text:
Getting Slackware
Download slackware-12.0-install-d1.iso, slackware-12.0-install-d2.iso
and MD5 checksum files from download mirrors. Verify the downloads in
md5sum -c slackware-12.0-install-d1.iso.md5
md5sum -c slackware-12.0-install-d2.iso.md5
If they return ok or nothing, burn the first ISO's on a 650 MB CDR/
W disk, and the second ISO on a 700 MB CDR/W disk. If it returns "fail",
download the ISO image and MD5 checksum file from another mirror.
Booting Slackware
Boot Slackware CD 1 of 2 in the first optical drive, press Enter to use
default boot options, enter "1" to select a keyboard map, highlight the
keyboard map for the keyboard (i.e. qwerty/us.map for U.S. English
keyboard), <OK>, enter "1" to accept it, enter "root" to log in as root
without password.
Partitioning Hard Drive
Slackware needs a pair of Linux and swap partitions to install. You can
skip this part if you have made them previously, and you are installing
Slackware over the old system.
Run Curses-based disk partition table manipulator, replacing hdx with
hda for the 1st hard disk, or hdb for the 2nd, etc.:
cfdisk /dev/hdx
Highlight a 5 GB or larger partition for Linux, make a note of it (/dev/
hdx?), [Type], enter "83", highlight a 512 MB or smaller partition for
swap, [Type], enter "82", [Write], enter "yes", [Quit].
Running Installer
Run Slackware Installer:
In the installer, you press Up and Down direction keys to highlight an
item, press Spacebar to select or unselect an item, and press Enter to
accept the selection.
Configuring Partitions
Next thing to do is to format both the swap and Linux partitions.
Highlight "ADDSWAP", <OK>, <Yes>, <OK>, highlight the Linux partition,
<Select>, highlight "Format", <OK>, highlight "reiserfs" to choose the
Reiser Filesystem as the filesystem for Slackware, <OK>, highlight
"4096" for 1 inode per 4096 bytes, <OK>, <Continue>, <OK>.
Configuring Windows Partitions
<Yes> if there is a need to access Windows partitions in Slack,
otherwise <No> and skip to the next part, highlight a Windows partition,
<Select>, type "/mnt/mydoc" for Windows My Documents folder or something
that makes sense, <OK>, redo this step with a different mount point as
many times as there are Windows partitions that you want available in
Slackware, or <Continue> when you are done.
Installing Slackware
Highlight "1 Install from a Slackware CD or DVD ", <OK>, highlight
"auto", <OK>, select all package categories, <OK>, highlight "full" for
installing everything, <OK>, replace CD 1 with CD 2 if the installer
ejects the CD and asks for the next one, highlight "Continue", <OK>.
Installing Kernel
Slackware 12 comes now with two kernel's (actually four). By default Slackware
will install the huge kernel. If you have a late model motherboard your probably
going to be interested in the SMP version kernel to support things such as
hyperthreading or multiple processors. Starting with Slackware 12, the huge kernel
will be selected for you. Once you've booted into your first install, you may want
to change over to the generic kernel. Slackware's product description discusses the
reasons why you would want to do this. If for any reason your initial boot does not
work, you'll probably need to switch to the generic kernel after the initial setup!
Configuring Modem and Hotplug
Highlight "no modem" if there is no dial-up modem in the computer, <OK>
or configure the dial-up modem following the on-screen instructions.
<Yes> to enabling hotplug for USB and Cardbus devices.
Configuring Optical Drives
Configure as many installed optical drives as you wish. Highlight
"expert", <OK>, highlight "Begin", <OK>, type "hdc=ide-scsi" for only
one CD/DVD drive or type "hdc=ide-scsi hdd=ide-scsi hde=ide-scsi
hdf=ide-scsi" for 4 IDE optical drives, for example, <OK>.
Configuring Console Resolution
A console is the same as a terminal where one does command lines in full
screen. Highlight a screen resolution for the console, <OK>.
Installing LInux LOader
LInux LOader installs itself on the hard drive, and loads Linux kernel
into memory. Every Linux distro needs a boot loader. For Slackware, it's
Highlight "Root" to install LILO on the root section of Slackware
partition, <OK>, highlight "None" to make LILO boot straight to
Slackware, <OK>, highlight "Linux", <OK>, type the Slackware partition,
<OK>, enter "Slackware10" as the partition name, <OK>, highlight
"Install", <OK>.
Selecting Mouse Type
Highlight the correct mouse type if there is a mouse device, <OK>, <No>
to not load GPM for cutting and pasting text in command line interface.
Configuring Network
<Yes> to configure network, type "slackware" as the hostname, <OK>, type
"slackware.com" as the domain name, <OK>, highlight "DHCP" if you're on
a cable modem or router connected to DSL, <OK>, <OK>, type a DHCP
hostname for cable modem or leave blank, <OK>, <Yes>.
Selecting Services
Minimize unnecessary services that start at boot, and stop at reboot or
shut-down. Unselect rc.inetd, rc.pcmcia, rc.sendmail and rc.sshd to
disable them, select rc.cups for using Common Unix Printing System to
print, and rc.syslog for running a system logging daemon, <OK>.
Selecting Screen Font and Time Zone
<NO> to not custom screen fonts for the console, highlight "No" to use
local time, <OK>, highlight a time zone, <OK>.
Selecting Graphical Desktop
There is a number of installed graphical desktops. Window managers are
typically lightweight and good for old computers. Desktop environments
are heavyweight and good for new computers. You can still choose which
graphical desktop to log into in KDE or GNOME Display Manager.
Highlight a default graphical desktop, <OK>.
Setting root Password
A user account is used for daily operations such as Web browsing,
whereas root is the system administrator, who takes care of the
<Yes> to set root password, enter a root password twice separately,
Enter, <OK>, highlight "EXIT" to exit the installer, <OK>.
Rebooting Computer
Remove CD, and reboot the computer:
Check out Configuring Slackware 12.
Copyright (C) 2002-2004 by email@example.com
In the first half of this training manual, the Slackware recruit will
use Secure Locate, say no to fortune cookies, default vi to Vi IMproved,
set shell environment, add user accounts, enable Advanced Power
Management, enable graphical login, configure X Window, configure video
hardware acceleration, mouse speed, mouse wheel, X Window screen and
video memory, enable reboot and shutdown for users in GNOME Desktop
Manager, set terminal font, install Microsoft fonts, manage software
with swaret, and read documentation.
In the second half of this training manual, the Slackware veteran will
disable unnecessary services, disable Internet services daemon, delete
unnecessary accounts and groups, restrict services, logs and root files,
tighten login definitions, restrict remote access to computer, and
install a firewall rule set.
Getting Started
Reboot to Slackware on hard disk, and log in command line interface as
Using Secure Locate
slocate is a secure version of locate in that only accessible, located
files are listed, depending on the account's security clearance. Disable
the slocate cron job, and update slocate database in the background,
excluding device directory, any mount point, variably-sized contents,
Windows FAT and process information pseudo filesystems:
chmod -x /etc/cron.daily/slocate
slocate -e /dev,/mnt,/var -f vfat,proc -u &
Saying No to Fortune Cookies
If you don't want Slack to serve you any more fortune cookies, just say
chmod -x /etc/profile.d/bsd-games-login-fortune.sh
To elvis or Not To elvis
vi runs elvis, a vi text editor clone. The HOME and END keys move to the
beginning and end of a line respectively ONLY if vi is running in CLI.
In a graphical desktop, you have to use the shortcuts ^ to go to the
start of a line and $ to go to the end of a line. Or you can default it
to Vi IMproved:
ln -sf /usr/bin/vim /usr/bin/vi
Setting Shell Environment
/etc/profile sets the shell environment at login. However, /etc/profile
doesn't run if you open a terminal or console in X Window. For every
account including root, add the command to .bashrc:
echo ". /etc/profile" > ~/.bashrc
Adding User Accounts
Only root account was created during install. The root account is used
for system administration. A user account is used for daily operation.
Add as many user accounts as you wish.
