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Law Enforcement
What can you do when your son or daughter gets in trouble with the law? It can happen. Not everyone will have this experience, but if it does happen, it is good to have some knowledge and support. Each country will have a different legal process, but will need the same information regarding PWS so if you can take along information with you, do so.
It may be useful for any psychiatric assessment for the psychiatrist to have a copy of Psychiatric Handout, and also a Medical Overview for Professionals.
The underlying cause for escalating behaviour is anxiety and being "in trouble with the law" will naturally raise anxiety. Facing a court trial for anyone will provoke anxiety and the person with PWS may react badly when faced with a Judge. Screaming, yelling abuse, refusal to conform, may be normal behaviour for them to try to prevent something bad from happening, but may escalate the case against them. Retaliation against a safe environment may also show up in numerous ways from self-soiling, self-abuse, yelling, or trying to set fires. It is important to know the system and the processes that will be followed, so you need to make sure you have someone - such as a psychiatric clinical adviser who works within the justice system, or a coordinator working between the courts and residential placement - as well as your own lawyer.
You may find assistance within your PWS Association, or you may wish to contact us for further information and support.
PWS & the Criminal Law
The following articles were written by Tony Holland (President, IPWSO) and Georgina Loughnan (Board member). It can be downloaded as a separate article here.
When a person with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS)
is in trouble with the law:
what to think about and what you can do.
People with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) may get into trouble with the police and may have to appear in Court because of behaviour relating to food (for example stealing food, other consumables or money; eating in restaurants and not being able to pay), having a temper outburst and hitting or threatening another, or other antisocial behaviour. Such events cause great concern to people with PWS, their families and any other people involved. This document sets out some of the issues that should be considered on such occasions. It cannot give definitive recommendations, as exactly what happens will depend on the policies and laws of the country where the offence is alleged to have been committed. Also, at an individual level, there will be differences if the person concerned is a child or an adult with diminished capacity and the outcomes may be influenced by the attitude of the police and courts, access to good legal advice, support from the family and others, and the presence of an established and fair criminal justice system. However, ensuring that all concerned have at least some understanding of PWS can have a positive effect. Throughout the document we highlight in bold, key points.
The criminal justice system
Usually it is the police who are called in the event of behaviour that is thought by others to be against the law (e.g. shoplifting, hitting another person). The police may exercise some discretion based on their assessment of the situation at the scene, varying from giving an informal warning to arresting and charging the person who is alleged to have engaged in unlawful behaviour (for example, theft or assault). If there are concerns about the person's health at the time the police arrive, urgent medical advice may be requested. This, for example, would be important if the person with PWS appears to be displaying symptoms of a previously diagnosed mental illness or has developed an additional mental illness such as bipolar disorder or psychosis, or there is any indication that they are physically unwell.
Once arrested, different countries may have unique processes that are followed but this may be a point in which the authorities (police and/or prosecution) may show some discretion. They may decide not to proceed with charges, and just give a formal warning, but they may decide to prosecute and go to court. Different criteria may apply in different countries, but this decision could be influenced by their knowledge of the person concerned and the possible implications of PWS on their actions; by whether or not, in the event of the person pleading not guilty, there is a reasonable chance of conviction; and more generally, whether it is considered in the public interest to prosecute.
Key points:
PWS is a rare condition and it is unlikely that the police and lawyers involved will have heard of it. It is during this period of time, when the authorities might be deliberating about what to do, that information should be provided about PWS so that they can put the alleged crime within the relevant context. If you have a National PWS Association it may be able to help, if not, IPWSO can provide information. Parents, you will also have become experts about your child with PWS but sometimes information from a neutral source, parent advocate or professional, can be more influential. Information may initially be provided verbally but ideally it should also be given in writing.
If there are concerns that the incident that led to police involvement was out of character or unusual for that person and that they may have developed a physical illness (e.g. complaining of pain or vomiting) or have become mentally unwell (e.g. disturbed mood, unusual behaviours or ideas), those concerned should be advised to seek medical help immediately.
At the time of initial police involvement and subsequent interviews
It has been recognized that people with impairments in cognitive and social abilities and particularly people who are considered to have an intellectual (learning) disability, may be vulnerable when interviewed by the police and may not understand what is happening in the legal process. In some countries laws require the police and courts to make special provision for those who are seen to be at risk at this time and the courts may ask for additional assessments before deciding exactly what to do.
Early in the process your ability to convey your understanding of the person with PWS may enable you to bring calm to the situation and to provide sufficient information that all concerned decide not to proceed further. However, if the person with PWS is arrested and has to attend a police interview it is important to appreciate that he/she may fail to fully understand what is happening to them and the potential seriousness of the situation. In many countries there will be the requirement to formally warn the person arrested that the evidence collected during interview may be used in any subsequent court appearance – referred to as 'the caution'. People with intellectual disabilities, including people with PWS, may not understand this warning and may implicate themselves in the way that they answer questions. People have been known to confess to things they did not do, perhaps because of the stress at the time or because they didn't understand what was happening or what was being asked of them. For people with PWS food or the lack of it and the associated anxiety may influence how they respond or behave. Food might also be an inducement to say and do things that are unhelpful or may not be correct. The drive to eat is so strong in people with PWS that food offered to a person with PWS while in custody at a police station or in prison, may become an incentive to "re-offend". If the alleged offence for which the person with PWS has been charged is serious, the police, and later the courts, may decide that the person should be held in custody (usually in prison) until the case is presented in court. Correctional facilities (prisons/jails/detention centres) are unhealthy environments for a people with PWS. They provide minimal food security, high energy food, reduced opportunities for exercise or participation in preferred activities, stress management an appropriate sensory stimulation. People with PWS may also be highly vulnerable in such situations, to adopting poor habits of other inmates and be at risk of abuse.
Key points:
At the time of arrest inform the police that the person being arrested has a genetic condition called PWS (it may not be immediately obvious to the police that the person has a medical condition particularly if the person has been on growth hormone since childhood) and that this will affect his/her understanding of what is happening, that food has a particular significance and that he/she will be particularly vulnerable to exploitation and mental ill-health in certain circumstances, such as if held on remand in prison.
Ensure that the police officers interviewing and any lawyer representing the person with PWS is aware of the features of PWS and how the environment where the interview takes place, his/her level of understanding of the questions, and the presence or absence of meals, may all make a difference. Also inform the interviewers that the rigidity displayed by some people with PWS and their inability to respond to the demands placed upon them in these strange and changing circumstances, are characteristic features of the syndrome and should not be taken as necessarily an indication of evasiveness, lying or uncooperativeness. The interviewers also need to know to speak to the person with PWS using simple language and allow extra time for them to comprehend what is said to them and to respond appropriately.
