text:
In this online training, you will learn how to accurately administer both the reading and mathematics assessments of the Massachusetts Adult Proficiency Test (MAPT) so that students' learning gains are reported accurately.
- Practitioners from ACLS-funded programs who require training to accurately administer both the reading and mathematics MAPT assessments
This professional development activity/course is designed for:
This eight-module online training replaces the face-to-face version of the MAPT Administration Training. For each module, you will read some information relating to one aspect of the MAPT and administration procedures. The eight modules are as follows:
- Module 1: Background on the MAPT, What It Measures, and How it Works
- Module 2: The Components of the MAPT
- Module 3: Getting Ready with OWL and the MAPT System
- Module 4: Walking Through Login and the Student Home Page
- Module 5: Sample Questions and Practice Tests
- Module 6: Administration of the MAPT for Reading and the MAPT for Math
- Module 7: MAPT Results: Interpreting and Using MAPT Test Scores
- Module 8: Key Administration Policies for the MAPT
To register for the MAPT online training, visit this link: https://umassamherst.co1.qualtrics.com/SE/?SID=SV_cOzTFuhOmYmilX7
When you have completed all modules, you will be certified to administer the MAPT, and a confirmation page will load. You will also receive an email confirmation that you have completed the training, which you can keep for your records and forward to your program director as needed. SABES and ACLS will receive a notification of your completion of the module automatically as well so you will not need to contact either organization.
MAPT Policy Information:
For more information on the new ACLS policy for the MAPT Administration Training, see the August 2016 ACLS monthly mailing or the ACLS Assessment webpage: http://www.doe.mass.edu/acls/assessment/
Please consult the MAPT Policy manual found on the ACLS website to determine if your program is required to use MAPT to measure educational gain: http://www.doe.mass.edu/acls/assessment/MAPTpolicy.pdf
ACLS requires programs to have two staff members trained to administer the MAPT.
For help with online registration, call Nicola Machado at the SABES PD Center for Massachusetts ABE Assessments: 774-357-2278.
Understand the basics of standardized assessment
Accurately administer the MAPT assessments for both reading and mathematics
Understand the importance of the MAPT sample and practice questions
Interpret MAPT scores
Upon completion of this professional development activity/course, you will be able to:
United States


text:
SANDY, Utah – Real Salt Lake GK Nick Rimando has been nominated in two categories in the 2013 Governor's State Sports Awards celebrating athletic achievement by Utah athletes. Rimando is up for 2013 Pro Male Athlete of the Year, while his standout performance in the 2012 Western Conference Semifinal series first leg at Seattle is up for 2013 Highlight of the Year.
Rimando is one of six nominees in the Pro Male Athlete category, joining NFL Super Bowl winners Paul Kruger and Haloti Ngata, NHL Stanley Cup winner Trevor Lewis, PGA tour pro Daniel Summerhays and PRCA Rodeo Champion Jesse Wright. Rimando is the only athlete in the group who plays for a Utah team; the other five nominees all play elsewhere but hail from Utah.
The 33-year-old Rimando delivered a strong 2012 season, finishing near the top of Major League Soccer in goals against average, wins and shutouts and finishing fourth in the 2012 Allstate MLS Goalkeeper of the Year voting. The UCLA product became the second player in MLS history to record 100 career regular season shutouts when he blanked San Jose in RSL's 2-0 win at the Earthquakes in Sunday's season opener.
Rimando's first leg performance against Seattle is one of six nominees in the Highlight of the Year category. Rimando made several absolutely incredible saves despite suffering a broken nose in the second half of that match, a scoreless draw at Seattle on Nov. 2 of last year.
Click here to watch Rimando's nominated highlight reel.
There are nine total categories in the 2013 Governor's State Sports Awards. The nine winners of the 2nd Annual Awards will be decided by an online fan vote. Fans can vote for Rimando in both categories through the April 9 voting deadline by clicking here.
The winners of the 2013 Governor's State Sports Awards will be honored at the 2nd Annual Governor's State of Sport Awards Luncheon at the Zions Bank Basketball Center on Tuesday, April 16. Utah Gov. Gary Herbert will present the awards and former tennis star Andre Agassi will deliver a keynote speech at the luncheon. Ticket information for the event can be found by clicking here.
Rimando and his Real Salt Lake teammates return to MLS action this Saturday, when the Claret-and-Cobalt seek its first-ever road win at D.C. United in a MLS match at RFK Stadium. Saturday's match will kickoff at 5:00 p.m. MT and will be broadcast live on ABC4. Rimando played for United from 2002-06, winning MLS Cup 2004 with the Black-and-Red before joining RSL in 2007. Last week, Rimando became just the 2nd GK in MLS history to notch 100 career shutouts, 64 of which have come in RSL colors.
RSL will open its 2013 home schedule with a Rocky Mountain Cup Presented by Mark Miller Subaru match against the rival Colorado Rapids at Rio Tinto Stadium on March 16. The home opener will kick at 4:00 p.m. MT, with fans encouraged to arrive early in order to witness a special pre-game ceremony honoring Rimando's accomplishment.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Wedding bands for men have come a long way from the time they were first used and it was around 15th century. The one-off ornament as it might be (apart from a watch that is more of a utility item) but it has succeeded in catching the fancy of the customers with the designs and metal variations it is being produced in today's market. These days one can see men's finger adorned with this piece of jewelry that in earlier days was not so common a sight. A wedding band is a piece to preserve post wedding too hence a precious stone like diamond has also come to the forefront to engage shoppers' attention in recent years .
Mens diamond wedding rings are more in demand due to a few particular factors which are discussed along with some other interesting facts about this expensive stone below:
Diamond Gels Well with Platinum
More often than not diamond is used in combination with platinum when mens diamond wedding rings are made. A ring of diamond set in platinum is expensive. The platinum which supports mens wedding rings with diamonds is dense, weighty, strong and at the same time malleable.
Diamond wedding bands for men that you come across in the market are not easy to give a shape owing to their platinum setting. Platinum is a metal that can not be easily worked on because of its high melting point. A jeweler designing mens wedding rings with diamonds has to take a lot of care from using the separate set of tools as well as achieving the required temperature with different gases. However, at the same time, these mens wedding rings make a highly safe choice for those whose skin is sensitive since these are fairly hypoallergenic with the use of not more than 10% alloy of other metals in them.
Diamond-A Durable Deal
Why men choose a ring with diamonds has also to do a lot with the imperishable nature of this stone which is both hard and durable the beauty of which can never be doubted.
The stone such as diamond in mens wedding rings should be carefully shopped. The 4Cs play an important role in assessing the quality of diamonds. These 4Cs stand for cut, clarity, carat and color and on these four features depend the beauty, rarity and price of unique men wedding rings. Those diamonds are considered rare that boast the highest 4C ratings which, as a consequence, are more expensive too.
Hence it is the brilliance and luster of diamond (some of them can glow in the dark too) makes them a much sought-after gemstone when shopping for mens wedding bands with diamond.
The appealing photo is part of Men's Diamond Wedding Bands-Know Some Crucial Details has dimension x pixel. You can download and obtain the Men's Diamond Wedding Bands-Know Some Crucial Details images by click the download button below to get multiple high-resversions. Here is important information about Wedding Ring. We have the resource more photo about Wedding Ring. Check it out for yourself! You can acquire Men's Diamond Wedding Bands-Know Some Crucial Details and see the Men's Diamond Wedding Bands-Know Some Crucial Details in here.