In GNOME, click Applications menu > System Tools > Terminal. In KDE,
right-click on empty desktop > Open Terminal. Run adduser, enter a login
without spaces, press Enter seven times, hit CTRL C, create the user's
password where username is the name of a user:
passwd username
Enabling Advanced Power Management
If the desktop computer is powered by an ATX power supply unit that
reboots and shuts down the computer through software, you can enable APM
in Slack. Start the service, and uncomment apm in rc.modules to have it
auto-start on next boot:
modprobe apm
vi /etc/rc.d/rc.modules
/sbin/modprobe apm
Enabling Graphical Login
Slackware boots to command line interface. You can boot to the default
GNOME Desktop or Login Manager. Change the run level to 4 in inittab:
vi /etc/inittab
Configuring X Window
Before starting X Window, configure X:
Follow the on-screen instructions. Start the X Window System:
Configuring Acceleration, Mouse, Screen and Video RAM
The mouse speed is slow, any mouse wheel is disabled, screen is off
center, monitor power saving mode is off, and video RAM isn't set. My
mouse is a Microsoft Wheel Mouse Optical on PS/2.
Open a terminal or console, run video mode tuner, center the screen,
[Apply], [Show], [Quit], highlight to copy your mode line, uncomment
OpenGL for X (glx) for primarily nVidia video or Direct Rendering
Infrastructure (dri) for primarily ATI video in Module section,
uncomment Resolution option and add the ZAxisMapping option in
InputDevice section, paste your ModeLine with middle mouse button, add
DPMS option in Monitor section, and uncomment VideoRam option in Device
section, of xorg.conf:
vi /etc/X11/xorg.conf
Section "Module"
Load "dbe"
SubSection "extmod"
Option "omit xfree86-dga"
Load "type1"
Load "speedo"
Load "freetype"
Load "glx"
# Load "dri"
Section "InputDevice"
Identifier "Mouse1"
Driver "mouse"
Option "Protocol" "IMPS/2"
Option "Device" "/dev/mouse"
Option "Resolution" "256"
Option "ZAxisMapping" "4 5"
Section "Monitor"
Identifier "My Monitor"
HorizSync 30-70
VertRefresh 50-160
ModeLine "1024x768" 94.50 1024 1088 1184 1376 768 769 772
808 +hsync +vsync
Option "DPMS" "true"
Section "Device"
Identifier "NVIDIA GeForce"
Driver "nv"
VideoRam 65536
Enabling Reboot and Shutdown for Users in GDM
GNOME Desktop or Login Manager logs a user or root in a graphical
desktop. You can let the user(s) reboot or shutdown the computer in GDM.
Log in KDE as root > click main menu > System > Login Screen Setup, or
log in GNOME as root > click Applications menu > System Tools > Login
Screen Setup.
In General tab, type "Slackware 10" in Welcome string: text box under
Greeter, check "Login a user automatically on first bootup" and select a
user name from the username: drop-down menu under Automatic Login.
In Graphical greeter tab, select a login theme.
In Security tab, check only "Allow root to login with GDM", "Show
actions menu", "Allow configuration from the login screen" and "Always
disallow TCP connections to X server" (port 6000), and uncheck
everything else.
Click [Close].
Setting Terminal Font
If you don't want any anti-aliased font like Courier in a windowed
terminal or console, try Terminal font.
In KDE, right-click on empty desktop > Open Terminal > Settings in menu
bar > Font > Custom > Font: Terminal, Font style: Regular, Size: 10,
[OK] > Settings > Save settings.
In GNOME, click Applications menu > Desktop Preferences > Font >
Terminal fonts > Family: Terminal, Style: Regular, Size: 10, [OK] >
Installing Microsoft Fonts
Mozilla 1.7 and Firefox 0.9 scroll pages real smooth and fast. The only
downside is the fonts. You can install Microsoft fonts and make Mozilla
fonts look identical to its Windows version.
Install Microsoft fonts, set their file permissions to 0755, and add the
font path to xorg.conf:
vi /etc/X11/xorg.conf
Section "Files"
RgbPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/rgb"
# ModulePath "/usr/X11R6/lib/modules"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/local"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi:unscaled"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/100dpi:unscaled"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Speedo"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/TTF"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic"
FontPath "/usr/local/share/fonts"
FontPath "/usr/share/fonts"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/ttfonts"
Close all Web browsers, and reset X font paths:
xset fp rehash
Configure the new fonts in KDE Control Center or GNOME Preferences, and
Mozilla or Firefox Preferences. You may have to log out and/or restart X
by pressing CTRL ALT Backspace.
Managing Software with Swaret
You can manage software easily Using swaret.
Reading Documentation
Don't miss out a good source of information about the software in
Slackware. If you're running GNOME, click Applications > Help > Desktop
> User Guide to get started. If you're running KDE, click main menu >
Help > "Welcome to KDE" in the left panel. If you're in command lines,
list the software documentation directories:
ls -l /usr/doc | more
Press Spacebar to continue, double-click to copy the directory name and
press q. Then read, for example, K Desktop Environment base package:
less /usr/doc/kdebase-3.2.3/README
Press Page Up/Down key to scroll, / to search for a keyword, ESC to
cancel the search, and q to quit the program.
Copyright (C) 2002-2004 by email@example.com
wget http://gulus.usherbrooke.ca/pub/distro/slackware/slackware-current/extra/xf86-video-ati-6.6.3/xf86-video-ati-6.6.3-i486-3.tgz
installpkg xf86-video-ati-6.6.3-i486-3.tgz
wget https://a248.e.akamai.net/f/674/9206/0/www2.ati.com/drivers/linux/ati-driver-installer-8.39.4-x86.x86_64.run --no-check-certificate
chmod +x ati-driver-installer-8.39.4-x86.x86_64.run
aticonfig --initial
perry@slackware:~$ glxgears
6512 frames in 5.0 seconds = 1300.397 FPS
8080 frames in 5.0 seconds = 1614.070 FPS
8080 frames in 5.0 seconds = 1613.336 FPS
8060 frames in 5.0 seconds = 1608.636 FPS
Section "Screen"
Identifier "aticonfig-Screen[0]"
Device "** ATI Radeon (generic) [radeon]"
# Device "aticonfig-Device[0]"
Monitor "aticonfig-Monitor[0]"
DefaultDepth 24
SubSection "Display"
Viewport 0 0
Depth 24
mkdir /usr/local/opt/swaret
ln -s /usr/local/opt/swaret /var/swaret
swaret is SlackWARE Tool for Slackware software management. As of
Slackware 9.1, it is in the extra directory of the CD. It installs,
reinstalls, uninstalls, upgrades, downloads, resumes, and lists
installed and available software source, packages and patches. After
all, it checks for and fixes dependencies.
swaret doesn't replace Slackware Package Tool. It complements pkgtool.
It depends on a number of programs in Slackware 8.1 and later.
Download swaret-1.6.3-noarch-2.tgz to home directory. Before installing
or upgrading swaret, open a terminal or console, and switch user to
Install swaret if you haven't:
installpkg swaret-1.6.3-noarch-2.tgz
Upgrade swaret if you have installed it:
upgradepkg swaret-1.6.3-noarch-2.tgz
Before using swaret, set up the configuration file. Create /var/swaret
directory, change directory to /etc, rename the sample config file, and
edit it as follows:
mkdir /var/swaret
cd /etc
mv swaret.conf.new swaret.conf
vi swaret.conf
VERSION option refers to the Slackware release. See the configuration
file, online user's manual or "man swaret" for how to use the options.
After installing or upgrading swaret, exit root:
Managing Software
swaret is installed. In a terminal or console, switch user to root,
update the Secure Locate database, update the swaret software package
list files, and check for new swaret version:
slocate -u -e /mnt &
swaret --update
swaret --check
=> Checking for new swaret Version... DONE!
swaret is up-to-date!
At this point just get swaret to check for & upgrade all your installed packages
root@slackware:/boot# swaret --upgrade -a
The rest of this tutorial is for showing you how to use swaret for special
situations. If your just upgrading after an initial install, your task is done!
