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Matt Popkin.
September 19
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Published by: PetCareRx
You may think that the only harm a flea can do is cause your pet some discomfort, but all that scratching can lead to something far more sinister. That's right, having a flea-infested pet can lead to tapeworms in your dog! Here's how:
The most common type of tapeworm for dogs, Dipylidium caninum, uses fleas as an intermediate host, meaning that fleas carry tapeworm eggs inside their bodies.This happens when fleas, still in their larvae stage, swallow tapeworm eggs themselves.
That means when your dog bites at its fleas, it can end up swallowing one that is carrying those tapeworm eggs! Once inside your pet, the tapeworm hatches and attaches itself to your dog's intestines. The parasite can then cause weight loss, vomiting, and irritation.
You can tell if your dog has a tapeworm if you see moving, white objects on your pet's skin or in their stool. Don't worry! There are effective treatments for the parasite. But wouldn't you rather your dog just never had to deal with tapeworms in the first place? Help make that possible by treating your pet for fleas! Consider this: Even if you treat your pet for tapeworms after they are infected, your dog could contract another one of the parasites just as easily by biting at and swallowing another flea, just like they did the first time.The only way to end this cycle is to keep your pet pest-free. Just another reason to treat your dog for fleas!
My Dog Still Has Fleas! What to Do When The Medicine Isn't WorkingWhat Does a Flea Bite Look Like?Dog Hot Spots: What is Flea Allergy Dermatitis?
This information is for informational purposes only and is not meant as a substitute for the professional advice of, or diagnosis or treatment by, your veterinarian with respect to your pet. It has, however, been verified by a licensed veterinarian for accuracy.
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Thanks Susan for looking out for us!
One thing I also do is make sure my rides (on places like Plus3 and Motionbased) are marked "private" if I've started from my house.
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We've recently received an email from a forum member expressing concern regarding the potential for stalkers to use information found on the forums to target women. That prompted us to issue this reminder of "best practices" for participating in public spaces (like these forums) on the internet:
- Avoid disclosing personally identifiable information either in your profile or in your posts. This includes full name, street address, phone number and email address.
- Those individuals wishing to exercise an abundance of caution should also consider avoiding using their photo as their avatar, or posting identifiable pictures of their car / bike / house.
- Always keep in mind that the forums are a public space and *everything* you post can be read by *anyone*, indefinitely. It is hard, if not impossible, to fully "erase" something you've posted - it could have been indexed by a search engine or cut-n-paste by someone and posted somewhere else.
While we have absolutely no reason to believe that anyone has ever been targeted via participation on the Team Estrogen forums, we nonetheless feel it is prudent to remind everyone to be cautious and protect their personal information.
Susan Otcenas
See our newest cycling jerseys
Thanks Susan for looking out for us!
One thing I also do is make sure my rides (on places like Plus3 and Motionbased) are marked "private" if I've started from my house.
For 3 days, I get to part of a thousand other journeys.
Thanks for making this a sticky. It has crossed my mind a few times recently.
Also, if you post pictures of yourself in an event, don't forget to fuzz out the number on your race bib.
Speed comes from what you put behind you. - Judi Ketteler
My ex-boyfriend used to map rides and stuff, and unfortunately it proved to be a very bad idea. He now shares his experience with everybody as a warning - especially for parents, given the widespread use of twitter etc among teenagers.
Here is his story: he was on MySpace at the time, and he had posted some information there about his rides and links to the websites with his online cycling stats - so that his friends could see them. He is also a very social person so he had the tendency to approve everyone who asked to be friends on myspace - regardless whether he really knew those people or not. Well, at some point he attracted a creep that stalked him online and in real life. This woman befriended him on MySpace talking about the sports he liked, and pretending that they had met at some workshop. Then she started showing up at his rides, and following him here and there. She would look up his mapped rides and randomly appear everywhere, and just go talk to him or hang out with his group of friends. One day she showed up with water and stuff at a triathlon he was signed up for. After that he got completely freaked out and he told me about the whole story - which of course I had no idea about, since we were living in different States.
At that point I decided to intervene, and basically told him that he had to disappear from the internet, change riding club, change routes, etc. He closed his MySpace and all of his online cycling and triathlon logins, he cancelled his public email accounts - and had to start all over. Lesson learned - he now opens his accounts with a nickname, and makes most of his info private so that he only gives access to his real friends.
The sad part is that of course his stalker already knew most of his favorite rides, and so he also had to change his usual places to ride, and explain the situation to his riding buddies, etc. All in all it was a big headache.
Of course I am the polar opposite - I don't even use my real name on Facebook where everyone else does And I'm one of those people with unlisted #s, everything under nicknames, and so on. Yes, I admit that I am a little paranoid about security in general - but I worked threat assessment for years before studying medicine, and I have seen too many stories with unhappy endings.
And so my two cents is - to Susan: thank you for bringing up this topic, and to everyone else: please be careful and take no chances!
E.'s website: www.earchphoto.com
2005 Bianchi 928C L'Una RC
2010 BMC SLX01 racemaster
2008 BMC TT03 Time Machine
Campy Record and SSM Aspide naked carbon on all bikes
I was doing pretty good iwith the identity thing until i got my name on the front page of the NYTimes.
Hopefully not too many bad guys READ the NYTIMES.
I like Bikes - Mimi
Watercolor Blog
Davidson Custom Bike - Cavaletta
Dahon 2009 Sport - Luna
Old Raleigh Mixte - Mitzi
maybe TE could delete the "getting to know you thread" since it contains a lot of personal info and people forget to be discrete since it seems like such a safe environment,
And not ask the question about posting personal pic.
I appreciate this thread on knowing at least which geographic area and age range the woman is in. It's helpful to know vaguely the general membership composition of TE forum group. I agree that exact location details on ride routes etc. is not critical. More about the weather conditions, grade, distance, terrain is more meaningful to us as cyclists when we don't know each other's specific geographic location details.
I have requested people /newbies who might sound a bit "strange" to go there to introduce themselves. Sort of a minor accountability thing to our group.
My Personal blog on cycling & other favourite passions.
遙知馬力日久見人心 Over a long distance, you learn about the strength of your horse; over a long period of time, you get to know whats in a persons heart.
Thank you. I try to be discrete, but this a good reminder.
"Well-behaved women seldom make history." --Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
'09 Trek WSD 2.1 with a Brooks B-68 saddle
'11 Trek WSD Madone 5.2 with Brooks B-17
Thanks for the reminder!
didn't think I was guilty of giving out too much info then I read TxDoc's msg.
hmm. realized I have posted my route on bikely.com and shows where I start and end. AT MY HOUSE. Guess better go and delete the route.
Yep, I tend to put rides on Bikely that start from a major intersection or other obvious starting point a couple of miles from my home. I know how to ride there from house.
And on Plus 3 any ride that I start from my home I list as "private".
2009 Lynskey R230 Houseblend - Brooks Team Pro
2007 Rivendell Bleriot - Rivet Pearl

subset: commoncrawl


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He may not have killed anyone, but a Brooklyn man named Thomas Parkin has plenty in common with the infamous Psycho character Norman Bates. Parkin has just been convicted of fraud and ten other criminal charges for dressing up like his dead mother and collecting her social security checks. In the end, he stole about $44,000 over six years, and he also used her identity to perpetrate an elaborate real estate fraud.
Irene Pruskin, died in 2003 and would have been 77. As you can see above ("Irene" is on the left), her 55-year-old son took playing the role of his mother very seriously, using wigs, makeup, manicuring his nails, wearing her clothes, and even using her oxygen tank when meeting with people. While he may have succeeded in fooling everybody for quite a while, he was finally busted, and now faces up to 83 years in prison for the ruse.