text:
History of Bolivia
History of Bolivia
This article is part of a series
Overview To 1809 1809–1920 1920–1964 1964–1982 1982 to present
v · Bolivia. See also the history of Latin America and the history of the Americas.
Bolivia is a landlocked country in South America. Bolivia became independent on August 6, 1825.
- 1 Pre-Hispanic period
- 2 Spanish colonial period
- 3 Struggle for independence
- 4 19th century
- 5 20th century
- 6 1982 to present
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Pre-Hispanic periodSee also: History of Bolivia to 1809
The region that is now known as Bolivia has been constantly occupied for over 2000 years, when the Aymara arrived in the region, eventually settling in Western Bolivia, Southern Peru and Northern Chile. Present-day Aymara associate themselves with an advanced civilization situated at Tiwanaku, in Western Bolivia. The capital city of Tiwanaku dates as early as 1200 BC as a small agriculturally-based village.[1] The community grew to urban proportions between AD 600 and AD 800, becoming an important regional power in the southern Andes. According to early estimates, at its maximum extent, the city covered approximately 6.5 square kilometers, and had between 15,000 - 30,000 inhabitants.[2] However, satellite imaging was used recently to map the extent of "flooded-raised field" agriculture (Aymara language: suka kollus) across the three primary valleys of Tiwanaku, arriving at population-carrying capacity estimates of anywhere between 285,000 and 1,482,000 people.[3]
Around AD 400, Tiwanaku went from being a locally dominant force to a predatory state. Tiwanaku expanded its reaches into the Yungas and brought its culture and way of life to many other cultures in Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. However, Tiwanaku was not a violent culture in many aspects. In order to expand its reach Tiwanaku became very political creating colonies, trade agreements (which made the other cultures rather dependant), and state cults.[4]
The empire continued to grow with no end in sight. William H. Isbell states that "Tiahuanaco underwent a dramatic transformation between AD 600 and 700 that established new monumental standards for civic architecture and greatly increased the resident population."[5] Tiwanaku continued to absorb cultures rather than eradicate them. Archaeologists have seen a dramatic adoption of Tiwanaku ceramics in the cultures who became part of the Tiwanaku empire. Tiwanaku gained its power through the trade it implemented between all of the cities within its empire.[4] The elites gained their status by the surplus of food they gained from all of the regions and then by having the ability to redistribute the food among all the people. This is where the control of llama herds became very significant to Tiwanaku. The llama herds were essential for carrying goods back and forth between the center and the periphery as well as symbolizing the distance between the commoners and the elites. Their power continued to grow in this manner of a surplus of resources until about AD 950. At this time a dramatic shift in climate occurred.[6]
At this point in time there was a significant drop in precipitation for the Titicaca Basin. Some archaeologists even venture to say that a great drought occurred. As the rain became less and less many of the cities further away from Lake Titicaca began to produce less crops to give to the elites. As the surplus of food ran out for the elites their power began to fall. The capital city became the last place of production, due to the resiliency of the raised fields, but in the end even the intelligent design of the fields was no match for the weather. Tiwanaku disappeared around AD 1000 because food production, their main source of power, dried up. The land was not inhabited for many years after that.[6]
Inca rule
Between 1438 and 1527, the Inca empire embarked on a mass expansion, acquiring much of what is now western Bolivia. However, they could not maintain control of the region for long as the rapidly expanding Inca Empire was internally weak, but nonetheless left the greatest mark on the Bolivian culture. In 1430, the Inca civilization swept across the western part of Bolivia. During this time, the Incas' expansion increased under the rule of their ninth emperor, Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, whose reign lasted from 1438 to 1471. Pachacuti Yupanqui was succeeded by his son, Topa Inca Yupanqui whose reign also increased the Incan territory and lasted from 1471 to 1493. During the fifteenth century the Incas conquered the region of Lake Titicaca, the last of the Aymaran people and the last of the Native Bolivians. Thus, western Bolivia became a part of the Inca territory.
Since the Incas had conquered the remaining parts of the Bolivian Altiplano, the native peoples experienced a breakthrough in what achievements.[citation needed] Like other cultures, the Inca spread their religion and language, Quechua, to their newly conquered territories. The Incas made an exception to the peoples living near Lake Titicaca; they were allowed to continue speaking Aymara.[citation needed] The Bolivians were introduced to a number of farming techniques, such as, terracing and the quipu system of keeping record with knotted strings (knotted strings of various lengths and colors were used for recording numerical information). The Incas were master builders and they constructed an elaborate system of roads, irrigation, and terraced mountain slopes.
Western Bolivia was not the only territory to be conquered by the Inca. Andean Ecuador, Peru, northern Chile, and northwestern Argentina made up an empire that stretched 2,000 miles in South America. The Inca enforced rules on the peoples living on the Bolivian Altiplano, but ruled as a welfare state; food, clothing, and shelter was provided for the needy and elderly. Like other Incans, Bolivians were expected to work for a number of days every year.[citation needed] If a person was unable to accomplish the designated number of days, they were punishable by death.[citation needed]
The Incan empire, before western contact, was thriving; everyone received the items that they needed.[citation needed] The Inca had a sort of caste system within the empire: the Inca ruling class, the priests, and the ayllus (the basic political and social units of Inca life). The Incas had an imperial colonization policy that intended to ensure the loyalty of the people to the empire by uprooting conquered people and whole communities and resettling them in safe territories that were friendly and loyal to the empire.
Spanish colonial period
Conquest by SpainFurther information: European colonization of the Americas and Spanish colonization of the Americas
Francisco Pizarro, Diego de Almagro, and Hernando de Luque led the Spanish discovery and conquest of the Inca Empire. They first sailed south in 1524 along the Pacific coast from Panama to confirm the existence of a legendary land of gold called "Biru" (later altered to Peru).
Because the rapidly expanding Inca Empire was internally weak, the conquest was remarkably easy. After the Inca Huayna Capac died in 1527, his sons Huascar and Atahualpa fought over the succession. Although Atahualpa defeated his brother, he had not yet consolidated his power when the Spaniards arrived in 1532, and he seriously misjudged their strength. Atahualpa did not attempt to defeat Pizarro when he arrived on the coast in 1532 because the Incan ruler was convinced that those who commanded the mountains also controlled the coast. When Pizarro formed alliances with Indians who resented Inca rule, Atahualpa did not modify the Inca ceremonial approach to warfare, which included launching attacks by the light of the full moon. Atahualpa's refusal to accept the permanent Spanish presence and to convert led to the bloody Battle of Cajamarca on 16 November 1532. Pizarro executed Atahualpa's 12 man honor guard and took the Inca captive at the so-called ransom room. One year later, the Inca capital of Cuzco fell and was refounded as a new Spanish settlement in 1534.
Despite Pizarro's quick victory, Indian rebellions soon began and continued periodically throughout the colonial period. In 1537, Manco Inca, whom the Spanish had established as a puppet emperor, rebelled against the new rulers and restored a "neoInca" state. This state continued to challenge Spanish authority even after the Spanish suppressed the revolt and beheaded Túpac Amaru in the public square of Cuzco in 1572. Later revolts in the Bolivian highlands were usually organized by the elders of the community and remained local in nature, except for the great rebellion of Túpac Amaru II in the 18th century.
During the first two decades of Spanish rule, the settlement of the Bolivian highlands — now known as Upper (Alto) Peru or Charcas — was delayed by a civil war between the forces of Pizarro and those of Almagro. The two conquistadors had divided the Incan territory, with the north under the control of Pizarro and the south under that of Almagro. But fighting broke out in 1537 when Almagro seized Cuzco after suppressing the Manco Inca rebellion. Pizarro defeated and executed Almagro in 1538 but was himself assassinated three years later by former supporters of Almagro. Pizarro's brother Gonzalo assumed control of Upper Peru but soon became embroiled in a rebellion against the Spanish crown. Only with the execution of Gonzalo Pizarro in 1548 did Spain succeed in reasserting its authority; later that year, colonial authorities established the city of La Paz, which soon became an important commercial and trans-shipment center.
Indian resistance delayed the conquest and settlement of the Bolivian lowlands. The Spanish established Santa Cruz de la Sierra in 1561, but the Gran Chaco, the colonial name for the arid Chaco region, remained a violent frontier throughout colonial rule. In the Chaco, the Indians, mostly Chiriguano, carried out unrelenting attacks against colonial settlements and remained independent of direct Spanish control.
Spanish administration
During most of the Spanish colonial period, this territory was called "Upper Peru" or "Charcas" and was under the authority of the Viceroy of Lima. Local government came from the Real Audiencia of Charcas located in Chuquisaca or La Plata (modern Sucre). Bolivian silver mines produced much of the Spanish empire's wealth, and Potosí, site of the famed Cerro Rico — "Rich Mountain" — was, for many years, the largest city in the Western Hemisphere.
The longevity of Spain's empire in South America can be explained partly by the successful administration of the colonies. Spain was at first primarily interested in controlling the independent-minded conquerors, but its main goal soon became maintaining the flow of revenue to the crown and collecting the tribute of goods and labor from the Indian population. To this end, Spain soon created an elaborate bureaucracy in the New World in which various institutions served as watchdogs over each other and local officials had considerable autonomy.
Upper Peru, at first a part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, joined the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (whose capital was Buenos Aires) when it was created in 1776. The viceroy was aided by the audiencia (council), which was simultaneously the highest court of appeal in the jurisdiction and, in the absence of the viceroy, also had administrative and executive powers. The wealth of Upper Peru and its remoteness from Lima convinced the authorities in Lima to create an audiencia in the city of Chuquisaca (present-day Sucre) in 1558. Chuquisaca had become particularly important as Potosí's administrative and agricultural supply center. The jurisdiction of the audiencia, known as Charcas, initially covered a radius of 100 leagues (1,796 km²) around Chuquisaca, but it soon included Santa Cruz and territory belonging to present-day Paraguay and, until 1568, also the entire district of Cuzco. The president of the audiencia had judicial authority as well as administrative and executive powers in the region, but only in routine matters; more important decisions were made in Lima. This situation led to a competitive attitude and the reputation of Upper Peru for assertiveness, a condition reinforced by the economic importance of the region.
Spain exercised its control of smaller administrative units in the colonies through royal officials, such as the corregidor, who represented the king in the municipal governments that were elected by their citizens. By the early 17th century, there were four corregidores in Upper Peru.
In the late 18th century, Spain undertook an administrative reform to increase revenues of the crown and eliminate a number of abuses. It created an intendancy system, giving extensive powers to highly qualified officials who were directly responsible to the king. In 1784, Spain established four intendancy districts in Upper Peru, covering the present-day departments of La Paz, Cochabamba, Potosí, and Chuquisaca.
At first, the Spanish crown controlled the local governments indirectly, but in time slowly centralized procedures. At first, Viceroy Francisco de Toledo, Count of Oropesa confirmed the rights of local nobles and guaranteed them local autonomy. But the crown eventually came to employ Spanish officials, corregidores de indios, to collect tribute and taxes from the Indians. Corregidores de indios also imported goods and forced the Indians to buy them, a widely abused practice that proved to be an enormous source of wealth for these officials but caused much resentment among the Indian population.
With the first settlers in Upper Peru came the secular and regular clergy to begin the conversion of the Indians to Christianity. In 1552, the first bishopric in Upper Peru was established in La Plata; in 1605 La Paz and Santa Cruz also became bishoprics. In 1623, the Jesuits established the Royal and Pontifical Higher University of San Francisco Xavier of Chuquisaca, Upper Peru's first university.
Indian reaction to colonial rule and conversion to Christianity varied. Many Indians adapted to Spanish ways by breaking with their traditions and actively attempting to enter the market economy. They also used the courts to protect their interests, especially against new tribute assessments. Others, however, clung to their customs as much as possible, and some rebelled against the white rulers. Local, mostly uncoordinated, rebellions occurred throughout colonial rule. More than 100 revolts occurred in the 18th century alone in Bolivia and Peru.
Although the official Inca religion disappeared rapidly, the Indians continued their local worship under the protection of local Indian rulers. But as Christianity influenced the Indians, a new folk-Catholicism developed, incorporating symbols of the indigenous religion. Whereas early Indian rebellions were anti-Christian, the revolts at the end of the 16th century were based in messianic Christian symbolism that was Roman Catholic and anti-Spanish. The church was tolerant of local Indian religions. For example, in 1582 the bishop of La Plata permitted the Indians to build a sanctuary for the dark Virgen de Copacabana on the shores of Lake Titicaca (Copacabana has been a traditional Aymara religious center ever since).
The conquest and colonial rule were traumatic experiences for the Indians. Easily susceptible to European diseases, the native population decreased rapidly. The situation worsened in the 18th century when Spain demanded higher tribute payments and increased mita obligations in an attempt to improve the mining output.
These profound economic and social changes and the breakup of native culture contributed to the increasing addiction of Indians to alcohol. Before the Spanish arrived, the Incas had consumed alcohol only during religious ceremonies. Indian use of the coca leaf also expanded, and, according to one chronicler, at the end of the 16th century "in Potosí alone, the trade in coca amounts to over half a million pesos a year, for 95,000 baskets of it are consumed."
Increasing Indian discontent with colonial rule sparked the great rebellion of Túpac Amaru II. Born to José Gabriel Condorcanqui, this educated, Spanish-speaking Native American took the name of his ancestor, Túpac Amaru. During the 1770s, he became embittered over the harsh treatment of the Indians by the corregidores de indios. In November 1780, Túpac Amaru II and his followers seized and executed a particularly cruel corregidor de indios. Although Túpac Amaru II insisted that his movement was reformist and did not seek to overthrow Spanish rule, his demands included an autonomous region. The uprising quickly became a full-scale revolt. Approximately 60,000 Indians in the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes rallied to the cause. After scoring some initial victories, including defeating a Spanish army of 1,200 men, Túpac Amaru II was captured and killed in May 1781; nonetheless, the revolt continued, primarily in Upper Peru. There, a supporter of Túpac Amaru II, the Indian chief Tomás Catari, had led an uprising in Potosí during the early months of 1780. Catari was killed by the Spaniards a month before Túpac Amaru II. Another major revolt was led by Julián Apaza, a sexton who took the names of the two rebel martyrs by calling himself Túpac Catari (also spelled Katari). He besieged La Paz for more than 100 days in 1781. In 1782, an Aymara woman, Bartolina Sisa, was executed for raising yet another revolt. Spain did not succeed in putting down all of the revolts until 1783 and then proceeded to execute thousands of Indians.
In the late 18th century, a growing discontent with Spanish rule developed among the criollos (persons of pure Spanish descent born in the New World). Criollos began to assume active roles in the economy, especially in mining and agricultural production, and thus resented the trade barriers established by the mercantalist policies of the Spanish crown. In addition, criollos were incensed that Spain reserved all higher administrative positions for peninsulares (Spanish-born persons residing in the New World).
The Enlightenment, with its emphasis on reason, questioning of authority and tradition, and individualistic tendencies, also contributed to criollo discontent. The Inquisition had not kept the writings of Niccolò Machiavelli, Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, and others out of Spanish America; their ideas were often discussed by criollos, especially those educated at the university in Chuquisaca. At first the criollos of Upper Peru were influenced by the French Revolution, but they eventually rejected it as too violent. Although Upper Peru was fundamentally loyal to Spain, the ideas of the Enlightenment and independence from Spain continued to be discussed by scattered groups of radicals.[7]
Struggle for independenceMain article: Bolivian War of Independence
As Spanish royal authority weakened during the Napoleonic Wars, sentiment against colonial rule grew. Bolivian historiography dates the proclamation of independence to 1809, but 16 years of struggle followed before the establishment of a republic, named for Simón Bolívar
The invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in 1807-08 by Napoleon's forces proved critical to the independence struggle in South America. The overthrow of the Bourbon Dynasty and the placement of Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne tested the loyalty of the local elites in Upper Peru, who were suddenly confronted with several conflicting authorities. Most remained loyal to the Spanish Bourbons. Taking a wait-and-see attitude, they supported the Supreme Central Junta in Spain, a government which claimed to rule in the name of the abdicated Ferdinand VII. Some liberals eagerly welcomed the possible reforms to colonial rule promised by Joseph Bonaparte. A few officials supported the claims to a type of regency of the Spanish realms by Ferdinand's sister, Carlota, who at the moment governed from Brazil with her husband, Prince Regent John of Portugal.[8] Finally, a small number of radical Criollos wanted independence for Upper Peru.[9]
This conflict of authority resulted in a local power struggle in Upper Peru between 1808 and 1810, which constituted the first phase of the efforts to achieve independence. In 1808, the president of the Audiencia, Ramón García León de Pizarro, leaned towards affiliation with Carlotta. But the oidores of the Audiencia favored the Supreme Central Junta. On 25 May 1809, the oidores deposed President García León and established a junta to govern in the name of Ferdinand VII. On 16 July 1809, Pedro Domingo Murillo led another revolt by Criollos and Mestizos in La Paz and proclaimed an independent junta of Upper Peru, which would govern in the name of Ferdinand VII. By November 1809, Cochabamba, Oruro, and Potosí had joined the La Paz junta. Both revolts were put down by forces sent to La Paz by the viceroys of Peru and the Río de La Plata.[10]
During the following seven years, Upper Peru became the battleground for forces of the United Provinces of the River Plate and royalist troops from Peru. Although the royalists repulsed three Argentine invasions, guerrillas controlled parts of the countryside, where they formed six major republiquetas, or zones of insurrection. In these zones, local patriotism would eventually develop into a full fight for independence. By 1817, Upper Peru was relatively quiet and under the control of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
After 1820, conservative Criollos supported General Pedro Antonio de Olañeta, a Charcas native, who refused to accept the restoration of the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812. Olañeta, convinced that these measures threatened royal authority, refused to join either the liberal royalist forces or the rebel armies under the command of Bolívar and Antonio José de Sucre. Olañeta did not relinquish his command even after the Peruvian royalists included him and his forces in their capitulation agreement following their defeat in the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824. Olañeta continued a quixotic war during the following months until Sucre defeated him, and he was killed by his own men on 1 April 1825, in a battle that effectively ended Spanish rule in Upper Peru. A constitutional congress declared Bolivia an independent republic on 6 August and named the new republic in honor of Bolívar because it considered him its founder.
19th centurySee also: History of Bolivia (1809–1920)
