budgeted.'
Superintendent Alan Fegley cautioned that tougher budgets will be coming, and making the tax increase so low for 2013-14 might adversely affect future budgets, especially since one reserve is already set to be utilized in 2014-15 to alleviate rising Public Service Employees Retirement Service rates.
'We never have this opportunity to share with the taxpayers,' countered board member David Ziev. 'All that Mr. Khan is speaking to is not increasing the reserves...I agree that we still have the reserves and risk management that we need. This is very positive for the budget. I do not see it as a negative in the ensuing years.'
With the district set to go into $30 million of debt due to the need for new buildings, the district's administration expressed some concern over what lowering the district's reserves could do to their bond rating.
Comptroller Chris Gehris said the district didn't keep a full reserve four years ago and whether it was connected or not, the district's bond rating became lower than what it is currently.
Additionally, Fegley and the district's Executive Director of Operations, Stan Johnson, said the unassigned fund balance is used for unforeseen budgetary issues, like hiring a new teacher or special education costs.
In 2012-13, roughly half of the reserve, $500,000, was put toward the technology budget.
Eventually, the board voted on Khan's amendment to knock out the reserve, coming down 5-4 against it, with Gould, Potts, Kevin Pattinson, Kenneth Butera and Dan Cushing opposed and Khan, Paul Slaninka, Betsy Ruch and Ziev in favor.
Gould then proposed an amendment to reduce the reserve by $100,000, which Fegley said he was 'okay with.'
'Given where we are, we think this is a reasonable reduction in our operating budget reserve,' Johnson said.
Gould's amendment passed with only Pattinson opposed.
After several other amendments failed, the board eventually agreed to a $200,000 reduction, making the total reserve drop to #704,000.
Although Fegley said he was 'uncomfortable' with that drop, Gould, Khan, Ruch, Slaninka and Ziev all voted in favor of it.
A vote was taken on the budget as it stood at that point but did not pass, 4-5, with Pattinson, Slaninka, Ruch, Khan and Ziev against it.
At Khan's urging, the board took an executive session to discuss the possibility of tapping into a reserve set up to cover possible expenses if a contract were reached with some of the district's bargaining units, including the teachers' union, were reached in 2012-13, which they were not.
When they returned, no movement was made on those funds.
Pattinson proposed eliminating pay-to-participate fees for extra-curricular activities in the district.
'It's not fair to single out a group of people and say, 'They can pay it so they should have to pay for it,'' Pattinson said, arguing that it was essentially a double tax for some in the district.
Earlier, in a first vote that kept the fees in place, Ruch said it wasn't fair for those without children to have to help foot the bill. Pattinson said the additional costs to the tax bills were miniscule.
In the second vote, pay-to-participate fees were eliminated 5-4, with Slaninka, Khan, Ruch and Ziev dissenting.
As it turned out, the additional cost per year to each tax bill with the elimination of pay-to-participate for a property at the district's median assessment was $2.
With that amendment, the budget was settled with a 1.42 percent tax increase.
Khan tried to take an additional $200,000 out of the reserves but it failed.
Immediately following, Potts called for a vote on the budget, which passed 5-4. Gould, Potts, Pattinson, Cushing and Butera voted for the budget and Khan, Slaninka, Ruch and Ziev voted against it.
The meeting took just about three hours, three hours shy of the deadline to finish the budget.


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"We know spending time with both parents is invaluable to a child's growth and security," Swan said. "This law is about the child."
Governor signs Rep. Swan bill that equalizes child-custody criteria
By Mark Bliss ~ Southeast Missourian
A new Missouri law, signed Friday by Gov. Jay Nixon, seeks to create a more equalized approach to child custody and visitation as championed by state Rep. Kathy Swan.
The Cape Girardeau Republican lawmaker crafted the language that made it into the final bill.
"It was my amendment that was added onto a Senate bill," she said.
This marked the second year in a row Swan had sought passage of such legislation. The Missouri Bar opposed the measure the first time. This time, it remained neutral, Swan said.
"I think it did make a tremendous difference," she said of the bar association's stance this time around.
Swan said earlier this year the goal was to make joint custody more of a default setting when a couple goes to court. Often, the father gets far less time with the children, she said during the legislative session.
Swan said most states don't have the custody provision contained in Missouri's new law, patterned after those in Arkansas and Minnesota.
The new law, which takes effect Aug. 28, stipulates no court shall adopt a standardized parenting plan or local rule.
"Some courts have had their own rules," Swan said, adding in many cases they have favored the mothers in child custody.
Swan said the law mandates the office of the Missouri Supreme Court will set guidelines for all judges to follow in complying with the measure.
The law, she said, is designed to maximize the amount of time a child will have to spend with his or her parents.
"We know spending time with both parents is invaluable to a child's growth and security," Swan said. "This law is about the child."
Divorced father and Jackson resident Mike Seabaugh welcomed the new law. Under the law, he said courts should begin any custody proceeding with the assumption parents should share the custody of their children, 50-50. From there, the court can decide whether a different arrangement is justified, Seabaugh said.
Seabaugh has full custody of his two daughters, 16 and 18, but it took him years of court fights to gain custody.
He said the new law is not just for fathers.
"It is not specifically a father's rights bill," he said.
But Seabaugh said in many cases, fathers have been on the losing end of custody cases.
Seabaugh said judges in some areas of the state, including Southeast Missouri, routinely often favored the mothers in such cases.
The new law states judges may not give custody preference to a parent because of gender, age or financial status.


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This July 4th weekend was definitely the weekend for ahu building. A simple shrine to honor and communicate with the ancestors. And more importantly, to invite the presence of Ke Akua into the House. Ahu. To heap. When you collectively pile your hearts and spirits together. It is extremely powerful indeed...
Saturday, July 5, 2008
Posted by Ka`iana at 11:15 AM
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Im learning how to stay positive; its quit interesting; First, I've studied success based thinking; going from the poverty mind to the millionaires mind! Within in it, Im using techniques Ive matured to use. I pick 5 things I like surrounding me; For example; if Im in a room; I will pick 5 things I like and tell myself why! After months of practicing this; it starts having its effect; I begin to notice a kind of addition to feeling good from finding 5 things I like in my general area of living; things I can see and feel and taste!
Pick 5 things of abundance. This means; pick 5 things in my present reality that I can see that are in quantity; for example; I look outside and I see many trees; and then I describe why I like them! I see the color green; and why I like it! I see roofs; lots of them; an abundance of them; and I describe why I like it! I see blue sky; lots of it and why I like it! And this goes on through the day!
The effect of positive thinking!
When I wake up in the morning; I say to myself; " self"; what would you like to do today that makes you feel good! And Im learning something; Im starting to pick only those things that make me feel good; and forget anything else; forget the rest!
I might pick art; making art; and decide; Im going to make even more art with deeper and more elaborate ideas; and its ok; I haves permission to do art because Im simply looking for things or feeling things that make me feel good; that is my only journey!
I go for a bike ride because it makes me feel good!
I play disk golf because it makes me feel good! and so on!
The goal; at some point; my only interest for the day is to pick things that make me feel good; Im in training to learn how! and its working; after several months I began to feel a personal power and safety in my life I did not have before; and its all good training for faith and for my manifestations and goals!


