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Crisco-slick, director and co-writer Alex Kurtzman's"People Like Us"brings up the vague-sounding but crucial question of approach, and how a filmmaker's attack on a story lives or dies with a thousand separate choices.
But first, the plot, cooked up by Kurtzman and writing partner Roberto Orci, along with their friend Jody Lambert. "People Like Us" is about a monumentally selfish and closed-off character, Sam, all mouth and emotional defenses. Sam's shady sales business, which the movie bends over backward to explain in the opening scenes, keeps him hustling one step ahead of the Federal Trade Commission.
Then life throws the curve, and Sam receives news that the father he barely knew, an LA music producer, has died. Sam and his girlfriend arrive in time for the tail end of the post-funeral gathering at Sam's old house, owned by his guarded and wary mother.
And then? Sam learns that his father fathered another child, a girl — Sam's half-sister, who is now grown and a recovering alcoholic with a dangerously rudderless 11-year-old son. Sam receives a satchel containing $150,000, earmarked for the relatives he never knew he had. Sam and half-sister Frankie meet. Sam begins shadowing his troubled nephew. And up until the 90-minute mark, "People Like Us" dances around in circles contriving reasons, mostly emotional, some practical, why Sam would keep the big news a big secret for an ill-advised amount of screen time. (When finally delivered by Sam, the beans-spilling moment got a hearty "THANK YOU!!" from one member of a Chicago preview audience.)
A fine and moving film could be made from this story, which was inspired, loosely, by events and situations in the lives of Kurtzman and Orci. But the script sets an awfully low bar for Sam's redemption: All he must do is not keep the money for himself, and to learn to say, "I love you," and to generally be less of a punk.
Many, I suspect, will find the film's climactic assault on the tear ducts effective. But in his debut feature outing as a director, Kurtzman — whose producing and/or writing credits with Orci include the frantic thriller"Eagle Eye"and the"Transformers"pictures — hammers every scene and eye blink with a heavy hand. This film is shot and edited like a second-rate tent-pole action picture. A key moment early on, in which Sam's mother hauls off and slaps his face, becomes a nerve-jangling five-shot sequence, pushy and false. Why? Why shoot it that way?
Chris Pine portrays Sam; Elizabeth Banks, Frankie; Michael Hall D'Addario, the preteen wiseacre Josh; and Michelle Pfeiffer brings a weary ex-groupie glamour to Sam's mother, Lillian. Pine has considerable presence and tons of promise, though playing a relatably dislikable fellow often he's just dislikable. In the"Star Trek" reboot (which Kurtzman and Orci wrote), Pine brought a piercing Shatnerian intensity to every looming close-up. That same quality is a bit much for the parameters of this story, and Kurtzman's technique behind the camera has the effect of crowding the performers.
Banks and Pfeiffer fare the best by focusing on directness and simplicity. A particularly sharp scene between Pfeiffer and Pine, in which they smoke a joint and loosen up their defenses, high up in the Hollywood Hills, stands in stark relief to the rest of the film. Not even the egregious soundtrack, which never gives anybody or anything a moment's rest, can wreck it. Kurtzman has learned much about how to engineer a blockbuster, and how certain cuts, lighting, music cues, etc. can. With a story this size and shape, the engineering is entirely different, more instinctual, less tightly calibrated. Or should be.
'People Like Us' -- 2 stars
MPAA rating: PG-13 (for language, some drug use and brief sexuality)
Running time: 1:55
Opens: Friday


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Fujifilm to Demonstrate 'Power of Inkjet' for Commercial, Label Print Applications at Ipex 2014
DÜSSELDORF, GERMANY—February 5, 2014—Fujifilm today announces that digital inkjet production for commercial print and label applications will be the focus of its stand at Ipex (March 24-29, 2014). The company has booked a 600m2 stand and will be using its significant presence to educate visitors about the 'Power of Inkjet'—highlighting what can be achieved today with this technology.
"Fujifilm has always been a proud supporter of Ipex, and this year's show is no exception," commented Mr. Yasufumi Morimoto, senior vice president, Fujifilm Europe GmbH. "We're really excited to have the opportunity to use the Ipex platform to demonstrate our multiple inkjet production systems and showcase their ability to transform print production."
He continued: "The pace of change within the print and packaging industries continues to accelerate at an unprecedented rate, with more diverse applications appearing every day. Fujifilm's commercial digital inkjet solutions, together with our powerful Web-to-print and workflow solutions, are proven in the market and are transforming print operations the world over. They open up a whole host of opportunities and applications that suit this dynamic, ever-changing print market. Ipex fits perfectly with Fujifilm's vision with its focus on attracting printers and brand owners from around Europe, as well as its role in highlighting the diversity of print in the multi-channel marketing mix."
Mr. Morimoto concluded: "Our customers are looking for new ways to achieve results in this changing communications environment and print is pivotal to this. At Ipex 2014 we will use our stand in a different way to demonstrate how our entire family of commercial digital inkjet products, together with our industry-leading cross-media XMF workflow, can help customers transform their businesses, and we believe it will be a very successful exhibition for us."
About FUJIFILM Corp.
FUJIFILM Corp. is one of the major operating companies of FUJIFILM Holdings. Since its founding in 1934, the company has built up a wealth of advanced technologies in the field of photo imaging, and in line with its efforts to become a comprehensive healthcare company, Fujifilm is now applying these technologies to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases in the Medical and Life Science fields. Fujifilm is also expanding growth in the highly functional materials business, including flat panel display materials, and in the graphic systems and optical devices businesses.
About Fujifilm Graphic Systems
Fujifilm Graphic Systems is a stable, long-term partner focused on delivering high-quality, technically advanced print solutions that help printers develop competitive advantage and grow their businesses. The company's financial stability and unprecedented investment in R&D enable it to develop proprietary technologies for best-in-class printing. These include prepress and pressroom solutions for offset, wide-format and digital print, as well as workflow software for print production management. Fujifilm is committed to minimizing the environmental impact of its products and operations, proactively working to preserve the environment, and strives to educate printers about environmental best practice.
Source: Fujifilm.

subset: commoncrawl


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"All her life, she had learned that passion, like fire, was a dangerous thing. It so easily went out of control. It scaled walls and jumped over trenches. Sparks leapt like fleas and spread as rapidly, a breeze could carry embers for miles. Better to control that spark and pass it carefully from one generation to the next, like an Olympic torch. Or, perhaps, to tend it carefully like an eternal flame: a reminder of light and goodness that would never–could never–set anything ablaze. Carefully controlled. Domesticated. Happy in captivity. The key, she thought, was to avoid conflagration."
When a book starts literally with a house on fire, you do sit up and pay attention! In the opening scene, three teenagers are sitting on a car, watching their family home burn down, while the youngest in the family has disappeared. She's not still in the house, she's suspected of lighting the fires. At that point I was hooked, and the novel kept me well entertained throughout a lot of airmiles on my way back from New Zealand–definitely a nice story to get completely lost in.
Celeste Ng seems to enjoy writing about dysfunctional families and she is definitely getting better at it. This one was well crafted, and a cut above the other one of hers that I read called Everything I Never Told You. I think her character development has improved and she has created a bit more suspense. I've noticed this title popping up on quite a few lists of favourite books of 2017 and I think it is not undeserved. This is a great one for book clubs with lots to discuss!


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For the start and the longest time I always would draw with my bottom of my hand the pinkie area touching the page. I always knew about other artist and how they would hold the pencil far back so none of their hand was touching and always thought that was odd.
An artist I respected and admired about a few years ago told me I must hold it far back , I just must. So a few years ago I started to try it and at first it was very hard and my lines were all wobbly. But I have persisted and will never go back I love the delicateness you can achieve.


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Dune Inspired by Janis Joplin Rock T-shirt Womens White
"Dune" inspired by Janis Joplin women's white rock t-shirt, 60's Blues/Rock legend and super star. Janis Joplin... The quintessential Queen of 60's Rock and Roll with her ballsy, belting blues vocals and unparalleled stage presence she would have you screaming at the top of your lungs one moment and crying your eyes out the next. Although her reign was short, it was supreme and be remembered always.
Infinitee T-shirts


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it doesn't run when we provide the voltage
This IS the "other hardware" party of the forum, though usually we prefer topics to be somewhat Arduino-related...You could in fact replace the entire circuit up to the ULN chips with an Arduino or AVR chip, simultaneously gaining the ability to operate via USB (and/or get debugging info via USB.)Quoteit doesn't run when we provide the voltage"doesn't run" how? What are you doing to it, and how are you expecting it to behave?You have no bypass caps.The 74LS05 has open-collector outputs and really isn't well-suited to use as a general purpose inverter. Though it might work if you're using "real" 74ls series logic, since inputs float high.It looks like the circuit should toggle the relays when you provide a clock by select/deselect/etc the inputs to the '154, but your circuit isn't providing any toggling. Doing so by attach/detach of wires will have "bounce" issues.
Yes i am working the same project that in the websitehttp://xman.postalboard.com/t75-device-switching-using-pcs-parallel-port
Yes when provide 12v to relay and 5v to other chips that in the circuit diagramThe fan doesn't work
Don't the chips need some control from the PC? Just sayin'