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Red Sox aim to keep hold of first place post-break
After strong start to season, Boston believes it might be in for a special year
BOSTON -- First place. You can use that two-word moniker over and over to describe the Red Sox and they won't get sick of it. After losing 93 games last year, nobody quite knew what to make of Boston entering this season.
But that best-guess scenario that hardly any prognosticators even dared to imagine has come to fruition -- at least during the first half of the season.
So here will be the updated theme for the Red Sox when they return from the All-Star break: Can it last?
If you look at manager John Farrell's team on paper, the success might seem a little surprising.
But this is developing into one of those classic cases of the whole being greater than the sum of its parts.
General manager Ben Cherington spent last winter not just bringing in talent, but bringing in the type of character players who would thrive in Boston.
Thus far, things have happened just the way he drew it up, with the Red Sox holding the best record in the American League at 58-39 and leading the Rays by 2 1/2 games in the AL East.
"This team reminds me of some of the winning teams that I've played on," said Shane Victorino, member of the World Series-winning Phillies of 2008 and NL pennant winners of '09.
How exactly do the '13 Sox remind Victorino of the best teams he's played on?
"The resiliency," Victorino said. "The playing until there are 27 outs no matter how many runs you're down. Stick all the way until 27 outs are made or if you go into extras, keep battling.
"But it's not enough, just to do what we've done so far. We have to keep going. It's a tough division. There's teams barreling down on us and we have the target on our back because we're in first place. But you know what, we're up for the challenge. We play every inning, every out like it's the last, and we focus on that. That's what's important."
After spending almost the entire first half in first, the Red Sox now aim to finish strong.
First-half awards
|MVP: David Ortiz The slugger has made his right Achilles injury a distant memory by putting together yet another monster season.
|Cy Young: Clay Buchholz Sidelined since June 9 with a neck strain, Buchholz hopes to return in the next couple of weeks and regain the groove that made him one of the best pitchers in the league in the first half.
|Rookie: Jose Iglesias Though he had too many at-bats last season to technically qualify as a rookie this year, Iglesias is getting a chance to play every day in the Majors for the first time and he's flourished, becoming a two-way force for the Red Sox.
|Top reliever: Koji Uehara The right-hander has been an invaluable force for Boston, be it as a setup man, or, more recently, as a closer.
They'll need David Ortiz to keep swinging a hot bat. Dustin Pedroia is having one of his best all-around seasons. Clay Buchholz might have been the best pitcher in the AL before developing a neck strain. The Red Sox hope it isn't too long before he pitches again.
What can you say about John Lackey? The right-hander returned from Tommy John surgery with a reshaped body and the best arsenal of pitches he's had in years.
Jose Iglesias has easily been the biggest surprise of the first half, going from a complete non-factor offensively to one of his team's best hitters. All the while, he has played top-of-the-line defense at short and third.
And what can you say about Daniel Nava? All he has done is get one big hit after another, making it harder to believe than ever that the Red Sox once secured his services from the independent league Chico Outlaws for the sum of a dollar.
Jacoby Ellsbury, playing in his free-agent year, has rebounded from a slow start and is having a solid season at the plate, on the bases and in center.
The bullpen will be without Andrew Miller for the rest of the season, but Koji Uehara and others have stepped up.
After producing just two walk-off wins all of last season, the Sox already have eight this year.
Players to watch in second half
|Jon Lester The Red Sox need Lester to start dominating again, like he did earlier in the season.
|Mike Napoli A major power threat during the opening few weeks of the season, Napoli's bat went ice cold from a power standpoint for a long time. He hopes to regain his groove in the second half.
|Will Middlebrooks At some point, the Sox hope Middlebrooks will return from the Minors and recapture the form that made him the team's most pleasant surprise last year.
"Well, I can tell you, in the dugout there's a lot of positive energy," said Farrell. "As long as we're close late, we feel like we've got a push late in the game seemingly every night and some way we'll find a way to put something together. There's a lot of positive things taking place, and it seems like every night, it's someone different."
When there have been injuries to regulars, players like Mike Carp have come up big. Of late, Brandon Snyder and Brock Holt have come up from the Minors to hold down third base while Will Middlebrooks tries to regather himself at Triple-A and Stephen Drew recovers from a hamstring injury.
"We have a good group of guys this season. We all get along real well. Everyone is pulling for each other," said Ortiz. "We have guys watching the game. Next thing you know, they come in and they're ready to go. This team could do some special things."
Once the break ends, the Red Sox have what could wind up being their most critical test of the season.
The Yankees come in for a three-game series at Fenway. Then the Rays are in town for four games. After that, the Sox go to Baltimore for a three-game series.
"We have our own challenges, but this has been a very good offensive team from the start of the year," said Farrell. "It's a collective effort. It's not the result of three or four guys in the lineup. It's a deep lineup one to nine. We've shown the ability to work counts deep, to drive up pitch counts, to get into some bullpens and to run the bases aggressively."


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Chanukah is known to be the holiday of miracles. Have you ever thought that cooking and baking is a sort of a miracle – every time you take raw ingredients and turn them into a delicious food that make all your senses so happy and content, you create a magic!
In the first recipe (Chanukah 'Levivot' - Potatos Pancakes / Jewish Polish style), what do you do with the 2 eggs?
Thank you for asking. The eggs are mixed with the potatoes. sorry that it was left out from the instructions.
Thanks for clarifying that - I was wondering too - LOVE LATKES, love them with delicious natural applesauce. Yummy in the tummy. I'm going to make them for my co-workers, who are not Jewish and treat them.


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If you have a Galaxy S III on T-Mobile, it's time to start mashing the "check updates" button, because Jelly Bean is on its way. Starting today, Team Pink has made the update available via both the over-the-air system, as well as Samsung's Kies application.
Aside from Jelly Bean, the update also brings a handful of other fixes, including improvements to Wi-Fi calling:
- Version:
- Android version 4.0.4/Software version T999UVLJA
- Approved 11/14/2012
- New Features:
- Jelly Bean
- Improvements:
- Wi-Fi calling improvements
- Camera enhancements
- Keyboard improvements
- Prerequisites
- OTA and Samsung Kies update
- T999UVLJ4, T999UVLH2, T999UVLG1 or T999UVLEM
- Device software is not rooted
- 50% battery life
- Data connection
- File size of update is 344 MB (it is recommended to connect to Wi-Fi to complete the OTA)
If you want to pull the software OTA, head into Settings > About device > Software update to see if it's available on your handset.Read More


text: The Knoxville Football Squad is just five points from being unbeaten on the season. The Panthers are coming off three straight close losses and return to Ken Locke Stadium tonight for homecoming against Carlisle. The Wildcats are coming off a loss to Pella last week where they turned the ball over six times. Knoxville Coach Troy Rider knows what his team must do to get a win and break the three game losing string. "I think we need to pay a little more attention to detail," Rider said. "We've got to start faster. I think our staff has done a better job this week at putting our kids in a position to be successful and make plays. Those kids are going to have to make them when they get the opportunity and we can't let those plays slip [away] and we can't be missing tackles and space. Otherwise, this close game isn't going to go our way." Rider adds tonight is a playoff game in the sense that a win by the Panthers means they can still control their own destiny to the postseason. You can hear the play-by-play on AM 1320 KNIA with Derek Cardwell and Mike Cunningham starting with the pre-game show at seven…kick off is scheduled for seven-30.


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Lots of indie platformers these days are basically Mario with a twist. The quality of the game, then, relies hugely on that twist. Braid was an incredible game because the time-manipulating twist so fundamentally changed the template set forward by Super Mario Bros. that it became its own whole thing.
Closure is a new downloadable platformer developed Tyler Glaiel with art by John Schubbe and music and audio by Chris Rhyne. It's very much an "indie platformer."
The twist is simple: The world is totally dark. You have a light. Where the light goes, the ground is solid—when the light fades, the ground fades with it. Watch the video above to get a sense of the game.
In the game, players can carry light through each of the many levels, but you'll have to get smart about how and where you carry it. A wall might block your way, but if the light doesn't it it, it stops being a wall, and you can pass.
I've very much enjoyed Closure so far; its puzzles involve far more than simply figuring out how to avoid dark pits; in fact, the smartest ones require deforming the levels into something navigable, and will force a lot of really creative thought.
I remember first playing this game when it was flash game on Newgrounds and being impressed with the concept and execution. The full version of the game is significantly more fully realized in its final version, and certainly worthy of your time. Give it a go!
Closure is available for $14.99 on the PlayStation Network.


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Google Apps for Government is the same technology platform as Google Apps Premier Edition, according to blog post from the company.
Google attempted Wednesday, April 13, to punch holes in Microsoft's accusation earlier in the week that Google's Apps for Government productivity suite isn't FISMA certified as advertised.
In a sign of the times, executives from the two companies are trading jabs not in person, but on their company blogs. In Google's response, Eran Feigenbaum, director of security for Google Enterprise, called Microsoft's claims false and stated that it was "irresponsible" for Microsoft to suggest that Google hasn't been open and transparent with the government.
Feigenbaum said that Google Apps for Government is the same technology platform as Google Apps Premier Edition, which received certification on Federal Information Security Management Act standards from the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) in July 2010. He added that the two aren't separate systems; the only difference, he said, is that Google Apps for Government has two additional security enhancements — data location and segregation of government data.
Google claims that after consulting with GSA, obtaining another FISMA certification because of these differences wasn't needed. But some observers disagree, pointing to a Department of Justice brief that stated GSA believed the program wasn't certified.
"Because Google Apps for Government has some notable differences from the Google Apps Premier product, it requires separate certification, and there is no question that the product has not received that certification," said Shawn McCarthy of IDC Government Insights, an industry analyst community, in a blog entry.
McCarthy said that while he believes Google didn't violate the spirit of the law, how the company pitched Google Apps for Government to customers was questionable.
"Because the product is based on a set of FISMA-certified solutions, and because the only real differences are designed to enhance security, it's not totally fair to say that Google lied," McCarthy said. "It would have been easier to swallow this particular mistake if Google had claimed FISMA compliance, rather than actual certification."
Google maintains that it has been "very transparent" regarding its FISMA authorization and that law allows for the changes many systems undergo over time, providing for what Feigenbaum said were "regular reauthorization — or recertification — of systems."
"We submitted updates earlier this year that included, among other changes, a description of the Google Apps for Government enhancements," Feigenbaum added.
Still, McCarthy wasn't convinced that Google Apps for Government is covered under the Google Apps Premier certification.
"It's highly likely that Google will eventually receive separate FISMA certification for Google Apps for Government," McCarthy said. "But it jumped the gun on how it markets the product to the government."
Associate Editor Matt Williams and Staff Writer Brian Heaton contributed to this report.
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Tag Archives: Authors
UPCOMING EVENT: 'The Farmers Fare'
Posted on April 10, 2018 by Ali Reid
You are invited to attend to attend 'The Farmers Fare', part of the 2018Tasting Australia festival. The event will be held at Four Oaks Farm, 23 Downing Road Littlehampton, on Sunday 22nd of April, 10am-4pm. Entry is $7.50 per adult. U18 free. Elements on offer … Continue reading →
Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged Adelaide Hills, Authors, Children's cooking classes, community, farm animals, Food, Four Oaks Farm, Gourmet, Live Music, Tasting Australia, Wine | Comments Off on UPCOMING EVENT: 'The Farmers Fare'


