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Main Content
AP2560e - Battery-operated vibratory plate for emission-free compaction.
With the AP2560e, Wacker Neuson offers another battery-powered, and thus wireless vibratory plate for completely emission-free work. The AP2560e opens up a new performance class with 25 kN. With a base plate made of extremely robust spheroidal graphite cast, the AP2560e is particularly durable. With a runtime that is sufficient for a full day's work, it is in no way inferior to conventionally operated plates in terms of performance. It is particularly efficient when compacting pavestones, and saves about 70% energy costs compared to a gasoline-powered vibratory plate of the same weight class.
- One battery charge last for a full working day
- Proven electric motor without V-belt - so completely maintenance-free and cost-saving
- Emission-free operation protects the operator on construction sites and opens new fields of applications in the interior and in emission-regulated areas (inner city districts)
- Battery and charger are modular and can also be used for our battery rammers
- Battery and charger are available in two performace classes
Battery-Power in two performance classes: BP1000 and BP1400
The lithium-ion batteries were specially developed by Wacker Neuson for use in vibrating machines. They have a particularly long running time, are extremely robust and uncomplicated to handle. In addition, they are continuously developed by us - so your machines are always up to date with the latest technology.
- Constant power output over entire discharge phase, therefore full compaction power from the first to the last minute of work
- Fast-charging with overload protection
- Active cooling when loading protects the battery
Emission-free compaction opens up new fields of application:
- Trenches, construction sites in tunnels and interiors
- Construction projects with strict environmental regulations / guidelines for emission values such as city centers and public large-scale projects
- Water protection areas and nature reserves, where no internal combustion engines may be used.
One battery - for all machines
The powerful rechargeable battery is charged quickly and changed in a few seconds. It fits into both our battery rammers and the battery vibratory plate - once purchased, used twice, saved a lot.
Comfortable operation:
- Easily accessible start button and always visible charging indicator of the battery.
- The battery can be removed without tools in a few steps.
- The protective frame shape allows a pleasant operation from the side.
- Low transport dimensions by foldable guide handle.
Please note that product availability can vary from country to country. It is possible that information / products may not be available in your country.


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So I've been meaning to post this forever and it just kept slipping my mind. BAD, since this is by far one of my favorite companies around… but I must share just a special gem with you. Check out this most radical shirt… EVER
Don't mind the post it note on the back of my phone. Yes, I do that all the time
The front of the shirt says, Running toward the chapel…
The back says…
And I must shout it from the rooftops, I would LIVE in this shirt. The products they have are SO cute, quite possibly the most comfortable stuff you'll ever put on and super unique, which I love. They made this shirt for me to wear while I was getting ready and all leading up to my wedding day, and I still wear it ALL the time.
There are about 200 things I want from their online store as well. These capris look like I would NEVER want to be without them, and their shirts, I already know are super comfortable. What great apparel and I LOVE all the cute, fun custom sayings on the shirts and pants. They make them so different and they have great sayings and phrases on all their stuff. I seriously want to wear this stuff all day every day.
So the gray shirt I got is an American Apparel brand that I love and I know I've paid more for that shirt plain from the American Apparel store than the shirt with the cute sayings on it. So these are totally going on my Christmas list, perhaps you should check out their lovely site and find out what you'd want to add to your list.
Running Divas did send me the shirt for my wedding, but I did this review on it on my own and because I LOVE their stuff. Completely obsessed. Thank you guys SO much for the shirt, it still is my favorite shirt, ever and I hope to see you at an Expo SOON! :)

subset: commoncrawl


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Gallery: Cartagena, Day One
Published by susandragoo
As a follower of Christ, my purpose is to follow the commands Jesus said were the most important, To love the Lord your God with all your heart, mind, soul and strength and To love your neighbor as yourself. As an Oklahoma-based writer, photographer and lover of the outdoors, my purpose is to celebrate God's creation. Join me for imagery and adventure as I explore the world with camera and notebook. Contact Info: email@example.com or (405) 664-2253 View all posts by susandragoo


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Availability: In Stock
Brand: Ideal Standard
Product Code: Ceratherm 100 Shower Pack
Ex Tax: €371.54
Ceratherm thermostatic exposed shower mixer with 2 outlets, Idealrain rainshower M1 with fixed riser and M3 handspray. The outlet is selected using the diverter which is integral with the flow control.
•Flow control with integral diverter
•Safety stop at 40 deg. C
•Temperature limit stop
•Safe cool touch body
•Eco button
•1.75m smooth Idealflex hose
•Ceramic disc
•Removable 12 LPM Eco flow regulator in fixed head and 8 LPM in handspray
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Bats can't crack KC to aid Anibal's solid start
Righty yields one run in six innings as Tigers fall to 2-4 vs. Royals
KANSAS CITY -- Anibal Sanchez overcame his own spotty command, his catcher's drop on the would-be third out with the bases loaded, and a handful of runners he stranded in scoring position. He could not overcome his team's offense.
On a night when the restrictions came off after Sanchez's shoulder strain from last month, that was another sign that his season is back on track, complete with the irony of Friday's 1-0 Tigers loss to the Royals.
Sanchez had his highest walk total in a Tigers uniform, and his highest total in two years. After falling into just 11 3-0 counts all year, he worked his way into four of them on Friday. None of those runners came around.
Sanchez's downfall, the game's only run, scored on a first-inning RBI single from Billy Butler on an 0-2 pitch. It scored Alex Gordon, who reached base after another 0-2 count.
Sanchez left five runners in scoring position over the next five innings, stranding the bases loaded in the sixth with a strikeout of Alcides Escobar that might well have summed up Sanchez's night.
After falling behind on a 2-0 count, Sanchez seemingly escaped when Escobar hit a popup on the next pitch. Catcher Alex Avila's errant drop, however, extended the at-bat, which Escobar ran full before Sanchez spotted a full-count pitch to escape.
"I feel good because I kept the score right there," Sanchez shrugged. "We have to give credit to [Ervin] Santana. He threw a good ballgame, there's no question about it."
Make no mistake, Sanchez's outing could've been a whole lot worse. Still, he deserved a better fate for the outing he actually had.
With six innings of four-hit, one-run ball, Sanchez (7-7) has enough innings again to qualify among the leaders in ERA. He cracked the top five by lowering his ERA to 2.85, tying him with White Sox All-Star Chris Sale. They're also the only pitchers in the American League's top 10 without winning records.
The Tigers, owners of one of baseball's most potent lineups, have scored three runs or fewer in all seven of Sanchez's losses, as well as his two no-decisions. They've also scored six runs or more in all seven of Sanchez's victories, including three 10-run outbursts.
Yet on a night when he fell on the losing end of the pitching duel with Santana, the lasting image arguably was Royals center fielder Lorenzo Cain catching drives to the fence in the deepest part of Kauffman Stadium.
"I thought we swung the bats better than the results showed, I will say that," manager Jim Leyland said. "But Santana pitched really good, and the center fielder covered a lot of real estate."
The Tigers centered three balls, hit them deep and got three outs to show for them. Torii Hunter's first-inning drive sent Cain, who was playing shallow, crashing into the fence.
"I crushed that ball," Hunter said. "I hit that slider hard and it wasn't going out at all."
Victor Martinez's fifth-inning loft sent Cain into a race to the warning track. Miguel Cabrera's seventh-inning drive, by contrast, saw Cain seemingly teasing the Tigers with how easily he camped under it.
"I got great jumps on them, read them great off the bat and was able to make some plays," Cain said. "Ervin did an outstanding job today, so for me to go make some plays for him was great."
Those were plays that could've turned into doubles with a bad step here or there. They also comprised just about all the solid contact the Tigers made all evening.
Detroit arrived at the ballpark early on Friday afternoon and took extra batting practice to try to shake off the rust of an extended All-Star break. It didn't make much difference.
The Royals went 1-for-8 with runners in scoring position, thanks to Sanchez's key pitches. The Tigers couldn't get a runner past first base against Santana (6-6), who allowed two singles and a walk over 7 1/3 innings before relievers Kelvin Herrera and Greg Holland finished the shutout.
