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Conceptions of Justice/Fairness Scale
From PsychWiki - A Collaborative Psychology Wiki
This page is for interested and knowledgable psychology researchers to brainstorm on how to create an individual difference measure that allows us to study what people believe is fair and just. Feel free to edit things, though not all edits will be accepted or put into the final scale.
There is a discussion page here for interested parties to talk about items as well. Opportunities for credit/authorship abound! The goal is to develop a scale that we'll eventually collect data on using yourmorals.org and perhaps using a sample near you.
Factors/Concepts of Fairness/Justice
I'm not a "justice researcher" (Ravi), so I may miss something, but looking at items and articles, I've identified 7 possible factors, which could also be heirarchically represented as follows...
1) Procedural Justice - "how should we decide who gets what" [Major cites/theorists: Tom Tyler]
2) Distributive Justice - Equity Theory - Things are distributed according to an "equity rule" which may be effort, ability, productivity, etc... "who should get what" Major cites/theorists: William Damon....] Equity - "people who contribute more should get more" [Major cites/theorists: Walster, equity theory.] This includes variations in effort ("contributions are defined by putting in more work") and Ability/Product ("contributions are defined by ability/objective worth of end product")
3) Distributive Justice - Equality - "everyone should get the same amount" [Major cites/theorists: ?]
4) Distributive Justice - Need - "people who need more should get more" [Jon thinks this must be cut; need draws on the harm/care foundation. it is a very artificial extension of fairness to say that it is only "fair" to give people what they need]
5) Interactional Justice - From Organizational Psychology...see Colquitt 2001 Meta Analysis
6) Informational Justice - From Organizational Psychology...see Colquitt 2001 Meta Analysis
7) Retributional Justice - There is evidence that punishing people for doing bad is different than rewarding people for doing good. As such, some kind of vengefulness measure might be necessary to capture the full scope of justice/fairness judgements.
More Notes:
For extended discussions of the many conflicting versions of fairness, see: --Alan Fiske, 1991, on how the "Equality Matching" model is implemented --Walter, Walster, and Berscheid, on equity theory --William Damon on the development of various forms of fairness
Possible other candidates:
- Punishment Orientation/Retributive Justice? - Is this just a form of negative Equity? Or are positive Equity (getting rewarded for doing good) and negative Equity (getting punished for doing bad) subject to individual difference measures? Perhaps the Harm foundation interacts with these appraisals? Perhaps we should measure this and see what the statistics reveal...
- Reciprocity - How does this fit in? As Equity or Equality?
- Restorative Justice - This seems to bleed into ideas of helping people and/or not harming them rather than pure fairness.
So given these constructs, I feel like the next step is to look at existing measures and see which constructs are represented.
Existing scales
Here we can look at existing scales and comment on which factors items might load on....in addition to those factors from the above section, items might be open to interpretation and load on the general "fairness/justice" idea that a person has in their head at that time. So a person who believes in equality will actually be answering a different question than someone who believes in equity when asked "is this fair?".
Colquitt 2001 Scale
Following on his meta-analysis, Colquitt created this scale which measures procedural, distributive, interactional, and informational justice.
Procedural justice The following items refer to the procedures used to arrive at your (outcome). To what extent: 1. Have you been able to express your views and feelings during those procedures? 2. Have you had influence over the (outcome) arrived at by those procedures? 3. Have those procedures been applied consistently? 4. Have those procedures been free of bias? 5. Have those procedures been based on accurate information? 6. Have you been able to appeal the (outcome) arrived at by those procedures? 7. Have those procedures upheld ethical and moral standards?
Distributive justice The following items refer to your (outcome). To what extent: 1. Does your (outcome) reflect the effort you have put into your work? 2. Is your (outcome) appropriate for the work you have completed? 3. Does your (outcome) reflect what you have contributed to the organization? 4. Is your (outcome) justified, given your performance?
Interpersonal justice The following items refer to (the authority figure who enacted the procedure). To what extent: 1. Has (he/she) treated you in a polite manner? 2. Has (he/she) treated you with dignity? 3. Has (he/she) treated you with respect? 4. Has (he/she) refrained from improper remarks or comments?
Informational justice The following items refer to (the authority figure who enacted the procedure). To what extent: 1. Has (he/she) been candid in (his/her) communications with you? 2. Has (he/she) explained the procedures thoroughly? 3. Were (his/her) explanations regarding the procedures reasonable? 4. Has (he/she) communicated details in a timely manner? 5. Has (he/she) seemed to tailor (his/her) communications to individuals' specific needs?
Moral Foundations Questionnaire
This is the Haidt/Graham measure that is available at yourmorals.org and.. http://cbdr.cmu.edu/seminar/Haidt.pdf
Procedural Justice If we are to fight crime effectively, some people's rights will have to be violated.
General Justice, fairness and equality are the most important requirements for a society.
Procedural Justice When the government makes laws, the number one principle should be ensuring that everyone is treated fairly.
Equity vs. Equality I think it's morally wrong that rich children inherit a lot of money while poor children inherit nothing.
Procedural Justice Whether or not someone was denied his or her rights
General Whether or not someone acted unfairly
Equality, and/or procedural Whether or not some people were treated differently than others
Procedural Justice, and equality Whether or not someone tried to control or dominate someone else
Preference for the Merit Principle Scale
This scale is by (Davey, Bobocel, San Hing, Zanna 1999).
Equality, neg equity - In work organizations, each employee ought to be named employee of the month at least once, even if he or she is not deserving. (R)
Equity (ability + effort) - In organizations, people who do their job well ought to rise to the top.
Procedural Justice - It is wrong for an employee to give a job to someone they know without advertising the job to other candidates.
General Fairness (ambiguous) - In life, people ought to get what they deserve.
Equity (effort) - The effort a worker puts into a job ought to be reflected in the size of a raise he or she receives.
Equality - When students are working on a group project, each member of the group ought to receive the same grade regardless of the amount of effort each team member puts in. (R)
Equity (effort) - Promotion decisions ought to take into account the effort workers put into their job.
Equity (effort + ability), Equality - Members of a work team ought to receive different pay depending on the amount each person contributed.
Need - Sometimes it is appropriate to give a raise to the worker who most needs it, even if he or she is not the most hard working. (R)
Equity (ability) - Qualifications ought to be given more weight than seniority when making promotion decisions.
Equity (effort) - Between two equally smart students applying for the same job, the one who is the harder worker ought to always get the job.
Equality - When a bonus is given to a work team for good performance, the money ought to always be divided equally among the group members. (R)
Need (Rev) - It is never appropriate to choose which student to hire by how much the student needs the job.
Equity (ability/product) (Rev) - People ought to be able to get away with poor quality work under some circumstances. (R)
Equity (effort) - If every person in an office has the same abilities, the promotion ought to always be given to the person who puts in the most effort.
Experiment in The Justice Motive
From The Justice Motive In Adolescence And Young Adulthood: Origins and Consequences By Claudia Dalbert, Hedvig Sallay
They gave students a short vignette about students who received the same number of points in a dictation in their native language and asked whether...
Equality Both should receive the same grade.
Need The student who needs a better grade to move up to the next year should receive a better grade.
Equity The student who made more of an effort should receive the better grade.
The Uber Justice/Fairness Scale
Some people feel that some situations are more wrong than others. Using the below scale, answer these questions as best you can as to how wrong a particular situation feels to you. These are not real situations, so there is no need to think too much about the possibilites. Instead, please answer for the general case and go with your first instinct.
Procedural Justice
- An employee gives a job to someone they know without advertising the job to other candidates.
- A person controls or dominates someone else.
- A law is made without the input of all affected parties.
- A manager makes a decision that is biased by personal feelings.
- A punishment is applied inconsistently with arbitrary exceptions.
Distributive Justice - Equality
- A child inherits a lot of money while another child inherits nothing.
- A bonus is given to a work team for good performance and the money is not divided equally.
- An employee earns a lot of money while another earns very little.
- A law is made that treats some people differently than others.
Distributive Justice - Need
- A raise is given to a worker, when another worker needs it more.
- A free meal is given to the rich, rather than to the hungry.
- An employee who needs their job, is fired.
- A poor person does not have their basic needs met.
- A law is passed that fails to take into account the poor and needy.
Distributive Justice - Equity - Effort & Ability/Production
- A company bonus is given without considering the relative contributions of each employee.
- A law is passed that penalizes productive members of society.
- A person who contributes more to society is not rewarded.
- A baker bakes a cake, but other people eat it before the baker can enjoy it.
Interpersonal justice
- A manager makes a decision without treating affected parties politely.
- A person is not treated with dignity.
- An employee hears improper remarks or comments in the workplace.
Informational justice
- A trial is decided with untruthful information.
- A negotiation occurs without everyone understanding the process.
- A law is passed without any information as to the process for the law's creation.
- A punishment is given out without any explanation of the reason.
Retributive Justice - Punishment Orientation
- A person commits a crime and goes unpunished.
- A murderer receives a short jail term.
- A criminal experiences less punishment than the criminal's victim.
- A criminal commits a crime, writes a book about it, and becomes rich.
- A person who commits a crime is forgiven, and receives no punishment.
Just to be clear and provide incentives to participate....
While I (Ravi) don't know where this project will lead, so I can't guarantee this, my goal is to have this project be a large collaboration with liberal credit awarded. If you contribute significantly to this page and it ends up in my control, I'll at least add your contribution as a footnote. If you can do data analysis, contribute a lot to the scale design, collect a sample, or help write the eventual paper, then there is likely an opportunity to be an author as long as you don't mind being on a paper with lots of others.
People to thank for providing input
(feel free to add yourself here)
Kees van den Bos Department of Social and Organizational Psychology Utrecht University
Lynn E. O'Connor, Ph.D. Professor, The Wright Institute Associate Clinical Professor, University of California, Berkeley Director, Emotion, Personality & Altruism Research Group
Malte Friese, Dipl.-Psych. Fakultät für Psychologie Universität Basel
Todd Lucas University of Michigan
Dr. Shlomo Hareli, Social Psychologist, Graduate School of Management, University of Haifa
jasia (pietrzak) asst. prof., social psychology University of Warsaw
Misc Stuff that may spur thought or hasn't been classified
differences in sensitivity to justice applied to others vs. self
It bothers me when others receive something that ought to be mine.
It bothers me when someone gets something they don't deserve.
It disturbs me when I receive what others ought to have.
positive and negative framing
from 1986 positive negative framing paper...
1. How should a business distribute its profits justly? (b1 = material resource; c1 = positive outcome; d1 = competitive context) • The most productive workers should receive more profits. (a3 = equity) • Workers with lower wages should receive more profits, (a2 = need) • Profits should be distributed equally, (a1 = equality) 2. Due to cuts, a concern decides to shorten the workday. This decision will bring losses to employees. Which decision is just in the distribution of cuts between employees? (b1 = material resource; c2 = negative outcome; dl = competitive context) • Profitable employees should be exempt from workday cuts. (a3 = equity) • Employees with small profits who need the earnings should be exempt. (a2 = need) • All employees should divide the burden equally and rotate in workday cuts. (a1 = equality)
Equity Theory - Walster, Walster and Berscheid 1978
from http://wcr.sonoma.edu/v1n1/gehm.html
Equity Theory
At the risk of gross oversimplification, equity theory is premised on the relatively straightforward notion that individuals possess certain normative expectations about what is considered fair and just in any given situation. (Walster, Walster and Berscheid 1978). When that innate sense of equity and fair play is violated, victims tend to choose a strategy or technique which will most easily enable them to restore balance as they perceive it. Simple examples suffice: If he hits you, just hit him back. If she does it again, tell the teacher. If he blasts that horn at me one more time, I swear I'll slam on my brakes.
Which technique is employed can be seen as a function of its availability as well as its perceived cost to the user. Such costs, of course, may include psychological ones. In the examples above, for instance, hitting back may not be in the repertoire of socially acceptable behaviors. Alternatively, the probability of receiving a black eye in response may be considered too great a cost for physical retaliation. From the range of available equity restoring options, a cost-benefit calculation is made&emdash;sometimes very quickly&emdash;and a response is selected that suits the victim. The theory holds, further, that the less costly an equity-restoring technique, the more likely it will be used. If community norms encourage clan conferencing, elder councils, or other reparative processes, these methods will most likely be chosen.
While there are benefits to participation in a face-to-face encounter, there are also costs. Clearly, for some individuals the cost of participation, in terms of psychological anxiety, is not enough to offset the benefits of economic compensation or psychological equity provided through emotional closure. Equity theory suggests that examining issues of costs&emdash;particularly perceived psychological costs as well as perceived availability of the equity restoring technique&emdash;may be useful for exploring victim-offender mediation participation rates.
Victims who participate in face-to-face meetings may have simply adopted (or grown up with) a value orientation consistent with reparative/restorative options. In other words, participation in a victim-offender mediation program may make sense culturally and therefore represent a less costly choice. For example, many of these programs have strong developmental ties to the Mennonite Church, with its long tradition of peacemaking and alternative approaches to conflict and disputes. Within the victims' movement itself there remains a strong, biblically-based component which speaks to the necessity of reconciliation and alternative means for obtaining social justice that are outside traditional institutions. Indeed, "system-based" programs may even be viewed with a certain amount of healthy skepticism.
Some victims may choose to participate in an alternative approach because of negative associations from prior experiences with the established criminal justice system. For others, the psychological costs of re-encountering the offender may simply be perceived as too high and they will decline participation. There will be some, however, for whom obtaining closure through a face-to-face encounter may be more appealing (psychologically less costly) than the established system. Using equity theory as an explanatory framework clearly requires us to gain a better understanding of the kinds of costs victims associate with meeting their offender versus the rewards that may be obtained by them from such encounters. Narrative theory, discussed below, is proposed as the framework that can integrate these discussions.
Fiske's Equality Matching
Jon suggested looking at this for ideas....perhaps support for a "reciprocity" factor within Equity?
"People use just four fundamental models for organizing most aspects of sociality most of the time in all cultures . These models are Communal Sharing, Authority Ranking, Equality Matching, and Market Pricing.
In Equality Matching relationships people keep track of the balance or difference among participants and know what would be required to restore balance. Common manifestations are turn-taking, one-person one-vote elections, equal share distributions, and vengeance based on an-eye-for-an-eye, a-tooth-for-a-tooth. Examples include sports and games (EM with respect to the rules, procedures, equipment and terrain), baby-sitting coops (EM with respect to the exchange of child care), and restitution in-kind (EM with respect to righting a wrong).
From 2001 Meta-analysis in organizational justice
process control (i.e., control over the presentation of their arguments and sufficient time to present their case). This process control effect is often referred to as the "fair process effect" or "voice" effect (e.g., Folger, 1977; Lind & Tyler, 1988), and it is one of the most replicated findings in the justice literature. Indeed, Thibaut and Walker (1975) virtually equated process control with procedural justice (Folger & Cropanzano, 1998). Although Thibaut and Walker (1975) introduced the concept of procedural justice, their work focused primarily on disputant reactions to legal procedures. Although a focus on justice and law continues to be of interest to scholars (e.g., Tyler, 1990), Leventhal and colleagues can be credited for extending the notion of procedural justice into nonlegal contexts such as organizational settings (Leventhal, 1980; Leventhal et al., 1980). In doing so, Leventhal and colleagues also broadened the list of determinants of procedural justice far beyond the concept of process control. Leventhal's theory of procedural justice judgments focused on six criteria that a procedure should meet if it is to be perceived as fair. Procedures should (a) be applied consistently across people and across time, (b) be free from bias (e.g., ensuring that a third party has no vested interest in a particular settlement), (c) ensure that accurate information is collected and used in making decisions, (d) have some mechanism to correct flawed or inaccurate decisions, (e) conform to personal or prevailing standards of ethics or morality, and (f) ensure that the opinions of various groups affected by the decision have been taken into account.