In most countries it is a requirement that the person is legally represented during the interview unless he/she waive that right. For someone with PWS that representation, ideally by a lawyer who has some understanding of disability, may be particularly important in ensuring that his/her rights in the interview are protected. If the law of your country allows, also ensure that any additional help is present (for example, an independent person, with a good knowledge of PWS, supporting the person with PWS during the interview - sometimes referred to as 'an appropriate adult'). This person may, for example, check that he/she understands what it is that is being asked.
If a decision is made to prosecute and to go to court
For the criminal justice process to be fair there is an expectation that the person being prosecuted is legally represented, is able to participate in the preparation of their defense, understands the charges and the difference between pleading guilty or not guilty, knows the roles of the different people in court (i.e. judge, prosecutor, defense attorney) and understands the different stages of any hearing and how to behave during the court process. In the lead up to a court appearance questions may be raised as to whether he/she is fit to stand trial (i.e. understands the significance of the trial on his/her life) and is fit to plead (i.e. understands what pleading means, understands the nature of the charge and the court process). Depending on the laws of the respective country, these may be issues that are examined formally and expert evidence from a psychologist or psychiatrist might be requested by the court or may be arranged by the person's lawyer to determine the person's capacity. If there are concerns about the person's competency, the courts may decide not to continue and a different course of action may be suggested. Whether or not, and how, these issues are addressed will be very dependent on the laws of the country but these are sometimes critical periods in the criminal justice process where charges may be dropped or a different course of action is followed.
Key points:
Seek guidance from the defense lawyer as to whether or not the person with PWS is able to understand the trial and will receive a fair trial. It may be helpful to obtain an independent expert opinion to determine whether the person with PWS is likely to understand the trial process. Depending on the laws of the country the court may decide not to proceed with a trial and a different course of action is followed. In some countries a person deemed incompetent to stand trial may be sentenced to a special prison where they are taught about the court process so they can become competent to stand trial.
Proper legal representation before and during court proceedings is essential, ideally from a lawyer who is willing to learn about PWS and has experience in the field of disabilities in general. Through good legal representation and support to understand the proceedings the person with PWS has the best chance of receiving a fair trial.
The person with PWS should be supported throughout the process as much as the court allows and should be helped to understand the proceedings, so as to reduce uncertainty and confusion.
A guilty plea or a guilty verdict: sentencing
A person may decide on legal advice to plead guilty and the court will then proceed to sentencing. If he/she decides to plead not guilty then the court hearing will commence. There will be difference between countries but in general it is for the court to determine beyond reasonable doubt two factors: first that the alleged offence (hitting someone, stealing food) happened (referred to in some jurisdictions as actus reus), and secondly, that it wasn't simply an accident but the act was done with intent, or was a result of recklessness and should have been foreseen (referred to in some jurisdictions as mens rea). Depending on circumstances magistrates or a jury will listen to the evidence and arrive at a judgement.
In considering sentencing the options will vary between countries and may vary depending on the type of court. The court may seek expert or other evidence that will help the Magistrates or Judge to arrive at an informed and fair sentence – referred to as evidence in mitigation. Where someone is known to have a medical condition (PWS) this may influence the court. The issues the court will consider are the protection of the public, if the person is considered likely to behave in a dangerous way again, the need for punishment so that victims feel justice is done, and any special factors like the need for psychiatric treatment as opposed to punishment. Options may include a fine; a probation order sometimes with conditions as to where to live in the community and agreeing to supervision; imprisonment; or diversion from the criminal justice system to, for example, a specialist hospital. A positive outcome may be that the court decides someone can return to live, for example, in a supervised setting in the community where any risk of re-offending is reduced through the supervision he/she will receive.
Key points
Depending on the legal system the prosecution lawyers will be required to prove that the person committed the act he/she are alleged to have committed and that they intended to do it or they were reckless in committing the act and it should have been prevented.
If pleading guilty or found guilty the court may seek evidence in mitigation such that a more lenient or different sentence can be justified.
Courts must consider various factors when determining sentence including possible future risk to the public and the seriousness of the offence, as well as support options available in the community.
Courts may have the option to divert someone from the criminal justice system to a supervised setting in the community or to the care of health staff so that they can receive treatment.
Final points
If someone with PWS is repeatedly engaging in very difficult behaviour and is refusing to accept support (for example to live in a food secure environment) the involvement of the courts may enable interventions that are of benefit to the person concerned. For example, through a probation order the courts may stipulate that the person must live at a particular place where access to food can be controlled and appropriate and informed interventions can more effectively bring the person's behaviour under control.
If the criminal justice system is involved what then happens will be in the hands of the police and/or the Courts. You can best help in two ways: first, be there for the person with PWS and support them at each step in an informed way, and secondly, keep lawyers and others in the criminal justice informed in the belief that they will then use this knowledge to get the best outcome.
Law Enforcement Matters
Regarding People with Prader-Willi Syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome(PWS) is a complex, multi-stage genetic disorder that impacts the thinking, understanding, satiety, sensation and behaviour of affected children and adults. Most commonly it is identified by an uncontrollable drive to eat and the inability to perceive fullness or satisfaction with the amount of food or beverages consumed. In people with PWS the hypothalamus of the brain, which regulates hormones, does not work as efficiently as it should.
There may be times when law enforcement agencies become involved in their life, usually due to disruptive or violent behaviour, either at home or in public.This guideline is to assist law enforcement personnel in their knowledge of PWS.
People with PWS can display the following behaviours as a direct result of how the brain works in PWS, not because they are wilful or have criminal tendencies.
Stealing food or other consumables and/or money (as a way to access consumables)
People with PWS demonstrate an insatiable drive for food, beverages and cigarettes, if they are smokers. They constantly seek more of anything that is a consumable. This can include, fresh, scrap, frozen and rancid food, which may result in food poisoning, diarrhoea or stomach upset.
It is the responsibility of their caregivers to provide a "safe" environment that prevents access to food, beverages, money or cigarettes, that are not planned for the person but this is not always achieved.
Once food, money or a saleable item is taken, it may be very difficult to remove it from the person with PWS. Proving they have stolen something may be equally difficult to prove and accusing them of the theft will usually result in denial.
Calm, matter-of-fact discussion about the situation is encouraged. Raised voices, threats or accusations will usually cause the person with PWS to become defensive, anxious, argumentative and possibly aggressive.
Verbal or physical behavioural outbursts
If a person with PWS perceives an injustice to himself/herself, does not understand what is being repeatedly asked or told to him/her, or feels he/she is not being given a choice, behaviour may escalate to a point of temper outburst or tantrum. People with PWS have poor reasoning skills, they are not good at solving problems nor are they competent in comprehension or expression of thoughts, words, or feelings.