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Did you feel cheated after James Cameron's Avatar never presented the audience with a creepy blue critter spawned from the hair sex sessions of Jake Sully and Neytiri? You're in luck! One talented artist has created such a cerulean disaster!
The eBay seller tinytoesnursery15 has crafted one special little Avatar infant which sold online for a whopping $165! Congratulations to the lucky winner! We're certain this thing won't come alive while you sleep and plant eggs in your ears. Here's a few more shots of the tiny abomination.
G/O Media may get a commission
[Via MovieLine]


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Evaluation Process
Senate Bill 150 with House Amendment 2 passed on July 1, 2014, directs Delaware utilities to provide cost-effective energy efficiency programs. This Amendment creates the Energy Efficiency Advisory Council to assist with the development of energy efficient programs. It also gives the responsibility of establishing and overseeing EM&V regulations to the Delaware Department of National Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC).
The DNREC is currently updating the EM&V framework from 2012 and developing new EM&V regulations to be finalized in December 2015.
The SEU's programs to date have largely been funded by ARRA and RGGI allowance proceeds, with on-going efforts to pass legislation that would provide new funding sources for energy efficiency programs through utility rate-payer funding. Evaluation activities have focused to date on the SEU's small portfolio of programs. For more information, see the DNREC EM&V webpage.
Additional Resources
NEEP's Energy Efficiency Policy in Delaware
Forum Repository of State and Topical EM&V Studies
State Documents and Key Info- Delaware
Last Updated: 8/13/15


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- 1/8 wedge lime
- 1 tablespoon sugar, or more to taste
- 1 1/2 ounces cachaca, or light rum
- Ice
- Place the lime and sugar in the bottom of a glass. Using the handle of a heavy wooden spoon, crush and mash the lime segment into the sugar. Add the cachaca or rum, and stir. Add ice as desired, stir, and serve.
Recipe Details
- Source: Emeril Live EM1F62e
- Dish Type: Beverage/Alcoholic