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Spiegel Online is reporting (translation here) that Germany is planning to back away from its 2020 climate target of 40% emissions reduction, because of a continued reliance on coal to run the German economy as a result of the nuclear phase-out known as the 'Energiewende'.
In fairness, Spiegel has long been pretty sceptical on the Energiewende – but for good reason. It really is pretty much impossible for Germany to exit the two main sources of baseload electricity generation, coal and nuclear, at the same time. Faced with a choice, so-called 'green' Germany appears to be prepared to sacrifice its climate targets on the altar of its anti-nuclear ideology. I had expected a couple more years to pass before this became glaringly obvious to everyone except the most blinkered anti-nuke campaigners, but it seems to be happening earlier than I'd thought.
Take for example this widely-leaked letter from Germany's energy minister Sigmar Gabriel to the Swedish prime minister, pleading with him not to withdraw investments from Vattenfall's open-cast coal mines at Welzow-Sud II and Nochten II. Here's a pretty photo of the latter:
The letter (which I'm assuming is genuine – now confirmed, see note at the end) really does include some tasty morsels, especially the very explicit acknowledgement that when faced with the choice between coal and nuclear, Germany is choosing coal. Here's my favourite passage:
As you know, Germany has decided to phase out nuclear energy by 2022. We believe that this is a necessary step, and this decision is backed by the vast majority of the German population.
Phasing out nuclear energy is a real challenge even for a highly industrialised, energy-intensive country like Germany. But we believe we will be able to master this challenge.
However, we also strongly believe that we cannot simultaneously quit nuclear energy and coal-based power generation.
(Emphasis added, to make the blindingly obvious even clearer.)
The German Greens, who are anti-nuclear to the core of their political marrow, would like not to have to acknowledge this outright contradiction between their concern for climate change and their opposition to nuclear. Cue the recent strong words from the Green Party accusing the federal government of "trickery" and demanding a date for a coal phase-out.
The German Greens must know that the latter is impossible if Germany is to retain a strong manufacturing sector and a functioning electricity grid. It is simply not possible for intermittent solar and wind, which can generate close to zero electricity for days at a time even when average production is rising, to run a modern high-energy economy alone. So the coal must stay, and the climate targets must go.
This is what happens when ideology hits reality. And ironically the German federal government is being criticised by the Greens for implementing the very same impossible policies that the Greens have always demanded since they first joined the SPD coalition back in 2000 – a complete phase-out of nuclear power and its replacement by 'renewable' sources (including, by the way, highly environmentally destructive biomass burning on a very large scale).
I recently did a debate on BBC radio (full audio here) with Hans-Josef Fell, energy spokesman for the German Greens, who takes credit for having written the feed-in tariff laws (known as the EEG) that have driven the Energiewende. I repeatedly demanded to know why, if the Greens were so concerned about climate change, they did not ask for a coal phase-out before that of nuclear. Fell was incensed and kept returning to Chernobyl as justification ("Look to the people who have lost their homelands" [from nuclear accidents]) – I did not feel that the actual climate issue held much interest for him.
Unfortunately, the Green anti-nuclear ideology has become so pervasive in Germany (I have countless frightening anecdotes about this from friends who have dared raise the subject in polite conversation in Germany) that there is little prospect of a policy reversal. So although Sigmar Gabriel is for now denying that Germany is about to scrap its unilateral climate targets (it will still be bound by EU targets of course) my guess is that this is a kite-flying exercise, and that the 40% cut by 2020 will indeed be dropped. This really seems unavoidable given that meeting the target now requires a close to arithmetically impossible cut in annual emissions, as Janne Korhohen pointed out to me on Twitter:
@mark_lynas 2020 targets are arithmetically impossible.Wd now require abt 3.7% annual reductions until 2020,recent trend has been abt 0.7.
— Janne M. Korhonen (@jmkorhonen) November 17, 2014
So when climate policy-makers gather in Lima this year, and in Paris next, all eyes will be on the climate laggards who are still addicted to fossil fuels even when the US and China have announced firm plans for serious climate targets. That list of climate laggards will now include Germany, thanks to none other than the German Green Party.
The Greens are being hung by their own petard, and they don't like it. Neither will the climate.
I have received an email from Johanna Alskog, a reporter at the Swedish news site Altinget. She tells me that the letter is indeed considered genuine by the prime minister's office. She obtained it from the PM's office under freedom of information – actually by mistake as she was looking for something else!
Johanna Alskog has written about this here (Swedish).
59 Comments
There is a third way through all of this, of course, which would appeal to many Greens. It's that we virtually give up electricity and go back to living a pre-Industrial lifestyle, becoming subsistence farmers, spending all day on our smallholdings growing all our own food (vegan of course) , unable to read except during the hours of daylight, and God forbid should we wish to drive anywhere.
But of course we'll make an exception for use of washing machines, won't we?↓
that pre-Industrial lifestyle will actually drastically increase the environmental impact unless followed by mass starvation.
A second issue worth drawing attention to is that Gabriel was saying exactly the same thing in the late 2000s.
He makes this clear when James Hansen talked to him. Hansen met him, and Gabriel firmly stated that Germany could not move away from coal and nuclear at the same time.
Of course.
He has to follow the priorities of the Energiewende (my post below summarizes them). He cannot change those priorities himself.
Such a fundamental change will start a long, intensive and elaborate discussion under German scientists and the public.
Remember that it took ~10-20 years of hot discussions by the German population and ~€200mln of consultancy studies, before the 50years Energiewende scenario was accepted in 2000.
Realize also that the German public knows a lot more about the damage Chernobyl radiation caused than UK public.
Further that they are more conscious about the waste problem. The Germans stored waste in a stable salt mine, 600m below surface. However the 600m deep underground network collapsed partially due to the heat of the waste, and the waste started to leak. Predictions are that radio-active material will reach surface groundwater. So they have to take it out.
The €100billion Sellafield waste problem is small compared to that.
So no chance they downgrade their first priority (all nuclear out).
Austria being closer to Chernobyl and having more ties to people living in the surroundings of Chernobyl, even installed a law that forbids the import or transit of any nuclear generated electricity.
"Realize also that the German public knows a lot more about the damage Chernobyl radiation caused than UK public."
Chernobyl radiation did not cause any damage outside of the (former) USSR. The impact in Europe was nonexistent, because the additional dose from Chernobyl was orders of magnitude lower than the variations in natural background radiation. However, the Greens have invested tremendous effort into anti-nuclear propaganda, which was practicaly uncontested by the authorities, and its effect was compounded by silly actions by radiation protection authorities. For example, decreeing that some wild boar cannot be eaten because it has above 300 Bq/kg of cesium, even though you would have to eat basically nothing but such boar to exceed 1 mSv, which is 100x lower than the dose at which no health effects are observed.
"Further that they are more conscious about the waste problem. The Germans stored waste in a stable salt mine, 600m below surface. However the 600m deep underground network collapsed partially due to the heat of the waste, and the waste started to leak. Predictions are that radio-active material will reach surface groundwater. So they have to take it out.
The €100billion Sellafield waste problem is small compared to that."
1. There are two salt mine repositories in Germany, both were licensed in the 70s and were incorrectly built, allowing water to intrude.
2. The contain only low and intermediate level waste, not heat generating waste. In particular they do not contain any used fuel.
"Austria being closer to Chernobyl and having more ties to people living in the surroundings of Chernobyl (…)"
Austria simply has even more anti-nuclear propaganda than Germany.
Just a few of the many scientific study results publiced in peer reviewed journals that convinced:
– Bavarian study
In the south some districts got fall-out (range 0.1mSv/a – 0.5mSv/a) and other similar districts didn't (no rain from the passing radio-active cloud).
Only the districts that got fall-out suffered a sudden big increase (~30%) in birth defects (Down, serious malformations, etc). The increase was bigger the higher the extra radiation (different results with p<0.0001).
Since ~1975 all such birth defects were registered in the population registers. So no sampling, all births were involved in the study.
As the population registers are in the computer it is not difficult to get the raw data and do the math yourself if you are a scientist.
Until now nobody could show weak points in the study, except a trivial remarks that it is an ecological study. The study is executed by scientists of the responsible official German institute, who do many other studies.
– East Germany
Sudden increase of ~10% in the facial cleft birth rate in East Germany after Chernobyl.
As you can see when you read these studies 1mSv/a does harm new born seriously. Two reasons:
– fetuses have extreme high rate of cell division. At cell division DNA is single stranded so no repair possible. Worse after cell division it takes some time before the repair mechanisms operates in the new cell.
– damage to the parents DNA come to expression in their babies.
And that DNA damage occurs already at very low levels as shown at e.g. the Sellafield study and illustrated in this presentation (with many links to scientific studies).
Sellafield staff that got 10-20mSv radiation in the 3 months before conception got 30% more male than female babies.
I just find it utterly extraordinary that a country with the political stability, and technical sophistication of Germany – chose to close its nuclear plants rather than phase them out as they expired. By then they could have pulled off their ambitious conversion to renewables. In the meantime they burn coal, and even worse lignite. Lunacy prevails – planet warms.↓
They are only closed being >30years old.
And 30years was the designed operating period. So government avoids to pay compensation to the utilities because of early closures.
E.g. Grafenrheinfeld (1.3GW) started June 1982, is scheduled to close end of next year.
The owner (E.on) decided to close earlier. Next spring because it is not profitable to keep it open (whole sale prices in Germany are now ~3.5cnt/KWh).
"30years was the designed operating period"
It was the initial licensing period. There is no fixed design life for nuclear power plants. Many plants in the US are now licensed for 60 years, and some may end up operating for 80 or 100 years.
In many ways German culture is more rational than that in the Anglosphere. But there are glaring exceptions. One being this. Another the cavalier attitude to smoking.
"This really seems unavoidable given that meeting the target now requires a close to arithmetically impossible cut in annual emissions"
when you say this, you are making a significant assumption (with a profound corollary).
1. That the process going forward will be made within the economic confines of a "free market" or even a "market driven" system.
which leads inevitably to the following:
1(a). We will fail to adequately reduce our greenhouse gas emissions on a sufficient scale to prevent a moderate runaway warming that will lead to over 6C temperature increase (above pre-industrial) by 2100.
At this point, the only way our society has a hope to continue through the next 2 generations is to implement a total resource mobilization within a command economy structure. Inherent within this necessary action will be a complete recapture of international wealth currently being held in offshore tax havens and a massive wealth redistribution in the form of a decentralization of energy, food and goods production.↓
A command structure is not needed as shown by Merkel's recent package of actions in order to reach the 40% reduction target in 2020.
"At this point, the only way our society has a hope to continue through the next 2 generations is to implement a total resource mobilization within a command economy structure. Inherent within this necessary action will be a complete recapture of international wealth currently being held in offshore tax havens and a massive wealth redistribution in the form of a decentralization of energy, food and goods production."
Good luck with that.↓
Only when we adequately incorporate carbon cycle and frozen soil feedbacks, arctic ice loss rates and sea level rise into our projections of future damage loss estimates will we begin to see the true meaning of
"irreversible and catastrophic".
I think this counts as an official denial:
The country's environment minister is adamant that Germany will not relax decarbonisation targets. Today the energy and economics minister dismissed reports the target would be weakened.
Let us set the record straight: the rot-grün coalition followed the 1998 elections for the Bundestag.
The german government does not need to abandon its unilateral targets. After all, up to the very last moment, one can claim the target can still be reached however unlikely it looks. And this year will certainly cheer up the advocates of the german plan: 2014 is a remarkably warm year in Western Europe and as result, GHG emissions will fall steeply. So hope that the targets can still be reached will still remain.
And anyway the exit from nuclear in Germany has nothing to do with any climate plan, it is just that no self respecting european politician can back an energy plan that do not claim to avert climate change.↓
The priorities of the Energiewende are well-known since 2000 (Der Spiegel knows too):
1. All nuclear out in 2023.
Progress; as scheduled. 10 of the 19 NPP's are out.
No. 11 will close prematurely next spring, as the 1.3GW plant cannot compete in the present German market.
2. Democratize electricity generation.
Progress; >50% of renewable owned by citizens, farmers, small cooperations.
Note that this target was by far priority no.1 until Chernobyl. Chernobyl did hit Germany much more hard than UK. German citizens also know far more about the fate of people who live more nearby Chernobyl.
3. 80% renewable in 2050 (=1.5%/a more renewable)
Progress; few years ahead of schedule.
The idea is that next generations have also a right on fossil fuels, so they can make useful materials from it (e.g. plastics).
The same idea also contributes heavily to the anti-nuclear position as the waste and radiation problems are not solved at all. The Germans don't like the idea that those really expensive problems are inherited by next generations.
4. Affordable costs. Hence the 50years transition period.
Shown by the increasing support of the population. From ~55% in 2000 towards ~90% now.
This is the main reason Gabriel cannot close coal plants prematurely. He would have to pay compensation to the utilities, higher FiT's & subsidies in order to speed up solar, wind, grid extension, storage.
And he doesn't have space for that as Merkel promised last summer that the Energiewende surcharge (~6cnt/KWh) would not rise and go down after ~2023. Merkel would fire him, as she keeps her promises (a rare property of politicians) .
5. Less GHG; Kyoto target is -20% in 2020 compared to 1990.
Germany is now at -27%. It set the -40% in 2020 target itself.
My estimation; they will reach -35% in 2020. Still far better than any other major country. E.g. USA -5%? UK -15%?
So they reach all targets except the lowest priority intermediate one. With >80% renewable in 2050 they will reduce CO2 due to electricity generation much more (~85%).
Note that electricity generation is only a minor CO2 contributor.