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Among the important things we intended to discover in our see was exactly what is a boarding school or property school? Exists a distinction? Movie theater and fiction have actually drawn boarding schools either as a punishment-ridden worn out orphanage-like environment, or a ritzy show-biz type honorarium where the rich can give the heritage of judgmental and frustrating industrialism to their kids. The truth is that it is neither. A boarding school is merely an education scenario offered to people who might feel the have to remain in open areas, or in a more regulated environment, perhaps even somebody searching for an experience in their teen mission for understanding. That's truly exactly what Alpine is. It's a safe location to check out, to recover and to become yourself.
It was a convenience the whole time of our trip to see that the location was clean which the location itself sensed of calmness and calm. I might inform nearly right away that this would be a location of recovery. The tidy air alone would suffice to rejuvenate, however under the care of the specialists that run the school, I can think of that discovering happens, not simply academically, however in the soul. This is an independent school that isn't really about the snobbery of custom, or the entire Dead-Poets-Society-like fixation with status and tradition. It has to do with getting in touch with the earth, the sky, then yourself.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Hair Coloring During Pregnancy: No-No or No Big Deal?
I'm 7 months pregnant and growing bigger everywhere almost every day. I could really use a little confidence boost! Can I get my hair colored or is that a no-no?
– Samantha
Very few studies have really examined the many different kinds of hair treatments and their effects on a fetus. But since very little dye is absorbed through the skin, dying your hair is most likely safe during pregnancy.
Talk to your doctor about any hair treatment you may be planning. You may consider using a non-permanent vegetable dye (such as henna) to give you a little makeover without the added worry. Also, having your hair highlighted (rather than dyed) uses far fewer chemicals that generally do not have direct contact with the scalp.
If you do decide to use any chemical treatment at home, make sure to wear gloves, be in a well-ventilated area to avoid breathing in fumes, and wash your scalp well afterward.
Reviewed by: Elana Pearl Ben-Joseph, MD
Date reviewed: July 2013