"I think the success that [Santana] got today was because he threw a lot of strikes," Sanchez said. "He threw the first pitch for strikes. It made the difference."
Hunter played behind Santana when he threw his no-hitter two years ago. Friday's performance didn't shock him.
"He got us," Hunter said. "You have to tip your cap."
Bad luck, bad hitting or excellent pitching, the bottom line was the Tigers' third 1-0 loss of the year. Their other two came to the Pirates in early May, both of those in extra innings. While Rick Porcello and Doug Fister took no-decisions in those, Sanchez was left holding this one.
It was the 20th time this year the Tigers have held an opponent or one or fewer runs, third-most among AL teams according to stats guru Bill Chuck. Their third such loss in those games, however, tied them with the Cubs for most in the Majors.
Their last 1-0 loss in nine innings was last Aug. 22, also to the Royals in Kansas City. Sanchez took the loss in that one, too, thanks to eight scoreless innings from Bruce Chen. He avenged that decision in September with a three-hitter at Comerica Park.
Add up the numbers, and Sanchez has given up two runs on 14 hits in 22 innings against the Royals since joining the AL a year ago. He has a 1-2 record to go with it.
"Pitchers' duel, old-fashioned," Butler summed up.


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Aug. 4, 2009 — The terrorist attack that leveled the twin towers of the World Trade Center nearly eight years ago is still causing new cases of asthma and posttraumatic stress, a new study says.
The Sept. 11, 2001, attack that killed thousands and exposed hundreds of thousands to horrific images and potentially dangerous dust is still wreaking havoc on peoples' mental and physical health, researchers say in the Aug. 5 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.
The data come from the World Trade Center Health Registry, which follows enrollees who reported a range of disaster-associated exposures on 9/11.
Based on survey results, the researchers estimate that potentially 25,500 directly exposed adults have experienced asthma since the attack and 61,000 have suffered traumatic stress as a result of the attack.
In the registry, 71,000 adults were surveyed in 2003-2004. Adults were enrolled in the following groups: rescue-recovery workers, lower Manhattan residents, lower Manhattan office workers, and passersby.
Sixty-eight percent, or 46,000 adults, participated again in a 2006-2007 follow-up survey about symptoms of asthma and signs of posttraumatic stress. Less than half of the respondents completed the questionnaires.
Some of the study's findings:
- Of the participants with no history of asthma, 10% reported a new asthma diagnosis during the follow-up survey.
- Intense dust cloud exposure was associated with an increased risk of asthma for all of the groups. Of those with a new diagnosis of asthma, 19% reported intense dust exposure vs. about 10% without exposure.
- Risk for asthma was highest among rescue-recovery workers on the debris pile the day of the attack.
- Residents who did not evacuate reported higher asthma rates than those who did.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Sept. 11
Asthma wasn't the only the lingering health effect of 9/11. The number of people with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) — the mental health illness most often associated with wartime trauma — also increased five to six years after the attack. Of participants with no PTSD history, 24% reported PTS symptoms at the initial evaluation (14%) or during the follow-up (19%).The greatest increase was in rescue-recovery workers.
Other findings:
- Passersby had the highest levels of symptoms when surveyed during the second phase of the study at 23%, and residents the lowest at 16%.
- Loss of a spouse related to the attack also was associated with symptoms of traumatic stress.
"Our findings confirm that, after a terrorist attack, mental health conditions can persist if not identified and adequately treated and that a substantial number of exposed persons may develop late-onset symptoms," the authors write.
"Our study highlights the need for surveillance, outreach, treatment, and evaluation of efforts for many years following a disaster to prevent and mitigate health consequences."


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Peer-Reviewed Publications
Found 128 results[ Title]
Filters: Author is Durbin, Dennis R [Clear All Filters]
When "buckle up" is not enough: enhancing the safety of children in motor vehicles." LDI Issue Brief. 2000;5(9):1-4."
Young Driver Crash Rates by Licensing Age, Driving Experience, and License Phase." Accid Anal Prev. 2015;80:243-250."
Young Driver Licensing: Examination of Population-level Rates Using New Jersey's State Licensing Database." Accid Anal Prev. 2015;76C:49-56."


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Even birds support Nami ♫
This is all I have to say.
Sorry, Bon-chan... I've got to go with Nami!
Black tea is best enjoyed with one's fellow monsters.
Whoa... two pages and the campaigns are already in full-force. Beautiful.
But Nami will prevail! Go go Nami!
Nami takes down one of AP's most wanted!
Vote for unbounded talent.
Vote for the sweetest transvestite you know!
Money, who needs money?
Working thru some stuff. Dunno how long i will be here.
Last edited by Kitsune Inferno; August 17th, 2011 at 09:48 AM.
Stuffing, No Maam, stuffing...
Member of Beelzebub is Freakin' Awesome Group
what I'm catching up on currently: Gintama, lone wolf & cub, Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, and lost in poem (by our very own AP member GEPPETTOSMONSTER)
That nami beating ichigo gif is great. Voting for Nami.
clearly going with bon-chan here!
There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)


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Posted by Editoress on 08/20/07
Trans Rockies - Highs and Lows for Rocky Mountain Haywood
Courtesy Rocky Mountain Haywood
The Final Days..some Highs and Lows..
The end of the 5thTrans Rockies Challenge came after over 550 kms of gruelling wilderness trails. Trans Rockies is the sister event to the 10 year old journey across the Alps...The Trans Alp Challenge.
After a Day 6 which will go down as one of the most brutal days in TransRockies history, on the final day of 7, the riders were treated to a quick 48km run into beautiful Fernie to the celebrations finish line celebrations with the friends and family who were waiting there for them. The weather held on and the 2007 TransRockies Challenge will go down as having the finest weather since the race began.
The short and fast last stage of the TransRockies saw the Team United Cycles duo of Roddi Lega and Tim Heemskerk confirm their dominant overall victory with their sixth stage win in seven days. They gapped the second and third placed Team La Ruta/Pizza Hut and Team Rocky Mountain (Hadley and Green) in the last singletrack section and rolled across the line with a narrow 18 second victory on the day and a 26-minute win in the overall standings.
Congratulations to the young Rocky Mountain Team of Matt Hadley and Matt Green took third overall in the Trans Rockies Stage Race after 7 days of furious battle.
Three time TR Champion Andreas Hestler of Rocky Mountain Haywood, was teamed up with everyone's favorite Rocky Mountain Bicycles US sales rep, team rider, and all around good guy Kevin Calhoun from Vancouver. Coming off the Inaugural BC Bike Race just one month ago,Kevin and Andreas were feeling confident for a good finish in Trans Rockies.
These plans came to a halt when Kevin hit the ground hard in Stage 4 of the 7 stage race.
Kevin suffered a serious crash while crossing a waterbar. After an hour trailside while being aided by Dre, Kevin was airlifted the the Cranbrook Hospital where he was initially examined and then transferred to Invermere Hospital so that any spinal damage could be ruled out.
After 11 Hours being strapped to a backboard it was determined that Kevin had suffered stress fractures in five vertebrae, a broken shoulder blade and a separated shoulder.
Kevin was treated and released from the hospital and is expected to make a full recovery, but is understandably very sore and in a lot of pain.
Kevin's heart and team spirit really showed through as he was at the finish line of the next days stage to greet Dre as Andreas crossed the line in a make shift partnership with Rocky Mountain dealer and rider Brian Moore of Canmore. Andreas and Brian finished unofficially in third place during the last 3 days of the race.
Congratulations to the two Matts on a great ride and best wishes to Kevin for a full recovery.
|Return to Canadian Cyclist homepage | Back to Top


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Papa's Cupcakeria
Description: Papa's cooking up some cupcakes! Cook a ridiculous amount of delicious cupcakes for all your wacky customers in Papa's Cupcakeria!
Category: Simulation Games
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AmeriCorps set to leave Joplin next month
Group has been 'workhorse' in city's tornado recovery
One of the key groups helping with Joplin's recovery from the May 2011 tornado will leave the city at the end of the year.