Physical damage can be caused by a person with PWS who is experiencing a temper tantrum or when they are attempting to access food, which they are being denied.
They are anxiously trying to satisfy the constant drive to consume. If an outburst escalates to a point of extreme distress, then the person is best left to work their way through the outburst, while their safety and the safety of those around them, takes precedence. At such a point the person with PWS is usually deemed to have diminished mental responsibility and cannot be reasoned with or consoled.
Absconding from a situation is common and at such times people with PWS can be at risk of accidental or deliberate harm. They may be running away from "being in trouble", "being cornered" or in the pursuit of consumables. Chasing or calling out to a person at this time will only accelerate their anxiety and fleeing, placing them at greater risk of injury or accident.
Confabulating stories and incriminating others
People with PWS often create stories as a means to achieve something they want or believe to be correct. The stories can become reality to them and sometimes the verbalisation of, or acting upon these stories, may incriminate or harm themselves or other people.
Confabulation, as seen in people with PWS, is defined as a memory disturbance in which a person confuses imagined thoughts and events with actual memories or reality. There is no intent to deceive, as the person believes it is true or real. This can include believing they have been abused, loved, invited, partnered, are in danger or are meant to be somewhere else. It is essential to investigate any stories you believe may be inaccurate, any proposed actions and any accusations made about others, before acting on what a person with PWS reports, especially if it may have serious consequences.
Confabulation may also be an indication of a developing or escalating mental illness, such as psychosis or severe depression. Bizarre thought patterns, hearing voices or experiencing hallucinations, increased or out of character aggression are clear signs that need to be psychiatrically assessed.
Making regular contact with emergency services
As well as being prone to increased anxiety, people with PWS are easily excited and can overreact. Being upset with a parent or carer or friend, may cause them to dial emergency services – police, ambulance, for no serious reason. If they have had a pleasant experience that includes consumables, as a result of an emergency service intervention, (for example, are given a cup of coffee and biscuits) this may be interpreted as a reward that encourages repetition of the action. People with PWS often appeal to a higher authority, like police, ifthey believe they have been wronged in some way or if they think another person is acting in an unlawful way.
Self-harm such as scratching, skin picking, or pulling out hair or nails
These actions are often the result of increased anxiety, agitation or boredom and can result in the appearance of open sores and scars on any part of the body. People with PWS may look as though they have been physically abused or are infectious and diseased. They can bruise and bleed more easily, causing a small injury to appear worse than it actually is. It is important to be aware of this behaviour should a case of abuse or neglect be suspected or under investigation.
Each person with PWS will present differently, with varying levels of cognition and ability.
Due to how they think and react:
Remain calm and confident when communicating with the person
Use fewer and simple words without double meanings, in a low gentle voice
Do not accuse, threaten or make false promises
Have a trusted, responsible adult, with good knowledge of PWS, present when you speak with them
Avoid offering them or having any high energy consumables while they are with you
Physical restraint may cause breathing problems and injury without complaint, as people with PWS have a high pain threshold and often, poor circulatory and respiratory health
Many adults with PWS will have guardians appointed by the court to assist them in their decision making about food, money, medical issues and of course, decisions involving the legal system.If the person with PWS is involved in a crisis, especially involving a hospital or the police, it is vital to contact the guardian to assist both the person and the community helpers to manage the situation as optimally as possible.
For further information about PWS please contact IPWSO.
Tony Holland and Georgina Loughnan
IPWSO Board


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ILM Gets PersonalBy Virginia Citrano Print
Information lifecycle management helps companies handle the data deluge by providing a framework for classifying stored information, finding the right storage technology, creating retention guidelines and managing costs.
ILM Gets Personal
Helen of Troy is trying to do ILM right. The
With sales topping $634 million for the fiscal year ended
As it began to craft its ILM strategy, Helen of Troy had one key advantage: Only 35 percent of the data it was looking to manage was unstructured, according to Pedro T. Contreras, vice president of information technology. The bulk of its data was structured by its worldwide enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. "ERP forces a structure on the data," says Contreras, based in
After vetting several vendors, Helen of Troy selected enterprise data management provider Solix Technologies and its ARCHIVEjinni product. Solix is a relatively young company—it was founded in 2001 in
Helen of Troy worked through each aspect of its operations to define data-classification and information-retention policies. Contreras says the evaluation matrix that evolved covers factors such as ownership of data, how often it needs to be accessed and by whom, as well as how and where the data is stored. "You can't break the ILM rules," Contreras says.
You can break the power grid, however, which is why companies are increasingly looking at cutting energy consumption as part of their overall ILM strategies. Ever-rising volumes of data are running into ever-rising utility costs. By controlling power usage, a company can stretch a tight storage budget to fit more data and make itself more environmentally responsible in the process.
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CLASS ACT: Shoe guru Christian Louboutin is wearing a new hat: president of the class of 2013 at the Paris College of Art. The designer recently met with final-year students and gave them a theme to inspire their work: It is to be kept under wraps until the school's end-of-year show in May.
According to the college, Louboutin encouraged students from across various disciplines — communications, design, fine art, photography — to collaborate freely and told them to "be true to yourself."
This story first appeared in the February 1, 2013 issue of WWD. Subscribe Today.


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Back in the spring of 2011, on the heels of the successful showing of Dream to Design at SWW2011 in San Antonio, a new initiative was launched to do a next-in-a-series of short films. I've always enjoyed using SolidWorks to promote inspirational videos and for a long time I had a script that I was working on to tell the story of a physicist / SolidWorks user who while working late one night, dreams about discovering and inventing the strongest material known to man. The material would come to be known as "Nanovim" and it would be commercialized to the point where it would make the Space Elevator, popularized by Arthur C. Clark's novel "Fountains of Paradise" a reality.
The protagonist inventor would then travel to space on the space elevator to witness the inauguration of the LANSE (Large Array Network Solar Emitter) which would eventually provide clean, limitless power to earth and eliminate hunger, poverty human strife – well you get the picture… After all, it is a dream and our protagonist does wake up eventually.
Supported by Product Marketing, I wrote and revisit the script with the help of Chin-Loo Lam and live action sequences were shot a Cramer Studios in Norwood MA in the summer of 2011 and post production was that summer and fall. Jay Patternson, a fellow SW Product Definition Specialist at the time was the technical consultant. Because of budgetary constraints that year for SWW, the film was never finished. I contributed and collaborated with Greg Leuenberger, of Sabertooth productions, who help with the CGI on the first film (Dream to Design) and Paul McCrorey of McCrorey Digital to do the extensive CGI for the film. Anna Wood of Renderbay provided her render farm to do rendering and Andy Brown also helped out with modeling. We accomplished approximately 75% of the post production. A good number of the space ships and sets were conceptualized in SolidWorks and then finished in Modo and all animation was done in Modo and Adobe After Effects.
