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Jean Toomer's Life and Career
Robert B. Jones
Jean Toomer (26 Dec. 1894-30 Mar. 1967), writer and philosopher, was born Nathan Pinchback Toomer in Washington, D.C., the son of Nathan Toomer, a planter, and Nina Pinchback, the daughter of Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback, governor of Louisiana during Reconstruction and the first U.S. governor of African-American descent. Like his parents, Toomer could easily pass for white, his heritage comprising several European and African bloodlines. Indeed, throughout his formative years until age eighteen, he lived alternately as white and as African American. In 1895 Nathan Toomer abandoned his family, forcing Nina and her son to live with her somewhat tyrannical father in Washington. P. B. S. Pinchback agreed to support them only under the condition that the boys name be changed. Though his name was not legally altered, his grandparents thereafter called him Eugene Pinchback; in school he was known as Eugene Pinchback Toomer. (Later when he began writing, he shortened his name to Jean Toomer.) According to Toomer's biographers Cynthia Kerman and Richard Eldridge, "For Jean to grow up in a house with a grandfather who had been the only black governor of any state in the Union ... could not help shaping the perceptions and attitudes of the fatherless boy." In Washington Toomer lived in a white neighborhood but attended the all-black Garnet Elementary School.
When his mother remarried in 1906, the family moved to New Rochelle, New York, where they lived in a white neighborhood and he attended an all-white school. Toomer returned to Washington in 1909, following the death of his mother, and attended the all-black Dunbar High School. After graduation in 1914, he renounced racial classifications and sought to live not as a member of any racial group but as an American.
For the next three Years Toomer studied agriculture, physical education, psychology, and literature at several colleges and universities, including the University of Wisconsin (1914-1915), the Massachusetts College of Agriculture (1915), the American College of Physical Training at Chicago (1916), the University of Chicago (1916), the City College of New York (1917), and New York University (1917), although he never took a degree. It was during these years, however, that he was preparing to be a writer, by attending off-campus lectures on naturalism, atheism, psychology, evolution and socialism and by reading numerous philosophical and literary works, such as those by William Shakespeare, George Santayana, Charles Baudelaire, William Blake, Sherwood Anderson, Leo Tolstoy, and all the major American poets, especially the imagists. In 1920 he met Waldo Frank, who introduced him to several literary circles and later wrote an extremely laudatory introduction to the first edition of Cane. Toomer eventually became friends with many literary critics and luminaries, including Hart Crane, Sherwood Anderson, Malcolm Cowley, and Alfred Stieglitz.
Between 1918 and 1923 Toomer wrote the short stories "Bona and Paul" and "Withered Skin of Berries," the plays Natalie Mann (1922) and Balo (1922), and many poems such as "Five Vignettes," "Skyline," "Poem in C," "Gum," "Banking Coal," and "The First American." The urtext for both "Brown River Smile" and The Blue Meridian, "The First American" was a lyrical expression of his racial and democratic idealism.
I wrote a poem called "The First American," the idea of which was that here in America we are in the process of forming a new race, that I was one of the first conscious members of this race ... I had seen the divisions, the separatisms and antagonisms ... [yet] a new type of man was arising in this country--not European, not African, not Asiatic--but American. And in this American I saw the divisions mended, the differences reconciled--saw that (1) we would in truth be a united people existing in the United States, saw that (2) we would in truth be once again members of a united human race. (Turner, ed., The Wayward and the Seeking, p. 121)
Formally introduced to the philosophy of idealism in 1920, for more, than eight months Toomer abandoned writing to study Eastern philosophy.
I came into contact with an entirely new body of ideas. Buddhist philosophy, the Eastern teachings, occultism, theosophy ... These ideas challenged and stimulated me. Despite my literary purpose, I was compelled to know something more about them ... and my religious nature, given a cruel blow by Clarence Darrow and naturalism, but not, as I found, destroyed by them--my religious nature which had been sleeping was vigorously aroused. (Turner, ed., p. 119)
As an idealist philosopher, Toomer proposed the power of the mind to reconcile and transcend the self and the world. "In life nothing is only physical," he maintained, "there is also the symbolical. White and Black. West and East. North and South. Light and Darkness. In general, the great contrasts. The pairs of opposites. And I, together with all other I's, am the reconciler" (Turner, ed., p. 54). Based on his studies in orientalism, Toomer formulated theories of being and consciousness, and when he returned to writing in 1921 he sought literary equivalents for his idealism.
Symbolist and imagist aesthetics provided those equivalents, derived from both French and American sources. Of the French symbolists Toomer's mentor was Baudelaire, whose Petits poémes en prose provided models for the prose poems and lyrical sketches in Cane; of the American symbolists it was Walt Whitman, whose democratic idealism and mystical conception of the self appealed to Toomer's idealist imagination. Symbolist idealism also figures prominently in his early fascination with imagism. In his attempts to fashion experience as a mystical moment of vision, and to create the immediacy and presentness of portraiture of literature, he found imagist aesthetics to be compatible with his own. "Their insistence on fresh vision and on the perfect clean economical line was just what I had been looking for. I began feeling that I had in my hands the tools for my own creation" (Turner, ed., p. 120). Imagist poetics thus provided for him the ideal medium to make the reader "see," almost in mystical fashion, the distilled essence of an insight or experience.
In September 1921 Toomer traveled to Sparta, Georgia, where for two months he served as interim principal of the Sparta Agricultural and Industrial Institute. Living as an African American in the rural South stimulated his racial consciousness, and he used this newly found identification with his racial past to create the poems, prose poems, lyrical narratives, and short stories in his lyrical novel and master-work, Cane (1923). While many critics have credited this work with ushering in the Harlem Renaissance, noting the book's representations of African-American characters and culture, others have located it within the Lost Generation, owing to its literary experimentation, its romantic primitivism, and its critiques of postwar values. Part one of the book presents portraits of six women of the rural South, in a style reminiscent of Sherwood Anderson's gallery of grosteques in Winesburg, Ohio (1919). Part two shifts to the urban North, using paysage moralisé settings in Washington, D.C., and Chicago to depict the modern world as a postwar wasteland. In Part three, "Kabnis," the setting shifts back to the rural South and dramatizes a portrait of an artist struggling to represent the parting soul of the African-American past in art. Robert Bone has noted that Toomer participated on equal terms with Gertrude Stein, Ernest Hemingway, Ezra Pound, and T S. Eliot in the creation of a new, modern idiom during the 1920s, and he ranks Cane with Richard Wright's Native Son (1940) and Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man (1952) in the tradition of the African-American novel.
Shortly after the publication of Cane, Toomer began studying the austere idealism of George Ivanovitch Gurdjieff, and in 1924, 1926, and 1927 he attended the Gurdjieff Institute for Harmonious Development at the Château de Prieuré in Fontainebleau, France. Until 1935, when he distanced himself from Gurdjieff, Toomer preached the gospel of higher consciousness and spiritual self-development. Yet he continued his profession as a writer. Indeed, the years between 1923 and 1935 were the most productive of Toomer's literary career.
In 1925 the symbolist sketch "Easter" was published in Little Review, and in 1927 Toomer completed a burlesque novel, The Gallonwerps, and a modern morality play, The Sacred Factory. In 1928 he wrote the short story "Skillful Dr. Coville" while "Winter on Earth," another short story, was published in The Second American Caravan and the short story "Mr. Costyve Duditch" in the Dial. In 1929 he collected ten of his stories in a volume titled "Lost and Dominant" (unpublished), while the poems "White Arrow" and "Reflections" appeared in the Dial. In that same year, "Lettre D' Amérique," an essay on the election of Herbert Hoover as president and its impact on American values, was published (in French) in Bifur while his essay "Race Problems and Modern Society" appeared in Problems of Civilization. Also in 1929 York Beach, his psychological novella set in Maine, was published in The New American Caravan. In 1931 Toomer completed his long poem The Blue Meridian, a lyrical affirmation of democratic idealism modeled after Whitman's "Song of Myself," and Essentials, a book of aphorisms.
Also in 1931 Toomer conducted his highly publicized Gurdjieffian "Cottage Experiment," a summer workshop in psychological and social development held in Portage, Wisconsin. During this workshop he met and married Margery Latimer, author of This Is My Body (1930) and Guardian Angel and Other Stories (1932). They lived in an artist colony in Carmel, California. Toomer recounts this time in their lives, and the adverse publicity surrounding their interracial marriage, in his unpublished novel "Caromb" (1932). In August 1932 Latimer died while giving birth to their daughter, Margery. During this year the poem "Brown River Smile" appeared in Pagany, and the poem "As the Eagle Soars" was published in the Crisis. In 1933 he wrote a closet drama on modernism and dehumanization, Man's Home Companion. In 1934 Toomer published an essay on spiritual development, "A New Force for Cooperation," in Adelphi and an essay tribute to Stieglitz titled "The Hill" in America and Alfred Stieglitz: A Collective Portrait. In 1934 he married Marjorie Content, daughter of a Wall Street banker, and they remained together until his death. Because both of Toomer's marriages were interracial, they were highly publicized.