During the presidency of Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz, Bolivia enjoyed the most successful period of her history with great social and economic advancement. Santa Cruz got involved in internal Peruvian political problems and succeeded in unifying Peru and Bolivia into a confederation, the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. As Santa Cruz openly declared the Inca Empire as a predecessor of his state, this move was perceived as a threat to regional power balance and a menace to countries on former Inca territory. The War of the Confederation broke out and different wars against almost all its neighbors were fought during this period with sound victories against its enemies but maybe the turning point took place on the fields of Paucarpata where the Confederacion Peru-Boliviana led by Santa Cruz forced the Chilean and Peruvian rebel armies to sign the peace treaty known as the Paucarpata Treaty which included their unconditional surrender; later this treaty was discarded by the Chilean parliament. The rebel Peruvians and the Chilean army set off to a new war against Santa Cruz, defeating the Confederation on the fields of Yungay. This was the turning point on Bolivian history after this moment for nearly 60 years, coups and short-lived constitutions dominated Bolivian politics.
Going through a vicious economical and political crisis Bolivia's military weakness was demonstrated during the War of the Pacific (1879–83), when it lost its seacoast and the adjoining rich nitrate fields to Chile. An increase in the world price of silver brought Bolivia a measure of relative prosperity and political stability in the late 1800s.
During the early part of the 20th century, tin replaced silver as the country's most important source of wealth. A succession of governmental applied laissez-faire policies through the first third of the century.
20th centurySee also: History of Bolivia (1920–1964) and History of Bolivia (1964–1982)
Early 20th century
Living conditions of the indigenous peoples, who constitute more than half of the population, remained deplorable. Forced to work under primitive conditions in the mines and in nearly feudal status on large estates, they were denied access to education, economic opportunity, or political participation. Bolivia's defeat by Paraguay in the Chaco War (1932–1935) marked a turning point. Great loss of life and territory discredited the traditional ruling classes, while service in the army produced stirrings of political awareness among the indigenous people. A large portion of Gran Chaco was surrendered to Paraguay. In return Bolivia was given an access to the Paraguay River where later Puerto Busch was founded and with this free access to the Atlantic Ocean over international water. In 1936 the Standard Oil was nationalized and the state-owned firm Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB) was created. From the end of the Chaco War until the 1952 revolution, the emergence of contending ideologies and the demands of new groups convulsed Bolivian politics.
Bolivian National Revolution
Standing alongside the Mexican Revolution, the Bolivian National Revolution is one of the most significant sociopolitical events to occur in Latin America during the 20th century. The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) emerged from the ashes of the Chaco War in 1941 as a middle-class political coalition eschewing Marxism for a vague nationalist ideology better suited to Bolivia's social reality. The MNR participated in the military-civilian regime of Gualberto Villarroel (1943–46) but was deposed in 1946 by the mining oligarchy and the Partido Izquierda Revolucionario (PIR). Its members fled into exile and spent the next six years organizing. The party initiated a brief but bloody civil war in October 1949, but was defeated and once again, exiled. The MNR emerged victorious in the 1951 elections, but the results were called fraudulent by the opposition, and its right to the presidency was denied. On 9 April 1952, the MNR led a successful revolt and set into motion the Bolivian National Revolution. Under President Víctor Paz Estenssoro and later, Hernan Siles, the MNR introduced universal adult suffrage, carried out a sweeping land reform, promoted rural education, and, in 1952, nationalized the country's largest tin mines. What is especially significant about the Revolution is that, for the first time in Republican history, the State attempted to incorporate into national life the Aymara and Quechua peasants that together constituted no less than 65 percent of the total population. Although the policies pursued by the MNR were largely corporatist and assimilationist, it marked a significant turning point in Bolivia's contested history of indigenous-state relations.
Military rule
Twelve more tumultuous years of national reform left the country bitterly divided and in 1964, a military junta overthrew President Paz Estenssoro at the outset of his third term; an event that many assert brought an end to the National Revolution and marked the beginning of nearly 20 years of military rule in Bolivia. Many scholars have looked to the CIA in explaining the November 1964 coup, but an increasing number of declassified U.S. documents refute the claim. Towards the end of Paz's second term, Barrientos — a popular, Quechua-speaking General — had succeeded in co-opting the peasant unions formed in the wake of the 1953 agrarian reform, establishing the Pacto Militar-Campesino (PMC). Throughout the 1960s Barriento leveled the peasant unions against labor unrest in the mines. The 1969 death of President René Barrientos, a former member of the junta elected President in 1966, led to a succession of weak governments. A coup was led by the military, only to see a countercoup led by leftist Juan José Torres. Alarmed by public disorder, the military, the MNR, and others installed Col. (later General) Hugo Banzer Suárez as President in 1971. Banzer ruled with MNR support from 1971 to 1974. Then, impatient with schisms in the coalition, he replaced civilians with members of the armed forces and suspended political activities. The economy grew impressively during Banzer's presidency, but demands for greater political freedom undercut his support. His call for elections in 1978 plunged Bolivia into turmoil once again.
Elections in 1978, 1979, and 1980 were inconclusive and marked by fraud. There were coups, counter-coups, and caretaker governments. In 1980, Gen. Luis García Meza carried out a ruthless and violent coup. His government was notorious for human rights abuses, narcotics trafficking, and economic mismanagement. This led to a breakdown in relations with the U.S., which under both the Carter and Ronald Reagan administrations refused to recognize García's government due to its drug ties. [1] Later convicted in absentia for crimes, including murder, García Meza was extradited from Brazil and began serving a 30-year sentence in 1995. Garcia Meza recently published an unapologetic autobiography entitled simply, Yo Dictador.
Transition to democracy
After a military rebellion forced out García Meza in 1981, three other military governments within 14 months struggled with Bolivia's growing problems. Unrest forced the military to convoke the Congress elected in 1980 and allowed it to choose a new chief executive.
1982 to presentMain article: History of Bolivia (1982–present)
In October 1982 –22 years after the end of his first term of office (1956–60)- Hernán Siles Zuazo again became President. Severe social tension, exacerbated by economic mismanagement and weak leadership, forced him to call early elections and relinquish power a year before the end of his constitutional term.
In the 1985 elections, the Nationalist Democratic Action Party (ADN) of Gen. Banzer won a plurality of the popular vote, followed by former President Paz Estenssoro's MNR and former Vice President Jaime Paz Zamora's Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR). But in the congressional run-off, the MIR sided with MNR, and Paz Estenssoro was chosen for a fourth term as President. When he took office in 1985, he faced a staggering economic crisis. Economic output and exports had been declining for several years.
Hyperinflation had reached an annual rate of 24,000%. Social unrest, chronic strikes, and unchecked drug trafficking were widespread. In 4 years, Paz Estenssoro's administration achieved economic and social stability. The military stayed out of politics, and all major political parties publicly and institutionally committed themselves to democracy. Human rights violations, which badly tainted some governments earlier in the decade, were no longer a problem. However, his remarkable accomplishments were not won without sacrifice. The collapse of tin prices in October 1985, coming just as the government was moving to reassert its control of the mismanaged state mining enterprise, forced the government to lay off over 20,000 miners.
Although the MNR list headed by Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada finished first in the 1989 elections, no candidate received a majority of popular votes and so in accordance with the constitution, a congressional vote determined who would be president. The Patriotic Accord (AP) coalition between Gen. Banzer's ADN and Jaime Paz Zamora's MIR, the second- and third-place finishers, respectively, won out. Paz Zamora assumed the presidency, and the MIR took half the ministries. Banzer's center-right ADN took control of the National Political Council (CONAP) and the other ministries.
Paz Zamora was a moderate, center-left President whose political pragmatism in office outweighed his Marxist origins. Having seen the destructive hyperinflation of the Siles Zuazo administration, he continued the neoliberal economic reforms begun by Paz Estenssoro, codifying some of them. Paz Zamora took a fairly hard line against domestic terrorism, personally ordering the December 1990 attack on terrorists of the Néstor Paz Zamora Committee.
Paz Zamora's regime was less decisive against narcotics trafficking. The government broke up a number of trafficking networks but issued a 1991 surrender decree giving lenient sentences to the biggest narcotics kingpins. Also, his administration was extremely reluctant to pursue coca eradication. It did not agree to an updated extradition treaty with the US, although two traffickers have been extradited to the U.S. since 1992. Beginning in early 1994, the Bolivian Congress investigated Paz Zamora's personal ties to accused major trafficker Isaac Chavarria, who subsequently died in prison while awaiting trial. MIR deputy chief Oscar Eid was jailed in connection with similar ties in 1994; he was found guilty and sentenced to 4 years in prison in November 1996. Technically still under investigation, Paz Zamora became an active presidential candidate in 1996.
The 1993 elections continued the tradition of open, honest elections and peaceful democratic transitions of power. The MNR defeated the ADN/MIR coalition by a 36% to 20% margin, and the MNR's Sánchez de Lozada was selected as president by an MNR/MBL/UCS coalition in the Congress.
Sánchez de Lozada pursued an aggressive economic and social reform agenda. The most dramatic change undertaken by the Sanchez de Lozada government was the capitalization program, under which investors acquired 50% ownership and management control of public enterprises, such as the Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB) oil-corporation, telecommunications system, electric utilities, and others. The reforms and economic restructuring were strongly opposed by certain segments of society, which instigated frequent social disturbances, particularly in La Paz and the Chapare coca-growing region, from 1994 through 1996.
In the 1997 elections, Gen. Hugo Banzer, leader of the ADN, won 22% of the vote, while the MNR candidate won 18%. Gen. Banzer formed a coalition of the ADN, MIR, UCS, and CONDEPA parties which hold a majority of seats in the Bolivian Congress. The Congress elected him as president and he was inaugurated on 6 August 1997.
2000 Cochabamba protests
Between January and April 2000, a series of anti-privatization protests took place in Cochabamba against the privatization of the municipal water supply that was being pushed through on the recommendation of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The Bolivian government declared martial law, killing several people, arresting protest leaders and shutting down radio stations. After continued disturbances and civic pressure, the government finally rolled back the privatization on 10 April 2000.[11]
In 2001, Bechtel filed suit against the Bolivian government, citing damages of more for $25 million. Bechtel argues that its contract was only to administer the water system, which suffered from terrible internal corruption and poor service, and that the local government raised water prices. The continuing legal battle attracted attention from anti-globalization and anti-capitalist groups. This topic is explored in the 2003 documentary film The Corporation and on Bechtel's website. In January 2006, Bechtel and the other international partners settled the lawsuit against the Bolivian government for a reported $0.30 (thirty cents) after intense protests and a ruling on jurisdiction favorable to Bechtel by the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes.[12]
2002 presidential election
President Hugo Banzer resigned in August 2001, due to being diagnosed with lung cancer. He was succeeded by his vice-president, Jorge Quiroga. In the 2002 presidential elections, Sánchez de Lozada ran again, and narrowly beat NFR's Manfred Reyes Villa and the cocalero and indigenous leader Evo Morales of the Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) party, in an election claimed[by whom?] to have been tainted by clear signs[example needed] of electoral fraud[citation needed].
Several days before Bolivians went to the voting booths, the U.S. ambassador, Manuel Rocha, warned the Bolivian electorate that, if they voted for Morales, the US would cut off foreign aid and close its markets to the country.[citation needed] Morales nonetheless received nearly 21% of the vote, putting him only a couple points behind Sánchez de Lozada.
Black October
In recent years, an increasingly divisive conflict has been the Bolivian Gas War; a dispute over the exploitation of Bolivia's large natural gas reserves in the south of the country.
Strikes and blockades first erupted in September 2003, with several deaths and dozens of injuries in confrontations with the armed forces. President Sánchez de Lozada resigned under pressure from protesters, formally handing over the presidency to his vice-president, Carlos Mesa, in order to preserve the Constitutional order. He fled the country to the United States. Mesa was inaugurated and promised to address the demands of the protesting majority. In the face of mounting protests, he resigned on March 7th 2005, claiming he was unable to continue governing the country. With promises of support, he withdrew his resignation.
In May–June 2005, Mesa again tendered his resignation and in a hastily convened session of the Parliament in Sucre, Mr.Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé - the President of the Supreme Court - became President on the night of June 9th 2005. Political agreements were reached to modify the Constitution, and allow the full renewal of Parliament, simultaneously with a Presidential Election, on December 4th 2005.
The 2005 election and the Evo Morales administrationMain article: Presidency of Evo Morales
The deterioration of the political system contributed towards the rise of a loose confederation of indigenous social movements, the MAS and others parties, with the head of the MAS, Evo Morales, a former cocalero, as leader. In the elections of December 2005 Evo Morales and MAS obtained a comfortable victory reaching 54% of the electorate's votes, becoming the first Native Bolivian president in history.
On 1 May 2006, Evo Morales delivered on his promises to nationalize most of Bolivia's natural gas fields, which many indigenous Bolivians had demanded for years. Troops were sent in to occupy the gas fields and take back control from foreign companies that same day.[13] Many were operated by Petrobras, Brazil's largest energy company, and this political development was expected to strain relations between Morales and Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. On 29 October 2006, the Morales government signed agreements with eight foreign gas firms including Petrobras, to give the Bolivian national gas company a majority stake in the gas fields, bringing the nationalization to completion.[14]
In late August 2007, the MAS purged the Constitutional Tribunal of magistrates that voted earlier in the year against Morales' move to fill Supreme Court vacancies while Congress was in recess.[15] The purge dismantled the outlet for arbitration between branches of government.
On 4 May 2008, autonomy referendums were held in four eastern departments, in which they declared themselves autonomous from the central government. All four referendums passed.[16] Evo Morales deemed this referendum illegal. Turnout was as low as 70%.[17]
In February 2009 a new constitution was enacted by Evo Morales. This gave Bolivians of indigenous descent more economic and political rights.
See also
- Bolivia Gas War (the social conflict about the issue of the Bolivian natural gas reserves)
- Charca people
- History of the Americas
- History of Latin America
- History of South America
- List of Presidents of Bolivia
- Politics of Bolivia
- Spanish colonization of the Americas
Much of the material in this article comes from the CIA World Factbook 2000 and the 2003 U.S. Department of State website. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies.
- ^ Fagan, Brian M. 'The Seventy Great Mysteries of the Ancient World: Unlocking the Secrets of Past Civilizations'. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2001.
- ^ Kolata, Alan L. 'The Tiwankau: Portrait of an Andean Civilization'. Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, 1993. p. 145
- ^ Kolata, Alan L. Valley of the Spirits: A Journey into the Lost Realm of the Aymara. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, 1996.
- ^ a b McAndrews, Timothy L. et al. "Regional Settlement Patterns in the Tiwanaku Valley of Bolivia". Journal of Field Archaeology 24 (1997): 67–83.
- ^ Isbell, William H. 'Wari and Tiwanaku: International Identities in the Central Andean Middle Horizon'. 731–751.
- ^ a b Kolata, Alan L. 'The Tiwankau: Portrait of an Andean Civilization'. Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, 1993.
- ^ Arnade, Charles W. (1957). The Emergence of the Republic of Bolivia. Gainsville: University of Florida Press, 3-9.
- ^ John Lynch, The Spanish American Revolutions, 1808-1826 (Second edition) (New York: W. W. Norton & Co, 1986), 50-52, ISBN 0-393-95537-0; and Jaime E. Rodríguez O., The Independence of Spanish America (Cambridge University Press, 1998), 65-66, ISBN 0-521-62673-0.
- ^ Arnade, Charles W. (1970 [1957]). The Emergence of the Republic of Bolivia. New York: Russell and Russell. pp. 1–9.
- ^ Lynch, 50-52. Rodríguez, 65-66.
- ^ See the Cochabamba protests of 2000 for further information
- ^ Bechtel abandons its ICSID claim against Bolivia Opinio Juris, 10 February 2006
- ^ BIF Bulletin No 2
- ^ "Analysis: Bolivia's gas nationalization". UPI. 1 November 2006. http://www.upi.com/Energy/view.php?StoryID=20061101-125542-9010r.
- ^ Lehoucq, Fabrice. "Bolivia's Constitutional Breakdown." Journal of Democracy 19, no. 4 (2008): 110-124.
- ^ BIF Bulletin Special Edition May 2008
- ^ Bolivia's referendum sees low turnout
External links
- U.S. State Department Background Note: Bolivia
- History of Bolivia
- Bolivia
- Rulers.org — Bolivia List of rulers for Bolivia
- Bolivia Information Forum Background and analysis of Bolivian issues
- ¡Vale un Potosí!. On paradox of poverty in Bolivia.
- Aportes críticos. On Bolivian political life
v · d · e Bolivia topics HistoryQullasuyu · Spanish colonization · Bolivian War of Independence · Peru–Bolivian Confederation · Modern Bolivia · Cochabamba protests · Bolivia Gas War GeographyDepartments · Provinces · Cities · Lakes · Mountains · Volcanoes · Rivers · Climate · Environmental issues · Extreme points PoliticsPresident · Government · Political parties · Elections · Constitution · Foreign relations · Military · Law enforcement · Human rights (LGBT rights) EconomyTourism · Boliviano · Communications · Transport · Energy · Sanitation · Health · International rankings Demographics Culture Other topicsList of Bolivians · Human rights · International rankings · National symbolsIndex • Portal v · d · eHistory of South America Sovereign states Dependencies and
other territoriesCategories:
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Look at other dictionaries:
Constitutional history of Bolivia — Bolivia This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Bolivia Constitution (history) … Wikipedia
Bolivia — • Includes history, geography, education, church, and government information Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Bolivia Bolivia † … Catholic encyclopedia
Bolivia — This article is about the South American country. For other uses, see Bolivia (disambiguation). Plurinational State of Bolivia Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia … Wikipedia
Bolivia — Bolivian, adj., n. /beuh liv ee euh, boh /; Sp. /baw lee vyah/, n. 1. a republic in W South America. 7,669,868; 404,388 sq. mi. (1,047,370 sq. km). Caps.: La Paz and Sucre. 2. (often l.c.) a twill fabric made of cut pile with lines either in the… … Universalium
History of Bolivian nationality — Historically, a major issue for the Bolivian nationality movement has been citizenship for indigenous peoples. Over time, the rights for the indigenous peoples in Bolivia have increased, including giving political voice and property rights.… … Wikipedia
History of present-day nations and states — This is a list of articles on the history of contemporary countries, states and dependencies. * See List of extinct countries, empires, etc. and Former countries in Europe after 1815 for articles about countries that are no longer in existence. * … Wikipedia
History of Chile — This article is part of a series Early History … Wikipedia
BOLIVIA — BOLIVIA, South American republic; population: 8,724,156 (2004). Jewish population: c. 600. History of Jewish Settlement Desperate to escape the increasingly vehement persecution in their homelands, thousands of refugees from Nazi dominated… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Bolivia–Chile relations — Bolivia … Wikipedia
History of Brazil — This article is part of a series Indigenous peoples … Wikipedia
Share the article and excerpts
Direct link… Do a right-click on the link above
and select "Copy Link"
We are using cookies for the best presentation of our site. Continuing to use this site, you agree with this.
History of Bolivia
History of Bolivia
This article is part of a series
Overview To 1809 1809–1920 1920–1964 1964–1982 1982 to present