I had a lot of fun working on this with Paul and Greg, and some of the work they we did together culminated in some of the most complex models I've seen created – especially the space station and solar array. Here is just a short sample of a sequence. You can view the entire rough cut test of the film here. Many of the scenes are not yet rendered and most of them are unfinished but it gives an idea of where the story goes.
A few fun facts:
- The protagonist's workplace, the building shown at dusk at the beginning of the film is actually our Waltham build (just after we moved in.)
- At 00:25 there is an Easter egg that establishes the time frame of the film, can you spot it?
- At 00:50 the idea here is in the near future SW designer would be able to do simulation on a molecular level and with a massive amount of cloud computing resources.
- FOS=1000 I think that says it all…
- The Word NanoVim comes from the combination of Nano (Micro) and Vim (Latin for Force)
- At 2:00 the scale model shown with the government officals and our protagonist was designed in SW and then 3D printed by Jeremy Luchini on a Stratasys printer.
- At 2:52 – The design of the Space Elevator vehicle is such that the cabin is on top while a heat shield is on the bottom (and cargo hold in the mid section) so that in the last part of the trip fast gravity reentry would be possible. Three arms that extend from the vehicle are the conveyors for crawling up the 3 flat-ribbon Nanovim cables.
- At 3:38 the entire space elevator cabin is CG, created rendered and animated by Paul, with the exception of the actors and the recliners that they were seated in.
- At 3:50, meteor termination site; the idea, per Clark's Vision is that if a space elevator could work, it would need to be tethered to a counterweight positioned 22,000 miles above the earth. A meteor which is positioned into geosynchronous orbit would suffice as that anchor but also be a manufacturing site for the raw material "NanoVim" (at 4:08.) So the elevator actually originates from the meteor and is built down to the earth termination site where the Elevator vehicle first departed.
- At 4:11 – We had to establish that after arriving at the meteor, our protagonist would travel from the meteor to the space station so that he could witness the ignition of the LANSE. This was a fun shot for me since I'm a hugh BSG (Battle Star Galactia) fan and wanted to do a hand-held look from space which is such a signature element of BSG. I spent months figuring out how they (Lightwave guys that did the CGI for BSG) did this effect. What finally worked for me was to shoot live video of a posted note against a wall with my wife's canon power shot and then use the overlay of that in After Effects to assign "Tracking" to move (shake)the original CGI frames around.
- At 4:36 - the space station is a very detailed Modo model with >50M polys and hundreds of custom textures. The hundreds of view portals reveal fully modeled rooms with "Baked-in" textures. There were three different room versions built and then distributed about the hull of the space station. Although there is a lot of detail, much of it is bump map textures to create the intricate look. the design of this station is an updated version of the space station that was created for the "Better Products for the future video" shown at SWW2007.
- At 4:42 – this was to be our "big reveal" shot where the viewer first discovers the real reason for the protagonist traveling to space: the Large Array Network Solar Emitter. The shot is not rendered but you can get a feel for the massive detail (in stills below) that Paul and I put into the space station and array.
- At 4:52 – the Array is built in space and is comprised of thousands of motorized mirror/reflectors which focus on a central collecting tower and transfer an energy beam down to an earth-based collector site and converted to electricity.
- At 6:11 – I wanted to establish the event from an earth based perspective also. As a passer-by driving at dusk, witnesses the energy beam coming down to earth. This scene is done entirely in After Effects with still image content.
- At 6:21 – the protagonist back in the real world - the green screen would eventually show that his present day simulation had succeeded and all was well.
Following are some HD stills from the post-production (click on them to enlarge)
Live film of our 175 Water building on Waltham campus and with 3D CGI sign added by Mark B.
The future of SolidWorks Simulation by Mark B.
Practical test for Nanovim live action sequence and CGI added by Greg L.
Live action testing equipment closeup of Nanovim practical test with CGI screen added - Cramer and Mark B.
Live action sequence of protogonist meeting government officals and Space Elevator scale model - Cramer and Mark B.
Daylight test of ground-based Termination site - no textures - Mark B.
Lighting test (no textures) to establish size and scale of ground based termination site - Mark B
Live action sequence of Space Elevator Cabin and with CGI added - Paul M.
Space Elevator - Meteor Termination Site - Greg L.
Live action sequence of NanoVim factory and CGI added - Greg L.
closeup of space station 5 identifier - Mark B.
Space Station 5 - Mark B.
Docking sequence of Shuttle with Space Station - Mark B.
Closeup of Space Station 5 before reveal of LANSE - Paul M.
Protagonist arrving at Space Station 5 dock - Mark B.
Reveal of LANSE (Large Array Network Solar Emitter) - Paul M.
Closeup over topside of LANSE - Paul M.
Reactor (bottomside) of LANSE - Paul M.
Ignition of LANSE - Paul M.


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Employment and Labor Litigation
Employment and Labor Litigation
Common in workplaces and courtrooms today are issues concerning unpaid wages and benefits, employee/independent contractor misclassifications, discrimination, and retaliation, as well as disputes over employment contracts and separations. However, these issues are often mishandled, misunderstood, or overlooked entirely. It's important for both employers and employees to be aware of what the law requires, and how effective representation may help protect their rights, as the consequences can be significant.
The attorneys at Johnson Fistel have obtained successful and efficient results for both employers and employees in litigating employment disputes, negotiating separations and severance, and evaluating employment policies, practices, and contracts.
Johnson Fistel can help employers and employees with the following issues:
● Minimum Wage & Overtime Pay
● Misclassifications (Employee/Independent Contractor)
● Discrimination, Harassment & Retaliation
● Employment Contracts, Severance & Separations, and Restrictive Covenants
Whether you're an employee or an employer, please contact us today to determine whether and how we may be able to assist you.
Common in workplaces and courtrooms today are issues concerning unpaid wages and benefits, employee/independent...
Frank J. Johnson
Managing Partner
Michael I. Fistel Jr.