Heating (>90% gas), and transport contribute far more.
And I don't see that the Germans accept that they can no longer drive at >100miles/hr with nice big cars along their many great highways.↓
"For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for Nature cannot be fooled."
Bas can fool himself, but he hasn't fooled me. Chernobyl didn't do anything to Germany at all. Maybe a handful died, but Vattenfall will kill more people on a daily basis. Chernobyl released about 5 EBq or radiation. The nuclear waste stored 600m deep is part of 100 EBq which exists in German soil to this depth. To really understand Chernobyl, you need to educate yourself about natural radiation, and how much difference such events make, bugger all. CO2, that's where the human race is facing a catastrophe.
Your reality is different compared to that of most scientists in Germany.
Considering the many mistakes skeptics made, I'm inclined to believe that the German reality is more future proof.
"Chernobyl: Consequences in Germany"
This solid study shows highly increased rates of serious handicapped babies.
This study shows increased rates of cleft lips.
This study shows increase of perinatal deaths
Fossil fuel
We should move a.s.a.p. towards 100% renewable.
Following Denmark (electricity now ~35% by wind, ~15% other renewable) who will have 100% renewable regarding all energy in 2040-2050.
It is only allowed to build a house in Denmark if you can show that it will be 100% energy neutral!
Bicycles have priority at traffic lights in Copenhagen; you press the button at the traffic light and light change to green for your bike within 10 seconds, cars have to wait. Great improvement as the healthy biker now no longer has to inhale the poisonous gas of the passing cars while they wait.
Germany is ~15years behind, NL (my country) far more.
Bas, you mentioned the Asse nuclear waste repository earlier. First this contains only low and medium active waste with negligible heat generation.
Second, for waste repositories in salt mines, it is expected that the cavities slowly collapse under the pressure of the rock above. This intense pressure makes the salt behave like an extremely viscous liquid that encloses the waste and completely suppresses waterflow.
If you can read German, I would recommend:
The only artificial radionuclide that has made its way out of the repository in tiny quantities is tritium. Due to the complete lack of any real danger, the BfS can waste its time to reduce the tritium emissions into another salt mine from 700 times below the legal limit to 3500 times below the legal limit so that the exposure of the most exposed persion is below 0.000003mSv per year (1/30 of a banana-equivalent dose)
Apologies for broken links in my previous post, hope it works this time
Sorry, for the broken links.
Below the paragraph corrected:
"Chernobyl: Consequences in Germany"
This solid study shows highly increased rates of serious handicapped babies.
This study shows increased rates of cleft lips.
This study shows increase of perinatal deaths
This study shows the sudden Down syndrome increase in 7 European countries, starting 9months after the Chernobyl radio-active clouds passed…
Bas is a long-time anti-nuclear serial propaganda poster, for years. His nonsens 'studies' have been debunked at AtomicInsights among others, for years. He will continue his anti-science, anti-nuclear crusade, for years. He ignores detailed refutations of his propaganda, but simply moves to another website to copy/paste the same propaganda, somehow 'forgetting' that his propaganda was already painstakingly debunked by actual experts, for years.
Google "Bas Gresnigt nuclear", or "BasM nuclear" to see some of his activities repeated over, and over, and over,
…. for years.
Your assumption regarding Asse: "pressure makes the salt … completely suppresses waterflow.", has turned out to be wrong.
Water flow will reach surface after long time.
Worse, studies found that this will happen at all deep salt layers if there is groundwater.
So in NL, the ideas changed from salt towards deep clay layers.
Mark, I answer your question to Fell here:
Of course…there is a third way..
And that would be for big Gov and big Corp to stop cock blocking innovation! To wit:
1. NEC (National Electronic Corp: Japan) Proton Polymer Battery: created in 2000: unavailable: 500,000 recharges, half the size as lithium, low cost materials.
2. SHEP (Stored Hydraulic Energy Propulsion) Also known as the Ilford (the inventor) Pump. Hydraulic driveshaft pump that sets a vehicle in motion, then runs in reverse (brake hp recovery) to slow it down. Tested by Ford in 2002, stellar results: unavailable.
3. Germany's Volkswagen: recent: gets 300mpg: BANNED in the US for being 'too efficient'.
And the list goes on!↓
Bas, what are the links please. I'm just reviewing a study that says thyroid cancer went up 143% in Basra, Irag 2000-2007. When you find the data, thyroid cancer went 7->17, Kidney 11->7, Oral 12->4. It's just scatter.
I have a copy of the Chernobyl Forum report, I can find a number of German authors, and I can quote Prof Gerry Thomas who says "
Prof GerryThomas says there is "absolutely no evidence" for an increase in birth defects"
The Chernobyl Forum report is actually a scholarly piece of work with over 150 recognised international authors from many top universities.
As to most scientists, I'm not aware of any physics professors who are anti-nuclear (Please name one if you can). My own impression is that among researchers with a sound academic profile, the consensus on the need for nuclear power at about 95%, exceeds that for climate change, 90%.
But I remain highly skeptical that Chernobyl or Fukushima, which actually released only a tiny amount of radiation compared with background, could lead to some mysterious affect that background radiation does not have.
There's also something that I think is probably 100% successful in assessing evidence on a topic that's controversial.That is, after the debate gets heated, one side starts claiming there's a conspiracy. The flat-earthers complain that there's a conspiracy, the Holocaust deniers claim there's a conspiracy, and anti-nuclear people claim there's a conspiracy. Helen Caldicott "The World Health Organization is now part of the conspiracy and the cover-up. This is the biggest medical conspiracy and cover-up in the history of medicine." Cindy Folkers "uncovered a deliberate conspiracy on the part of the government and nuclear industry to intentionally poison the public with radioactive food with the goal of making "contaminated food acceptable." "The main reason for this massive conspiracy being foisted on the public is what is referred to as the Chernobyl Forum, which is a coalition of United Nations related agencies"
Applying Ockam's Razor, I have 2 choices. You and Caldicott and Folker are correct, and there's a massive conspracy involving 8 UN agencies, 150 eminent scientists and the governments of Ukraine, Russia and Belarus. OR, you, Caldicott and Folker are simply wrong, and there's no conspiracy ad the scientists are simply giving their opinion. I'm sure Sir William would choose the latter.
But it's also easy to check a few numbers. The amount of radiation simply isn't enough to cause massive effects, the amount of depleted Uranium used in Iraq a tiny amount compared with the natural radiation in the soil, and areas with high natural radiation, such as Ramsar in Iraq, do not have an increased incidence of cancer.
The human body contains 4400 Bq of natural radiation, mainly from K40. DNA is bathed in Potassium Chloride, 5Bq of Strontium when Strontium is 10000 times further from the DNA than Potassium is irrelevant.↓
Chernobyl forum was a cover-up of the IAEA who wants more nuclear.
The 1959 agreement forces the WHO to follow IAEA.
WHO had to sign, as the atomic powers pay the budget.
The New York Academy of Sciences publishes a book with a far more accurate overview of the real health damage of Chernobyl. The prominent professors (radiation specialists) who wrote the book, estimate 850,000 death in the period until 2006.
Low level radiation has a latency of decades before real damage develops, just as with smoking, so one million deaths due to Chernobyl is an underestimation.
Btw. more sites offer the book; just Google .
It's a conspiracy baby.
Patriotism might be the last refuge of a scoundrel, but The Conspiracy is the last refuge of the closed-minded ideologue. The Warren Commission investigated to assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy and concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone. If you don't believe that, then you believe in The Conspiracy. It's your choice as to whether the CIA, FBI, KGB, Fidel Castro or the mafia were part of the conspiracy. The idea of a Conspiracy in the Kennedy assassination defies Occam's razor. The simplest explanation is that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone. But it's impossible to disprove The Conspiracy because the evidence has been hidden by the conspirators, and anyone who doesn't believe that is either "Part of The Conspiracy" or "Sucked in by it".
David Irving is a holocaust denier. "The Holocaust is a hoax arising out of a deliberate Jewish conspiracy to advance the interest of Jews at the expense of other peoples."
James Inhofe is a Republican senator and climate change denier. "The Greatest Hoax. How the Global Warming Conspiracy Threatens Your Future."
And Helen Caldicott is a nuclear science denier "The World Health Organization is now part of the conspiracy and the cover-up. This is the biggest medical conspiracy and cover-up in the history of medicine."
Three conspiracy theories, all of equal (zero) merit.
David Irving, James Inhofe & Helen Caldicott all defy Occam's Razor. The simplest hypothesis is the best. Which is the simpler, that there is a Conspiracy involving the World Health Organization, 7 other UN agencies, the governments of Russia, Ukraine & Belarus and 150 top international scientists from highly prestigic institutions. or Helen Caldicott is simply wrong? Occam's Razor would demand that we choose the latter.
Even though Occam's Razor, of itself, makes me sure that David Irving, James Inhofe & Helen Caldicott are all wrong,, I do like to fact check. One has to believe that there is a Conspiracy involving the World Health Organisation, 7 other UN agencies, the governments of Russia, Ukraine & Belarus and 150 top international scientists from highly prestigious institutions to cover up the fact that the release from Chernobyl is just a tiny drop compared with background. The facts speak for themselves. As to the Yablokov report, it was commissioned by Greenpeace, funded by Greenpeace, and the translation paid for by Greenpeace.
A quick check of the nyas.org states "In no sense did Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences or the New York Academy of Sciences commission this work" & "Importantly, the translated volume has not been formally peer‐reviewed by the New York Academy of Sciences or by anyone else" A further review by tthe NYAS states "published by the New York Academy of Sciences concludes that the value of the report is negative, because it has very little scientific merit while being highly misleading to the lay reader." It also describes the estimate of nearly a million deaths as more in the realm of science fiction than science.
If you shut down (perfectly good and safe and powerful and clean) nuclear plants you will get an increase in unsafe, dirty, coal (shxtty lignite) plants that kill people by the thousands through pulmonary disease, poison the world's fisheries with mercury, and destroy the ecosystem through global warming. German "Greens" are fanatic ideologues, not unlike their grandfathers. They are Browns (lignite coal pushers) although perhaps not Brownshirts. Nevertheless, in a few short years, when molten salt reactors are streaming off multiple assembly lines around the world, providing electricity much cheaper than coal, the Germans, including the brown "Greens" will jump on board. Cheap talks loudly. In fact, I wager that the Germans will claim to be the world leaders of the whole thing. Just a hunch.↓
MSR operate at ~600°C, at that temperature steel glows red and is forged.
Experience with High Temperature Reactors show high frequency of expensive interruptions for repair.
As far as I know, all those intended for electricity production were decommissioned after <6years.
So how convince an utility for another try??
Good post. It should make some question as to whether most "climate policy"- in Germany and elsewhere- has ever really been about climate at all, but rather a smoke-screen under which to rustle in regressive and extremist misanthropic policies.↓
Sanne. Have you ever read one peer reviewed article? You only need a tiny amount of common sense to check Ukraine death statistics before making a claim. The 850000 is bull shit. (There is another possibility of course – The Conspiracy) Which study is more credible? Chernobyl Forum or TORCH?
The Chernobyl Forum was established in 2003. It has the support of eight UN agencies, as well as the governments of Ukraine, Russia and Belarus. A report was written and the conclusion was that perhaps 4000 cancer cases were caused by the Chernobyl incident. About 150 recognised experts contributed to the report. One of them, Prof Gerry Thomas of the Imperial College London who says "I was anti-nuclear until I worked on the after effects of the Chernobyl accident – now I am very pro-nuclear as I realise that we have an unwarranted fear of radiation" and goes on to state "we live in a radioactive world, we are superbly adapted to it. There are areas of the world that are exposed to natural background radiation 10+ times higher than the average (same maximal dose as radiation workers receive). These populations do not show an increase in cancer."
The European greens didn't like the Chernobyl Forum report and commission their own. They called this report TORCH. (The Other Report on CHernobyl) It's apparent that they could not find anyone, anywhere in any university to give them the report they wanted. Eventually a report was written with two authors. The lead author was Dr Ian Fairlie. He has a website and describes himself as an "Independent nuclear scientist". There are a number of his papers on his site dating back to 1990 and it is quite fair to say they are all anti-nuclear. Some of them seem to relate to Tritium (3H) and I imagine if we had nuclear fusion at the moment, he would be opposed to it. It's my guess that this "Independent Nuclear Scientist" makes all his income giving anti-nuclear people the answer they want. The other author David Sumner is really quite obscure, he seems to have written one paper with Ian Fairlie and contributed to a few books.
Which is the more credible? The report authored by over 100 internationally recognised experts and endorsed by eight UN agencies and the governments of the three worst affected countries. This report is also completely consistent with any calculation based on the relatively small changes in the levels of radiation in the environment. Or the report authored by two so-called independent poms commissioned by the European Green Party. This report assumes that 1 Bq of Sr90 or Cs137 causes much greater harm that 4000 Bq of K40 or Rb87↓
Sanne = Bas = anti-nuclear propaganda fingerpuppet troll.
You may be interested in this revealing quote from Ian Fairlie in a communication with a vehemently anti-nuclear Tokyo-based journalist. The journalist had joined in the comments to an article he had written, where I had challenged him, amongst many things, on his reliance on Fairlie's work. I had asserted that Fairlie was, despite his prominence in certain anti-nuclear circles, scientifically obscure and that (afaik) no one in the field took the TORCH report seriously as a scientific work:
"On your specific criticism of [Fairlie] he replies as follows: "The fact that our report did not get critical reviews was a surprise for David Sumner and I: we'd been expecting hostile comments. The absence of them means the opposite of what this idiot [ie me, Sam Gilman] is saying. ie the people who write scientific articles are mainly inclined to be pro nuke and their silence means we were broadly correct." "
That is, according to this journalist, Dr Fairlie believes there is a conspiracy of silence among thousands of scientists about just how good Dr Fairlie's work is. It's an "interesting" defence, to say the least.
Never saw this TORCH report. Can you show a link?
II am concerned about the prejudice of Germany against the Nuclear Generation. The Germans always built excellent reactors and safe have as an example the reactor built in Brazil. Gernobyl was an anomaly because a politically closed system and a project incompatible with the safety standards of reactors built by the Germans themselves. Any energy expert knows that it is impossible to be at the base of the electrical system renewable sources such as solar and wind, especially in countries such as Germany, with low incidence of light, and with a high population density, remembering that these sources occupy huge areas and subjected to seasonability. Now the Germans realize this fact, and appeal to fossil fuels such as coal, which will be much more harmful to people and the environment, as recognized by the IPCC.↓