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Character creation is freeform, with no rule systems. For rules on magic, see below.
Location: The land of Tarmilain.
Time: The beginning of the Broken Age, just after the Sundering and the end of the God Wars.
Technology: Medieval
History:Spoiler:The land of Tarmilain was created long ago by the gods as a haven and new home for the survivors of an ancient disaster. Under the watchful eye of the Gods, the multifarious races inhabiting the land have grown and prospered in peace and harmony. This peace, however, was broken less than five hundred years ago by the arrival of the High Elves from the Great Sea to the west. With them they brought great and powerful magic and great skill and knowledge of many crafts, but with them they also brought a lust for power. The peace of the lands began to weaken when some of the High Elves became sympathetic for the Humans and tried to aid them by giving them the secrets of their magic and crafts. However, many of the humans they granted the power to, the Samanari in the elftongue, or "Celestials" in the common speech, became obsessed with their newfound power. Unlike the few which used it for the purpose the elves intended, that of aiding the human race, and other races, these men used it to gain power for themselves. They used the Celestial magic to manipulate the men around them and soon rose to power, establishing Cians, or territories, for themselves. They soon became known and feared by all common men.
The High Elves, who had withheld their knowledge from humankind for this very reason, punished those who gave it to the Samanari by casting them out from the ranks of the High Elves. Many of these elves became the Fallen and went into hiding, aiding the humans under the oppression of the Samanari. They found and united those Samanari who had remained uncorrupted, forming a resistance movement. However, some of the outcasts mixed and bred with humans, soon becoming part of certain groups of human society. These human clans were forsaken by all other humans, and moved away to an uninhabited area of land. These became the fabled Half-Elf clans. Occasionally, a Half-Elven child will show remarkable magical proficiency, and will be brought up in the ways of Celestial magic.
The High Elves tried to control the damage some of their kind had done, attacking the Cians of the corrupt Samanari, now called the Samaracht. They responded by counter-attacking the High Elves, and soon a terrible war ensued. The Smamracht, in an attempt to gain access to metal supplies in order to forge weapons and armour for their troops, attacked the mines of the Dwarves in the central mountain range of Tarmilain. This caused the Dwarves to go to war with the Humans as well. Meanwhile, the Serengi, a forest-dwelling race occupying the northern lands of the continent, attacked the High Elves, blaming them for the mindless destruction of the forest by the warring armies. The terrible war took millions of lives and threatened to destroy the entire land.
Luckily for all the races, Saranephan the Peacekeeper, the benevolent god who had first created the land as a safe haven, took pity on the victims of the war, and created yet another continent for refugees to flee to. He created a single great vessel to take them there, and sent his priests and prophets throughout the land to gather refugees and aid them in their journey to the port where the ship was docked. As the ship was about to set off, however, Durankar the Destroyer sent his followers to stop it, insisting that "Mortalkind must face the future they have created for themselves." He commanded his followers to attack the boat and slaughter all aboard, but Saranephan sacrificed himself to save them, blasting Durankar with the strength of his essence and slaying him, causing his followers to flee in terror. As his last act, the Peacekeeper appointed a prophet, Armoth, to lead the refugees to the safety of the new land.
The death of Durankar, however, threw out the fragile balance of power between the gods. They began to battle for power, land and strength, blasting the land with powerful magic. These terrible God Wars scathed the land, destroying parts of it entirely. At one point, competition for land in the mountains at the center of the land cause out mountain to be blasted with raw magic and life energy. Within the center of the mountain, a large cluster of rocks received the main force of this blast, and suddenly began to live. They were named trolls by the humans of Tarmilain, after the mountain's name of Mt Troladar.
The God Wars lasted for many years, and, when the balance of power was finally restored, the lands lay in ruin. Terrible creatures roamed the land, entering it through the breaks in reality caused by the massive amounts of magic that had bombarded the land. Much of this magic had remained embedded in the land, allowing several new forms of magic to be created. The only survivors of the war were scattered, living in tiny villages and hamlets or wandering the land without aim. Bandits and other brigands attack all those who dare to venture from the safety of numbers.
Rules of Magic:Spoiler:Loosely based on the Dungeon Lords magic system.
Three types of magic have sprung from the God Wars: Arcane, Nether and Rune magic. These, along with the Celestial Magic brought into the world by the High Elves, means that there are now four types of magic within the land of Tarmilain.
Celestial Magic: Brought into the world by the High Elves when they arrived from accross the Great Sea, Celestial magic depends on the use of magical crystals created by the High Elves and imbued with a certain power. The secret of crafting the crystals is known only to a few skilled craftsmen among the High Elves, and, since the God Wars, they have not sold, traded or given their crystals to anyone else. Therefore Celestial magicians depend on the crystals they find scattered around the lands as a new source of power.
Each Celestial crystal holds a single charge of its spell. Once a crystal is used, it will slowly recharge its power until it can eventually be used again. They recharge faster in certain areas for some unknown reason.
Celestial Crystals are offensive spells and "area buffs" (ie. Slowing down time for everyone and everything in the area, except maybe one person.
Arcane Magic: The magic that bombarded the lands during the God Wars has left certain area saturated with large amounts of magic. Not long after the Wars ended, some people, experimenting with certain woods in one of the saturated areas, discovered that the magic may be absorbed and stored in staffs made of certain rare woods. The magic can then be released by chanting certain spells and incantations.
Arcane magicians carry staves which store magical power. They can cast spells by chanting fancy-sounding latinesque phrases related to those spells. For example, the phrase for lighting up an area would be arcanis illuminatum.
Arcane magic is your "classic" wizard/mage magic.
Nether Magic: Some creatures and items were severely bombarded by magic during the Wars. It has been discovered that, by mixing certain ingredients from these creatures, powerful curses and summoning spells can be used.
Nether magic is basically eye of newt and leg of toad stuff. Mix up weird-sounding ingredients and throw them into the air or something.
As above, this is mostly curses/debuffs and summoning spells.
Rune Magic: In the mountain where the trolls originated, Mt Troladar, many strange crytals were discovered. They were imbued with a strange form of magic. However, it was discovered that there were two types of crystal: The first were those which had been bombarded with pure, raw magic of many forms. he second had been hit by a specific spell, and had had their magical "imprint" altered to reflect that spell's "imprint". It was discovered that by rubbing the crystals in a certain way, while in the presence of certain of the first type of crystal, certain spells can be cast, at the cost of some of the power of the type 1 crystals which the spell needs to operate.
Runic Magicians carry spell crystals and power crystals. Every time the spell crystals are used to cast a spell, part of the power of certain power crystals is used up. This power returns slowly over time.
Rune Magic is mostly used to cast buffs, shields etc.
Clarification: Runic Magic crystals and Celestial Magic crystals are not compatible.
Map (Quite big, dialups beware)
-Magic (Apart from Nether Magic) exerts a toll on the user that increases exponentially with the power of the magic. Feel free to magically wipe out an entire civilization, without planning, in one post, provided your character becomes terribly emaciated, loses all sensory apparatus and enters into a permanent coma.
-Post properly, and write well. Please use spellcheck, and if you write in Mxit/internet shorthand, you will burn.
-Bear with me if my GMing isn't very good.
Looking for 4-6 characters (Half-Elf, High Elf, Human for preference, since Trolls, Serengi and Dwarves aren't well-defined as yet), preferably with one who is from the Darathim. If your character is the latter, expect PMs about what you're supposed to be doing to start off the RP.
An alternate plan is that I will create the Darathim character and play that for a while, then hand it over to someone/get rid of it, on account of how if I don't the roleplay will be self-centric, which spoils it for everyone else.


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PegaWorld 2018 riproposto
Incentrato su diversi settori, prodotti e argomenti, PegaWorld 2018 offre contenuti per tutti. Dai uno sguardo alle riproduzioni della sessione di quest'anno sotto.
The promise and potential of Digital Transformation is immense. When it is done right it delivers exceptional experiences that delight your customers...
From Digital Chaos to Digital Transformation
Pega software is at the core of how leading organizations engage their customers, automate their digital processes, and build the apps they need at...
Engage, Automate, and Build—without Limits
Spark Talk
RPA is great at driving value but as a stand alone solution, it will not deliver transformation for the enterprise. Join us for real conversations...
Building and Scaling Robots that Deliver Impact: The leap from RPA to Digital Process Automation
Spark Talk