Just run it occasionally to check for the latest upgrades. With Linux you'll find
that you are automatically protected from 99% of all virus's as 99% of all virus's
are written for other operating systems. Linux users still comprise less than 1%
of Internet users (not Linux based servers, thats like 77%) just users surfing
the net!
For some reason, checking for new swaret version may not work. Skip this
step since you probably installed the latest version of swaret.
List available packages, using Page Up/Down keys to scroll and "q" key
to quit the listing:
swaret --list -n | less
gnupg-1.2.3-i486-1 (1393 kB) (Installed: gnupg-1.2.3-i486-2)
xcdroast-0.98alpha14-i486-1 (1598 kB)
The listing is quite long. In my example, GnuPG is installed. The
available package is older. Leave that alone. X-CD-Roast isn't
installed. We'll take X-CD-Roast as an example and install the package:
swaret --install xcdroast
Listing available Packages matching Keyword: xcdroast...
xcdroast-0.98alpha14-i486-1 (1598 kB)
Install xcdroast-0.98alpha14-i486-1? (y/n/A/Q): [y]y
Sometimes a package can act up or something is wrong with the program.
Reinstalling may fix the problem. Reinstall X-CD-Roast:
swaret --reinstall xcdroast
Listing available Packages matching Keyword: xcdroast...
xcdroast-0.98alpha14-i486-1 (1598 kB)
Re-Install xcdroast-0.98alpha14-i486-1? (y/n/A/Q): [y]y
Upgrade X-CD-Roast when there is a new version of the package:
swaret --upgrade xcdroast
Listing available Packages matching Keyword: xcdroast...
Installed Packages are up-to-date matching Keyword: xcdroast!
Resume a broken install-in-progress of X-CD-Roast, due to a power black-
out, accidental power-off or reset, or a dog stopping the computer:
swaret --resume xcdroast
No broken Packages found to Resume!
Show the description of X-CD-Roast:
swaret --show xcdroast
Description for xcdroast-0.98alpha14-i486-1:
X-CD-Roast is a graphical front-end for the command line cdrtools.
You can do anything X-CD-Roast does yourself using the command line
tools - but it's nicer and easier with the front-end. The cdrtools
contain "cdrecord" (which does the actual writing of CDs), "readcd"
(reads data tracks of CDs"), "mkisofs" (masters CD images), and
"cdda2wav" (reads audio tracks). Cdrecord, readcd and mkisofs are
maintained by Joerg Schilling, cdda2wav by Heiko Eissfeldt, and
X-CD-Roast by Thomas Niederreiter.
Check for and fix dependencies of X-CD-Roast:
swaret --dep xcdroast
=> Creating a List of Packages matching Keyword: xcdroast... DONE!
%%% Verifying Dependencies... Libraries resolved successfully!
Remove X-CD-Roast from the system:
swaret --remove xcdroast
Listing installed Packages matching Keyword: xcdroast...
Remove gnome-icon-theme-1.0.9-noarch-1? (y/n/Q): [y]n
Remove xcdroast-0.98alpha14-i486-1? (y/n/Q): [y]y
Be careful what extra packages you remove. They may be part of other
packages. Generally speaking, remove only the package you entered in the
command line. You've uninstalled XCDRoast. The downloaded package file
is still in the cache directory:
ls /var/swaret/
PKGLIST PKGLIST.list repos/ sources/
Purge any downloaded package from the cache directory:
swaret --purge
Purging Packages Cache Directory: /var/swaret... DONE!
Is it really gone? You bet.
ls /var/swaret/
repos/ sources/
View the swaret log:
swaret --log | less
Clear the log:
swaret --log -c
swaret Log File has been cleared!
After using swaret, exit root:
Check Out
Copyright (C) 2002-2004 by firstname.lastname@example.com
wget http://umn.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/ndiswrapper/ndiswrapper-1.47.tar.gz
tar xvzf ndiswrapper-1.47.tar.gz
cd ndiswrapper-1.47
sudo make install
cd /mnt/cdrom/Linksys/WUSB54Gv4_20051110/Drivers/WUSB54Gv4
total 276
-rwxr-xr-x 1 perry users 8022 2005-11-02 20:11 rt2500usb.cat*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 perry users 19592 2005-10-18 20:03 rt2500usb.inf*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 perry users 245376 2005-10-17 15:50 rt2500usb.sys*
root@slackware:/home/perry# ndiswrapper -i rt2500usb.inf
root@slackware:/home/perry# ndiswrapper -l
rt2500usb : driver installed
device (13B1:000D) present
root@slackware:/home/perry# modprobe ndiswrapper
if [ "$1" == "start" ]; then
/sbin/modprobe ndiswrapper
/sbin/dhcpcd wlan0 -h slack12.0 &
/sbin/ifconfig wlan0 up &
/sbin/iwconfig wlan0 nick slackware &
/sbin/iwconfig wlan0 essid any &
# /sbin/iwconfig wlan0 key s:password [2]
if [ "$1" == "stop" ]; then
/sbin/ifconfig wlan0 down
/sbin/dhcpcd -k
/sbin/modprobe -r ndiswrapper
rc.wlan0 start
rc.wlan0 stop
rc.wlan0 start
# /etc/rc.d/rc.local: Local system initialization script.
# Put any local startup commands in here. Also, if you have
# anything that needs to be run at shutdown time you can
# make an /etc/rc.d/rc.local_shutdown script and put those
# commands in there.
/usr/local/sbin/rc.wlan0 start
# /etc/rc.d/rc.local_shutdown: Local system termination script.
# Put any local shutdown commands in here. Also, if you have
# anything that needs to be run at startup time you can
# use the /etc/rc.d/rc.local script and put those
# commands in there.
/usr/local/sbin/rc.wlan0 stop
Used to manipulate encryption or scrambling keys and security mode.
To set the current encryption key, just enter the key in hex digits as XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX or XXXXXXXX. To set a key
other than the current key, prepend or append [index] to the key itself (this won't change which is the active key).
You can also enter the key as an ASCII string by using the s: prefix. Passphrase is currently not supported.
To change which key is the currently active key, just enter [index] (without entering any key value).
off and on disable and reenable encryption.
The security mode may be open or restricted, and its meaning depends on the card used. With most cards, in open mode no
authentication is used and the card may also accept non-encrypted sessions, whereas in restricted mode only encrypted
sessions are accepted and the card will use authentication if available.
If you need to set multiple keys, or set a key and change the active key, you need to use multiple key directives.
Arguments can be put in any order, the last one will take precedence.