AmeriCorps St. Louis , which city officials credit with being the "workhorses" behind the recovery, will turn over its duties to Joplin's Long-Term Recovery Committee, a group of relief agencies and faith-based groups on Dec. 21, when a grant that provided a seven-member team will end, The Joplin Globe reported Friday.
Chad Angell, the team leader of AmeriCorps' Joplin Recovery Project, said he and other group members will spend the rest of their time in Joplin working for a smooth transition.
"It's a pretty fluid change," Angell said. "We've been working with these organizations for a year and a half. We're confident in the community to continue our work here."
Renee White, chairwoman of the Long-Term Recovery Committee, said she and city officials have been working with AmeriCorps since August to take over the group's work.
"Because of the great things AmeriCorps has done, it won't be just one organization taking over," she said. "We'll have to parcel it out because they really have been the foot soldiers and the workhorses behind so much of the recovery."
In the weeks immediately after the tornado devastated Joplin, killing 161 people, AmeriCorps staff members created a volunteer reception center and a missing persons call center, and took volunteers to help with debris removal and search and rescue efforts. In recent weeks, they have helped people move into permanent housing, delivered donations and assisted with minor repair jobs.
They also coordinated volunteer efforts and tracked their hours. Sam Anselm, assistant city manager, said future volunteer coordination will likely go through Rebuild Joplin, he said.
"Words almost can't describe what they've done for us," Anselm said of AmeriCorps. "It's just a good group of people. I can say with certainty that we wouldn't be far along in the recovery without them."
Angell, who arrived with an AmeriCorps team hours after the tornado struck, said it has been a positive experience helping to rebuild the city.
"Sometimes in disaster, it's really hard for people to accept others from outside the community," he said. "It's our job to respond, train the community and leave. Joplin embraced us and asked us to stay."
After the holidays, AmeriCorps St. Louis will assess whether the organization might be needed in Joplin longer, Angell said. He said AmeriCorps officials are considering establishing a base in southwest Missouri, possibly in Springfield, for future disasters.


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This is a great time to go into fraud.
As companies seek to protect themselves from the kinds of breaches that compromised 40 million Target
The overall U.S. employment picture may still be shaky, despite gains last month, but opportunities seem to abound for fraud investigators who can unearth, investigate and prevent wrongdoing like money laundering, bribery and identity theft.
"The thing that I have been getting a lot of queries about from clients and potential clients is protection of their data from misuse," said Kathy Lavinder, founder and executive director of the Bethesda, Md.-based recruiting company Security and Investigative Placement Consultants, LLC. "You have to have the technical gurus, the people with technical expertise who can harden the networks and look at the information security from the inside out and the outside in."
The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners topped 70,000 members this year, a 40% increase since 2008, when the financial crisis unraveled. The association credentials individuals who pass its fraud detection and prevention exam. Its members span law enforcement, accounting and medicine, and even include ministers who have taken it upon themselves to prevent stealing at their churches, said James Ratley, its president and CEO.
High-tech fraud wasn't as much of an issue when the association formed in 1988, but as hackers gained the ability to swipe larger sums, the requirements for a fraud investigator have shifted to include cyber skills.
"It's made it more difficult for the management or auditors to find red flags or the indicators for fraud," Ratley said. "It's made the fraud examiner more powerful. Also, the average fraud perpetrator does not know how to erase their trail on a computer and the [examiner] that specializes in IT can go in and retrace the steps."
Colleges and universities are training more candidates for the growing fraud-detecting job market. Just two universities offered anti-fraud degrees in 2002, according to an article in the association's bimonthly Fraud Magazine. The Austin, Texas-based association now counts 429 educational members, from Georgetown University to India's Christ University in the southern city of Bangalore.
About 30 new schools partner with the association each year to teach a course with its anti-fraud syllabus, which includes books and videos with titles like "Cooking the Books: What Every Accountant Should Know about Fraud."
"No longer are you really just a cop on the street for the bank. You need to have a little bit of computer wizardry at your fingertips," said Al Pascual, senior analyst for security, risk and fraud at Javelin Strategy & Research.
Silicon Valley's social media and web companies are searching for individuals who can weed out job board and online review hoaxes, Pascual said, and large consulting companies are also searching for investigative talent. A global search of Ernst & Young's careers website yielded 77 openings related to fraud.
The median compensation for an anti-fraud professional with certification is $91,000, according to the association, which charges test-takers a $250 application fee and $745 for a prep course, in addition to $150 in annual membership dues that are discounted for students and members in developing countries.
Bureau of Labor Statistics data do not distinguish the fraud field from industries like criminal investigation or accounting.
Hollywood films such as "Catch Me If You Can," based on legendary con man Frank Abagnale, and all the various chronicles of the financial crisis have helped romanticize the profession, said John Hanson, who investigated and taught white collar crime at the FBI from 1995 to 2004 before founding the Washington, D.C.-based fraud investigation and compliance firm Artifice Forensic Financial Services, LLC.
"There's a mystique. I know when I was an FBI agent, people were always like, 'what do you do?' It was very enigmatic and mysterious and sexy," he said. "Let's face it, audit and tax can be pretty boring. Fraud investigations, I mean that's fun. You're putting together a puzzle."
There are signs investigators are beginning to make some progress amid the growth of high-tech fraud. The IRS initiated 66% more criminal investigations into identity theft cases where fraudsters attempted to file for another individual's tax refund in the year ended Sept. 30, according to an agency release. Of the nearly 1,500 cases, more than 1,200 were recommended for prosecution and 438 led to sentences.
Fraud investigators are regularly recruited by government agencies like the FBI and IRS. The tax agency is currently scouting for fraud specialists who can sniff out individual and corporate fraud for its small business unit, according to a job posting on its website, which advertises salaries from about $100,000 to $140,000.
Lavinder, the recruiter, said the majority of fraud-hunting jobs she sees are corporate and call for specialization in specific industries such as the finance or pharmaceutical sector, rather than a focus on small-scale consumers.
"I always feel like consumers are getting short shrift, and I say that as someone who's also a consumer," she said. "I just feel a lot of consumers are sitting ducks."


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Traditional Tea Rooms in the Heart of the City
Finally someone in the refreshment business is prepared to StarBuck the coffee trend. The Pettigrew Tea Rooms are, instead of being a pale pastiche of an Italian coffee house produced on a Seattle drawing board, a traditional British tea room.
David Le Masurier has taken the bold decision to open this marvellous venture in the wonderfully iconic old West Lodge at the entrance to Bute Park. This 177-year-old building has seen many uses over recent years, rented out and more recently used as a canteen for the parks grounds staff but now has been reborn as a classic afternoon retreat.
Along with the tea rooms development of this part of Bute Park there is also a gift shop that provides a home to a collection of old Victorian press clay floor tiles that were originally used to mark out the foundations of the old Blackfriars Monastery site,whose ruins you can also visit in the park.
The tearooms are a perfect jump back in time to a gentler age, sipping proper loose tea; that has been brewed in a teapot and strained, out of elegant porcelain cups. You also have the luxury of dropping your sugar cubes into your chosen brew with tongs while an extra pot of water allows you the opportunity for a second or third cup, should you so desire. Show me a coffee house capable of providing such elegance.
In keeping with the traditional motif, as well as a good selection of teas, you can also nibble on some delicious homemade cakes and scones, or toasted teacakes and crumpets dripping with butter. But it's not just the cakes you can sample as they also have a very good selection of light lunches for you to enjoy.
The tearooms offer the weary shopper an idyllic spot to catch their breath or an excellent place to take tea before boarding the nearby river taxi to Cardiff Bay. Bute Park itself is a gorgeous piece of city centre greenery and well worth a walk around. No matter for what reason you find yourself at Canton Bridge you are guaranteed to have your thirst quenched and taste buds tickled at the Pettigrew Tea Rooms. Forget your double decafe, frothy macciato frappuccino lite, this is drinking in complete style and elegance.