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Minimising The Frequency And Impact Of Tyre Fires And Explosions
While the frequency of tyre explosions has decreased, there is still sufficient risk to personnel and other assets that occurrence minimisation and hazard management remains important to all mine sites.
Tyre fires are still prevalent and procedures must be installed to deal with them in an efficient and safe manner.
The use of nitrogen as a tyre inflation gas has merit in certain applications, but its use needs to be considered in light of expense and other difficulties.
This article will review means of reducing the occurrences of tyre fires and explosions and also strategies to minimise their impact.
The WA Mines Department, BHP Iron Ore and Otraco held a seminar on tyre fires and explosions in 1987 at Newman in Western Australia. Parties involved with the seminar
believed it was necessary because of the then recent number of serious fires and explosions.
The seminar covered, in depth, analysis of specific cases, including speculation of the probable causes and the mechanisms contributing to explosions.
Otraco has done much pioneering work in determining the mechanisms involved in tyre explosions, but discussions with tyre manufacturers indicate that there is little additional
research being done to conclusively determine the mechanisms involved. The reason given is the reduction in explosions, and the reasons for this will be covered.
This article will focus mainly on open pit mines, but many concepts can be transferred to underground mines.
Proposal For Industry Standardisation
All mines develop a common set of parameters for dealing with tyre fires and explosions.
Such parameters would include, but not be limited to, values such as:
This would assist greatly by improving consistency of industry training and work practices between mine sites.
History Of Tyre Fires And Explosions
A list of explosions is presented as an attachment to this paper. Tyre fires occur with a frequency too great to report.
To determine the frequency of occurrences in recent times, we contacted the government bodies responsible for investigating these incidents. We found that they had very little information other than what we already knew.
Otraco is currently working on sites in many different parts of the world, and we are in contact with a large number of mines. The lack of occurrences is also in line with our own experience.
We believe the reason for the reduction in events is due to
The reduction in occurrences has also occurred with an ever increasing population of earthmover equipment. Therefore, the industry in general should be applauded for its actions in this field.
Definition Of Terms For This Article
The self-ignition or spontaneous combustion of a substance (usually a fuel) without the help of a spark or flame. With compounds like carbon black, styrene and butadiene, which can be produced in a tyre when heated, the temperature required is around 430ºC.
The state whereby a piece of equipment has come into contact with an external source of electricity and the piece of plant is providing an earthing path for the current.
Flash Point:
The temperature at which a substance (usually a fuel) ignites when a test flame is applied under standardised conditions. This is the yardstick by which fuels are classified for safety in storage and handling.
The decomposition of a substance by heat (usually in the absence of air). In a tyre liner this will commence at about 250ºC, and will produce volatile chemicals like carbon black, styrene and butadiene.
Tyre Burst:
The destruction of a tyre's pressure retaining capabilities by excessive internal pressures not caused by a chemical explosion. Tyre bursts occur by over inflation and rock impacts. The pressure retaining capabilities may be reduced by fatigue or other physical damage.
Tyre Fire:
Tyre fires that occur through any means, including the application of external heat or flame such as a vehicular oil fire that burns tyres as collateral damage.
Tyre Explosion:
A chemical explosion that produces instantaneous pressures inside the tyre up to around 7000kPa. The tyre explodes because its pressure retaining capabilities are destroyed. This tyre of failure causes a sudden and potentially lethal release of extreme internal pressures. Usually associated with such an explosion is an air blast which is capable of killing people, and debris such as pieces of tyre carcass and rim components being propelled large distances with significant velocities.
A Tyre's Structural Strength
A tyre is essentially a flexible pressure vessel to contain the gas required to support the load. It operates at about the same pressure that of the receiver of your shop compressor. However, unlike the shop receiver, which just sits there year after year, miners subject a tyre to all sorts of abuse, like trying to put rocks through its walls, overloading it and overheating it.
Try overloading a shop receiver by a significant amount, chain it to the back of a dump truck and drag it over rocks and bumps and humps all day, and see how many fitters would feel happy about being next to it during all this abuse.
One point that is often overlooked, is the potential for the maximum strength of the tyre to be significantly reduced before the explosion occurs. A new carcass may have a burst pressure of around 4500 Pk, but a damaged tyre may have the burst pressure reduced to 1000 kPa or less. This may be caused by fatigue, damage sustained to the tyre in normal operation, such as a casing repair, overloading or running over rocks, or the tyre may have been exposed to
excess heat.
Ways Of Initiating tyre Fires And Explosions
Non Electrical Heat source
Electrification has two usual causes,
Comments On Electrification Explosion Mechanism
The root cause of any electrification event is the high voltage from the source finding its way to the lower potential (zero) by travelling to earth.
In most cases it seems likely that a path of least resistance for the earthing current will be from the rim to the bead section of tyre liner. The current would then travel from the bead area to the crown area directly above the tread/ground contact patch, and then arcing through the casing material and tread rubber to ground.
There have been instances where it has been postulated that the current path was from the rim arcing across to the bead bundle, along the steel body cords to a point directly above the tread/ground contact patch, and then arcing through the tread rubber to the ground. Other
evidence indicates on some tyres the current moved along the tyre liner and then through the
rubber to the ground.
Paths may have different electrical conductivity, depending on the operating environment. For example, the conductivity at the liner of a dry tyre filled with nitrogen should be significantly less than a tyre filled with compressed air or one that has tyre sealant inside.
The arcing occurs instantly, but the pyrolysis can progress at a varying rates, sometimes very slowly. This means fires/explosions may happen instantaneously or after many minutes or hours.
Ways Of Minimising Tyre Fires And Explosions
Heat source
Welding on, or near, a rim base with an attached tyre is a very dangerous occupation.
It is not safe to weld on a rim base, or to apply heat near a rim base, even if the tyre has been deflated to zero pressure.
We mentioned above that a new tyre's burst pressure is in the vicinity of 4500 kPa and the chemical explosion inside a tyre can produce pressures in the vicinity of 7000kPa. For the carcass to burst, the pressure must exceed the 4500 kPa limit. We know from experience that an explosion inside a tyre WILL cause pressures to rise this high and beyond. Therefore, the inflation pressure of 700 kPa in the tyre is insignificant in the total scheme of things.
An explosion inside a tyre is capable of raising the pressures in a flat tyre by the 4500 kPa needed to burst it.
The only way to safely weld on a rim base is to strip the tyre from the rim.
Other external heat
Good mechanical maintenance, and driver training and feedback, is also important in minimising the likely occurrence of dragging brakes, overheating wheel motors and fires occurring by a fuel coming into contact with a heat source.
By internal heat source we mean heat generated by operating the tyre.
Running the tyre flat is the most common cause.
Overloading the tyre through excess weight and/or speed can also generate excess heat. Normal operating conditions can also cause overloading if the tyre specification is incorrect for the application. To reduce the effects of heat on a tyre, many operations are using electronic despatching systems to route trucks on alternative loads, eg two long fast loads - six short loads.
There are two contingencies that should be considered.
The active prevention contingency, obviously, is to ensure that the equipment does not come into contact with the powerlines. However, it is impractical to provide clearance for a truck with an extended tray. Therefore, operator training is very important.
The passive prevention contingency is to provide a system that will eliminate the danger of accidental contact. Systems that provide this type of protection include earth leakage protection and circuit breakers. In order to be effective, these systems must also be maintained.
For lightning strikes, the best way of avoiding them is to know what all golfers know. A 1 iron should be securely fastened, in a vertical position, to a front corner of the vehicle's body. This will ensure the vehicle is not struck by lightning because even God has trouble hitting a 1 iron.
Earthing cables
One suggestion has been to use earthing cables on the vehicle to provide a safe path for the current. However, because of the variability of where on the vehicle electrification may occur, we believe it is difficult to predict the outcome of earthing straps. To our knowledge no one has conducted conclusive test to determine the effectiveness of such a system
Keep oil in tyres to a minimum.
Oil is a fuel and its presence in a tyre is potentially dangerous.
Prevent oil build up in the tyre by :
Fire Suppression Systems.
Most fires on a piece of equipment are serious. Therefore, any system of extinguishing fires has the potential of saving property and lives.
The effectiveness of fire suppression systems have been tested by various organisations. However, Otraco is not expert in this area, and we suggest that interested parties should speak to suppliers for more details.
Solid Tyres (only suitable for smaller tyres in specific applications)
The general description of solid tyres covers product such as segmented tyres, eg Air Boss, to foam filled and solid rubber tyres.
While not suitable for the majority of applications solid tyres will obviously stop all possibilities of explosions.
Other benefits of this tyre type are the reduction in downtime due to punctures and other damage.
Nitrogen As A Tyre Inflation Medium
There is still substantial discussion about the benefits of nitrogen for inflating earthmover tyres.
The implied benefits are:
Elimination of fires/explosions inside tyres through the lack of sufficient concentrations of oxygen
The oxygen content of air is 21%. Less than 5.5%9 oxygen will not support combustion. Therefore, by using suitable tyre inflation procedures the concentration of oxygen can be lowered to the appropriate safe level.
This may be an overriding criteria for nitrogen use in tyres operating in hazardous environments, such as underground mines.
Reduction/elimination of corrosion of rim components
Oxygen promotes corrosion in metals. Therefore the elimination of oxygen also means corrosion will be eliminated.
If corrosion is the only problem to be solved, other means such as tyre sealants with corrosion inhibitor are equally as effective, and they also prevent some leaks and give indications of where tyres are leaking.
Because of the purity of nitrogen itself, and the reduction in oxidation of the rim components, users should expect virtually no problems with locked/leaking valves or lines.
Tyres running cooler
Otraco has been involved with heat tests comparing tyres running nitrogen and air, and has not found any measurable difference between the two substances.
This finding is also supported by one tyre company that ran controlled tests.
Reduction of leakage through the liner
The permeability of air through a tyre is about 10.6 units and that of nitrogen about 7.2 units. This indicates that nitrogen does in fact reduce the amount of seepage through the liner. However, proper pressure maintenance techniques should obviate the need to rely on the slower dissipation of nitrogen.
It has also been stated that nitrogen will also reduce ageing of the tyre. Most tyres are used relatively quickly, therefore this factor may be of limited value.
The risks of using nitrogen include:
Cost of nitrogen use.
The following tables have been included for completeness only. All pricing should be checked with local suppliers.
Other supply methods
For larger users of nitrogen it is possible to get supplies in liquid form and also to produce nitrogen on site, eg with a PSA plant.
The economics of these methods should be discussed with local suppliers.
Inflation procedures with nitrogen
When inflating a tyre with nitrogen it is essential the oxygen level in the tyre is below 5.5 percent by volume (otherwise combustion could occur following, for example, a tyre fire). If unsure about the oxygen level in a tyre it may be checked with an oxygen meter.
If the nitrogen flow rate is too slow to seat the beads of the tyre, initial bead seating must be done with compressed air. If, after seating the beads, the air inflated tyre is reduced to 0 psi gauge (ie. flat), the air seal may be broken (ie. the bead seat band could drop away from the o-ring).
If the air seal is broken, the tyre will require reinflation with a new o-ring but because the beads have already been seated, inflation with nitrogen (even with a slow flow rate) will be possible. If the air seal is frequently broken during the deflation process the tyre should not be fully deflated before being pumped up with nitrogen. If the air is not fully exhausted from the tyre, the nitrogen inflation pressure must be much higher or a double inflation procedure
followed (see example below).
The single and double inflation procedures given below are examples only. Consult suppliers for suitable methods on your site.
Single inflation example
If the tyre is inflated from 0 psi (gauge) to 70 psi with 98 percent nitrogen, the oxygen percent by volume will be 5.3%.
Because EM pressure gauges are not always accurate, to ensure the oxygen percent is 5.3% or below, the actual procedure to be followed is:
Double inflation example
If a tyre inflated with air is inflated from 15 psi (gauge) to 70 psi with 98 percent nitrogen, deflated to 15 psi and then reinflated to 70 psi with nitrogen, the oxygen percent by volume
will be 4.3%.
Once a tyre is inflated with nitrogen no oxygen must be introduced through "top ups" with compressed air. Otherwise the oxygen concentration may be raised above the combustion threshold. There must be a strict policy of adherence, otherwise the benefits of nitrogen in the tyre will be lost. It may also create a sense of safety, where one does not exist.
Risk Analysis on nitrogen Fill
Professional risk study analysis on nitrogen fill undertaken following an earthmover tyre explosion on a minesite recommended against the use of nitrogen inflation because it would not prevent tyre explosions altogether. The study suggested that the elimination of conditions which could cause a pyrolysis type tyre fire or explosion is the better method to pursue.
There were two main recommendations arising from that risk analysis.
Temperature Sensing
The study recommended that individual temperature sensing and monitoring of each tyre in the haultruck fleet be undertaken. The information would be transmitted to a central monitoring area. In the event that the internal air temperature of a tyre increased beyond 10 to 15% of its normal operating temperature an alarm would be activated and the respective truck stopped. The reasons for the temperature exceeding normal levels could then be investigated.
Commercial systems are available that will measure tyre temperatures on a moving vehicle. However, they are mainly targeted at improving pressure maintenance, and are difficult to use as indicators of absolute temperatures as they have a "range" where nothing is reported. Because of the variations in ambients at sites, it is difficult to use these systems as definitive warning systems.
Risk Engineering Screening
Because many of the problems on the site where the study was undertaken were the result of truck design problems, the study also recommended that a risk engineering screening process be carried to investigate potential wheel type fire problems associated with truck design.
Appendix 1 - General Emergency Procedures
Mine General
Emergency procedures
Set up formal emergency procedures to deal with a tyre fire, truck electrification or potential tyre explosion. Suggested draft procedures are provided below.
Define an isolation area that provides the following:
Check procedures
Set out check procedures to be carried out following the truck isolation period in the event of a tyre explosion or a truck or tyre fire.
The main points relating to truck electrification are that:
Check-procedures following isolation period
In the event of a tyre explosion or truck or tyre fire we recommend that certain procedures be carried out following the truck isolation period. These will assist in the analysis of causes and mechanisms.
At the expiry of the 24 hour isolation period, carry out the following procedures:
Tyre Pressure Check
The pressure (and preferably the internal air temperature) of each of the intact tyres should be checked to determine whether the pressures are normal. In the event that any pressure is found to be more than 20 psi above the tyre's cold pressure setting or if the internal air temperature is more than 35ºC above ambient, there should be an investigation to determine the probable reasons for this before releasing the truck from isolation.
Collect Air Samples
Ideally, samples of contained air from each of the intact tyres should be collected. The samples should be analysed for the presence of styrene, butadiene or other explosive gases.
Mark Tyre / Rim Position
Mark with paint the orientation of all tyres with respect to the rims on the truck. This may assist in the determination of explosion/failure mechanisms following examination of tyres and rims.
Before allowing the truck to return to work, carry out the following procedures:
Strip and examine tyres and rims
Each tyre should be stripped from its rim and examined for signs of pyrolysis or arcing of the inner liner and any other signs of heat (and in the case of electrification, the passage of electrical current). Rims should similarly be examined for signs of heat or electrical arcing. Deflation and stripping of the tyres will also ensure the dispersal of any explosive gases that may have formed in the tyres' air chamber.
Check all wheel bearings for signs of heat damage
Each wheel bearing should be examined for heat damage, signs of electrical arcing, etc. Bearings showing significant damage should be replaced.
Appendix 2 - Examples Of Standing Orders
A. Wheel Fires / Tyre Fires
Truck Drivers
On becoming aware of an active wheel fire or tyre fire, the Driver will :
Based on current and predicted operations, Production will regularly identify and establish strategic 'park-up' areas to enable the immediate park-up and shutdown of any operating earthmover vehicle which is affected by a wheel fire, tyre fire, or vehicle electrification.
Note : Each area should be sign posted 'EMERGENCY PARK-UP AREA' The sign should be red background with luminous white lettering.
In the event of being notified of a wheel fire or tyre fire Production Control will :
In the event of a wheel/tyre fire, the Supervisor shall :
Water Cart Driver
Fire Officer
The Fire Officer shall conduct an immediate inspection and assessment of the situation, ascertain the degree of risk and, in conjunction with the Supervisor, take appropriate action to further control the situation and establish safe conditions.
NOTE: Under emergency conditions, the Supervisor may direct that the vehicle be removed (driven) from the initial park-up area to a remote location to ensure full protection of personnel and property and to reduce the likelihood of extended disruption to production operations.
B. Vehicle Electrification
WARNING: A tyre can explode at any moment after vehicle electrification.
On becoming aware of vehicle electrification (eg. from lightning, power lines), the Driver will :
Based on current and predicted operations, Production will regularly identify and establish strategic 'park-up' areas to enable the immediate park-up and shutdown of any operating earthmover vehicle which is affected by a wheel fire, tyre fire, or vehicle electrification.
In the event of being notified of a vehicle electrification Production Control will:
In the event of a vehicle electrification, the Supervisor shall :
Rescue Vehicle Driver
Appendix 3 - Tyre Explosion Case Study
A Cat 785 haultruck (33.00R51) was carting material from the mine area to a rehabilitation area. While pulling away from the tip point with its body up, the truck contacted 33kv overhead power lines. The driver braked to a stop and was advised to remain in the cab because the truck was still in contact with the power lines. The front left tyre exploded approximately 12 minutes later blowing the tyre and rim components off the truck, causing damage to the truck and minor injuries to the driver.
The exploded tyre was ruptured in the bead area of the outer sidewall (ie. the sidewall facing out from the truck); the bead bundle had completely sheared. There was no visible damage to the tread area or inner sidewall and bead. The inner liner was tacky from heat and a section of it had pyrolyzed. There was a small hole visible in the pyrolyzed zone. While the other five tyres appeared intact, the right rear tyre had a similar small hole in its liner.
The rim of the exploded tyre was extensively damaged. The truck suffered superficial damage mainly around and to the driver's cab. The left front wheel bearing showed signs of heat damage.
Otraco concluded that the tyre suffered a chemical explosion following the auto-ignition of a mixture of explosive gases which had been created by pyrolysis of a section of the tyre's rubber liner. The pyrolysis was initiated by electrical earthing of the tyre due to the truck contacting 33kv power lines.
Failure Mechanism
The failure mechanism of the exploded tyre was somewhat unusual in that the outer facing bead bundle was completely fractured by the force of the explosion, with the rupture appearing to originate in the bead area. Most earlier tyre explosions, for which Otraco has details, resulted in blow outs in the shoulder area at the edge of the circumferential steel tread breaker belts.
The bead bundle on this tyre is composed of twisted steel cable. One wire of approximately 1.8 mm diameter is wrapped a large number of times (in the order of 250) around a core strand of approximately 4.5 mm diameter. The bead bundle, which is 45 mm in diameter, appeared to have failed in tension with the strand ends exhibited cupping typical of this (tension) failure mechanism. There was no evidence of heat weakening of the steel strands nor of electrical arcing between the fractured ends of the bead bundle.
The force required to cause failure of the bead bundle would have been considerable and would have absorbed a significant amount of the total energy expended by the explosion. It appears likely that if the bead had not been fractured this energy could have been channelled into other areas, eg. additional damage to the truck, or expelling the tyre and rim components over even greater distances.