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Haiti (01/08)
Republic of Haiti
Area: 27,750 sq. km. (10,714 sq. mi.); about the size of Maryland. Ile de la Gonave, Ile de la Tortue, and Ile a Vaches comprise Haiti's principal offshore territories.
Cities: Capital--Port-au-Prince (pop. 2 million). Other cities--Cap Haitien (pop. 240,000).
Terrain: Rugged mountains with small coastal plains and river valleys, and a large east-central elevated plateau.
Climate: Warm, semiarid, high humidity in many coastal areas.
Nationality: Noun and adjective--Haitian(s).
Population (2006 census): 8.5 million.
Annual population growth rate: 1975-2001, 1.9%; 2.5% per year.
Ethnic groups: African descent 95%, African and European descent 5%.
Religions (2003 data): Roman Catholic 55%, Protestant 28%, voudou (voodoo) practices pervasive.
Languages: French (official), Creole (official).
Education: Years compulsory--6. Adult literacy (2006 census)--56%.
Health: Child mortality--1 out of 8 children die before they reach the age of five. Life expectancy--56 years (women), 52 years (men).
Type: Republic.
Independence: January 1, 1804.
Constitution: March 1987.
Branches: Executive--President. Legislative--Senate (30 seats), Chamber of Deputies (99 seats). Judicial--Court of Cassation.
Administrative subdivisions: Ten departments.
Political parties and coalitions: Lespwa, Fanmi Lavalas (FL), Struggling People's Organization (OPL), Open the Gate Party (PLB), Christian Movement for a New Haiti (MOCHRENHA), Tet Ansam, Fusion of Socialist Democrats (FUSION), Grand Center Right Front Coalition, Assembly of Progressive National Democrats (RNDP), Union to Save Haiti, Mobilisation for Haiti's progress, Haitian Democratic and Reform Movement, several others.
Suffrage: Universal at 18.
GDP (2007): $6.1 billion.
Real GDP growth rate (2007): 3.2%.
Per capita GDP (2007): $713.
GDP by sector (2006): Agriculture--27%; industry--8%; services--40%; other--25%.
Inflation (2007 est.): 8.1%.
Natural resources: Bauxite, copper, calcium carbonate, gold, marble.
Agriculture (27% of GDP): Products--coffee, mangoes, sugarcane, rice, corn, cacao, sorghum, pulses, other fruits and vegetables.
Industry (8% of GDP): Types--apparel, handicrafts, electronics assembly, food processing, beverages, tobacco products, furniture, printing, chemicals, steel.
Services (40% of GDP): Commerce, hotels and restaurants, government, tourism.
Trade (2006 est.): Total exports f.o.b.--$494.4 million: apparel, mangoes, leather and raw hides, seafood, electrical. Major market--U.S. Total imports f.o.b.--$1,548.3 million: grains, soybean oil, motor vehicles, machinery, meat, vegetables, plastics, petroleum.
Note: There are serious problems with national accounts in Haiti, including incomplete coverage and the questionable accuracy of raw data.
Although Haiti averages about 302 people per square kilometer, its population is concentrated most heavily in urban areas, coastal plains, and valleys. About 95% of Haitians are of African descent. The rest of the population is mostly of mixed Caucasian-African ancestry. A few are of European or Levantine heritage. Sixty percent of the population lives in rural areas.
French is one of two official languages, but it is spoken fluently by only about 10% of the people. All Haitians speak Creole, the country's other official language. English and Spanish are increasingly used as second languages among the young and in the business sector.
The dominant religion is Roman Catholicism. Increasing numbers of Haitians have converted to Protestantism through the work of missionaries active throughout the country. Much of the population also practices voudou (voodoo), recognized by the government as a religion in April 2003. Haitians tend to see no conflict in these African-rooted beliefs coexisting with Christian faith.
Although public education is free, the cost is still quite high for Haitian families who must pay for uniforms, textbooks, supplies, and other inputs. Due to weak state provision of education services, private and parochial schools account for approximately 90% of primary schools, and only 65% of primary school-aged children are actually enrolled. At the secondary level, the figure drops to around 20%. Less than 35% of those who enter will complete primary school. Though Haitians place a high value on education, few can afford to send their children to secondary school and primary school enrollment is dropping due to economic factors. Remittances sent by Haitians living abroad are important in paying educational costs.
Large-scale emigration, principally to the U.S.--but also to Canada, the Dominican Republic, The Bahamas and other Caribbean neighbors, and France--has created what Haitians refer to as the Eleventh Department or the Diaspora. About one of every eight Haitians lives abroad.
The Spaniards used the island of Hispaniola (of which Haiti is the western part and the Dominican Republic the eastern) as a launching point from which to explore the rest of the Western Hemisphere. French buccaneers later used the western third of the island as a point from which to harass English and Spanish ships. In 1697, Spain ceded the western third of Hispaniola to France. As piracy was gradually suppressed, some French adventurers became planters, making Saint Domingue, as the French portion of the island was known, the "pearl of the Antilles"--one of the richest colonies in the 18th century French empire.
During this period, African slaves were brought to work on sugarcane and coffee plantations. In 1791, the slave population revolted--led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, Jean Jacques Dessalines, and Henri Christophe--and gained control of the northern part of the French colony, waging a war of attrition against the French.
By January 1804, local forces defeated an army sent by Napoleon Bonaparte, established independence from France, and renamed the area Haiti. The impending defeat of the French in Haiti is widely credited with contributing to Napoleon's decision to sell the Louisiana territory to the United States in 1803. Haiti is the world's oldest black republic and the second-oldest republic in the Western Hemisphere, after the United States. Although Haiti actively assisted the independence movements of many Latin American countries, the independent nation of former slaves was excluded from the hemisphere's first regional meeting of independent nations, in Panama in 1826, and did not receive U.S. diplomatic recognition until 1862.
Two separate regimes--north and south--emerged after independence but were unified in 1820. Two years later, Haiti occupied Santo Domingo, the eastern, Spanish-speaking part of Hispaniola. In 1844, however, Santo Domingo broke away from Haiti and became the Dominican Republic. With 22 changes of government from 1843 to 1915, Haiti experienced numerous periods of intense political and economic disorder, prompting the United States military intervention of 1915. Following a 19-year occupation, U.S. military forces were withdrawn in 1934, and Haiti regained sovereign rule.
From February 7, 1986--when the 29-year dictatorship of the Duvalier family ended--until 1991, Haiti was ruled by a series of provisional governments. In March 1987, a constitution was ratified that provides for an elected, bicameral parliament; an elected president that serves as head of state; and a prime minister, cabinet, ministers, and supreme court appointed by the president with parliament's consent. The Haitian Constitution also provides for political decentralization through the election of mayors and administrative bodies responsible for local government.
In December 1990, Jean-Bertrand Aristide won 67% of the vote in a presidential election that international observers deemed largely free and fair. Aristide took office on February 7, 1991, but was overthrown that September in a violent coup led by army elements and supported by many of the country's economic elite. The coup contributed to a large-scale exodus of Haitians by boat. From October 1991 to September 1994 a de facto military regime governed Haiti. Several thousand Haitians may have been killed during the de facto military rule. Various OAS and UN initiatives to end the political crisis through the peaceful restoration of the constitutionally elected government failed. On July 31, 1994, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 940, which authorized member states to use all necessary means to facilitate the departure of Haiti's military leadership and to restore Haiti's constitutionally elected government to power.
The United States took the lead in forming a multinational force (MNF) to carry out the UN's mandate by means of a military intervention. In mid-September, with U.S. troops prepared to enter Haiti by force, Gen. Raoul Cedras and other top leaders agreed to accept the intervention of the MNF. On September 19, 1994, the first contingents of what became a 21,000-member international force touched down in Haiti to oversee the end of military rule and the restoration of the constitutional government. President Aristide and other elected officials in exile returned on October 15.
Nationwide local and parliamentary elections in June 1995 returned a pro-Aristide, multi-party coalition called the Lavalas Political Organization (OPL) to power at all levels. In accordance with the constitutional bar on succeeding himself, President Aristide agreed to step aside and support a presidential election in December 1995. Rene Preval, a prominent Aristide political ally, took 88% of the vote, and was sworn in to a 5-year term on February 7, 1996, during what was Haiti's first-ever transition between two democratically elected presidents.
In late 1996, former President Aristide broke from the OPL and created a new political party, the Lavalas Family (FL). The OPL, holding the majority of the Parliament, renamed itself the Struggling People's Organization. Initial results of elections in April 1997 for the renewal of one-third of the Senate and creation of commune-level assemblies and town delegations showed victories for FL candidates in most races. However, the elections, which drew only about 5% of registered voters, were plagued with allegations of fraud and not certified by most international observers as free and fair.
The government was unable to organize local and parliamentary elections due in late 1998. In early January 1999, President Preval dismissed legislators whose terms had expired--the entire Chamber of Deputies and all but nine members of the Senate--and converted local elected officials into state employees. The President and Prime Minister then ruled by decree, establishing a cabinet composed almost entirely of FL partisans. First round elections for local councils--ASEC and CASEC, municipal governments, town delegates, the Chamber of Deputies, and two-thirds of the Senate took place on May 21, 2000. The election drew the participation of a multitude of candidates from a wide array of political parties and a voter turnout of more than 60%. Manipulated vote counting by the Provisional Electoral Council (CEP) prevented run-off elections for eight Senate seats and gave the FL a virtual sweep in the first round. Although the flawed vote count undercut the credibility of the election, Haiti's new Parliament, including the contested Senators, was convened on August 28, 2000.
After this flawed election, Haiti's main bilateral donors re-channeled their assistance away from the government and announced they would not support or send observers to the November elections. Most opposition parties regrouped in an alliance that became the Democratic Convergence. Elections for President and nine Senators took place on November 26, 2000. All major opposition parties boycotted these elections, in which voter participation was estimated at 5%. Jean-Bertrand Aristide emerged as the easy victor of these controversial elections, and the candidates of his FL party swept all contested Senate seats. On February 7, 2001, Jean-Bertrand Aristide was inaugurated as President.
The political stalemate continued, and violence ensued. On July 28, 2001, unknown gunmen attacked police facilities in Port-au-Prince and the provinces. A subsequent government crackdown on opposition party members and former soldiers further increased tensions between Lavalas and Convergence. On December 17, 2001, unidentified gunmen attacked the National Palace in Port-au-Prince. Following the assault, pro-government groups attacked the offices and homes of several opposition leaders. One opposition member was killed. Negotiations between FL and Democratic Convergence were suspended indefinitely.
In January 2002, the OAS Permanent Council adopted Resolution 806 on Haiti that called for government action to address the political stalemate, growing violence, and deterioration in respect for human rights. It also authorized OAS establishment of a Special Mission in Haiti to support implementation of steps called for in Resolution 806. The OAS Special Mission worked with the government on plans to strengthen Haiti's democratic institutions in security, justice, human rights, and governance.
Security continued to deteriorate. Protest strikes and attacks on opposition demonstrations by government-supported gangs hardened attitudes on both sides. The opposition issued a public call for Aristide's removal and announced plans for a transitional government. In March 2003, a high-level joint delegation of the OAS and Caribbean Community (CARICOM) presented demands to President Aristide to restore public security; select new leadership for the Haitian National Police; arrest a notorious gang leader; and disarm the security forces used by government politicians to intimidate opponents.
Events spiraled downward: government-paid thugs violently disrupted a civil society public ceremony July 12 in Cite Soleil; police attacked civil society marches in Cap Haitien August 30 and September 14 and prevented an opposition march scheduled for October 5. Political instability grew throughout fall 2003. In Gonaives, hitherto pro-Aristide gang members led a violent rebellion against government authorities in the city. Government-sponsored repression of opposition protests reached a nadir when on December 5 pro-government gangs entered Haiti's state university campus and broke the legs of the Rector.
Following a meeting with Aristide at the Summit of the Americas in January 2004, Caribbean Community leaders proposed a plan to resolve the political crisis that President Aristide stated he accepted . A high-level international delegation came to Haiti February 21 to obtain agreement on a specific implementation timetable. President Aristide agreed, but the opposition "Democratic Platform" group of political parties and civil society expressed reservations. Meanwhile, the violence in Gonaives culminated February 5 in the "Artibonite Resistance Front" seizing control of the city. Other armed groups opposed to the Aristide government quickly emerged and succeeded in seizing control of many towns, mostly with little resistance from government authorities. By February 28, 2004, a rebel group led by a former police chief, Guy Philippe, advanced to within 25 miles of the capital. On February 29, 2004 Aristide submitted his resignation as President of Haiti and flew on a chartered plane to Africa.
2004-2007 - Interim Government Gives Way to a New Democracy
Following the constitutional line of succession, Supreme Court Chief Justice Boniface Alexandre assumed the presidency and Gerard Latortue was appointed prime minister of the Interim Government of Haiti (IGOH) with the mandate of organizing elections to choose a new government. The interim government managed to organize three rounds of elections with the help of the OAS and UN. The first round of elections for President and Parliament took place peacefully on February 7, 2006, with a turnout estimated at over 60% of registered voters. The elections were considered generally free, fair, transparent, and democratic by national and international observers.
Rene Preval, former President (1996-2001) and former ally to Aristide, won the presidential election with 51.15%. Partial results first showed he fell short of an absolute majority, which triggered demonstrations against alleged fraud. The later decision of the Electoral Council not to count blank ballots gave the victory to Preval. The Parliament, composed of a 30-seat Senate and a 99-member Chamber of Deputies, was elected in two rounds held on February 7 and April 21, 2006. Lespwa is the main political force in both chambers but fell short of the majority. Fusion, UNION, Alyans, OPL, and Famni Lavalas have many representatives in both chambers. Preval chose his long-time political associate and former Prime Minister Jacques-Edouard Alexis to serve again as his Prime Minister. Municipal elections were held December 3, 2006 and April 29, 2007. Some of these local government positions had not been filled in over a decade.
International Presence 1995-2004
After the transition of the 21,000-strong MNF into a peacekeeping force on March 31, 1995, the presence of international military forces that helped restore constitutional government to power was gradually ended. Initially, the U.S.-led UN peacekeeping force numbered 6,000 troops, but that number was scaled back progressively over the next 4 years as a series of UN technical missions succeeded the peacekeeping force. By January 2000, all U.S. troops stationed in Haiti had departed. In March 2000, the UN peacekeeping mission transitioned into a peace-building mission, the International Civilian Support Mission in Haiti (MICAH). MICAH consisted of some 80 non-uniformed UN technical advisers providing advice and material assistance in policing, justice, and human rights to the Haitian Government. MICAH's mandate ended on February 7, 2001, coinciding with the end of the Preval administration. The OAS Special Mission has some 25 international police advisors who arrived in summer 2003; is in addition to observing and reporting Haitian police performance, they provide limited technical assistance.
International Presence 2004-Present
At the request of the interim government and the UN, the U.S.-led Multilateral Interim Force, made up of troops from the U.S., Canada, France, and Chile, arrived in Port-au-Prince to ensure stability until the arrival of a UN peacekeeping force.
In April 2004, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1542, which created the UN Stability Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). Since that time, the Security Council has consistently and unanimously approved the renewal of MINUSTAH's mandate at 6-month intervals. On October 15, 2007, the UNSC unanimously voted to extend MINUSTAH's mandate for 12 months through October 15, 2008. The Stability Mission is currently authorized at 7,060 troops and 2,091 civilian police.
Principal MINUSTAH Officials
Special Representative of the Secretary General--Hedi Annabi (Tunisia)
Force Commander--Carlos Alberto Dos Santos Cruz (Brazil)
Police Commissioner--Mamadou Mountaga Diallo (Guinea)
Principal Government Officials
President--Rene Preval (since May 14, 2006)
Prime Minister--Jacques-Edouard Alexis
Minister of Foreign Affairs--Jean Reynald Clerisme
Minister of Justice--Rene Magloire
Minister of Economy and Finances--Daniel Dorsainvil
Ambassador to the U.S.--Raymond Joseph
Ambassador to the OAS--Duly Brutus, Charge d'Affaires
Ambassador to the UN--Leo Merores, Charge d'Affaires
The Embassy of Haiti is located at 2311 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20008 (tel. 202-332-4090).
Haiti remains the least-developed country in the Western Hemisphere and one of the poorest in the world. Comparative social and economic indicators show Haiti falling behind other low-income developing countries (particularly in the hemisphere) since the 1980s. Haiti now ranks 146th of 177 countries in the UN's Human Development Index. Haiti's economic stagnation is the result of earlier inappropriate economic policies, political instability, a shortage of good arable land, environmental deterioration, continued reliance on traditional technologies, under-capitalization and lack of public investment in human resources, migration of large portions of the skilled population, a weak national savings rate, and the lack of a functioning judicial system.
The 1991 coup and the irresponsible economic and financial policies of the de facto regime resulted in a sharp economic decline from 1991-94. Following the coup, the United States adopted mandatory sanctions, and the OAS instituted voluntary sanctions aimed at restoring constitutional government. International sanctions culminated in the May 1994 UN embargo of all goods entering Haiti except humanitarian supplies, such as food and medicine. The assembly sector, heavily dependent on U.S. markets, employed over 100,000 workers in the mid-1980s. During the embargo, employment fell below 17,000. Private domestic and foreign investment has returned to Haiti slowly. Since the embargo's end, assembly sector employment has gradually recovered to about 18,500. The Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement Act (HOPE), enacted by the U.S. Congress in December 2006, provides new trade preferences for textile/apparel products that could boost production in the sector. However, growth has been stalled by investor concerns over security, lack of access to credit, and legal and physical infrastructure constraints.
Under President Preval (1996-2001), the country's economic agenda included trade/tariff liberalization, measures to control government expenditure and increase tax revenues, civil service downsizing, financial sector reform, and the modernization of two out of nine state-owned enterprises through their sale to private investors, the provision of private sector management contracts, or joint public-private investment. Structural adjustment agreements with international financial institutions (IFIs) intended to create conditions for private sector growth proved only partly successful, however. Workers in Haiti are guaranteed the right of association. Unionization is protected by the labor code. A legal minimum wage of 70 gourdes a day (about U.S. $1.70) applies to most workers in the formal sector.
Haiti's real GDP growth turned negative in FY 2001 after six years of growth. Following almost 4 years of recession ending in 2004, the economy grew by 1.5% in 2005, 2.5% in 2006, and 3.2% in 2007. But significant improvement in living standards would require an estimated doubling of the growth rate. Since the departure of President Aristide, the financial situation has stabilized. Inflation fell from 42.7% at end-2003 to 8.1% for calendar year 2007. The interim government conducted a largely sound fiscal policy which has been followed by the Alexis government. But the traditional low revenue collection rate (roughly 9% of the GDP) constrains its ability to provide social services and invest in physical and human capital. External assistance (approximately $965 million from July 2004 through March 2006) as well as diaspora remittances (estimated at approximately $1.65 billion) remain critical to keeping the economy afloat. In November 2006, Haiti was approved for an International Monetary Fund (IMF) Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) and reached decision point under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative.
Haiti is one of the original members of the United Nations and several of its specialized and related agencies, as well as a member of the Organization of American States (OAS). It maintains diplomatic relations with several dozen countries.
The international community rallied to Haiti's defense during the 1991-94 period of de facto military rule. Thirty-one countries participated in the U.S.-led multinational force (MNF) which, acting under UN auspices, intervened in September 1994 to help restore the legitimate government and create a secure and stable environment in Haiti. At its peak, the MNF included roughly 21,000 troops, mostly Americans, and more than 1,000 international police monitors. Within 6 months, the troop level was gradually reduced as the MNF transitioned to a 6,000-strong peacekeeping force, the UN Mission in Haiti (UNMIH). UNMIH was charged with maintaining the secure environment which the MNF had helped establish as well as nurturing Haiti's new police force through the presence of 900 police advisers. A total of 38 countries participated in UNMIH.
To spur Haiti's social and economic recovery from decades of misrule before that, international donors pledged in 1994 to provide more than $2 billion over five years in total assistance. Most bilateral assistance is now channeled through non-governmental organizations. Major bilateral donors are led by the United States, with the largest program, and include Canada, the EU, France, Germany, Japan, and Taiwan. Cuba provides highly visible, low-cost medical and technical experts. Multilateral aid is provided by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and the UN and its agencies. All aid is coordinated informally by the World Bank.
In July 2004, $1.085 billion was pledged through 2006 at the World Bank Donors' Conference. Donors include the U.S., Canada, the EU, France, Sweden, Spain, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, Greece, Norway, Mexico, and Ireland. The IDB and the World Bank pledged multilateral aid. As of March 2006, $965 million had been disbursed, mainly to address humanitarian needs.
U.S. policy toward Haiti is designed to foster and strengthen democracy; help alleviate poverty, illiteracy, and malnutrition; promote respect for human rights; and counter illegal migration and drug trafficking. The U.S. also supports and facilitates bilateral trade and investment along with legal migration and travel. U.S. policy goals are met through direct bilateral action and by working with the international community. The United States has taken a leading role in organizing international involvement with Haiti. The United States works closely with the Organization of American States (OAS; see "Key OAS Issues"), particularly through the Secretary General's "Friends of Haiti" group (originally a UN group that included the U.S., Canada, France, Venezuela, Chile, Argentina which was enlarged in 2001 to add Germany, Spain, Norway, Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and The Bahamas), the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), and individual countries to achieve policy goals.
Maintaining good relations with and fostering democracy in Haiti are important for many reasons, not least of which is the country's geographical proximity to the continental United States. In addition to the many Haitians who receive visas to immigrate into the U.S. (averaging over 13,000 annually in FY 1999-2003), there is a flow of illegal migrants. Over 100,000 undocumented Haitian migrants were intercepted at sea by the U.S. Coast Guard in the past two decades, particularly during the 1991-94 period of illegal military rule when more than 67,000 migrants were interdicted. Since the return of the legitimate government in 1994, the interdiction of illegal migrants by U.S. Coast Guard vessels has decreased dramatically, averaging fewer than 1,500 annually. Neighboring Caribbean countries, particularly The Bahamas, continue to interdict Haitian migrants as well. The prospect remains, however, for the renewal of higher flows of illegal migrants, particularly under conditions of political unrest or further economic downturn.
U.S. Economic and Development Assistance
Political insecurity and the failure of Haiti's governments to invest in developing the country's natural and human resources has contributed significantly to the country's current state of underdevelopment. U.S. efforts to strengthen democracy and help build the foundation for economic growth aim to rectify this condition. The U.S. has been Haiti's largest donor since 1973. Between FY 1995 and FY 2003, the U.S. contributed more than $850 million in assistance to Haiti. Since 2004, the U.S. has provided over $600 million for improving governance, security, the rule of law, economic recovery, and critical human needs. The President's budget request for FY 2007 was $198 million. U.S. Government funds have been used to support programs that have addressed a variety of problems. Additional information on U.S. assistance to Haiti can be found at //2009-2017.state.gov/p/wha/rls/fs/2006/77358.htm.
Haiti has been plagued for decades by extremely high unemployment and underemployment. The precipitous decline in urban assembly sector jobs, from a high of over 100,000 in 1986 to fewer than 20,000 in 2006, exacerbated the scarcity of jobs. To revitalize the economy, U.S. assistance attempts to create opportunities for stable sustainable employment for the growing population, particularly in rural areas. More recently, programs that help to increase commercial bank lending to micro-enterprises, especially in the agricultural sector, have helped to create a significant number of jobs. U.S. assistance is channeled primarily through private voluntary agencies and contractors to ensure efficient implementation of U.S. assistance programs.
Combating Drug Trafficking
Haiti is a major transshipment point for South American narcotics, primarily cocaine, being sent to the United States. To counter this threat, the U.S. has taken a number of steps, including vetting and training the counternarcotics division of the Haitian National Police, providing material assistance and training to the Haitian Coast Guard for drug and migrant interdiction, and obtaining the expulsion of several traffickers under indictment in the United States.
U.S. Business Opportunities
The U.S. remains Haiti's largest trading partner. Port-au-Prince is less than 2 hours by air from Miami, with several daily direct flights. A daily flight also connects Port-au-Prince with New York, and a new Port-au-Prince-Fort Lauderdale flight started in 2007. Both Port-au-Prince and Cap Haitien on the north coast have deepwater port facilities. Many Haitian entrepreneurs conduct business in English, and U.S. currency circulates freely in Haiti. A number of U.S. firms, including commercial banks, telecommunications, airlines, oil and agribusiness companies, and U.S.-owned assembly plants are present in Haiti.
Further opportunities for U.S. businesses include the development and trade of raw and processed agricultural products; medical supplies and equipment; rebuilding and modernizing Haiti's depleted infrastructure; developing tourism and allied sectors--including arts and crafts; and improving capacity in waste disposal, transportation, energy, telecommunications, and export assembly operations. Haiti's primary assembly sector inputs include textiles, electronics components, and packaging materials. Other U.S. export prospects include electronic machinery, including power-generation, sound and television equipment, plastics and paper, construction materials, plumbing fixtures, hardware, and lumber. Benefits for both Haitian and American importers and exporters are available under the Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA)--which provides for duty-free export of many Haitian products assembled from U.S. components or materials--the successor program to the Caribbean Basin Initiative, and the HOPE Act, which provides additional duty-free preferences for qualifying apparel/textiles products and automotive wire harnesses.
U.S. export opportunities also exist for four-wheel-drive vehicles, consumer electronics, rice, wheat, flour, animal and vegetable fats, meat, chicken, vegetables, and processed foodstuffs. The Government of Haiti seeks to reactivate and develop agricultural industries where Haiti enjoys comparative advantages, among which are essential oils, spices, fruits and vegetables, and sisal. The government encourages the inflow of new capital and technological innovations. Additional information on business opportunities in Haiti can be found at the Country Commercial Guide for Haiti.
Establishing a Business
Individuals wishing to practice a trade in Haiti must obtain an immigrant visa from a Haitian Consulate and, in most cases, a government work permit. Transient and resident traders must also have a professional ID card.
Property restrictions still exist for foreign individuals. Property rights of foreigners are limited to 1.29 hectares in urban areas and 6.45 hectares in rural areas. No foreigner may own more than one residence in the same district, or own property or buildings near the border. To own real estate, authorization from the Ministry of Justice is necessary.
Hurdles for businesses in Haiti include poor infrastructure, a high-cost port, an irregular supply of electricity, and Customs delays. There is little direct investment.
In November 2002, the Haitian Parliament passed an investment law prohibiting fiscal and legal discrimination against foreign investors. The 2002 law explicitly recognizes the crucial role of foreign direct investment in spurring economic growth and aims to facilitate, liberalize, and stimulate private investment in Haiti. Foreign investment protection is also provided by the Haitian Constitution of 1987, which permits expropriation of private property for public use or land reform with payment in advance. American firms enjoy free transfer of interest, dividends, profits, and other revenues stemming from their investments, and are guaranteed just compensation paid in advance of expropriation, as well as compensation in case of damages or losses caused by war, revolution, or insurrection. The U.S. and Haiti have a bilateral agreement on investment guarantees that permits the U.S. Overseas Private Investment Corporation to offer programs in Haiti. The two governments also signed a bilateral investment treaty in December 1983, but it was not ratified.
Additional information on establishing a business in Haiti can be found at www.export.gov, then to market research, then Country Commercial Guides.
Principal U.S. Officials
Ambassador--Janet Sanderson
Deputy Chief of Mission--Thomas C. Tighe
Consul General-- Donald Moore
Public Affairs Officer--James Ellickson-Brown
USAID Director--Paul Tuebner
The U.S. Embassy in Haiti is located on 5, Harry Truman Blvd., Port-au-Prince.
Contact Information
U.S. Commercial Service does not have a separate office in Haiti. Commercial matters are handled by the Embassy economic section.
Tel: (509) 223-1477
Fax: (509) 223-9038
Cell: (509) 409-1441
Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC)
1615 M Street, NW
Washington, DC 20527
Tel: (202) 457-7200
Fax: (202) 331-4234
U.S. Department of Commerce
14th and Constitution Ave., NW
Washington, DC 20230
Office of Latin America and the Caribbean
Tel: (202) 482-0704
Fax: (202) 482-0464
Caribbean/Latin American Action
1818 N Street, NW, Suite 310
Washington, DC 20036
Tel: (202) 466-7464
Fax: (202) 822-0075
Association des Industries d'Haiti (ADIH)
Bldg. Le Triangle Delmas 31, #139
Tel: (509) 246-4509/4510 or 2211
Centre Pour la Libre Entreprise et la Democratie (CLED)
37, Avenue Marie-Jeanne,
No. 8 B.P. 1316
Tel: (509) 244-0901 or (509) 245-6039
Fax: (509) 222-8252
Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie d'Haiti
P.O. Box 982
Tel: (509) 222-0281 or (509) 222-2475
Haitian-American Chamber of Commerce and Industry (AMCHAM)
Rue Oge, A-5
Republic of Haiti
Tel: (509) 511-3024, fax not available