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BrainBox S.T.E.A.M. Games: Set of 4
Product Details
Our new collection of fun and memory-boosting games features essential Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Math (S.T.E.A.M.) topics. Players study the pictures-and-facts side of the card for 10 seconds, and then flip to the other side to see how many questions they can answer: How many hovercrafts are shown? At what temperature does water boil? Was this masterpiece painted in 1691 or 1891? Each game includes 55 cards, a sand timer and a die. This set of four BrainBox games includes Art, Science and Nature, Math and Inventions. Download Lesson Plan
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Despite the divergence and volatility in underlying commodity prices, master limited partnerships (MLPs) in the energy business continued to perform well for investors. As of April 30, 2012, the Alerian MLP Index (AMZ) generated an 8.4% one-year annualized return with a three-year annualized return of 32.1%. Income-investors also benefitted from MLPs as the stocks in the Alerian index had a yield of 6.1% versus 2.1% for the S&P 500.
We asked six leading MLP-fund and portfolio managers for their thoughts on recent market action and the industry's outlook. This year's participants include:
- James J. Cunnane Jr., Managing Director and CIO, FAMCO MLP (a division of Advisory Research Inc.), St. Louis;
- Jim Hug, Senior Portfolio Manager, Yorkville Capital Management LLC, New York;
- Kevin McCarthy, President and CEO, Kayne Anderson Energy Closed-End Funds, Los Angeles and Houston;
- Daniel L. Spears, Partner & Portfolio Manager, Swank Capital LLC, Dallas;
- Rob Thummel, President, Tortoise North American Energy Corp., Tortoise Capital Advisors, Leawood, Kan.;
- Sean D. Wells, Vice President, SteelPath Fund Advisors, Dallas; and
- Roger Young, CFA, Portfolio Manager/Research Analyst, Miller/Howard Investments Inc.; Woodstock, N.Y.;
Which sectors of the MLP universe do you focus on?
James Cunnane, FAMCO: FAMCO MLP focuses on all of the energy infrastructure-related sectors. We focus on MLPs involved with the midstream natural gas and crude oil value chain. We also invest in marine transportation, coal, and upstream MLPs.
Jim Hug, Yorkville Capital Management: Yorkville focuses on the entire asset class. We classified the publicly traded partnership universe earlier this year into 15 composite and sector indices based on research identifying each partnership's primary business drivers. This provides us with a clear, logical way to view the whole space.
We offer an MLP core-income separately managed account in which we employ a fundamentally driven investment strategy. We endeavor to identify MLPs where we believe changes are taking place that will meaningfully support current distributions and augment future cash flow growth.
This strategy notched its 10th year of performance in 2011 and currently concentrates in the infrastructure sector with exposure to pipelines, terminals, and processing. We also pursue tactical MLP investments in special situations outside of infrastructure with a portion of the portfolio.
Yorkville also sponsors a high income MLP ETF (YMLP), which began trading in March and focuses primarily on high quality yield opportunities in the commodity sector with investments in natural resources, marine transportation, propane, and exploration & production partnerships. It employs a rules-based investment strategy that leverages Yorkville's extensive experience researching and investing in MLPs, which emphasizes quality and quantity of distribution by placing current income, distribution coverage ratio and distribution growth foremost.
Kevin McCarthy, Kayne Anderson: Our largest fund — KYN (Kayne Anderson MLP Investment Company, with $4.4 billion in total assets) — focuses on publicly traded MLPs. Roughly 75% of our portfolio is allocated to midstream MLPs, and the remainder is allocated to general partners, shipping MLPs, propane MLPs, coal MLPs and upstream (exploration & production) MLPs. (This figure is calculated using two of our standard SEC reporting categories: Midstream MLP and MLP Affiliates, which comprised 67% and 9%, respectively, of KYN's long-term investments as of April 30, 2012.)
Daniel Spears, Swank Capital: We focus on all energy-MLP sectors.
Rob Thummel, Tortoise Capital Advisors: At Tortoise Capital Advisors, we focus on companies that own and operate midstream pipelines which gather, process, and transport energy commodities. In addition, we invest some of our clients' funds in companies that operate outside of the midstream sector, including upstream and shipping MLPs and also companies in the broader North American pipeline universe (which includes both pipeline corporations and MLPs).
Sean Wells, SteelPath Fund Advisors: We focus on MLPs that provide midstream energy services and predominantly generate fee-based, or fee-like, cash flows rather than cash flows that are overly exposed to commodity prices. These are the assets that we believe optimize the reward-to-risk ratio and allow our investors to sleep easier at night.
We believe that by focusing on those names with the ability to generate cash at a sustained level during a variety of commodity price scenarios, our portfolios should outperform in the long run, through cycles, and provide a superior value proposition.
Roger Young, Miller/Howard Investments: We focus on all the publicly traded master limited partnerships, basically from soup to nuts; although, from a portfolio structure standpoint, we can't use some of the smaller less-liquid names.
How did those sectors perform in 2011?
Cunnane: 2011 was a great year for the largest and highest-quality MLPs and a tough year for the smallest and lowest quality MLPs, so the strongest performers tended to be midstream oil and diversified gas MLPs. The weakest were involved with propane, marine transportation and coal. Two outliers were the upstream and natural gas gathering & processing MLPs, which we view as higher-risk MLPs. Those two sectors performed very well in 2011.
Hug: Our separately managed account (SMA) portfolio gained 23.8% before fees in 2011, due in part to our exposure to companies in the gathering & processing and refined products pipelines sectors. The indices we developed to track these sectors were up 27.9% and 16.3%, respectively, last year.
We also owned several publicly traded general partners that offered above-average distribution growth potential and, as a result, attractive capital appreciation opportunities. Our general-partners index was up 11.1% last year.
The gathering & processing space is interesting in that it is moving toward fee-based income. This sector used to be dependent on keep-whole contracts and other forms of compensation tied to commodity spot prices. Partnerships in this sector are more likely to offer the toll-road characteristics investors covet in MLPs, and are therefore considerably more reliable today.
McCarthy: For calendar year 2011, the total returns (price appreciation plus distributions) were as follows: Midstream/Gathering & Processing: 22.0%; Midstream, Large Cap: 17.5%; Upstream (exploration and production): 13.5%; General Partners: 12.2%; Midstream, Mid/Small Cap: 5.5%; Coal: 3.4%; Shipping: -3.9%; Propane: -7.5%; and Midstream/Gas Storage: -31.5%. For the same period, the Alerian MLP Index had a total return of 13.9%.
Spears: The top performing sub-sectors for 2011 were the General Partner MLPs and Natural Gas Gathers and Processors. The sub-sectors performing the worst were Natural Gas Storage, Propane and Coal.
Thummel: Midstream MLPs comprised the best performing MLP sector in 2011. On average, MLPs operating pipelines delivered returns of 14 to 20% in 2011, while gathering and processing MLPs produced returns of 25%.
Wells: Sectors dominated by fee-based partnerships generally did well. Of course, over the period crude oil pricing was firm, and as a consequence, so was the pricing for natural gas liquids (NGLs), so entities with outsized exposures to those commodities did well, too.
Our caveat to investors is to not mistake a period of fortuitous commodity-price behavior for low-risk margin. Obviously the margin environment for natural gas storage continued to spiral far below where most experts only a year ago thought possible, and as a result, companies with exposure to that market suffered some pretty wide losses. Coal pricing also weakened over the period and, as a consequence, MLPs with coal exposure generally sold off as well.
More broadly, it seems 2011 price performance was tied to market-cap positioning to an unusual degree. For instance, large-cap names finished the year up 18.6% compared to the 5.1% from mid-caps and -9.0% from small caps. Given the relative valuations between these groups today, we believe a continuation of that pattern is unlikely and perhaps may reverse to some degree.
Young: In the portfolio, our bias and portfolio weightings are primarily in the natural gas area with a heavy emphasis on the natural gas liquid sector. Also, we favored the crude oil transportation and storage sector. They were good performers in 2011.
Did the sector results in 2011 differ significantly from your pre-2011 expectations? And, if they did, what factors caused the unexpected results?
Cunnane: We expected higher-quality MLPs to perform well in 2011, so the 2011 results were generally consistent with our expectations. We were also favorable towards gathering & processing going into 2011 due to favorable industry dynamics. The strong results of several lower-quality upstream MLPs were not aligned with our expectations.