text:
Westbrook takes care of Padres at the dish, on the hill
Career batting night leads way for Cardinals' offensive outburst
ST. LOUIS -- Jake Westbrook has talked candidly about needing to be better, about the start-to-start consistency he has lacked since returning from the disabled list and about the potential this rotation -- which trudged into the All-Star break with a 4.38 ERA since the first of June -- has to get back to where it was over the season's first two months.
The Cardinals slotted Westbrook to start the first game out of the break, believing the veteran could set the tone for the season's second half. Westbrook answered the call with 6 1/3 good-enough innings.
And then there was what he did with his bat.
In addition to delivering a quality start in the Cardinals' 9-6 win over the Padres on Friday, Westbrook kick-started the offense with his first career three-hit game. He scored the Cardinals' first two runs and drove in another with a sixth-inning single that knocked San Diego starter Jason Marquis from the game.
Westbrook's career night at the plate -- he finished 3-for-3 -- set St. Louis up to gain a game in the division standings and sent the Padres to their 15th loss in 17 games.
"I ran into a few I guess," Westbrook said of his offensive outburst. "I had a lot of fun out there. It was the first time I had run the bases that much since high school."
That is no hyperbole.
Westbrook entered the game with two hits in 20 at-bats this season and without a multihit game on his professional resume. A self-described "OK" hitter back in his Georgia high school days, Westbrook had tallied only 18 hits and scored just six times in 155 previous Major-League at-bats.
"Yeah, [a] pitcher coming in hitting .100, 2-for-20, you don't expect three hits," Padres manager Bud Black said. "But you know, it's baseball. It really is. Jason got the ball up out over the plate."
Though he battled some command issues early, Westbrook carried a shutout into the seventh. Three hits and a walk within a four-batter span ended Westbrook's night, as well as the team's shutout bid. But by then, the veteran right-hander had already helped mold a five-run lead.
Facing Marquis, who was often a tough out himself during his three-year stint with the Cardinals, Westbrook led off the third with his first hit of the night, a single. A walk to Matt Carpenter pushed Westbrook to second. Jon Jay's sacrifice bunt and Carlos Beltran's sacrifice fly drove him home.
Two innings later, Westbrook lifted a double over the head of right fielder Will Venable. Carpenter quickly plated Westbrook with his own double. Another sacrifice bunt-sacrifice fly sequence put the Cardinals ahead, 3-0.
"Our offense is a little different when Jon Jay is up at the top," manager Mike Matheny said. "When Carlos is in that situation, we're not going to be bunting. But Jon gave us that opportunity against a pitcher who has been throwing very well in Marquis. We started just pecking away."
Already with a multihit game, Westbrook capped his offensive night with a bases-loaded single in the sixth. Matt Adams scored, and the hit turned the order over to Carpenter, who delivered a two-run single.
"Today was a great job all the way around our lineup," said Carpenter, who now has six three-RBI games this season. "Hitting with runners in scoring position again, which we've done well, great sac bunts. [We were] just executing some real tough at-bats."
The Cardinals finished 6-for-14 with runners in scoring position, improving their baseball-best average in such spots to .339.
The six-run cushion was briefly threatened by the Padres, who loaded the bases with one out in the seventh. All-Star Everth Cabrera cut into the lead with a two-run single. But after Westbrook walked off the mound to a standing ovation from a crowd of 43,929 at Busch Stadium, Seth Maness induced his 10th double play in his 31st appearance
With three runs in the bottom half of the frame -- Yadier Molina drove home two, Pete Kozma another -- the Cardinals quelled the comeback attempt from the opposition.
Westbrook improved to 6-4 and worked into the seventh for the third straight start. He was not as ground ball-heavy with his outs on Friday -- an indication that his sinker wasn't super sharp -- but he stranded two by getting Jedd Gyorko to fly out in the first and wiggled out of bases-loaded trouble with an inning-ending double play in the fourth. No National League relief pitcher has garnered more.
Westbrook's improved efficiency as his start wore on allowed him to pitch as deep as he did.
"I could have pitched a little better," Westbrook said. "All in all, for not being as sharp as I would have liked to have been and to only give up two runs, that's not a bad deal."
With a late seven-run lead, Matheny found a spot to get Fernando Salas and Carlos Martinez some work. Neither made their respective outing particularly smooth. Making his first Major League appearance since May 20, Salas, who was recalled before the game, allowed three hits and one run in the eighth.
"We have to trust the fact that he was doing really good, as good as anybody we have in Triple-A, and he was dominating," Matheny said of Salas, who has now been scored upon in seven of his 16 big league appearances this year. "We just have to figure out how to translate that to here."
The Padres then scored three times off the rookie Martinez with a walk and three hits in the ninth. That brought upon a save situation, prompting Matheny to summon Edward Mujica. The All-Star closer sealed the win with his 27th save.