Founding Partner
Brett M. Middleton
Reed F. Baker
Jeffrey A. Berens
Of Counsel
Mary Ellen Conner
Tiffany R. Johnson
Special Counsel & Trial Attorney
Richard A. Nervig
Of Counsel
John J. O'Brien
Senior Associate
Kristen O'Connor
Chase M. Stern
Ralph M. Stone
Of Counsel
William W. Stone
Senior Associate
Adam J. Sunstrom
Oliver S. tum Suden
"There's no question in my mind that this settlement is in the best interest of this Estate. So I'm prepared to approve it. . . . But I want to compliment Mr. Johnson, and I want to compliment on the successful recovery for the Estate. The creditors thank you, and I thank you." In re Artes Medical, Inc., (Bankr. S.D. Cal., Case No. 08-12317-LT7) (approving a $3 million settlement recovered for the estate of a bankrupt public company after the Chapter 7 Trustee retained Johnson Fistel to pursue claims for breach of fiduciary against the directors). In approving the final award of attorneys' fees, Judge Taylor further stated: "The Court thanks [Johnson Fistel] for its outstanding work on behalf of the Chapter 7 Trustee and the Estate."
"The quality of representation by the Derivative Plaintiffs' Counsel was witnessed first hand by this Court through their articulate, high quality, and successful pleadings. Moreover, as shown by their excellent efforts in this case, Derivative Plaintiffs' Counsel are dedicated to vindicating the rights of shareholders." In re Heelys, Inc. Derivative Litig., No. 3:07-CV-1682 (granting final approval of a settlement agreement that required the company to implement sweeping improvements to its governance).
Johnson Fistel's predecessor firm, Johnson & Weaver ("J&W") has "demonstrated that they are qualified and experienced and are capable of acting as lead counsel." "The Court is favorably impressed by J&W's presentation and knowledge" and "J&W's experience litigating shareholder derivative actions gives it a certain amount of pre-existing expertise." In re Oclaro, Inc. Derivative Litigation, (N.D. Cal., Case No. C-11-3176 EMC) (appointing Johnson & Weaver lead counsel in a complex shareholder derivative litigation in which three separate lawsuits were filed).
"As chairman of the board of a public company, my company was represented by Mr. Johnson to pursue claims for breach of fiduciary duty for millions of dollars against former directors of a company formed in England. I have retained law firms throughout the world and found Mr. Johnson's services to be superb. He was very responsive and grasped complex corporate matters involving international real estate transactions. His firm aggressively litigated my company's claims against several defendants who were represented by one of the largest law firms in the world. This case was very complex and complicated and involved three jurisdictions (U.S., Europe, and Sweden). Mr. Johnson's firm played an instrumental role in bringing the whole case to a successful settlement out of court. We ultimately reached a resolution short of trial with which I was very pleased."
"While I was the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer for a publicly traded company, I consulted Frank Johnson on various legal issues. As CFO I was responsible for SEC reporting requirements and compliance with GAAP. In addition, I successfully completed the public offering of the company's stock which was a consistent top performer on the NASDAQ from 1998 to 1999. During the ten years I've known him, I've been very impressed with Mr. Johnson's integrity, business acumen, and understanding of complex securities issues. Based upon these factors, I retained Mr. Johnson to represent me in matters where it appeared that a public company's officers or directors engaged in fraudulent conduct to the detriment of the company's shareholders (of which I was one). As a former CFO for a public company and as a shareholder, I can say with confidence that this firm has proven to be aggressive and astute in identifying claims for fraudulent conduct in connection with the sale of publicly traded securities."
"While I was assistant general counsel for GNC Corporation, a publicly traded company at the time, I had the good fortune of working with Frank Johnson as GNC's lawyer. While he was at Sheppard Mullin, he successfully defended GNC in several matters, including a consumer class action and various business litigation matters. I have since left GNC Corporation and am now a partner at one of the largest law firms in the country. I have worked with Mr. Johnson on various matters, including a jury trial in San Diego, California. Mr. Johnson proved to be an exceptional trial lawyer who assisted my firm in obtaining an outstanding verdict in our client's favor. I have recommended their services without reservation to both clients and lawyers who need highly skilled and effective representation."
"In 2004, Axeus, Inc. was using Sheppard Mullin, a large law firm, for nearly all of its legal matters. When Frank Johnson, who was then a partner at Sheppard Mullin, announced that he was departing to start his own law firm, I did not hesitate in my decision to send all of Axeus's litigation work to Mr. Johnson. At the time, Axeus was embroiled in a huge legal battle involving more than 20,000 pages of evidence and millions of dollars. Mr. Johnson helped Axeus successfully resolve that matter and has since handled several litigation matters for Axeus, all with outstanding results. I have worked with many different law firms over the years and I can say with confidence that Mr. Johnson is one of the best lawyers I've worked with. He understands what is important to his clients: excellent legal work and value. While other firms may be less expensive, Johnson Fistel provides value for its fees."
"Frank Johnson was Awesome! He was professional, organized and as evidenced by juror testimonials following a one-week jury trial…. extremely effective. On claims for breach of contract and fraud, his law firm helped me win a 7 figure verdict for me and my company and I will forever be grateful. You never realize how important it is to have a good attorney until you need one!"
"I am the owner of Natural Energy, which was established in 1977 and is the largest solar energy company in the western United States. Although we have an exceptional reputation, as with any large company, legal disputes are sometimes inevitable. After using a number of law firms, for the past several years Natural Energy has used Frank Johnson's law firm for all of its business litigation matters, from general business disputes to successfully getting a baseless class action dismissed. Mr. Johnson is aggressive, has a strong work ethic and, of utmost importance to me, has unquestionable integrity. I have the utmost faith and confidence in Mr. Johnson."
"I first retained Johnson Fistel when my husband and I became concerned with what I thought looked like wrongful conduct by executive management at one of the publicly traded companies in which we had invested. Mr. Johnson always clearly communicated his strategy and the underlying legal reasons why it needed to done that particular way. Most importantly, he always responded to any questions or concerns in a timely manner and consistently updated us without overwhelming us with complicated details. We were very happy with the outcome of the securities case. When I needed a lawyer again to help me with employment matters, I retained the firm again. They demonstrated that they were well informed and helped me get a settlement with which I was very pleased. I highly recommend Johnson Fistel and I would not hesitate to use them again."
"The settlement was reached through hard fought, arm's-length negotiations conducted by skilled counsel in good faith…. The Plaintiffs also are represented by counsel that I know and respect … which I count among the finest shareholder rights advocates."
"Counsel for the parties were highly experienced in derivative litigation, well informed on the current law, and had performed considerable work to prepare the case for mediation.… The advocacy on both sides of the case was of the highest caliber and counsel for both parties exhibited great effort, creativity, and zeal in advocating their positions."
"You guys are truly amazing. We've only worked together for a short period of time, but I already have an amazing opinion of you. The support, the detailed answers, your insights, the transparency, your prompt responses, everything. Please keep up the good work. I think the quality of your service is really unique in this world."
"The team at Johnson Fistel far exceeded our expectations from the very beginning. We honestly didn't know what to expect but this team made each step so easy to understand. If we ever need legal counsel for anything else again, we will definitely be using them again. Thank you for everything."