In 1935 Toomer dissociated himself from Gurdjieff after they argued over misappropriated funds. He and his wife then spent the summer in Taos, New Mexico, where he wrote A Drama of the Southwest, a play that captures his mystical identification with the area's landscape in imagery reminiscent of Cane. Although he and Gurdjieff were estranged, Toomer never repudiated Gurdjieffian philosophy. When the Toomers moved to Doylestown, Pennsylvania, in 1936, he established a Gurdjieff center, led groups modeled on Gurdjieff's teachings, and gave lectures on spiritual self-development. During this time he published three monographs called "psychologic papers," Living Is Developing (1937), Work-Ideas I (1937), and Roads, People, and Principles (1939).
In 1938 Toomer began attending meetings of the Religious Society of Friends in Doylestown. Throughout his apprenticeship with this group, he immersed himself in Quaker religious philosophy and wrote numerous essays on George Fox and Quakerism. Still engaged in his perennial quest for new forms of higher consciousness, Toomer toured India between August and December 1939. During these months he began writing The Angel Begori, a novel that allegorizes a quest for spiritual enlightenment, and The Colombo-Madras Rail, a one-act play dramatizing poverty and the decline of spiritual authority in India. Near the end of his tour, however, he admitted that this new quest for spiritual enlightenment was unsuccessful. "A life of withdrawal from the world as I have seen it lived in India is not the life for me," he declared (Kerman and Eldridge, p. 245).
When Toomer returned to Doylestown in January 1940, believing that Quakerism provided a new and radical venture into the religious idealism of "Inner Light" consciousness, he joined the Society of Friends.
The message of Quakerism is that there is that of God in every man. Indeed the message is the immediacy of God ... Quakerism says here is a way to God. Here are practices that will lead you to discover God in yourself and your fellowman. Here are means and methods that enable you to recover the indwelling divinity and realize you are part of it ... Quakerism is not unique in proclaiming that something of God is in man. Hinduism proclaims the same ... [and] Catholic mystics made the same discovery. (Toomer, "The Message of Quakerism")
He quickly became involved in various Quaker activities, serving on four Friends committees in 1941 and as clerk of the ministry and counsel committee for Bucks County in 1943. In 1943 he was appointed to the ministry and counsel executive committee at the annual Friends conference in Philadelphia, and he served on the religious life committee in 1945. In recognition of his devotion to Quaker principles, Toomer was asked to give the William Penn Lecture in Philadelphia in 1949. Notwithstanding his new religious affiliation, he continued his devotion to Gurdjieffian idealism. Indeed, in 1942 he sought to reconcile Gurdjieffian and Quaker philosophy by organizing a cooperative, comprising both lay individuals interested in spiritual self-development and Quakers. Based in an old water-powered grist mill called "Mill House," where they all worked and lived, the members of this cooperative, "Friends of Being," dedicated themselves to overcoming separations of all kinds. One Mill House resident, Frank Davenport, recalled his experiences as follows:
At the center was Jean Toomer, a gentle man with force. He was the prime mover; from him came the ideas, principles, purposes, insights, understandings.... He opened doors we were ready to walk through; he rang bells we were ready to harmonize with. ("Mill House," in BANG!, p.6)
Between 1940 and 1950 Toomer continued to write poems, such as "The Promise," "They Are Not Missed," "To Gurdjieff Dying," and "See the Heart," but his writings more often shifted away from literary works to lectures, essays, and pamphlets on Quaker religious philosophy. Many of the essays, like "Santa Claus Will Not Bring Peace" (1943), "The Presence of Love" (1944), "Keep the Inward Watch" (1945), "Authority, Inner and Outer" (1947), and "Blessing and Curse" (1950), were published in the Quaker journal Friends Intelligencer. In 1947 his Friends General Conference Lecture was published as An Interpretation of Friends Worship, while his 1949 William Penn Lecture appeared as The Flavor of Man. After 1950 Toomer produced no literary works, as he began withdrawing from public life. After attending a talk on Gurdjieff in New York City in 1952, however, he recommitted himself to promoting higher consciousness, so he conducted workshops in Doylestown until plagued by ill health in 1957. Following several years of invalidism, in and out of nursing homes and crippled by arthritis, he died in Doylestown.
While Toomer's literary reputation derives almost exclusively from his lyrical novel Cane, his eminence is further enhanced by a growing body of canon-formation scholarship that provides new perspectives on a career spanning more than three decades. Evaluating his significance is no longer difficult or problematical. He remains an enduring figure in the history and development of both the American and the African-American literary traditions.
Toomer's personal and literary archives, including several drafts of his autobiography, are located in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. Beyond Cane, Toomer's major published works are contained in Darwin Turner, ed., The Wayward and the Seeking (1980); Robert B. Jones and Margery Toomer Latimer, eds., The Collected Poems of Jean Toomer (1988); Rudolph Byrd, ed., Essentials: Definitions and Aphorisms by Jean Toomer (1991); Frederik L. Rusch, ed., A Jean Toomer Reader: Selected Unpublished Writings (1993); and in numerous periodicals and little magazines such as Broom, Double Dealer, Liberator, Crisis, Modern Review, Chapbook, S4N, Nomad, Dial, Adelphi, Pagany, Pembroke Magazine, Little Review, Prairie, Dubuque Dial, Friends Intelligencer, and New Mexico Sentinel. The most comprehensive bibliographies are John M. Reilly, "Jean Toomer: An Annotated Checklist of Criticism," in Resources for American Literary Study (1974), and Robert B. Jones, "Jean Toomer: An Annotated Checklist of Criticism, 1923-1993," in Resources for American Literary Study (1994).
The standard biography of Toomer is Cynthia Kerman and Richard Eldridge, The Lives of Jean Toomer: A Hunger for Wholeness (1987). The best collections of critical essays on Toomer are Frank Durham, ed., The Merrill Studies in Cane (1971); Darwin Turner, ed., Cane: An Authoritative Text, Background, Criticism (1988); Therman B. O'Daniel, Jean Toomer: A Critical Evaluation (1988); and Robert B. Jones, ed., Critical Essays on Jean Toomer (1994). Important essays also appear in two special issues dedicated to Toomer, BANG! 2, no. 2 (1972), published by the Special Collections Library at Fisk University, and CLA Journal 17 (June 1974). The most comprehensive literary and critical assessments are Robert Bone, The Negro Novel in America (1965); Darwin Turner, In a Minor Chord (1971); Brian Benson and Mabel Dillard, Jean Toomer (1980); Nellie Y. McKay, Jean Toomer, Artist (1984); Bernard Bell, The Afro-American Novel and Its Tradition (1987); Rudolph P. Byrd, Jean Toomers Years with Gurdjieff (1990); and Robert B. Jones, Jean Toomer and the Prison-House of Thought (1993).
From American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Copyright 1999 by the American Council of Learned Societies.
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After the inital excitement of the arrival of new material in the lab, curiosity had to be curbed and the main task of the day tackled. This task was to process and interpret anayltical data acquired last week during many days work on the SEM. I use many different analytical techniques to investigate the more important archaeometallurgical residues passing through the lab – and the analytical SEM is one of the most useful.
The backscattered electron images reveal compositional contrasts through their grey scale. In this image the dominant phase, appearing pale grey, is fayalite (an olivine mineral, approximately Fe2SiO4).
Across the centre of the image is a discontinuity, produced by the chilling of the surface of an individual lobe of slag as it flowed from the surface and cooled in the air.
The crystals are large, suggesting the slag cooled slowly, and the lobe margin is not marked by the development of much iron oxide, so this example probably cooled right in the mouth of the furnace.
As well as producing these images, the analytical SEM also permits chemical microanalyses from tiny spots or areas of the sample.
The second backscattered electron image shows a tiny detail of the first image, with the location of microanalyses.
The instrument provides the chemical analyses, but they then have to be recast as mineral formulae – and that was today's task. With many hundreds to do that was a substantial task in front of the spreadsheet. Gradually a picture emerges of the overall composition of the slag and of its constituent minerals.In this instance, the slag proved to be typical of residues produced during the smelting of iron ores from the Forest of Dean. That is a useful result in itself, allowing one aspect of the economy of this Roman settlement to be understood. As other samples from the same site are interpreted further details will emerge – permitting reconstruction of the yield and efficiency of the furnace as well as aspects of the technology itself.
Archaeometallurgical residues provide a very direct link back to a particular occasion in the past, when an artisan did a particular job in a particular way. The waste material provides key evidence for that moment in time. Although studying the waste, rather than the product, might seem perverse, there is often a richer set of evidence about hte nature of the process to be gleaned from the residues than from the artefact. Crucially, the residues also typically remain close to the site of the activity, whereas the products were dispersed after production and may not be able to be linked back to their point of origin.
Careful investigation of such archaeometallurgical residues may allow us to come as close as we ever could do to looking over the shoulder of the Roman smith at his work.


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As anyone who's had their shin attacked by a playful kitten can attest, many cats love to frolic. But mind activity is also important for cats, such that it can even lead to physical benefits for your feline.
In 2002, veterinary behaviorist Dr. Jacqui Neilson suggested that mental exercises could be used to help slow down age-related cognitive decline in animals, based on studies of humans with Alzheimer's disease. Here are four ways you can keep your cat's mind and body engaged throughout the day:
1. Food puzzles. Instead of just placing your cat kibble in a bowl, consider making your cat work for the reward. Frederick Cat Vet has some easy-to-make food puzzler instructions that will keep your cat hard at work for every last bite.
2. Hunting toys. Ancestors to the domestic cat would catch 10 to 20 little critters a day, on average. Toys that give your cat a chance to exercise this strong hunting instinct by pouncing, catching or tossing them in the air are a good choice. The FroliCat Dart takes the traditional laser one step further by automatically rotating a laser beam through the room, leading your cat on an endless chase.