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Chapter 5-2 Part 2
Resident Evil 5 HD Walkthrough S-Rank Chapter 5-2: No Damage
At the end of the lengthy corridor with the Beta Licker threat, you'll find a door. Head on through, and you'll be brought to a relatively quiet (for now) industrial area. All is quiet for now, but it won't last long. Head down the metal grating to a ladder leading downward. Jump down and watch as an enemy contingent a dozen strong comes to greet you. Wielding machineguns and Stun Rods, this enemy collection is difficult to defeat for numerous reasons. This area provides for us a puzzle, but let's deal with it after each and every enemy in that wave is defeated. You'll know if they're defeated or not because the music will stop playing when the last foe is eliminated. Work your way around the conveyor belt, collecting goods and killing enemies as you go. Some will throw grenades and other explosives, so be sure to prioritize their deaths (along with Stun Rod-equipped thugs) before anyone else's. Thankfully, the roving boxes on the conveyor belt will provide incessant amounts of cover for you to utilize (your enemies aren't smart enough to return the favor).
Are all of the enemies eliminated in the area? And have you grabbed all of the goods you currently have access to? Great; then we can proceed. Head to the raised platform via a staircase opposite to where you initially dropped down and catalyzed the enemy confrontation here. This will grant you access to the conveyor belt immediately before the goods enter the incinerator. Begin pressing against the tide here, using the center unmoving portion of the conveyor belt to dodge incoming boxes. Your ever-clumsy AI partner will complicate the issue, no doubt, but just worry about yourself here. When you can grab onto an otherwise-inaccessible platform to your right, do so. Use the switch there to shut down the conveyor belt before running up the stairs and busting through the door you encounter with your partner's assistance.
The scene you encounter here is even more violent and dangerous than the area surrounding the previous conveyor belt. The conveyor belt here isn't loaded with innocuous boxes. No... rather, it's loaded to the brim with explosives that will erupt in flames with a single shot. After collecting the goods to your left, jump on the conveyor belt, but only after priming your jump with some shots to the nearest explosives, thus giving you some padding heading forward as you gain your footing. Then, book it. Ignore the enemies above you and in front of you, and simply book it to the other side. When shield-toting thugs show up and enter the conveyor belt, fall back, use the explosives here to eliminate them quickly, and then run up the stairs to exit the conveyor belt posthaste. Continue to ignore enemies in your vicinity (unless you really want to kill them, at which case do so with the sniper rifle from a distance). Shut down the conveyor belt via the lever there and then run down the nearby staircase.
|BSAA Emblem #24 - There's an emblem nearby, as soon as you get off of the second conveyor belt and shut the contraption down. Run down the nearby staircase next to the lever that activates/deactivates the conveyor belt, and then immediately look ahead and to your left. You'll see an open dumpster there. Peek inside the dumpster and the BSAA Emblem you seek is rather obviously sitting there. Striking and destroying it is another issue entirely, however. Your pistol won't do the trick, because Chris won't raise it high enough to aim inside the dumpster. Your sniper rifle, though? Well, that'll do the trick just fine.
If you're excited about finding that BSAA Emblem, you'll be even more excited to learn that there's a new weapon nearby for you to procure, an SIG 556 machinegun. Yeah, yeah, machineguns are all but useless in this game, but you'll still want to grab it for your inventory nonetheless. After acquiring the gun, continue along the stagnated conveyor belt to your left. Climb the stairs you encounter and attempt to work the lever. You'll find out that there's no power heading towards it, so obviously, this is a situation we'll need to rectify. Don't bother going on the conveyor belt for now, since there's nothing you can yet do. Instead, work your way into the series of passageways and catwalks to your right. The going is fairly linear, and you won't run into any enemies (though you'll certainly see the preface to an enemy encounter in the near future all over a specific wall). When you run into a stock of missiles that the partners will talk about, you know you're on the right track.
S-Rank/No Damage Walkthrough - No Commentary Version
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The Best Winter Beauty Tips
Winter Beauty Tips to Get a Glow
There's nary a person who doesn't want glowing skin. But achieving a smooth, luminous complexion, especially during the Winter, can be difficult. Beautiful, bright, and flake-free skin can be yours, though. Watch now to learn some easy-to-try tips, along with the perfect products to nullify your Winter skin woes. On Kirbie: H&M dress.


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DescriptionIn this Speed version, you only have one minute to get the highest score possible. Switch the jewels and increase your multiplier by making big combinations. Colour bombs, explosions and the Last Blast are other features of this frantic game.
- Switch places of the jewels by clicking and dragging one jewel to the other, vertically or horizontally.
- Make combinations of 4 or 5 jewels to get explosions, cross blasts or colour bombs.
- Create long chains to get shiny multipliers. Collect multiplier jewels with colour bombs, cross blasts or explosions.


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by Amy Lignor
Well…the NFC definitely racked up flags, to say the least. However, they definitely did not rack up points.
It seemed that every five minutes during the two NFC Divisional playoff games, flags were being thrown all over the field. From illegal blocks to pass interference to just basic bullying. Heck…even a coach drew one. For anyone who did not believe that Seattle, San Francisco, New Orleans, and Carolina didn't want to compete, they were completely wrong.
Taking the Saints versus Seahawks first, it looked to the T.V. fan that QB Drew Brees seemed somewhat stunned. Of course, a lot of players get that face up in Seattle with the loud 'Bieber-like' fans that have actually been the cause of earthquakes. But although Seattle should have coasted through the game (which many experts predicted they would before the ball was snapped), they actually didn't.
Yes, the road to the Super Bowl goes through Seattle, but after their late season play, a QB who barely made his salary this past weekend, and a defense that seems to do as much as possible to draw flags instead of make plays, they are not the team that can do no wrong. In fact, with Arizona beating them on their home turf, and losing to the Niners in San Francisco, the Seahawks may just have to count on their loud fans, and not their players, to win the Championship.
People are asking if Seattle deserves the trip to the Super Bowl? This debate is actually raging across the country, with a ton of NFL fans screaming, 'No!' No matter what their favorite team happens to be. Why is that? They certainly won the most games and took their Division fair-and-square. But when you look at the AFC game played on Saturday, the Patriots versus the Colts were just as gritty and determined for their shot. However, they very rarely drew a flag and did not use playground techniques to win. Yes…Seattle is a good team, but when the Super Bowl comes along you want a riveting game, and the Seahawks have not yet proven they can deliver.
Who will their rivals be? Well, it is the rivals they most definitely hate the most. The San Francisco 49ers beat the Carolina Panthers and will be heading up to Washington to attempt to deflate the mighty egos of the Seahawks. Were the Niners great in their game? No. In the first half, Kap looked a little…frustrated is the nicest word to use here, and Jim Harbaugh got so mad (not a shock), that he drew a flag. But scoring a TD right before halftime seemed to help inspire the Niners to come out and live up to the dynasty that Montana and Young built.
The upside for the Niners is that they have a young QB. He's been to the big show and, if alert and fired-up next week, could be heading right back to it. The only question that remains is whether or not he would be having a shoot-out with Brady or Manning.
Unlike the AFC Division Championship which ended up exactly the way it was predicted at the beginning of the season, the NFC definitely did not. Hence, it is the NFC that will be bringing the 'wildcard' to the big show. And, considering the debate out there, the majority of fans want to see the Niners return. So the Seahawks will gargle with salt to get their voices ready, pray for a downpour which shouldn't be too hard to get, and get ready to throw the Skittles!
This, at least, should be interesting.
Until Next Time, Everybody,
Image Source: 49ers