text:
We are all writing the story of our life. We want to know what it's "about," what are its themes and which theme is on the rise. We demand of it sometimes deeper, or richer, or more substantive. We want to know where we're headed, not to spoil our own ending by ruining the surprise, but we want to ensure that when the ending comes, it won't be shallow.
We will have done something. We will not have squandered our time here. This story is about that urge. That need in each of us.
I found I was intrigued by the people who had unearthed there true calling, or at least those who were willing to try. Those who fought with the seduction of money, intensity, and novelty, but overcame their allure. Those who broke away from the chorus to learn the sound of their own voice. Nothing seemed more brave to me than facing up to one's own identity, and filtering out the chatter that tells us to be someone we're not.
What might we learn from those who had confronted this question?
• How did I get into this situation of homelessness?
• Who can help me out of homelessness?
• Where do I go now? That I am homeless?
• Where will I sleep? Where will I eat? Where will I get a shower?
• What address do I use?
With all these question's, where do you start? I will tell you, you first start asking other homeless people around you, don't worry you will in time know a homeless person from others. You have to be careful, in some states if a person give's you food outside there is a law that the police has to do his job and arrest that person trying to feed you.
Arnold Abbott handed out four plates of food to homeless people in a South Florida park. Then police stopped the 90-year-old from serving up another bite.
"An officer said, 'Drop that plate right now — like I had a weapon,'" Abbott said.
Abbott and two pastors in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, were charged for feeding the homeless in public on Sunday, the city's first crackdowns under a new ordinance banning public food sharing, CNN affiliate WPLG reported.
Now they face possible jail time and a $500 fine, WPLG said.
Despite some criticism from homeless advocates, city officials have vowed the new rules will be enforced.
"Just because of media attention we don't stop enforcing the law. We enforce the laws here in Fort Lauderdale," Mayor Jack Seiler told WPLG.
He defended the law in an interview with the Sun-Sentinel newspaper.
"I'm not satisfied with having a cycle of homeless in the city of Fort Lauderdale," Seiler said. "Providing them with a meal and keeping them in that cycle on the street is not productive."
But Abbott, who has been helping feed homeless people in the area through his Love Thy Neighbor nonprofit since 1991, said authorities are targeting the city's most vulnerable residents.
"These are the poorest of the poor. They have nothing. They don't have a roof over their head," he said. "Who can turn them away?"
Recently, the city has also passed an ordinance limiting the storage of personal property in public, WPLG said. Then came the restrictions for food sharing.
The FEAR that no one tells you about, you feel it all over, uncertain about the next minute of your life. Unsure, of your next? Anything you take for granted a homeless person does not.
You will find in my stories of the people of the streets, most get some sort of income, 80% is close to being right, SSI SSNI or retirement, I found this out little-by-little, and even today I am sad about it, Because you'll find out I get nothing, I wish to get nothing, I pray for 66 and 10 months old. That is my retirement.