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hello beautiful girls... how are you all ? Wonderful I know..
Weather is hot in Delhi and we all need to care about our skin so much. I am very much concious for my skin these days as it is super oily.
So I made a Rose petals Mask for my super oily skin. I tell you, why i use Rose petals these summers:
Rose is the most beautiful flower in the world , its the sign of love n beauty. It has various benefits for skin. Roses have therapeutic benefits that relax the body , reduce the stress, and promoting glowing skin.
Rose is the most beautiful flower in the world , its the sign of love n beauty. It has various benefits for skin. Roses have therapeutic benefits that relax the body , reduce the stress, and promoting glowing skin.
Benefits of Rose Mask
- Skin glower : It helps to define your skin (if you have oily skin). Natural oil of rose petals make the skin clear n more glower.
- Smoothens the skin : Rose petals contain natural sugar n oil that will lock the moisture into dry skin cells.
- Tan Remover Or Dead cell Remover : if you mix rose petals mixure with rose water and Sandal face pack then it will remove the dead cells from skin.
- Prevent Dark Circles : if rose petals face mask is used regularly then it can also prevent your dark circles even. Rose has power to regenerate your skin freshness.
These are the main benefits of Rose petals Mask. So i think of making it. If you also want to try it then follow these steps.
Ingredients :
- Dry Rose petals
- Rose Water
- Honey (optional)
- Sandal face pack or sandal face powder or multani mitti.
|Sandal face mask
This sandal face mask powder, I bought from Kerela where i get natural sandal face mask. I really liked it a lot becuase of its naturility. If you dont have then you can use Multani Mitti powder also.
Step 1: Crush the rose petals in the bowl and then grind it in grinder.
Step 2 : Add the 2 table spoon sandal pack powder into the mixture of rose petals.
Step 3: Add the rose water n honey (optional) . Mix it with the spoon.
Step 4: After 10 mintues, Sqeez the mixture in another bowl.
You can see the final mixture in the picture: --
|Final Pack
I applied on me at night for 10 mintues and then wash with cold water
|Applied on me.
- Be happy n Be Stylish. :)