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20-Foot Square Unmarked Grave in Riverside Park
The Carleton Place Canadian, 27 December, 1956
By Howard M. Brown
In Riverside Park there lies a little-known site which is of some interest in the town's history. It is found at the extreme end of the town's park, near Lake Avenue and close to the Mississippi River. This was a burial ground, where members of one of the first families of settlers of the town were laid in a now unmarked graveyard.
Discovery of this site some ten years ago was reported at a Parks Commission meeting, at which the suggestion was made that the area should be marked as a historical site by erection of a cairn. Pending the receipt of further particulars no action was taken. The Canadian subsequently found from the late Alex John Duff, Beckwith farmer, that he recalled this burial ground in his youth in the 1880s as being at that time a little cemetery about 15 or 20 feet square, a gravestone in which bore the name Catin Willis.
With the Morphys and the Moores, the Willises long were among the widely known earliest owners of farm land coming within the present boundaries of the town. It is well recorded that the whole central section of the present town was first located to the Morphy and the Moore families in 1819 as Crown grants of farm land; the part extending north of Lake Avenue to four of the Morphys, and three hundred acres at the south side of Lake Avenue to three of the Moores. William Moore is said to have aided in the founding of the town by opening its first blacksmith shop in 1820, the first year of settlement as a community. About the same time the first marriages here were those of Sarah, daughter of George Willis, to William Morphy, and Mary, daughter of Thomas Willis, to John Morphy. Well known descendants of these families continue to live in the town and district.
On a farm which reached the western end of Riverside Park George Willis, born about 1778, settled and raised his family. Other Willises coming from Ireland and settling near Morphy's Falls between 1819 and 1821 were Henry, William, Thomas and Catin Willis. When the present Carleton Place Town Hall was built, the central building on its site, said to be the second dwelling built in the town, was the home of Mrs. William Morphy, daughter of George Willis, where she had lived to 1888 and the age of 85, a widow for over fifty years. The Bathurst Courier at Perth, reporting her husband's death in August, 1837, said in part:
"Fatal Accident. On Friday afternoon last, William Morphy of Carleton Place, whilst on his way home from this place on horseback, in company with several others, met with an accident from the effect of which he died on Sunday morning last, under the following circumstances. Between this and Joseph Sharp's tavern the deceased and another of the party were trying the speed of their horses when, on approaching Sharp's house at a very rough part of the road, his horse fell and threw him off, by which he was placed under the animal. Severe wounds causing a contusion of the brain led to his death…….The deceased was a native of Ireland, and has left a wife and family to deplore his sudden death."
Grandchildren of William Morphy and his wife Sarah Willis included William, Duncan and Robert McDiarmid, prominent Carleton Place merchants, sons of James McDiarmid, Carleton Place merchant, and his wife Jane Morphy.
George Willis Jr. (1820-1892) succeeded his father on the farm at the end of Lake Avenue (Conc. 11, lot 12) and there brought up a family long known in Carleton Place, including Richard, drowned while duck hunting in November 1893, and George E. Willis, photographer, musician and bandmaster, who died in Vancouver in 1940 at age 96 while living with his son Stephen T. Willis of Ottawa business college fame; William and John H. of Carleton Place, and daughters including Jane, wife of James Morphy Jr. the son of "King James" of the pioneer Morphy family.
The George Willis place on the river side during one period was the annual scene of colourful sights and stirring sounds on the 12th of July. It was a marshalling ground and headquarters for the great Orange parade, with the Willis boys of the third generation prominent among the performers in the bands. The names of George Willis, Senior and Junior, appear with sixty others on the roll of the Carleton Place Loyal Village Guards which mustered in 1837 and 1838 at the time of the Upper Canada Rebellion and "Patriot War," and again with that of Catin Willis in the St. James Church monster petition of November 1846 for maintaining tenure of the Church's clergy reserve land in Ramsay against claims of Hugh Bolton and others.
Catin Willis, born in Ireland in 1795, settled as a young man in Ramsay on the present northern outskirts of Carleton Place (con. 8, lot 2w) when that township was opened for settlement in 1821. He died there in 1869. His name appears as contributor to the Carleton Place fund for providing and operating a curfew bell in 1836. The Church Wardens of St. James Church here in 1845 were Catin Willis and James Rosamond, founder of the Rosamond textile manufacturing firm.
William, another of the first Willises here, took up land in the 4th concession of Beckwith (lot 18W) in 1820, securing his location in the usual way through the district settlement office and performing the settlement duties required for obtaining a patent to his land, which lay east of Franktown. Franktown, then usually referred to as The King's Store at Beckwith, and later named possibly for its sponsor, Colonel Francis Cockburn, had already been approved for surveying into town lots, and had the taverns of Patrick Nowlan and Thomas Wickham for the accommodation of travellers, in addition to the government supply depot for the Beckwith settlers.
George Ramsay, Ninth Earl of Dalhousie and Governor General of British North America, made the Nowlan Inn his stopping place, accompanied by Colonel Cockburn, during a one day visit in 1820 in the course of a tour of inspection of the Perth, Beckwith and Richmond settlements.
Henry Willis landed from Ireland in the early summer of 1819 with his young family on the sailing ship Eolus, whose passengers included the families of Beckwith settlers Thomas Pierce, James Wall and William Jones. He first settled on the 2nd concession of Beckwith (lot 13W) near Franktown, and later moved to Carleton Place where he is found as a contributor to the 1836 curfew bell fund and on the roll of the Loyal Village Guards of 1838.
Henry was an unsuccessful 1838 petitioner with Captain Duncan Fisher for preferential purchase from the Crown of a farm lot extending near Indians Landing (con. 11, lot 11), adjoining the farms of George Willis and Captain Fisher. Those providing certificates of facts in support of this petition were Catin Willis, John Moore, William Willis, Greenwall Dixon, and Edward J. Boswell, Anglican "Missionary at Carleton Place."
Thomas Willis is shown by Beldon's Lanark County Atlas of 1880 to have been an inhabitant of the new village of Morphy's Falls in its first year, and to have given his daughter in marriage then to John Morphy. John (b.1794, d.1860), another of the family of six sons and two daughters of Edmond Morphy, built his home for his bride at the east end of Mill Street on the present Bates & Innes lands. It stood there for over fifty years after his death, and last served as the watchman's house of the Bates & Innes mill. The large family of John Morphy and his wife Mary Willis, raised in that pioneer home, included Abraham Morphy of Ramsay, near Carleton Place; and Elizabeth, Mrs. Richard Dulmage of Ramsay, who was born in 1821 as the first child born to the first settlers in Morphy's Falls.
It is possible that further consideration will be given to providing the added note of interest and distinction to the town, and to its popular Riverside Park, which would be furnished by a cairn and tablet at the Park denoting some of the ancient origins of the town.


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Apple Offers iTunes Credits to Settle In-App Purchase Suit
Apple has settled a class action lawsuit that claimed its 2011-era in-app purchase policy failed to prevent children from racking up big fees on their parents' accounts. Under the terms of the not yet finalized deal, Apple will offer eligible class members a $5 iTunes gift card, an account credit or, for claims over $30, a cash payment. Apple did not respond to a request for comment.


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Equity futures are down again this morning, below is a 60 minute chart of DOW futures on the left and a 5 minute chart of S&P futures on the right:
The dollar is up, the Euro is down again following a large decline yesterday, oil is down a little, and gold is up, rising above $1,140 per ounce.
This morning the (must preface with worthless) MBA Purchase Index rose .2 percent following last week's completely bogus 6.8% supposed rise. Today we return to the even more wild & crazy gyrations with their refinancing index falling 16.9%.
HighlightsRidiculous. Go ahead and keep track of what's occurring without knowing the base, good luck. And that is as heavy as the "economic reporting" for the week gets. Interest rates rising? Yes, watch the long end of the curve, rates have definitely broken out and are signaling higher. Below is a 5 minute chart of the long bond futures showing that it formed a triangle over the past couple of days. It was entered from above and thus we would expect it to break lower producing even higher rates:
The Mortgage Bankers' purchase index, up 0.2 percent in the Easter week, added slightly to prior gains. But mortgage rates are the report's big headline, jumping 27 basis points in the week for 30-year loans to 5.31 percent in what the report blames on the end to Fed purchases of mortgage-backed securities. The jump in rates dried up demand for refinancing with the index down 16.9 percent.
The jump in rates will hurt more than refinancing and is certain to limit demand for home purchases at a critical time for the housing sector which is trying to recover from a deep drop following November's expiration of first-round stimulus.
The number of people using food stamps increased for the 14th consecutive month with the number of people receiving them at a record 39,430,000! That's equal to 12.8% of our entire population! No pictures of people in soup lines that extend around the block? There they are.
Yet Lord Blankfein at Goldman Sachs continues to maintain that they are doing "God's work" and that they are simply doing what's in their client's best interest:
Not to mention their own best interests. The question, of course, is who is looking out for everyone else's best interest? This is exactly where the game went bad. Government is supposed to look after the people's best interest and is supposed to keep rogues under control. Obviously they have allowed Goldman unprecedented access to run government and thus all representation for the people has been usurped. A story that's getting old already, I know. Yet nothing has changed, and that is why we are going to pay dearly.
Goldman Sachs: No apologies
NEW YORK (CNNMoney.com) -- Goldman Sachs defended its controversial employee bonuses and multi-billion dollar relationship with AIG in its annual report released Wednesday, while downplaying its short-selling in the mortgage market.
Much of the letter was devoted to describing Goldman's (GS, Fortune 500) role in the financial crisis and the recession, praising its own "strong performance" in 2009, which it referred to as a "year of resiliency.
The letter, co-signed by CEO Lloyd Blankfein and President Gary Cohn, also mentioned that Goldman repaid its $10 billion debt to the government in June 2009, as a U.S. Treasury recipient of the Troubled Asset Relief Program.
The letter came after Blankfein and other Wall Street chief executives were subjected to intense scrutiny in a hearing before the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January, when they were blamed for contributing to the economic crisis.
Goldman's (GS, Fortune 500) letter is peppered with the word "client," as the Wall Street firm continuously reiterated its role in serving its investors amid troubling economic times.
"Our first priority is and always has been to serve our clients' interests," read the letter, in one of its opening lines.
And in Europe it was reported that their overall growth for the fourth quarter was stagnant:
April 7 (Bloomberg) -- Europe's economy unexpectedly stagnated in the fourth quarter as companies cut spending more than previously estimated.Obviously debt saturated, the union there will have difficulty generating real growth until the debts are cleared. What growth is occuring here in the U.S. is nothing more than accounting fraud, government stimulus, and the effects of destroying one's own currency.
Gross domestic product in the 16-nation euro region remained unchanged compared with the third quarter, when it rose 0.4 percent, the European Union's statistics office in Luxembourg said today. It had previously reported a fourth- quarter expansion of 0.1 percent. Corporate investment dropped 1.3 percent instead of the 0.8 percent estimated earlier.
We are about to enter another earnings season. I'm sure that we'll see numbers with terrific year over year comparisons. Keep in mind when you see those comparisons what was occurring in the first quarter of '09. Since that time stocks have zoomed to the moon, and while trailing P/E's are coming down, they are still at historic levels.
What's priced into the market, however, might not be as important as the crush of dollars flowing out of debt instruments. We're likely to see some wild things occurring. One thing's for certain, the underlying problems were never taken care of, the levels of debt and leverage in the financial system are still at extremes. Proper accounting alone would still bring down the system, and so it festers.
Yesterday's down then up action produced a small change in the McClelland oscillator, expect a large price move either today or tomorrow. Today is the best fit for a turn date, and the major indices are carving out another potential rising wedge. Obviously those who keep trying to front-run any decline keep getting run over, once again proof that patience is a virtue. Waiting for broken trend lines is always a smart idea.
The VIX set a new low and is just above the bottom Bollinger Band. Call buying is reaching levels that normally produce turns.
You have probably noticed that as I got more active with the SwarmUSA site that my postings have diminished here at Economic Edge. I have been attempting to get volunteers to pick that up more and more, and have had some success there, but it still requires a great deal of attention. Thank you to all who volunteer! On Monday I posted a link here for the first time and ask for people to please join the recurring donation program - $3.50 per month to "Fire the Fed!" No one from here did. The only people to sign up for it so far are the same people who already volunteer their time.
What I do here I do for free and I do it with pleasure, my satisfaction is knowing that I may be helping people understand reality a little better. No high pressure marketing here, I consider that to be a part of the problem. I am disappointed in the response to my subtle requests for help, and even though the size of the Swarms has grown rapidly, I am also disappointed in the number of people who were actually participating in the Swarms.
And so we're going to talk a little bit about BE-DO-HAVE one more time.
As previously mentioned, in order to HAVE and to maintain wealth, you must first BE and DO. This is why the lotto winner seldom holds onto their winnings over time – they skipped right to have.
Everyone's seen the movie of the spoiled rich kid, right? People who inherit large sums of money often are not good stewards of it, and again, it's because they didn't go through the process of BE and DO. Not all are that way, of course, there are self-starters and many had parents who wisely forced their children to build the BE and DO foundation so that their wealth is not squandered.
Freedom works the same way. When born into it, it's difficult to appreciate the base of how it was obtained and why it is. Most people in the U.S. have not truly had to BE and DO when it comes to freedom, we have just assumed it was a right. We stopped talking about it. We stopped teaching our children about it. Most importantly, we stopped taking the necessary actions to maintain it, and thus we are losing it.
As any parent with teenagers can tell you, you can tell them repeatedly what's going to happen, but inevitably they won't really get what you say until they make the mistake for themselves. Perhaps that's just human nature and perhaps that's a part of the psychology of economic cycles – I'm sure it is.
The game of reading bloggers write about the problems in the economy has grown very old to me. They either simply report, or they complain. If we're lucky, we get a new angle on what we already know. Few talk about the real roots of the problems and even fewer still get at workable solutions. We all play the blame game, left/right, union/corporate raider, it's all their fault and thus the answer must lie over there.
Imagine the power we would have if we all could get together and work on common ground instead. It was Gandhi who said, "A small body of determined spirits fired by an unquenchable faith in their mission can alter the course of history."
Those people do exist, they are growing in numbers all the time. However, for the majority with regard to freedom we have become a nation of spoiled teens. We fail to realize that freedom begins with us.
I have been working on a concept for what I think will be an important book. I have been contemplating how I devote the time I have been to SwarmUSA, continue to write for the blog, and spend the necessary long hours required to get that done? Something has to give. The lack of response from my blog has made that choice easy. I will be making fewer posts here, and when I do post they will be more meaningful articles, not just playing the role of daily reporter.
My best writing time is early in the morning. Therefore I am temporarily going to only produce the morning updates when there are special circumstances that warrant it. I will return to them on occasion and certainly once the work on the book is done. Again, I feel that this book is important and that I can be most effective concentrating on it for awhile.
Rolling Stones - Time Waits For No One:


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Youth has Mariners moving in right direction
SEATTLE -- Mariners manager Eric Wedge mentioned several times during Spring Training that all the hoopla over which players make the team out of camp is often overblown, since faces frequently change over the course of a six-month season.
Wedge didn't have a crystal ball on what changes were coming for his club, but he certainly was correct in anticipating a midseason makeover of sorts in his third year at Seattle's helm.
But even Wedge acknowledged he didn't expect quite as dramatic of a facelift so soon for the Mariners, who will open the second half in Houston on Friday with different starters at catcher, second base, shortstop and center field from the group that opened the season three and a half months ago in Oakland.
Mike Zunino has taken over behind the plate for Jesus Montero, who lost his job and then got injured after being sent to the Minors. Nick Franklin was promoted from Triple-A Tacoma in late May and breathed life into the second base position originally occupied by Dustin Ackley. Brad Miller got the call a month later and replaced Brendan Ryan at shortstop.
And Ackley, once one of the premier hitting prospects in baseball, now is trying to revive his career in center field, where he and Michael Saunders are sharing the job that Franklin Gutierrez hoped to handle coming out of camp.
Those up-the-middle changes have provided a spark in recent weeks to a club that hit the break with a 43-52 record after going 36-51 a year ago in the first half.
The season hasn't provided as much of a rise yet in the standings as anticipated by Wedge and others in the organization, but progress is being made via Seattle's long-anticipated youth movement.
"It gives you a little different look for your club," general manager Jack Zduriencik said. "When you broke Spring Training, you had one look. You're now looking at Ackley playing in the outfield, you're looking at a new middle of the infield and a catcher behind the plate. And we'll see some additions in the pitching staff going forward. So, it's a little bit of a different-look club, but it is guys we all thought we'd see at some point in time this year.
First-half awards
|MVP: Raul Ibanez The veteran outfielder leads the Mariners with 24 HRs and 56 RBIs, not bad at 41 -- or any age.
|Cy Young: Felix Hernandez Not only the best pitcher for the Mariners, the four-time All-Star has again been one of the best hurlers in all of baseball at 10-4 with a 2.53 ERA.
|Rookie: Nick Franklin Since getting promoted in late May, the 22-year-old has been one of the club's better hitters and played an excellent second base, as well.
|Top reliever: Oliver Perez The veteran lefty has reinvented himself as a bullpen ace and has been dominant all season with the team's lowest ERA at 1.75, not to mention 50 strikeouts in 36 innings.
"You could make a good argument that we probably saw them a little sooner than we should have. However, there are circumstances that happened that made that come to fruition. That said, I think you have to be proud of what these kids have done up here in a short time. They've shown things where you can look forward and say this has a chance to be a pretty good group of kids. And that bodes well for our future."
Zduriencik acknowledged that for this club to win big, a lot of things had to go right. And that certainly didn't happen in the first half as neither Montero nor Ackley took the expected steps forward and were sent to the Minors, Saunders has only recently shown signs of building on his 2012 breakthrough season, and Gutierrez, Stephen Pryor and Michael Morse spent much of the first half dealing with injuries.
"I think in our scenario, we're a club that's kind of in the balance and we really needed to be healthy to compete and I think it took its toll," Zduriencik said. "That said, it also created opportunities for guys. Between that and guys that struggled early on, which we had a few, it also created opportunities for some of these other guys to play. So, we are where we're at right now and we just have to see where it takes us."
With All-Stars Felix Hernandez and Hisashi Iwakuma anchoring the rotation and veteran additions Raul Ibanez and Kendrys Morales solidifying the middle of the lineup along with second-year third baseman Kyle Seager, the club certainly has the ability to compete.
Players to watch in second half
|Dustin Ackley The 2009 first-round Draft choice is getting a new shot in the outfield while looking to rediscover the hitting stroke he showed as a rookie in 2011.
|Brad Miller The 23-year-old rookie made an instant impact upon his arrival in late June as an exciting leadoff hitter and solid shortstop, and could go a long way toward solidifying that position if he continues playing well in the second half.
|Justin Smoak After another slow start, the big first baseman has greatly improved offensively in the past two months and could answer a lot of questions if he maintains that progress over the course of a full season.
If Morse can get healthy and return to the early-season form he flashed when he hit eight home runs in April, that would help. Continued improvement from Saunders and Justin Smoak will be another key, along with the development of the trio of rookie position players.
Starting pitching behind Hernandez and Iwakuma is a question mark, but veteran lefty Joe Saunders has looked like a very solid No. 3 starter in recent weeks and the club is hoping to see good things from Erasmo Ramirez after the 23-year-old missed the first three months while recovering from an elbow injury.
The bullpen has also proven erratic, with closer Tom Wilhelmsen hitting a rough patch in June, young Carter Capps getting sent down to find himself last week and Pryor still trying to come back from a torn muscle behind his shoulder that sidelined him after an outstanding start.
Everything added up to fewer wins than hoped for in the first half, though the glass seems to be tipping toward the half-full perspective with a strong first-half finish against tough competition.
"It's continuing to be a process, a learning experience," Zduriencik said. "There have been good things and there have been things I wish were better. So, we have the second half still to play and we'll go at it."