text:
Vincent Jarod Williams was pulled over in 2010 for running a red light. Once stopped, police found drugs in the car along with his five-year old son. Then the son told them he was only given the gun. Yeah, Williams is going to jail for a while.
The exact chain of events is that Williams ran a red light in Raleigh, NC in 2010. When he was stopped, the police saw some drugs, which is a bit of a red flag.
His five-year old son was in there crying, not surprising since it didn't really sound like that pleasant of a place to be. When cops went to remove him, the child told them he was sitting on the gun. The gun was loaded and had a bullet in the chamber with the safety off.
So Williams has been sentenced to 105 months in jail for that. And if you're going to hide a gun in your car, don't keep it loaded under your son. Pro tip.


text:
Female guards were generally middle to low class and had no work experience, and their professional background varied: mentions former matrons, hairdressers, street car ticket takers, opera singers, or retired teachers. Volunteers were recruited by ads in German newspapers asking for women to show their love for the Reich and join the SS-Gefolge (an SS cousin organisation for women).
Additionally, some were conscripted based on data in their SS files. TheHitler Youth acted as a vehicle of indoctrination for many of the women 3. A head female overseer, Helga Hegel referred to her female guards as "SS" women at a post war hearing. She placed the SS in quotes because the women were not official members of the SS, but many of them belonged to the Waffen-SS.
Only less then twenty women were true SS members because Hitler's SS corps did not allow regular women members. The few women guards who belonged to the SS (as close as they could) served in the camps. Other women belonged to the Death's Head Units such as Therese Brandl and Irmtraut Sell.
At first, women were trained at Lichtenburg (1938). (Some sources say that some women were trained in 1936 at Sachsenhausen, including Ilse Koch, but no record of this has ever been found.) After 1939, women were trained at Ravensbrück camp near Berlin. When the war broke out, the Nazis built other camps in Poland, France, Holland, Belgium and most other countries they occupied.
The training of the female guard was similar to that of the male SS guard. The women took classes which ranged from four weeks to half a year, taught by the head wardresses. (Near the end of the war little training was given-if at all.) Former SS woman, Hertha Ehlert who served at Ravensbruck, Majdanek, Lublin, Auschwitz, and Bergen Belsen described her training at the Belsen Trial as "physically and emotionally demanding." (Brown, 2002)
The trainees were told about the corruption of the Weimar Republic, how to punish prisoners, and how to look out for sabatoge and work slow downs. Dorothea Binz, head training overseer at Ravensbruck after 1942 trained her female students on the finer points of malicious pleasure. (Brown, 2002) One survivor at a camp stated after the war that "the Germans brought a group of fifty women to the camp to undergo training.
The women were seperated and brought before the inmates. The woman was then told to hit her [a prisoner]. Of the fifty women, only three asked the reason why they had to hit the inmate; only three asked the reason why, and only one refused, which caused her to be put in jail herself. The rest of them quickly got into the swing of things, which they had been warming up for their whole lives for."
Many women survivors commented after the war that the only thing the female guards had to claim their superiority by was their uniform. As the 1996 story about the former Ravensbruck and Belzig female guard, Margot P. commented, "Heavy leather boots, a blouse with a tie. That is what the custodians [SS women] wore at the women's KZ Belzig ."
This was, in fact the uniform of female guards in the majority of the women's camps. Female guards also wore a military style visor hat, and some wore a cape. Kitty Hart took the coat of a captured SS woman after she was liberated from the Salzwedel subcamp, and had the buttons cut off. Later she told her story to aUS officer who asked her where she had gotten her coat from. The man looked shocked when he heard that it was an SS woman's coat: "All that time when we were freezing, some of us to death, we hated those vicious bitches in their wind proof, water proof coats. And now I have one for myself."


text:
(Los Angeles, CA.) - In an announcement made by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Interactive Media Peer Group Governors, the acclaimed OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network series, "Oprah's Lifeclass," and its full extension into the online and social media world, produced by Harpo Studios was named winner of an Emmy Award for Creative Achievement in Interactive Media - Social TV Experience.
"Oprah had a big idea...a show called 'Lifeclass' that would help brand the network and reinvigorate the potential of what OWN could be. The OWN and Harpo digital team co-created an innovative television experience unlike anything on air. It has been a beautiful, energizing collaboration to break new ground between Oprah, our guest teachers, Harpo Studios, and OWN. We are so proud and honored to receive this award from the Television Academy," said OWN and Harpo president Sheri Salata.
The award-winning series Oprah's Lifeclass is a richly interactive, worldwide social experience for millions of students who participate in inspiring conversations with Oprah Winfrey on-air, online and via social media. For each class, Oprah is joined by a hand-picked expert, and together they interact with viewers to share principles and tools that can help people live more meaningful and fulfilling lives. Prior to the scheduled airing of Lifeclass on OWN, key influencers in the social sphere on that topic are given a sneak peek of the episode, and invited to participate in the Sunday night social dialogue. Lifeclass consistently ranks in the top ten "most social shows" in non-sports related primetime, according to Blue Fin Labs. After airing, the conversations continue throughout the social space and in a digital classroom at Oprah.com, where tools are provided to help viewers reach their own "Aha" Moments via an extensive companion curriculum, including class notes (thanks to Storify) and assessments, and Daily Lifework questions that can be saved in their custom profile.
All-new episodes of "Oprah's Lifeclass" continue on:
· Monday, August 26 at 6pm ET/5pm CT featuring Dr. Brené Brown streaming live on Oprah.com and Facebook.com/OWNtv
"Oprah's Lifeclass" with guest teacher New York Times bestselling author and University of Houston graduate professor, Dr. Brené Brown, will tape live shows delving further into the power of vulnerability. In addition, the Dr. Brown episodes "Vulnerability, Daring Greatly and What That Means in Your Life" will air Sunday, September 22 at 9pm ET/PT and "Living Bravely, The Daring Way" on Sunday, September 29 at 9pm ET/PT on OWN.
· Sunday, September 8 at 9pm ET/PT with "Fatherless America" and Sunday, September 15 at 9pm ET/PT with "Reconnecting with Family" both featuring Bishop T.D. Jakes airing on OWN
Winfrey will join Bishop T.D. Jakes in Dallas, Texas at the American Airlines Center during MegaFest 2013 in one of the world's most social experiences on television. Together they discuss the definition of a family and share tools in how to bring families together.
The Emmy Award for "Oprah's Lifeclass" will be presented at the 65th Creative Arts Emmy(R) Awards Ceremony held on Sunday, September 15th at 4PT at the Nokia Theatre L.A. LIVE in Los Angeles.
About "Oprah's Lifeclass"
The award-winning series "Oprah's Lifeclass" is a richly interactive experience where millions of students from countries around the world participate in inspiring conversations with Oprah on-air, online and via social media. For each class, Oprah is joined by a hand-picked expert, and together they share principles and tools that can help people live more meaningful and fulfilling lives. Follow @OprahsLifeclass on Twitter and join the conversation using #Lifeclass.
About Harpo Studios
Harpo Studios is the multi-award winning production company which creates original television programming for OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network, including the popular series "Oprah's Next Chapter," "Oprah's Master Class," "Oprah's Lifeclass," "Iyanla: Fix My Life," and the Emmy(R) Award-winning "Super Soul Sunday." Oprah Winfrey's creative instincts inform the brand, co-producing the highly-rated syndicated talk shows "The Dr. Oz Show," "Dr. Phil," and "Rachael Ray." For 25 years, Harpo produced the number-one-rated, award-winning "The Oprah Winfrey Show." Harpo Print, LLC and Hearst Magazines publish the monthly O, The Oprah Magazine publication, while Harpo Films is dedicated to high-quality scripted dramatic programming, and Harpo Radio, Inc. produces Oprah Radio on Sirius XM Radio (XM Channel 111 and Sirius Channel 204).
About OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network
OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network is the first and only network named for, and inspired by, a single iconic leader. Oprah Winfrey's heart and creative instincts inform the brand - and the magnetism of the channel. Winfrey provides leadership in programming and attracts superstar talent to join her in primetime, building a global community of like-minded viewers and leading that community to connect on social media and beyond. OWN is a singular destination on cable. Depth with edge. Heart. Star power. Connection. And endless possibilities. OWN is a joint venture between Harpo, Inc. and Discovery Communications. The network debuted on January 1, 2011 and is available in 85 million homes. The venture also includes the award-winning digital platform Oprah.com. Follow on Twitter @OWNTV