"I'd also just like to acknowledge just really the professional way you all handled this case . . . and I think it is that type of substantial work from opposing sides that I think that is what we look at a settlement that both sides of this case have been well represented and represented so the Court is satisfied that it has been in the hands of people who knew what they were doing, and therefore the Court could well adopt and accept the representations made that are supported by the record with regard to just the settlement here." In re Flowers Foods Inc. Derivative Litigation, No. 7:18-cv-00084 (M.D. Ga.) (approving a $21 million class action settlement)
"It is worth reiterating that the advocacy on both sides of the case was outstanding. I have decades of experience with attorneys from the law firms on both sides of this case, which are nationally recognized for their work prosecuting and defending large, complex class actions such as this. All counsel displayed the highest level of professionalism in carrying out their duties on behalf of their respective clients. The settlement is the direct result of all counsel's experience, reputation, and ability in these types of complex class actions."
"I've worked with law firms in the past and found the lawyers and paralegals at Johnson Fistel to be first-rate. They kept me informed at every stage of this matter, they were responsive, I found their ideas to be creative, and their relentless approach caused me to believe they were passionate about having my best interest and the best interest of the class in mind."


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This is a great gluten–free recipe to serve on Mother's Day. I made it this week for Shabbat lunch. Thanks to Paula Shoyer for sending it in to The Jewish Hostess. Check out her new book "The Kosher Baker."
I added fresh corn to this salad.
The Kosher Baker: Over 160 Dairy-free Recipes from Traditional to Trendy
By Paula Shoyer
serves 8
- 1 cup quinoa, rinsed
- 1/2 cup fresh corn
- 1 medium sweet potato, cut into ½ inch cubes
- 6 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil, divided
- 1/3 cup pine nuts, toasted, optional
- 3 teaspoons apple cider vinegar
- 2 teaspoons honey
- ¼ teaspoon salt
- ¼ teaspoon ground black pepper
- 1 teaspoon ground cumin
- 1/2 teaspoon cinnamon
- 1/3 cup dried cranberries
- 3 scallions, sliced thin
Preheat oven to 400ºF. Place the quinoa into a small saucepan and add 2 cups of water. Bring to a boil and then simmer for 15 minutes, covered, or until the water is evaporated. Turn off the heat and let quinoa sit covered for at least one hour, up to 8 hours. While the quinoa is sitting, place the sweet potato cubes into a roasting pan and toss with 2 tablespoons of the olive oil. Bake for 25 minutes, stirring once or twice, or until you can just pierce the cubes with a fork. Set aside.
Place the pine nuts into a small pan over medium heat and cook until lightly toasted, stirring often. Watch carefully so they do not burn. Set aside. In a small bowl, place the remaining two tablespoons olive oil, vinegar, honey, salt, pepper, cumin and cinnamon. Whisk well.
When the quinoa is dry, use a whisk to break apart the grains. Add the vinaigrette and mix with the whisk. Add the sweet potatoes, pine nuts, cranberries and scallions and mix gently. Serve at room temperature.
Click HERE to Subscribe Now: and win the cookbook of the month, free weekly recipes and discounts to your favorite shops!
Related articles
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- Warm Breakfast Quinoa With Almond Butter and Cinnamon (thejewishhostess.com)


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In a series of new experiments, scientists have been able to use a computer to decipher brain activity. So what, huh? Well, the computer can reconstruct those signals into the actual words the participants are thinking about. It can read your mind.
OK, so sometimes the words were difficult to recognise, but that's not the point: it means that people unable to speak could generate a voice just by thinking in sentences.
"Potentially, the technique could be used to develop an implantable prosthetic device to aid speaking, and for some patients that would be wonderful," Robert Knight, a senior member of the team and director of the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, told the Guardian. "Perhaps in 10 years it will be as common as grandmother getting a new hip."
The experiment involved 15 patients having the top of their skull removed — don't worry, they were already having surgery that required that — and having a net of electrodes laid across the surface of their brain.
The patients were then played a series of words for five to ten minutes while having their brain activity recorded. Software was then used to decode the brain signals and reconstruct the words. The research is published in PLoS Biology.
For now, reading someone's mind like this is an invasive process requiring access to the brain, but that's not to say it always will be. The idea of creating a device that could help give people a voice would surely cause some headaches, not least the problem of filtering private thoughts from information to be communicated. But scientists love a challenge. [PLoS Biology andThe Guardian; Image: dierk schaefer]


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The Saddle key ring is crafted in light pink grained calfskin. Shaped similarly to Dior's iconic Saddle bag, the key holder also has the same signature details: a two-strap exterior accent belt, stitched detailing and palladium hardware. The snap flap closure provides a safe place to store keys, while the 'CD' logo buckle attaches easily to a bag, or to a belt for a real style statement.
Heat-embossed exterior 'Dior' signature
Heat-embossed interior 'Dior' signature
Pink grained calfskin
Palladium-finish brass 'CD' buckle
Snap flap pocket
Palladium-finish hardware
Dimensions: 14.5 cm x 11 cm
Made in Italy
Dior Grained Calfskin Saddle Key Ring


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News from the world of Maths
How we miss Paul the psychic octopus and his uncannily accurate predictions of world cup glory! And we're not the only ones, Google clearly does too! But just how psychic was Paul anyway?
Congratulations to Plus contributors David Spiegelhalter and Helen Mason, who join Maggie Smith, Angelina Jolie and Daniel Day-Lewis in the 2014 Queen's Birthday Honours list!
Three steps for ensuring penalty success.
The Astronomer Royal examines the evolution of our Universe and the important role of the constants of nature in this filmed public talk.
We joined HRH Princess Anne and many great mathematicians to celebrating 50 years of the IMA at the Royal Society.
Why a trip to an art gallery is an answer to how we can help people enjoy and engage with maths.
We're very excited! Over the last year or so we helped edit a book called 50: visions of mathematics and this Wednesday it will be officially launched — in the presence of HRH The Princess Royal!
How does NICE make the difficult decision of which treatments to fund under the NHS?


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Brady White a.k.a. "Santa to the Stars©" is one of America's top and most sought after Santas; he travels the world portraying Santa Claus in films, television, commercials, print advertisements and live appearances. The New York Times called him the "ULTIMATE SANTA". So precious is his image that his beard is insured with Lloyds of London. Brady White is AVAILABLE FOR WORLD WIDE APPEARANCES.