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DOVER — It would be unfair to label the Dover High School basketball team a favorite to win the Division I championship just because it has nine seniors on the roster. But when a team is so top-heavy with upperclassmen, such expectations are inevitable.
The Green Wave finished with a disappointing 7-13 record last season, which included a thrilling 63-62 first-round tournament upset at No. 2 Salem.
"We were all there last year through the tough times," said senior co-captain Colin Shaughnessy. "The season didn't go the way we wanted, but we learned a lot from that. We'll take everything we learned last year and try to make us better this year."
Senior co-captain Billy Carroll said having so many seniors can only help Dover this season.
"I think it's a good situation for us," Carroll said. "Not many teams get to have that experience for two straight years. I feel it will help us out in the long run."
However, when discussing Dover boys basketball, it's impossible to ignore the elephant in the room. The team's leading scorer from last year, Mike LeBlanc, decided to forgo his senior season of basketball to attend prep school at New Hampton School. LeBlanc averaged 19 points and nine boards per game last season and earned a D-I all-state honorable mention. He also scored 14 points during Dover's fourth-quarter comeback over Salem in the state tournament.
"He was a go-to guy, but we're a very tight-knit group," senior co-captain Grant Faustino said. "We play well together, and I think that's our strong suit. You can stop one guy, but (we) have good experience, good players."
Dover head coach Mike Romps, entering his 12th year, said it will be difficult to replace LeBlanc's production on both ends of the floor, but he believes he has the pieces in place to mitigate the loss of the 6-foot-7 forward.
"Any time you take a 20-point-a-game kid off your team, things are going to change," Romps said. "But I think we found new people to step into those roles. We might be more solid as an all-around team, because we have to count on five individuals."
Romps said his team will revolve around a regular starting four of Shaughnessy, senior Josh Cote, Carroll and senior co-captain Mike Wons, all listed as guards. Faustino and Phil Boyatsis, both senior forwards, will interchange in the fifth starting slot.
"Everybody has to step up in different ways," Romps said. "Right now, we're still trying to define roles, see who our top three, four scorers are going to be."
Dover is strong off the bench with senior point guard Kam Towle, who is expected to put up big numbers. Cote and Wons are expected to be among the team's top scorers.
"We're looking for him to have a breakout year," Romps said about Cote. "He played very well in the Salem game last year and he has the ability to take the game over at times."
The senior class rounds out with guards Noah Boucher, Carter Moore and Mike Wasserman. The Green Wave's three juniors are forwards Sean Flanagan and Karim Winn and guard Cam Rewucki.
Last season, Dover too often found itself on the wrong end of close games. Wons said that an extra year of seasoning should help put some of those demons to bed.
"Last year we were young, always nervous at the end of games," Wons said. "Everyone wanted the ball in their hands. This year, it's a team effort to play our best at the end of games."
The Green Wave were unable to carry the momentum from the win at Salem into their quarterfinal at No. 7 Merrimack, falling 74-54 in a game they trailed by just two points in the third quarter. Merrimack went on to win the D-I title.
Dover's opener is tonight at home against Exeter, and Romps expects D-I to be as competitive as ever.
"It's definitely a wide-open year," Romps said. "Last year was pretty wide open. Merrimack kind of jelled at the end, but we were down 1 at the half to them. This year, I think Spaulding, Central and Trinity will be the teams to beat. Memorial will be as athletic as anything. There aren't going to be any easy wins."
Romps stressed that Dover is trying to shake things up this season, which includes playing in a different summer league and switching to a different holiday tournament. Mainstays at the Queen City Invitational in Manchester, the Green Wave will instead play at a smaller tournament in York, Maine.
As a symbol of his commitment to change, Romps even went as far as to let his hair grow out.
"The kids are open-minded to change," Romps said. "Just mixing it up. If it hasn't worked in 11 years, why not try something new? And if long hair works, long hair works."
Faustino said that if Dover does make a run at the title, it shouldn't come as a surprise to anyone.
"I don't think we have to prove anything to anyone," Faustino said. "I know we're a good team. I think when the lights come on, we'll show how we can play."


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Neighbourhood Priorities
The people of Hillside-Quadra are passionate about our neighbourhood and envision a future where the neighbourhood is as healthy as possible. Accomplishing this is sometimes complicated by zoning, private land interests, regional priorities, busy streets and the lack of an updated Local Area Plan (last one completed was in 1996). Nevertheless we should never doubt abilty of committed neighbours to accomplish what is in the best interests present and future generations!
One pressing neighbourhood priority is the remaining 3.5 acres of the former Blanshard Elementary School.
Click here to read about the future of 950 Kings Rd
Additional priority items towards quality of life in and near Hillside-Quadra include traffic calming, funding and implementation of reccomendations for Topaz Park, non-Central Park options for Crystal Pool redevelopment and colllaborative processes for any future Evergreen Terracce and SJ Willis redevelopments (stay tuned for updates).
For inquiries about improving your neighbourhood please contact the Hillside-Quadra Neighbourhood Action Committee at firstname.lastname@example.com or the Community Centre at email@example.com .


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6.0903 Contests for cause-Filing complaint.
(a) In general or special elections, the complaint shall be filed in the office of the Clerk of the High Court not later than 4:30 p.m. on the 7th calendar day following the general, special, or runoff election and shall be accompanied by a deposit of $25 for costs of court. The Clerk shall issue to the defendants named in the complaint a summons to appear and answer before the Appellate Division of the High Court not later than 4:30 p.m. on the 5th day after service thereof.
(b) In cases involving general, special, or runoff elections, the complaint shall be heard by the High Court as soon as it reasonably may be heard. On the return day, the court, upon its motion or otherwise, may direct summons to be issued to any person who may be interested in the result of the proceedings.
(c) At the hearing, the court shall cause the evidence to be reduced to writing and shall give judgment, stating all findings of fact and conclusions of law. The judgment may invalidate the general, special, or runoff election on the grounds that a correct result cannot be ascertained because of a mistake or fraud on the part of the district or election officials; or because it cannot be determined that a certain candidate, or certain candidates, received a majority or plurality of votes cast and were elected. If the judgment should be that the general or special election was invalid, a certified copy thereof shall be filed with the Governor, and he shall duly call a new election to be held not later than 30 days after the election in dispute. In the interests of justice, the High Court may extend the date for a runoff election, but not later than 16 days following the date fixed by law. If the High Court does not render its judgment in that time, the election shall proceed as certified by the Chief Election Officer. If the court decides which candidate or candidates have been elected, a copy of that judgment shall be served on the Chief Election Officer, who shall sign and deliver to the candidate or candidates certificates of election, and they shall be conclusive of the right of the candidate or candidates to the offices.History: 1977, PL 15-42 § 1.
Case Notes:
Subsection (c) is interpreted to mean that the election is to be invalidated only if the number of ineligible ballots cast is equal to or greater than the number of votes by which the leading candidate defeated his closest adversary. Dole v. Attorney General, ASR (1978).
Under statute requiring election appeals to be filed by 4:30 p.m., on the seventh calendar day following the election, court had no jurisdiction over an appeal filed at 8:00 p.m. on the seventh day. A.S.C.A. § 6.0903(a). Tuika v. Chief Election Officer, 9 A.S.R. 2d 57 (1988).
An election is to be invalidated only if it cannot be determined that a candidate polled a majority or plurality of the valid votes cast on election day. A.S.C.A., § 6.0903. Faga v. Malepeai, 23 A.S.R.2d 48 (1992).


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I really don't like dead bodies. But the thing about archaeology is that you never really know what you're going to dig up, and in my last major dig, there were lots and lots of dead bodies – in the end the team excavated nearly 500 medieval skeletons from the area around a church at Villamagna, near Anagni in central Italy. The results of that excavation (the cemetery and all the rest of the large-scale multi-year project) are now being published; interim reports can be found here. Our book includes an inventory and preliminary discussion of the skeletons, the demography of the cemetery and basic paleo-pathology, a discussion of the isotopes and discussions of the topography and chronology of the cemetery, the burials and the finds. But these dead people won't lie down and I keep finding myself dealing with them, now well after we're finished digging. Because ours is the largest collection of excavated skeletons from medieval Italy, I'm hoping that these bones can be further studied by bioarchaeologists who are going to be more able to design and carry out a programme of scientific research that will benefit from such a large sample size, from clearly defined and meticulously recorded stratigraphic contexts. I'm in Rome this week trying to help this project along.
The team who is going to take over the study of the bones of Villamagna include the indefatigable anthropologist who directed the initial inventory and study of the project, Francesca Candilio, and now a pair of bioarchaeologists, Sabrina Agarwal from Berkeley and Patrick Beauchesne from University of Michigan, Dearborn. Their interests lie in understanding better the general health of the population and how it might have changed over time, looking at oral health, at indications of stress on the body associated with certain kinds of work, at changes in bone density at certain moments of development and during the lifetime, and indicators of disease. Francesca has some ideas about some peculiar bone formations on some of the bones, and has identified some people who suffered fatal wounds, while others lived with their wounds for many years. Through information about nutrition levels, general health and indications of physical labour in this population we can reconstruct these particular aspects of daily life in a rural village for which we have otherwise limited data available from textual sources or other archaeological indicators. I am not a bioarchaeologist, but I remain on board because I want to think about ways in which this kind of information about health and life course can relate to the stratigraphic contexts of the cemetery and the rest of the site.
We all met in Rome this week, Sabrina and Patrick flew in from California and I came over from London; Lisa Fentress, the project director, and Francesca are based in Rome. We visited the site, brought some specimens to Francesca's lab, and collected some of the samples for preliminary work to be done. We went over our data collection practices from the dig and reviewed the anthropological inventories and analysis that the dig team carried out. Francesca explained the methods her lab uses for age-ing and sexing the skeletons, and her binders full of measurements and data. She pulled out some of the interesting pathologies, and weirdnesses in the population, and also showed off one of her favourite head wounds: a guy who was buried in the thirteenth century, inside the monastic cloister, with a ballista point lodged in his cranium.
I feel very pleased that these bones will be taken over by such a competent and interesting team of people. I like Sabrina and Patrick's approach of social bioarchaeology (Sabrina recently edited a book on the topic), looking not just at health and living conditions of people, especially through the lenses of gender, age, and social status. Francesca has expertise in teeth patterns, looking at migration of populations through dental traits, and will be happy to include Villamagna teeth in her data sets. I think there is still a lot of work left to be done figuring out this population, and devising a strategy for the archeo-anthropology and bioarchaeology which will exploit the stratigraphic data from the excavation alongside the samples of the skeletons, and I'm interested in thinking this through.
Aside from feeling pleased to shepherd the bones into the hands of another team, there are two issues which really interest me about this research. One: the majority of these skeletons (ballista-point guy not included) came dates from about 1300 to about 1400 (several of the skeletons were dated by C14), so after the monastery was suppressed and the monks expelled. For that period we have very little information about who owned the estate of Villamagna and how the church was administered, so I'm very keen to think more about who takes over a monastery and its estate lands when the institution is suppressed and there is no clear successor to administer the estate. The village and the site of the monastery which we excavated were clearly abandoned about 1300, but this major cemetery with lots and lots of skeletons are clear evidence that the church was still in use, and some priest was involved in burying the dead. The other issue that I'm very excited about at the moment is that in the middle of this phase, in 1348 and 1349, life in central Italy must have changed radically. In 1348 the Black Death arrived in southern Italy, where – by some counts – the population was reduced by half. If I look around me right now and imagine half of the people who surround me dropping dead, my job, my family, and every aspect of my life would be radically different. It may have been so for Villamagna in the fourteenth century and I would like to know whether this was the case, or whether the Black Death didn't affect this place in particular. We have no indication of Plague Pits, no sense of epidemic-scale deaths, which in itself is might point to the site's survival relatively unscathed. On the other hand, the site must have been profoundly affected by the three earthquakes which shook southern Italy on 9 September 1349. In Rome, part of the Colosseum collapsed from the quake whose epicentre was located down in the Apennine mountain range—much closer to Villamagna than Rome was. It seems very unlikely that the standing buildings of Villamagna were not destroyed, and thus the population forced to relocate or otherwise reorganise their subsistence. And yet we have only slim indications in the archaeological record of that kind of destruction and rebuilding. Was everything already abandoned then? Or was it restored, only to be abandoned 50 years later? I hope that having a better sense of the population buried here might help shift our thinking about these two catastrophic events and catastrophe in general in a rural village.