Yes, German scientists built excellent safe reactors. But other German scientists:
– researched the effects on people living around those reactors and associated nuclear facilities. Such as regarding the quality of their DNA, as well as the effects of small amounts of extra radiation on fetuses.
– studied big plane flying into a reactor dome, etc. (EU stress test considered only a small sport plane).
At Chernobyl the radio-active clouds went to uninhabited north, at Fukushima 99% to the ocean. But in Germany they pass major cities. The small possibility that such city would become part of an exclusion zone, contributed also to present near 90% support for the Energiewende.
Another factor is the unsolved nuclear waste problem. They store it in Gorleben at the surface, as storage in deep salt mines became a failure as well as fast breeders.
The Germans experience(d) the consequences of Chernobyl.
They realize that their own nuclear plants could get similar accident (with e.g. a big plane flying into it), and judged the consequences unacceptable in their dense populated country.
1. Germans did not experience any consequences from Chernobyl, though their Green party did invest tremendous amounts of effort to convince the public otherwise.
2. A plane flying into a nuclear power plant would not cause a radioactive release, because it would not penetrate the containment.
Please refer to my response to you that I gave today near the top of this thread (may be delayed as it is moderated).
Let's share some good news for a change: the new 6th Finnish reactor is now as official as it can get, with the Parliament deciding to accept the building with a clear majority of the Fennovoima project in Hanhikivi, Pyhäjoki, Finland today 5th Dec 2014.
The plant will now be of the Russian VVER-1200/AES2006 design, and this reactor type change necessitated another round of voting as the VVER-1200 and Rostatom were not on the list of reactors initially approved during the first acceptance procedure.
These are Germany's emissions reductions according to Carbon Brief: http://www.carbonbrief.org/blog/2014/11/germany-debates-plan-to-save-2020-emissions-reduction-target/
Achieved 1990 – 2000: 16.3%
Achieved 2001 – 2010: 8.1%
Required 2011 – 2020: 15.6%
There's been no progress since 2011, so they still need a reduction of 15.6% on 1990 levels. It's equivalent to a 22% reduction on current 2014 levels by 2020. After 2020, the rest of their nuclear plant is due to close by 2022, costing them 5% of the reductions they made! They have no chance of making that 2020 target. If, by some miracle, they made it – they had no chance of maintaining it.↓
In 2011-2013 German climate didn't cooperate. Colder, so more heating, etc.
But this year they got nice weather, so they will have a great reduction this year.
Though you were more sure ("They have no chance…"), I estimated that the Germans would fall ~5% short of their self imposed target of -40% CO2 in 2020 (twice the Kyoto target of -20% which no bigger country will reach).
But Merkel is an exceptional politician. She usually reach her targets. Reuters reports that she introduced a new package of actions in order to reach the 40% CO2 reduction target.
The premature closing of the last 6 NPP's (=8.5GW) can spoil her plan.
Utilities may follow Grafenrheinfeld as those NPP's (will) make losses (soon) in the competitive German market with decreasing whole sale prices in next years as shown by the Futures at the Leipzig spot market.
It seems that their operating costs are too high (no capital costs anymore).
Today's news claims diesel fumes are killing 29,000 Brits each year. Demands are made that no new schools should be built near major roads and for existing schools to have air filtration fitted. From the perspective of health and climate change, the priorities should be to reduce coal first, then diesel, petrol next. The last fossil fuel we should try to eliminate is natural gas; because it is the safest with the lowest emissions of any carbon-based fuel. Meanwhile British greens continue to campaigning against fracking (for natural gas). As if that April 2014 report (2nd link) had never been written.
Air pollution 'causing deadly public health crisis': http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-30349398
Estimates of mortality in local authority areas associated with air pollution: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/estimates-of-mortality-in-local-authority-areas-associated-with-air-pollution↓
Diesel cars are more 'deadly' than coal plants here. Coal plants have to adhere to very strong emission rules here (NL, Germany).
So priority should be diesel and then petrol cars out, after that coal plants.
In addition to cars using diesel or petrol:
A recent study in the Netherlands (today in the news at the radio) found that life expectancy of people living near the busy airport Schiphol (Amsterdam), is 18month less due to the Particulate Matter (PM) coming down from the planes.
A shame that those planes do not pay tax for the kerosene they burn, harming our health. At least car fuel is taxed, though not enough to cover the health risks, etc.
The German government decision to stop nuclear power by 2022 was probably an interpretation of public opinion after Fukushima. Classical Roman wisdom says: "Nihil est incertius vulgo". Questions arise: Is following public opinion at any moment a democratic imperative? In this case a goal conflict is evident: What way to support a highly energy dependent economy with stable and enough power? The German choice tends towards coal in its worst form: lignite, supported by mighty coal unions: It is convenient to ask the Swedish state company Vattenfall not to cancel its lignite expansion plans: The Swedish prime minister has a union background. Besides, having a foreign scapegoat is convenient.
Is there a firm scientific reason for the "Energiwende"? The comments here concern Chernobyl and Fukushima. In fact radiation downfall from Chernobyl appeared outside former Soviet Union; in fact the first report came from the Swedish nuclear plant Forsmark after incoming shift workers were detected to be contaminated and were refused to enter the plant. However, UN reports show less than 50 casualties, most of them immediate cleanup workers. Besides, about 5000 cases of treatable thyroid cancer are reported, most of them in the Ukraine and Belarus. Future cancer onset signal due to Fukushima and Chernobyl will not be detectable in the noise. Also substantial populations have lived for generations in sites with tenfold normal background radiation levels from rocks or at high latitudes with no bad health effects at all.
As to the storage of waste: Ashes from coal burning is more or less radioactive: Its energy contents due to uranium may be bigger than the coal combustion energy. Besides, ash is inorganic with substantial metal contents, which can be critical to drinking water resources. How well documented is the environmental impact of the carbon combustion cycle compared to that of the nuclear cycle?
Philosophically, it is interesting to see attitude differences between the Germanic and Latin world: Can the Germanic view be derived from nature romanticism and Rousseau? He had negative view on science and its influence on mankind (cf for example his texts on the fruit of knowledge). On the opposite side Voltaire had the rational view. Can Germany and France be taken as such opposite examples?↓
The German Energiewende movement started in the seventies. After 1986 all nuclear out became first priority. In the nineties many debate and study reports how to do that.
In 2000 the Energiewende scenario covering all nuclear out in 2022 and 80% renewable in 2050, was accepted.
Merkel tried to postpone all nuclear out 10yrs in autumn 2010, but returned to the original target in spring 2011.
The Chernobyl UN report you refer to is a cover-up operation of IAEA, whose target is to promote nuclear.
The real damage is shown by the book published by the New York Academy of Sciences; 935,000 deaths until 2006.
You ask: "Is there a firm scientific reason for the "Energiewende?"
Let's look at the target priority list of the Energiewende:
1. All nuclear out. before 2023. Now 10 of the 19 NPP's closed.
– NPP's create substantial DNA damage, measured at people living around up to ~15miles away.
– Accidents, even >1000miles away, create substantial increase babies with serious deficiencies, such as Down, etc.
– etc.
2. Democratize electricity.
So people have real influence on their environment. Important for the development of people in-dependency.
Roughly 50% of renewable are owned by citizens, farmers, etc.
Renewable generate ~27% of electricity in Germany now (increase ~1.5%/a)
3. 80% of all electricity generated by renewable in 2050
Originally because the stock of fossil fuel is restricted (club of Rome report).
Now at 27%. With their usual annual increase of 1.5% they will reach that target.
4. Affordable costs
Otherwise the Energiewende will loose support of the population (now ~85%). Av. German household pays lower % of its income for electricity than av. USA household.
5. Less CO2 / GHG
They are now 27% below the Kyoto 1990 level. That is better than any major country will reach in 2020 (Kyoto 2020 target: 20% less).
The radio-activity of coal ash is very insignificant compared to the radio-activity that fast neutrons cause outside the NPP's causing DNA damage (sheet 31).
Chernobyl should not be used as reference for anything. It will never happen again. It was a result of the utter lack of respect for human life the former USSR had. Even ultra old reactors built a decade before Chernobyl can't explode like that. Anyhow, people are living very close to the reactor today, there is no thousand year wasteland that was predicted again and again.
I'm also sure that Fukushima will also be proven to be at least 4 orders of magnitude less serious than the same groups that quote Chernobyl as the reason for the German denuclear plan.
We need to utterly reject all unscientific views on nuclear power. Nuclear is no panacea, but its 5 orders of magnitude safer than coal and 2 orders of magnitude safer even than natural gas (remember Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico and all the loss of livelyhood caused by it).
The real disaster was the Tohoku earthquake and not the Fukushima meltdown. The reactors almost escaped the meltdown. Let's think like engineers and scientists and make nuclear better.
PS: I am pro nuclear and pro wind, just not at the expense of killing nuclear and deindustrializing the developed world (and mass exporting jobs to China).↓
"… sure that Fukushima will … be at least 4 orders of magnitude less serious than … Chernobyl …"
WHO estimates up to 7% more cancer for children near Fukushima during their lifetime despite the speedy evacuation. It implies up to ~700 death.
So following your estimation Chernobyl will have 7million death. Which may be true if you follow the book published at the site of the New York Academy of Sciences. As that book states 985,000 death until 2005, and we now that the damage of low extra radiation show mostly after ~20-60yrs (e.g. RERF studies).
However, I estimate that the book is somewhat pessimistic, and ended at an estimation of ~1 million deaths (most still have to come).
Here in my home state of Espirito Santo, in Brazil there was just a serious accident aboard a oil platform ship. So far 6 dead, another 5 in critical condition. This happens all over the world, all the time. Nuclear doesn't kill like that.
Are the deaths of coal, oil and natural gas workers less important than civilian nuclear deaths ? Remember deepwater horizon ? Remember all the coal mine deaths (specially the ones that never make it into the media radar) ?
700 cancer cases or 700 cancer deaths ?
Even if those are actual deaths, still tiny compare to the ongoing worldwide coal disaster. Coal every year is a thousand times worse than you can claim will be the absolute worst case Fukushima scenario, but if you think realistically, coal is at least 10000 times worse.
Again you guys can face the fact that nuclear needs an exceptionally serious accident to be of any harm to people, while coal is deadly every day, and natural gas+oil kills tens of thousands every year too.
I wish EnergieWende could actually be the formulae to apply to the rest of the world. It isn't. It too expensive, and it has no hope of generating even half of Germany's overrall energy needs (electricity, transportation and heating) from renewables alone.
Why don't you focus on making BMW, Mercedes make actual compelling EVs instead of crappy plug in hybrids ? The situation is so pathetic, BMW has stated not to use the i3 as a frame of reference of what BMW can do, they are publicly admitting it's just another compliance car for those willing to make a sacrifice in using one. What the world needs is at least 3 serious competitors to Tesla Motors. VW and Audi have been utterly anti EV (they make a lot of claims, but do nothing).
Anyhow, energiewende way too expensive. You will not succeed if the result is Germany with a clean grid, but the most expensive electricity in Europe ! Nuclear cheaper than Energiewende:
"Are the deaths of coal, oil and natural gas workers less important than civilian nuclear deaths?"
Yes. They chose the job, accepted the risk and got compensation. Just as car drivers.
The civilian deaths due to nuclear radiation did not choose neither did they get any compensation. Neither could they escape the risk.
We don't talk about a few hundred nuclear deaths but about a million. Just read the book at the site of the New York Academy of Sciences, and realize that most Chernobyl deaths still have to occur due to the 20-60yrs latency with radiation as shown by the RERF studies (just as with smoking).
You should also consider the substantial DNA damage that even normal operating nuclear facilities cause in people living up to 40km around nuclear facilities due to fast neutrons that collide with Ar in the air causing the radio-active Ar41 gas.
That affects the quality of next generations!
Your comparison should be against renewable, wind+solar+storage, as those will replace fossil fuels (though gradually, still much faster than nuclear can).
Especially since wind+solar+storage nowadays produce electricity for half of the price that new nuclear require (compare Hinkley or Vogtle and calculate the major subsidies too)! And the costs of those renewable are decreasing further with 3-10%/a, while new nuclear increases in price.
Well done Mark on challenging Herr Fell. The German phase out of nuclear and ramp up of coal is one of the biggest blunders going in the world these days. It's insane.↓
No ramp up of coal at all!
Germany decreased the contribution of coal since the start of their renewable policy in 1990. The decrease is substantial and continued with the Energiewende which started in 2001.
Electricity generation (TWh/a):
year Total Coal
1990 550 57% (312 TWh)
2001 586 50% (293 TWh)
2014 610 43% (263 TWh)
*) Of course the downward trend show some fluctuations, primarily due to weather, economy, etc.
The 'coal' electricity of 2014 is mostly generated by new 25% more efficient power plants (45% vs. 33% old). So CO2 decrease is much more!
Germany still plans to reach their own 40% reduction target in 2020 as shown by Merkel's recent package of actions!
Compare that with USA whose CO2 emissions will be above the 1990 Kyoto level!
Or with UK, France, etc. who all won't reach the Kyoto 20% reduction target!
The USA's ban on reprocessing, and the successful efforts of the fossil carbon people to foment the hysteria about the astronomical rate of three meltdowns in half a century, one of which was caused by a dual tectonic event, the worst in adequately recorded history, stand a good chance of handing the US pioneering work on fast neutron and molten salt reactors, to China.
How the devil does that protect the world from nuclear accidents? Both these technologies are intrinsically meltdown proof, and energy poverty is a continuing cause of disaffection for governments, while petroleum and other revenues fund Islamic fanatics?↓
Disasters (total damage >$1,000Billion) involving 4 reactors while there are ~400 reactors,
imply that there is a >% chance that a reactor ends its live in a disaster (the 400 reactors are still not at the end of their live).
– nuclear safety predictions are a factor ~100 wrong;
– it implies an accident insurance premium per reactor >$250B/100 = >$2.5Billion. With $200million/year.
That implies for a 1GW reactor with CF 90% an insurance premium surcharge of 2.5cent/KWh.
Which premium is subsidized by the population thanks to the nuclear laws.
– Similar subsidy regarding nuclear waste.