The point at which the bead fractured was adjacent to the area of liner pyrolysis (the most probable explosion initiation zone). This is also unusual when compared with most explosions where the point of blowout has been almost diametrically opposite the pyrolysis zone (point of initiation).
In those other cases it is hypothesised that the pressure wave moved in both directions around the air chamber away from the initiation point, meeting at a point diametrically opposite (180o from the initiation point) and causing the tyre to blow out at that point. In this case it appears that the two pressure waves met at a point opposite the area of initiation and then reflected secondary pressure waves. The pressure waves converged again near the point of initiation causing bead failure and major rupture in this area. The energy expended when the pressure waves first met may have been absorbed by the bead bundle and casing plies causing weakening of these components immediately prior to their catastrophic failure.
Sequence Of Events
A 33.00R51 tyre running on Cat 785 haultruck exploded just before 1:00 pm on November 23, 1989 after contacting 33kv overhead power lines near a rehabilitation dumping area.
a. Lead-up to Explosion
The truck had been carting material from the mine area to the rehabilitation area outside the mine's perimeter fencing (refer to the accident map in Appendix I). The truck had just tipped its load and was moving away from the tip area with its body being lowered. The truck body snagged the 33kv overhead power lines. The driver applied brakes bringing the truck to a standstill approximately 35 metres further on, straddling the power lines.
The driver was advised by the mining manager over the truck's two way radio to remain in the cab, thereby avoiding possible electrocution in the event that the power lines were still live (in fact it was later determined that pole fuses had cut power to two of the lines but not the third).
Approximately twelve minutes after contact, with the truck stationary and the driver still in the cab, the position 1 (left front) tyre exploded projecting the tyre off its rim and through a steel mesh perimeter fence bordering the road. The tyre landed some 7 metres from the truck while rim components (lock ring, bead seat band and outer flange) were hurled distances of up to 40 metres from the truck. A section of the tyre weighing several kilograms was thrown over 100 metres hitting a transportable hut.
The other five tyres (positions 2 to 6) remained inflated and apparently intact on the truck.
No serious injuries resulted. The truck driver was cut by broken glass. Three observers - the mining manager, a watertruck driver and a dump spotter - were shaken by the explosion.
The spotter later reported having seen sparks emanating from the position 5 or 6 (right rear) tyres. This reportedly occurred after the truck had braked to a standstill but before the explosion.
b. Aftermath to Explosion
The truck driver remained in the truck's cab on instruction from the mining manager until power was cut to the one remaining live wire. The truck was then isolated for a period of approximately 24 hours to avoid injury in the event that another tyre exploded.
Following the isolation period tyre pressures on the remaining tyres were checked and found to be within a few psi of the normal cold settings (100 psi front, 105 psi rear).
A replacement tyre and rim was fitted in situ to position 1 of the truck. The truck was then driven to the workshop for repairs. While in the workshop all tyres were removed for examination.
a. Tyres
The tyres that had been running on the truck were the same. Tyre pressures on positions 2 to 6 were checked after the 24 hour isolation period following the explosion and found to be within a few psi of normal cold pressure settings (100 psi front, 105 psi rear). When stripped from their rims all of these tyres still contained some of the liquid sealant16 that is routinely added to earthmover tyres on site when they are first mounted.
Position 1 Tyre (tyre that exploded)
The majority of tyre damage was sustained by the outer17 bead and sidewall area. The tyre's tread area, and inner sidewall and bead suffered no external damage. The outer bead bundle (twisted steel cable of approximately 45 mm diameter) was completely sheared. Several large sections of the tyre's bead and adjacent sidewall had been blown outwards, hinging about the tyre's shoulder line but most remaining attached to the body of the tyre. Two large sections (greater than 500 sq. cm surface area) of bead and lower sidewall, and numerous small pieces of liner, bead and sidewall material, were blown off the tyre.
Most of the tyre's inner liner showed evidence of surface heating, being either tacky to the touch or exhibiting a wrinkled texture. A 300 sq cm section of the outer liner layer18, approximately 1.5 mm thick, was missing (presumably pyrolyzed) from the crown of the liner. The exposed inner layer of the liner was in good condition showing no sign of heat degradation, apart from a small hole of approximately 6mm diameter and 1 mm depth which was apparently the result of electrical arcing. There was no evidence of arcing on the corresponding section of exterior tread crown, which had several small to medium sized rock cuts.
The zone of liner pyrolysis, which encompassed the arcing hole, was in the crown of the liner.
The tyre had an average 47 / 57 mm of tread remaining at the quarter points (42% worn), marginally more tread depth than the other front tyre but less than any of the rear tyres.
Other Position Tyres (see Figure 6)
The position 6 (right outside rear) tyre had a hole in the crown of the liner similar to the hole observed within the area of pyrolyzed liner of the tyre which had exploded. There was no tackiness around this hole nor any other sign of heat or damage inside the position 6 tyre. The corresponding section on the exterior of the tread had a medium sized rock cut. The tyre had an average 56 / 59 mm of tread remaining (31% worn).
Otraco found no internal damage or signs of heat on other position tyres
b. Rims
The rims were original equipment of Goodyear (Motorwheel Corporation) manufacture, incorporating the Cat 785 specification wheel nave.
Position 1 Rim
The force of the tyre explosion had thrown the lock ring, bead seat band and outer flange (along with the tyre) off the rim base. The rim base remained attached to the wheel hub with the back flange remaining on the rim base. The back flange suffered circumferential cracking due to the truck falling onto it when the tyre was blown off. Damage of the other rim components was not as readily apparent. Because of the possibility of cracking, bending and other damage, Otraco recommended that the rim components be sent to Perth for metallurgical and dimensional testing.
In summary the report states that the rim base had a 10mm crack in the flash butt weld of the back lip section and that the nave was 1.2mm out of round. The back (inward facing) flange had a metre long circumferential crack. The front flange and bead seat band were twisted out of round by 20mm and 30mm respectively. The lock ring was sprung out of round as well. The report recommended scrapping the complete rim assembly.
Other Position Rims
The position 4 and 5 (inside rear) rims showed signs of heat where a circular patch of approximately 16 cm diameter around each valve hole (on the tyre side of the rim) was void of paint. It is unknown if this resulted from electrification of the truck and subsequent arcing through the rims, or if it had occurred previously20.
c. Truck
The truck suffered relatively minor damage. The driver's door, surrounding cab wall, driver side ladder, walkway, fuel tank and exterior fittings were damaged by those sections of tyre sidewall which were blasted outwards and around (hinging about the tyre's shoulder line). The driver's cab glass was shattered. There was minor damage to the position 1 (left front) wheel bearing due to the passage of high current, and to suspension components on this position.
From the indentations in the cab door and fuel tank, it was possible to establish the orientation of the tyre when it exploded.
a. Explosion Mechanism
We hypothesize the following sequence of events:
1. When the truck contacted the power lines it became electrified (fuses cut power to two of the phase lines, however the third remained live).
2. Presumably, at that instant (although possibly later) there was a sufficient buildup of electrical potential to cause electrical earthing through the position 1 rim and tyre. This resulted in electrical arcing from a point in the crown of the tyre's liner through the tyre's casing and tread to earth. The arcing caused the small hole in the tyre's liner. Similar earthing and arcing occurred in the position 6 tyre (although not necessarily at the same instant) producing a hole in its liner as well. While electrical earthing may have occurred through other tyres on the truck as well, no evidence of arcing was found in these tyres.
3. The arcing in position 1 generated sufficient heat to initiate pyrolysis of the liner (at approximately 250ºC), giving off volatile gases including styrene and butadiene vapours. This did not occur in the position 6 tyre, presumably because the flow of
4. Approximately 12 minutes after the truck hit the power lines, the tyre exploded. Presumably, the two conditions necessary for an explosion prevailed at this time:
i. the formation of an explosive mixture of gases due to pyrolysis of a sufficiently large amount of liner material, and
ii. a buildup in hot spot temperature within the air chamber equal to or greater than the auto-ignition temperature of this explosive mixture (around 430ºC).
Appendix 4 - Tyre Burst Case Study (Not Explosion)
This is an extract from an Otraco report.
Incident Report
Eye witness reports state that the Wabco 120B truck was brought into the workshop at 1845 hours on 6 February 1989 with low pressure in the position 1 tyre. The tyre was found to have only 35 psi in it, and so inflation was commenced (using the workshop compressor which had a maximum output of approximately 105 psi). At 1910 hours the pressure was checked, found to be 70 psi, and so inflation was continued. At approximately 1915 hours a noise sounding like the truck creeping was heard, and then the tyre burst. The air blast threw three men in the vicinity to the ground, blew out the windows and damaged the door of an adjacent truck. It also threw pieces of rubber over an approximate radius of 30 metres.
Tyre Records:
Pressure records show that this particular tyre had been approximately 30 psi underinflated on 3 February and 4 February 1989. The tyre had been inflated to the correct pressure on both occasions although no tyre sealant was available for addition to the tyre (see later for procedure for dealing with leaking tyres). Otraco commenced pressure checking at the mine on 3 February and so no records on this tyre are available prior to this.
The mine records show this tyre to have achieved approximately 2,800 hours.
Inspection Of The Tyre
The tyre was inspected visually and sectioned. The following summarises the findings:
Cause Of Failure
The available pressure records show that the tyre had been running underinflated for at least three days. The ply separation and liner breakup is consistent with the type of damage caused by running a tyre underinflated.
The ply separation shows that the strength of the carcass had been severely weakened. A new tyre of this type is designed and built to have a typical safety factor such that the burst pressure is seven to eight times the maximum allowable base pressure (as defined by the Tyre and Rim Association Standards). This gives a burst pressure for a new 30.00x51 52 ply tyre of at least 600 psi. The underinflation had caused a ply separation and weakened the tyre so that the burst pressure had been reduced to approximately 70 psi. The act of inflating the tyre from 35 psi to 70 psi had been enough to burst the tyre. It failed in the lower half of the tyre because this area had additional stressing from the load of the truck. Failure through the 4 o'clock position indicates this particular location was slightly weaker than any other point in the lower half of the tyre. The cut in the vicinity of failure suggests some additional weakening may have occurred from external damage (eg. hitting a pothole). The heat damage in the liner and adjacent ply layer had been caused by heat generation from underinflation.
The failure was, thus, not a tyre explosion but rather a carcass burst. Tyre explosions require a temperature of at least 250°C at the liner to initiate pyrolysis (which generates explosive gases) and then approximately 430°C to ignite the gases. Such temperatures will only be generated by abnormal conditions such as tyre fires, brake/wheelmotor overheating, vehicle electrocution, or welding/heating on rims/hubs. The explosive pressures can be as high as 1000 psi which is sufficient to send truck and wheel components flying hundreds of metres. Clearly, forces of this magnitude were not present in this incident.
Because of the high rubber content in tyres they do not always fail instantaneously, unlike, for example, a brittle metal. This explains the truck creeping which was heard. The tyre would have expanded in the 4 o'clock region just prior to failure. This expansion would have been sufficient to cause the tread to squirm against the ground, so generating the reported noise.
Probability Of Reoccurrence
There is a strong likelihood that other tyres in the fleet have suffered casing strength reductions from being run underinflated. However, this type of incident is extremely rare. We know of only a few similar incidents in Australia during the last sixteen years. The probability of a tyre being weakened to the point where it doesn't fail in operation, but then fails as it is being inflated is low. Although there is an extremely small risk of a similar incident over the next six months, this risk will decrease to the point of being negligible as a tyre maintenance program is introduced (eg. regular pressure checks and adjustments, addition of tyre sealant, replacement of leaking valve components, corrective action with continuously leaking tyres, etc).
Action To Be Taken
The following recommendations are made:
1. A high priority to be placed on maintaining pressure standards at a high level.
2. Regular tyre fleet inspections to be carried out. Any tyres which are considered dangerous (as determined by a qualified person) to be scheduled for change-out.
3. Otraco's policy for dealing with leaking tyres to be introduced:
Nitrogen Inflation
Nitrogen inflation would not have prevented this incident from occurring since the failure was a carcass burst, not a tyre explosion.
Nitrogen inflation reduces the risk of tyre explosions by preventing the auto-ignition of combustible gases produced by pyrolysis. So long as the oxygen concentration within a tyre is less than 5.5%, auto-ignition cannot occur since there is insufficient oxygen to support combustion. However, nitrogen does not eliminate the risk of tyre explosions altogether. For example, a tyre can be run flat, which would reduce the nitrogen concentration to near atmospheric. Such a tyre can still be subject to the required heat conditions to cause an explosion.
Six known tyre explosions have occurred in Australia to date. Although rare, the preferable approach at the mine is to minimise the potential risk for a tyre explosion by eliminating the causes rather than using nitrogen. This involves the following:
Appendix 5 - Examples of Earthmover Tyre Explosions
This list is by no means comprehensive. Numerous other EM tyre explosions have almost certainly occurred. The list represents incidents for which Otraco has received confirmation of at least some of the factors responsible for the explosion and of the consequences of the explosion.
Year: 1981
Tyre: 26.5R25 radial tyre
Position: not applicable (wheel not attached to truck)
Truck: Wigtruck underground haultruck
Source: Oxy-acetylene heat applied to rim
The tyre exploded approximately 10 minutes after heat was applied to frozen wheel nuts using an oxyacetylene torch. The fitter applying heat was killed instantaneously; another was seriously injured.
Otraco conducted an investigation at the request of the mine. It was established that heat being applied to the wheel nuts was transmitted via the rim to the bead of the tyre causing pyrolysis of a section of the tyre's liner near the bead. The released gases exploded a short time later (estimated at around 10 minutes after heating started).
The tyre was ruptured circumferentially around a 90º arc on one shoulder just below the line of the breaker belts. The rupture occurred diametrically opposite the zone of pyrolyzed liner.
Subsequent chemical analysis of the liner rubber established that pyrolysis commences at about 250ºC releasing an explosive mixture of styrene and butadiene vapours which auto-ignites at approximately 430ºC. Only 20gm of liner material would have needed to pyrolyze to yield an explosion pressure equal to the burst pressure of the tyre (350psi).
Colombia, South America
Year: Uncertain; pre April 1986
Tyre: 36.00x51
Position: Not known
Truck: Not known
Source: A wheel fire initiated by a brake problem
The tyre fire was initiated by a brake problem. The truck was driven into the maintenance area with the wheel on fire and was allowed to continue burning for 20 to 30 minutes before extinguishment.
The outside of the tyre was reported to be cool enough to touch when the tyre exploded some 30 to 35 minutes after the fire had been extinguished. Three people were killed.
Hunter Valley, NSW
Year: 1986
Tyre: 33.00R51 radial tyre
Position: 1
Truck: Komatsu HD1200M haultruck
Source: Contact with 33kv overhead power lines
The tyre exploded approximately 10 minutes after the truck contacted a 33kv overhead power line. The truck had tipped its load under a 33kv power line touching the line. The truck earthed via the position 1 tyre, starting a grass fire. The driver, who was unaware that his truck had contacted the line, drove back to the loading point two kilometres away. As he applied his brakes at the loading area, the tyre exploded.
The explosion tore off the truck's access ladder and air cleaner, throwing these items 175-200 metres. The truck cabin door was bulged and the windows blown out. The driver was not hurt.
The tyre was ruptured in a similar manner to the Tasmanian tyre, except that it burst on both shoulders. The rupture occurred through about 90o of arc opposite the area in the crown of the liner where pyrolysis had occurred.
Otraco postulated that electrical earthing occurred through the rim across to the steel bead, via the steel body cords to the crown area corresponding with the ground contact patch, and then through the tread rubber to earth. Michelin, at the 1987 Tyre Fire and Explosion Seminar conducted by Otraco,
WA Mines Department and Mt Newman Mining, suggested that the current path was probably from the rim through the tyre liner and then through the casing and tread to earth.
Kalgoorlie, WA
Year: 1987
Tyre: 37.25x35
Equip: Cat 637 scraper
Source: A tyre fire caused by diesel spillage
The tyre exploded after a diesel spillage caught fire. A man who attempted to put the fire out was injured.
Ipswich, Qld
Tyre: 27.00R49 radial tyre
Truck: Cat 777 haultruck
Source: Lightning strike
The tyre exploded after lightning struck the truck.
Leigh Creek, SA
Tyre: 36.00-51 bias ply tyre
Position: 4
Truck: Terex 33-11 haultruck
Source: Not established (possibly internal heating due to tyre separation)
The tyre exploded after the truck had been parked up for 3.25 hours. The truck had worked the previous shift.
Within 10 minutes of the tyre exploding, it caught fire. The fire could not be extinguished and the truck was completely gutted. The remaining tyres burnt out but did not explode.
Tyre fragments were thrown distances of up to 200 metres. No one was injured.
After the examination of numerous possible causes, ETSA (the mine operator) concluded that carbon dust on the tyre's liner may have undergone slow combustion due to a combination of high ambient temperature and localised heating at the site of a cut or ply separation. The combination of rubber pyrolysis and sufficient heat led to the explosion.
Pilbara, WA
Position: 3
Truck: Dresser (Wabco) 190T haultruck
Source: Apparent misuse of service brake combined with broken park brake line
The tyre exploded after catching fire due to a dragging brake. The fire was fuelled by escaping hydraulic oil. The left wheel motor caught fire. The driver stopped and evacuated the truck but did not shut it down. The fire quickly spread to the position 1 and 3 tyres. The position 3 tyre subsequently exploded.
The force of the explosion blew the outer flange off the rim. Tyre fragments were hurled distances of up to 100 metres. The exploded tyre was largely destroyed by fire. No one was injured in the explosion.
Pine Creek, NT
Year: 1989
Tyre: 24.00R35 radial tyre
Truck: Cat 773 haultruck
According to eyewitnesses, the tyre exploded at the same instant that the truck was struck by
lightning. The tyre was reportedly propelled 45 metres from the truck. The bead seat band was thrown
40 metres hitting a Bobcat loader causing sufficient damage to the loader that it was subsequently scrapped. The lock ring was thrown 70 metres imbedding itself in the wall of a transportable hut.
A section of liner, reportedly 90º from the area where the tyre ruptured, was pyrolyzed. The bead bundle of the exploded tyre was completely severed at the point of rupture.
There was no visible damage to the tread of the tyre, however the undertread belts were subsequently found to be separated for 60% of the tyres circumference.
Inspection showed that two other tyres, positions 2 and 6, had also suffered pyrolysis of the inner liner.
Year: 1990
Tyre: Bridgestone 24.00R49 radial tyre
Position: 5
The tyre exploded 8 minutes after the truck had contacted 33kv overhead power lines.
The tyre was severely damaged by the explosion rendering little evidence of the precise failure mechanism, viz. arcing or pyrolysis. However the position 3 and 4 tyres showed signs of arcing - a hole on the liner, but no pyrolysis of the liner nor any visible evidence of arcing of the external tread.
Nottingham, England
Tyre: Not known
Equip: Not known, thought to be a front end loader
Source: Oxy-acetylene heat applied to wheel brakes
The tyre exploded while workmen were using oxy-acetylene cutting equipment on the brakes of the machine in an engineering factory.
The blast tore the roof off a nearby building.
Two men were killed instantaneously; a third died shortly afterwards. Other workers further away were hurled to the ground but escaped serious injury.
Categories Of Wheel/Tyre Fires
Otraco and Mine. To decide which category applies, after review including discussion with supervision and eye-witnesses
1. Minor - wheelmotor, hub or brake.
Smoke or flash, not propagated; includes:
- Tread separation smoking
- Smoke from brakes
Immediate inspection by Otraco; return to work if check is normal, otherwise hourly inspection until check is normal
.2. Obvious hub and wheel involvement with fire, definite flame but not extensive; includes:
- Tyres run flat
- Tyres ignited by Shale
- Lightning strikes
Stand-down then inspection by Otraco after four hours. Recheck hourly until check is normal
(Exception: vehicles with tyres set alight by burning shale may return to work straight after inspection provided no evidence of rim heating or scorching is found)
Inspection by Otraco includes visual and manual check of exterior, and temperature and pressure check of interior
Check is NORMAL only if ALL the following are true:
If check is normal, vehicle may return to work immediately
If check is NOT normal, refer to categories above for followup action
The risks are the same whether the tyres is inflated.
[Content with Recognition to: Otraco (International) Pty. Ltd ]