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Fighting raged in the streets of Ivory Coast's main city of Abidjan on Tuesday as forces loyal to President-elect Alassane Ouattara targeted the presidential palace, where renegade incumbent President Laurent Gbagbo and his family are reportedly taking refuge in a basement bunker.
Two generals close to Mr. Gbagbo, meanwhile, are holding talks to work out the conditions under which he could surrender, said French Prime Minister François Fillon.
Gbagbo's top general, Phillippe Mangou, has called for a cease-fire and asked the United Nations for protection, UN spokesman Hamadoun Touré told Bloomberg.
The attack on the presidential palace comes after an unusual intervention by helicopter gunships of the UN peacekeeping force in Ivory Coast, as well as members of the French "Licorne" military force stationed in that country. The use of "all necessary measures" to protect civilians and seize heavy weapons was approved by the UN Security Council and requested by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, after what the UN called an "intensified" use of heavy weapons against civilians by Gbagbo's troops.
"In the past few days, forces loyal to Mr. Gbagbo have intensified and escalated their use of heavy weapons such as mortars, rocket-propelled grenades and heavy machine guns against the civilian population in Abidjan," Mr. Ban said from New York.
Regional groups such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) have demanded military action to remove Gbagbo. He refused to step down from power after losing a Nov. 28, 2010, runoff election that was deemed free and fair by the African Union, the United Nations, and others. But other African states have condemned foreign intervention, including that by the African Union, which has attempted numerous mediation efforts, all of which have failed.
The AU's last mission, a panel of five presidents that included South African President Jacob Zuma, called on Gbagbo to step down, a move that Gbagbo refused.
Death toll mounting
With the stalemate slipping into an all-out civil war, the death toll has mounted, with civilians bearing the brunt.
UN observers counted some 800 casualties in the Western Ivorian town of Duekoue alone, where Gbagbo's forces fled and Ouattara's forces took over late last week in a lightning offensive. Both sides blame each other for the massacre. In Abidjan itself, the nation's largest city, controlled until recently by Gbagbo's troops, the death toll had been up to 500 over the past four months, but that toll will surely increase as troops from both sides fight street by street.
In a city with no news outlets – the pro-Gbagbo state TV station has been shut down since Ouattara's forces arrived – rumors have run rife through Abidjan.
Some have claimed that Gbagbo is negotiating with Ouattara's people to surrender. Others talk of gross atrocities by undisciplined fighters from both sides, as well as ad hoc militia groups such as Gbagbo's "Young Patriots" and Ouattara's "Invisible Commandos."
Civilians targeted
Reporters along the Liberian border have found consistent and compelling reports of massive killing of civilians; refugees in Liberia and displaced people huddled in church grounds blame the forces of Ouattara for the killings.
Ouattara's spokesman, Alain Lobognon, denies the charges and calls for an independent investigation by the International Committee of the Red Cross and the UN.
"An impartial international inquiry is required as early as possible," Mr. Lobognon said in a statement, "with the participation and collaboration of the leaders of the Forces Nouvelles [fighters loyal to Ouattara], to locate all those responsible and contribute to finally putting an end to impunity."
What is certain is that civilians in Duekoue are clustering in places of safety that are rapidly growing beyond the capacity of aid organizations to manage. Civilians in Abidjan are afraid to venture outdoors, and food and medicines are running short, even in hospitals. Meanwhile, electricity and water supplies are increasingly difficult to find.
"We get telephone calls asking us to come pick up wounded people and patients, but it's impossible to move around," said Dr. Salha Issoufou, Doctors Without Borders' head of mission in Abidjan, in a press statement.


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Dierks Bentley and Hank Williams Jr. are among the new acts added to the lineup for the 2014 Tortuga Music Festival on Fort Lauderale beach April 12-13.
The two country firebrands join headliners Luke Bryan and Eric Church, Grammy winner Sheryl Crow and reggae favorite Ziggy Marley on a diverse bill for the second annual event, which raises money to support ocean conservation.
Other previously announced acts include rockers Train, punk-funkateers Slightly Stoopid, country crooners Billy Currington and Brett Eldredge, folky Brett Dennen, roots rockers Delta Rae, former "Survivor" star Chase Rice, Cole Swindell ("Chillin' It"), Nashville heartthrob Frankie Ballard ("Helluva Life"), and indie purists the Revivalists (New Orleans), White Denim (Austin) and the Brothers Osborne (rural Kentucky).
Along with Bentley and Williams, other additions announced Tuesday morning include Brantley Gilbert, Parmalee ("Carolina"), 38 Special and Eric Paslay. Tortuga organizers also announced that festival partner CMT will broadcast its popular "Hot 20 Countdown" show from the festival, with performances and interviews with the concerts' stars.
The ocean-friendly Tortuga Music Festival is a partnership between the Rock the Ocean Foundation's Chris Stacey, a former Fort Lauderdale diver and music-industry veteran now living in Nashville, and New Orleans-based HUKA Entertainment.
More than 25,000 locals and a strong showing of tourists turned up for the first Tortuga festival on the sand north of the Sheraton Fort Lauderdale Beach Hotel. Three stages were positioned around the Conservation Village, which included educational displays from leading local ocean conservationists such as the Guy Harvey Ocean Foundation.
Festival tickets are on sale at TortugaMusicFestival.com, with two-day general-admission tickets starting at $165.
Ticket proceeds and donations at the 2013 festival raised more than $70,000 for the marine conservation organizations.
Get daily updates on South Florida entertainment and things to do at SouthFlorida.com, on Twitter at @BenCrandell and Instagram /BenCrandell.