3. Vertical spaces. Cats like to take advantage of the full three-dimensional space in a room. Having high places on which to perch allows the cat to exercise its climbing instinct. It also affords them a safe place to escape from dogs or kids who may be bothering them down on the floor. If you don't want to pay pet store prices for a kitty condo, there are some great plans online so you can build a perch or kitty condo yourself.
4. Stimulating smells. Most everyone knows about catnip, but there are several plants that cats are highly attracted to, including catmint and valerian. The University of Vermont has a great article about planting a cat-friendly garden that lists the most popular plants.
Exercise for the brain is just as beneficial as exercise for the body. Give your cat both for a long and happy life.
Dr. Jessica Vogelsang is a small-animal veterinarian from San Diego. When she's not at work or with her family of two and her four-legged creatures, you can find her blogging about life with pets at PawCurious.com. Dr. Vogelsang's blogs have previously appeared on The Daily Cat.
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You want to know what is the best place to live. With the Life Quality Index, or LQI, we make it a lot easier to decide which place is better to live.
The LQI is calculated by combining all our data on transportation, safety, health, affordability, entertainment, demographics, leisure and other essentials for everyday life. All our data comes from very reliable sources, like the MTA, NYPD, Google, Socrata, Foursquare and the U.S. Census to offer you the best information to find the right place to live.
You want to be free to go wherever you want, when you want. So in our LQI we use all the available data on public transport, taxi services, parking places and the distance to the city center or the next borough when calculating the livability of a place.
Life is all about the small things, so if you have everything you need nearby, then that is a great plus! When we calculate the Daily Life for the LQI, we take everything into account. Ranging from the distance to the nearest convenience stores and places of worship to Wi-Fi Hotspots and financial services.
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Google has acquired Incentive Targeting which offers a software-as-a-service platform for promotional campaigns to the grocery industry.
"As part of Google, we will have the resources and expertise to continue the transformation of couponing from a way to give discounts to a way to build business," founders Ben Sprecher and Joshua Herzig-Marx said while announcing the acquisition on Incentive Targeting's website on Wednesday.
"We look forward to working with Incentive Targeting in our ongoing efforts to help consumers save time and money and enable retailers deliver relevant discounts to the right customers," Google said in a statement. The financial terms of the deal were not disclosed
Founded in 2007, Incentive Targeting in Cambridge, Massachusetts, partners with retail chains to provide a targeted marketing service to manufacturers of grocery and consumer products, according to its website.
Its web-based service allows manufacturers to create and monitor campaigns using data on offer redemptions at points-of-sale and other information.
Incentive Targeting said it set out to do for retail couponing what Google had done for online advertising, by making it "simple, relevant, measurable, and effective."
John Ribeiro covers outsourcing and general technology breaking news from India for The IDG News Service. Follow John on Twitter at @Johnribeiro. John's e-mail address is email@example.com


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Many have enjoyed Bible Study Magazine's thoughtful articles, stories, and interviews delivered right to their door for the low price of $14.95. This introductory price—nearly 50% off retail—has been in effect since Bible Study Magazine went on Pre-Pub in 2008. But the sale price is going up to $19.95 on December 1!
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Articles on Adam Ralston, Alyska Farnsworth, Valerie-Ann Bolduc, Tucker Skenderian and Aric Tao.
Entercom Boston recently appointed Adam Ralston of Framingham as director of marketing.
In this role, Ralston will oversee all marketing efforts for Entercom Boston's stations WAAF 97.7/107.3FM, WEEI 93.7FM, ESPN on WEEI 850AM and WRKO 680AM.
Ralston previously served as WAAF's promotion director for more than 10 years. Ralston re-joins Entercom after working as the advertising and sponsorship sales manager for the DCU Center in Worcester
He is a graduate of Bowdoin College.
Entercom Communications is one of the five largest radio broadcasting companies in the United States, with a nationwide portfolio of 111 stations in 23 markets, including San Francisco, Boston, Seattle, Denver, Portland, Sacramento and Kansas City.
Dover Rug & Home in Natick recently announced that Alyska Farnsworth of Wellesley is joining the company as an interior designer and colorist.
Farnsworth brings more than 20 years of experience in residential interior design to Dover. In her new role, she will provide customers with assistance on their rugs, carpeting and hard surfaces selections. She also will, by appointment, offer both in-home and in-office visits to consult on interior design and collaborate with other design professionals on product selection.
Farnsworth was educated extensively in the United States and France.
Valeri-Ann Bolduc of Holliston was recently elected the 2013 president of the Massachusetts Society of Respiratory Care (MSRC).
Bolduc was elected MSRC president in 2003 and becomes the second person to hold this position twice since 1990.
She has been a volunteer for the state society for more than 20 years. She is an active member on its program and education committee and the state board, which promotes and publicly supports respiratory therapists in Massachusetts in obtaining their Continuing Education Units. These are required to maintain professional memberships, certification and licensing in Massachusetts.
In 2005, Bolduc was nominated by her peers as Therapist of the Year. She also was the first recipient of the President's Award, chosen by then MSRC President Stella Farquharson, for her devotion, knowledge and service in respiratory care.
Conventures Inc., a Boston-based special events, marketing and public relations agency, recently announced three internal promotions.
Shannon Crane of Boston, a member of the company's sports event team, was promoted to account executive.
Tucker Skenderian of Weston was promoted to account executive on the sports marketing team. He is also responsible for all vendor communications as the show manager for the Boston Marathon's Sports and Fitness Expo.He was an intern for Conventures. throughout his high school years. He graduated from the University of Connecticut in 2009 with a degree in communication.
Aric Tao of Weston was promoted to senior staff accountant for Conventures and PRA New England. He began his career in finance as an accounting assistant in June 2008 for Conventures after graduating from Suffolk University.


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ETT On The Move
I'm joined by Matt Montagne for a free-form discussion that touches on public transit and iPhones. Thanks, once again, to Derek K Miller of penmachine.com for the use of his tunes, and to Sheila Adams and Peggy George for joining us in the chat room.
The Buddha's Birthday edition of ETBS in which we catch-up with Jeff Lebow, Sheila Adams and Lisa Durff for a good old-fashioned brainstorm/virtual staff lounge get-together with some tunes from Penmachine and # Psy Brazil # thrown in for good measure.
the laughing buddha by Jason Gulledge
Digital parent planning session
Jeff Flynn returns to ETBS and introduces us to Paul Coleman, Chief Information Officer of Asian University for Women (AUW) in in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Thanks to Matt Montagne for joining the conversation via Skype, and sharing his experiences around email migration--and to all those in the chat.
NOTE:Had some technical difficulties which precluded adding some to conference--please accept my apologies, and plan to join us again
Tweets about "edtechtalk"
Do you have your EdTechTalk stuff yet? Did you know there are T-shirts, hats, coffee mugs, buttons, magnets, and tote bags available? They're all based on Wordle interpretations of the EdTechTalk Delicious tags.
What are you waiting for? These are limited edition items. Shop now and avoid the rush!


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Last night, the DWTS champion appeared on MSNBC's The Last Word, saying she was aware the Tea Party was campaigning to keep Bristol Palin in the competition, but only learned through Last Word host Lawrence O'Donnell about its ballot-stuffing scam.
Jennifer found it all hilarious, saying, "Can we be that organized? Please?" Of course, in the end she won, so it would make sense that she doesn't have any hard feelings. However, she did say that "it feels damn good" to have beaten a Palin in some kind of election.


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Outdoor Games for Kids' Literacy
5 Outdoor Games that Build Kids' Literacy
Taking your literacy lessons outside is a great opportunity to mix things up and encourage more movement, exercise, and time spent outdoors.
It's also a great way to motivate children who sometimes feel reluctant to sit down for long periods of time.
Here are five fun outdoor games and activities that build essential reading, writing and literacy skills for young kids.
1. Organise a scavenger hunt
Scavenger hunts are a hugely popular game for children and adults alike — which makes it a perfect outdoor activity for the whole family.
The game is simple. Choose a safe location such as a local park or the backyard. Then create a list of items for participants to find and collect (or photograph). It can be anything — a red leaf, a feather, a heart-shaped rock, or a cloud that looks like an animal.
Divide your teams into groups of at least two people, and give each team a list of items and a time limit. Participants should have enough time to read the items and locate them. You can even be extra creative and write cryptic clues for older children to decipher!
2. Go on a nature walk and record what you see
Nature walks and hikes not only provide rich opportunities for learning, they're also a great way to encourage your child's appreciation for the natural world.
Choose a walking trail in a nature park, reserve or the beach (make sure it's safe and relatively easy for little legs) and talk about things you see, hear, touch and smell.
A good idea is to record things in a notebook or sketchpad. You can also bring a camera to take photos of different birdlife, interesting plants and trees, rock formations and bodies of water.
When you get home gather your photos, notes or drawings and stick them onto a large sheet of construction paper. Label each item and write a few descriptive sentences. Older children might also like to describe their nature walk by writing a poem.
3. Go on a supermarket hunt
This everyday chore can be easily turned into a fun game that helps children see the real-world value of learning to read.
Ask your child to help you write down items you need to buy at the supermarket. Once you're there, help them track down each item by reading down the list.