Examples :
iwconfig wlan0 key 0123-4567-89
iwconfig wlan0 key [3] 0123-4567-89
iwconfig wlan0 key s:password [2]
iwconfig wlan0 key [2]
iwconfig wlan0 key open
iwconfig wlan0 key off
iwconfig wlan0 key restricted [3] 0123456789
iwconfig wlan0 key 01-23 key 45-67 [4] key [4]
wget http://gulus.usherbrooke.ca/pub/distro/slackware/slackware-current/slackware/a/kernel-generic-smp-22.214.171.124_smp-i686-2.tgz
wget http://gulus.usherbrooke.ca/pub/distro/slackware/slackware-current/slackware/a/kernel-huge-smp-220.127.116.11_smp-i686-2.tgz
wget http://gulus.usherbrooke.ca/pub/distro/slackware/slackware-current/slackware/a/kernel-modules-smp-22.214.171.124_smp-i686-2.tgz
wget http://gulus.usherbrooke.ca/pub/distro/slackware/slackware-current/slackware/d/kernel-headers-22.214.171.124_smp-i386-2.tgz
wget http://gulus.usherbrooke.ca/pub/distro/slackware/slackware-current/slackware/k/kernel-source-18.104.22.168_smp-noarch-2.tgz
wget http://gulus.usherbrooke.ca/pub/distro/slackware/slackware-current/slackware/a/kernel-generic-220.127.116.11-i486-2.tgz
wget http://gulus.usherbrooke.ca/pub/distro/slackware/slackware-current/slackware/a/kernel-huge-220.127.116.11-i486-2.tgz
wget http://gulus.usherbrooke.ca/pub/distro/slackware/slackware-current/slackware/a/kernel-modules-184.108.40.206-i486-2.tgz
installpkg kernel-generic-smp-126.96.36.199_smp-i686-2.tgz
installpkg kernel-huge-smp-220.127.116.11_smp-i686-2.tgz
installpkg kernel-modules-smp-220.127.116.11_smp-i686-2.tgz
installpkg kernel-headers-184.108.40.206_smp-i386-2.tgz
installpkg kernel-source-188.8.131.52_smp-noarch-2.tgz
installpkg kernel-generic-220.127.116.11-i486-2.tgz
installpkg kernel-huge-18.104.22.168-i486-2.tgz
installpkg kernel-modules-184.108.40.206-i486-2.tgz
wget http://gulus.usherbrooke.ca/pub/distro/slackware/slackware-current/extra/linux-188.8.131.52-nosmp-sdk/kernel-headers-18.104.22.168-i386-2.tgz
installpkg kernel-headers-18.104.22.168-i386-2.tgz
# Linux bootable partition config begins
image = /boot/vmlinuz
initrd = /boot/initrd.gz
root = /dev/hda3
label = slack12.0.vesa
read-only # Partitions should be mounted read-only for checking
# Linux bootable partition config ends
mkinitrd -c -k 184.108.40.206-smp -m reiserfs -f reiserfs
mkdir /usr/local/opt/dropline-installer
ln -s /usr/local/opt/dropline-installer /var/cache/dropline-installer
wget http://osdn.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/dropline-gnome/dropline-installer-2.18-i686-3dl.tgz
installpkg dropline-installer-2.18-i686-3dl.tgz
Where Do You Go From Here?
If you are a Slackware recruit, you are done tweaking Slackware. I would
never recommend the following advanced topics to recruits. If you are a
Slackware veteran, proceed with caution as the following will
considerably tighten up the system security to the point some things may
not work. i.e. A user couldn't read system logs.
Disabling Unnecessary Services
There is a bunch of services that are not necessary for a stand-alone
home PC. atd runs jobs at a later time. cron is a good replacement. Stop
the service, and disable it from starting by commenting out this snippet
in the multi-user init script:
killall atd
vi /etc/rc.d/rc.M
# Start atd (manages jobs scheduled with 'at'):
#if [ -x /usr/sbin/atd ]; then
# /usr/sbin/atd -b 15 -l 1
The following table describes the init scripts or services in the /etc/
rc.d directory that should be enabled. The other services can be
Minimal Services
rc.0 Symbolic link to rc.6
rc.4 Graphical login
rc.6 Shutdown or reboot
rc.K Safe mode for system administration
rc.M Multi-user login
rc.S System initialization
rc.acpid Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
rc.alsa Advanced Linux Sound Architecture
rc.cups Common UNIX Printing System
rc.font.new Console font
rc.hotplug Hotpluggable subsystems
rc.inet1 Network initialization
rc.iptables Arno's firewall ruleset (optional)
rc.keymap Keyboard map
rc.local Local system initialization
rc.modules Extra hardware drivers
rc.serial Serial port initialization
rc.syslog System logging
rc.sysvinit System V init script compatibility
rc.udev Dynamic device naming support
The following are cut-and-paste console utility, network services and
filesystems, wireless devices, and Yellow Pages Network Information
Service. Disable these unnecessary services if you don't need them:
cd /etc/rc.d
chmod -x rc.gpm-sample rc.inet2 rc.nfsd rc.wireless rc.yp
Disabling Internet Services Daemon
You disabled Internet Services Daemon if you'd followed my install guide
to the letter. The leftover is its config file. Rename and empty it if
you want:
mv /etc/inetd.conf /etc/inetd.conf.old
touch /etc/inetd.conf
Restricting Services, Logs and root Files
You can restrict services, logs and root files to everybody but root:
chmod -R go-rwx /etc/rc.d
chmod -R o-rwx /var/log
chmod -R go-rwx /root
Deleting Unnecessary Accounts and Groups
There are accounts that can be used against the system per se. If you
don't run an ftp server, news server, RPC port mapper, Secure Shell,
Unix to Unix Copy, the following accounts and their corresponding groups
can be deleted.
Change directory to /etc, back up group, password and shadow files,
delete ftp, news, operator, rpc, sshd, sync and uucp accounts, check the
integrity of the password file, delete news, sshd and uucp groups, and
check the integrity of the group file, and delete ftp directory:
cd /etc
cp group group.old
cp passwd passwd.old
cp shadow shadow.old
userdel ftp
userdel news
userdel operator
userdel rpc
userdel sshd
userdel sync
userdel uucp
groupdel news
groupdel sshd
groupdel uucp
rm -fr /home/ftp
Next, comment out this line in syslog.conf to disable their logging:
vi /etc/syslog.conf
#uucp,news.crit -/var/log/spooler
Finally, restart the system logging daemon:
killall -HUP syslogd
Tightening Login Definitions
The login definitions are lax. What the settings do is explained in the
same file. Tighten them up:
vi /etc/login.defs
# Enable logging and display of /var/log/faillog login failure
# info.
FAILLOG_ENAB yes
# Enable display of unknown usernames when login failures are
# recorded.
LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB yes
# Enable logging of successful logins
LOG_OK_LOGINS yes
# Enable logging and display of /var/log/lastlog login time info.
LASTLOG_ENAB yes
# Enable additional checks upon password changes.
OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB yes
# Enable checking of time restrictions specified in /etc/porttime.
PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB yes
# Password aging controls:
# PASS_MAX_DAYS Maximum number of days a password may be used.
# PASS_MIN_DAYS Minimum number of days allowed between
# password changes.
# PASS_MIN_LEN Minimum acceptable password length.
# PASS_WARN_AGE Number of days warning given before a
# password expires.
# Max number of login retries if password is bad
# Should login be allowed if we can't cd to the home directory?
# Default in no.
DEFAULT_HOME no
Restricting Remote Access to Computer
If you're using TCP wrapper or Secure Shell, you can restrict access
from outside to the local computer. Edit hosts.deny to read this:
vi /etc/hosts.deny
Installing a Firewall Rule Set
Please refer to Using iptables for installing a firewall rule set.
Official Book
Basic Slackware Security
Direct Rendering Infrastructure
Software Management
Slackware Software Packages
Kernel Insecurity
Copyright (C) 2002-2004 by firstname.lastname@example.com
none /home/perry/.thumbnails tmpfs defaults 0 0
none /home/perry/.gnome2/epiphany tmpfs defaults 0 0
none /root/.thumbnails tmpfs defaults 0 0
none /home/perry/.mozilla tmpfs defaults 0 0
none /root/.mozilla tmpfs defaults 0 0
none /root/.gnome2/epiphany tmpfs defaults 0 0
none /tmp tmpfs defaults 0 0
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda3 8385660 5967296 2418364 72% /
none 777636 32 777604 1% /tmp
tmpfs 777636 0 777636 0% /dev/shm
/dev/hda1 5148800 2832764 2316036 56% /mnt/win2k
/dev/hda5 521748 125980 369264 26% /var
/dev/hda7 4192764 707032 3485732 17% /usr/local
/dev/hda8 6136576 2543300 3593276 42% /usr/local/opt
/dev/hda9 13630684 2668344 10962340 20% /home
/dev/sdb1 78124056 11472328 66651728 15% /mnt/xcraft1
none 777636 23044 754592 3% /home/perry/.thumbnails
none 777636 0 777636 0% /home/perry/.gnome2/epiphany
none 777636 0 777636 0% /root/.thumbnails
none 777636 11380 766256 2% /home/perry/.mozilla
none 777636 0 777636 0% /root/.mozilla
none 777636 0 777636 0% /root/.gnome2/epiphany
/dev/sdb2 38448304 10560320 25934884 29% /mnt/xcraft2
/dev/sdb6 97720340 9429812 88290528 10% /mnt/xcraft6
/dev/sda1 39017920 29536376 9481544 76% /mnt/maxtor
/dev/sdb5 97656084 31611916 66044168 33% /mnt/xcraft5
<*> Power Manage options (ACPI, APM)
<*> Power Management support (NEW)
CPU Frequency scaling
(*) CPU Frequency scaling (NEW)
<*> 'performance' governer (NEW)
<*> 'powersave' governer (NEW)
<*> 'userspace' governer (NEW)
<*> 'ondemand' governer (NEW)
<*> 'conservative' governer (NEW)
<*> AMD Opteron/Athlon64 PowerNow! (NEW)
(or whatever your processor is)