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537 N Main Street Ann Arbor, MI 48104One : 4209715,
Two : 521257924,
Three : 2097152,
Four : 0,
Five : 0,
Code : 1
- Multi-Family
To manage reports, go to your Dashboard.
Listing information is provided in part by the IDX program of the Ann Arbor Area Board of REALTORS® MLS. Information being provided on this website is for consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. Information provided is deemed reliable but not guaranteed and should be independently verified.


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The Project Cross Innovation promotes collaborative and user-driven innovation that happens across sectoral, organisational, technological and geographic boundaries. Its focus rests on policies and support measures that enable cross innovation and creative spillovers between creative sectors and other industries. The partnership consists of 11 metropolitan hotspots that have the potential to put cross innovation on the top of local and regional policy agendas across Europe: Birmingham, Amsterdam, Rome, Berlin, Tallinn, Warsaw, Vilnius, Stockholm, Linz, Lisbon and Pilsen.
The Matchmaker is specially designed to find and learn more about SMEs that are part of the Cross Innovation project, and to make cross-sectoral collaboration easier. Find your match!
An overview of good practices where the creative industries collaborates with other sectors. The project focusses on practices in four sub-themes: Smart Incentives, Culture-based Innovation, Brokerage and Spatial Cross-Collaboration.
Innovation is not grown in a greenhouse, it evolves in an ecosystem.


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Inspired by the nostalgia of trips gone by and the anticipation of travels to come, Voyage features a range of charms and coins, set in 18k vermeil and solid 14k - adorned with diamonds, pearls, Swarovski Crystals and semi-precious stones.
Somewhere along our journey, we pick up mementos, tucking them away in our luggage for safekeeping. Trinkets that remind us of those fleeting moments; the stones you found walking along the pebble beaches of Milos, the hand carved relics from Ubud markets, that polaroid you were jipped into paying for outside the Colosseum in Rome.
With a number of pieces designed to feature personalised engraving, the Voyage collection is a testament to our love of bespoke jewellery.
From the coordinates of your favourite place, a special date, quote, phrase or symbol, these pieces are made to serve as vessels for your memories, and lucky charms for your future journeys.
Our campaign was shot along the fabled coastline of the Italian Riviera, with the beautiful Olive Rose Cooke - the perfect muse for our collection.
Our engraving service allows you to select your desired font, size and text. From monograming to coordinates, you can create a truly personalised piece.
Click the ENGRAVE ME button to start your design. Please note that each piece may vary in the number of characters possible due to sizing. We recommend manually writing your engraving message, if copy and pasted, it will override the character limit and the engraving won't be able to be processed.
All engraving is complimentary and done in house. Please allow up 1-2 business days for us to process your order (excluding delivery). All items in your order will be sent together with the engraved designs.
Please note: Due to the nature of engraving, we cannot accept returns with engraved designs.
Kirstin Ash rings come in various sizes. Measuring the inside diameter of a ring you already have is the best way to find your perfect size.
Refer to the below guide to select the ring closest your measurements.
ORDER PROCESSINGCurrent Status: We are currently processing orders within 1-2 business days.
PACKAGING RESTRICTIONSPlease note, our gift box supply is restricted due to COVID-19 impact. Each order will come in one gift box and if you require more for gifting, please specify in order comments. Thanks for your understanding!
60 DAY RETURNSFor the Christmas period we've extended returns to 60 days from the date of order. We offer a refund or credit voucher for returns of jewellery in original condition. Please note this excludes engraved orders & due to hygiene reasons, earrings cannot be returned.
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Unauthorized use of CSA Group certification marks has been found on wiring by Triumph Cable Co., Ltd./Dongguang Chengxing Cable Co., Ltd. CSA Group has not certified any products from these companies.
There have been no reports of damage, fire or injury to date.
Anyone who has received product manufactured by Triumph Cable Co., Ltd. / Dongguang Chengxing Cable Co., Ltd bearing CSA Group marks is urged to contact CSA Group's Anti-Counterfeiting team at: email@example.com.
The marks appear in various colours, gauges and types of wiring branded as "Chengxing," "Triumph," or "Shangpai," as shown in the photos.


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In orange, half of America's GDP; in blue, the other half. While the population of the country is much more evenly dispersed, its contributions to the economy aren't.
Of course, the distribution is centered around cities, which affects the skew, but not as dramatically as this. You can spin it so many ways politically, though I won't bother here—that's what you're here for, right?—but it's a stark reminder that the economic activity of the country is wildly uneven. [Expert Market via Visual.ly]
Update: There is a lot that is not correct with this map, including the absence of several major cities and what appear to be misplaced locations. It's our policy not to remove posts once they're up, but feel free to ignore this one.