Hug: Their results did not differ greatly from our expectations, but it is fair to say that the continued low-interest-rate environment has helped performance. Low rates attract money to MLPs because of the attractive spread they offer over U.S. Treasuries, in addition to the distribution-growth opportunity.
MLPs can also attribute their lower-weighted average cost of capital to the reduced funding costs that result from low rates. We are finding a number of MLPs lengthening their borrowing duration 10 to 15 years out to lock in historically low interest rates, which is an excellent expense hedging strategy that will support current and future distributions.
For example, Energy Transfer Partners recently issued 30-year bonds with an average coupon of 5.85%. That's only 270 basis points over the 30-year Treasury.
McCarthy: In our roundtable discussion last year, we mentioned two points in our outlook for the coming year. Production in unconventional basins — especially the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania, the Eagle Ford Shale and Barnett Shale in Texas, and the Haynesville Shale in Louisiana — would drive the construction of new energy infrastructure to transport energy products to major population centers. We expected this to be a catalyst for distribution growth in the MLP sector, especially for pipeline MLPs.
Another factor driving MLP returns would be the continuation of a robust NGL market. Due to high prices and the current supply/demand imbalance, we expected NGL volumes to grow as E&P companies reallocated rigs to drill in liquids-rich areas, as opposed to drilling for natural gas.
Many gathering and processing MLPs announced plans to increase capacity for fractionation, or separation of NGLs into individual products such as ethane, propane, butane, and natural gasoline. Other MLPs announced projects for processing plants and pipelines to handle these NGLs.
The year unfolded as we expected. Gathering and processing MLPs and large-cap midstream MLPs had total returns of 22.0% and 17.2%, respectively, strongly outperforming the Alerian MLP Index, which had a total return of 13.9%. We're pleased with our decision to overweight these two sectors going into 2011, as our investors were the beneficiaries.
Spears: No.
Thummel: A simple way to forecast returns for MLPs is to add current yield plus expected growth. In 2011, we expected MLPs to generate returns of between 10 to 12% through a combination of current yield (approximately 6% as of January 1, 2011) and anticipated growth of between 4 to 6%.
The broad MLP sector produced results slightly higher than our expectations by delivering a total return of approximately 14%. Additionally, midstream MLPs exceeded our expectations for two reasons. First, the increased need for additional energy infrastructure boosted both their current and future growth projections. Second, investors searching for current income continued to discover and invest in MLPs. They're recognizing what Tortoise's founders have believed for over 10 years now — that MLPs are a must-own portfolio component. The increasing need for energy infrastructure, coupled with the cash flow resiliency they demonstrated in 2008, have made MLPs increasingly popular with investors.
Wells: Generally, the fee-based group performed well and in line with our expectations. Entering 2011 we had not anticipated the degree of large-cap outperformance that was exhibited, but we think this was in part due to "flight to quality" investor behavior as a consequence of the market volatility experienced from late summer through the fall on Eurozone fears.
More broadly, we think the biggest surprise for the sector in 2011 was the reversal in outlook for coal-related names. We tend to take only limited exposure to names with aggressive exposure to commodity pricing, as in the coal sector, but looking at this part of the MLP space provides an interesting case study.
The coal subsector provided a well-above average 21.5% simple return in 2010, but for 2011 posted a loss of 17.4% as the outlook for the commodity worsened. Few also anticipated the depths to which natural gas storage fundamentals would sink.
Though there are only a couple of pure-play natural gas storage operators, both held firm in 2010. Further, over that period there were a number of natural gas storage-asset acquisitions consummated at very high multiples, suggesting (obviously) that these strategic buyers felt confident the dynamics for storage were likely to improve before long. However, over 2011 those fundamentals continued to falter to historically poor levels.
Young: There were no significant differences as far as performance. The bright spot in the year was the continued investment opportunities in the gas liquids and crude oil sectors. Additionally, the MLP industry raised a record amount of new capital last year; these monies will be utilized to finance future growth projects and that in turn gives visibility to future distribution growth.
The trends in oil and natural gas prices have diverged substantially. Has that divergence affected your investment strategy?
Cunnane: During 2011, we had a significant percentage of our portfolios in gathering & processing and diversified natural gas MLPs. Many of the MLPs in these groups have been benefiting from the significant differential in the price of natural gas and crude oil. Some have also been benefiting from the substantial regional price differences for natural gas liquids and crude oil during 2011. These price disparities provided many of our MLP investments with significant growth opportunities to build new infrastructure and take advantage of changing market dynamics.
In 2012, we have also been positioning portfolios to take advantage of opportunities related to positive crude oil economics, expanding our investment in liquids pipelines and storage.
Hug: This price-trend divergence has not really affected the investment landscape outside of a couple sectors. It has negatively affected exploration & production MLPs that are structured as royalty trusts, since their distributions are tied more directly to commodity prices. However, the divergence has positively affected some gathering and processing MLPs.
MLPs in general are somewhat insulated from spot-price volatility, because of the way many manage commodity exposure via long-term contracts or sophisticated hedging programs. The idea of a fixed ratio where crude oil should trade relative to natural gas no longer exists.
Crude oil spot prices are based on the international market, while natural gas trades on domestic factors. We expect the crude oil-to-natural gas ratio will remain favorable to investors for the foreseeable future.
McCarthy: MLPs with greater exposure to crude oil and natural gas liquids are expected to outperform those with greater exposure to "dry" natural gas. We have limited our exposure to E&P MLPs, focusing on MLPs that we believe will benefit from NGLs and from higher unconventional gas production.
Spears: Yes, it has. Our investment thesis is centered on the sub-sectors that benefit from high crude prices and low natural gas prices. The crude oil industry is undergoing a renaissance driven by horizontal drilling and favorable economics. This has presented several MLPs with robust infrastructure opportunities, such as converting underutilized natural gas pipelines to crude service, building new crude oil terminals and storage facilities, etc.
Additionally, given the crude oil to natural gas price dynamic, there is strong demand for natural gas liquids, and this too has driven significant infrastructure opportunities related to processing, transportation and fractionation. While we have avoided the sectors that are hurt by low natural gas prices, such as natural gas storage, propane and coal, we have invested in businesses like fertilizer MLPs that benefit from low natural gas prices
Thummel: In Tortoise's view, one of greatest benefits of investing in midstream MLPs is that they have historically experienced minimal exposure to commodity price volatility over the long-term. In addition, Tortoise seeks to build portfolios designed to withstand varying market cycles, including low as well as high commodity price environments.
The rise in crude oil prices helped to speed up the pace of development in emerging areas — such as the Bakken in North Dakota and the Eagle Ford Shale in Texas. This development also benefits the midstream MLPs that transport crude oil and natural gas liquids, as significant additional infrastructure is needed to support the expanding domestic production.
The decline of natural gas prices created some short-term challenges for natural gas storage operators. Also, low natural gas prices have driven down the price of coal, which is a sector that we have typically avoided due to its sensitivity to commodity prices.
Wells: Obviously our conscious effort to limit exposure to commodity pricing helps to mitigate the impact of natural gas price weakness. However, there are secondary price impacts to consider. For instance, natural gas storage has suffered, not because margins for this business are tied directly to the absolute price of the commodity, but rather by a contraction in seasonal spreads.
Also, there has been a radical shift in producer drilling plans away from "dry gas" basins to prospects where well economics are enhanced by the presence of natural gas liquids, which may impact gathering volumes within those out-of-favor dry gas basins over coming quarters.
Lastly, the divergence between liquids pricing and natural gas pricing has resulted in processing spread economics well above historic norms for a sustained period. In response, the industry is quickly developing additional processing and fractionation capacity.
Though we are confident that volumes are likely to remain robust even if processing spreads contract from current highs, we are cognizant of the fact that processing spreads may certainly retrace towards historic norms as new infrastructure begins to impact supplies.
Young: Given our investment strategy in the natural gas area, with a focus on natural gas liquids, the weakness in the gas prices has created an even more favorable fundamental outlook for natural gas liquids (NGLs). The upstream producers of natural gas liquids and the midstream area (transporters, processors and the fractionation segments) of the MLP industry have been doing quite well, and the prospects are bright.