Read words on the aisle signs and help your child narrow down their search by using categories. For example, locate the 'Vegetables' section to find carrots, the 'Cleaning' section to find a sponge, or the 'Pets' section to find a dog collar.
4. Role-play a favourite poem or song
Role-playing is a fun and creative way to build early skills in phonemic awareness — one of the five essential components of learning to read.
When your child role-plays their favourite poem or song, they pay close attention to rhyme and rhythm — a key method of building phonemic awareness. It also encourages them to practise using new vocabulary.
Read a poem or the lyrics of a song with your child and role-play a particular section they like — or even the whole piece — in the backyard, at the park, or under the night sky. Turn it into a performance for family and friends! Taking things outdoors and into a new environment is a wonderful way to inspire creativity and imagination.
5. Play 'chef' and make your favourite recipe (indoors or outdoors)
There's nothing more exciting than whipping up a delicious cake or batch of cookies in the kitchen!
Help your child write the ingredients and steps of their favourite dish, or follow a pre-written recipe together. Cooking is not only a lot of fun for young kids, but also allows them to see you follow written instructions and use them to produce something valuable.
For younger children, sit down with a recipe and reword it in a way that is easy for them to understand. While you cook, ask them to read out which step comes next.
Reading Eggs makes learning to read easy and fun for children aged 3–13. Register now for your free trial today and see how your child's reading can improve in just weeks.Tweet


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Peer-Reviewed Publications
Found 59 results[ Title]
Filters: Author is Nancy Kassam-Adams [Clear All Filters]
Youth's Strategies for Staying Safe and Coping with the Stress of Living in Violent Communities." J Community Psychol. 2010;38(7):874-885."
Traumatic Stress, Depression, and Recovery: Child and Parent Responses After Emergency Medical Care for Unintentional Injury." Pediatr Emerg Care. 2015;31(11):737-42."
Trauma-informed Care for Children in the Ambulance: International Survey Among Pre-hospital Providers." European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 2017;8(1)."
Systematic, theoretically-grounded development and feasibility testing of an innovative, preventive web-based game for children exposed to acute trauma." Clin Pract Pediatr Psychol. 2015;3(1):12-24."
Screening for risk of persistent posttraumatic stress in injured children and their parents." JAMA. 2003;290(5):643-9."
A Qualitative Analysis of Children's Emotional Reactions During Hospitalization Following Injury." J Trauma Nurs. 2016;23(4):194-201."
A Prospective Examination of Child Avoidance Coping and Parental Coping Assistance After Pediatric Injury: A Mixed-Methods Approach." J Pediatr Psychol. 2019."
Prevention and public health approaches to trauma and traumatic stress: a rationale and a call to action." Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2016;7(3):29715."
The premature graduation of children from child restraints to vehicle seat belts. United States Government Printing Office: Traffic Tech; 2001.
Predicting child PTSD: the relationship between acute stress disorder and PTSD in injured children." J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43(4):403-11."
Posttraumatic Stress in Children After Injury: The Role of Acute Pain and Opioid Medication Use." Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018."
Posttraumatic Stress Following Acute Medical Trauma in Children: A Proposed Model of Bio-Psycho-Social Processes During the Peri-Trauma Period." Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2014."
Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom structure in injured children: functional impairment and depression symptoms in a confirmatory factor analysis." J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49(6):616-25, 625.e1-4."
Posttraumatic stress disorder and injury." Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine. 2003;4(2):148-155."
Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Novel Web-Based Intervention to Prevent Posttraumatic Stress in Children Following Medical Events." J Pediatr Psychol. 2016;41(1):138-48."
A pilot randomized controlled trial assessing secondary prevention of traumatic stress integrated into pediatric trauma care." J Trauma Stress. 2011;24(3):252-9."
Persistence of posttraumatic stress in violently injured youth seen in the emergency department." Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156(8):836-40."
Perceived support at work after critical incidents and its relation to psychological distress: a survey among prehospital providers." Emerg Med J. 2017."
A Parent-Led Intervention to Promote Recovery Following Pediatric Injury: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial." Trials. 2019;20(1):137."
Parent-child agreement regarding children's acute stress: the role of parent acute stress reactions." J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45(12):1485-93."
Nurses' Views and Current Practice of Trauma-Informed Pediatric Nursing Care." J Pediatr Nurs. 2014."
A Novel Adaptation of a Parent–Child Observational Assessment Tool for Appraisals and Coping in Children Exposed to Acute Trauma." European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 2016;7."
A New Method for Assessing Content Validity in Model-Based Creation and Iteration of eHealth Interventions." J. Med. Internet Res.. 2015;17(4):e95."


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El Alcoba del Rey en la Ruta Via de la Plata
In 2013, Alcoba del Rey de Sevilla Hotel is again one of the companies taking part in "Via de la Plata" route and offers discounts to clients who suitably prove to be travellers of this route.
"Via de la Plata" route goes from Seville to Gijon and comprehends every town and village in this road and other neighbouring ones. Among them, we could mention the following ones (never despising at all those not drafted here): Carmona, Monesterio, Cáceres, Plasencia, Béjar, Zamora, Benavente, León, Mieres, etc. It is no doubt a very appealing road, full of culture, history, tradition, gastronomy and diverse attractions.
A large portfolio of hotels and companies located in the towns and villages of the route participate as sponsors and offer discounts, advantages and services to travellers holding one of the promotional cards created for this purpose. These cards are "Pasaporte de la Ruta" (Route's Passport) and "Moto Via Card", which can be requested on-line on the official website of the Route or in tourism offices in the towns taking part.
Alcoba del Rey de Sevilla hotel offers a 15% discount off rack rates to all guests who identify themselves as traveller of the route by presenting at reception one of the two mentioned cards. This discount is not cumulative to other offers and promotions.
We encourage you to get your "Pasaporte de la Ruta" or your "Moto Vía Card" in order to be able to get advantage of this discount.
To visist the website of "Vía de la Plata" Route, just click on the link below:
Link to the space of Alcoba del Rey de Sevilla Hotel on the website of "Via de la Plata" Route:
— 1) www.rutadelaplata.com/empresas_gestion/show/97
— 2) www.rutadelaplata.com/noticias/show/1238-hotel-boutique-alcoba-del-rey-sevilla
Issue published by Alcoba del Rey de Sevilla Hotel
Categories: Hotel


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Are there any plans to make the Memory View/Edit screens editable on the fly through the hex display area on the left versus manually doing it from the right one address at a time? Also I noticed that the memory addresses are listed in a 4 digit format in this view (0000,0010,0020,etc), isn't it suppose to be a 6 digit address with 2 digit value (FF8799 xx)? I am new to genesis hacking for the most part as I usually work on 6502/65C02/65C816 emulators using debuggers and hex editors.
I've also encountered a few bugs with the interface (scrolling to the bottom of the hex view too fast usually results in a crash, along with subtle other things that led to a crash just from moving around the interface). These were all on the latest build of the debug version of the emulator. This could however be due to windows 7 and not the emulator. Any answers are appreciated.
Memory View/Edit + Questions
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In 2 Corinthians 1:1 Paul introduces himself to the congregations of Corinth and of the Roman province of Achaia as "an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God" and mentions Timothy as his cowriter. In New Testament scholarship the authenticity of this verse and of the Pauline authorship of 2 Corinthians is undisputed. Neither is there controversy about the textual basis of canonical 2 Corinthians. With the exception of smaller variants, the manuscript tradition bears witness to the text as published in Nestle-Aland: 2 Corinthians 1:1—13:13 is attested as a single literary unit. The first unambiguous reference to 2 Corinthians, however, is made in the middle of the second century C.E. in the Marconite canon; the oldest manuscript available (P46) dates roughly back to 200 C.E. The rather long period of time between the writing of 2 Corinthians, which the majority of scholars date at approximately 55 C.E., and its first attestation in manuscript form about one hundred and fifty years later, serves as one argument for viewing 2 Corinthians as a composite letter (cf. Becker 2006). As part of the Corinthian correspondence (1 and 2 Corinthians), this Pauline letter not only enables readers to gain an insight into the lively and multifaceted relationship between Paul and one of his congregations, but it also is the most personal account of Paul's understanding of his apostolic identity and his ministry.
Structure and Content.
Like other Pauline letters 2 Corinthians opens with a prescript (1:1–2) and a proem (1:3–11) and it closes with a postscript (13:11–13). The body of the letter (1:12—13:10) can be divided into three main parts: Paul's defense of the nature of his ministry (2:14—7:4); his appeal for the resumption and completion of the collection (8–9); and an attack on intruding missionaries, who claim authority over the Corinthian congregations (10:1—13:10). The first part (2:14—7:4) is framed by two smaller passages (1:12—2:13; 7:5–16), both of which deal with an incident that occurred during one of Paul's visits to Corinth (the so-called intermediate visit) and with the events ensuing from that incident.
1:1–2 Prescript: Salutation
1:3–11 Proem: Benediction
1:12—7:16Paul's defense of his apostolic ministry
1:13—2:13 Paul and his congregation I: Events ensuing from the intermediate visit
2:14—4:6 Paul's ministry of a new covenant
4:7—5:10 Apostolic sufferings, divine preservation, and the hope for resurrection
5:11—6:10 Paul's ministry of reconcili- ation
6:11—7:4 Paul's appeal for reconcili- ation
7:5–16 Paul and his congregation II: Paul's joy at the repentance of the Corinthians
8:1—9:15 Paul's appeal for the resumption and completion of the collection
10:1—13:10Paul's attack on the intruding missionaries and his preparations for a third visit
10:1–18: Paul's defense of his status as apostle and founding father of the congregation
11:1—12; 13 Boasting foolishly [11:16—12:13 The fool's speech]
12:14—13:10 Making preparations for his third visit
13:11—13:13Postscript: exhortation, greetings, blessing
Literary History.