text:
Story highlights
Novak Djokovic beats Andrea Seppi in his opening match at Hopman Cup
Djokovic put Serbia 1-0 ahead in the mixed team event in Perth
Crowd barrier fell on the World No.1 as he signed autographs
He received treatment but was able to play in later mixed doubles match
Novak Djokovic escaped serious injury when a crowd barrier collapsed on him after his singles win at the Hopman Cup in Perth Monday.
The World No.1 had just beaten Italy's Andreas Seppi in straight sets and was signing autographs for young fans at the side of the court.
But as they pushed forward, the barrier gave way and fell onto the Serbian star's legs.
Clearly shaken, Djokovic went down onto his haunches with his hands on his knees before walking gingerly off court.
He canceled his post-match press conference while he received treatment, but did return later to play in the mixed doubles with Serbian teammate Ana Ivanovic.
A jet lagged Djokovic, who had only arrived in the western Australian city on Sunday evening after winning an exhibition tournament in Abu Dhabi, later played down the incident.
"I am good," he told gathered reporters. "It was a bit of a shock and I am glad that the children involved are okay. I am fine."
Djokovic is using the mixed team event as preparation for his bid for a third straight Australian Open title next month.
After his 6-3 6-4 win over Seppi, Ivanovic polished off Francesca Schiavone 6-0 6-4 to make sure Serbia made a winning start to their campaign with an unassailable 2-0 lead.
The 25-year-old Djokovic showed no ill effects of his injury scare during the dead mixed doubles rubber, but he and Ivanovic were beaten 7-6 6-4 by Seppi and Schiavone.
Hosts Australia are next up for the Serbians Wednesday as Djokovic tunes up for this defense of the opening grand slam of the season.
The action gets underway in Melbourne on January 14, but Rafael Nadal, beaten by Djokovic in an epic final in 2012, has already withdrawn after being hit by a stomach virus as he recovered from a long term injury.


text:
An energetic Mitt Romney launched a series of attacks against President Barack Obama here Wednesday night, calling into question the president's record on the economy, health care and the deficit and arguing that he would take the country in a fundamentally different direction.
Obama sought to parry Romney's criticisms, charging that his rival favors a top-down approach to the economy that would reward the wealthiest Americans at the expense of the middle class and that the details of Romney's proposals don't add up. But he found himself on the defensive repeatedly during their first debate, held on the campus of the University of Denver.
Romney came into the 90-minute debate after several difficult weeks but appeared rejuvenated by the opportunity to take his case directly to Obama and the American people. He was both well prepared and aggressive as he hammered the president. The contrast with Obama was striking, as the president appeared less energetic even as he rebutted some of the toughest of Romney's attacks.
The debate is likely to give Romney what he needed most, which is a fresh look from voters_at least those still undecided or open to changing their minds_and will change the conversation about the campaign, which for the past two weeks has been tilted in the president's favor. Romney now faces the challenge of trying to build on his performance and keep the president on the defensive in the days ahead.
Romney offered conservative policies throughout the evening but he often sounded like a more moderate candidate than he often does in campaign appearances. He is likely to face a challenge from Obama and the Democrats in the days to come about the contrast in tone and posture on display during the night.
But Republicans of all stripes were immediately cheered by the aggressiveness they saw in Romney Wednesday night and took it as a sign that his campaign was ready to wage a fierce battle between now and Nov. 6.
PBS's Jim Lehrer moderated the debate, which included a more open format that encouraged a free-flowing discussion, and most of the night was spent on the economy, deficit and health care. The debate was generally civil throughout and proved to be one of the most substantive and detailed in recent memory.
The weak economy has long been Obama's biggest obstacle to reelection. On Wednesday night he argued that, while the country may still face problems, America has begun "to fight our way back," thanks to his policies and the resilience of the American people.
"Over the last 30 months, we've seen five million jobs in the private sector created. The auto industry has come roaring back. And housing has begun to rise. But we all know that we've still got a lot of work to do. And so the question here tonight is not where we've been, but where we're going."
But Romney said the status quo "is not going to cut it" for struggling families. "Under the president's policies, middle-income Americans have been buried. They're just being crushed. Middle-income Americans have seen their income come down by $4,300. This is a tax in and of itself. I'll call it the economy tax. It's been crushing."
Through much of the early part of the debate, Romney sought to portray himself as a protector of the middle class, not the wealthy. He said he would not raise taxes on middle-class families and said he would not reduce the share of taxes paid by the wealthiest Americans.
Obama, however, charged that Romney's tax plan would do just that. He said Romney favors a $5 trillion tax cut and argued that eliminating loopholes and deductions for the wealthiest would not provide enough revenue to avoid enlarging the deficit. He said Romney would either have to cut into middle class benefits or cut spending on programs vital to the country's well being.
"The magnitude of the tax cuts that you're talking about, Governor, would end up resulting in severe hardship for people, but more importantly, would not help us grow," he said.
Romney repeatedly has declined to say just what loopholes and deductions he would eliminate and passed up opportunities to do so again Wednesday. But he charged that Obama had mischaracterized his tax plan, claiming that it is not a $5 trillion cut.
"Let me repeat what I said," Romney said. "I'm not in favor of a $5 trillion tax cut. That's not my plan. My plan is not to put in place any tax cut that will add to the deficit."
Obama and Romney clashed over Medicare, with both candidates promising to protect the health care program for seniors. Obama accused Romney of wanting to turn it into a voucher program while Romney claimed that the president cut $716 million from Medicare to help pay for the Affordable Care Act.
Romney was eager to launch into a critique of the Affordable Care Act, the landmark legislation that he cited as his top example of programs that must go to close the federal deficit. "I apologize, Mr. President," Romney added after referring to the program as Obamacare. "I use that term with respect."
"I like it," the president quickly responded, but that was about their only real point of agreement.
Romney argued that the program would raise health care costs and make it less likely that businesses hire new workers. He accused Obama of establishing an unelected board to make health-care decisions for patients, and of cutting more than $700 billion out of Medicare to help pay for the new law. And he chastised him for "pushing through" legislation of such magnitude without a single Republican vote.
"I just don't know how the president could have come into office, facing 23 million people out of work, rising unemployment, an economic crisis at the kitchen table, and spend his energy and passion for two years fighting for Obamacare instead of fighting for jobs for the American people," Romney said. "It has killed jobs."
Obama pushed back, particularly on the point about the cut to Medicare, which he explained, and independent analysis has shown, do not include direct cuts to benefits for seniors but rather ratchet down payments to providers, including insurance companies.
The president also noted that Romney has promised to repeal Obamacare on his first day in office, yet more recently has said he wants to keep some of its provisions, notably its protections for patients with pre-existing conditions and the rights of young adults to remain on their parents' insurance plans.
He also reminded viewers that his law was modeled heavily on Romney's own health reform law, which he championed while governor of Massachusetts. "We've seen this model work really well, in Masschusetts," he said.
"He now says he's going to replace Obamacare and ensure that all the good things that are in it are going to be in there and you don't have to worry," Obama said. "And at some point, I think the American people have to ask themselves, is the reason that Governor Romney is keeping all these plans to replace secret because they're too good?"
Romney defended his plan in Massachusetts, saying he had not raised taxes and had pushed through the bill with signficant numbers of Democratic votes.
On energy, Obama said Romney would continue to favor tax breaks for the oil industry. Romney retorted by noting that the Obama administration has invested more than $90 billion in green-energy projects, "about about 50 years' worth of what oil and gas receives."
On regulatory issues, Romney attacked the Dodd-Frank law that overhauled regulation of the financial industry, but he said some regulations are needed and he would keep them. Obama scoffed at Romney's promise to repeal Wall Street reforms that he signed into law, saying, "Does anybody out there think that the big problem we had is that there was too much oversight and regulation of Wall Street? Because if you do, then Governor Romney is your candidate."
Near the end of the debate, Lehrer asked the two candidates how they might go about making Washington work more effectively. Romney said he would do what he had done working with a Democratic legislature in Massachusetts by sitting down with them and working out compromises.
Obama said that might be difficult if one of Romney's first actions is an effort to repeal the Affordable Care Act, which he said would anger Democrats in Congress. And he accused Romney of being hostage to the most conservative elements of the Republican Party.
"I've got to tell you, Governor Romney, when it comes to his own party during the course of this campaign, has not displayed that willingness to say no to some of the more extreme parts of his party," he said.
- - -
Staff writers David Nakamura and Philip Rucker contributed to this report.


text:
Showing all 9 results
Showing all 9 results
Dear Valued Customers,
We are open and excited to help you find the fireplace, firepit, BBQ or wood stove of your dreams; we are delivering and installing to homes and construction sites.
Please follow this link to our Vancouver Gas Fireplaces Covid-19 Safety plan here.
Our showroom is open by appointment only Monday to Friday, and is set up for the health and safety of customers and staff, with masks required for all appointments.
Let's talk about your project by telephone first, then we can arrange either an appointment for your private, in-store consultation, or a virtual showroom appointment.
BGE charcoal and ethanol are in stock
We are proud of our team and their commitment throughout the pandemic. We appreciate your patience with us at this time. You are very important to us and please be assured we will contact you as quickly as we can, usually within 3 days.