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text: Information sessions give an overview of the Respiratory Care program. At each session, there is a presentation, which highlights admissions criteria, program expectations, career options, course sequence, and prerequisites for the program. Attendees are given an opportunity afterwards to ask questions. Respiratory Care program applications are distributed at the sessions as well. For more information, visit www.collin.edu/rcp


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Eric Church, Luke Bryan and Miranda Lambert grabbed four nominations each to lead the field of nominees at the 2013 CMT Music Awards . The nominations were announced Monday (May 6), and fan voting is underway at CMT.com.
Kristen Bell and Jason Aldean will host the show airing live June 5 at 8 p.m. ET/PT on CMT and CMT.com. The event takes place at the Bridgestone Arena in downtown Nashville.
Jason Aldean, Kenny Chesney, Rascal Flatts and first-time nominees Florida Georgia Line each received three nominations. Artists with two nominations include Brad Paisley, Carrie Underwood, Hunter Hayes, Jana Kramer, Journey, Kacey Musgraves, Little Big Town, Taylor Swift and Tim McGraw.
Voting for the CMT Music Awards continues in all but one category continues through June 2 at midnight ET. Final nominees for the big prize — video of the year — will be announced during live telecast with final voting on CMT.com during the show.
Here's a list of the video of the year nominees:
Brad Paisley, "Southern Comfort Zone" Carrie Underwood, "Blown Away" Eric Church, "Springsteen" Florida Georgia Line, "Cruise" Hunter Hayes, "Wanted" Jason Aldean, "1994" Kenny Chesney, "Come Over" Little Big Town, "Tornado" Luke Bryan, "Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye" Miranda Lambert, "Mama's Broken Heart" Taylor Swift, "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" Tim McGraw, "One of Those Nights"
For a full list of nominees, voting and more information, visit the CMT Music Awards page at CMT.com.