Two world-scale ethylene plants have been announced in the United States, one by Royal Dutch Shell and the second one by Dow Chemical. Other large-scale ethylene projects are in development.
These new chemical facilities are big users of NGLs, most particularly ethane and propane. The additional ethylene capacity that is coming on stream in the next three to five years will absorb the expected increase in NGL production.
Crude oil and NGLs have become the focus of the upstream exploration & production (E&P) drilling budgets. There may be some temporary bumps in the road regarding the NGL-ethylene balance; however, the secular trend is quite favorable.
Secondly, the weakness in natural gas is creating some structural change in the consumption of natural gas. You read every day about fuel switching (coal to gas). A low gas price environment is an enabler for electric power generating companies to justify closing down older coal-fired power plants and replacing them with natural gas-fired power plants.
Fundamentally a weak price has a greater impact on gas producers. MLPs are the energy infrastructure toll road of the gas value chain. A toll road benefits from rising traffic. Rising consumption of natural gas is, in a sense, the analogy to more traffic going through the tollbooth. The weakness in the price of natural gas is more reflective of the oversupply situation as distinct from a demand situation.
Which MLP sectors do you believe have the most favorable outlooks for the intermediate- and long-term, and why?
Cunnane: We believe that the major long-term theme for energy infrastructure is the significant increase in domestic production due to the shale opportunities. We expect natural gas-related infrastructure to benefit from low natural gas prices combined with an apparent political preference for natural gas over coal and crude oil.
This suggest to us that demand for natural gas will be higher in the future, as more natural gas is burned for electricity, heating and transportation, and LNG (liquefied natural gas) exports increase. So longer term, we expect to be overweight natural gas-related infrastructure, such as pipelines, gatherers & processors, and storage.
Hug: Publicly traded General Partners can be great growth vehicles that should continue to improve MLP portfolio returns. If you believe you're right on a particular MLP, and there's an opportunity to invest in its General Partner, it should outperform in terms of capital appreciation.
We believe commodity MLPs in general are an undervalued and mispriced segment of the asset class. They offer higher current income and faster distribution growth relative to infrastructure MLPs. This disparity implies either greater risk or mispricing. But we completed a study earlier this year dating back to the inception of the MLP universe over 25 years ago that showed the commodity sector exhibited price and distribution volatility in line with the infrastructure sector.
McCarthy: We believe the single most important factor will be asset location and exposure to increasing volumes from unconventional reserves. "Unconventional reserves" is an industry term that refers to oil and natural gas reserves produced using advanced drilling and completion techniques. Examples of unconventional reserves include the Barnett Shale, Haynesville Shale, Woodford Shale, Fayetteville Shale, Eagle Ford Shale, Marcellus Shale and Bakken Shale, as well as developing plays such as the Utica Shale, Niobrara Shale and Tuscaloosa Marine Shale.
Why are unconventional reserves so important? Prior to the large-scale development of unconventional reserves, natural gas production remained flat from 2000 to 2005, despite a 64% increase in the natural gas rig count.
Since 2006, natural gas production has increased by 24% — most of it coming in the last two years — due to the development of unconventional reserves. Shale gas provided around 28% of the natural gas consumed in the U.S. in 2011, up from 11% in 2008. By 2020, unconventional reserves are expected to provide about 50% of the natural gas consumed in the United States.
Crude oil production has also increased as a result of unconventional reserves. For the first time since the early 1990s, crude oil production has increased in each of the last three years.
According to Wood MacKenzie, crude oil production is expected to increase by as much as 10% to 15% over the next five to 10 years. In a remarkable turn of events, for the first time since 1949, the U.S. became a net exporter of refined petroleum products in 2011. Some forecasts even have the U.S. becoming the top producer in the world over the next 10 to 20 years.
For all these reasons, we're bullish on unconventional reserves. We believe that the sectors that will benefit the most are large MLPs that are well positioned to transport new volumes over interstate pipelines, as well as smaller gathering and processing MLPs that have direct exposure to specific basins such as the Marcellus or Eagle Ford Shales.
Spears: A key theme for 2012 is the execution on announced infrastructure plans, as well as the exploration of new opportunities with a continued focus on oil and liquids-rich areas. This is playing out with a seemingly constant stream of project announcements.
The infrastructure build out of maturing shale plays (e.g. Eagle Ford and Granite Wash) is well under way with a need for additional infrastructure, and several MLPs already possessing a strong foothold. Areas of opportunity also include the developing shale plays (Bakken, Horizontal Permian and Marcellus) and the emerging shale plays (Utica, Mississippi Lime, Niobrara and Avalon).
Simply put, there is an abundance of areas that require midstream infrastructure, and it seems like talk of new opportunities, like the Brown Dense and the Tuscaloosa Marine Shale, is becoming more frequent. Of course, as investors, what we ultimately care about is how all of this development translates into cash flow and distribution growth.
Several large-cap diversified MLPs with sizable asset footprints continue to capitalize on infrastructure needs and increase their distribution growth rates. To illustrate, the following MLPs have accelerated their distribution growth targets:
- ONEOK Partners' (OKS) projected distribution growth for 2012 is now 14% (versus 11% forecasted in September 2011); this increases to 15%-20% annually in 2013/2014.
- Plains All American (PAA) expects distribution growth of 8%-9% in 2012 versus a prior range of 5%-7%.
- Kinder Morgan Energy Partners (KMP) projected distribution growth of 7% annually for the next several years, up from a prior target of 5%.
- Magellan Midstream Partners (MMP) increased 2012 distribution guidance to 9% (from 7%) and expects 2013 distribution growth of 8-10%.
- Enterprise Products Partners (EPD) reported cash flow coverage of approximately 1.5-times in the fourth quarter of 2011, and management stated it is evaluating increasing its distribution rate of growth (which has been 5-6% over the past few years).
- Williams Partners (WPZ) expects to deliver approximately 8% annual growth in distributions for 2012 and 8-10% annual growth for 2013 and 2014. The general partner, Williams (WMB), also raised its 2012 estimates and now expects its 2012 dividend to be 55% higher than the full-year 2011 dividend. The company announced plans to increase its dividend by 20% in both 2013 and 2014.
Thummel: Tortoise believes that the stage is set for pipeline MLPs to perform strongly over both the immediate and long-term. They are the critical link between energy suppliers and end-users, between producers in North Dakota and refineries along the Gulf Coast.
Coupled with population growth and growing volumes of U.S. and Canadian-produced crude oil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids, there is an increased demand for this energy infrastructure. Even better, these companies have a relatively low amount of risk: The cash flow volatility of pipeline MLPs is mitigated by contracts with producers that are based on volume rather than price. Occasionally, pipeline MLPs eliminate more volume risk by serving as a landlord too — they charge "rent" to large oil and gas producers who access their pipelines.
Wells: For the intermediate-term, we believe the crude oil logistics and NGL logistics businesses have the most compelling growth prospects. New production is overwhelming the capacity of assets already in place, which is not only providing midstream operators strong volume growth on current assets but is also creating opportunities to build new infrastructure to relieve bottlenecks.
We believe the trend of substantial volume growth for both crude oil and natural gas liquids is likely to sustain itself for an extended period, though we prefer to invest in this theme through entities that can benefit from this volume outlook without overexposure to the underlying commodity prices given the potential volatility of those prices.
Natural gas gatherers with substantial exposure to dry gas basins and without offsetting wet gas basin positions, and long-haul natural gas pipelines with near-term contract renewals, may face volume and margin pressures in the short term. Long-term, growth in the use of natural gas for power generation, industrial purposes, fleet transport and as an export commodity to overseas markets will likely improve the pricing outlook for natural gas, as well as the volume and margin prospects for these midstream assets.
Young: I'll mention a structural phenomenon happening in North America: that structural phenomenon is rising crude oil production and rising natural gas production. Much of this "new production" is necessitating a new building cycle of energy infrastructure assets, and that is the business of the MLPs, building, operating and expanding U.S. energy infrastructure assets.