text:
We use cookies to make your experience better. To comply with the new e-Privacy directive, we need to ask for your consent to set the cookies. Learn more.
ELEGANT 600x1596 Horizontal Radiator Flat Panel White Modern Heating
Height: 600mm
BTU @ 50 Degrees: Single:3870/Double:7372
Choice of single or double panel
ELEGANT 600x1596 Horizontal Radiator Flat Panel White Modern Heating
Having a comprehensive heating element in the living room no longer has to be an ugly. Elegant Flat Panel Radiators endeavour's to keep the most artistically-pleasing and best performing home radiators, designer Horizontal radiators in stock to give you absolute say in what your living room can truly be. If you're desiring comfort and charm while lounging about for your next design project, then our selection of radiators will provide you with the ability to start the project off right.
♦ Product Features
- Size - 600x1596mm
- Projection - 81mm
- Pipe Centre - 1666mm
- Style: Flat Panel
- BTU @ 50 Degrees: Single 3870/Double:7372
- Installation - Can be Installed Either Way (Pipes from wall or Floor)
- Material: Low carbon steel
- Manufactured in accordance with BS EN 442
- Registered: Complies with ISO9001:2008
- Pressure tested to 10 bar / maximum working pressure 7 bar
- Suitable for all UK central heating system
♦ Most people in UK use wallpaper or decorative accents along the lower half of their living room walls to add a bit of flare and character to the room. Raised elements in particular can break the monotony of an otherwise dull, drab room. This is where and why a horizontal radiator can be an excellent addition to the living room.
|Pipe Centre
Delays Are Expected
Please Note - Due to the current COVID-19 Restrictions in place in the UK, Major delays are expected, however, this can be subject to potential change & we are not offering collection at this stage until further notice. It can take up to 2-6 working days for delivery.
|Free postage to mainland UK
|Areas we don't post to
|Cross Domain Store
All products eligible for warranty are guaranteed for the lifetime of that particular product (25 years) (exclusions apply), whilst we hope you live a long and healthy life, we don't mean your lifetime unfortunately. We are confident in our product quality and therefore provide warranties for a reasonable period of time, after purchase, based on the product type.
♦ Manufacturing Faults
All our products @ elegantshowers are designed by some of the top designers around the globe and been delivered to its highest standards, so if you notice any manufacturing faults please update us within 30 days of purchase and we will send replacement without any further delays.
♦ Need Parts
While for some items we have a lifetime warranty, the parts in all of our items are offered with a 6 months Limited type of a Warranty. But you are always welcome to buy the part simply by calling us @ 0121 448 0880, but do make sure to have the part number handy as mentioned in the instruction manuals.
♦ Warranty Exceptions
All goods reported as faulty will be tested by manufacturers, if it is determined the goods are not faulty or if the faults are deemed to be caused by damage or abuse this will void any warranty, goods will be returned to you at your expense and no refund or replacement issued.


text:
Trailer Tires & Wheels for Boat Trailers, Utility Trailers, Heavy Duty Trailers & LPT TrailersTrailer tires and wheels available in the best, most reliable brands in the industry for over the road (high speed) and off road use.
Expert Product Support for Trailer TiresWith this type of product, it is extremely important to consult an expert for safety reasons. Overloading, improper inflation and ply ratings are the most common reasons for blow outs and failures. Proper Ply Rating and inflation pressures for specific applications and surface uses are important factors to be considered when choosing the right tire for your trailer.
Part Number: 519076$41.95 Out Of Stock
750x15 12 Deestone D902 Trailer (Tube Type)
Part Number: DS6320$160.86 Out Of Stock
ST215/75R14 C Carlisle Radial Trail HD
Part Number: 6H04571$50.00 Out Of Stock
Part Number: 519077$94.46 Out Of Stock
530x12 C Deestone D901 Trailer
Part Number: DS7271$36.09 Out Of Stock
530x12 B Carlisle Sport Trail ST
Part Number: 5193231$53.85 Out Of Stock
530x12 C Carlisle Sport Trail ST
Part Number: 5193241$62.70 Out Of Stock
ST215/75R14 C Carlisle Radial Trail RH
Part Number: 5151361$76.23 Out Of Stock
St215/75r14 C Omni Trail St Radial
Part Number: OT1100$75.95 Out Of Stock
9 Item(s)
Grid List


text:
The Books Council of Wales offers financial support to booksellers in two ways. The Outreach SchemeThe Outreach Scheme helps booksellers to mount stalls at events throughout Wales. This scheme is administered by the Council's Sales and Marketing Department. For further information, click here. This scheme is not supported from the Publishing Grants.The Publishing Grant (Welsh-language)
There is a small fund within the Publishing Grant (Welsh-language) which is used to offer additional discounts to independent booksellers who have an account with the Council's Distribution Centre, where those accounts reach a certain threshold. Booksellers are not required to apply for these payments. The scheme is administered by the Distribution Centre.
Return to top of page
Books from Wales on-line
The Welsh Books Council's information resource for the book trade.


text:
GORHAM, ME – On Wednesday January 16th at 5:00pm, Sebago Brewing Company is hosting their next Pilot Beer Night at the Scarborough brewpub at 201 Southborough Drive in Scarborough, ME. In 2012, Sebago Brewing Company instituted a pilot brewing system at their brewery to test new beers. Some of the top beers brewed on the pilot system have since been released as Single Batch Series beers.
The following beers will be available that have been brewed on the pilot system by various Sebago staff members over the last few months:
- Auger Lager (Dustin Fournier – Bartender, Portland Pub) – A dry, crisp and hoppy rice lager brewed with yeast from a classic American craft brewery. Grapefruit and pepper in the nose, with a resiny flavor and mouthfeel from the hops. 7% ABV
- Hot and Bothered (Beth Duemmling – HR Manager) – This black, complex beer was made for winter warming. Roasted raw cocoa nibs(raw chocolate) give a deep dark chocolate character which opens up under layers of chili flavor for a rich and spicy taste. 7.6% ABV
- Little Orphan Annie (Rusty Packer – Brewer) – The beer without a home…Is she a stout, is she a brown, who is she and where can she call home? Daddy Warbucks calls her the Albino Stout, but her heart whispers "golden English chocolate". One thing is for sure, she has a "Hard Knock Life" that is chock full of malt, hops, and chocolate love. 7.4% ABV
- Too Big to Fail (Elise Loschiavo – Marketing Manager) – This hoppy monstrosity began life as a wheatwine but emerged as almost a double IPA. Regardless of style, its assertive, orangey and rich tropical fruit aroma are propped up by simple, tasty malts that have taken on new life as undercurrents to this genuine American success story that's truly Too Big to Fail. After all, why fetter success? 9.1% ABV
Each pilot beer will be $3 for a 12oz pour. It is recommended to arrive early as supplies of these beers are very limited. Pilot Beer Night will begin at 5:00pm on Wednesday January 16, 2013.
About Sebago Brewing Company:
Sebago Brewing Company is a Maine-owned and operated company firmly rooted at the crossroads of food and beer. Since opening in 1998, Sebago has become Maine's premier contemporary American brewpub and one of the fastest growing craft breweries in the state. Sebago offers a full line of year round beers, five seasonal beers, and several highly-anticipated limited edition Single Batch Series beers that have a reputation as creative, high quality, unique beers that tempt and satisfy the palates of New England's beer lovers.


text:
Banned Books Week and Reporters
Q. With the publicity leading up to Banned Books Week, I'm getting questions about why our library keeps banned books in our collection. How do I respond?
A. This is a frequent question for us, too, not just now with Banned Books Week coming up (it's September 29–October 6, 2007). We consulted with ALA's Office for Intellectual Freedom (OIF) on tips for responding.
First, it helps to explain the difference between a "banned book" and a "challenged book":
"A challenge is an attempt to remove or restrict materials, based upon the objections of a person or group. A banning is the removal of those materials. Challenges do not simply involve a person expressing a point of view; rather, they are an attempt to remove material from the curriculum or library, thereby restricting the access of others. The positive message of Banned Books Week: Free People Read Freely is that due to the commitment of librarians, teachers, parents, students and other concerned citizens, most challenges are unsuccessful and most materials are retained in the school curriculum or library collection."
Then, you want to focus on the key messages that
- Libraries provide ideas and information across the spectrum of social and political views.
- Libraries are one of our great democratic institutions. They provide freedom of choice for all people.
- Parents are responsible for supervising their own children's library use.
The OIF site provides a wealth of guidance for helping you respond to challenges to library materials--or perhaps more importantly, steps you can take before there is a challenge!


text:
Forbidden Fruit
This project aims to help you reach heaven while writing tests, but it may lead you to hell if used on production code.
It basically allows you to patch built-in objects, declared in C through python. Just like this:
>>> from forbiddenfruit import curse
>>> def words_of_wisdom(self):
... return self * "blah "
>>> curse(int, "words_of_wisdom", words_of_wisdom)
>>> assert (2).words_of_wisdom() == "blah blah "
Boom! That's it, your
int class now has the
words_of_wisdom method. Do
you want to add a
classmethod to a built-in class? No problem, just do this:
>>> from forbiddenfruit import curse
>>> def hello(self):
... return "blah"
>>> curse(str, "hello", classmethod(hello))
>>> assert str.hello() == "blah"
Reversing a curse
If you want to free your object from a curse, you can use the
function. Just like this:
>>> from forbiddenfruit import curse, reverse
>>> curse(str, "test", "blah")
>>> assert 'test' in dir(str)
>>> # Time to reverse the curse
>>> reverse(str, "test")
>>> assert 'test' not in dir(str)
Forbidden Fruit runs on all cpython versions I tested so far, which includes the versions 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 3.2 and 3.3. Since Forbidden Fruit is fundamentally dependent on the C API, this library won't work on other python implementations, such as Jython, PyPy, etc.
I might add support for PyPy in the future, but It's unlikely that I'll do it for Jython. But I could happily accept patches for them.
License (GPLv3)
Copyright (C) 2013 Lincoln Clarete firstname.lastname@example.com
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
Logo by
Kimberly Chandler, from The Noun Project


text:
Considering 92 percent of people shop for homes online, listing photos are critical factor in how quickly homes sell and how much they sell for, according to a report from Redfin.
An analysis by the online realty firm found that for homes listed between $200,000 and $1 million, those with photos taken with DSLR cameras sell for $3,400 to $11,200 more relative to their list prices. And across all price ranges, homes with DSLR photography were more likely to sell within six months than those with point-and-shoot photos.
The images above are not real listing photos, but Redfin's examples of what can go wrong when a home is not photographed with a professional camera. They're described in Redfin's words.