# /etc/rc.d/rc.local: Local system initialization script.
# Put any local startup commands in here. Also, if you have
# anything that needs to be run at shutdown time you can
# make an /etc/rc.d/rc.local_shutdown script and put those
# commands in there.
echo "ondemand" >> /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_governor
echo re-creating initrd.gz
mkinitrd -c -k 22.214.171.124-smp -m reiserfs -f reiserfs
# The -p is for the few people that know you can set passwords on lilo that
# will then be required if someone wants to be sneaky and root the system
# with "linux single" or similar lameness..
/sbin/lilo -p
cd /usr/src/linux
make gconfig
make all
make modules_install
make install
wget http://lp.slackwaresupport.com/Slackware-12.0/martijn/fuse-2.6.5-i486-2McD.tgz
wget http://lp.slackwaresupport.com/Slackware-12.0/martijn/ntfs-3g-1.826-i486-1McD.tgz
installpkg fuse-2.6.5-i486-2McD.tgz
installpkg ntfs-3g-1.826-i486-1McD.tgz
/dev/hda1 /mnt/win2k ntfs-3g defaults,force 1 0
cd /mnt/{somewhere with enough space}
ntfsclone --output ntfs.img /dev/hda1
cd /mnt/{where you stored your ntfs.img}
ntfsclone --overwrite /dev/hda1 ntfs.img -f
alsactl store


text:
ASU Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This collection includes most of the ASU Theses and Dissertations from 2011 to present. ASU Theses and Dissertations are available in downloadable PDF format; however, a small percentage of items are under embargo. Information about the dissertations/theses includes degree information, committee members, an abstract, supporting data or media.
In addition to the electronic theses found in the ASU Digital Repository, ASU Theses and Dissertations can be found in the ASU Library Catalog.
Dissertations and Theses granted by Arizona State University are archived and made available through a joint effort of the ASU Graduate College and the ASU Libraries. For more information or questions about this collection contact or visit the Digital Repository ETD Library Guide or contact the ASU Graduate College at firstname.lastname@example.com.
- Mackinnon, Stephen R
- Ng, Sze-Chieh
- Arizona State University
- 1 Moore, Aaron S
- 1 Rush, James R
- 1 English
- Reverse Fountain Cytoplasmic Streaming in Rhizopus Oryzae
- Diné Research Practices and Protocols: An Intersectional Paradigm Incorporating Indigenous Feminism, Critical Indigenous Research Methodologies and Diné Knowledge Systems
- Developing an Augmented Reality Solution for Mapping Underground Infrastructure
- Characterization of 2D Human Ankle Stiffness during Postural Balance and Walking for Robot-aided Ankle Rehabilitation
- Using Molecular, Cellular and Bioengineering Approaches Towards Understanding Muscle Stem Cell Biology
In the former British colony of Malaya, communism is a controversial subject that often invites significant scrutiny from government officials and pro-British scholars who describes the radical movement as a foreign conspiracy to dominate the small Southeast Asian nation. The primary goal of this thesis, therefore, is to reinterpret and revise the current established history of Malayan communism in a chronological and unbiased manner that would illustrate that the authoritative accounts of the movement was not only incomplete but was also written with explicit prejudice. The secondary goal of this thesis is to argue that the members of the Malayan …
- Contributors
- Ng, Sze-Chieh, Rush, James R, Mackinnon, Stephen R, et al.
- Created Date
- 2011

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hambid for Ham radio, scanners, DAB, Shortwave & CB radios
Monday - Friday: 9:00am - 5:00pm
Saturday: 9:30am - 2:00pm
Welcome to the amateur radio handheld transceiver page. Here, you'll find links for handheld transceiver manufacturers covering vhf-uhf. In addition, specific models mentioned in the amateur radio forum like yaesu, icom, kenwood, alinco, wouxun,and more are here for future reference. Amateur radio handheld transceiver sold here,we update our stocks to keep in touch with modern improvements in handheld transceiver design.


text:
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text:
price includes FCA's competitive/returning lessee incentive, military
incentive, and may require that the vehicle be financed with Chrysler Capital
to qualify for advertised price. See dealer for complete details.**
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text:
I am black. Yet, since I was 12, I've gone to a school almost totally devoid of black people. I don't speak in slang. I don't listen to rap or reggae and, try as I might, I have at best a 50-50 chance of converting a lay-up. Except for the fact that I'm not white, I am not all that different from a stereotypical white kid from the suburbs.
Because of this, when I'm around other black people I usually feel a certain distance between us. And so do they. For example, this past summer I took a journalism workshop at New York University. After it was over, I was on the phone with one of the girls in the workshop, a black girl, and we got to talking about first impressions. She said that for about the first week of the workshop, she was saying to herself, "What's wrong with this guy? Is he white or something?" She said that I talked like a "cracker" (as she put it) and she made a lot of offhand remarks about me not being a "real" black person. It irritated me that this girl thought that just because I didn't speak "black English," I was not a genuine black person.
I have often heard people criticize a radio announcer for the New York Yankees for the way he speaks. He's black, but you would never know it from the way he talks. They say he's trying to be white. I don't "sound black" either and I'm not trying to be anything but who I am. It's just the way I talk. Black people who speak standard English don't do it because they want to dissociate themselves from other black people but because they grew up hearing English spoken that way.
Just look at the English boxer Lennox Lewis, who won the world heavyweight championship three times. He's black but his accent is as British as can be. Is he "trying to be English" and denying his black roots? Of course not. He just grew up around people who had British accents.
I don't dance like a lot of other black people either. I never learned to move my hips and legs the way most kids you see at parties are able to. I lose the beat if I have to move more than two body parts at once and so my dancing tends to get a little repetitive.
When I go to parties with black people I often find myself sitting at the table drinking a Coke while everybody else is dancing. "Why aren't you dancing?!" people ask. And then when I do get on the dance floor, the same people sneer at me. "What's wrong with you?" they say. "Why do you just keep doing the same thing over and over again?"
Contrary to popular belief, black people aren't born with the ability to dance and play basketball. Even though I have speed and leaping ability, I can't drive to the hole without losing my dribble. Those skills have to be learned and perfected with practice. It only seems like they are innate because the black community in America is culturally very close-knit and people share the same interests.
Another thing that constitutes "blackness" in a lot of people's minds is an interest in or a feeling of pride and identification with things historically black. I collected baseball cards until I was 15. I had a pretty substantial collection for a kid. At least, I thought I did. One afternoon, my cousins came over to my house and were looking at my baseball cards.
"Do you have any Jackie Robinson cards?" one of them asked.
They were visibly displeased with that response. Of course in my mind I knew that the reason I didn't have any Jackie Robinson cards was the same reason why I didn't have any Ted Williams or Mickey Mantle or Joe DiMaggio cards. I just didn't have the money for Jackie Robinson. Even if I were going to spend that money on baseball cards, I would buy a Mickey Mantle card before I would buy a Jackie Robinson card of the same price. Jackie may have been the first black major leaguer but Mickey hit home runs and home runs increase in value faster than historical novelty. It's that simple. But my cousins thought that the reason I didn't have any Jackie Robinson cards was because I didn't like black players as much as white players.
My family has always had a problem with me liking baseball—a game that did not integrate until 1947—as much as I do. They keep getting me these Negro League postcards because they are worried that I don't know enough about the subject. And they're right. But then again, sports enthusiasts in general don't know enough about the Negro Leagues. My family feels very strongly that as a black sports fan, I should feel an added responsibility to know about black baseball players. If I don't learn about them, they say, then nobody will.