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Tis the season for indie bands to do seasonal songs and BBC 6Music are getting in on the fun...
Each day this week, the lovely Lauren Laverne (yes, yes, she was in Kenickie and yes, she was on that telly show with Charlie Brooker and presented the Culture Show...) will be giving away a festive 'MPfree'. Here's quick message from 6Music explaining what this is all about:
Merry Christmas everyone! Welcome to day one of the MPFree Festive Giveaway on BBC Radio 6Music. Every day this week Lauren Laverne is giving away an exclusive Christmas cover version from some of the show's favourite session guests. These include The Kills, Jamie N Commons, Lucy Rose and Scott Matthews.
The first freebee comes from My Morning Jacket with their version of 'Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas'. This cover was recorded off-air after their session in October and squirrelled away until now.
The download is available for seven days. Help yourself over at Lauren's BBC blog.


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ODU Rowing Announces Fall Schedule
By ODU Athletics
Oct. 16, 2008
Norfolk, Va. - The Old Dominion University women's rowing team announced its inaugural fall schedule today, a slate that includes four races for the Lady Monarchs who will begin competing as a varsity sport this year.
"I'm thrilled to have our fall schedule in place," said head coach Heather Weisel who was chosen last August to lead the upstart varsity program. "It's been an amazing experience putting the team together and to have the fall race schedule become a reality means we are close to getting started. Our fall race schedule has a good mix of races that we will not only learn from, but will also give us the opportunity to race some of the best teams in the country early on."
ODU will open the fall campaign on Oct. 18 at the prestigious Head of the Charles in Boston. The world's largest two-day rowing event, the Head of the Charles attracts more than 300,000 spectators and 7,500 athletes from around the world competing in 55 different race events.
Following the Head of the Charles, the Lady Monarchs return home for the Head of the Lafayette hosted by the Hampton Roads Rowing Club on Oct. 25. Only the ODU novice rowers will compete at this 5,000 meter head race on the Lafayette River.
"The Head of the Lafayette gives us an opportunity to race on our home water. We are hoping to invite more area college teams to join us for a fun Halloween regatta with an exciting U-turn at its half-way mark," added Weisel.
The Lady Monarchs will remain in state for their third race of the fall season, the Head of the Occoquan (Nov. 1) at Fairfax Station. Sponsored by the Occoquan Boat Club, this race is one of the largest end of season regattas in the country.
The Rivanna Romp on Nov. 8 in Charlottesville, Va. concludes the fall slate for ODU.
"The Head of the Charles and the Rivanna Romp put us in competition with some of the fastest crews in the nation. These are important events for us to learn how to race at that level. We are taking on that challenge right from the beginning because the goal is to develop into a national caliber team."
2008 ODU Fall Rowing Schedule
Oct. 18 - Head of the Charles (Boston, Mass.)
Oct. 25 - Head of the Lafayette (Norfolk, Va.)
Nov. 1 - Head of the Occoquan (Fairfax Station, Va.)
Nov. 8 - Rivanna Romp (Charlottesville, Va.)