Therefore, the rising British thermal unit (or BTU) production volume is creating investment opportunities both on the crude oil side and on the natural gas side. Some MLPs have a natural gas footprint, while others have more of a crude oil asset base — and some have both.
At the end of the day, the existing MLP players with established energy infrastructure assets will be the prime beneficiaries of the secular increase in North American BTU production.
Interest still appears to be growing in U.S.-based gas as an energy source. Do you see this trend continuing, and if so, how can investors profit from it?
Cunnane: Yes, we see this trend continuing. We believe that natural gas prices will remain low over the near term, so we prefer MLPs with exposure to crude oil pricing and associated volumes. We also believe that there will be a continued need for natural gas infrastructure build-out to deliver energy product from the growing areas of supply (the shale plays) to customers. Gathering & processing (G&P) MLPs with assets in wet gas plays should benefit from this environment, as this shift to wet gas plays is increasing the level of processing required prior to putting this new supply into the pipeline system.
Hug: Our natural gas is so cheap compared to Europe and Asia that it's going to be a major advantage to the U.S. economy. Shale gas currently represents about 27 to 30% of our natural gas production, and estimates project it could grow to 40 or 50% over the next decade.
The entire MLP market is about $300 billion. We estimate the cost of expanding domestic energy infrastructure to accommodate new discoveries could double the market's size over the coming decades.
Some of that is going to be organic, while some will be outside acquisitions or drop downs. For example, Anadarko's general partner has stated it is going to sell, or drop down, billions of dollars' worth of acquisitions to Western Gas Partners, its MLP. Drop downs make sense, because they are usually accretive to the general partner and to the limited partner as well. On April 30, Energy Transfer Partners announced the acquisition of Sunoco Inc., for $5.3 billion, which will be immediately accretive.
McCarthy: Yes, we see continued interest in U.S. unconventional reserves. In fact, development of these reserves could be one of the biggest stories as it relates to the long-term impact on the domestic economy.
Significant amounts of capital are being spent to develop these reserves. In fact, major oil companies, foreign oil companies and national oil companies spent approximately $50 billion in 2011 and over $60 billion in 2010 to acquire unconventional reserves, either directly or through joint ventures. After shunning domestic opportunities in favor of international projects for many years, major oil companies are now devoting significant capital and resources to domestic unconventional resources. We believe their technical expertise, capital discipline and financial resources will ensure these reserves are developed in a prudent fashion.
This trend is very important for MLPs, as development of these new reserves will require substantial amounts of new midstream infrastructure. We agree with the study by the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America (INGAA) that concluded that $250 billion will need to be spent building midstream assets over the next two decades to facilitate the development of unconventional reserves. We believe this infrastructure build-out will provide attractive investment opportunities for MLPs and help drive future distribution growth.
Spears: I do see continued growing demand in the United States to utilize natural gas as an energy source. Investors can profit from trends, including the buildout of LNG terminals (and the associated pipeline infrastructure connected to them), the buildout and the construction of natural gas pipelines to connect to new gas fired generation, and other ways.
Thummel: Yes, we expect natural gas consumption to grow and continue to displace coal as an energy source. The United States is potentially the world's largest natural gas field, so there is an ample supply (estimated to be at least 100 years).
Currently, natural gas prices are near decade-lows, creating opportunities for increased demand from multiple sources. That means generating electricity from natural gas-fueled power plants is more profitable than using coal. Also, truck fleets that previously used gasoline are being converted to burn natural gas to affect cost-savings in the transportation industry.
Wells: The prospect of exporting natural gas to international markets certainly seems likely to provide additional demand for the commodity. This demand could help to improve the commodity's price outlook, as well as the volume and margin outlook of natural gas midstream players, generally speaking.
Currently, the investment options to benefit from that trend in a direct way are relatively limited. Others have announced an interest in developing liquefaction capacity, but whether they will be able to obtain the necessary approvals and customer commitments remains to be seen.
Young: There are several angles to the answer. One segment of the MLP industry is the upstream players such as LINN, EV Energy, etc. Their business model is to acquire and develop (A&D) BTUs in the ground, typically mature oil/gas fields.
There is an abundance of gas properties for sale, and this creates acquisition opportunities for the upstream MLPs. That gives them growth and visibility of volumetric growth and, therefore, cash flow growth.
The modus operandi of the upstream guys is to buy and hedge. Even though they are producers of hydrocarbons, in effect by virtue of the hedge portfolio, they have created a steady stream of future cash flows regardless of the volatility of the commodity they're producing, because they're hedged. Typically that hedging takes place at the time of an acquisition, when they lock in a cash flow for the foreseeable future.
The second aspect of the upstream players is that their reserve life averages 18-plus years, which means that you also have visibility of production. The modern day MLP A&D model is very different from the old exploration model.
Upstream MLPs back in the '80s were more focused on the exploration model. Exploration has its risks, namely unsuccessful exploration is very disruptive to the future cash flows. Today's A&D model is in effect the opposite. The [players] already know what's in the ground, given the maturity of the asset, and therefore there is predictability. The A&D model of the upstream MLPs in today's weak natural gas price environment is like being a kid in a candy store with all of the sweet merchandise "on sale."
Are you concerned about the reputed environmental risks from fracking? If you are, how do you factor that concern into your investment management process?
Cunnane: We recognize that there are real environmental concerns involved with the dramatic increase in domestically sourced energy. We also see a significant number of economic and geopolitical advantages associated with the increase.
Our sense is that regulation surrounding natural gas drilling and infrastructure will increase at a manageable rate. Our process is adjusting to the regulatory environment by emphasizing cleaner sources of energy over dirtier ones such as coal, as well as preferring MLPs operating in energy-friendly areas of the country, such as the Bakken and Eagle Ford Shales, to those operating in less energy friendly environments, such as the Marcellus Shale.
Hug: We're cognizant of the responsibilities exploration & production companies face in order to operate securely, and we're convinced hydraulic fracturing is safe. Fracking has been around for a long time, but the process has been perfected over the last five to 10 years.
The combination of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling has been a boon for the production of energy in this country. We now have a potential game changer that enables us to be less reliant on fossil fuels from unstable parts of the world.
McCarthy: Despite concerns about hydraulic fracturing, we believe that lawmakers, including President Obama, recognize the need for natural gas and have strongly embraced natural gas as an abundant, clean-burning fuel. In his State of the Union address, President Obama explicitly supported natural gas development.
We believe that Washington recognizes that lower natural gas prices are saving consumers money on electric and heating bills and are spurring manufacturing and industrial growth. With rising gasoline prices, we believe that politicians are very sensitive to anything that might increase energy costs, such as lower natural gas production that could result from a moratorium on hydraulic fracturing.
Regulatory reviews of hydraulic fracturing are underway at both the state and federal levels. States continue to adopt legislation requiring the disclosure of chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing, and several large E&P companies have embraced such disclosure. We plan to monitor these developments closely, and if any policy changes are implemented, we will make adjustments as necessary to our investment process.
Spears: No.
Thummel: We follow the various federal and state proposals regarding fracking but believe an accord can be reached that maintains the benefits of fracking while addressing environmental concerns. While midstream MLPs that we currently target do not directly participate in the fracking process, fracking is essential for these midstream customers, as they provide the transportation for what is produced.
Hydraulic fracturing technology has been used by the oil and gas industry for more than 60 years and is constantly being improved. While environmental issues have always been of concern to the oil and gas industry, we believe those concerns will be balanced against the need for energy, and that, over the long-term, companies will continue to find new and improved technologies that are environmentally safe to allow continued production of these resources.
Wells: No one should support a cleaner and/or cheaper source of energy if it endangers the welfare of people in surrounding communities. That being said, we believe that the producers that employ fracking techniques in the production of natural gas and oil, with few exceptions, do it in an environmentally responsible way.
It appears most of the complaints being thrown against fracking really relate simply to the fact that the technique has resulted in an abundance of economic drilling locations, and so drilling is more common in more regions. Whether those operators are employing fracking techniques or not, if they are not following sound and environmentally conscientious practices then they should face stiff and sufficiently deterrent penalties.