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Have you been married more than 15 years? And you (or your spouse) are still in the military? How did you do that? The world wants to know.
Most of what we know about military marriage was discovered by surveying military members who have been married less than five years. On one hand, this is a good idea -- marriages are most susceptible to divorce in the early years. It is good to know what causes young couples to break up.
On the other hand, we don't know what causes military couples to stay together. We don't know what you fight about. We don't know how you divide up the housework. We don't know how you deal with all those deployments and moves. We don't know if you are happy. We don't know how you did that.
That is why I decided to do my master's thesis on long military marriages. I want to identify some of the attitudes and behaviors that help keep military marriages together. If you would like to participate, please take this 10-minute survey online at Survey Monkey. You will be asked some quick questions about your attitudes toward work and family life. Easy!
Some survey participants will also be asked to give a phone interview that will not last longer than 30 minutes. During the interview, participants and their spouses will be asked open-ended questions about their marriage, their work force participation and their deployment cycle.
That is the part I am really looking forward to doing. I find that military people surprise, enlighten and educate me in ways books never do. An interview gives researchers the kind of rich detail that really tells the "how" of military life.
If you are an active-duty servicemember married more than 15 years, you and your spouse have managed to do something that we all strive to achieve. Help the next generation by sharing your experiences in this project by taking this survey now.
Servicemember: https://www.s urveymonkey.com/s/milmarriagesm