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I attended my first CodeStock this year and in short it was awesome. Like 100 billion hot dogs awesome. The travel there was crazy to say the least, but I met lots of new people, had a session go well and recorded 3 podcasts. So that is the short version. If you are on twitter and either follow me or followed the #codestock hash tag, you probably saw my airline craziness in Philly. It all started on Monday. We had a client deliverable on Wednesday morning and due to some things that happened I only got about 4 hours of sleep between Monday morning and Wednesday afternoon. This included one 32 hour work day. I left work at noon on Wednesday and was able to get a few hours of sleep, but not a lot. I came in Thursday for a couple of hours to finish up a couple things and have a quick meeting. One of my developers was going to take me to the airport to make my 3:40pm flight to Knoxville. About 10:30, I got an email that the flight was delayed an hour. I wasn't really worried since this would give me a little more time to make it through security and such. We left about 11:30 from work and got some lunch, before going to the airport. I haven't flown in 13 years since I left South Korea when I was in the Air Force, and a lot has changed. I wanted to get there a little earlier since I didn't know what to expect. Several people at work told me it would take me about an hour to get through security.
I got through security really fast. It literally took me longer to take my shoes off than it did to get through the process, so there I got lucky. However, that is where my luck ended. I get to the gate and get out my laptop, get setup with wifi and get an email that my flight had been delayed again, this time 5:18. Then almost instantly, I get another saying 5:40. While this wasn't ideal, it was only a 2 hour flight at max so I would still make it to the before party. About a half an hour later, I get another email that it was delayed until 6:03. Finally about 4, the flight gets cancelled. There was some bad weather and I am assuming that it was the cause.
I get to the gate check-in where they told us to go and they put me on another flight leaving at 8:30. I had pretty much given up on making the before party at this point, but at least I would get there early enough to still catch up with some people before having to go to bed. I get my new boarding pass and get an email as it is being handed to me that the new flight I was on got delayed, by a little more than an hour. I get 3 more delay emails as the night progressed and the last time was 11:54pm. Needless to say, I wasn't really happy. I managed to find a seat in the gate area that had power so I could keep my laptop powered up. This was probably the single thing that kept me sane the whole time.
Finally we find out the that the flight we were waiting for was actually coming and when it finally showed up at the gate, everyone started cheering. The plane was pretty small but at least I was on my way, but I was getting into Knoxville at 2am, with a podcast session at 9:50 in the morning. Combined with little to no sleep the rest of the week, I was getting a bit worried that I would be able to pull it off. Andrew was prepared to do the podcast solo if necessary, but I really wanted to make it on time. I get to the hotel just before 3 and get a sleep, but not what I needed. I made it to CodeStock a few minutes into the first session and the second session was the Community Megaphone Podcast session Andrew and I were doing. We did a "Speaker Horror Stories" panel and it went extremely well. We had a good group of speakers sharing craziness. We will have the show up in a couple of weeks and it is one that you will not want to miss. I had my "Getting Started with Entity Framework 4" session at 12:30 so I got some lunch and found my room. Presenting on very little sleep usually has one of 2 outcomes: Great success, or complete and total failure. I was also giving my presentation on my new macbook pro, which I had not done a presentation on before. I had my slides setup in Office for Mac and was running Win7 and VS2010 in a virtual machine. It's how I do my development on a day to day basis, but just hadn't presented on it since I had only had the new laptop for about a week or so. It was risky but I had gone over everything about 50 billion times in the Philly airport so I was prepared for what ever may come. As long as I didn't fall asleep I was going to be fine. I had about 50 people show up and the session went really well. I only got through about half of my material since I tend to go into more detail about some stuff than I probably should when I'm tired. I got some good feedback so I am calling a success. Thanks to all who came out, it was a blast.
I got out of my session and begin to start looking for people that I had been following on twitter, but hadn't had a chance to meet. Since I am in Philly, I know a lot of people on the east coast, but not many past there so it was fun. Since I had tweeted all night about the airport the night before and hash tagged it, several people knew who I was just from that. Andrew and I then went back to the hotel and in the lobby we recorded a podcast episode with Alan Stevens which went well, except for some of the noise in the lobby. It's kinda cool to have that ambience of where you are, but when Starbucks starts making frappichinos, it can get pretty loud. We will have that episode up in a month or so. Alan talked about going independent and it will be well worth a listen for anyone who is thinking about doing that.
The keynote was Friday evening in a really cool old theater, complete with the "muppet" box seats on the side. It was the box seats where Statler and Waldorf would sit and heckle. Michael Neel tweeted that the muppet seats were for speakers and were on first-come-first-serve basis so I skipped supper to make sure I got one. My friend, Rachel Appel, did the keynote and did a wonderful job. Having the keynote at the end of the day was really nice since there weren't as many time constraints. One of the highlights was when Andrew Duthie got on stage during the keynote, he took Rachel in his arms like he was going to give a big kiss and Joel Cochran stood up from the front row and shouted: "SHE'S MINE!!". Of course it was all staged and part of joke that started on twitter quite a while ago. Most of the people in the audience had no clue what was going on, so if you where one of those, let me explain: First you must know that the very first rule of a code camp or any developer conference is: Never, ever under any circumstances, leave your laptop or phone unlocked when not using it. Someone (like Rachel) will come along and use your laptop to tweet for you and such. This happened to Joel on multiple occasions and in cases he professed his undying love for Rachel via twitter. Along with various rashes and such. Rachel has done this enough, that when ever that happens to someone, we call it "Getting Rappeled". So since Joel has professed his love for Rachel, that was the source of the joke. So now you know. Joel also hasn't seemed to learn his lesson as he has been "Rappelled" multiple times. Since it was actually done by Rachel.
So if you ever come across Joel's laptop, you not only have permission but an obligation to tweet something from it.
After the keynote, I had supper with Bethany Vananda and Jeremy Likness from Wintellect, who I both met at Devscovery earlier this year. That was a blast and I will forever have some great inside jokes from that conversation. I spent the rest of the night hanging out in various locations before going to get some sleep. I got some much needed sleep (finally) and actually slept through the first two sessions on Saturday. Saturday was another day of going around and chatting with people. I tend to try to do more networking at conferences than I do going to sessions, as I usually get more out of it that way. I spent a little bit of time in Open Spaces and went to a session or two before recording another podcast with Michael Neel, the founder and all around awesome guy behind CodeStock. Afterwards, I went and got some food and headed to PostStock, the after party at Alan Stevens house. There I found some people I hadn't had a chance to chat with and spend a few hours there doing just that. No crazy stories from Saturday, just a really good day of connecting with people. The trip home went well, I even got to hang out with Gary Short and Rachel Hawley at the airport. In summary, CodeStock 2010 was truly awesome. Like 100 billion hot dogs awesome. (If you google or bing that, you will find the reference). Michael and his crew put on an excellent event and it is one that I would recommend anyone go to. The sessions I went to were some of the best I have attended. CodeStock isn't a free event, but its worth every penny. I will definitely be going back next year.