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Giulia Mattoni, an Italian Translation Technology student from DCU talks about her experience using Machine Translation for evaluating player support content localization. Giulia's fascinating view illustrates why this area needs further research, and how she used KantanMT to evaluate MT and post-editing for this type content. Continue reading
Student Speak: Using MT for Game Localization
KantanMT Guest Post, Interview, KantanMT News, University Partnership Academic Partnership, bilingual training data, Custom Machine, Customised Machine Translation Engines, DCU, Erasmus Study Programme, EU, European Commission, European Parliament, Gap Analysis, Giulia Mattoni, glossary, KantanLibrary, KantanLQR, Language Quality Review, Luxembourg, Machine Translation, monolingual training data, Post editing machine translation, Post-Editing, Prefessional Services Team, Technology, terminology, TMs, Training Data, transcreation, Translation Memories, translation technology, University, World Intellectual Property Organisation


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If you are a spinach lover and haven't tried creamed spinach before, now is the time! It is comforting and so tasty, the perfect side dish to a home cooked meal. I haven't had Boston Market creamed spinach before, so I can't vouch for how close it is that, but I do know that it is extremely delicious. Enjoy!
Note: I happened to have a large bag of fresh spinach so I used that instead. My ratio of cheese sauce to spinach is a little heavy on the sauce side. Normally there would be more greens in there, but I was using what I had in the fridge.
Boston Market Creamed Spinach
Makes 8 servings
- 5 tablespoons butter (divided)
- 1/4 cup all-purpose flour
- 1/4 teaspoon salt
- 1 cup half-and-half cream
- 4 ounces cream cheese
- 2 tablespoons minced onions
- 1 tablespoon minced garlic
- 2 (10 ounce) boxes frozen chopped spinach, thawed
- 1/4 cup water
- 1/4 cup grated Parmesan cheese
1. In a saucepan over medium low heat, melt 3 Tbls butter.
2. Stir flour and salt into pan until creamed together.
3. Slowly stir in cream, then stir in cream cheese, increase heat to medium.
4. Constantly whisk until mixture becomes thick and smooth, remove from heat and set aside.
5. In a saucepan over medium-high heat, saute onions and garlic in remaining butter until transparent.
6. Add spinach and water to pan, reduce heat to low, cover.
7. Cook, stirring occasionally for 8 minutes.
8. Stir prepared sauce and Parmesan cheese into pan, stir until completely blended.
Recipe from Food.com


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The Communications Committee is charged with addressing all communications issues. It is to develop a comprehensive national and international communication and marketing strategy. This strategy will cover a two-year period and will include definitions of audiences, tasks, responsibilities and marketing activities. The role of communication during the Forum week is absolutely essential to assuring that information is efficiently circulated among the Forum participants and attending media, and transmitted to the outside world to create awareness. The Communication Committee will define and supervise the implementation of a comprehensive national, regional and international communication plan. Its will also oversee the marketing (public relation activities) of the Forum.
Kenneth ReidAmerican Water Resources Association
Irfan AkerDolsar Engineering Ltd
Houria Tazi-SadeqAlliance Maghreb Machrek pour l'eau
Adnan Baycaradvertisement, publicity & consulting
Cemal NogayDSI Press Office
Melanie GiardCommunication Officer
World Water Council2-4 Place d'Arvieux13002 Marseille - FRANCETel: +33 4 91 99 41 00Fax: + 33 4 91 99 41 01
Şebnem AksoyCommunications Consultantto the Secretary General
5. Dünya Su ForumuDSİ 14. Bölge MüdürlüğüLibadiye Cad. No: 5434696 KüçükçamlıcaÜsküdar/İstanbulTel: +90 (216) 325 4 992Fax: +90 (216) 428 0 992
ISC - International Steering Committee
Political Process Committee
Programme Committee
Communication Committee
WWC team


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I attended it at the weekend - and wanted to let you all know what a great time I had. I didn't take many photos at the event because I figured blogs would be saturated by those! We were respectfully asked not to photograph the art, so you'll have to attend a future event if you want to see those!
When I spoke to her at the event she told that she this was just a snapshot of what she wanted to do - the lady has big visions! What I loved about the event was seeing some friendly faces and some new faces all getting on, chatting, laughing and more in this amazingly positive environment. That could be down to the free-flowing-wine that Anita arranged, but I hope it was more to do with the people that attended - and all wanted to get the same out of the event - positivity!
|Me and Brick City
|Me and some of the lovely ladies at the event
Did you attend? Come say hey!
If you liked what you read & want to keep up to date with future posts... You can do so here:


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"A Flood of Spells" by Trevor Carlton40" x 29"Regular Price - $9,500.00Original on Wood Panel
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Have interest and click the website to consult:
In many festivals, exchanging gifts among friends and families is a tradition. However, many people will be anxious when choosing certain gifts for certain people. In recent years, a fashionable electric scooter is a popular option, which combines practical function and entertainment utility simultaneously. Well, an Airwheel R3 electric assist bike, recently released is a suitable option among those young fashionable friends.
With Airwheel R3 electric aided-bicycle, riders are empowered to alter riding styles of man-powered, power-assisted and electricity-assisted styles freely. It is worth mentioning that there are 0-11 gears for riders in power-assistance mode and riders can achieve a longer range, say 100km. Combined with the 235w motor integrating the electrical power drive system, transmission device and the electrical braking system to the wheels, R3 offers more powerful and stable force and will give you an easy ride. As a result of that, Airwheel R3 appeals to all age groups from the teenagers to the senior citizens, proving to be the smartest economical option among one's gift list.
In addition, R3 city electric bike has many foldable parts, main body, and operating rod, handle bars and pedals, so that it can be stored into any corner of the house or car trunk. Airwheel R3 portable electric bike uses a more rugged styling with 14 inch wheels that can greatly improve the adaptability to pass complex road conditions. What's more, there is an USB port for the convenience of being charged or to be charged. For now, USB port is widely used in daily life, for example the mobile phone, PC and music players.
Festival gift is an important way to enhance the emotional bonds between friends and families and to display your concerns towards others. An Airwheel R3 electric assist urban bike, conveying a healthy lifestyle and green low-carbon concept, also display your responsible attitudes towards life.
Media Contact
Company Name: Airwheel Holding Limited
Contact Person: Eric
Email: email@example.com
Phone: +8618651968700
Country: United States
Website: http://www.airwheel.net


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David Hsu is the Richard A. Sapp Professor of Management at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. He graduated from Stanford University with undergraduate majors in economics and political science. After a few years working in industry, he received his masters degree in public policy from Harvard University, followed by his Ph.D. in management from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Hsus research interests are in entrepreneurial innovation and management. Within that domain, he has investigated topics such as intellectual property management, start-up innovation, technology commercialization strategy, and venture capital. His research has appeared in leading journals such as Journal of Finance, Management Science, RAND Journal of Economics, and Research Policy. He serves as a department editor of the Entrepreneurship and Innovation department of Management Science. In 2008, Hsu was awarded an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Industry Studies Fellowship. At Wharton, he teaches two MBA electives, Entrepreneurship and Technology Strategy. At Penn, Hsu is Associate Faculty Director of the Weiss Tech House, which encourages and supports students in the creation, development, and commercialization of innovative technologies.Download CV


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As greenhouses gases in the atmosphere continue to rise, intense precipitation will become even more intense, according to a new NOAA-led study that has been published in Geophysical Research Letters.
A team of researchers from North Carolina State University and University of Wisconsin-Madison conducted a study that showed the extra moisture that is in the air as a result of global warming will lead to more severe precipitation rates. The study predicts that there will be a 20-30 percent increase in precipitation over the Northern Hemisphere by the end of the 21st century.
"We have high confidence that the most extreme rainfalls will become even more intense, as it is virtually certain that the atmosphere will provide more water to fuel these events," said Kenneth Kunkel, Ph.D., lead author of the study.
The researchers studied moisture in the atmosphere, horizontal winds, and upward motion of air in the atmosphere in order to find their results, which could help in modeling the risks due to extreme precipitation amounts. "Findings of this study, and others like it, could lead to new information for engineers and developers that will save lives and major infrastructure investments," said Thomas R. Karl, L.H.D., co-author on the paper.