In 1 and 2 Corinthians several references to a lively correspondence between Paul and his congregation can be found: in 2 Corinthians 10:10 Paul mentions several preceding letters, which he has written to the Corinthians (cf. 1 Cor 5:9), in 2 Corinthians 2:3–4 and 2 Corinthians 7:8–12 he refers to a severe letter that resulted in the Corinthians' remorse, and in 1 Corinthians 7:1 Paul speaks of a letter he received from his congregation. In combination, these exegetical observations have led to the assumption that 2 Corinthians contains more than one and up to six letters. The following section describes the main reasons leading to doubts about the literary integrity of 2 Corinthians, outlines the different partition theories, and makes a sketch of the historical events taking place between 1 and 2 Corinthians and thereafter.
Reasons for Questioning the Literary Integrity.
The literary integrity of 2 Corinthians is disputed due to the following linguistic reasons:
In comparison to the preceding chapters, there is a perceivable change of tone in CHAPTERS 10 TO 13. While CHAPTERS 1–9 convey the impression of a reconciliation between Paul and his congregation (7:5–16; cf. 2:5–11), invectives are distinctive of what follows. To mention but one example, Paul calls the intruding rival missionaries "Satan's ministers" (11:12–15), thus trying to lure the Corinthians away from his opponents and gather them behind him. In addition, striking linguistic features suggest that CHAPTERS 10 TO 13 do not originally belong to CHAPTERS 1 TO 9. According to many scholars the abrupt transition between 9:15 and 10:1 suggests the beginning of a different letter. In CHAPTERS 10 TO 13 Paul also employs a different set of vocabulary. For example, he does not employ the term "weakness," which plays a dominant role in the fool's speech (11:16—12:13) and beyond.
An alteration of tone can also be perceived within CHAPTERS 1–9. Some commentators ask how Paul's joy at the Corinthians' remorse (7:8–12) and his appeal for reconciliation with God and his apostle (5:11–21; 6:11—7:4) fit together. They draw the conclusion that CHAPTERS 1 TO 9 also consist of several letters (see the Weiss-Bultmann hypothesis below).
Some scholars suggest that CHAPTER 8 and CHAPTER 9 are not part of the same letter. Since both deal with the collection of the gentile congregations in Achaia for the Jerusalem church, these scholars suggest that a later editor linked the two originally separate (administrative) letters to one another and put them in their present place in canonical 2 Corinthians. One of their arguments refers to the expression peri men gar in v. 1 of CHAPTER 9, which—as they presume—indicates the beginning of a new letter. For additional arguments cf. Betz (1985) and Mitchell (2005).
Many scholars agree that the passage 6:14—7:1 is not only a separate letter fragment, but an interpolation. On a syntactic level they point out the interrelation between 6:13 and 7:2: The appeal to give Paul room in their hearts (7:2) can be directly linked to the appeal to make their hearts wide (6:13). Thus 6:14—7:1 interrupts the context. In addition scholars deny the Pauline authorship of the passage due to several hapax legomena (i.e., words that don't appear elsewhere in Paul) and some non-Pauline theological concepts, such as the positive notion of "flesh."
Partition Theories.
On the basis of the exegetical observations outlined in the previous section, a large number of partition theories have been developed. What follows is a brief sketch of the most important of these theories. Their names are adopted from Bieringer (1994).
The Semler-Windisch- and the Hausrath-Kennedy-Hypothesis.
The starting point of the Semler-Windisch- as well as the Hausrath-Kennedy-hypothesis is the observation that the polemical tone of CHAPTERS 10 TO 13 does not fit the conciliatory atmosphere of the preceding chapters. According to these hypotheses this change of tone can best be explained if CHAPTERS 1 TO 9 and CHAPTERS 10 TO 13 are perceived as two separate letters or letter-fragments, which reflect different stages of Paul's conflict with his congregation. Semler and Windisch claim that CHAPTERS 1 TO 7 precede CHAPTERS 10 TO 13, whereas Hausrath and Kennedy turn this order around: they identify CHAPTERS 10 TO 13 as part of the severe letter mentioned in 2 Corinthians 2:3–4 and 7:8–12 and draw the conclusion that these chapters must have preceded the letter of reconciliation in CHAPTERS 1 TO 7. The evaluation of CHAPTERS 8 and 9 varies from scholar to scholar, but these differences do not have an effect on the assessment of the historical order of CHAPTERS 1 TO 7 and CHAPTERS 10 TO 13.
The Weiss-Bultmann-Hypothesis.
Bultmann shares two convictions with Hausrath and Kennedy: the severe letter is included in 2 Corinthians and it precedes the letter of reconciliation. According to Bultmann, however, Paul's extensive defense of the nature of his ministry in 2:14–7:4 is also part of the severe letter. The letter of reconciliation consists of 1:1—2:13 and 7:5–16. In Bultmann's view CHAPTER 8 belongs to the letter of reconciliation, whereas CHAPTER 9 is part of the severe letter. The hard transition between 2:13 and 2:14 and the observation that 7:5 can be directly linked to 2:13 are crucial for extracting 2:14—7:4 from its context.
The Bornkamm-Schmithals-Hypothesis.
In contrast to Weiss and Bultmann, Bornkamm and Schmithals assign 2:14—7:4 and 10–13 to two different letters or rather stages of Paul's conflict with the Corinthians (cf. Semler, Windisch, Hausrath, Kennedy). Only CHAPTERS 10–13 are part of the severe letter (cf. Hausrath and Kennedy). THE PASSAGES 2:14—7:4 and 10–13 (in this historical order!) precede the letter of reconciliation (1:1—2:13; 7:5–16). According to Bornkamm it is most likely that CHAPTERS 8 and 9 are two separate writings. They represent the final stage of the Corinthian correspondence.
On the basis of the Bornkamm-Schmithals-hypothesis Mitchell has made an innovative proposal, placing CHAPTER 8 not at the end, but at the beginning of the correspondence preserved in 2 Corinthians. Her arguments comprise:
- (1) the redundancy of two appeals for the collection;
- (2) the interrelation between the accusation of fraud in financial matters (stealing funds of the collection) and the appeal for the collection: This interrelation would not be sufficiently accounted for, if CHAPTERS 8 and 9 were placed at the end of the correspondence;
- (3) rhetorical parallels between 1 Corinthians and 2 Corinthians 8; and especially
- (4) the retrospective view of the delegation sent to Corinth (2 Cor 8) in 12:17–18.
While argument (4) strongly suggests that 2 Corinthians 8 must have preceded CHAPTERS 10 TO 13, argument (3) hints at a close temporal proximity between 1 Corinthians and 2 Corinthians 8.
The table on the next page provides an overview of the different partition theories outlined above and some of the scholars supporting them.
Each of these theories possesses distinctive features, and each of them adopts (essential) elements of previous theories. The sheer number of observations that led to the pleas against the literary integrity of 2 Corinthians and the different well-founded partition theories underline the expertise and innovative power of New Testament scholarship. While 2 Corinthians might be a compilation of several letters, it nevertheless has literary integrity.
In addition to the absence of any textual evidence that proves the compilation of several letters in 2 Corinthians, no compelling linguistic reasons can be found to support a (particular) partition theory. Even among the scholars favoring one of these theories, the difference in tone and atmosphere between CHAPTERS 1 TO 9 and CHAPTERS 10 TO 13 does not automatically lead to the conclusion that large parts of these chapters could not have been part of the same letter (cf. the Weiss-Bultmann-hypothesis). Harris (2005), Schnelle (2007), and others argue that the polemics in CHAPTERS 10 TO 13 are due to disturbing news that Paul received from Corinth. While CHAPTERS 1 TO 9 presuppose the good news about the Corinthians' remorse, CHAPTERS 10 TO 13 reflect the danger of intruding missionaries turning the Corinthians away from their apostle. Paul added CHAPTERS 10 TO 13 to CHAPTERS 1 TO 9 before sending the letter to Corinth.
The interruption of the narrative in 2:13 and the link back to this verse in 7:5 reveal Paul's rhetorical competence: The ring pattern which connects the passages 1:12—2:13 and 7:5–16 serves to emphasize that the Corinthians' repentance is nothing but a first step toward full reconciliation (Matera). The lengthy digression of 2:14—7:4 gives evidence of the ongoing dispute over the nature of Paul's ministry which yet needs to be resolved.
In contradiction to the assumption that 2 Corinthians 8–9 consists of two separate administrative letters, scholars have pointed out the literary interrelation between these chapters. In their opinion verses 9:3–5 refer back to and presuppose passage 8:16–24: Both passages deal with the delegation Paul has sent to Corinth/Achaia. As Harris has observed, the expression peri men gar need not necessarily be interpreted as the beginning of a new letter, the gar referring back to what precedes (cf. also Stowers 1990).
It becomes evident that on the basis of linguistic features the literary integrity of 2 Corinthians can hardly be proved right or wrong (cf. Becker 2004). That leads to a final aspect to be taken into consideration.