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FAYETTEVILLE — The Arkansas football program struggled through one of its worst seasons in school history after going 3-9 under coach Bret Bielema.
FAYETTEVILLE — The Arkansas football program struggled through one of its worst seasons in school history after going 3-9 under coach Bret Bielema.
But one of the program's most recognizable supporters said Friday he's confident the Razorbacks have the right coach in place to lead the program back.
Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones, who was in town to honor former Arkansas athletic director Frank Broyles during his retirement celebration weekend, said he really thinks Bielema is the "answer" for the Razorbacks.
"I have a lot of respect for him," Jones said. "People that really know him — people in scouting in the NFL that would know, who visit with him about his players — really respect his philosophy. I like it as to what our competition is, what we match up against. I think he's a perfect coach for the matchup."
Jones said he has gotten to know Bielema well since the coach was hired to replace John L. Smith after the 2012 season. Bielema has been Cowboys Stadium "two or three times," according to Jones. They also spoke about some of the members of his 2013 team during the NFL Draft process.
Bielema is trying to revive a program that has gone 7-17 in the two seasons since former coach Bobby Petrino was fired. The struggles include a 2-14 mark in Southeastern Conference play. Arkansas has lost 12 straight conference games dating back to a win against Kentucky on Oct. 13, 2012.
But Jones believes Bielema is capable of building Arkansas into a contender, competing with the likes of LSU and Alabama in the SEC West.
"We all want to be able to beat LSU," Jones said. "We want to be able to beat Alabama and those big teams. And to do that, we're going to need some big linemen on both sides of the ball."
National Title Run
One Arkansas football player will compete for a national championship this week.
Wide receiver Eric Hawkins has been running with the Arkansas track and field team since the conclusion of spring football practice. Hawkins is a member of Arkansas' 4x100-meter relay team and travels with the team to Eugene, Ore., for the NCAA Outdoor Championships this week.
Sprints coach Doug Case said Hawkins has been a valuable addition, running the first leg for a team that includes Omar McLeod, Jarrion Lawson and Neil Braddy.
"What a contribution he's made in a short period of time," Case said. "I see him literally, daily getting better. Moving into more of that ability to maintain his sprint speed for a longer period of time that you really don't get that on the football field as much as you do on the track. But I mean, for him to come out and be a guy that's on one of the top relays in the nation and leading that thing off, I think he's done an outstanding job. … He wants to do it. He enjoys I can tell."
Case said the Razorbacks hope it's the start of a continued relationship between the football and track. He said it can be a recruiting advantage for both programs.
"I feel like we're moving in that direction," Case said. "We've had a great experience this year with Eric being out there. His conditioning was good when he got here. He wasn't out of shape, which was excellent for him. I hope that we can continue that."
Back in Arlington
The Arkansas/Texas A&M series will return to Cowboys Stadium after a two-year absence when the teams play on Sept. 27.
Jones said Friday he was thrilled to see the Razorbacks return.
"Nothing, nothing, nothing has made me any prouder with the Cowboys, or anything — the Super Bowl, the Final Four — than to know the Arkansas Razorbacks are playing football in that stadium," Jones said. "That's just a dream come true for me. When I was building it, when I was thinking about building it, there wasn't a day that I didn't think about those Pigs lining up in that stadium."
Arkansas is 4-0 in Cowboys Stadium after beating the Aggies three times (2009, 2010 and 2011). The Razorbacks also beat Kansas State in the 2012 Cotton Bowl.
The Arkansas/Texas A&M series will be played in Cowboys Stadium through 2024.


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Next Episode of Teledoc is
Teledoc broadcasts long documentaries with a contemporary Dutch subject, which will be displayed and told in a excitatory, accessible and cinematographic way. Not just tucked away, but prime time television.
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It was established following the conclusion of the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization in Stockholm in 1967. Its mandate is to promote the protection of IP through cooperation among states and in collaboration with other international organisations. The WIPO Convention entered into force on 26 April1970. The Organization became a UN specialised agency in 1974.
WIPO administers 24 treaties that deal with different legal and administrative aspects of intellectual property, notably the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (173 contracting parties as of June 2011), the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (164 contractiog parties) and the Patent Cooperation Treaty (143 contractiog parties).
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The General Assembly is the Organization's supreme decision-making body and has 176 members. The Conference has 184 members.
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Member States of WIPO and the Unions established by the different WIPO Treaties meet in an ordinary session of the General Assembly once every two years and in extraordinary session every other year. Meetings are traditionally held in the northern hemisphere autumn for approximately 10 days. The 2011 Assemblies were held from 26 September to 5 October.
All WIPO Member States, whether or not they are members of any of the Unions, are also entitled to participate in the WIPO Conference, which meets at the same time as the General Assembly. The Coordination Committee meets in ordinary session once a year.
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Do you know how much your data is worth, more importantly, what it will cost if it is lost?
The most valuable companies in the world derive value from the data they control.
While initially seen as using data for advertising, Google and Facebook have expanded the use of their user data to train voice, image recognition and AI software.
Uber provides cheap taxi rides but also holds the biggest dataset of supply and demand data for personal transport. This data is enabling these companies to better understand the world's economic, social, consumer and business infrastructures, as well as build data-driven decision-making into every aspect of their operation.
However, a crucial problem remains in that we don't have a unified, comprehensive way to value data to enable it to be freely traded. So the question remains, how much is your data really worth?


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MADISON, Wis., Feb. 12 (UPI) -- Farming spread to Stone Age Europe, sparking the rise of Western civilization, from the Near East by colonizers who brought it with them, U.S. researchers say.
"One of the big questions in European archaeology has been whether farming was brought or borrowed from the Near East," University of Wisconsin-Madison archaeologist T. Douglas Price said.
Price, along with Dusan Boric of Cardiff University in Wales, measured strontium isotopes in the teeth of 153 humans from Neolithic burials in an area known as the Danube Gorges in modern Romania and Serbia.
Strontium and other chemicals found in the teeth and bones of Neolithic humans help archaeologists track the movement of ancient peoples from region to region by determining if an individual was local or foreign to the place where their remains were discovered.
The data from the teeth of prehistoric farmers and the hunter-gatherers with whom they briefly overlapped shows agriculture was introduced to Central Europe by migrants from the Near East who brought farming technology with them, Price and Boric said.
"The evidence from the Danube Gorges shows clearly that new people came in bringing farming and replaced the earlier Mesolithic hunter-gatherers," Price said in a UWM release Tuesday.