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Why do you baptize babies since there is no biblical reference to infant baptism? Only those who had received the Holy Ghost were baptized. Is it for the purpose of dedication?
You seem to agree with the Reformed and Presbyterian Christians that biblical Baptists baptize (formerly) pagan adults who are new converts when they are ready to publicly profess Christ to be the only Savior of sinners and to be their Savior.
Note also, however, that in Acts 10 and in Acts 16 whole households were baptized and that is the same thing that was done in Genesis 17 where the Lord our God ordered Abraham to give the church visible form, and to take a step of commitment in the covenant of grace by circumcising all the males in his household, young and old, servants and slaves. This included Ishmael, whom God passed by as heir of the covenant promises.
Everybody who believes the Bible admits that God commanded circumcision to be done on the eighth day to the male infants of covenant-keepers (see Gen. 17:12).
Genesis 12, 15, and 17 are important background to the New Testament. First, note that the virgin Mary, Zacharias, the first three sermons in Acts (Acts 2, 3, and 7), the apostle Paul in Romans and Galatians, and James all appeal to the covenant that God made with Abraham, saying the Lord our God is remembering it and it is being fulfilled with the coming of the Messiah (God the Son incarnate) and the pouring out of the Holy Spirit. The promise is to us and to our children.
Although Jesus changed circumcision to baptism in the great commission, he did not change the claims of truth and righteousness. Nor did he change the needs of sinners for the Holy Spirit, or for repentance and faith. Jesus' great commission presses these claims upon all ages. So did the apostle Peter in Acts 2, 3, and 10.
The New Testament does not know anything about infants not being accountable, or having to grow up a decade or more before they reach a supposed "age of accountability." In order to preach Jesus, the New Testament speakers all appeal to the Old Testament to adequately set forth the identity of Jesus and what the church should do. The three major changes in the New Testament church from the Old Testament Church (Acts 7:38; the Greek reads ekklesia—church—not congregation) do not change the doctrine, the form of church government, or the synagogue worship as brought into the New Testament Church.
What did change is this:
These were all changed by Jesus. Yet, Jesus nowhere said, "Exclude the infants, for of such is not the kingdom of God. You must become as adults before I will give the Holy Spirit or repentance for sins, or saving faith." In fact Luke 18:15-17 says just the opposite.
Baptism is not man's testimony or sign of what he the man has done. Baptism is God's testimony to man of what God does, when and where he pleases, to wash sinners from the filth and guilt of their sins. Baptism is God pointing down to man and declaring the gospel. Baptism is not man pointing up to God with a message, nor man pointing to himself and giving out a message.
If you go back and read about those household baptisms in Acts 10 and 16, it takes imagination and wishful thinking to hold that infants were not baptized by Peter. The apostle Peter had more covenant consciousness of the head of the family being the spiritual head of the household than some people of today have.
The Heidelberg Catechism of 1563 gave the following answer to your question. I strongly recommend that you study the scriptural citations they give in support. Although I used a different line of argument above in this letter, I in no way deny the Heidelberg Catechism, Q. 74, or disagree with it. I love its answer.
Q. 74. Are infants also to be baptized?
A. 74. Yes, for since they, as well as their parents, belong to the covenant and people of God,[1] and through the blood of Christ [2] both redemption from sin and the Holy Ghost, who works faith, are promised to them no less than to their parents,[3] they are also by Baptism, as a sign of the covenant, to be ingrafted into the Christian Church, and distinguished from the children of unbelievers,[4] as was done in the Old Testament by circumcision,[5] in place of which in the New Testament Baptism is appointed.[6]
1. Gen. 17:7
2. Matt. 19:14
3. Luke 1:14-15; Psa. 22:10; Acts 2:39
4. Acts 10:47
5. Gen. 17:14
6. Col. 2:11-13
If you want to ask further questions, I would be glad to try to answer them.
"Questions and Answers" is a weekly feature of the OPC website. The answers come from individual ministers in the Orthodox Presbyterian Church expressing their own convictions and do not necessarily represent an "official" position of the Church, especially in areas where the Standards of the Church (the Scriptures and the Westminster Confession of Faith and Catechisms) are silent.
The questions come from individuals like yourself. If you have questions about biblical and theological matters, you are invited to send them by e-mail by using the "Pose a Question" link on the OPC home page or by clicking here.
At least one new question is posted each week, so there should always be something new here for you to read. (For those people who would like to look at previous questions and answers, they will continue to be available as well.)
The purpose of the OPC website's "Questions and Answers" is to respond to biblical and theological questions. Matters of church discipline, disputes, or debates go beyond the scope of our work. We recommend that you present your concerns in these areas to the appropriate judicatory. In most cases this will be to a local pastor, elder, or session. We do not want the website to replace personal involvement in, or commitment to, the local, visible church.
While we will respond to every serious questioner, we are not bound to give a substantive answer to every question, should we deem the question to be beyond the scope of our purpose or our own ability to answer.
You will receive an answer by e-mail. Please be patient as many of our respondents are busy pastors. The response to your question may take up to two (2) weeks. Some of the questions submitted will be chosen to be posted here, along with the corresponding answers.
Note that the "Questions and Answers" posted on the site have been editedall personal references are removed, Scripture references or from some source may be added, and sometimes portions are expandedto make the questions and answers more useful to a larger audience.


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Chesterton is located in Indiana. Chesterton, Indiana has a population of 13,433. Chesterton is less family-centric than the surrounding county with 32.58% of the households containing married families with children. The county average for households married with children is 34.19%.
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Outstanding natural and cultural areas to be added to UNESCO's World Heritage List will be announced at the World Heritage Committee meeting in St Petersburg, Russian Federation from 24 June until 6 July 2012. A total of 36 cultural and natural sites will be considered for inscription this year. This year also marks the 40th anniversary of the World Heritage Convention.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the official World Heritage advisory body on nature, is recommending four outstanding natural places to be added to the prestigious list. Sangha Trinational - shared between Cameroon, the Central African Republic and the Republic of Congo, Lakes of Ounianga in Chad, Chengjiang fossil site in China and Rock Islands Southern Lagoon in Palau are all up for inscription. The World Heritage Committee will make a decision on these recommendations at the end of June. Currently 211 sites are listed as natural World Heritage.
At the Committee meeting, IUCN will also be reporting on monitoring missions it conducted to 13 World Heritage Sites in 2011 and 2012. IUCN will recommend Pitons Management Area in Saint Lucia, Virgin Komi Forests in Russia, Dja Faunal Reserve in Cameroon and Lake Turkana in Kenya to be inscribed on the List of World Heritage Sites in Danger because of significant threats to their Outstanding Universal Value. In addition, reports will be made on 56 other iconic sites, including on the issues facing Galapagos Islands, Great Barrier Reef and Serengeti.
Ahead of the Committee meeting IUCN calls for more action on conserving world's natural heritage. "This year we celebrate 40 years of preserving the world's most outstanding places, which constitute our shared heritage," says IUCN's Director General Julia Marton-Lefèvre. "This also means a shared responsibility to maintain their values, take good care of them and respond immediately to the critical threats some of these iconic areas are facing."
"Despite the huge potential of World Heritage sites, threats to these globally important places are growing each year, " says Tim Badman, Director of IUCN's World Heritage Programme. "This is a reality that we need to change if we are to keep the gold standard of World Heritage listings."
IUCN also expresses concern over increased mining and oil and gas exploration within World Heritage Sites. "Mining activities are causing irreversible damage to the world's most important natural areas," says Mariam Ali, World Heritage Conservation Officer.
"Oil exploration plans in Virunga National Park are a threat to the rich biodiversity of the area, including the endangered mountain gorillas, and will have a negative impact on the people who depend on the park for their livelihoods."
For more information or to schedule interviews please contact:
Borjana Pervan, IUCN Media Relations, m +41 79 857 4072, e email@example.com


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The 2wice Arts Foundation is a nonprofit organization that supports the visual and performing arts. The Foundation, which began in 1989, has its headquarters in the legendary New York City Center. The work of the Foundation is to publish digital and print projects that focus on the intersection of photography, dance, design, performance, fashion, art and architecture.© 2011 2wice | email@example.com
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Originally from New Haven, Conn., guitarist and composer Joe Morris began playing in 1969 and is self-taught. He considers Cecil Taylor, Eric Dolphy, Leroy Jenkins, Thelonious Monk, Jimi Hendrix, and West African string music as major influences. He has performed with Matthew Shipp, William Parker, Joe Maneri, Ken Vandermark, Mat Maneri, Rob Brown, John Butcher, Eugene Chadbourne, DKV Trio, Dewey Redman, Lawrence "Butch" Morris, Andrew Cyrille, Ivo Perlman, Andrea Parkins, Hamid Drake, Thurman Barker, Fred Hopkins, Bern Nix, Joe McPhee, Billy Bang, Lowell Davidson, Peter Kowald, Raphé Malik, Whit Dickey, Mats Gustufsson, Aaly Trio, Roy Campbell Jr., and many others.
He currently leads the Joe Morris Trio and Quartet, the electric sextet Racket Club, and Many Rings Ensemble; and performs solo, in duos, and as a freelance guitarist. He is featured on 30 recordings, many of which have been named among Writer's Choice (best of the year) in The Village Voice, The Chicago Tribune, The Wire, Coda, and Jazziz. He was among those listed in the "Best Guitarist" category in the 1999 and 2000 Down Beat Critics' Poll; listed in the "Best Guitarist — Talent Deserving Wider Recognition" category in the 1998 and 2000 Down Beat Critics' Poll; was nominated "Best Guitarist" at the 1998 New York Jazz Awards; and nominated for the Cal/Arts Alpert Award in 2001.
He has taught guitar and improvisation privately since the early 1970s, and has performed and conducted workshops in the U.S., Canada, and Europe.
Former faculty of Tufts University Experimental College. Recordings on Riti Records, AUM Fidelity, Knitting Factory, Okka Disc, OmniTone, Soul Note, Avant, Incus, Hat Hut, ECM, Leo, Homestead, NoMore, About Time.
photo by Andrew Hurlbut


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GLASGOW, Scotland - Canadian rugby international DTH van der Merwe has signed a new two-year contract with the Glasgow Warriors.
The 26-year-old from Victoria, who joined the club in 2009, is now committed to the Warriors until May 2015.
The South African-born van der Merwe, who has eight tries in nine appearances this season, needs just two more tries to set the club's all-time record for tries.
The Canadian speedster has 26 tries for the Warriors, 23 in the RaboDirect PRO12/Magners League and three in the Heineken Cup. Thom Evans, who holds the current club record, scored 27 tries in his Glasgow career.
"This was a pretty easy decision for me and I'm very happy to have signed the deal," van der Merwe was quoted on the club website. "The direction the squad is heading played a big factor in my decision to stay in Glasgow not just the guys who are playing here already but the guys who want to come and play their rugby here too. It's pretty exciting.
"I've been lucky enough to play in a couple of semi-finals with this club and it would be great to take it that one step further on. This squad definitely has the potential to win some silverware."
Said Glasgow head coach Gregor Townsend: "Any team would want to have a player of DTH's calibre in their ranks."
Van der Merwe is the second Canadian to extend his contract overseas in recent months.
Forward Jebb Sinclair signed a three-year extension with London Irish earlier this month.
The 26-year-old from Charters Settlement, N.Y., turned heads during a loan stint in South Africa with the Stormers and Western Province, helping WP win the 2012 Currie Cup.
The six-foot-four 252-pound Sinclair joined the Irish after the 2011 Churchill Cup.