Up to now the question of editorial principles which led to the present arrangement of different letters in canonical 2 Corinthians has yet to be resolved. The reason for this is that we do not find any explicit or implicit indicators of how an alleged editor intended his compilation of letters to be understood. This being the case, an argument from silence gains importance: The editor of canonical 2 Corinthians perceived his compilation as integral and coherent. This criterion has to be excluded or at least neglected from the outset, if 2 Corinthians is regarded as a composite letter. If it is not excluded, partition theories lose some of their plausibility, since at least in the eyes of the editor canonical 2 Corinthians is comprehensible as a literary unit. This argument also withstands the thesis of Becker (2004), who suggests that an editor arranged five different letters in their historical order with the intention of preservation.
The last argument becomes even more important if we take into consideration that, despite the implementation of Betz's demand to focus on the
|Partition theory
|Historical order of the letter fragments
|Scholars supporting, building upon or modifying these theories
|(1) 1–9 (2) 10–13
|Sampley (2000); Thrall (1994); Wünsch (1996)
|(1) 10–13 (= severe letter) (2) 1–9 (= letter of reconciliation)
|Klauck (1994)
|(1) 2:14—7:4; 9; 10:1—13:13 (= severe letter) (2) 1:1—2:13; 7:5–16; 8 (= letter of reconciliation)
|Vielhauer (1975)
|(1) 2:14—6:13; 7:2–4 (2) 10–13 (= severe letter) (3) 1:1—2:13; 7:5–16(= letter of reconciliation, perhaps also including chapter 8) (4) 9
|Betz (1985); Mitchell (2005)
|Literary Integrity
|Lambrecht (1999); Matera (2003)
literary and rhetorical structure of 2 Corinthians, no scholarly consensus has been reached in the last several decades in favor of a particular partition theory. Betz argues that even the plea for literal integrity is nothing more than a hypothesis. However, those scholars who view 2 Corinthians as a composite letter bear the burden of proof. In this context it is interesting to note that these scholars disagree on a multitude of points such as: (1) the number of letters; (2) the extent of the letters; (3) the historical order of the letters; (4) the question of whether the severe letter is included in 2 Corinthians; and, if this question is answered positively, to what extent; and (5) the question whether 2 Corinthians 8 and 9 are two separate administrative writings (Betz) or whether one or both of these chapters originally belonged to other letters incorporated in 2 Corinthians. The scholarly dissent is certainly no proof for the literary integrity of 2 Corinthians. However, the interpretation of 2 Corinthians should focus on the textual basis we have, which is the text preserved in canonical 2 Corinthians. Nevertheless, the question of literary integrity remains a legitimate task of historical-critical research.
Historical Reconstruction of the Relationship between Paul and the Corinthian Congregation.
The plea for the literary integrity of 2 Corinthians in combination with Paul's statements about his travel plans (1 Cor 16:5–9; 2 Cor 1:15F.; 2:1; 12:14; 13:1–2) leads to the following historical reconstruction.
After the congregation in Corinth had received 1 Corinthians, Paul made an unexpected visit (the so-called intermediate visit). During that visit a member of the congregation offended Paul (2:5–16; 7:11–12). Since the Corinthians did not take their apostle's side, Paul departed to Ephesus. In order to prevent another painful encounter with his congregation (2 Cor 2:1; cf. 1:23), Paul changed his travel plans. Instead of visiting Corinth once more, Paul wrote the severe letter and sent it through Titus to Corinth. From Ephesus Paul traveled via Troas (2:13) to Macedonia. There he finally met Titus (7:6–7), who told him about the punishment of the offender (2:6) and the remorse of the congregation (7:8–12). A first step toward reconciliation had been made. Paul wrote 2 Corinthians 1–9 in order to express his joy at the settlement of this particular conflict, to convince the Corinthians of the legitimacy of his ministry (2:14—7:4), and to make an appeal for the completion of the collection for Jerusalem (8–9). To ensure the completion of the collection he sent a delegation headed by Titus to Corinth (8:16–24).
As 2 Corinthians 12:17–18 suggests (cf. Schnelle), the delegation returned with bad news from Corinth: Intruding missionaries had stirred up the congregation against their founding apostle and claimed apostolic authority. They disputed Paul's status as a minister. Paul reacted by writing CHAPTERS 10 TO 13. He announced a third visit and declared that he would not hesitate to act in the authority of the LORD (13:4) and to punish his opponents.
Romans 15:26–27 mentions the successful completion of the collection in Achaia and Macedonia. This indicates that Paul succeeded in gathering the Corinthians behind him anew.
The following interpretation presupposes the literary integrity of 2 Corinthians and the historical reconstruction of the events taking place between 1 and 2 Corinthians and thereafter as presented in the section above. Thus, Paul wrote CHAPTERS 1 TO 9 in order to get the Corinthian church completely on his side: The conflict concerning "the offender" had already been settled to the satisfaction of Paul (2:5–11; 7:8–12), but the doubts about the legitimacy of the Pauline ministry still needed to be dispelled. This was the precondition of Paul's chief aim, the resumption and completion of the collection for the Jerusalem church (2 Cor 8–9). In CHAPTERS 10 TO 13 Paul reacted to disturbing news from Corinth: rival missionaries threatened to lure the Corinthian congregation away from him. Second Corinthians 1–9 and 2 Corinthians 10–13 represent two different stages of Paul's conflict with the Corinthians.
The Proem: Leitmotifs of the Letter (1:3–11).
Before giving an interpretation of the different parts of 2 Corinthians, a brief glance at the proem reveals two leitmotifs of this letter:
First, in comparison with other Pauline letters, the beginning of the proem in v.3 is distinctive: The content of the benediction is not the divine grace visible among his addressees, but Paul's own experience of divine comfort in the midst of suffering and affliction. This is the central theme governing the whole letter, especially Paul's advocacy of his ministry in 2:14—7:4 (cf. 11:16—12:13). In response to the criticism that his ministry is lacking glory, Paul emphasizes from the very beginning that afflictions are inseparable from his service as "minister of a new covenant" (3:6). They represent the "sufferings of Christ" (1:5). In the apostolic sufferings, however, God proves himself as "the Father of mercies and the God of all consolations" (1:3), "who raises the dead" (1:9). Therefore sufferings and afflictions as well as divine consolation and comfort are two sides of the same coin. They constitute the paradoxical nature of Paul's apostolic ministry and do not affect its glory. The paradoxical nature of Paul's ministry is also found in the hardship lists, which occur at central points of the letter (4:7–11; 6:3–10; cf. 11:23–30).
Second, in 1:9 a second distinctive feature of 2 Corinthians becomes apparent: Paul mentions an incident that took place in the Roman province of Asia and almost killed him: "Indeed, we felt that we had received the sentence of death so that we would rely not on ourselves but on God who raises the dead." Here Paul anticipates an argument with his rival missionaries: self-reliance, self-recommendation (3:1; 5:12; cf. 10:12, 18), and boasting (5:12; cf. 10:17) contradict the character of his ministry. As minister of a new covenant he remains dependent on divine consolation and comfort. His ministry displays not his own, but God's power (4:7). Paul's competence to serve as a minister of a new covenant comes solely from God (3:4F.). Paul does not proclaim himself, but Jesus Christ as LORD (4:5). He is a slave of Christ (4:5), an ambassador for Christ (5:20), and God's fellow worker (6:1). All of these descriptions underline Paul's dependence on God. Self-reliance and self-recommendation are signs of false apostles (cf. 10:17–18).
The conviction that sufferings and afflictions are characteristics of Christian ministry and Christian life displays an apocalyptic worldview. This worldview comes to the fore throughout the letter, especially in Paul's advocacy of his ministry in 2:14—7:4. What follows is a brief interpretation of the different parts of 2 Corinthians.
Paul and his Congregation I: Events Ensuing from the Intermediate Visit (1:12—2:13).
This passage deals with the events ensuing from an insult against Paul committed by a member of the congregation during the so-called intermediate visit. As a result of this offense and the Corinthians' not taking Paul's side, the apostle changed his travel plans: Instead of visiting his congregation once more, Paul wrote the severe letter (2:3–4: cf. 7:8–12). This had the effect that the Corinthians questioned Paul's reliability, which the apostle tries to restore (1:15—2:4). In addition Paul exhorts his congregation to forgive the offender (2:5–11). 2:12–13 are closely linked to 7:5–16.
Paul's Defense of his Apostolic Ministry (2:14—7:4).
The four different parts of this section of the letter are interpreted separately.
Paul's Ministry of a New Covenant (2:14—4:6).
In 2:14—4:6 Paul depicts the glory of his ministry in comparison to the ministry of Moses (3:6–11). Even though there are significant differences between these two ministries and the two covenants they represent, the new covenant depends on the old one. For Stegemann (2005) and Maschmeier (2010) this observation is crucial for their interpretation of 2 Corinthians 3:1–18. It underlines the continuity between the old and the new covenant (for an opposite view cf. Grindheim 2001). Paul's point is that God's divine presence (that is his glory) is reflected not only in Moses' face, but also eschatologically in the face of Jesus Christ (4:6). In this context Paul describes the identity of believers in Christ as part of an ongoing process of transformation: Believers are transformed into the image of Christ "from one degree of glory to another" (3:18). This transformation will be completed at the Parousia. Until then the glory of the new covenant can only be experienced in the midst of sufferings and afflictions. Thus the reproach that Paul veils the gospel (4:3) is not correct. The hardship list (4:7–11) underlines the paradoxical way in which the truth of the gospel of the glory of Christ (4:2–4) is revealed in the apostolic afflictions. As apostle of the new covenant, Paul represents the death and life of Jesus (4:10).