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Hotel Narain Niwas Palace Jaipur is the best wedding and Conference Venue in Narain Singh Road Jaipur for organizing various Social and Corporate Functions and Events. Whether it is a wedding, conference or corporate events, we can organize it professionally and make a touch and memorable for you. From the first ritual to the final farewell, we bring an elegance and sophistication along with our special touch to plan and execute the event that you have envisioned.
Hotel Narain Niwas Palace, Jaipur is an elegant address for weddings and social events. With ten stunning event spaces accommodating every kind of celebration, from marriage ceremonies to fun-filled birthday parties, Hotel Narain Niwas Palace, Jaipur is the perfect choice for a luxurious day. An experienced team of event designers, florists and our Executive Chef and Sommelier ensure your event is just as you imagined, and our attentive yet unobtrusive staff provide flawless service.
Events for all ages are also welcomed at Hotel Narain Niwas Palace, Jaipur. Birthday parties, Get Together, Social Events, Corporate Functions and more can be held in our beautiful spaces, which we will decorate to reflect the spirit you wish to capture. Rest easy knowing our high standards will be applied when planning your event, resulting in the finest food, décor and other highlights for the enjoyment of your guests.
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The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) became one of the largest proponents of peer-to-peer file sharing and anti-copyright when hackers defaced its Web site today.
A SQL injection attack was launched from a user hyperlink on content aggregation site Reddit.com which launched a SQL query of the RIAA databases.
Users posted pro-piracy content across the Web site, including a link from the RIAA News Room to torrent hosting site ThePirateBay.org, and an image mocking copyright supporters the Motion Picture Association of America, Microsoft and Apple.
According to Reddit contributors, the RIAA was using PHP language, MySQL, RedHat and Apache.
Contributor blorg said the vulnerability was caused by a query which contained an unvalidated URL variable that allowed "millions of pointless MD5 hash computations" to be processed through MySQL.
"The SQL injection works when a sloppy programmer passes a URL variable straight into a query without validating it," they said.
The RIAA's Content Management System (CMS) could not be identified despite that blogger ThinkItOver found URL variables common to commercial software.
"I found numerous URL variables in the form ?content_selector= through Google," they said.
"A number of riaa.com URLs have that same variable, content_selector=."
The Web site was wiped clean soon after the site was hijacked at around 6AM after a hacker attached a delete statement into a SQL injection attack.
IBRS analyst James Turner said the attack was symbolic rather than harmful because the RIAA has become a high profile enforcer of IP protection.
"This is being seen by many as a case of ideologically driven hacktivism against the RIAA," Turner said.
"It represents the clash of two cultures, on the one hand you have this special interest group which has taken the protection of IP several steps too far, and on the other hand you have an Internet sub-culture which thrives on collaboration and freely exchanged information.
"Some people are saying that the RIAA had it coming because the RIAA appeared to be going out of its way to take legal action against soft targets."
The Web site remained defaced or unavailable at the time of writing.
Click to e-mail your opinion to Darren Pauli.


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A Sandwich a Day: Mackerel Sandwich at Al Di La
A new sandwich every day.
In this great city of ours, one could eat a different sandwich every day of the year—so that's what we'll do. Here's A Sandwich a Day, our daily look at sandwiches around New York. Got a sandwich we should check out? Let us know. —The Mgmt.
Having dinner at Park Slope's al di la is an exercise in patience. Waits are an hour plus even on off nights but lunch is an entirely different story. Wednesday through Sunday, al di la offers an abbreviated lunch menu that includes many of the restaurant's signature dishes along with a few very worthwhile sandwiches.
Carey shared the joy that is the Pork Belly Sandwich, but there's another more spring-centric sandwich on the menu these days, the Mackerel Sandwich ($9.50). A thick, charred filet of mackerel is served on a hash-marked brioche bun layered with thinly sliced cucumbers, peppery arugula, a bracingly tart lemon aioli, and a generous helping of pink pickled ramps. At this price point it's a sandwich that comes with high expectations but there isn't an element that disappoints—the fish is cooked perfectly, the vegetables are as fresh as you can get, and the bun has all of the squishy-eggy goodness that brioche has to offer.
al di la
248 5th Avenue, Brooklyn NY 11215 (map) 718-636-8888
All products linked here have been independently selected by our editors. We may earn a commission on purchases, as described in our affiliate policy.


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FRIDAY, Aug. 31 (HealthDay News) -- Long-term alcohol abuse affects men differently than women, according to a new study of recovering alcoholics that found white matter in women's brains recovers faster than it does in men.
Over time, alcoholism results in the loss of white matter, which is brain tissue that facilitates communication among different areas of the brain. Researchers from Boston University School of Medicine and the VA Boston Healthcare System found alcoholic women who stop drinking can regain their white matter faster than men who get sober.
"We believe that many of the cognitive and emotional deficits observed in people with chronic alcoholism, including memory problems and flat affect, are related to disconnections that result from a loss of white matter," said the study's leader, Susan Mosher Ruiz, a postdoctoral research scientist in the neuropsychology laboratory at Boston University School of Medicine.
The researchers examined brain scans of 42 formerly alcoholic men and women who drank heavily for more than five years, and compared them to scans from 42 nonalcoholics. The scans revealed those who drank longer had smaller white matter volume. The researchers noted the decrease in white matter among the men was observed in the corpus callosum, while the effect was observed in the women's cortical white matter regions.
The study also found that the number of daily drinks had a strong impact on alcoholic women. The researchers noted the white matter volume loss was 1.5 percent to 2 percent for each additional daily drink. They also found an 8 percent to 10 percent increase in the size of the brain ventricles, which play a protective role in the brain. As white matter dies, cerebrospinal fluid fills the space in the ventricles.
In assessing the recovery of the men's white matter, the researchers found the corpus callosum recovered at a rate of 1 percent per year for each year of abstinence from alcohol.
For those who had stopped drinking within the previous year, white matter volume increased and ventricular volume decreased in women, but not in men. After more than a year in recovery, however, those signs disappeared in women and became apparent in men.
"These findings preliminarily suggest that restoration and recovery of the brain's white matter among alcoholics occurs later in abstinence for men than for women," Mosher Ruiz said in a Boston Medical Center news release.
"We hope that additional research in this area can help lead to improved treatment methods that include educating both alcoholic men and women about the harmful effects of excessive drinking and the potential for recovery with sustained abstinence," she added.
The study was published online recently in the journal Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research.
More information
The U.S. National Institutes of Health provides more information on alcoholism and alcohol abuse.
-- Mary Elizabeth Dallas
SOURCE: Boston Medical Center, news release, August 2012
|Copyright©2012 ScoutNews,LLC.
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Wheels of fortune: Carpe Donut seizes the day
Since rolling out Carpe Donut and "gypsy," his mobile donut factory, a little over two years ago, donuteer Matt Rohdie has won fans across the Commonwealth with his totally organic, apple cider based bread wheels cooked in soy oil. In fact, it has become trendy among the well-to-do to feature Gypsy at fancy events, like this February wedding at Keswick Hall.
But the really big news, as far as Rohdie is concerned, is that he finally got his wholesale license and has Whole Foods expressing some interest in carrying his donuts in the freezer section at their Charlottesville and Short Pump locations.
"That could be big," says Rohdie. "If it takes off, it could be big."
The donuts are already offered on ice at Feast! and have been available in small bulk at the Blue Ridge Country Store on the Downtown Mall, Trailside Coffee in Crozet, and will again be available during Pavilion shows. Oh, and Rohdie mentions that they will also soon be available at Cinema Taco for the Jefferson Theater crowds.
"Hopefully, these developments will make the donuts more available to people in town," says Rohdie. "And people seem to be pretty happy with them from freezer to oven."
Yes, Mr. Rhodie, but not has happy as we are with them from hand to mouth.
6 comments
Carpet donuts?
I've had this guy's work. He's great! The donuts are good, and service is great. I hope he does very well. Seize the donuts!
Carpe Donuts are incredibly delicious, and contain good ingredients. I love the idea of being able to pick 'em up frozen. Hope this works out for them. It's always great when truly nice people succeed.
Are they not as good, as good, or better than Spudnuts?
McLovin sez: Frost tonight!


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UFC welterweight contender Mike Perry showed out for the fans at the UFC Denver open workouts.
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MMA Fighting is your home for exclusive interviews, live shows, and more for one of the world's fastest-growing sports. Get latest news and more here:
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fight event and fighter coverage, 2018-11-08 06:41:58 , Fury video post from around the web.