Minorities are often called upon to be the spokespeople for their races. The only black kid in the class is almost always asked to speak when the subjects of slavery or the civil rights movement come up. The question is, does he have a responsibility to know more about issues pertaining to blacks than his white classmates? I would like to think that he doesn't.
If we really believe that everyone should be treated equally, then ideally my Jewish friends should be expected to know just as much about black history as I do. Of course I should know more about the Negro Leagues than I do now, but so should a white baseball fan or a Japanese baseball fan or a polka-dot baseball fan.
So I guess I don't fit in with the black people who speak in slang, dance with a lot of hip motion, and hang out with an all-black crowd. And I don't feel any added responsibility to learn about black history or go out and associate with more black people either. Nor do I fit in with blacks who try as hard as they can to separate themselves from blacks altogether, vote Republican, and marry white women. I wouldn't do that either.
Even though I grew up playing wiffle ball with white kids in Park Slope instead of basketball with black kids in Bed Stuy, even though I go to a school with very few blacks, and even though most of my friends are white and Asian, I can't say that I feel completely at home with white people either. Achieving racial equality is a process that still has a long way to go. Blacks were slaves for hundreds of years. And we were legally inferior to whites up until just a couple generations ago. Blacks may have achieved equality before the law, but it will take another few generations to achieve full social equality.
There is still a stigma attached to interracial relationships, for example, both romantic and otherwise. Whenever I'm around the parents of white friends, I get the sense that they see me not as "that nice kid who is friends with my son or daughter" but rather as "that nice black kid who is friends with my son or daughter." There is still a line that certain people are unwilling to cross.
So after all this analysis, I'm still confused about what it means to be black. What is race, anyway? According to Webster's dictionary, race is "a class or kind of people unified by a community of interests, habits, or characteristics." Well, anyone who's ever called me or any other black person "white on the inside" because we didn't fit their stereotype can look at that definition and claim victory. "There it is, right in the dictionary," they're saying. "Black is an attitude, not just a color."
By that definition I'm not black at all. But I was black the last time I looked in the mirror. So I went back to the dictionary and found that Webster's has another definition for race: "a division of mankind possessing traits that are transmissible by descent and sufficient to characterize it as a distinct human type."
Wait a minute! Does that mean that a black person is anyone with dark skin, full lips, a broad nose, and coarse hair? These are traits transmissible by descent and distinct to black people. By the second definition, to be black means to have these physical characteristics. Speaking in slang and dancing well are not genetic—they are cultural.
Which definition is right? I would like to think that it is the second. I would like to think that race is nothing more than the color of your skin, but clearly in most people's minds it's more than that. I feel distanced from blacks because I am black but don't act the part and I feel distanced from whites because I act white but don't look the part. As long as other people expect me to act a certain way because of the way I look, or to look a certain way because of the way I act, I will continue to be something of an outcast because I defy their prejudices.
Society has different expectations of blacks and whites, and becomes uncomfortable if any of us strays from those expectations. Just ask anybody who's ever picked me for two-on-two just because I was black.


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The discovery that could potentially rewrite history?
Issued by University of Leicester Press Office 9 November 2012
Search for King Richard III press portal: http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/media-centre/richard-iii
The University of Leicester team involved in the Search for Richard III say their discovery of a skeleton with apparent battle wounds and curvature of the spine could rewrite a contentious period of English history - if the remains indeed prove to be those of the slain monarch.
The University of Leicester, in association with Leicester City Council and the Richard III Society, is leading the Search for Richard III. The University announced in September that it had discovered a set of articulated remains which are currently being subjected to rigorous laboratory examination.
For University of Leicester historians Professor Norman Housley and Dr Andrew Hopper, if the remains found by the University of Leicester are Richard III's, it would rewrite history by bringing closure to the fate of the mysterious king. In addition, by observing that Richard's deformity may have been a result of scoliosis, the idea of him being a 'hunchback' will fade away.
History textbooks often tell children and young students that Richard III was a hated king whose body was cast into a river after the victory of Henry Tudor over the House of York during the War of the Roses. This perspective very much correlates with Shakespeare's depiction of Richard III in his titular play, where the character of the last Plantagenet king adopts a villainous role.
However, the potential discovery of the 'real' Richard III could cast these aspersions into doubt: if Richard III was buried at the Grey Friars dig site in Leicester, then it will change the way in which his mysterious death is viewed.
Based on a proclamation issued by Henry VII, Richard III's body was displayed in Leicester after the Battle of Bosworth, so that he could be looked upon by the people. A contemporary chronicle suggested that Richard III may have been buried at The Newarke. However, because of The Newarke's associations with the house of Lancaster, the body was believed to have been moved to a new location, which is where the 'river myth' is often used as a conclusion.
Professor Norman Housley and Dr Andrew Hopper of the School of Historical Studies said:
"Little reliable contemporary evidence has survived for the nature of his kingship because his reign proved so short and because his Tudor successors legitimised themselves by encouraging literary works (of which Shakespeare was not the first) that depicted him as a caricature tyrant. So, if it proves possible to nail the Tudor slander of the 'hunchback king' with medical evidence of severe scoliosis rather than kyphosis, it will be gilt on the gingerbread because efforts during the last three centuries to restore his reputation have never fully succeeded in undermining this enduring popular image.
"The discovery of the body will be significant because of what is already being indicated about the cause of death. The apparent evidence of battle injuries will stimulate debate about exactly how Richard was killed at Bosworth, and beyond that, about close combat in medieval battles. This is fitting because Richard polarised opinion during his life and from beyond the grave; his reliance on a northern regional powerbase to maintain his rule fostered a north-south divide in allegiance partially reflected in the historiography since."
Richard III's life still polarises historical debate today. Professor Housley and Dr Hopper are convinced that the find, if proven to be Richard, will have the advantageous effect of bringing closure to an issue that has been concerning historians for centuries.
"It will bring a pleasing sense of closure to our knowledge of the vicious civil war which ushered in the Tudor dynasty," they said.
All of this new information will naturally alter how history is taught in schools. Thomas More's critical biography is the source of a lot of information currently taught about Richard in schools., and it presents the monarch as a monstrous ruler. David Baldwin, a retired University of Leicester historian, discusses in his recent book "Richard III" the importance of reassessing the complex history of the maligned monarch. He said:
"Richard has frequently been portrayed as either a villain or a hero, but he was probably neither. Rather, he was a man of his time whose childhood insecurity determined the course of the rest of his life. He behaved badly on occasion because he thought he had no alternative, and while we cannot excuse him, we can try to understand his mindset and why he acted as he did - to get as close to the 'real' Richard as we can.
Philippa Langley, originator of the search from the Richard III Society, said: "The dig in Leicester is exploding many of the myths that surround King Richard. It is also questioning the work of many of our illustrious writers.
"It seems that despite Thomas More, Richard did not have a withered arm, that despite William Shakespeare, Richard did not have a hunchback. And despite John Speede, Richard's remains were not exhumed and taken to the river Soar.
"If the remains are identified as being those of King Richard these are just some of the myths that have already been busted. And, having watched the exhumation, I believe there may be more myths to follow."
The University has made it clear that it is not saying it has found Richard III – rather that the skeleton has characteristics that warrant extensive further detailed examination and that the search has moved from an archaeological to a laboratory phase.
The University has added that the outcomes of its investigations are expected in January- and that possible outcomes are:
• The scientific research suggests it is Richard III
• The scientific research suggests it is not Richard III
• The scientific research is inconclusive and therefore conclusions may be drawn from the evidence available.
The Search for Richard III is also the subject of a Channel 4 documentary being made by Darlow Smithson.
- The Dig for Richard III was led by the University of Leicester, working with Leicester City Council and in association with the Richard III Society. The originator of the Search project was Philippa Langley of the Richard III Society
For interviews contact:
Norman Housley, historian, 0116 252 2801, email@example.com
Andrew Hopper, historian of the post 1485 period, 0116 252 3979, email@example.com
David Baldwin on 0116 2713880 or email@example.com
Philippa Langley: originator of the search: 0775 256 7370 firstname.lastname@example.com


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The Digital Millennium Copyright Act prohibits "circumventing" digital rights management (DRM) and "other technical protection measures" used to protect copyrighted works. While this ban was meant to deter copyright infringement many have misused the law to chill competition free speech and fair use. Every three years the U.S. Copyright Office convenes a rulemaking to consider granting exemptions to the DMCA's ban on circumvention to mitigate the harms the law has caused to legitimate non-infringing uses of copyrighted materials.