Apostolic Afflictions, Divine Preservation, and the Hope for Resurrection (4:7—5:10).
In this passage of the letter, Paul expresses his apocalyptic worldview in several ways:
- (1) Referring to the truth of the gospel, he employs the metaphor of "the treasure in clay jars" (4:7) in order to introduce the hardship list (4:7–11). The precondition of the manifestation of God's power and the apostle's ongoing dependence on it are the apostolic afflictions. Divine preservation in these afflictions and the hope for resurrection are intimately connected to each other.
- (2) In 4:16–18 Paul focuses on the transformation process of Christian identity, distinguishing between an "inner" and an "outer" man or rather between internal and external realities. As the preceeding hardship list shows, the externals are "wasting away" and temporary, whereas the internals are "renewed day by day" (4:16) and eternal.
- (3) In 5:1–10, Paul continues by contrasting earthly and heavenly existence. He expresses his wish to "be away from the body and at home with the LORD" (5:8), only to emphasize the need of an ethical conduct in the present. The believers are responsible for their conduct and will be judged at the Parousia (5:10). Thus the wish to be "at home with the LORD" does not devalue bodily human existence.
Paul's Ministry of Reconciliation (5:11—6:10) and His Appeal for Reconciliation (6:11—7:4).
5:10–21 is the climax of this part of the letter. Paul depicts himself as God's ambassador of reconciliation (5:20) and appeals to his addressees to be reconciled with God and his apostle (6:1—7:4). This passage illustrates how Paul links specific problems with (and within) his communities to major theological convictions, in this case his struggle with the Corinthians, who favor externals over matters of heart (5:13), and the belief in God's reconciliation of the world through Christ (5:19–21). Paul's argument, paraphrased, goes like this: "If you don't accept me as your apostle, you're also questioning God's work of reconciliation through Christ. Don't judge me according to human standards (5:16) on the basis of my outward appearance (5:12). Do not receive the divine grace in vain (6:1), but understand that apostolic afflictions don't call the glory of the new covenant in question. In afflictions I recommend myself as a true servant of God. Open your hearts (6:12; cf. 7:2) and boast about me (5:12) as I boast about you (7:4)."
Paul and His Congregation II: Paul's Joy at the Repentance of the Corinthians (7:5–16).
This passage is closely linked to 1:12—2:13. Paul expresses his consolation, which is due to the Corinthians' remorse and repentance. Titus, whom he finally met in Macedonia (7:6–7), told him that the Corinthians had punished the offender and had finally gathered behind Paul. Thus the conflict with the offender was settled.
The Collection as a Symbol of the Unity of Jewish and Gentile Believers (2 Cor 8–9).
In CHAPTERS 8 and 9 Paul urges his Gentile audiences in Corinth and Achaia (9:2) to resume and complete the collection for the Jerusalem church. CHAPTERS 8 and 9 illustrate once more Paul's rhetorical skills to link theology to everyday matters. Paul portrays Christ as the role model of generous giving: "For you know the generous act of our LORD Jesus Christ, that though he was rich, yet for your sakes he became poor, so that by his poverty you might become rich" (8:9). Without explicitly mentioning money, the apostle relates the collection for Jerusalem to Christ's salvific work. A similar theological reasoning can be found in 9:6–11: According to Paul's conviction, God as the source of grace, generosity, and abundance enables the believers to give freely and abundantly as well. They just pass on what they have received from God. Paul underlines that sharing what one has received from God does not lead to poverty, since sharing presupposes divine abundance (9:8; cf. 8:13–15). As a concrete example of generous giving Paul refers to the churches in Macedonia. Even though they suffered from extreme poverty, they participated in the collection even beyond their financial means, thus giving themselves to God and his apostle (8:1–5). This is what Paul expects from the Corinthians as well. Their participation in the collection would be a proof of the genuineness of their love of God and of Paul (8:8).
In order to ensure the completion of the collection as a voluntary and generous gift (9:5), Paul announces his decision to send a delegation led by Titus to Corinth (9:1–5). The delegation also serves to dispel doubts about Paul's integrity in financial matters: a brother appointed by the Macedonian churches is part of the delegation and secures the correctness of the collection (8:18–21).
The collection for the Jerusalem church is an essential feature of Paul's ministry (Gal 2:10). As its "crown jewel" (Sampley, p. 6) it represents the eschatological unity of Jewish and gentile believers. At the same time the collection underlines the special status of the believers in Jerusalem (and beyond), which is based on their Jewish identity, or rather on God's election of Israel. That through Christ "Gentile believers have come to share in their [Israel's] spiritual blessings" (Rom 15:27) presupposes the glory of the Sinai covenant (cf. 2 Cor 3:1–18) and the special status of the Jewish people, whether they believe in Jesus as God's Messiah or not (Rom 9:1–13; 11:29).
Paul's Attack on the Intruding Missionaries and His Preparation for a Third Visit (2 Cor 10–13).
In comparison to the preceding chapters, CHAPTERS 10 TO 13 have a harsh tone: Paul is launching an assault on intruding missionaries, who deny the legitimacy of his ministry, claim authority over the Corinthian congregations (10:12–18), and turn the Corinthians against him. The contours of the identity of the rival missionaries, who Paul calls "Satan's minister" (11:14F.; cf. 11:3), "false apostles" (11:13), "deceitful workers" (11:13), and (ironically) "super-apostles" (11:5), are somewhat sharper than in CHAPTERS 1 TO 9. As Strecker (1992, pp. 572–573) notes, they supposedly were Hellenistic Jewish-Christians, who attached value to visions, revelations (12:1–5), and miraculous apostolic deeds (12:12) and who had a pneumatic understanding of their ministry.
"Boasting" plays a dominant role in CHAPTERS 10 TO 13, especially in the "fool's speech" (11:16—12:13), which forms the center of these chapters (Lambrecht). In this speech Paul proves his paradoxical superiority over his opponents. He points out the nature of his ministry, which is characterized by "weaknesses, insults, hardships, persecutions, and calamities for the sake of Christ" (12:10). In his weaknesses, however, Paul experiences the power of Christ dwelling in him (12:9). Thus he is willing to boast solely in his weakness: "for whenever I am weak, then I am strong" (12:10). Another aspect of the fool's speech is of some importance: In 12:1–5 Paul portrays himself as an ecstatic visionary (cf. 5:13) having visions and revelations from God. Instead of boasting of them, he minimizes their relevance to his ministry, since they bear the risk of illegitimate boasting. In this context Paul mentions a "thorn in the flesh" (12:7). Its exact nature is disputed, but its relevance seems clear: it keeps Paul from thinking too highly of himself and from boasting according to human standards (12:7).
One of the main charges Paul had to face was his refusal to accept financial support from the Corinthians (11:7–15; 12:18). Paul did not deny the missionaries' right of maintenance in principle (cf. 1 Cor 9) and he received support from other congregations (cf. Phil 4:15–16). This raised the question of Paul's love of the Corinthians. In addition, speculations about and/or accusations against his management of the collection for Jerusalem seem to have circulated in Corinth: Did Paul deny patronage only to defraud the Corinthians of the collection or rather to embezzle money? Paul argues that his renunciation of maintenance is an expression of his love of the Corinthian congregation (11:11; 12:15). Just like parents put away money for their children, so does Paul (12:14). Paul uses the metaphor of the parent-child relationship in order to emphasize his status as the founding apostle and to legitimate his denial of patronage. In contrast to the rival missionaries he does not seek their money, but the Corinthians themselves (12:14). This excludes fraud of any kind.
With the last part of the letter (12:19—13:10) Paul prepares his third visit to Corinth. He describes his relationship to the Corinthians in terms of the weakness-strength contrast. In a rhetorically skillful way, he underlines that his humble and gentle conduct (10:1) is not a sign of his weakness, but of the strength of the Corinthians. Once more the paradoxical nature of his ministry becomes apparent: his weakness is their strength and is also his strength, since if Paul does not have to punish the Corinthians, he has carried out his mission to build up the congregation (13:10).
This article has dealt with the historical, literary, and theological issues of New Testament research on 2 Corinthians. Even though these issues are closely linked to each other, in the last decades scholarly discussion has primarily focused on the question of the literary integrity of this letter. The number of partition theories is quite impressive, yet no consensus has been reached in favor of one of them. This does not deny the necessity of further investigation of the genesis of 2 Corinthians, but it seems more promising to concentrate on its interpretation as a literary unit. Whichever approach is favored, however, two aspects of 2 Corinthians remain undisputed: 2 Corinthians is the most relevant letter for information on Paul's understanding of his apostolic service, and it provides insights into the development of the relationship between Paul and one of his congregations over a period of time that is unmatched by the other Pauline letters.
[See also1 CORINTHIANS and PAUL, LETTERS OF.]
- Becker, Eve-Marie. Letter Hermeneutics in 2 Corinthians. Studies in Literarkritik and Communication Theory. Journal for the Study of the New Testament: Supplement Series 279. London and New York: T&T Clark International, 2004. English translation of Schreiben und Verstehen. Paulinische Briefhermeneutik im Zweiten Korintherbrief. Neuetestamentliche Entwürfe zur Theologie 4, first published in 2002.