Ultimately, however, we believe the environmental risks are and will continue to be sufficiently mitigated to enable the continued use of the practice and facilitate domestic exploration and production growth, generally speaking. Regardless, issues are likely to continue to arise until all stakeholders are convinced the energy industry has addressed their concerns.
It is fair to say that the industry has more work to do on this front. We believe those most likely to bear the brunt of any harshening of regulation related to fracking are the producers themselves. Given our midstream focus, we do not anticipate this potential cost escalation will significantly impact our portfolios. However, if a change in policy were to significantly increase the costs of fracking, or drilling more generally, midstream volumes in marginally economic basins could be impacted as producers would likely rationalize rigs away from those basins.
Young: Fracking regulation, in my view, is more of a headline risk as opposed to a disruptive business model risk. All parties in the drilling process are seeking safe and sound practices.
An important aspect of fracking and drilling regulation is that the rules tend to be set at the state level (due to states' rights). The EPA and other Federal agencies are also trying to be part of the regulatory process. In some cases this has created some turf wars. The bottom line is that all parties are trying to reach workable solutions and continue the effort towards U.S. energy independence.
How do U.S. interest rates factor into your analysis of the investment potential of MLPs? If rates were to rise from current levels, say, 50 to 100 basis points on 10-year debt, how would that affect MLPs and your investment outlook for the asset class?
Cunnane: We have managed MLPs through several periods when interest rates increased 50 to 100 basis points over a short period of time. Our observation is that MLPs don't perform well from an absolute perspective during these periods, but they do tend to outperform lower-growth securities, such as bonds.
The strong MLP performance of the last 20 years was helped by a steady decline in interest rates. We expect the next 20 years to be an environment of rising rates. Our long term expectation is that MLPs will generate 6-10% returns for investors, as a high yield and solid growth is somewhat impacted by the higher interest rate environment.
Hug: The 10-year Treasury-to-average MLP yield spread usually runs around 290 basis points. It's wider than that now at about 370 basis points, which suggests MLPs are undervalued. But current income is only half the appeal of MLPs, and this analysis fails to account for distribution growth.
MLP distribution growth rates in the first quarter of 2012 were 10% year over year, with commodity sector MLP distributions growing by 19.4% and infrastructure by 6.7%. Such significant growth is a natural hedge against rising rates.
Look historically, and you'll see that MLPs performed very well last time rates rose. Investors witnessed MLPs appreciate by 40% during the last rate tightening cycle from 2004 through 2006. The ability to grow their distributions makes MLPs a great inflation hedge, so they make a lot of sense if investors seek attractive income in a rising rate environment.
McCarthy: One thing we often look at is the yield spread between MLPs and the 10-year U.S. Treasury. For the five years prior to the financial crisis, the average spread was 219 basis points (where 100 basis points equals one percentage point). Today, as of April 19, 2012, the spread is 418 basis points, which is almost double the historical average.
One reason the spread is so high is that interest rates are unusually low today. If the rate on the 10-year Treasury were to go up 50 or 100 basis points, the yield spread would probably narrow, but we can't predict by how much. However, it's possible that the large cushion we have right now could absorb part or all of a 50 to 100 basis point increase in Treasury rates, thereby moderating the impact on MLP valuations.
Spears: If the rate increases are immediate and not anticipated by the market, then we would expect it to have a negative impact on the MLP sector. If the rate increases are anticipated and rise over a longer time period, we believe that you would simply see a tightening of the spread between MLP yields and the 10-year Treasury.
Thummel: Some investors view MLPs like fixed-income securities, implying that a rise in interest rates could negatively impact the unit price of MLPs. However, unlike other fixed-income securities, MLPs have historically grown their distributions. That means the potential impact of rising interest rates can be greatly reduced. If you look back to 1992 at time periods when interest rates rose by more than 50 basis points, bond returns were negative while MLPs on average still generated positive returns.
Wells: Though long-term correlations to the 10-year Treasury are low, experience informs us that unexpected interest rate spikes do have an impact on short-term price performance. This exposure, in fact, pertains really to all yielding equities and even to the broader equity markets.
However, in general, MLP trading has been agnostic to gradual rate increases. Further, we believe the growth prospects within the midstream sector provide participants attractive distribution growth potential, which may help prices recover from interest rate related weakness.
Young: There's a multi-prong answer to this question. The first answer is it depends upon the rapidity and whether or not it is a surprise move in interest rates.
Rising interest rates as a generalization tend to be a depressant on asset prices, because you have a higher discount rate to future cash flows. The unique thing about the MLP industry and the business model is the fact that MLP have rising distributions or what we call "unfixed" income. The rising unfixed income nature, over time, overcomes rising interest rates. Bonds, on the other hand, will typically go down in price in a rising rate environment, because bond coupons (interest income) are fixed for the life of the bond.
Secondly, if you have the ability to raise your "rents," the underlying value of the assets generating rising income can appreciate. It's more valuable to a potential buyer. An analogy would be a well-located apartment complex with credit-worthy tenants and the ability to raise rents. The resale value of that apartment complex will tend rise over time.
MLP assets are like the well-located apartment complex; MLPs have credit-worthy customers, and MLP assets can support rising rents. If in fact MLP cash flows are rising, even in a rising interest rate environment, the underlying asset value of those MLPs will rise. There may be some short-term hiccups, but over time the MLPs can overcome the rising interest rate environment you've described.


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Spectrum's Folding Panel Display System provides the convenience of folding panels in an elegant, lightweight display system. Top and base sections stack easily to assemble full height exhibits.
A 360-degree concealed hinge and double-sided panels allow for easy reconfiguration.
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Background info:
Age: 35
Height: 6' 0.5"
Weight: 93-94 kg
Lifting weights since I was 14. Competed in strongman competitions in 105 kg weight class from 2007 to 2011. Was Illinois' strongest man in 2009 and won a number of other competitions. Strongman beat me up too much, and I was frustrated with the lack of drug testing so I started weightlifting in 2012. I have bad knees which keep me from pushing my squats as much as I would like, but I feel like I'm still moving pretty fast.
Snatch -134 kg
CnJ - 154 kg
Clean - 156 kg
Front Squat - 170 kg (I don't really push heavy singles though)
94 kg American Masters Comp records are 131 kg and 161 kg. I'll be looking to break those in November. The snatch should be doable with the CnJ being more of a stretch.


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ISPRS 2003 GIS 101 for Planetary Research
GIS-like tools have existed in the computer age since scientists have been displaying images or comparing digital datasets. Whether it was a program on a mainframe to draw a satellite image to screen, or a piece of FORTRAN code to gather statistics from, all were similar to GIS. The difference now is that nearly all the tasks necessary in a digital mapping project have been merged under one umbrella. A good GIS system should be able to handle a digital mapping project from start to finish. This would include data ingestion, storage, creation, manipulation, multi-layered analysis, visualization, and data output (whether it is digital or hard-copy), through an easy to use interface.
- Mimetype
- application/pdf
- Filename
- Hare_isprs_mar03.pdf
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- Author
- Trent Hare
- Originator
- T. M. Hare, K. L. Tanaka, J. A. Skinner
- Group
- Astrogeology
- Added to Astropedia
- 14 May 2012
- Modified
- 9 July 2013
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Please click on the thumbnail for a larger view or on the text link below for a high resolution image
Estimated delivery time:4 - 8 working days
Malayer is located about 80 km South of Hamadan. However, Malayer rugs resemble Farahan rugs more than Hamadans. Farahan (Feraghan) is approx. 100 km South-West of Malayer. Though Malayers are fuller and higher in their pile than Farahans.
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If I could think of a title…
Yeah, sorry, my brain just isn't working all that well today it seems. So there's not even an attempt at a title, and the content is a bit random, but that's nothing new… Continue reading →
January 13, 2011 Posted by develish1 | Picture Of The Day, Random Thoughts, Youtube | Christopher Eccleston, David Tennant, Doctor Who | 2 Comments
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Hi. My name is Dev and I'm a David Tennant addict, and a Chris Eccleston addict, and a…..
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