In 2003 EFF filed for four exemptions all seeking to allow consumers to repair DRM-crippled CDs and DVDs. All four exemptions were denied.
In 2006 EFF did not file any DMCA exemption requests. Instead we explained why the rulemaking process is fundamentally broken.
In 2009 EFF sought three exemptions: One to allow video remixing and two to allow cell phone unlocking. In a huge victory for digital rights all three exemptions were granted.
In 2012 EFF sought to build on expand the exemptions won in the 2009 rulemaking. EFF asked the Copyright Office to protect the "jailbreaking" of smartphones, electronic tablets, and video game consoles. EFF also asked for legal protections for artists and critics who use excerpts from DVDs or downloading services to create new, remixed works. The Copyright Office renewed the exemption for smartphones, but did not extend it to other devices. The Copyright Office also reaffirmed the exemption for video remix, and expanded it to allow use of clips from online services.
In 2015 EFF is seeking six exemptions: Enabling security professionals to conduct research into the safety and security of vehicles; Allowing automobile owners to circumvent restrictions to repair and personalize their vehicles; Legal protections for circumventing DRM to extract clips to create new and remixed audiovisual works from streaming sources; "Jailbreaking" of mobile computing devices such as smartphones and tablets to enable interoperability and remove unwanted software; Circumventing DRM in DVDs and Blu-Ray discs to extract clips; Enabling users to circumvent DRM to restore access to games abandoned by their developers.


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More on:
Terrorism and Counterterrorism
This publication is now archived.
Does Libya sponsor terrorism?
Despite Libya's December 2003 announcement that it would eliminate its weapons of mass destruction program, it still remains on the State Department's list of state sponsors of terrorism. Libya spent more than two decades supporting anti-Western terrorist groups, and for Americans, Libyan leader Muammar Qaddafi became the public face of terrorism in the 1980s. The United States and the United Nations imposed sanctions on Libya for its role in terrorist attacks, including the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. But experts say Libya, strained by the sanctions, has distanced itself from terrorism. Nevertheless, the North African country remains on the State Department's list of countries that sponsor terrorism because of its refusal to own up to its role in the Lockerbie bombing—an atrocity that still dominates U.S.-Libyan relations.
What changes have been made since Libya agreed to dismantle its weapons program?
The United States, the United Kingdom, and other international agencies are working with Libya to eliminate these weapons in a "transparent and verifiable manner." Following the announcement, the United States and Libya began the process of improving diplomatic relations; sanctions were lifted and travel toLibyais now permitted. In 2004, Libya authorized a second payment of $4 million per family to the families of the 270 victims of the Pan Am bombing and also agreed to pay $170 million to the non-U.S. families of the victims of the 1989 bombing of the French UTA passenger aircraft. Libyan officials were also instrumental in the handover of Amar Saifi, the number two figure in the Salafist Group for Call and Combat. Saifi is responsible for kidnapping thirty-two western tourists in Algeria in 2003.
What past terrorist incidents have been linked to Libya?
Among the attacks Libya has been implicated in are the following:
- The 1986 bombing of a West Berlin discotheque popular among American soldiers. The attack killed three people, including two U.S. servicemen; U.S. officials hold Libya responsible.
- The 1988 murder of 270 people on Pan Am Flight 103. In 2001, a Scottish court convened in the Netherlands convicted Libyan intelligence agent Abdul Basset al-Megrahi of murder for his role in the bombing. A second Libyan suspect was found not guilty.
- The 1989 bombing of a French airliner over Niger; in 1999, a French court convicted six Libyans for their roles in the attack.
Libyan agents are also thought to have assassinated Libyan opposition politicians living in Britain in the 1980s and 1990s. And experts say Libya has backed plots to assassinate the presidents of Chad, Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, and Zaire.
What kinds of terrorists has Libya supported?
Qaddafi has provided training, weapons, funding, safe haven, or other support to several Palestinian terrorist organizations and to the Irish Republican Army, the Basque separatist group ETA, and Sierra Leone's Revolutionary United Front, experts say. In 1999, Libya helped negotiate the release of a group of international hostages held by the Abu Sayyaf Group, a Philippine terrorist group with ties to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network. Libya said it was being helpful, but the State Department warned that letting Abu Sayyaf receive ransom for hostages "served only to encourage further terrorism."
How did Libya respond to September 11?
That same day, Qaddafi called the attacks "horrifying" and urged Muslim charitable agencies to provide aid to the United States. Libya has reportedly shared intelligence with U.S. officials about Libyan Islamist militants tied to al-Qaeda.
Does Libya have ties to al-Qaeda?
No. Almost all Libyans are Muslims, and the country's legal system is based on the Koran, but Libya does not subscribe to a fundamentalist interpretation of Islamic law. Qaddafi faces opposition from militant Islamist groups. A 1998 attempt by the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group to assassinate Qaddafi led Libya to crack down on Islamist opposition and reportedly issue an arrest warrant for bin Laden. (The State Department placed the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, which has been linked to al-Qaeda, on its terrorist exclusion list in December 2001; its members are to be denied U.S. visas.)
More on:
Terrorism and Counterterrorism


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Become a Q Club Member today and enjoy unlimited entry and other great benefits!
About Questacon
Questacon – The National Science and Technology Centre and its programs are administered within the Australian Government Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources.
At Questacon, we strive to promote greater understanding and awareness of science and technology within the community. We're committed to making that experience fun, interactive, and relevant.
Find out about the history of Questacon.
We opened our Centre in Canberra in 1988, with half of the initial $20 million construction cost paid for by a generous grant from Japan.
Today, our Director, Professor Graham Durant, leads a team of over 200 staff members as well as an additional 65 Volunteer Explainers.
Each year, we welcome over 500 000 visitors to our two facilities in Canberra while more than 660 000 see our exhibitions in other museums and centres around Australia and overseas. Our Outreach Programs take to the roads each year, visiting an additional 110 000 in towns and communities across the country.
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CHICAGO – United Airlines says it flew one of its 787s to a Boeing facility in San Antonio on Tuesday for the battery fix it needs to resume flying.
United has six of the planes. They've been grounded worldwide for three months because two of them had smouldering batteries. Boeing's proposed fix has been approved by the Federal Aviation Administration. Last week the FAA approved non-passenger flights for the 787 like the United flight that left from Los Angeles.
United Continental Holdings Inc. says Boeing Co. workers will install the fix, with help from United mechanics. Boeing has said the battery system modifications will take about five days per plane to install.
United has 787s in its schedule for May 31, but it has said that flights might resume earlier.


text:
"A Teacher Returning: Bronia HORN"
80 Years After Leaving Poland for Palestine, a Visit to her School in Busko-Zdrój
I am not her granddaughter, but I could have been.
Bronia HORN was my paternal grandmother's aunt. There was only a 6-year age difference between Bronia and my grandmother. Bronia was born in 1904, my grandmother in 1910.
Both were born in Rohatyn, in what was then Eastern Galicia, today Western Ukraine. Both left Rohatyn. For my grandmother, the destination was New York in 1914 with her father Isak (almost 20 years older than younger sister Bronia), her mother, and her two sisters. For Bronia, it was Palestine in 1936, to join her older sister Jute who had emigrated there two years prior. Neither Bronia, Jute, or my grandmother would ever see there beloved Rohatyn again.
My grandmother spoke of Bronia not as her elder but as her contemporary.
That is how I, too, think of Bronia as I follow in her footsteps in my travels and continuing research – from Rohatyn to Vienna, to Lviv and Krakow, from Busko-Zdrój to Palestine, from New York to Israel.
I think of myself as her granddaughter. I am the descendant she never had.