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About Us
The Quadra Village Community Centre (Downtown Blanshard Advisory Committee) is a safe and welcoming gathering place and neighbourhood association in the vibrant and diverse neighbourhood of Hillside Quadra. We work together to nurture community well-being by providing services and programs to meet the social, educational, health, employment, environmental and recreational needs of the people in the heart of the city. Our range of options for community members includes prenatal, children`s, youth, family,seniors and community programs. Since 1974 our preventative and responsive community based programs have helped make change close to home.
Mission and Purpose
Our Mission is to work together to nurture community well-being by providing services and programs to meet social, educational, health, employment, environmental and recreational needs of people in our neighbourhood in a safe and welcoming environment.
Our key objectives are to:
- promote, plan and develop the establishment and integration of a comprehensive
- network of community services and to establish priorities, for the development of
- community service in the Hillside-Quadra/Downtown Blanshard area.
- promote a liaison and co-ordination between existing socially-related services
- and to identify gaps in services or duplication of services.
- recommend priorities and needs to those who have jurisdiction and authority in
- Hillside-Quadra/Downtown Blanshard area.
- receive and distribute information regarding human needs and services.
Primary Roles
- Operation of the Quadra Village Community Centre (QVCC)
- Facilitate a wide range of community social service programs
- Engage in community development in the Hillside-Quadra and surrounding areas
- Act as the neighbourhood association (with much of this work done by the Neighbourhood Action Group sub-committee) for the Hillside-Quadra neighbourhood
History, Philosophy and Vision
The Downtown Blanshard Advisory Committee (DBAC) started in the early 1970s and formed as a non-profit society in 1974 in order to work to meet the needs and improve the quality of life in our high density, low income, inner city neighbourhood. Some of the life challenges that people face in our community include: poverty, mental and physical illness; mental, physical and learning disabilities, post-traumatic stress, abuse, homelessness, inadequate/unstable housing, addiction, illiteracy, family stress and breakdown, and lack of transportation, food, dental care and resources.
Despite a higher concentration of many of these challenges we have never doubted the potential of people in Hillside-Quadra and surrounding areas. Our diversity, whether reflective of culture, life circumstances or economics is part of what makes us stronger.
Our organization is committed to building community and personal capacity. Since our inception, we have been guided by the ideas of neighbourhood residents and program participants. Today's neighbourhood and participant ideas are as important to our work as ever.
The Downtown Blanshard Advisory Committee has provided critically needed preventative and responsive programs and services in our multicultural community for over 40 years. The supports we offer are tailored to meet needs that range through aspects of the entire lifespan including pre-natal support, parent-tot programs, family life, child and youth development and needs, supports for adults and programs for seniors. We pride ourselves in being able to build trust and reach community members who have resisted accessing other community supports. We use a community development approach in assisting people and therefore many of the people that use our services are encouraged to help out at whatever level they can and this develops a sense of belonging and self-worth. Many of our volunteers have or are still contending with the life challenges listed above.
The organization has operated as an important voice of the neighbourhood since inception and over the years this has happened in close conjunction with the Hillside-Quadra Neighbourhood Action Committee, which currently operates as a sub-committee of our Board of Directors. The Neighbourhood Action Committee (NAC) works to make our neighbourhood a better place to live, work and/or operate a business. NAC works on getting and providing neighbourhood input on local traffic safety and calming, land use planning and development, City initiatives, and public art and celebrations. Included in its duties is the facilitator role that NAG plays as the Community Association Land Use Committee (CALUC) for Hillside-Quadra. When areas of significant concern arise in the neighbourhood, DBAC's Board occasionally strikes an ad hoc committee, which was the case in 2015 as the Healthy Neighbourhood Working Committee was formed to ensure fairness regarding the 955 Hillside Development. As well, the Downtown Blanshard Advisory Board takes positions from time to time to enhance or defend the well-being of the neighbourhood.
Core Values
Our organization's core values are as follows:
- Caring
- Inclusive
- Respectful
- Community
Each of these speaks to how we are in relationship with individuals, families and groups in our work and volunteering exemplified in our programs, events, collaborations and neighbourhood engagement.