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ASU Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This collection includes most of the ASU Theses and Dissertations from 2011 to present. ASU Theses and Dissertations are available in downloadable PDF format; however, a small percentage of items are under embargo. Information about the dissertations/theses includes degree information, committee members, an abstract, supporting data or media.
In addition to the electronic theses found in the ASU Digital Repository, ASU Theses and Dissertations can be found in the ASU Library Catalog.
Dissertations and Theses granted by Arizona State University are archived and made available through a joint effort of the ASU Graduate College and the ASU Libraries. For more information or questions about this collection contact or visit the Digital Repository ETD Library Guide or contact the ASU Graduate College at firstname.lastname@example.com.
- Arizona State University
- 1 Bilec, Melissa
- 1 Landis, Amy E
- 1 Parrish, Kristen
- 1 Unger, Scott
- 1 English
- 1 Public
- Sustainability
- Civil engineering
- Products
- 1 Environmental engineering
- 1 Healthcare
- 1 Medical
- 1 Services
- Reverse Fountain Cytoplasmic Streaming in Rhizopus Oryzae
- Diné Research Practices and Protocols: An Intersectional Paradigm Incorporating Indigenous Feminism, Critical Indigenous Research Methodologies and Diné Knowledge Systems
- Developing an Augmented Reality Solution for Mapping Underground Infrastructure
- Characterization of 2D Human Ankle Stiffness during Postural Balance and Walking for Robot-aided Ankle Rehabilitation
- Using Molecular, Cellular and Bioengineering Approaches Towards Understanding Muscle Stem Cell Biology
In the burgeoning field of sustainability, there is a pressing need for healthcare to understand the increased environmental and economic impact of healthcare products and services. The overall aim of this dissertation is to assess the sustainability of commonly used medical products, devices, and services as well as to identify strategies for making easy, low cost changes that result in environmental and economic savings for healthcare systems. Life cycle environmental assessments (LCAs) and life cycle costing assessments (LCCAs) will be used to quantitatively evaluate life-cycle scenarios for commonly utilized products, devices, and services. This dissertation will focus on several strategic …
- Contributors
- Unger, Scott, Landis, Amy E, Bilec, Melissa, et al.
- Created Date
- 2015


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TT Services believes in providing best customer service. We audit and understand customer requirements in the area of visa application and ensure that the process is tailor-made to suit a variety of needs. Our methodology encompasses innovation, flexibility and the drive to truly understand our clients' requirements, never compromising on industry-leading security and governance practices. We also have an agile process wherein we update and improve our processes on a regular basis.
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Konami's annual "Gamers Night" press event is known among video game journalists as being one of the longest nights of the year.
Between scads of game demos to play, a mandatory social hour and the opening speeches, it almost feels like a mini Game Developers Conference. Only, it's all Konami all the time.
This year's offerings included a lot of lesser-known and possibly mundane DS games, a few Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network titles that might be worth attention, and tantalizing glimpses of games yet to come.
Here's what we came away with:
Insurgents Contributed To Development Of Six Days In Fallujah
Saw Preview: Condemned or Dragon's Lair?
Silent Hill: Shattered Memories – A Makeover Not A Remake
Vandal Hearts: Flames of Judgment Preview: Fails To Spark Interest
Ant Nation DS Preview: Baby's First Strategy Game
Konami Warns Of Zombie Apocalypse On XBLA, PSN


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BROOKLYN, NY – 31 Jul, 2017 – Domestic Personal Helpers (or DPH as their customers know them) is a proud Brooklyn based Property Maintenance Service that was founded 5 years ago by Anthony J. Finkel, a Brooklyn-born entrepreneur with a knack for spotting opportunities that help not just his bottom line but also his community.
Anthony, and in turn DPH, offers a variety of professional, reliable and friendly maintenance services to both residential and commercial clients throughout New York. As Anthony was busy growing his business, he quickly realized that many of his company's clients were using his service as a means to dispose of older technology, such as laptops, desktop computers, printers, TVs, AC units and more. Rather than simply shuttling these items off to be recycled, he seized the opportunity as a means to leverage his entrepreneurial drive into an actionable plan to help reduce Brooklyn's carbon footprint, while building sustainability and environmental stewardship into his business model.
In 2016, DPH began running an 'End of Summer Electronics Roundup' campaign to help address this challenge. Having partnered with a certified non-profit organization, DPH now helps small businesses and residential clients alike to properly recycle their old tech. Hard drives are securely wiped, freon is drained and properly disposed of, and parts that can be refurbished are and are then donated to charity.
"We're very proud of this program. It's been very successful and well received. Brooklyn is a special place, and our clients love working with us because they know that they're not just getting great service at a great price, but they're also making a smart choice for the environment and their community." – Anthony J. Finkel, Owner and General Manager of Domestic Personal Helpers, LLC.
The DPH 'End of Summer Electronics Roundup' is scheduled to kick off again this year beginning on August 15th.
To find out how to participate and schedule a pick up to your home or business please contact at: email@example.com
Media Contact
Company Name: Domestic Personal Helpers, LLC
Contact Person: Anthony J. Finkel
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Country: United States
Website: http://dph.nyc


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A gingery, peanutty, coconutty sauce drizzled over butter-soft eggplants is a side-dish to die for. Or better still, to live for.
People are often baffled by eggplants. Those who have never cooked with this vegetable are not sure what on earth to do with it. Some have tried it but detest it because all they can recall is bitter, chewy, undercooked flesh and a hard skin.
But undercooking eggplant is an unspeakable kitchen crime against this delicious vegetable-- so delicious, in fact, that it tops the list of my favorite vegetables (and that is not a small achievement given how much I love all veggies). Take that as a rule of thumb, in fact-- never, ever, undercook your eggplant, and you will learn to love this tall, dark, handsome vegetable with all your heart.
Eggplant is a great vegetable to serve meat-eaters and vegetarians because it has that earthy robustness that's very deeply satisfying. Layer it in lasagnas, roast it on an open fire and mush it up with spices for a wonderful side dish, or coat slices of eggplant in a pakora batter and fry them up. And those are just three of about a bazillion ways to cook up this veggie. One of my favorite ways to use eggplant is to chop it up, sprinkle it with a little rosemary and salt and olive oil, roast it in an oven, and add it to pastas. Heaven.
For the side dish I am sharing today I roast the eggplants in the oven first to make them tender and compliant before adding them to the sauce. It is a technique I often use to ensure my eggplants are thorougly and completely cooked. Traditional Indian cooks would deep-fry the eggplants first, because that would make them meltingly soft, but here's a big disadvantage with that: as virtuous as eggplants are, they are also spongy little bastards when it comes to oil. They drink it up thirstily and you end up with about a thousand more calories than you bargained for. Roasting helps them soften up too, but you control how much oil goes in.
And now for some eggplant love: My Gingery Eggplants in Coconut Sauce. Enjoy, all!
Gingery Eggplant In Coconut Sauce
- 1 large onion , cut into thin slices
- 1 tbsp finely grated ginger
- 1 tbsp finely grated garlic (you can also just put it through a garlic press)
- 1 tsp mustard seeds
- 8 small , round eggplants (make two cross cuts from the top almost all the way to the base, without cutting through the eggplant.) You can also use 1 large eggplant instead, cut into slivers about an inch long (I find the small, round eggplants at the Indian or Asian stores in my neighborhood. They have a thinner skin and firmer flesh. Italian or Japanese eggplants are also fine for this dish)
- ½ cup coconut
- 4 green cardamom pods
- 4 cloves
- 1 1- inch piece of cinnamon
- 1 tbsp coriander seeds
- 1 tsp cumin seeds
- 1 tsp fennel seeds (saunf)
- 1 tsp fenugreek or methi seeds (you can leave these out if you absolutely can't find them, but they have a really pleasant bitterness that's amazing in this dish. They are also really good for you.)
- ¼ cup peanuts
- 2 dry red chillies
- 1 tbsp jaggery (an unrefined Indian sugar. Use regular or brown sugar if you can't find this)
- 3 tsp vegetable oil
- 1 tsp turmeric
- Place the eggplants in an ovensafe dish large enough so it can hold the eggplants in a single layer. Sprinkle with some salt and half the turmeric. Drizzle 1 tsp of the oil, toss to coat, and place in a 400-degree oven for about 20-25 minutes until the eggplants are soft but not completely cooked.
- Heat 1 tsp of oil in a saucepan. Add the cardamom, cloves, cinnamon, red chillies, coriander seeds, cumin seeds, fennel seeds and fenugreek seeds and toast until they start to get darker. Add the peanuts and toast until the peanuts start to get lightly golden. Remove to a plate.
- Add the coconut to the skillet and toast, stirring constantly, just a few seconds until the coconut starts to get lightly brown. Don't leave the coconut on the stove unattended because it will burn in an instant.
- Place the toasted spices and peanuts, coconut, jaggery, and the remaining turmeric in a blender. Add enough water and blend into a very smooth paste.
- Heat the last 1 tsp of oil in the saucepan and add the mustard seeds. When they sputter, add the sliced onions. Saute them until they start to brown. Add the garlic and ginger and saute another minute.
- Add the ground spices and when the come to a boil, add the eggplants. Add more water if the sauce is too thick.
- When the sauce boils, turn down the heat so it just simmers, slap on a lid, and cook about 10-15 minutes or until the eggplant is really tender.
- Add salt to taste. Garnish with some fresh coriander.
- Serve hot with some chapatis, rotis, or with some dal and rice.
One of the reasons I've been slow with the blog of late is that I've had a lot on my mind with my cat's illness. Pubm, my lovely calico cat who many of you already know, was diagnosed in March this year with a poorly differentiated sarcoma that was growing rapidly. We were told that she had at best six months, at worse, two.
The last few months have included several rounds of chemotherapy for Pubm but in June we decided to stop the chemo because the tumor stopped responding to it. Last week her oncologist told us it was time to say goodbye.
It is hard to say goodbye to any animal you love, although it is also usually inevitable, but in Pubm's case it is almost impossible because I've never known a cat so vibrant and curious and, in a single word, perfect. She came to us at the age of six, with her sister Pie, and although we had no intention of adopting a cat (we were at the shelter to pick up a foster dog) the only reason we did was because the shelter volunteer told us Pubm and Pie were going to be put down the next day-- two of millions of healthy, young cats who will be put to sleep each year in the United States because there is no room for them at overflowing shelters, and no home that is willing to take them in.
Pubm and Pie came into a home dominated by three dogs, and while Pie has never quite overcome her unease around the larger canines, Pubm slowly but surely managed to put them in their place and find her own. Desi calls her Queenie, because she literally ruled our household with her beauty, charm, and ability to win over just about anyone, cat-lover or not.
We have not yet been able to bring ourselves to make that call to the veterinarian to schedule an appointment, but we know we must at some point, perhaps sooner rather than later.