As I write this article, my husband and I are living in Krakow for three months. I am here to continue my research and, in part, to be close to Bronia: to be able to walk to the apartment where Bronia lived from 1930-32 at ul. Bozego Milosierdzia 4 while finishing her masters degree in German language and literature at Jagiellonian University; to meander the halls of nearby A. Witkowskiego Gimnazjum at ul. Studencka 12 where in 1931 Bronia was an unpaid apprenticing teacher.
What would she think if she knew that today I am sipping a hot tea in a cafe around the corner from her 1930 home?
After finishing her teaching apprenticeship, Bronia secured in 1932 a paid position at a school in Busko-Zdrój, then called Gimnazjum Marshal Józef Piłsudzki. Busko-Zdrój, located about 75 km. northeast of Krakow, had been a popular, historic spa town with a reputation for good schools. 80 years later, Bronia's academic records, obtained from the archives at Jagiellonian University, had led me in 2012 to Busko-Zdrój.
Of course, from these academic records I had to learn more about the school in Busko-Zdrój, so I searched the internet, posted inquiries to the online digests of JRI Poland and Gesher Galicia, and sent an email to the school asking whether they might still have pre-War records for my Bronia. The school was still located at the same location and, as I subsequently learned, continued to have an excellent academic reputation. Today the school is called Liceum T. Kosciuszki.
Four months later, my husband and I moved to Krakow and settled into a new life and a new apartment. Then, about two weeks ago I received a remarkable email reply from two of the school's current teachers.
Yes, the school still had some records: Bronia's hand-written curriculum for that semester's courses in German language and literature; a document showing Bronia's name on the 1935 list of the school's teachers; Bronia's signature on a student record. The school had also found some photos: 3 group photos of the school's teachers from the 1935/36 school year. There was my Bronia, demurely seated in the front row, hands tightly clasped on her lap, wearing the same dark, somber dress with white decorative button at the neck in all 3 shots. Same sad expression. I immediately recognized her like one would recognize an old friend. My Bronia.
With this remarkable, unexpected email reply (unexpected because I had come to assume my inquiry would go unanswered after so many months) I went from having but a single photo of Bronia (from her 1936 Polish passport) to now having three.
I quietly cried at the dinner table that night when I realized that it was also the 20th anniversary of Bronia's death.
And so, almost exactly 80 years after my Bronia was in Busko-Zdrój – the last place she would call home in Poland before reluctantly leaving for Palestine – I found myself meandering the halls of Liceum T. Kosciuszki and sitting in classrooms where Bronia once taught German language and literature. Before me were seated almost a dozen students from the English department of today's school, eager to learn what would bring an American all the way to Busko-Zdrój, who was Bronia HORN, and how was I related to her? Seated to my right was Dominika Michalska, their English teacher and one of the two teachers who had emailed the records and photos of Bronia and who had generously invited me to come to the school to meet and talk to her students.
For about an hour and a half I spoke about Bronia's life. I spoke as a granddaughter would speak as her descendant and the keeper of her memory.
I recounted what I had learned through my research about Bronia's studies in Vienna, Lwow (today, Lviv), and Krakow, attending the same prestigious universities that her older sister Jute had attended. I talked about Bronia's early life in Rohatyn and of the extended HORN family, including Bronia and Jute's older brother Isak, my great-grandfather.
I explained how from Palestine, Bronia then emigrated in the mid-1950s to New York – following again in the path of her older sister Jute; how Bronia returned to Israel after Jute's death in 1958, where she lived another 25 years and where today she is buried. I explained how Bronia's nationality had originally been "Austrian" but became "Polish" when Poland regained its independence after the First World War. I described how Rohatyn had been devastated in both World Wars because it had been the fighting front – sometimes in Russian hands, sometimes Polish, sometimes German – and how in 1941 it was occupied by the Nazis and became a place of death. I showed the students the few photos I have for some of the other family members: those that remained in Rohatyn after sisters Jute and Bronia had left for Palestine; those that had been shot by the Nazis and whose bodies had been dumped into unmarked mass graves. I showed them some of the faces that been the sisters' parents, grandparents, brothers, sisters, and cousins. I explained that neither sister, Jute nor Bronia, ever returned to Rohatyn, and neither ever had any children.
The students asked me excellent questions, which I did my best to answer. They were engaged and engaging, moved and moving. I felt buoyant to encounter such interest and share such intimacies.
Afterward, I was given a tour of the teachers' lounge, the school grounds, and the town's charmingly petite rynek (market square). Accompanied by Dominika and two of her students, I stood before Busko-Zdrój's former Jewish synagogue, a lovely, restored building with Italianate details, today housing a small grocery and notions store. Did Bronia attend services here 80 years ago, I asked myself? Did she sit in the park of the rynek gazing at the central fountain, from which radiates five or six bucolic pedestrian pathways? Did she too smell the blooming lilacs?
80 years after my Bronia had lived and taught in pre-War Poland – where Jews had contributed so much to the greater good – I came to Busko-Zdrój.
I am Bronia Horn. A teacher returning. Proof that life can continue.
By Marla Raucher Osborn April 2012
Krakow, Poland
Here are photos from Busko-Zdrój:
A special thanks to Dr. Alex Feller, founder of the Rohatyn Shtetl Research Group (RSRG), for his enthusiasm, encouragement, and prompting for me to write this story – the latest in my continuing journey to follow in the footsteps of Rohatyn sisters Bronia and Jute HORN.


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FRIDAY, Nov. 4 (HealthDay News) -- "Leatherhead" football helmets from the early 1900s can be as protective as modern helmets, a new study reports, but no one is suggesting a return to the vintage headgear.
Instead, the researchers said their findings point to the need for improvements in modern helmets and testing standards.
The Cleveland Clinic research team conducted lab tests to compare head injury risks of two leatherhead helmets with 11 leading modern polycarbonate football helmets. The results showed that the vintage helmets were often as effective as the modern helmets in protecting against injuries in common, game-like hits, and sometimes even better.
"The point of this study is not to advocate for a return to leather helmets but, rather, to test the notion that modern helmets must be more protective than older helmets simply because 'newer must be better,'" lead researcher Adam Bartsch, director of the Spine Research Lab in Cleveland Clinic's Center for Spine Health, said in a clinic news release.
"Unlike cars, in which seat belts, airbags and crumple zones make the choice between a 1920s Model T and modern mini-van a no-brainer, these results tell us that modern helmets have ample room to improve safety against many typical game-like hits," he added.
The study was published in the Nov. 4 online edition of the Journal of Neurosurgery.
Head and neck injuries among football players declined significantly after helmet standards and rule changes were introduced in the 1970s and 1980s, but concussion rates have continued to rise. Up to 40 percent of football players suffer a concussion each year, and more than half of them go unreported, the study authors noted in the news release.
The researchers pointed out that current helmet safety standards focus solely on the risk of severe skull fracture and catastrophic brain injury, not concussion risk.
"Today's safety standards are no longer state-of-the-art predictors of injury," Dr. Edward Benzel, chair of Cleveland Clinic's Department of Neurological Surgery, said in the news release.
"Of course, preventing skull fractures is vitally important, but concussion prevention needs to be an integral part of the standards as well. Also, helmets need to protect against the cumulative effects of multiple lower impact blows that may not lead to a concussion immediately but may add up to cause severe long-term head, neck or brain injuries," Benzel added.
More information
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more about concussion.
-- Robert Preidt
SOURCE: Cleveland Clinic, news release, Nov. 4, 2011
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Police seize machete after shopping centre threat
UPDATE: Police have seized two knives following threats at a shopping centre in Hervey Bay.
A 21-year-old woman has also been arrested for obstructing police and public nuisance.
Police have seized a butterfly knife and a machete following the incident which involved a 22-year-old man.
It is believed the man made threats at Urangan Central Shopping Centre earlier on Wednesday.
Police are continuing to investigate.
EARLIER: A 22-YEAR-OLD Police has been arrested and taken into custody after he allegedly made threats at a shopping centre.
Police were called to Urangan Central Shopping Centre just before 10am.
Officers are investigating alleged physical and verbal threats made to another person.