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Attracts butterflies & pollinators
Everyday we are learning more about the vital role that butterflies, bees, and other insects play not just in our food crops but in our environment's overall health. You can add plants to your gardens that provide the food, nutrition, and cover that these organisms need. The most effective plan would include a variety of plants that flower from early spring until late fall. Our list includes plants for butterfly caterpillars so the larvae can grow, and nectar plants for adult butterflies and a myriad of other fascinating bees and insects. Learn to identify your flying visitors. A garden full of busy pollinators is captivating. Rest assured our plants are neonic free. No insecticides have been applied that are poisonous to pollinators.


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My review of Truth about Charlie...
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The Truth About Charlie
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Joined: 09 Jul 2000
Posts: 373
Location: Houston TX USA
Posted: Sat Oct 26, 2002 3:41 am
Post subject: My review of Truth about Charlie...
FANTASTIC! Keeps you in suspense from the first scene to the last. Mark speaks French in the movie and i thought to myself "boy, i'd love to be the words rolling off his tongue!" This is a movie that will definately be added to my video collection when it comes out and i urge EVERYONE to go out and see this movie, you won't want to miss a minute so make sure your bladders are empty!
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Joined: 28 Jul 1999
Posts: 1723
Location: San Francisco, CA
Posted: Sat Oct 26, 2002 5:05 am
Post subject:
Total agreement, I saw it last night! It's great fun to watch and even as someone who watches Charade every year, it still surprises you.
Thandie is certainly the star of the film - sorry Mark - a bit naive of a character but she really does well as Reggie. Mark did a good job, the hats didn't do much for me but they look better on film than the stills. His French was pretty good for someone who had a quick crash course in it. It's nice tho as I took French in high school - so the subtitles weren't too important.
His character is interesting, maybe slightly underwritten or perhaps just too mysterious so you can't really know him.
It certainly has a look, very POV (point of View)-y and lots of funny bits. Not to mention the many homages to Independent/French film.
Sheila is right, don't even risk a trip to the bathroom or coming in just before it starts as in the beginning of the film especially are actual pictures of Mark and his family and then there's the plot twists which require rapt attention.
This is a movie that will require you to watch more than once as I doubt many of us are French cinema majors and the brisk pace may cause you to miss a clue or some tribute even without the bathroom breaks.
Oh one more thing stay for the end credits for the conclusion of the characters fates (very funny bits).
[This message has been edited by Lianne (edited October 26, 2002).]
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Baby Junior
Joined: 30 Jul 2001
Posts: 3321
Location: GA
Posted: Sat Oct 26, 2002 5:26 am
Post subject:
Oh Lianne I'm suppose to be seeing it tomorow but it's barely playing anywhere. Everyone's playing *******,GhostShip releases
[This message has been edited by Baby Junior (edited October 26, 2002).]
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Joined: 09 Jul 2000
Posts: 373
Location: Houston TX USA
Posted: Sat Oct 26, 2002 6:20 pm
Post subject:
I just might have to go and watch it again when i have the money. I had a dream about that movie last night, I just kept seeing the movie in my head. Thandie did a great job in my opinion. Although I did keep asking myself if her character really knew the "The Truth About Charlie" i was suspicious of her throughout the movie and i just have to see it again! I've never seen a movie twice when it's in the theatres so this says something. I agree with Lianne, the hats don't do Mark any justice at all, he's definately not a hat guy, they just don't look right on him.
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Baby Junior
Joined: 30 Jul 2001
Posts: 3321
Location: GA
Posted: Sun Oct 27, 2002 3:08 am
Post subject:
I saw it! it was pretty good! Thandie did a good job!
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Joined: 02 Aug 2002
Posts: 496
Location: Southern California
Posted: Sun Oct 27, 2002 3:16 am
Post subject:
I enjoyed it very much. I thought the storyline was good and it really gave a feel of what a romantic City Paris is (which it is). Baguette, fromage and Merlot everwhere and Mr Aznavore to top everything off. I have never seen Charade (can you believe it) although it is on A&E for the umpteenth time today. Thandie did steal the show but our guy is as charming as ever. A big thumbs up. Tango anyone?....
[This message has been edited by Elisa (edited October 27, 2002).]
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Joined: 08 Aug 2002
Posts: 89
Location: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Posted: Sun Oct 27, 2002 5:46 pm
Post subject:
I loved it, the ending was so funny.
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About a three hour flight from the Society Islands
and the Tuamotu Atolls, the Marquesas, or Henua Enata
meaning "Land of Men", are seemingly lost
at the end of the earth.
Even now, some of the islands are virtually untouched
since the era of European exploration. Their isolation
has created an immense pride among the people and
a fascinating culture. The language is unique to Tahiti,
as the lilting Marquesan dialect is traced directly
to the ancient Polynesian tongue of Maohi.
Natural wonders abound as 1000-foot waterfalls cascade
down sheer volcanic cliffs, and towering mountains
disappear into the clouds.
This world belongs to the past where the
spirits of the ancient Maohi still live.
The primary islands with lodging are:
Nuku Hiva - Mystic Island
The largest island in the Marquesas is known for towering
spire-like peaks; secluded, lush valleys; ancient
religious sites; fjord-like bays; and waterfalls so
high that most of the falling water evaporates as
it descends.
Hiva Oa - Paul Gauguin's Island
This majestic and historic island is known for its
wild, untamed landscape, giant stone tiki, endless
and unearthly vistas, and as the final resting place
of poet Jacques Brel and artist Paul Gauguin.
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This painting is by Vermont artist, Mary Giammarino. Mary's devotion to light and color is evident in all of her paintings. While her work is influenced by the impressionist palette of the Cape School of Art, her work is less idealized and more contemporary by design. Mary's plein-air paintings reflect her passion and devotion to capturing the exquisite drama of nature's fleeting moods. "Stumph Farm" is an oil painting on panel, framed in a gold leaf frame and ready to hang.