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Greetings all, happy weekend, the sun is out and there are clear skies ahead, looking forward to a bike ride this weekend! Hey guess what? Mother's Day is just around the corner, yes it's only a month away, coming up on May 13th!
Have you thought about what you'll get your mom this year? Well one of my most favorite "mom" gifts came from The Vintage Pearl, and I treasure it! It's a necklace with four charms and inscribed on it are the names of my three kids and my man – I always get compliments ever time I wear it.
The Vintage Pearl is sponsoring this weekend's giveaway and two lucky winners will receive a $75 shop credit. The Vintage Pearl is a fabulous online source for personalized hand stamped sterling silver jewelry, unique silver gifts and keepsakes.
Eligibility to win one of two $75 gift cards to The Vintage Pearl:
1) Hop on over to The Vintage Pearl and pick a favorite item, then name your choice in a comment.
2) For a second chance to win, link to this giveaway on either Facebook or Twitter, then leave a second comment telling where you linked (FB or Twitter).
Giveaway ends Monday April 16, 2012 at 8 p.m. PST, two winners chosen at random, US and Canada only, free shipping. By entering this giveaway, you agree to this site's giveaway policy and Official Rules of Entry.
Winners: #811 Bri and #380 Lorene Holbrook, congrats ladies, email on its way to you!


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|Arthur K. Smith at a podium in full regalia
|Series Title
|Arthur K. Smith
|Arthur K. Smith standing at a podium, in full regalia, speaking. Dr. Arthur K. Smith became the sixth Chancellor of the University of Houston System and the 11th president of the University of Houston on April 1, 1997. He is the first to hold the titles of chancellor and president simultaneously. A New Hampshire native, Dr. Smith graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1959 with a BS degree in electrical and marine engineering. He served as a commissioned officer and aviator in the U.S. Navy from 1959 to 1965. Following his military service, he earned an MA degree in 1966 from the University of New Hampshire. He was a visiting professor in the Centro de Estudios Internacionales at El Colegio de Mexico, Mexico City, for one year (1968-69). He received a PhD degree from Cornell University in 1970, specializing in international politics and law, comparative politics, and Latin American studies. Dr. Smith began his career in academia in 1970 at the State University of New York at Binghamton where, over an 18-year period, he held a variety of academic and administrative positions, including Chairman of the Department of Political Science, Provost for Graduate Studies and Research, and Vice President for Administration. In 1988, Dr. Smith was named Provost and Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs at the University of South Carolina, and he served as that University's Interim President from July 1990 through March 1991. Later in 1991 he was appointed President of the University of Utah, where he served until coming to Houston in 1997. Dr. Smith holds memberships in several national honor societies and has served as an institutional representative to a number of professional groups, including the American Council on Education, the National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges, EDUCOM (The Inter-university Communications Council), the National Association of College and University Business Officers, and the Council of Graduate Schools in the United States. He has authored several books, journal articles, and monographs, including Military Role and Rule: Perspectives on Civil-Military Relations (1974), and Mexico and the Cuban Revolution: Foreign Policy-Making in Mexico Under President Adolfo Lopez Mateos, 1958-64 (1970). President Dr. Arthur K. Smith served from [1997-2003].
|Subject.Topical (LCSH)
|Subject.Topical (AAT)
|Subject.Topical (SAA)
|Subject.Topical (Local)
|Subject.Name (LCNAF)
|Subject.Geographic (TGN)
|Genre (AAT)
|Type (DCMI)
|Format (IMT)
|Original Item Location
|ID 1969-037, Box 14, Folder 57
|Original Collection
|UH Photographs Collection
|Digital Collection
|University of Houston People
|Digital Collection URL
|Special Collections, University of Houston Libraries
|Repository URL
|Use and Reproduction
|In Copyright: This item is protected by copyright. Copyright to this resource is held by the creator or current rights holder, and the resource is provided here for educational purposes. It may not be reproduced or distributed in any format without permission of the copyright owner. Users assume full responsibility for any infringement of copyright or related rights.
|File Name


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You searched for: all images in the database. Here are the results:
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- Image Details
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"Piece Gang" at Marble Mill in Rutland
- Date:
- 1923
- Description:
- This photograph depicts a "piece gang" in the interior of Mill #19, part of Vermont Marble Company, in Rutland. This "piece gang" is comprised of two male workers who appear to be inspecting a large block of marble. The marble block is being held in the air by cords connected to an overhanging piece of steal machinery. The men are standing on a flat cart that appears to move along tracks. The cart already has several pieces of polished marble stacked on it. Behind the works, there are more stacks of marble blocks.
- Filename:
- LS14655_000.jpg
- Size:
- 5735 x 4596 pixels; 13280827 bytes
- Original Filename:
- PMKB023.jpg
- Original Metadata:
- Piece Gang Mill #19 1923
- Keywords:
- Quarries and quarrying; Culture; Earth Materials; Factories; Geology; Human Activity; Human Constructs; Industrial equipment; Machinery; Marble; Marble industry and trade; Men; Nature; People; Quarries and quarrying; Rocks; Rocks,Metamorphic; Stone polishing machinery; Work;
- Source:
- The Vermont Marble Museum
- Submitted By:
- Kristina Brown
- Submitted On:
- 2008-06-23
- Original Media:
- Glass Negative
- Scanning/Digitization/Creation Notes:
- MacBook OS X Version 10.5.2 Epson Perfection V750 PRO
- Image Scanned By:
- Kristina Brown
- Catalogue Information:
- Box 11 383P
- Relative Dating Rationale:
- original metadata
- Times viewed:
- 153148


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888-437-7747, Charles City, Charles City Lawyer, Charles City virginia, Charles City Virginia Attorney, Charles City Virginia Attorneys, Charles City Virginia Criminal Lawyer, Charles City Virginia Law, Charles City virginia laws, Charles City Virginia Lawyer, Charles City Virginia Lawyers, Criminal Case, Defense With Lidar, Habitual Offender, Inferences, Law Group, Lawyers Virginia, Lidar, Motor Vehicle, Necessary Experience, Radar Calibration, Radar Defense With, Richmond Lawyers, Using Radar Defense, Virginia Charles City Attorneys, Virginia Charles City Laws, Virginia Charles City Lawyer, Virginia Court, virginia lawyers
Using Radar Calibration Defense With Lidar – Virginia Lawyers
If you are dealing with a Lidar based charge in Virginia, contact our law firm immediately for help.
Using Radar Calibration Defense With Lidar In Virginia.
We will do our absolute best to help you get the best result possible based on the facts of your case. Our law firm has the necessary experience to assist you with this matter.
Using Radar Defense With Lidar Richmond Lawyers Virginia Felony Motor Vehicle
Michael v. Commonwealth
Appeal from an order of the Circuit Court of Charles City (Virginia) that entered judgment in favor of appellee in an action alleging that after appellant had been judged a habitual offender, he drove in such a manner as to endanger the life, limb, or property of another, a violation of Va. Code Ann. § 46.2-357(B)(2). With no proof as to whether the officer has caught the Appellant, using radar (Lidar), the Appellant took the defense that there was no evidence in the record as to appellant's actually driving.
If you are facing a criminal case in Charles City, Virginia, contact a SRIS Law Group lawyer for help. You can reach us at 888-437-7747
The Virginia Court made the following holding:
- The reviewing court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the party prevailing below, granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom
- Under Va. Code Ann. § 46.2-357(B)(2) any person found to be an habitual offender under this article, who is thereafter convicted of driving a motor vehicle while the revocation determination is in effect shall be guilty of a felony if such driving of itself endangers the life, limb, or property of another or takes place while such person is in violation of Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-266, irrespective of whether the driving of itself endangers the life, limb or property of another and one of the offender's underlying convictions is for Va. Code Ann. §§ 18.2-36.1, 18.2-266 or a parallel local ordinance
- The reviewing court will not reverse the judgment of the trial court unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.
Using Radar Calibration Defense With Lidar In Virginia.
We will do our absolute best to help you get the best result possible based on the facts of your case. Our law firm has the necessary experience to assist you with this matter.
Article written by A Sris
Sris Law Group