- Becker, Eve-Marie. "2. Korintherbrief." In Paulus. Leben—Umwelt—Werke—Briefe, edited by Oda Wischmeyer, pp. 164–191. Tübingen: Francke, 2006.
- Betz, Hans D. 2 Corinthians 8 and 9. A Commentary on Two Administrative Letters of the Apostle Paul. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985. Betz provides a thorough rhetorical analysis of 2 Corinthians 8 and 9.
- Bieringer, Reimund. "Teilungshypothesen zum 2. Korintherbrief. Ein Forschungsüberblick." In Studies on Second Corinthians, edited by Reimund Bieringer and Jan Lambrecht, pp. 67–105. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994.
- Bieringer, Reimund, and Jan Lambrecht. Studies on 2 Corinthians. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994. A collection of essays dealing with literary and theological issues.
- Bornkamm, Günther. "Die Vorgeschichte des sogenannten Zweiten Korintherbriefes." In Geschichte und Glaube. Zweiter Teil. Gesammelte Aufsätze Bd. 4, pp. 162–194. Beiträge zur Evangelischen Theologie 53. München: Christian Kaiser Verlag, 1971.
- Bultmann, Rudolf. Der zweite Brief an die Korinther. Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar über das Neue Testament Sonderband, edited by E. Dinkler. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1987.
- Grindheim, Sigurd. "The Law Kills but the Gospel Gives Life: The Letter-Spirit Dualism in 2 Corinthians 3.5–18." Journal for the Study of the New Testament 84 (2001): 97–115.
- Harris, Murray J. The Second Epistle to the Corinthians. A Commentary on the Greek Text. New International Greek Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2005.
- Klauck, Hans-Josef. 2. Korintherbrief. Die Neue Echter Bibel. Neues Testament 8. Würzburg: Echter, 1994.
- Lambrecht, Jan. Second Corinthians. Sacra pagina 8. Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical, 1999.
- Maschmeier, Jens-Christian. Rechtfertigung bei Paulus. Eine Kritik alter und neuer Paulusperspektiven. Beiträge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Testament 189. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 2010. The interpretation of 2 Corinthians 3 serves as a starting point for a reassessment of Pauline theology.
- Matera, Frank J. II Corinthians. A Commentary. The New Testament Library. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox, 2003. This commentary presupposes the literary integrity of 2 Corinthians.
- Mitchell, Margaret M. "Paul's Letters to Corinth. Interpretive Intertwining of Literary and Historical Reconstruction." In Urban Religion in Roman Corinth. Interdisciplinary Approaches, edited by Daniel Schowalter and Steve J. Friesen, pp. 307–338. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005. In her article Mitchell suggests an elaborate partition theory focusing on the historical place of 2 Corinthians 8.
- Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome. The Theology of the Second Letter to the Corinthians. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
- Sampley, J. Paul. "The Second Letter to the Corinthians." In The New Interpreters Bible, edited by Leander E. Keck et al., vol. 11, pp. 3–180. Nashville, Abingdon, 2000.
- Schnelle, Udo. Einleitung in das Neue Testament. Stuttgart: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2007.
- Stegemann, Ekkehard W. "Der Neue Bund im Alten: Zum Schriftverständnis des Paulus in 2 Kor 3." In Paulus und die Welt. Aufsätze, edited by Christina Tuor and Peter Wick, pp. 41–58. Zürich: Theologischer Verlag Zürich, 2005. An important essay on the theological significance of 2 Corinthians 3, which is highly disputed in New Testament scholarship.
- Stowers, S. K. "Peri men gar and the Integrity of 2 Corinthians 8 and 9." Novum Testamentum 32 (1990): 340–348. A good example of how exegetical observations are linked to the question of the literary integrity of 2 Corinthians.
- Strecker, Georg. "Die Legitimität des paulinischen Apostolats nach 2 Korinther 10–13." New Testament Studies 38 (1992): 566–586.
- Sumney, J. L. Identifying Paul's Opponents. The Question of Method in 2 Corinthians. Journal for the Study of the New Testament: Supplement Series 40. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic, 1990.
- Thrall, Margaret E. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians. 2 vols. International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T & T Clark International, 1994/2000.
- Vielhauer, Philipp. Geschichte der urchristlichen Literatur. Einleitung in das Neue Testament, die Apokryphen und die Apostolischen Väter. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 1975.
- Wünsch, Hans-Michael. Der paulinische Brief 2 Kor 1–9 als kommunikative Handlung: Eine rhetorisch-literaturwissenschaftliche Untersuchung. Theologie 4. Münster: Lit Verlag, 1996.
Jens-Christian Maschmeier


text:
NCAA Bylaw 21.2.7 - Research Committee
126.96.36.199. Composition. The Research Committee shall consist of 10 members, including four representatives from Division I, two each from Divisions II and III and two unallocated. In addition, three positions shall be allocated for men, three allocated for women and four unallocated. The membership of the committee shall consist of at least three athletics administrators and at least three faculty athletics representatives with appropriate research experience. (Revised: 1/13/98)
18.104.22.168. Duties. The committee shall:
- Evaluate, supervise and coordinate the Association's research activities;
- Make recommendations to the Executive Committee regarding expenditures of Association funds for research projects; and
- Make recommendations to the Management Councils concerning research topics in intercollegiate athletics.


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Giants beat Raiders for third straight win
Thomas, Brown return, help Giants collect third straight victory
EAST RUTHERFORD, N.J. >> A couple of comeback kids helped the New York Giants continue their winning streak.
Terrell Thomas returned an interception 65 yards to set up a go-ahead 1-yard touchdown run by Andre Brown, and the New York Giants won their third straight game, 24-20 Sunday over Oakland.
It was appropriate that Thomas and Brown combined to maintain the Giants' hopes of overcoming an 0-6 start. Thomas missed the past two seasons with major knee injuries.
PHOTOS: Giants beat Raiders 24-20
Brown missed the first eight games this season after breaking his left leg in the last preseason game for the second time in nine months.
"When I scored off his interception return, I went back over there and I said: `Good job"' said Brown, who ran for 115 yards on 30 carries.
"He's another guy that showed perseverance. He knows how to deal with adversity. Guys like that, you feed off of. I want to make sure I'm a guy that they can feed off me."
The error-prone Giants (3-6) did. They also fed off their defense, which limited a banged up Terrelle Pryor and the Raiders to 213 yards in total offense.
Even more importantly they forced Oakland (3-6) to settle for a field goal on the opening possession of the second half after getting a first-and-goal at the 1.
Instead of a 24-14 lead, the margin was 20-14.
"That was huge," middle linebacker Jon Beason said. "Anytime you can go out there with your backs against the wall, it's a good thing."
Thomas' interception was even bigger, and it turned the momentum a final time.
After a three-and-out by New York, Oakland got the ball back at the New York 48 following a 27-yard punt by Steve Weatherford into a stiff breeze. On a third-and-9 from the 33, Pryor tried to hit Denarius Moore on a slant.
Thomas, who was the NFC defensive player of the week two weeks ago, was waiting in the slant route.
"It was a route they have run a lot and I was waiting on it the whole game," Thomas said. "They run two-by-two slants and coach put us in a great position and I was happy to make a play for the defense."
Thomas ran toward the gaping end zone, avoiding a tackle by Pryor inside the 20 before being tackled by Andre Holmes.
The ball came loose, and officials said Thomas was down.
Brown gave the Giants the lead from the 1-yard line following a pass interference call, taking time to kneel in the end zone and stretch his hands to the sky.
"It's great to have `Dre back," Thomas said. "To run for 100 yards after sitting out and missing eight games and to come back in the fashion he did, and run like he did, it's very refreshing for our team. It was great to see him return to his old self. I wish I would have scored but it was great to see him get in."
Despite throwing another pick-6, Eli Manning threw a 5-yard touchdown pass to Rueben Randle, and Cooper Taylor scored on a 21-yard return with a blocked punt. Josh Brown added a field goal.
Pryor scored on a 1-yard run and Tracy Porter on a 43-yard interception return for Oakland. Sebastian Janikowski kicked two field goals.
"We just to go back to work and stick with each other," said Pryor, who was 11 of 26 for 122 yards playing with a sore hamstring. "A lot of fingers can be pointed at me. That's all right, I understand that. The next time we get in this situation we have to know how to react."
Coming off a 49-20 loss to the Eagles, the Raiders were in a position to win this game. Porter's interception return put them ahead 17-14 at the half and Janikowski's 24-yard field goal that capped an eight-minute drive stretched the lead to 20-14.
But Thomas and Brown stepped in to save New York.
Josh Brown added a 23-yard field goal in the fourth quarter and New York clinched the game when Mathias Kiwanuka had a sack-forced fumble on Oakland's final possession.
Pryor scored from 1 yard on the second play from scrimmage after a fumble by Jerrel Jernigan on the opening kickoff.
New York, which had given up special teams touchdowns in the two previous games got one back. Damontre Moore blocked Marquette King's punt and Taylor scored.
Oakland took a 10-7 lead on a 33-yard field goal by Janikowski. A fumble by running back Peyton Hillis on a short pass set up the score.
Manning got the Giants going in the second quarter with a TD pass to Randle. However, Manning's third pick-6 of the season allowed Porter to skip into the end zone.