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Canoes line the beach in Waikiki. They are used for locals in sporting events. And to take tourists out for a spin. 100 years ago. They were mostly used for fishing. And 200 years before that. They lined the beach in preparation to launch a fleet against another island in an attack for supremacy. My how times have changed...
Sunday, September 28, 2008
Posted by Ka`iana at 5:30 PM
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Pythagorean theories on the harmony of the celestial spheres postulate correspondences stretching through the abstraction of number, sound and into light.
The difficulty for many has been crafting representations through art that encompass this process and remain comprehensible and communicative.
Harry Everett Smith created hand painted films that were accompanied initially by jazz music. In subsequent screenings the music changed to fit the time period, Smith wanted contemporary music played with his films based on when they were screened, not when they were made. His visual explorations were meant to encompass universal themes that would remain current with each new iteration of music.
[open myth source] – "where the recombining of elements and the interactive process is more important than the product."
"Differing from other music, here soundscape is no longer the background but the foreground as the sound collage drives the experience; sound is now the story that we process and interpret individually and collectively.
A series of segways or glimpses into in the Sonic – Human Interface." – Willi Paul : [open myth source] myth as soundscape
Pythagoras and his followers saw these correspondences through imaginal means. Mathematical relationships were concrete realities. Philosophical epiphanies were arrived at through intense meditation, cementing the relationships in their minds.
The sounds and their direct relationship to mathematics were tied through ritual to corresponding emotional states. This, tied with image, creates a mnemonic device for encompassing a wider set of information. Allegorical stories along with music create a dynamic vehicle.
"I think that with music you can really accelerate dramatic moments because of the kind of ineffable shorthand of certain musical conventions, or musical innovations that just make sense, and bypass rational judgment in a way that writing can't always do, or takes longer to do." – Eric Lindley, Careful –Oh Light – A Conversation
"Over coffee and liqueurs we would sometimes listen to John Jacob Niles' recordings. Our favorite was 'I Wonder As I Wander,' sung in a clear, high-pitched voice with a quaver and a modality all his own. The metallic clang of his dulcimer never failed to produce ecstasy. He had a voice which summoned memories of Arthur, Merlin, Guinevere. There was something of the Druid in him. Like a psalmist, he intoned his verses in an ethereal chant which the angels carried aloft to the Glory seat. When he sang of Jesus, Mary and Joseph they became living presences. A sweep of the hand and the dulcimer gave forth magical sounds which caused the stars to gleam more brightly, which peopled the hills and meadows with silvery figures and made the brooks to babble like infants. We would sit there long after his voice had faded out, talking of Kentucky where he was born, talking of the Blue Ridge mountains and the folk from Arkansas…" —Henry Miller, Plexus pp. 366-367.
7687. If you dream of a dog and he bites you, you will have good luck – Harry Middleton Hyatt, Folklore from Adams County Illinois
I decided to test the [open myth souce] idea and used two Willi Paul's [open myth source] tracks and then layered guitar over them. I slowed down one of the WP tracks & messed with the stereo, Lft/Rt channels to build out the sound a bit. Fiddle with it in Win Movie Maker and it's a picture with sound that can be used to accompany the pictures and text in this post created from the elements at hand.
*this post is a collage of quotes from other sources, images from Zac Odin and Paracharattein to Nomisma, along with text taken from discarded portions of an upcoming Alarm Magazine article on 'audible color'. Another experiment with the open myth source concept.


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How do I show that:
$$\frac{1}{\sin^{2}\frac{\pi}{14}} + \frac{1}{\sin^{2}\frac{3\pi}{14}} + \frac{1}{\sin^{2}\frac{5\pi}{14}} = 24$$
This is actually problem B $4371$ given at this link. Looks like a very interesting problem.
My attempts: Well, I have been thinking about this for the whole day, and I have got some insights. I don't believe my insights will lead me to a $\text{complete}$ solution.
First, I wrote $\sin\frac{5\pi}{14}$ as $\sin\frac{9 \pi}{14}$ so that if I put $A = \frac{\pi}{14}$ so that the given equation becomes, $$\frac{1}{\sin^{2}{A}} + \frac{1}{\sin^{2}{3A}} + \frac{1}{\sin^{2}{9A}} =24$$ Then I tried working with this by taking $\text{lcm}$ and multiplying and doing something, which appeared futile.
Next, I actually didn't work it out, but I think we have to look for a equation which has roots as $\sin$ and then use $\text{sum of roots}$ formulas to get $24$. I think I haven't explained this clearly.
- $\text{Thirdly, is there a trick proving such type of identities using Gauss sums ?}$ One post related to this is: How to prove that: $\tan(3\pi/11) + 4\sin(2\pi/11) = \sqrt{11}$ I don't know how this will help as I haven't studied anything yet regarding Gauss sums.


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Berwyn is located in Illinois. Berwyn, Illinois has a population of 56,734. Berwyn is more family-centric than the surrounding county with 33% households with children. The county percentage for households with children is 27%.
The median household income in Berwyn, Illinois is $50,563. The median household income for the surrounding county is $50,086 compared to the national median of $50,013. The median age of people living in Berwyn is 35.3 years.
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The average high temperature in July is 84.7 degrees, with an average low temperature in January of 16.2 degrees. The annual precipitation is 38.35.
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Sufism is something that always attracted the people of Indian sub continent. It has deep impact in Indian music. Sufism attracted not only the Muslims but also the Hindus as well. In movies, we have seen the use of sufi flavors many times. It seems that sufi flavors are present in the movie Awarapan too- at least in its music.
Khabrein wrote:
The album starts off with the Sufi-based track "Tera mera rishta". The song, composed and rendered by Pakistani rock sensation Mustafa Zahid, is the kind that would be featured in any Mahesh Bhatt film and yet is so different. Mustafa's deep voice holds a lot of emotion and passion, which take the track to a higher level and make it a great one to listen to.
"Mahiya" comes in next where the crooning has been done by Suzzane and the lyrics have been penned by Asif Ali Baig and Sayeed Quadri. This is a dance number that's got a very electric feel to it, making the singer sound rather like Shibani Kashyap. Though not really a hit, the song still ensures that you get the hang of it.
Already there is some good praises about the music of Awarapan and many people have liked it.


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If the holder is not in the highest position, the shaver cannot be placed in the Jet Clean System.
1. Put the small plug in the Jet Clean System.
2. Put the adapter in the wall outlet. The holder automatically moves to the highest position.
3. Place the shaver upside down in the holder with the display pointing toward the front of the Jet Clean System.
4. Press the shaver tightly into the holder to lock it into place.
Note: The shaver cannot be placed in the Jet Clean System when the protection cap is on the shaving unit.
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